LESSON ONE WHAT PLANTS NEED
To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth,light,water,carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil.
WARMTH
Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6℃(42℉),Growth is best between 16℃ (60℉) and 27℃(80℉),These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground,Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher tem perature requirements.
Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth,Crop plants differ in their abil ity to withstand very cold conditions,For example,winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats,Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost,Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in December and January may destroy crops left in the ground,
LIGHT
Without light,plants cannot produce car bohydrates and will soon die,The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of daylight and partly to the intensity of the sunlight,Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth.
The lengths of daylight and darkness pe riods vary according to the distance from the equator and also from season to season,This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introducing new crops into a country,Grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here.
WATER
Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration,Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed,Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced,
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
Plants need carbon dioxide for photosyn thesis,This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration,Another limiting factor is the small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide,This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils.
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS
In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed,These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles,Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare (a few pounds to one or more hundredweight per acre) are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per hectare (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the minor nutrients or trace elements.
Words and Expressions
dioxide [dai'oksaid] n,二氧化物 element ['elimant] n,要素，成分，元素 apply [a’plai] vi,适用，适合 thermometer [θa'momita] n,温度计，寒暑表 reading |’ri:diη] n,读数，仪器指示数
requirement [ri'kwaiamant] n,需要，要求，必要的条件。Frost [rfost]n,霜，冰冻 frosty [frosti]a,霜冻的，严寒的 differ ['difa] vi,不同，相异 withstand [wiす'st?nd] vt.抵挡，经受住,withstand the storm 顶得住暴风雨; withstand severe tests 经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake 耐震; withstand wear [fire] 耐穿[火].
rye [rai] n.黑麦，裸麦 oat [out] n,燕麦store [sto：] vt.貯藏bolt [boult] vi,迅速成长并结实
【植物学】
To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette.
过早的生子（结实）植物未成熟期开花或结实，从蔷薇结长为花柄
germination [dзmi'nei∫an] n,萌芽，发生carbohydrate ['ka：bou'haidreit] n,碳水化合物，糖类
amount [a^maunt] n,总数，数量，数额 photosynthesis [foutou'sinθasis] n.光合作用，光能合成
intensity [in’tensiti] n,强度，剧烈 vary ['vεɑri] vi,变化，不同；vt,改变
equator [i’kweita] n,赤道 affect [a'fekt] vt,影响 grass [gra:s] n,草，禾本科植物
remain [ri'mein] vi,仍是，保持 shoot [∫u：t] n,嫩枝，发芽，苗
extravagant [iks'tr?vi9ant]a,过高的，过分的transpiration [tr?nspi'rei∫en] n.蒸腾作用，蒸发
stoma [stouma] （复数stomata [stoumata] n.气孔 atmosphere [‘?tmasfia]n,大气，空气
release [ri’li:s] vt,释放，放出 function vi.起作用，活动 substance ['sAbstans] n,物质，实质
solution [sa’lju：∫an] n,溶液，溶解，解决 clay [klei] n,粘土，泥土
particle ['pa：tikl] n,粒子，微粒 hectare ['hekta:] n,公顷（略作 ha.）
hundredweight ['hAndradweit] n,英担 acre ['eika] n,英亩 nutrient [‘nju：triant] n,营养品，养料
ounce [auns] n,盎司，英两（略作oz.） trace [treis] n.丝毫，微量
Notes
9.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与Wiseman 合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
9.01 6℃,读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度。
42℉ 读作 forty-two degrees Fahrenheit [f?renhait,fa,r-,华氏四十二度
9.02 4 ft,读作 four feet,
9.03 go to seed=run to seed 花谢结子。
9.04 take place 发生，举行； take the place of 代替，替代
9.05 take up 吸收（液体）溶解 (固体) ；占 (时间、空间) ；接受；接纳 (乘客)；拿起；继续；学习。
Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced,
植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水。
How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt? 溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢？
My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。
The building takes up 400 square meters.这座楼占地400平方米。
We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战。
The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来，让这些工人上车。
They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely,他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗。
Let’s take up the work where they’ve left off,让我们接着他们干下去。
He takes up English。他学习英语。
9．6 due to 为一成语介词，意为：由于；应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如
The amount,of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight.植物每天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。
These are errors due to carelessness,这些是由于粗心而引起的错误。
All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party,
我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。
9.07 Grasses are now being tested in Eng land which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here,
现在，在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验，它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语中的谓语 are being tested 为正在进行时的被动语态。
Which 引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语grasses。这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中。如：
A few stars are known,which are hardly bigger than the earth.
已知的星球，大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几。,
9.08,形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语，作定语时，其位置一般置于名词之后。如：
The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter,
在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上，二氧化碳的百分比会增多。
Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen,水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。
9.09 In order that 为一连接词词组，意为：以便；为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如：In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed,植物为了建立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用，就需要很多简单的化学物质。
I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it,
我将用简易的文字写出，以便人人能看懂。
比较 in order to i为了…起见；以便
In order to catch the train,she hurried through her work,
为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。
of the order of 大约，左右；约与…相同，约与…相似 (= in the order of)
9.10 build up 为一动词短语，意为：树立，逐步建立；积累（资金）；增进（健康）；集结；增加。如：A plant can build up its cell structure,植物能建立其细胞结构。
We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies,我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。
He does morning exercises to build up his health,他做早操以增进健康。
We are building up our military forces,我们在集结我们的军队。
Our pressure on the enemy is building up,我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强。
9.11 function as… 起…的作用。如：
A plant can function as a food factory。 植物能起食品工厂的作用。
Some English adverbs function as adjec tives,有些英语副词有形容词的作用。
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS
There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil,Many different types are found but the main groups are:
(1) Bacteria the most numerous group,Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a micro scope,There are many kinds in the soil,Most of them feed on and break down organic mat ter,They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e,g,sugar,starches,cellulose,etc,) and release carbon dioxide in the process,They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins,If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers,When this happens (e,g,where straw is ploughed in ) the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied,Some types of bacteria can convert (fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants,Soil bacteria are most active in warm,damp,well aerated soils which are not acid.
(2) Fungi,Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter,They are mainly responsible for break ing down lignified (woody) tissue,They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers,The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small,but larger types are found in other soils,e.g,peat,Fungi can live in acid con ditions and in drier conditions than bacteria,(Mushrooms are fungi,and " fairy rings " are produced by fungi.)Sometimes disease-produ cing fungi develop in some fields,e,g,those causing,take-all” and "eyespot” in cereals.
(3) Actinomycetes,These are organisms which are intermediate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil,They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier,warmer soils,They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi,Some types can cause plant diseases,e,g,common scab in potatoes (worst in light,dry soils),
(4) Algae,Soil algae are very small simple organisms which contain chlorophyll and so can build up their bodies by using carbon di oxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil,Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun,Algae growing in swampy (wa terlogged) soils can use dissolved carbon diox ide from the water and release oxygen,This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice,Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weathering.
(5) Protozoa,These are very small,single-celled animals,Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms,A few types con tain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants.
The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood,but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil,In general,the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present.
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS
Words and Expressions
micro-organism [‘maikrou’o:ganizam] n.微生物；light soil 轻质土,砂土；
take all n.麦类全蚀病；organism [O:ganizam] n.生物体，有机体
fertile ['fa：tail；US 'fa:til] a.肥沃的，富饶的；
numerous ['nju：maras] a,许多的，为数众多的；single-celled ['siqgl-seld] a,单细胞的
microscope ['maikraskoup] n.显微镜；feed [fi：d] vi.吃东西；
organic [O：'g?nik] a.有机的；matter ['m?ta] n,物质；source [so：s] n,来源，根源
fertilizer ['fa：tilaize] a.肥料；straw [stro:] n,稻草，麦杆；plough [plau] vt.犁，耕
following ['folouiq] a.接着的；suffer ['sAfa] vi,受痛苦，患病，受损害
extra ['ekstra] a,额外的；convert [kan'va:t] vt,改变，转变；fix [fiks] vt,固定
damp [d?mp] a,潮湿的；aerate ['eiareit] vt.使……通气，使……暴露于空气中
acid [‘?sid] a,酸性的，酸的；fungus ['fAgas] 复数fungi ['fAqgai] n.真菌
lignify ['lignifai] vt,使…木质化；woody [‘wudi] a,木质的；
tissue [tisju:] n,[生物学] 组织；proper ['propa] a,适当的
arable ['?rabl] a,可耕的；peat [pi：t] n,泥炭；
eyespot [aispot] n,全腐病 （眼状）颜色斑点，眼点病
cereal [‘siarial] n,[常用复]谷类 a,谷类的；actinomycete [?ktinou’maisi：t] n 放线菌
intermediate [inta(:)'midjat] a,中间的； effect [i'fekt] n,影响，作用，效果； vt,产生；
scab [sk?b]n.[植]斑点病； alga [?lga],复数algae ['?ldэi:] n,藻类
expose [iks'pouzj]vt,暴露，揭发； swampy ['swompi] a,沼泽的，潮湿的；
waterlogged ['wo：talogd] a,涝的，水淹的； dissolve [di'zolv] vt,分解，溶解； colonize,['kolanaiz] vt,殖民，拓殖； bare [bεa] a,荒的，赤裸的，空的，不毛的；
stage [steidз] n,阶段，时期；weather ['weすa] vt.,vi,风化，受侵蚀；
protozoa ['prouta'zoua] n,[复] 原生动物； activity [?k’tiviti] n 活动，活动性，能动性；complex ['kompleks] a,复杂的；fully ['fuli] ad,完全地，充分地；improve [im’pru：v] vt,改善； productivity [prodAk'tiviti] n.生产力，生产率
Notes
11.00 本文选自Lockhart 与Wiseman合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
11.01 thousands of millions of … 数以十亿计的，成十亿的
11.02 feed on (或 upon) 意为：以……为食物。如：
Most of bacteria feed on organic matter.大多数细菌以有机物质为食物。
Sheep feed chiefly on grass.羊主要以草为食物。
注意：动词 feed 在上列两例中不及物,在下列例中及物 feed……on.....,意为“以……喂……”。如：
She feeds her baby on the best of food,她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。
11.03 break down，意为：分解；坏掉；（计划）失败；中止，停顿；身体或精神衰弱，如：Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter。
大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。
My watch broke down,please see it right.我的表坏了，请修理一下。
His plan was well conceived,but it broke down.他的计划设想得很好，但是失败了。
How did the talks break down? 谈判怎么会中止的？
He has broken down from illness,他由于生病而身体衰弱。
11.04,etc.,是拉丁语 "et cetera" 的简写式。意为：及其他；等等。等于英语的 and so on,and so forth,and the rest； and other things.
11.05 suffer from 为一习惯用法，意为：受……的害；患；以……为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛苦，但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西，对主语产生直接不利的影响。如：
She is suffering from cold,她在患感冒。
The following crop may suffer from short age of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is ap plied,
除非另外施肥，否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。
The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis,
东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机。
11.06 be responsible for 意为：对……负责。但往往不能直译，有时可译作,由于……而；因为……而……; 引起；造成，等等。句中主语可以是人，也可以不是人。例如：
He is not responsible for that,那件事不能怪她。（直译：那件事不能由他负责。）
Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue,真菌主要引起木质组织分解。
The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。
Her illness is responsible for her long silence,她因为有病而好久不写信。
11.07.not so……as…… 不如……那样……
so 是副词,后接形容词或副词,as是连接词，引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如：
Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bac teria and fungi,放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。
The task is not so difficult as you think.这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。
He does not study so hard as you,他学习没有你那样努力。
11.08 be exposed to （暴）露于；易受。如：
Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun,
藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。
11.09 as yet 现在还，目前尚，到目前为止，到当时为止。如：As yet we haven’t heard from him.我们迄今尚未收到他的信。
He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。
11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil.
我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力。
句中的do用来加强主要动词的语气，例如,
Exceptions do,however,occur,但是例外情况一定要发生。
He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。
11.11 in general 一般讲来，大体说来，通常。如：
In general,your plan is good,你们的方案总的看来是好的。
I am speaking of young people in general.我是谈的一般年青人。
11.12 In general,the more fertile the soil,the more organisms there are present,
一般来说，土壤越肥沃，存在的有机体就越多。
这个句子是一个“The+比较级……(从句)，+the+比较级……(主句)”的结构。意为：越……越……；愈……,愈……。第一部分是比较状语从句，第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份，有时主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如：
The higher the tree,the stronger the wind,树愈高，风愈大。
The sooner,the better,越快越好。
The more……the……more……the more…… 越……,……越……,……就越……。这三个包括 the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提，最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+比较级的形容词或副词。如：
The more the merrier,[邀请客人时用语] 人愈多愈热闹。
The higher up,the greater the fall,爬得高，跌得重。
The greater the danger,the more must we drive ahead,越是艰险越向前
LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease,Having ascertained,as far as possible,the cause,the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied.
l,CROP ROTATIONS
A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite,In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host,If the host plant is not present in the field,in a sense the parasite will be starved to death,but it should be remembered that:
(a) Some parasites take years to die,and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along,e.g,club-root of the brassicae family.
(b)Some parasites have alternative hosts,e.g,fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses.
2.REMOVAL OF WEED HOST
Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts,By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced,e.g,cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root.
Both these preventative measures (land 2) illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops.
3.CLEAN SEED
The seed must be free from disease,This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain,Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop.
With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean "seed",free from virus,In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent,potato seed may have to be bought every year.
4.RESISTANT VARIETIES
In plant breeding,although the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood,it is not by any means simple.
For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance,However,with few exceptions,this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer resistant.
Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield,Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance.
5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS
Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases,e,g,control of the green-fly (aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows,Furthermore,fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects.
6.REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES
In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early stage,
7,THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Broadly speaking,chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide,A fungicide may be applied to the seed,the growing plant,or to the soil,It can be used in the form of a spray,dust or gas,To be effective,it must in no way be harmful to the crop,nor after suitable precautions have been taken,to the operator or others,and it must certainly repay its cost.
THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Words and Expressions
measure [meЗa] n,措施
An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient:
手段，策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动；权宜之计：
e.g,desperate measures,孤注一掷的办法
ascertain [?sa'tein] vt,确定，查明，弄清
appropriate [a'proupriit] a,适当的
preventative [pri'vantativ] a,预防的，防止的 adj,n,Variant of preventive preventive的变体
Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle:
预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的；作为障碍的：
preventive measures,预防措施
Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces.
防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的
Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic:
防病的预防或延缓病情发展的；预防性的：
preventive medicine; preventive health care,预防药，预防性保健
rotation [rou'tei∫аn] n,轮作，轮流，旋转
Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or series:
轮换，轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动：
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation.
员工的轮流替换；农作物的轮作
accumulation [akju：’mju'lei∫an] n.积累，积聚
The act of gathering or amassing,as into a heap or pile:
聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为：
“Little things grew by continual accumulation.” (Samuel Johnson)
“小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊)
The process of growing into a large amount or heap,积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程
A mass heaped up or collected,积聚物收集到或成堆的东西：
an accumulation of rubbish,一堆垃圾
parasite ['p?rаsait] n,寄生虫，寄生菌，寄生（植）物
exist [ig'zist] vi,存在，生存，生活 existed; existing; exists;
To have actual being; be real,实际存在；真实
To have life; live,有生命；生存
See,be
To live at a minimal level; subsist,维生 生活在极低的水平；维持生活：
barely enough income on which to exist,仅够糊口的收入
To continue to be; persist,继续存在；保持存在：
old customs that still exist in rural areas,在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在
To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur:
存在在一定情状或一定地点存在；存在：
“Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category” (Thomas G,Exter)
“富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯G.埃克斯特)
host [houst] n,寄主，宿主，主人
starve [sta:v] vt,使饥饿
spore [spo:] n,孢子
susceptible [sa'septabl] a.易受影响的，敏感的，易感病的
clubroot ['kl∧bru：t] n,（植物的）根肿病
alternative [o:l'ta:nativ] a.选择的,两者（或两者以上）挑一的
removal [ri'mu：val]n,除掉，移开
weed [wi:d] n,杂草，野草
cruciferous [kru：’sifaras] a,[植]十字花科的
charlolk [t∫a:lok] n,[植]田芥菜
illustrate ['ilastreit] vt,说明，阐明
sound [saund] a,充分的，正确的
barley ['ba:li] n,大麦
loose [lu:s] a,松散的
smut [smAt] n,[植]黑穗病，黑粉病
loose smut 散黑穗病
embed [im'bed] vt,埋置
virus ['vaiaras] n,病毒
aphid ['eifid] n,蚜虫
prevalent ['prevalant] a,流行的，盛行的
resistant [ri'zistant] a,抵抗的，有抵抗力的
variety [va'raiati] n,品种，变种，多样化
breed [bri:d] vt.,vi.育种，繁殖
gene [dㄋi:n] n,基因
race [reis] n,小种，宗，种，类
program ['prougr?m] n.计划，方案，纲要
multigene ['mAltidㄋi:n] n.多基因
mean [mi:n] vt,意味着，就是，意指
characteristic [k?rikta’ristik] n,特性，特征；a.独特的
tolerate ['tolareit] vt,忍受，容忍，有耐力
infection [in'fek∫an] n,感染，传染，影响
range [reindㄋ] n,范围，区域
emphasis ['emfasis] n,重点，强调，重要性
tolerance ['tolarans] n,忍受，容忍，耐性
carrier ['k?ria] n,带菌者，带虫者，带病体，载体，媒介物
green-fly ['gri：n-flai] n,蚜虫
incidence ['insidans] n,发生率，发生
The act or an instance of happening; occurrence:
发生，出现发生的行为或事件；出现：
did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence.
受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊
Extent or frequency of occurrence,发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率：
a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率
Physics【物理学】
The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface.
入射辐射或投影到某一表面
Angle of incidence,入射角
yellows ['jelouz] n,[植]黄化病
furthermore ['fa：すa'mэ:] ad,而且，此外
wound [wu.'nd] n,创伤，伤口；vt.，vi.伤害
remedy ['remidi] vt.补救，改善，纠正
deficiency [di'fi∫ansi] n,缺乏，不足
deficient [di'fi∫ant] a,缺乏的，不足的
chemical C[‘kemikal] n,（常用复数）化学药品，化学制品
fungicide [fAndㄋisaid] n,杀真菌剂
spray [sprei] n,喷雾剂，喷雾（器）
dust [dAst] n,粉剂
gas [g?s] n,气体，煤气
suitable ['sju:tabl] a,适宜的，合适的
precaution [pri'ko,∫an] n,预防，警惕
operator ['opareita] n,操作人员
repay [ri'pei] vt.补偿
cost [kost] n,成本，费用，代价
THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Notes
13.00 本文选自Lockheart与Wiseman合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
13.01 decide on (or upon) 为一习惯用法，意为：决定。如：
We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。
I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays,
我尚未决定在何处度假。
13.02 as far as possible 尽可能，尽力。这是一个常用词组。如：
Having ascertained,as far as possible,the cause,the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied,
在尽可能查明原因之后，便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。
He will help you as far as possible,他会尽力帮助你，
13.03 in many cases 在许多情况下。如：
In many cases the answers are almost perfect,就许多情况，这些答案几乎是完善的。
13.04 live on (或upon) 靠。。。。生活，以。。。。。。为食。如：
Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活。
They live on rice,他们以大米为主食。
13.05 except 用作介词，后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语，而且可接when,that 等连接词引导的从句。如：
In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host。
寄生菌除了靠寄主为生时以外，在许多情况下就不能生存。
Condensed formulas are usually used by organic chemists except when the structural features are being stressed,
除了强调结构特点时以外，有机化学工作者通常使用分子简式。
He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days,除了过去几天来轻微头痛外，他的身体一直很健康。
13.06 in a sense 在某种意义上。如：
What you say is right in a sense,在某种意上，你说的对。
13.07 be starved to death 饿死。如：
If the host plant is not present in the field,in a sense the parasite will be starved
to death,如果田间沒有寄主植物，在某种意上来说，寄生菌就要饿死。
13.08 come along 快来，出现，进展，进步。如：
Come along! 快来！(祈使句，表示鼓励)
Some parasites may come along again。有些寄生菌可能再出现。
Our whole cultural and educational undertakings is coming along vigorously。
我们整个文化教育亊业正在蓬勃发展。
13.09 wait for 等，等候，等待。如：
Don't wait for me！别等我！
At this time tomorrow I shall be waiting for you in the railway station,
明天这个时候，我在火车站等待着你。
13.10 wait for sb,or sth,to do sth,为一习惯用法。如：
Some parasites take years to die,and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along,有些寄生菌需要几年才死，他们可能在土壤里有休眠孢子，等待易感病庄稼来临。
I am waiting for him to come,我正在等他来。
13.11 have a … knowledge of 知道，了解，懂得。如：
Both these preventative measures illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops,
这两顶预防措施说明了充分了解危害作物的寄生菌的重要性。
He has a perfect knowledge of English。他精通英语。
13.12 free from 或 free of 无。。。的，没有。。。的，免于。。。的。如：
The seed must be free from disease,种子必须是无病的。
These machine parts are free from defects.这些机器零件没有缺陷。
13.13 not by any means = by no means 决不。如：
These goods are by no means satisfactory.这些货物决不令人滿意。
We have ideals,but we are by no means visionaries,[‘viзa,neri:]
我们有理想，但我们决不是空想家。
13.14 For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance,若干年来，植物育种者集中注意所谓单一的、即主要的基因抗性。
concentrate on (或upon) 专心于，钻研。如,
You should concentrate on your work.你应该专心致志于你的工作。
You will solve the problem if you concentrate upon it.
如果你肯贯注全部精神，你会解决这个问题。
13.15 no longer 不再，已不。如：
He is no longer living here,他已不住在此处。
I can wait no longer,我不能再等待了。
13.16 a 。。。range of 。。。 一。。。行，一。。。列，一。。。系列。词组如：
a magnificent range of mountains 一条巍巍壮丽的山脉
a long range of cliffs 一长列绝壁
a wide range of meadows 一在片草地
a wide range of fungi 各种真菌
13.17 Breeding programs are now concentrating on multigene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield.
这个句子较长，在翻译时需根据英语结构和汉语特点使之变为若干短句。Which引导的定语从句虽是限制性的，可译为非限制性的；定语从句中不定式短语to tolerate… 可另译一句；with 引导的介词短语可另译一句。参考译文如下：
现在，育种计划正集中在多基因即“田间抗性”上，这就是说，一个品种要具有这样的特性：能耐各种真菌的感染，而同时又几乎不降低产量。
13.18 rather than 为一成语连接词，意为：而不。所连接的两端应是同类的词或成分。如：
Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance,现在，重点是放在耐性上而不是放在抗性上。
13.19 broadly speaking 概括地说，笼统说来。在句中用作插入语，其作用很接近状语。如：
Broadly speaking,chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungicide,
概括地说，植病的化学防治就是使用杀菌剂。
类似的插入语尚有 generally speaking (一般说来),strictly speaking (严格地讲),frankly speaking（坦白地讲）等。
13.20 in no way 决不，一点也不。如：
A fungicide must in no way be harmful to the crop.杀菌剂决不应伤害庄稼。
They are in no way similar,他们毫无相似之处。
13.21 nor 为一连接词，常常等于“and......not……,either”,表示“也不”或“也没有”的意思。使用nor时，前一分句应是否定的，后一分句往往有省略和发生倒装情况。如：
She did not come,nor did her sister.= (She did not come,and her sister did not come,either.)她没有来，她的姐姐也没有来。
I don’t speak Spanish,nor does my brother.我不会说西班牙语，我兄弟也不会。
It must in no way be harmful to the crop,nor after suitable precautions have been taken,to the operator or others,(= It must in no way be harmful to the crop,and after suitable precautions have been taken,it must not be harmful to the operator or others either.)
它决不应伤害庄稼，在采取适当预防措施后，也一定不应伤害操作人员或其他人。
LESSON FOUR THE CONTROL OF WEED AND PLANT DISEASES
In crop production the control of weeds,diseases and pests is essential to obtain high yields,All three may be controlled by sound farm practices,These include the choice of clean
seed and the growing of varieties of crop which can resist disease,They also include careful cultivation,both pre-sowing and post-sowing,and the use of chemicals.
Weeds reduce crop yields on account of the fact that they compete with crops for water,soil nutrients and light,They also make harvesting difficult,Most weeds are aggressive and invasive,They grow quickly and spread far,and so are difficult to get rid of,One recommended way of eradicating many persistent weeds is first to plow up the roots and underground parts of the plant,Then the soil may be cultivated lightly on one or more occasions after the first ploughing.
The principal reason for cultivating the soil is to kill weeds,Weeds may also be killed by means of chemicals which have the collective name of herbicides,Weed-killers are of two basic types,selective and non-selective,The former remove certain weeds from certain crops,For rice we can spray the herbicide 2:4-D or MCPA over the whole crop at low concentration (1/2-1b,per acre),The rice will not be affected,but many of the rice weeds will be killed,Non-selective weed killers may be used for removing all vegetation e.g,as brush killers,They must be used extremely carefully for the simple reason that they will eradicate all plants on contact-which include the crop itself,They are usually used before sowing or before the emergence of the crop itself.
Plant diseases are caused by organisms which use the crop plant as a,host”,These are mainly micro-organisms e,g,fungi,bacteria and viruses,These parasitic micro-organisms live on the food nutrients in the tissue cells of the plants,They frequently kill the host tissues,and either the whole plant or a part of it is damaged and killed,Micro-organisms are reproduced and spread by minute bodies such as spores,fungi and bacteria,Wind,water,diseased plants,cuttings and tubers,animals,men and insects are some of the means whereby disease is disseminated.
It is very difficult to kill the fungi and bacteria,or to make the virus which is inside the host plant inactive,But the evolution of plant varieties which can resist disease has completely changed the methods of disease control,A number of varieties have been evolved and are now available to farmers,So the control of plant diseases has increasingly become a matter of prevention.
Fungi,which attack the aerial parts of the crop,can be controlled by means of fungicide,These are sprayed or dusted on to the plant surfaces,They should be applied before the plant is seriously damaged,Sometimes spray and dust is applied whether disease is present or not,In any case,it is necessary to examine crops frequently for signs of disease.
Soil-borne diseases are much more difficult to control,There are various ways of treating the soil,One way is to use chemicals that easily change into a gas or vapour,which enter
the soil and kill the harmful organisms,The soil is covered with a polythene sheet and the volatile chemical is injected into the soil,After about 24 hours the sheet is removed and the soil is allowed to air for a few days before use.
THE CONTROL OF WEED AND PLANT DISEASES
Words and Expressions
Whereby [(h)wea’bai] adv.
[古][疑问副词]根据什么 [关系副词]凭那个; 由此
a system whereby a new discovery may arise.
由此可能产生新发现的体系
a plan whereby to escape 逃走的办法
W-shall we know him? 我们凭什么知道是他呢?
Evolve D.J.:[i’volv]
v,evolved; evolving; evolves; evolve
v.tr.
To develop or achieve gradually,使发展逐渐发展或完成：
evolve a style of one's own,逐渐形成了自己的风格
an amateur acting group that evolved into a theatrical company.
一个发展成为戏剧公司的业余演出团体
To work (something) out; devise:
设计制订出，设计出（某事），推算出：
“the schemes he evolved to line his purse,(S.J,Perelman)
“他制订出的非法捞钱的方案”(S.J.佩雷尔曼)
line D.J.:[lain] v.tr,lined; lining; lines;
To fit a covering to the inside surface of:装衬在衣服里面缝上罩里：
a coat lined with fur,用毛皮作里子的大衣
To cover the inner surface of,覆盖里层：
Moisture lined the walls of the cave,湿气布满洞穴壁。
To fill plentifully,as with money or food,填充用钱或食物填满
Biology 【生物学】
To develop (a characteristic) by evolutionary processes.
使演化通过进化过程发展（一种特征）
To give off; emit,发出；散发
vapour [‘veipa]
n,蒸气,汽; 烟雾 【物】汽化液体; 汽化固体; 空想; 幻想; 无实质之物; 愚蠢的想法; [the vapours]忧郁(症) 【医】吸入剂
vapour bath 蒸汽浴
His brain was clouded by vapours and dreams,他的脑子里充满空想和梦幻。
on account of
Because of; for the sake of,由于；因为：
We got married on account of the baby,(Anne Tyler)
“我们因为孩子的缘故而结婚。”(安妮·泰勒)
Chiefly Southern U.S.【多用于美国南部】
Because,因为：
He got picked up by the cops on account of he was walking with his shopping bag and they said there was numbers in it? (Jimmy Breslin)
“他被警察逮住了，因他提着购物袋行走，而他们认为里面有秘密数据”(吉米·布雷斯林)
aggressive D.J.:[a’gresiv] adj.
Inclined to behave in a hostile fashion,侵犯的；挑衅的倾向于敌对行为的
Assertive,bold,and enterprising,积极的过分自信的、大胆的和积极进取的：
an aggressive young executive,一个进取心很强的年轻管理人员
Intense or harsh,as in color,强烈的，刺目的强烈的或刺目的，如颜色
Fast growing; tending to spread quickly,迅速的生长迅速的；传播迅速的：
an aggressive tumor,迅速蔓延的肿瘤
invasive
D.J.:[in’veisiv] adj.
Of,engaging in,or given to armed aggression:
侵略性的属于、关于或被武装侵略的：
an invasive military force.入侵的军事力量
Marked by the tendency to spread,especially into healthy tissue:
侵袭的，扩散性的以扩散趋势为标志的，尤指扩散至健康组织：
an invasive carcinoma.扩散性癌症
Of or relating to a medical procedure in which a part of the body is entered,as by puncture or incision.侵入的属于或关于身体的部位被侵入，例如被穿刺或切口穿入之医疗过程的
Tending to intrude or encroach,as upon privacy.
侵犯的就要侵入或侵犯，如隐私的
LESSON FIVE THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE OF TODAY
The biological science of today can teach us a profound and meaningful lesson whose va lidity we can no longer doubt,The lesson,in brief,is that biology not only recognizes the individuality and uniqueness of every human being and every living organism,but that it,in fact,also supplies compelling evidence for a rational explanation of this individuality in molecular terms,Our purpose is to explore the cell,which we now know to be the structural and functional basis of this uniqueness.
We recognize,of course,that the universe around us is not a continuum,a sort of pea-soupy structure-less fog,Common experience tells us that it is made up of objects,matter and other associated phenomena that we can describe or measure,We realize that each of these "things" has a uniqueness that we detect through touch,taste,hearing,smell,or sight,and that each is distinguishable to greater or lesser degree,With our unaided senses,we have no difficulty in distinguishing the sky and the land from the water,a gas and solid from a liquid,the livings from the nonliving,On a more refined level,we can discriminate degrees of roughness,intensity and shade of color (if we are not color-blind),and an acid taste from one that is salty,sweet,or bitter,But human powers of sensory discrimination are limited,We hear only within a certain range of sound waves,and see only that,portion of the light spectrum called the visible region,When we try to go beyond these limits,we can no longer directly comprehend the physical nature of things and must resort to instru ments to penetrate areas outside our naturally circumscribed sphere.
Whatever the means we use,the "things" we observe we attempt to define in terms of units,and the more refined our knowledge and the more powerful and discriminating our instruments and techniques,the more precise become our definitions of these units,i.e.,their limits:and basic nature,If we are interested in clas sification,we find that these units often group themselves into meaningful systems,It would,indeed,be impossible for you to read these pages without understanding letters,the basic units of our language,or the numbers that make up our decimal or metric system.
The periodic table of atoms is another ex ample of such a coherent system,and part of its great value lies in enabling us to predict what will happen under specified physical or chemical circumstances,One of the first goals of a science,therefore,whether it be physics,chemistry,or biology,is to determine the uniqueness of the units with which it is concerned,for unless such units are understood and accepted by everyone in a particular field,scientific knowledge in that field cannot progress.
Words and Expressions
profound [pra'faund] a,意味深长的,意义深远的,深奥的，渊博的,造诣深的，深刻的; 深切的; 极度的，谦恭的,谦卑的
a profound silence 意味深长的沉默；a profound theory 深奥的理论；profound knowledge 渊博的知识
profound sympathy 深切[厚]的同情；profound regret 极为遗憾；a profound sleep 酣睡
make a profound curtsey [reverence] 恭敬地打招呼[行礼]；take a profound interest 深感兴趣,十分关切
validity [va'liditi] n.效力 individuality [individju'?liti] n,个性 uniqueness [ju’ni：knis] n.特性 continuum [kan’tinjuam] n,无间断的连续，完全连续的全体。pea-soupy [pi.'su：pi] a,豌豆汤似的
associated [a’sou∫ieitid] a,有关的 detect [di'tekt] v,发觉，察觉 touch [tAt∫] n,触觉、接触 taste [teist] n.味觉，味道 smell [smel] n,嗅觉，气味 sight [sait]n.视觉，望见 distinguishable [dis'tiηgwi∫abl] a.可以辨别的
roughness ['rAfnis] n,粗糙 shade [∫eid] n,荫影 color-blind ['kAlablaind] a.色盲的salty [sa:1ti] a.咸味的
portion ['po:∫an] n,部分 spectrum [‘spektram] n.光谱visible ['vizabl] a.可见的 beyond [bi'jond] prep.超过
comprehend [kompri’hend] vt.了解，领会 penetrate ['penitreit] vt.深入，渗透 sphere [sfia] n.范围，球体
precise [pri'sais] a.精确的，明确的 classification [kl?sifi’kei∫an] n.分类 coherent [kou'hiarant] a.连贯的，表达清楚的 goal [goul] n.目标
NOTES
14.00 本文选自 Carl P,Swanson 所著“The Cell”。
14.01 The lesson,in brief,is that biology not only recognizes the individuality and uniqueness of every human being and every living organism,but that it,in-fact,also supplies compelling evidence for a rational explanation of this individuality in molecular terms,本句为主从复合句，主句是 The lesson is…,;由 but 连接两个that 引出的名词从句作表语,in-brief 和 in fact 是插入语。全句可译为：“简而言之，这种知识是：生物学不仅承认每个人每个生物的个性和特性，而且实际上这种知识也提供了有力的证据以分子学的术语来合理地解释这种个性。
14.02 in molecular terms 用分子（学）的术语，用分子的说法
14.03 of course 当然。如：
You are now a,graduate student and will of course devote yourself to your studies
你现在是一个研究生，你当然会努力学习。
14.04 a sort of = a kind of 一种。
Whale is a sort of mammal,鲸鱼是一种哺乳动物。
14.05 be made up of 由…构成。如：All bodies are made up of atoms.一切物体都是由原子构成的。
14.06 with our unaided senses 用我们的直觉
14.07 distinguish… from…… 把……与……区分开。如,
We must distinguish right from wrong,我们必须明辨是非。
14.08 discriminate…from…… 分清……和…… Sometimes it is not easy to discriminate cloud from fog,
14.09 on a more refined level,在更精密的程度或（水平）上。
14.10 no longer adv,不再.
14.11 resort to 求助于，诉诸，凭借。如The terrorists always resort to force to carry out their aims.
恐怖分子经常凭借武力以实现他们的目的。
We shall resort to all kinds of methods to modernize our motherland.
我们将采用各种方法以使我们祖国现代化。
14.12 Whatever the means……basic nature,一句中由whatever 引起的让步状语从句修饰主句的谓语。the things是define的直接宾语。正常次序应为we attempt to define the,things” we observe in terms of unit。
14.13 the more……the……more……the more………越……,……越……,……就越……。 这三个包括the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提；最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+_比较级的形容词或副词。举数例如下：
The more the merrier,（邀请客人时用语）人愈多愈热闹。
The higher up,the greater the fall,爬得高，跃得重。
The greater the danger,the more must we drive ahead,越是艰险越向前。
14.14 i.e,（拉丁文 id est =英文 that is） 所引的两个名词是前面名词的同位语。
14.15 "Whatever the means……basic nature." 这一整句可译为：“无论我们用什么方法，我们总想把观察到的事物用单位来加以说明。我们的知识越精炼，我们的仪器和技术越精密，我们对这些单位的定义（也就是它们的极限和基本性能）也就越精确。”
14.16 in terms of 根据，按照，用……的话来说。如：
We should consider every problem in terms of the matter of fact。
我们应该根据实际情况来考虑每一个问题。
They spoke of the advances in terms of praise,他们以赞美的话谈到这些进展。
14.17 lie in 在于……。如：The safety of environment lies entirely in the environmental protection,环境安全全在于环境的保护。
14.18 in a particular field 在某一特殊领域。
LESSON SIX INSECT PEST CONTROL
When orange groves were first planted in California many of the young trees were imported from Australia,There the cottony-cushion scale insect (or fluted scale,Icerya purchasi) was native,Its original food plants were various native acacias and other trees,and it had spread to the introduced Citrus,Some were accidentally carried to California where the climate and the Citrus suited them admirably,These scale insects,which are almost legless and immobile relatives of the aphids,feed by fixing their sucking mouth parts into twigs and leaves,When fully grown they produce a copious secretion of white waxy filaments which form a fragile box in which enormous numbers of eggs are laid,A heavy infestation of the scale causes the death of the twig,or even of the tree itself,the citrus growers in California were threatened with ruin,Albert Koebele was sent by the United States Department of Agriculture to seek for parasites and predators of the scale in its native home,It is worth recording that this was achieved after congress had refused a specific appropriation for the work,Various ruses were required to find funds and to overcome the rule that Government servants might not travel outside the borders of the United States!
Koebele’s report makes fascinating reading,He visited various citrus-growing areas in Australia and New Zealand,finding the cottony-cushion scale on various sorts of tree,but usually in very small numbers,Guided by local entomologists he found a few trees which were heavily infested and there he collected thousands of the scales and observed that they were being destroyed by a small fly (Cryptochaetum) and especially by a red and black lady-bird beetle (Vedalia cardinalis),This beetle was seen laying large numbers of eggs beside and under the scales,The larvae which hatched from them fed avidly on the eggs of the scale insect,or on other stages even up to the adult and themselves turned into beetles in as little as thirty days,Wooden boxes,filled with twigs infected with the scales,the flies and the beetles were placed in the ice-room aboard a steamer and shipped to San Francisco,In 1889 just over 500 live beetles (and some flies) were liberated on heavily infested trees in California and the spread of Vedalia was so spectacular that within a year it was obvious that a major success had been achieved,Soon the cottony-cushion scale as a pest was but a memory,and only by diligent search could a few specimens be found,Although both became uncommon,neither the scale nor the Vedalia beetle died out,When D.D.T,was used against an outbreak of the citricola scale quite recently the Vedalia beetle was eliminated locally,and soon serious outbreaks of cottony-cushion scale were reported,With a revised insecticide program the beetles have been re-established,Another interesting case is the Japanese beetle (a relative of the Anomala of Hawaii) whose grubs feed on roots and are destructive to lawns and meadows,The major nuisance caused by the beetle itself,which feeds voraciously on ornamental bushes and trees,which are stripped of their leaves,From Korea the large black Tiphia wasps were introduced,These dig down to the grubs,sting them and oviposit on them,The Tiphia larva then feeds upon the beetle grub and destroys it,Tiphia wasps have noticeably reduced the pest's numbers,but recently a new method of great promise has been used,A bacterium,causing a fatal milky disease of the beetle grubs can be propagated and sprayed like an insecticide,It seems to be specific to the Japanese beetle larvae,but does not seem to spread much naturally and without re-introduction soon dies out.
INSECT PEST CONTROL
words and Expressions
pest［pest］ n．害虫；orange[‘arindэ] n．柑桔；grove ［grouv］ n．小林，树丛；
import [impa:t]vi．进口，输入，引入；Australia n．澳大利亚；
cottony－cushion scale［’katni’ku∫an skeil］ n．吹绵蚧
native[‘neitiv]a．出生地的，本土的；original ［a’ridэanal］a．最初的，原先的
various［’vεαrias］a.各种各样的，不同的Acacia[a’kei∫a]n．刺槐，洋槐，阿拉伯胶树
spread［spred］vi．传播，蔓延；introduce vi．引进，传入；citrus[‘sitras]n．柑桔属
accidentally[?ksi’dantli]ad．偶然地；sut［sju：t］vt．适合；admirably ［’?dmarabli］ad．极好地；scale insect ［skeil’insekt］、n．蚧，介壳虫；legless a．无腿的；
immobile [i‘moubail] a．稳定的，不变的，固定的；relative【relativ】 n．亲属，亲戚
suck［sAk］ vi．吸，吮；twig [twig]n．细枝，嫩枝；copious［’koupjas］a．丰富，大量的
secretion[si’kri:∫аn]n．分泌，分泌液；waxy ［’w?ksi］ a．蜡质的，蜡状的
filament［’filamant］n．细丝，丝状体；fragile［’fr?dэail］ a．易损坏的
enormous［I’na：mas］ a．巨大的；lay[lei] vi．下（蛋），产（卵）
infestation [infes’tei∫an] n．传染，蔓延，侵袭；threaten [θretn] vi．威胁
ruin［’ru:in］n．毁灭，毁坏，破产；department［di’pa:tmant］n．部，司，局
seek [si：k]vt，vi．寻找,探索Predator [‘predat]n．捕食者
worth ［wa：θ］a．值得..的，有..价值的；record [ri’ko:d] v．记录，记载
achieve ［a’t∫：v］ vi．达到（目的），得到（胜利），取得（成功）
congress［’koηgres］ n．（代表）大会，国会；refuse［ri’fju：z］ vi．拒绝
specific[spi’sifik]a．特定的；appropriation［aproupri’ei∫an］n．拨款
ruse［ru:z］n．设策，诡计；require [ri’kwaia]yi．需要；fund〔fund〕n．资金，基金
government[‘gAvanmant]n．政府；servant［’sa：vant］ n．仆人，雇员，公务员
outside［’aut’said］。 prep．在...外；border［’bo:da］ n．边界，国界，国境，边沿
fascinate[‘f?sineit] v．迷人；New Zealand［nju：’zi：land］ n．新西兰
Guide [gaid]vi．带领，引导，指导；local［’loukal］ a．当地的，本地的，地方的
entomologist [enta’moladэist] n．昆虫学家；infest [in’fest]vi．侵扰
collect[ka’lekt]vi．收集，采集；observe [ab’za:v]vi．观察，遵守；destroy [dis’troi]vi．破坏，消灭；fly[flai]n．蝇 lady－bird[‘leidi-ba:d]n．瓢虫；beetle [bi:tl]n．甲虫；larva[1a：va] 复larvae [la:vi:]n．幼虫；hatch[h?t∫]vi．孵化，孵出；avidly [?vidlil ad．贪婪地；adult [‘?dAlt]n．成虫，成年人；wooden[‘wudn]a．木制的；fill [fil]vi．装满，充滿；ice-room n.冷藏间；aboard【a’ho:d】prep．在（船、飞机、车）上；steamer[‘sti：ma]n．轮船；Ship [ship]vt．用船运，运送；San Francisco[s?n fran’siskou] n．旧金山；Spectacular[spek’t?kjula] a．引人注意的，惊人的；memory［’memari］ n．留在记忆中的人或事物，回忆；diligent[‘dilidэant] a．勤奋的；search［sa：t∫］n．搜寻
specimen[‘spesimin]n．样本，标本；outbreak[‘autbreik]n．突然蔓延，爆发；eliminate [i’limineit]vi．消除，消灭；revise [ri’vaiz]vt．修订，修改；insecticide [in’sektisaid]n．杀虫剂；Japanese［dэ?pa’ni:z］ a．日本的，日本人的，日语的；n．日本人，日语；grub [grab] n．蛴螬，幼蜂；destructive［dis’tr?ktivj a．破坏（性）的，危害的；lawn [1o：n]n．草地，草坪；meadow[‘medou]n．草地．牧草地；nuisance[‘nju：sans]n．损害，妨害；voraciously［va’rei∫aslit］ad．狠吞虎咽地，贪吃地；ornamental[o：na’mentl]a．观赏的，装饰的；bush [bu∫]n．灌木，矮树丛；strip ［Strip］ vt．剥去，剥光，除去;Korea[ko（：）’ria]n．朝鲜；Wasp[wasp]n．黄蜂，蚂蜂;Dig[dig]vi．挖；Sting[stiη] vi．叮，刺,螫；Oviposit[ouvi’pozit]vi.（昆虫）产卵；noticeably [‘noutisabli]ad．显著地，值得注意地；promise[‘promis]n．希望，前途；fatal［’feitl］a．致命的，毁灭性的，命运的
milky [‘milki]a．牛奶的，柔弱的；propagate[‘propageit]vt．传播，蔓延，繁殖
Notes
I7．本文选自 English of Science and Technology
I7．01 When fully grown they produce a copious secretion of white waxy filaments…．
它们在充分长成时，就分泌出大量的白色蜡质细丝…。
When引导的时间状语从句有省略，实际是When they are fully grown…。如果从句中谓语包括be的变化，而主语又同主句的主语一致时，则从句的主语和be的变化可省略。如：
When（water is）pure,water is a colorless liquid.水纯时，是无色的液体。
17．02 be threatened with有…之虞，有..威胁。如：
The citrus growers in California were threatened with ruin．加利福尼亚州的柑桔种植者面临着破产的威胁。
The race was threatened with extinction．这种族有灭绝之虞。
17．03 Albert Koebele阿伯特·柯贝尔（人名）
I7．04 seek for．＝search for已见注 6．57。、又如：
Albert Koebele was sent by the United States Department of Agriculture to seek for
parasites and predators of the scale in its native home．美国农业部派阿伯特·柯贝尔去原产地搜寻这种蚧的寄生虫和捕食者。
Obviously they came here to seek for truth．显然他们是为追求真理而来的。
17．05 The larvae which hatched from them fed avidly on the eggs of the scale Insect,or
on other stages even up to the adult,and themselves turned into beetles in as little as thirty days．它们孵化出的幼虫贪得无厌地吃掉蚧虫的卵，或者在其它发育阶段上甚至吃掉成虫，而幼虫自己则在三十天那样短促的时间内变成瓢虫。
I7．06 up to一直到，达到。如对
What have you been doing up to now？到现在为止你在干些什么？
17．07 as little as像一那样少。如：
His eyes are weak and he reads as little as may be.他视力弱，尽量少看书。
I7．08 be filled with见注4．31。
17．09 Wooden boxes，filled with twigs infected with the scales,the flies and the
beetles，were placed in the ice－room aboard a steamer and shipped to San Francisco．装满蚧虫侵染的细枝、甲虫和瓢虫的木箱放在一艘轮船上的冷藏室里运到了旧金山。
filled with…beetles为一分词短语作后置定语用。The glass container,having a base of 80 cm2，is 15 cm high．这只底面积为80平方厘米的玻璃容器高15厘米。
17．10 but作副词用等于only 意为：不过，只。如：Soon the cottony-cushion scale as a pest was but a memory·不久，吹绵蚧作为一种害虫只不过是记忆中的东西而已。
He left but an hour ago．一小时前他才离开。
I7.11 副词 only在句首时，句中主、谓语的位置通常倒装。如：
Only by diligent search could a few specimens be found,只有勤奋寻找，才能找到几个标本。
Only then did he realize his mistake．只是在那时他才认识到自己的错误。
17．12 die out为一动词短语，意为：绝种，消失，灭绝。例如：
Even so，the scale did not die out．即使如此，蚧虫并没有绝种。
17．13 be destructive to 对··有害。如：They are destructive to lawns．它们对草坪有害。
17．14 be stripped of被剥光。。。。如：Trees are stripped of their leaves．树被剥光了叶子。
17.15 dig down挖下去，向下挖
I7.16 seem为一联系动词，意为：好像，看起来像。后面常接带to的不定式短语作表语，不定式短语如为be…，则to be省去，如：
It seems to be specific to the Japanese beetle larvae,but does not seem to spread
much naturally．它好像对日本甲虫幼虫特别有效，但似乎不会自然大量蔓延。
This seems（to be） an important point．这似乎是很重要的一点。
The problem seems（to be） very complicated．问题仿佛很复杂。
He doesn’t seem to appreciate it．他对这个好像并不领情。
LESSON SEVEN VIRUS DISEASES OF CROPS
There are certain crops where virus diseases have been a limiting yield factor,It has only been in the last 40 years that the full effect of viruses has been realized,or that their mode of action and transmission known.
It is now known that the cause of the so-called degeneration in many crops,such as potatoes,is caused by not one but several viruses,each of which can produce its own typical symptoms,Often two or three are present together,and then the symptom of disease is completely different to that produced by each individual virus.
Most viruses appear to be nucleoproteins,and the particles,or crystals,can only be seen when magnified hundreds of thousand times with the aid of an electron microscope,They are often transmitted by insects which are themselves practically microscopic,Precise knowledge of the behavior of viruses in plants is still incomplete,but it appears that in the process of rapid multiplication they utilise the plant protein,This upsets the natural nutrition cycle in the plant,causing it to become stunted and distorted.
It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins,Gradually the veins will become lighter,and this condition is known as veinal chlorosis,If this light coloring is spread over the whole leaf,a leaf mottle or mosaic,is produced and the disease is named accordingly,mosaic disease,This can also occur on flowers,Alternatively,the veins thicken and cause leaf distortion and curl,Leaf curl can be recognized by a slight upturning of the leaf edges to such veinal thickening so that the leaf is completely distorted,General reduced growth,caused by viruses,is usually termed bushy stunt,and even in these forms of the disease,when the plants are stunted and bushy,the typical leaf chlorosis or vein thickening occurs.
Not all infections of virus diseases produce visible symptoms,This latent type of infection,although mild,is still capable of being transmitted and producing a more severe attack in another variety of plant.
There is no cure for virus diseases,At best the symptoms can be minimized and yield loss reduced by heavy fertilizing,High temperatures sometimes assist the plant to withstand the effect of the virus.
Some viruses can be transmitted vegetatively by grafts,cuttings,bulbs or tubers,whilst others require to pass through an insect vector in order to move from one plant to another,Seed transmission of a virus is possible,and tools,such as secateurs and pruning knives,can pass it from one plant to another,Direct contact between plants can be responsible for the transmission only if there is some mechan ical damage to the plant tissue.
Vectors are the commonest form of trans mission,and insects such as aphids,leaf hoppers,plant bugs,whitefly,thrips and beetles have all been shown to be capable of transmission and are the most common living organisms re sponsible,Nematodes(eelworms)have also been proved to be vectors,and recent research has suggested that fungi are also possible vectors.
The only method of preventing the spread of virus diseases and keeping them under control is by strict control of the known vectors,Another control measure is the use of resistant plant varieties,Plant breeders have been selecting and breeding virus resistant varieties for some crops,but there is still a lot of work to be done in this field,The problem is to find immune varieties of comparable quality and yield to some of the susceptible ones,However,it is important to choose varieties which are virus resistant,as vector control can be difficult and expensive.
VIRUS DISEASES OF CROPS
Words and Expressions
transmission [tr?nz’mi∫аn] n．传送，传染；degeneration ［didэena’re∫an］ n．退化，衰退
symptom［’simptam］ n．症状；nucleoprotein［’nju：kliou’prouti:n］ n．核蛋白
crystal[‘kristl]n．结晶体；magnify［’m?gnifai］vt．放大；multiplication ［mAltipli’kei∫an］ n．繁殖；upset［up’set］vt．打乱，搅乱；stunt[stAnt]vt．阻碍…的发育；distort ［dis’to:t］vt．歪曲，变形；disturbance ［dis’ta：bans］n．干扰，失调；veinal chlorosis［’veinal kla’rousis］叶脉缺绿病；mottle〔’motl〕 n．斑点，斑纹；mosaic［ma’zeik］n．花叶病；accordingly ［a’ko：diηli］ad．相应地；eelworm[‘i：lwa：m]n．线虫类；upturn[Ap’ta：n]vt．翻起，翻转；thicken[θikan]vt．使..变厚；bushy stunt〔’bu∫i stAnt〕丛缩病；nematodes［’nematoudz］n．线虫；latent ［’leitant］a．潜在的；vegetatively [‘vedэitativli] ad．无性繁殖地；cutting[‘kAtiη]n．插条；bulb[bAlb]n．球茎；whilst[hwailst] conj．＝while而；secateurs［’sekata：z］ n．整枝大剪刀；prune［pru：n］vt．修剪；hopper[‘hopa]n．跳虫；thrips〔θrips〕n．蓟马科害虫
Notes
18．01 It has only been in the last 40 years that the full effect of viruses has been realized，or that their mode of action and transmission known．’只是在近40年来病毒的全部作用才被认识，或者说它们的作用方式和传播方法才为人们知道。
It has only been..that…是一个强调句型。详见注 7．28。
连接词or后面的that从句与前面的that从句为并列成份，or that……是一个省略句，补充后应为,or that their mode of action、and transmission has been known．
18．02 Most viruses appear to be nucleoproteins，…大多数病毒似乎是核蛋白..
appear to be…＝seem to be…似乎是..如：
This machine appears to be the one made by that plant．这台机器似乎是那个工厂造的。
That seems to be a very important point．这似乎是很重要的一点。
18．03 with the aid of an electron microscope借助于电子显微镜
with the aid of…借助于…。如：You may do your homework with the aid of a good dictionary．
你可以借助一本好词典做家庭作业。
18．04 in the process of rapid multiplication在迅速繁殖过程中
In the process of…在..过程中。如The machine is in the process of repair．那部机器在修理中。
18．05 It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins．
似乎正是植株内的这种失调被反映在病毒病的最初症状上，亦即叶脉颜色稍有改变上。
It would appear…which…是一个强调句型，其结构与用法清参阅并比较7．28。
关系代词which代表 disturbance。
18．06 It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins．
似乎正是植株内的这种失调被反映在病毒病的最初症状上，亦即叶脉颜色稍有改变上。
He is capable of completing the task by himself．他自己能够完成这个任务。
18．07 At best the symptoms can be minimized…至多可以减轻症状—…·
at best至多，充其量，做最乐观的看法。如：
We cannot arrive before Thursday at best．即使最乐观地估计，我们也不能在星期四以前到达。
He can’t get here before two at best．他最早也要两点钟才能到达这儿。
18．08 Direct contact between plants can be responsible for the transmission only if
there is some mechanical damage to the plant tissue．
如果植株组织有某种机械损伤，植株间的直接接触就是植病传播的唯一原因了。
18．10 当 only位于if引导的从句之前时，意思是说“只有在..的条件下..才..”。而if放在only前时，if only这一成语的含义是“只要”，“要是…就好了”。
如：If only it clears up，1’11 go．只要天一放晴，我就去。
LESSON EIGHT INSECT BEHAVIOUR
One has only to consider the peculiar behavior of the solitary wasp,Pompilus,which catches its spider before it digs its burrow and marks,by a remarkable feat of memory,the position of the spider,to realize that memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects,
The sand wasp,Ammophila,seems to exhibit in its behavior the beginnings of choice and,possibly,a glimmer of intelligence,The sand wasp digs its burrow by using its jaws as mining tools and its front legs as rakes,It burrows into the sandy soil for a few inches,and,every now and then,it come across a little stone,The wasp takes great care to remove,from the site of its operations,all the debris that it has thrown up in its diggings；all the small stones and pebbles that it comes across,it puts to one side,It finishes its burrow by gouging out the top portion with a slightly greater diameter than the deeper recesses of the burrow,Having done this,it then selects one of the pebbles which will fit exactly into the mouth of the burrow and places it in position,and if the evening is fast approaching,it will cover up the whole area with sand,The insect does this so effectively that it is impossible for the human eye to detect where the underlying burrow is to be found,The intention of the sand wasp seems to be to hunt its prey on the following day when the sun is high up on the horizon,For the rest of the evening it goes off,nobody knows where,to await the dawn for its hunting expedition,The prey that the sand wasp will search for is the grey worm,This grey worm is the larva of a certain moth,and is to be found around the roots of thorn bushes,The wasp hunts the worm in very much the same way as a terrier hunts a rabbit-When the worm emerges upon the surface,the sand wasp falls upon its prey and,according to Fabre,stings it in each of its thirteen separate segments,Gripping the worm in its mandibles,the wasp stands astride it; and although it may be as mach as one hundred yards from its burrow,the wasp makes a straight line from the scene of its hunting to the burrow which it made the previous evening,Having located the burrow,it removes the sand,pushes the paralysed caterpillar into the burrow,lays its egg upon it,fills up the sand and then flies away,Indeed,there is one variety of Ammophila which actually picks up a stone and,using it as a ram,forces the sand down into the burrow,and eventually leaves the surface of the sand so smooth that it is impossible for the human eye to locate the position of the insect's operations,This is truly remarkable behavior,and one might see in it many elements which could be considered examples of choice,and perhaps of intelligence,It is an example,also,of an animal using a primitive tool for its work.
Against this,however,is the behavior of mason bees while filling their cells with pollen and nectar,as described by Fabre,The mason bee arrives at the partially empty cell and,putting its head into the cell,disgorges the nectar which it has collected; and then,turning round,it puts the end of its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen grains,which it has collected into a load on the underside of its abdomen,This action of the mason bee is constant and may be considered to be an instance of pattern behavior.
Fabre describes how he interrupts this pattern in the middle,He flicks the bee away when it is about to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen,Fabre was very interested to see what would happen next,Would the bee fly back,having been brushed away,and resume the pattern of its behavior at the point at which it was interrupted? Fabre found that it did not do this; it started the pattern all over again,Every time that the bee went to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen grains from the underside of its abdomen,Fabre flicked it away again with a straw,and every time the mason bee flew back and went through the pattern from the begin ning once more,This type of behavior seems to be common among the bees and the wasps and insects generally; their actions are perform ed according to a definite pattern,and if this pattern is interrupted,the insect has to begin all over again in order to finish it,
INSECT BEHAVIOUR
Words and Expressions
behaviour［bi'heivja］n.习性，行为；consider［can'sida］vt．考虑；peculiar［pi'kju:lja］a．特有的，独具的；solitary［'solitari］a．独居的，单独的；spider〔'spaida〕n．蜘蛛；burrow [bArou]n．地洞，穴
mark ［ma:k］vt．标明，注明，留痕迹于；remarkable [ri’ma：kabl]a．非凡的，卓越的，显著的；
feat[fi:t]n．技艺；realize［'rialaiz］ vt．认识到，深刻地了解到；exhibit[igzibit]vt．显示，显出
choice[t∫ois]n．选择；glimmer〔'glima〕n．少许，微量；intelligence［in'telidэans］n．智力，聪明
jaw [dэo:]n．颚，颌，爪；mine［main］v．开矿，（昆虫）钻洞；rake［reik］ n．耙状用具，钉齿耙
remove [ri'mu:v]vt,搬开，移动，去掉；site[sait]n．地点，场所，现场；operation［apa'reian］n．操作，工作
debris［单'debri:,复'debri;z］n．碎物，碎片；pebble['pebl]n．细砾，卵石；gouge[gaudэ]vt．凿（孔），（用姆指）按；portion[‘po：∫an]n．一部分；slightly[‘slaitli] ad．微小地，少量地，细长地，轻轻地
diameter [dai’?mita]n．直径；recess [ri’ ses]n．深处，凹进处；select［Si’lekt］vt．挑选，选择；fit[fit] yi．适合；exactly[ig’z?ktli]ad．确切地，精确地；approach[a’prout∫]yi．临近，接近；effectively ［I’fektivli］ ad．有效地；human[‘hju：man]a．人的，人类的；detect[di’tekt]vt．察觉，发觉，发现；underlying [And’laiη]a．在下的，潜在的；intention［in’ten∫an］n．意图，目的，打算；hunt [hAnt] vt．猎取，追获；
prey[prei]n．捕获物．被捕食的动物；horizon[ha’raizn]n．地平线；await [a’weit]vt．等待；
dawn［do,n］ n．黎明，拂晓；expedition[ekspi’di∫an]n．远征，探险；worm[wa,m]n,虫，蠕虫，蛆，肠虫
moth [mo：θ]．蛾，蛀虫；thorn［θo：n］n．刺；terrier[‘teria]n,（一种狗）；rabbit [‘r?bit]n．兔
emerge [I’ma：dэ]vi．出现；separate[‘separit]a．分隔的，单独的；segment[‘segmant]n．（动物体的）节，部分；grip [grip]vt．抓住，握紧；mandible[‘m?ndibl] n．（昆虫的）上颚；astride［as’traid］ prep．跨着
yard [ja:d]n．码（英美长度单位=36英寸），院子；straight［streit］ a．直的,ad．直地；scene [si,n]n．发生地点；previous [pri,vjas]a．先前的；locate [lou’keit]vt．确定…的地点；push [pu∫]vt．推动，推进
paralyse [‘p?ralaiz]vt．使…麻痹，使…瘫痪；caterpillar［’k?tapila］n．毛虫；actually [‘?ktjualil ad．实际上，竟然；ram［r?m］n,撞锤；force〔fo：s〕vt．迫使，强迫；eventually [i’ventjuali]ad．终于，最后
leave［li：v］vt．使…处于（某种状态）；smooth [smu:す]a．平坦的，平滑的；element [‘elimant]n．成分，要素；primitive〔’primitiv〕a．原始的，简单的；mason bee [‘meisn bi：]n．石巢蜂；cell [sel] n．细胞；巢房，室；pollen［’polin］n．花粉，粉面；nectar [nekta]n．花蜜；describe［dis’kraib］vt．描写，叙述
partially [pa:∫ali]ad．部分地；
disgorge［dis’go：dэ］vt．To bring up and expel from the throat or stomach; vomit.
吐出；呕出从喉咙或胃中带出或排出；呕吐
To discharge violently; spew,喷出，涌出猛烈的排出；喷出
To surrender (stolen goods or money,for example) unwillingly.
被迫交出不情愿地放弃（如所偷的东西或钱财）
abdomen [?bdaman]n．腹（部）
grain［grein］n．细粒，谷物；load [loud]n．负载，载荷；underside ［’Andasaid］ n．下侧，下面
pattern［’p?tan］n．典型；interrupt［inta’rApt］vt．中断，打扰；
flick［flik］vt．轻弹，轻拂，轻击To touch or hit with a light,quick blow:轻拍，轻击以轻而快的动作碰或打：
flicked him with his hand.用手轻击了他一下See,brush
To cause to move with a light blow; snap,啪一声开（关）轻击而使…移动位置；砰然开（关）上：
flicked the light switch on.把电灯开关按开
To remove with a light,quick blow,轻拂用轻快的击打除去…：
flicked the lint off the coat,把大衣上的棉绒弹掉
flick v.intr,To twitch or flutter,抽或拍
resume［ri’zju：m］vt．To begin or take up again after interruption:重新开始，继续中断后重新开始或进行：
resumed our dinner,继续进行我们的晚餐
To assume,take,or occupy again,重新取得，重返再次承当、取得或占据：
The dog resumed its post by the door,那只狗再次占据了门边的位置
To take on or take back again,重新采用或取回：
resumed my original name,重新使用我的原名
straw [stro：]n·稻草，麦杆；perform [pa’fo：m]vt．执行，演出
definite [‘definit] a．一定的，明确的
Notes
22．00 本文选自“A Firs Technical Reader”。
22．01 one作为不定代词意思是：人人，每个人，人们。如．
one must do one’ s best，每个人必须尽自己的力量去做。
This method permits one to get good result．采用这种方法能使人获得良好的结果。
22．02 play a… part（或role） in…在…中起…作用。如：
Memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects．
记忆力在这些昆虫的习性中起着非常重要的作用。
Steel and petroleum both play an important part in the development of industry and agriculture．
钢和石油这两样东西在工农业发展中起着重要作用。
22．03“have （has）only to… to…”为一习惯用法，意为：只要…就能…。例如：
One has only to consider the peculiar behavior of the solitary wasp to realize that memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects．
我们只要细想一下独居黄蜂的特有习性，就能认识到记忆力在这些昆虫的习性中起着非常重要的作用。
You have only to read it over once more to see the misprint．你只要整个再读一遍就可看出那印错的地方。
22．04 a glimmer of一点点。如：a gummer of lute1Hgence一点点智力;a glimmer of hope一线希望
22．05 every now and then＝ from time to time．意为：时时，时常。如：
Every now and then he observes the behavior of these insects．他时常观察这些昆虫的习性。
22．06 come across为一动词短语，意为：越过，偶然发现或遇见。例如：
It burrows into the sandy soil for a few inches,and，every now and then,it comes across a little stone.它打洞进入沙质土好几英寸，而且它时常能碰到一些石子。
we have come across the mountains by car．我们已乘车越过了那座山。
He came across a friend in the street．他在街上碰到一位朋友。
22．07 take care为一动词短语，意为：留心，注意。后面常接不定式短语或that和what引导的名词从句。例如：
The wasp takes great care to remove,from the site of its operations,all the debris．
沙土蜂非常注意从操作活动地点移掉所有碎物。
We took care to see that all doors were locked before we left the house．
我们离开房子前察看了一下所有的门是不是都锁上了。
Take care that you don’t slip on the icy roads．当心不要在结冰的路上滑跤。
Take care what you are doing．留心你所做着的事情。
22．08 throw up为一动词短语，意为：往上抛，吐出，辞去。例如
The wasp removes all the debris that it has thrown up in its diggings．
沙土蜂移掉在挖洞时往上抛的所有碎物。
22．09 all the small stones and pebbles that it comes across，it puts to one side．
它把它碰到的所有小石子和卵石都移到一边。
All...across是句中的宾梧，由于强调而放在句首。又如：
What they were asked to do in ten days，they finished in two.
让他们十天做的事，他们两天就做完了。
22．1O in position 在其适当的位置（反义成语：out of position）。如：
He is in position．他适得其所。
22．11 cover up包裹；掩盖，掩饰，隐藏。如：
cover yourself up well．穿暖些！
The thieves tried to cover up their tracks．贼们想掩盖他们的踪迹。
22,12 He has gone off to that city．他悄悄地到那个城市去了。（尤指悄悄地离去）
22．13 The wasp hunts the worm in very much the same way as a terrier hunts a rabbit．
沙土蜂猎取蠕虫的方法同狗猎取兔子的方法十分相近。
（1）much the same几乎相同，大致一样
（2）the same…as和..同样，象..一样。例如：
We made the experiments in the same way as they．我们用和他们同样的方法做实验。
She studies at the same university as her younger sister．
她和她的妹妹在同一个大学学习。
22．14 fall upon（或on）为一动词短语，意为：落在，落到，袭击，进攻。例如：
The sand wasp falls upon its prey and stings it．沙土蜂扑向捕获物，并螯它。
Our brave fighters fall on the enemy like tigers．我们的英勇战士像猛虎一样冲向敌人。
22．15 as much as 像…一样多。如：
You may read as much as you like．你愿读多少，就读多少。
参阅注7·24。比较其反义成语 as little as。
22．16 fill up 充满，装满。如：
He filled up his cup with wine．他把酒斟满酒杯。
We filled up the classroom with desks and chairs．我们用书桌和椅子布满教室。
22．17 pick up 抬起，捡起。如：
Indeed,there is one variety of Ammophila which actually picks up a stone．
的确，有一种沙土蜂竟然能抬起一石子。
I picked up a pen from the ground．我从地上拾起一支钢笔。
22．18 Against this，however，is the behavior of mason bees while filling their
cells with pollen and nectar,as described by Fabre．
然而，正如法布尔所描写的那样，在用花粉和花蜜装填巢房时，石巢蜂的习性则与此相反。
（1）这是一个倒装句，主语是 the behavior of mason bees为了使句子同前面说的话发生更紧密的联系，改变了句子结构．使之成为倒装句。
（2）While filling..nectar（=while they are filling…nectar）这是一个有所省略的时间状语
从句。又如,He made an important report while attending the conference here．
在这里开会时，他作了一个重要报告。
22．19 brush off＝brush away刷去，掸去，拂去。如：
He brushed away a fly from his nose．他用手把鼻子上的苍蝇赶走。
22．20 be（或 seem等联系动词）about to do sth．为一惯用结构，表示“将，正要做某事”之意”。
He flicks the bee away when it is about to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the
pollen．当石巢蜂正要把腹部放进巢房拂掉花粉时，他轻轻把它掸走。
she is about to speak．她正要讲话。
参阅注 6．04,8．08和 8．14.
22．21 every（＝ each）time that为一连接词词组，意为：每当..时，引导时间状语从句，现代英语中常把that省略掉。例如：
Every time that the bee went to punts abdomen into the cell，Fabre flicked it away again with a straw．每当石巢蜂去将腹部放进巢房时，法布尔就用稻草再次把它轻轻掸走。
Every time（that） he came here he would bring us some good news．
每当他来这里时都给我们带来些好消息。
22．22本课课文中的F a b r e是指法国著名昆虫学家Jean Henri Fabre（1823—1915），他著有名著“昆虫记”等。
LESSON NINE THE PEST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
Pest management is fundamentally different from other approaches to pest control in that it aims,(a) to utilise two or more control techniques together in an integrated fashion,(b) to make maximum use of natural mortality factors,and (c) to apply specific control measures only as and where necessary,An essential feature of pest management is its flexibility with decisions as to course of action (such as whether to apply an insecticide or not) based on the field situation.
Although many definitions of pest management have been proposed it is difficult to define briefly because of its inherent complexity,Perhaps the most suitable definition is that quoted by Brader (1979) ---“pest management [is a] system that,in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species,utilises all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury.”
A term that pro-dates pest management is integrated control which was applied originally to the harmonious integration of chemical and biological control,Most pest management programs depend heavily on the successful blending of chemical and biological control methods and for this reason integrated control is now usually regarded as synonymous with pest management,However,pest management often involves considerably more than the mere joint use of chemical and biological methods,and is now generally the preferred term.
IPM is another term (or rather abbreviation) that occurs in some texts,It stands for "integrated pest Management" and is no different in meaning from the shorter term pest management which is used throughout this book,IPM in the broadest sense embraces all "pests" and thus includes plant diseases and weeds as well as insects and other animal pests.
Pest management can be conveniently considered as part of resource management and there is thus a strong parallel with fish and game management,The latter both involve the management of biological systems in such a way as to provide maximum sustainable yield of fish or game,To achieve this,good understanding of the biological system concerned is essential,Successful manipulation of pests is similarly dependent on adequate understanding of the biological systems of which they are part,The objective though is to maintain a low "yield” of pest species rather than the reverse,
Five major components can be identified in all pest management programs：
(a) An understanding of the factors that regulate pest numbers (ie,of pest populations dynamics).
(b) The determination of pest damage thresholds and of economic thresholds.
(c) Means of monitoring populations of pests and the natural enemies.
(d) A decision making framework to determine action to be taken.
(e) methods of selectively manipulating pest populations.
An essential feature of pest management is that pest populations are manipulated to maintain them just below damage (threshold) levels,There are two reasons for this,One is that low populations of a pest will sustain populations of natural enemies,The second reason is that application of control measures only when the pest population is expected to exceed the damage threshold is much more economical than applications on a scheduled basis,
In practice control measures almost invariably have to be initiated before pest populations reach the damage threshold level to prevent crop loss,Such a lower population level,which signals the necessity for control action is referred to as the economic threshold (action threshold of some authors),Establishment of suitable economic thresholds is absolutely essential to the functioning of any pest management program.
THE PEST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
Words and Expressions
Fundamentally [fAndamentli]adv,基本上,根本地
She is fundamentally unsuited to office work,她根本不适合做办公室工作。
Mortality [mor’t?liti]n,pl,mortalities;
The quality or condition of being mortal.必死性濒临死亡的特征或状态
Death,especially of large numbers; heavy loss of life:杀伤力死亡，尤指大批死亡；沉重牺牲：
the mortality wrought by an epidemic.由一传染病引起的大批死亡
Death rate.死亡率
The rate of failure or loss:失败率或损失率：
the high mortality among family-run farms.私营农庄的高破产率
as to 关于；至于
I don't know anything as to the others,至于其他，我一无所知。
Inherent [in’hiarant]adj.
Existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; intrinsic.
固有的作为一种基本成份或典型特征而存在的；内在的
dynamics [dai’n?miks]n,[用作单]力学; 动力学；原动力；动态 [音]力度强弱法
[用作复]任何事物的成长,变迁发展史
context [‘kon,tekst]n.
The part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or passage and determines its meaning,
上下文文章或叙述中围绕着某个特定词或段落并且决定其含义的部分
The circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting,背景事件发生于其中的环境；背景
population dynamics 种群动态; 人口动态
compatible [kam’p?tabl]adj.
Capable of existing or performing in harmonious,agreeable,or congenial combination with another or others:
一致的；可和谐共存的；相容的能够与另一人或其他人存在和进行于和谐的、愉快的、志趣相投的组合中：
compatible family relationships.和谐的家庭关系
Capable of orderly,efficient integration and operation with other elements in a system with no modification or conversion required.
符合的能够不需要修改或转变地在一个系统中有序并有效与其他要素综合和操作
Capable of forming a chemically or biochemically stable system.
稳定的能够形成化学或生物化学的稳定系统的
Of or relating to a television system in which color broadcasts can be received in black and white by sets incapable of color reception.
黑白彩色两用的属于或有关一种电视系统的，通过非彩色接受设置可将彩色节目接收成黑白
Medicine[医学]
Capable of being grafted,transfused,or transplanted from one individual to another without rejection:
互不排斥的能够无排斥地从一人移植、输血到他人：
compatible blood.不会产生排斥的血
compatible n.
A device,such as a computer or computer software,that can be integrated into or used with another device or system of its type.
相容器能综合或用于同类型的其他设备或系统中的设备，例如计算机或计算机软件
harmonious [ha:’mounias] adj.
Exhibiting accord in feeling or action,和谐的在感情或行为上表现出谐调一致的
Having component elements pleasingly or appropriately combined,融洽的构成要素的完美结合的：
a harmonious blend of architectural styles.各种建筑风格的完美的结合
Characterized by harmony of sound; melodious.悦耳的声音和谐的；悦耳的
Blending [blendiη] 混合
A term sometimes applied to the function of a linkage editor or linkage loader in combining two or more modules of code to produce a single load module.
有时用于说明连接编辑程序或连接装入程序的功能的一种术语。这种功能可把两个或多个代码模块组合在一起以产生一个单一的装入模块
regard as v.把...认作
synonymous [si’nonamas] adj,abbr,syn.
Having the same or a similar meaning,同义的有相同或类似的意思的：
synonymous words,同义词
Equivalent in connotation,内涵相同的：
a widespread impression that,,,Hollywood was synonymous with immorality? (Doris Kearns Goodwin)
“普遍的印象是…好莱坞是不朽的同义词”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)
considerable [kan’sidarabl] adj,值得考虑的,不可忽视的,重要的；相当（大,多）的,可观的
a considerable distance 一段颇远的距离
a considerable man in local affairs 地方事务上相当重要的人物
considerably [kan’sidarabl] adv 相当大地；相当多地
We have a considerably smaller house than the previous one,我们的房子比以前的那个小得多。
mere,[mia] adj.
Superlative merest; 最高级形式 merest;
Being nothing more than what is specified,仅仅的不超过所明确指出的：
a mere child; a mere 50 cents an hour.不过是个孩子；每小时仅50美分
Considered apart from anything else,认为与其他事无关的：
shocked by the mere idea,被那个一无是处的想法震惊了
Small; slight,小的；轻微的：
could detect only the merest whisper,只能听到低低的私语
Obsolete [废语]
Pure; unadulterated,纯的；未掺过的
rather [ra:すa] adv.
More readily; preferably,宁可更愿意地；较合意地,I'd rather go to the movies,我宁愿去看电影
With more reason,logic,wisdom,or other justification.
较合理地有更多原因、学识、逻辑或其他证明地
More exactly; more accurately,更确切地；更精确地：
He's my friend,or rather he was my friend.
他是我的朋友，不过更确切地说，他曾经是我的朋友
To a certain extent; somewhat:
相当地达到一定程度地：rather cold,相当寒冷
On the contrary,相反地
Chiefly British
Most certainly,Used as an emphatic affirmative reply,当然最肯定地。做为对肯定性回答的加强语气
pest
n.有害生物
An annoying person or thing; a nuisance.讨厌的人或麻烦事；妨碍
An injurious plant or animal,especially one harmful to human beings,
有害动植物有害的植物或动物，尤指那些对人类有害的
A deadly epidemic disease; a pestilence,瘟疫一种致命的传染病；瘟疫
thus [すAs] adv.
In this manner,如此，这样以这种方式：
Lay the pieces out thus,这样摆放这些块
See,thusly
To a stated degree or extent; so,达到某种程度或范围；这么
Therefore; consequently,因此；所以：
Thus it was necessary for me to resign,因此我有必要辞职
For example,例如：
Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals; thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government,很多国家最大的城市并非州首府；例如，纽约和芝加哥都不是本州政府的所在地
considered as a whole 被视为整体
parallel with v.与...比较
manipulation [ma,nipja’lei∫n]n.
The act or practice of manipulating,操作操作的行为或实践
The state of being manipulated,被操纵处于被操纵的状态
Shrewd or devious management,especially for one's own advantage.
操纵精明的或欺骗性手段，尤指为占有个人的优势
adequate [?dikwit]adj.
Sufficient to satisfy a requirement or meet a need,足够的足以满足要求或需求的
See,sufficient
Barely satisfactory or sufficient,差强人意的不很令人满意的或勉强够的：
The skater's technique was only adequate,滑冰者的技术只能说是差强人意
objective n.
Something that actually exists.实际存在的事物
Something worked toward or striven for; a goal,目标努力争取或设想获得的事物；目标
Though adv.
However; nevertheless,可是然而；不过：
Snow is not predicted; we can expect some rain,though,不可能下雪，但可能下雨
Informal [非正式用语]
Used as an intensive,强调语气用作强调：
Wouldn't that beat all,though? 那将难倒所有的人吗?
Reverse n.
The opposite or contrary,相反，颠倒相反的事物或相反的方面：
All along we thought Sue was older than Bill,but just the reverse was true.
一直以来我们认为苏比比尔大，而事实恰恰相反
The back or rear part,背面后面或后方的部分
The side of a coin or medal that does not carry the principal design; the verso.
反面钱币或奖章未带主要设计的那一面；反面
A change to an opposite position,condition,or direction.
转向向相反的位置、状态或方向的改变
A change in fortune from better to worse; a setback,倒霉财运上从更好到更坏的改变；下跌,
suffered financial reverses,遭受财政困难
regulate [‘regjaleit] v.tr,regulated; regulating; regulates;
To control or direct according to rule,principle,or law.管理依照制度，规则或法律控制或指导
To adjust to a particular specification or requirement,调节调整到特定的规格或要求：
regulate temperature,调节温度
To adjust (a mechanism) for accurate and proper functioning.调整（一台机器）使其发挥精确的正常的功能
To put or maintain in order:保持或使有条理：regulate one's eating habits,使饮食习惯有规律
decision making 决策,判定
framework [‘freim’wa:k]n.
A structure for supporting or enclosing something else,especially a skeletal support used as the basis for something being constructed,框架支撑或围住其它物体的结构，尤指用作建筑物之基础的支撑框架
An external work platform; a scaffold,室外工作台；施工架
A fundamental structure,as for a written work or a system of ideas.
结构 （如关于一部作品或一系列观点的）一种基本结构
sustain
D.J.:[sa’stein] v.tr.
sustained; sustaining; sustains;
To keep in existence; maintain,继续生存；维持
To supply with necessities or nourishment; provide for,补给，提供供给必需品及营养；提供
To support from below; keep from falling or sinking; prop,支撑从下边支持；防止摔下或下沉；支撑
To support the spirits,vitality,or resolution of; encourage.支持，鼓舞支撑…的精神、生命力或决心；鼓励
To bear up under; withstand,承受；抵抗,can't sustain the blistering heat,无法忍受酷热
To experience or suffer,经历或遭受,sustained a fatal injury,遭受致命的伤害
See,experience
To affirm the validity of,确定，认可确认…的有效性：
The judge has sustained the prosecutor's objection,法官确认原告反对为有效
To prove or corroborate; confirm,证明或确证；证实
To keep up (a joke or an assumed role,for example) competently,胜任称职地维持（一笑话或角色）
basis n.基部,唇鞘基,基 basis [‘beisis]n,pl,bases;
A foundation upon which something rests,基础事物,依赖的基础
The chief constituent; the fundamental ingredient.主要成分；基本成分
The fundamental principle,基本原则
See,base
in-不+variable可变的+-y…地
invariably [in’veariab(a)li] adv 不变地，总是
All things invariably divide into two.事物都是一分为二的。
It's invariably wet when I take my holidays."我度假时总是下雨,不曾有过例外。"
initiate
D.J.:[i’ni∫ieit] v.tr.
initiated; initiating; initiates;
To set going by taking the first step; begin,开始展开最初的工作；开始：
initiated trade with developing nations.开始与发展中国家的贸易
See,begin
To introduce to a new field,interest,skill,or activity.
入门指导使了解一个新领域、产生新兴趣、学会新技能或开展新活动
To admit into membership,as with ceremonies or ritual,接纳接纳…为会员，伴有仪式或典礼
Initiate adj.
Initiated or admitted,as to membership or a position of authority.
新入的被接纳或承认的，如会员资格或一个有权力的职位
Instructed in esoteric knowledge,授以深奥知识的
Introduced to something new,启蒙的被教给新东西的
Initiate n.
One who is being or has been initiated,入会者正在被或己被接纳了的人
One who has been introduced to or has attained knowledge in a particular field.
被传授了初步知识的人已被引入或熟悉某一特定领域知识的人
To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth,light,water,carbon dioxide and about a dozen other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil.
WARMTH
Most crop plants in this country start growing when the average daily temperature is above 6℃(42℉),Growth is best between 16℃ (60℉) and 27℃(80℉),These temperatures apply to thermometer readings taken in the shade about 4 ft above ground,Crops grown in hotter countries usually have higher tem perature requirements.
Cold frosty conditions may seriously damage plant growth,Crop plants differ in their abil ity to withstand very cold conditions,For example,winter rye and wheat can stand colder conditions than winter oats,Potato plants and stored tubers are easily damaged by frost,Sugar-beet may bolt (go to seed) if there are frosts after germination; frost in December and January may destroy crops left in the ground,
LIGHT
Without light,plants cannot produce car bohydrates and will soon die,The amount of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the length of daylight and partly to the intensity of the sunlight,Bright sunlight is of most importance where there is dense plant growth.
The lengths of daylight and darkness pe riods vary according to the distance from the equator and also from season to season,This can affect the flowering and seeding of crop plants and is one of the limiting factors in introducing new crops into a country,Grasses are now being tested in this country which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here.
WATER
Water is an essential part of all plant cells and it is also required in extravagant amounts for the process of transpiration,Water carries nutrients from the soil into and through the plant and also carries the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to wherever they are needed,Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced,
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
Plants need carbon dioxide for photosyn thesis,This is taken into the leaves through the stomata and so the amount which can go in is affected by the rate of transpiration,Another limiting factor is the small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,The percentage can increase just above the surface of soils rich in organic matter where soil bacteria are active and releasing carbon dioxide,This is possibly one of the reasons why crops grow better on such soils.
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY PLANTS
In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed,These into the roots from the soil solution and the clay particles,Those required in fairly large amounts--a few kilogram to one or more hundred kilogram per hectare (a few pounds to one or more hundredweight per acre) are called the major nutrients those required in small amounts--a few grams to several kilogram per hectare (part of an ounce to several pounds per acre) are the minor nutrients or trace elements.
Words and Expressions
dioxide [dai'oksaid] n,二氧化物 element ['elimant] n,要素，成分，元素 apply [a’plai] vi,适用，适合 thermometer [θa'momita] n,温度计，寒暑表 reading |’ri:diη] n,读数，仪器指示数
requirement [ri'kwaiamant] n,需要，要求，必要的条件。Frost [rfost]n,霜，冰冻 frosty [frosti]a,霜冻的，严寒的 differ ['difa] vi,不同，相异 withstand [wiす'st?nd] vt.抵挡，经受住,withstand the storm 顶得住暴风雨; withstand severe tests 经得起严峻的考验 withstand earthquake 耐震; withstand wear [fire] 耐穿[火].
rye [rai] n.黑麦，裸麦 oat [out] n,燕麦store [sto：] vt.貯藏bolt [boult] vi,迅速成长并结实
【植物学】
To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette.
过早的生子（结实）植物未成熟期开花或结实，从蔷薇结长为花柄
germination [dзmi'nei∫an] n,萌芽，发生carbohydrate ['ka：bou'haidreit] n,碳水化合物，糖类
amount [a^maunt] n,总数，数量，数额 photosynthesis [foutou'sinθasis] n.光合作用，光能合成
intensity [in’tensiti] n,强度，剧烈 vary ['vεɑri] vi,变化，不同；vt,改变
equator [i’kweita] n,赤道 affect [a'fekt] vt,影响 grass [gra:s] n,草，禾本科植物
remain [ri'mein] vi,仍是，保持 shoot [∫u：t] n,嫩枝，发芽，苗
extravagant [iks'tr?vi9ant]a,过高的，过分的transpiration [tr?nspi'rei∫en] n.蒸腾作用，蒸发
stoma [stouma] （复数stomata [stoumata] n.气孔 atmosphere [‘?tmasfia]n,大气，空气
release [ri’li:s] vt,释放，放出 function vi.起作用，活动 substance ['sAbstans] n,物质，实质
solution [sa’lju：∫an] n,溶液，溶解，解决 clay [klei] n,粘土，泥土
particle ['pa：tikl] n,粒子，微粒 hectare ['hekta:] n,公顷（略作 ha.）
hundredweight ['hAndradweit] n,英担 acre ['eika] n,英亩 nutrient [‘nju：triant] n,营养品，养料
ounce [auns] n,盎司，英两（略作oz.） trace [treis] n.丝毫，微量
Notes
9.00 本文选自 Lockhart 与Wiseman 合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
9.01 6℃,读作 six degrees Centigrade,摄氏六度。
42℉ 读作 forty-two degrees Fahrenheit [f?renhait,fa,r-,华氏四十二度
9.02 4 ft,读作 four feet,
9.03 go to seed=run to seed 花谢结子。
9.04 take place 发生，举行； take the place of 代替，替代
9.05 take up 吸收（液体）溶解 (固体) ；占 (时间、空间) ；接受；接纳 (乘客)；拿起；继续；学习。
Plants take up about 200 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced,
植物每产生一吨干物质就需吸收二百吨水。
How much water is needed to take up a pound of salt? 溶解一磅盐需要多少水呢？
My time is fully taken up with writing.我的时间都被写作占去了。
The building takes up 400 square meters.这座楼占地400平方米。
We shall take up the challenge issued by the second-year students。我们将接受二年级同学的挑战。
The bus stopped to take up the workers。公共汽车停下来，让这些工人上车。
They took up arms and fought the enemy bravely,他们拿起武器同敌人英勇战斗。
Let’s take up the work where they’ve left off,让我们接着他们干下去。
He takes up English。他学习英语。
9．6 due to 为一成语介词，意为：由于；应归于。它引导的介词短语在句中一般作表语或定语用。如
The amount,of photosynthesis which takes place daily in a plant is partly due to the intensity of the sunlight.植物每天发生的光合作用的量部分取决于日光的强度。
These are errors due to carelessness,这些是由于粗心而引起的错误。
All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party,
我们的一切成就都应归功于党的正确领导。
9.07 Grasses are now being tested in Eng land which will remain leafy and not produce flowering shoots under the daylight conditions here,
现在，在英国正在对一些禾本科植物进行试验，它们在这里的日光条件下总是叶子茂盛但却不长花枝。主语中的谓语 are being tested 为正在进行时的被动语态。
Which 引导的定语从句隔过主语谓语说明前面的主句主语grasses。这种定语句叫做“分裂式定语从句”常见于主语有被动语态谓语的情况中。如：
A few stars are known,which are hardly bigger than the earth.
已知的星球，大小和地球相仿佛的廖廖无几。,
9.08,形容词+所要求的介词短语”构成形容词短语，作定语时，其位置一般置于名词之后。如：
The percentage of carbon dioxide can increase just above the surface of soil in organic matter,
在有机物质丰富的土壤表面上，二氧化碳的百分比会增多。
Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen,水是适于制取氢和氧的物质。
9.09 In order that 为一连接词词组，意为：以便；为了。用来引导目的状语从句。如：In order that a plant may build up its cell structure and function as a food factory many simple chemical substances are needed,植物为了建立其细胞结构和起食品工厂的作用，就需要很多简单的化学物质。
I shall write it in simple language in order that everybody may understand it,
我将用简易的文字写出，以便人人能看懂。
比较 in order to i为了…起见；以便
In order to catch the train,she hurried through her work,
为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。
of the order of 大约，左右；约与…相同，约与…相似 (= in the order of)
9.10 build up 为一动词短语，意为：树立，逐步建立；积累（资金）；增进（健康）；集结；增加。如：A plant can build up its cell structure,植物能建立其细胞结构。
We must build up a reserve fund to meet emergencies,我们必须积累储备基金以应急需。
He does morning exercises to build up his health,他做早操以增进健康。
We are building up our military forces,我们在集结我们的军队。
Our pressure on the enemy is building up,我们对敌人的压力正在逐渐加强。
9.11 function as… 起…的作用。如：
A plant can function as a food factory。 植物能起食品工厂的作用。
Some English adverbs function as adjec tives,有些英语副词有形容词的作用。
LESSON TWO SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS
There are thousands of millions of very small organisms in every ounce of fertile soil,Many different types are found but the main groups are:
(1) Bacteria the most numerous group,Bacteria are the smallest type of single-celled organisms and can only be seen with a micro scope,There are many kinds in the soil,Most of them feed on and break down organic mat ter,They obtain energy from the carbohydrates(e,g,sugar,starches,cellulose,etc,) and release carbon dioxide in the process,They also need nitrogen to build cell proteins,If they cannot get this protein from the organic matter they may use other source such as the nitrogen applied as fertilizers,When this happens (e,g,where straw is ploughed in ) the following crop may suffer from shortage of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is applied,Some types of bacteria can convert (fix) the nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds which can be used by plants,Soil bacteria are most active in warm,damp,well aerated soils which are not acid.
(2) Fungi,Fungi are simple types of plants which feed on and break down organic matter,They are mainly responsible for break ing down lignified (woody) tissue,They have no chlorophyll or proper flowers,The fungi usually found in arable soils are very small,but larger types are found in other soils,e.g,peat,Fungi can live in acid con ditions and in drier conditions than bacteria,(Mushrooms are fungi,and " fairy rings " are produced by fungi.)Sometimes disease-produ cing fungi develop in some fields,e,g,those causing,take-all” and "eyespot” in cereals.
(3) Actinomycetes,These are organisms which are intermediate between bacteria and fungi and have a similar effect on the soil,They need oxygen for growth and are more common in the drier,warmer soils,They are not so numerous as bacteria and fungi,Some types can cause plant diseases,e,g,common scab in potatoes (worst in light,dry soils),
(4) Algae,Soil algae are very small simple organisms which contain chlorophyll and so can build up their bodies by using carbon di oxide from the air and nitrogen from the soil,Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun,Algae growing in swampy (wa terlogged) soils can use dissolved carbon diox ide from the water and release oxygen,This process is an important source of oxygen for crop plants such as rice,Algae are important in colonizing bare soils in the early stages of weathering.
(5) Protozoa,These are very small,single-celled animals,Most of them feed on bacteria and similar small organisms,A few types con tain chlorophyll and so can produce carbohydrates like plants.
The activities of the micro-organisms in the soil are rather complex and as yet not fully understood,but we do know that they improve the productivity of the soil,In general,the more fertile the soil the more organisms there are present.
SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS
Words and Expressions
micro-organism [‘maikrou’o:ganizam] n.微生物；light soil 轻质土,砂土；
take all n.麦类全蚀病；organism [O:ganizam] n.生物体，有机体
fertile ['fa：tail；US 'fa:til] a.肥沃的，富饶的；
numerous ['nju：maras] a,许多的，为数众多的；single-celled ['siqgl-seld] a,单细胞的
microscope ['maikraskoup] n.显微镜；feed [fi：d] vi.吃东西；
organic [O：'g?nik] a.有机的；matter ['m?ta] n,物质；source [so：s] n,来源，根源
fertilizer ['fa：tilaize] a.肥料；straw [stro:] n,稻草，麦杆；plough [plau] vt.犁，耕
following ['folouiq] a.接着的；suffer ['sAfa] vi,受痛苦，患病，受损害
extra ['ekstra] a,额外的；convert [kan'va:t] vt,改变，转变；fix [fiks] vt,固定
damp [d?mp] a,潮湿的；aerate ['eiareit] vt.使……通气，使……暴露于空气中
acid [‘?sid] a,酸性的，酸的；fungus ['fAgas] 复数fungi ['fAqgai] n.真菌
lignify ['lignifai] vt,使…木质化；woody [‘wudi] a,木质的；
tissue [tisju:] n,[生物学] 组织；proper ['propa] a,适当的
arable ['?rabl] a,可耕的；peat [pi：t] n,泥炭；
eyespot [aispot] n,全腐病 （眼状）颜色斑点，眼点病
cereal [‘siarial] n,[常用复]谷类 a,谷类的；actinomycete [?ktinou’maisi：t] n 放线菌
intermediate [inta(:)'midjat] a,中间的； effect [i'fekt] n,影响，作用，效果； vt,产生；
scab [sk?b]n.[植]斑点病； alga [?lga],复数algae ['?ldэi:] n,藻类
expose [iks'pouzj]vt,暴露，揭发； swampy ['swompi] a,沼泽的，潮湿的；
waterlogged ['wo：talogd] a,涝的，水淹的； dissolve [di'zolv] vt,分解，溶解； colonize,['kolanaiz] vt,殖民，拓殖； bare [bεa] a,荒的，赤裸的，空的，不毛的；
stage [steidз] n,阶段，时期；weather ['weすa] vt.,vi,风化，受侵蚀；
protozoa ['prouta'zoua] n,[复] 原生动物； activity [?k’tiviti] n 活动，活动性，能动性；complex ['kompleks] a,复杂的；fully ['fuli] ad,完全地，充分地；improve [im’pru：v] vt,改善； productivity [prodAk'tiviti] n.生产力，生产率
Notes
11.00 本文选自Lockhart 与Wiseman合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
11.01 thousands of millions of … 数以十亿计的，成十亿的
11.02 feed on (或 upon) 意为：以……为食物。如：
Most of bacteria feed on organic matter.大多数细菌以有机物质为食物。
Sheep feed chiefly on grass.羊主要以草为食物。
注意：动词 feed 在上列两例中不及物,在下列例中及物 feed……on.....,意为“以……喂……”。如：
She feeds her baby on the best of food,她以最好的食品喂她的婴儿。
11.03 break down，意为：分解；坏掉；（计划）失败；中止，停顿；身体或精神衰弱，如：Most of bacteria feed on and break down organic matter。
大多数细菌以有机物质为食物并分解有机物质。
My watch broke down,please see it right.我的表坏了，请修理一下。
His plan was well conceived,but it broke down.他的计划设想得很好，但是失败了。
How did the talks break down? 谈判怎么会中止的？
He has broken down from illness,他由于生病而身体衰弱。
11.04,etc.,是拉丁语 "et cetera" 的简写式。意为：及其他；等等。等于英语的 and so on,and so forth,and the rest； and other things.
11.05 suffer from 为一习惯用法，意为：受……的害；患；以……为患。多半指疾病对人引起痛苦，但也可以是缺点或其他有害东西，对主语产生直接不利的影响。如：
She is suffering from cold,她在患感冒。
The following crop may suffer from short age of nitrogen unless extra fertilizer is ap plied,
除非另外施肥，否则下一季的庄稼可能因缺氮而受到损害。
The southeast Asia is suffering from a serious economic crisis,
东南亚正在遭受一场严重的经济危机。
11.06 be responsible for 意为：对……负责。但往往不能直译，有时可译作,由于……而；因为……而……; 引起；造成，等等。句中主语可以是人，也可以不是人。例如：
He is not responsible for that,那件事不能怪她。（直译：那件事不能由他负责。）
Fungi are mainly responsible for breaking down lignified tissue,真菌主要引起木质组织分解。
The weather is responsible for the delay.由于天气关系而耽搁了。
Her illness is responsible for her long silence,她因为有病而好久不写信。
11.07.not so……as…… 不如……那样……
so 是副词,后接形容词或副词,as是连接词，引导有所省略的比较状语从句。如：
Actinomycetes are not so numerous as bac teria and fungi,放线菌不如细菌和真菌那样多。
The task is not so difficult as you think.这项任务并不象你想的那样困难。
He does not study so hard as you,他学习没有你那样努力。
11.08 be exposed to （暴）露于；易受。如：
Algae grow well in fertile damp soils exposed to the sun,
藻类在暴露于阳光下的肥沃的潮湿土壤里长的很好。
11.09 as yet 现在还，目前尚，到目前为止，到当时为止。如：As yet we haven’t heard from him.我们迄今尚未收到他的信。
He is as yet alive.他目前还算活着呢。
11.10 We do know that they improve the productivity of the soil.
我们确实知道它们可改善土壤的生产力。
句中的do用来加强主要动词的语气，例如,
Exceptions do,however,occur,但是例外情况一定要发生。
He did accomplish the task in time。他的确准时完成了任务。
11.11 in general 一般讲来，大体说来，通常。如：
In general,your plan is good,你们的方案总的看来是好的。
I am speaking of young people in general.我是谈的一般年青人。
11.12 In general,the more fertile the soil,the more organisms there are present,
一般来说，土壤越肥沃，存在的有机体就越多。
这个句子是一个“The+比较级……(从句)，+the+比较级……(主句)”的结构。意为：越……越……；愈……,愈……。第一部分是比较状语从句，第二部分为主句。从句中常省略某些成份，有时主句和从句中的主语和谓语动词都省去。词序也常颠倒。如：
The higher the tree,the stronger the wind,树愈高，风愈大。
The sooner,the better,越快越好。
The more……the……more……the more…… 越……,……越……,……就越……。这三个包括 the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提，最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+比较级的形容词或副词。如：
The more the merrier,[邀请客人时用语] 人愈多愈热闹。
The higher up,the greater the fall,爬得高，跌得重。
The greater the danger,the more must we drive ahead,越是艰险越向前
LESSON THREE THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Before deciding on control measures it is important to know what is causing the disease,Having ascertained,as far as possible,the cause,the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied.
l,CROP ROTATIONS
A good crop rotation can help to avoid an accumulation of the parasite,In many cases the organism cannot exist except when living on the host,If the host plant is not present in the field,in a sense the parasite will be starved to death,but it should be remembered that:
(a) Some parasites take years to die,and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along,e.g,club-root of the brassicae family.
(b)Some parasites have alternative hosts,e.g,fungus causing take-all of wheat is a parasite on some grasses.
2.REMOVAL OF WEED HOST
Some parasites use weeds as alternative hosts,By controlling the weeds the parasite can be reduced,e.g,cruciferous weeds such as charlock are hosts to the fungus responsible for club-root.
Both these preventative measures (land 2) illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops.
3.CLEAN SEED
The seed must be free from disease,This applies particularly to wheat and barley which can carry the fungus causing loose smut deeply embedded in the grain,Seed should only be used from a disease-free crop.
With potatoes it is essential to obtain clean "seed",free from virus,In some districts where the aphid is very prevalent,potato seed may have to be bought every year.
4.RESISTANT VARIETIES
In plant breeding,although the breeding of resistant varieties is better understood,it is not by any means simple.
For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance,However,with few exceptions,this resistance is overcome by the development of new races of the fungus to which the gene is no longer resistant.
Breeding programs are now concentrating on multi-gene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield,Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance.
5.THE CONTROL OF INSECTS
Some insects are carriers of parasites causing serious plant diseases,e,g,control of the green-fly (aphid) in sugar-beet will reduce the incidence of virus yellows,Furthermore,fungi can very often enter through plant wounds made by insects.
6.REMEDYING PLANT FOOD DEFICIENCIES
In many cases a deficiency disease can easily be overcome if the deficient plant food is remedied at an early stage,
7,THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Broadly speaking,chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungus killer--a fungicide,A fungicide may be applied to the seed,the growing plant,or to the soil,It can be used in the form of a spray,dust or gas,To be effective,it must in no way be harmful to the crop,nor after suitable precautions have been taken,to the operator or others,and it must certainly repay its cost.
THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Words and Expressions
measure [meЗa] n,措施
An action taken as a means to an end; an expedient:
手段，策略作为到最后的手段采取的行动；权宜之计：
e.g,desperate measures,孤注一掷的办法
ascertain [?sa'tein] vt,确定，查明，弄清
appropriate [a'proupriit] a,适当的
preventative [pri'vantativ] a,预防的，防止的 adj,n,Variant of preventive preventive的变体
Intended or used to prevent or hinder; acting as an obstacle:
预防的打算或用来预防或阻止的；作为障碍的：
preventive measures,预防措施
Carried out to deter expected aggression by hostile forces.
防止的实施以用来防止敌对势力有可能的进攻的
Preventing or slowing the course of an illness or a disease; prophylactic:
防病的预防或延缓病情发展的；预防性的：
preventive medicine; preventive health care,预防药，预防性保健
rotation [rou'tei∫аn] n,轮作，轮流，旋转
Regular and uniform variation in a sequence or series:
轮换，轮作在一个次序或序列中定期的变动：
a rotation of personnel; crop rotation.
员工的轮流替换；农作物的轮作
accumulation [akju：’mju'lei∫an] n.积累，积聚
The act of gathering or amassing,as into a heap or pile:
聚集收集或聚集成一堆的行为：
“Little things grew by continual accumulation.” (Samuel Johnson)
“小东西也会因积累而增加”(塞缪尔·约翰逊)
The process of growing into a large amount or heap,积累增加为一大数量或大堆的过程
A mass heaped up or collected,积聚物收集到或成堆的东西：
an accumulation of rubbish,一堆垃圾
parasite ['p?rаsait] n,寄生虫，寄生菌，寄生（植）物
exist [ig'zist] vi,存在，生存，生活 existed; existing; exists;
To have actual being; be real,实际存在；真实
To have life; live,有生命；生存
See,be
To live at a minimal level; subsist,维生 生活在极低的水平；维持生活：
barely enough income on which to exist,仅够糊口的收入
To continue to be; persist,继续存在；保持存在：
old customs that still exist in rural areas,在农村地区旧的风俗依然存在
To be present under certain circumstances or in a specified place; occur:
存在在一定情状或一定地点存在；存在：
“Wealth and poverty exist in every demographic category” (Thomas G,Exter)
“富裕和贫穷存在于所有人口统计分类中”(托马斯G.埃克斯特)
host [houst] n,寄主，宿主，主人
starve [sta:v] vt,使饥饿
spore [spo:] n,孢子
susceptible [sa'septabl] a.易受影响的，敏感的，易感病的
clubroot ['kl∧bru：t] n,（植物的）根肿病
alternative [o:l'ta:nativ] a.选择的,两者（或两者以上）挑一的
removal [ri'mu：val]n,除掉，移开
weed [wi:d] n,杂草，野草
cruciferous [kru：’sifaras] a,[植]十字花科的
charlolk [t∫a:lok] n,[植]田芥菜
illustrate ['ilastreit] vt,说明，阐明
sound [saund] a,充分的，正确的
barley ['ba:li] n,大麦
loose [lu:s] a,松散的
smut [smAt] n,[植]黑穗病，黑粉病
loose smut 散黑穗病
embed [im'bed] vt,埋置
virus ['vaiaras] n,病毒
aphid ['eifid] n,蚜虫
prevalent ['prevalant] a,流行的，盛行的
resistant [ri'zistant] a,抵抗的，有抵抗力的
variety [va'raiati] n,品种，变种，多样化
breed [bri:d] vt.,vi.育种，繁殖
gene [dㄋi:n] n,基因
race [reis] n,小种，宗，种，类
program ['prougr?m] n.计划，方案，纲要
multigene ['mAltidㄋi:n] n.多基因
mean [mi:n] vt,意味着，就是，意指
characteristic [k?rikta’ristik] n,特性，特征；a.独特的
tolerate ['tolareit] vt,忍受，容忍，有耐力
infection [in'fek∫an] n,感染，传染，影响
range [reindㄋ] n,范围，区域
emphasis ['emfasis] n,重点，强调，重要性
tolerance ['tolarans] n,忍受，容忍，耐性
carrier ['k?ria] n,带菌者，带虫者，带病体，载体，媒介物
green-fly ['gri：n-flai] n,蚜虫
incidence ['insidans] n,发生率，发生
The act or an instance of happening; occurrence:
发生，出现发生的行为或事件；出现：
did not expect criticism and was surprised by its incidence.
受到未预料的批评而感到吃惊
Extent or frequency of occurrence,发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率：
a high incidence of malaria in the tropics.热带地区疟疾的高发率
Physics【物理学】
The arrival of radiation or a projectile at a surface.
入射辐射或投影到某一表面
Angle of incidence,入射角
yellows ['jelouz] n,[植]黄化病
furthermore ['fa：すa'mэ:] ad,而且，此外
wound [wu.'nd] n,创伤，伤口；vt.，vi.伤害
remedy ['remidi] vt.补救，改善，纠正
deficiency [di'fi∫ansi] n,缺乏，不足
deficient [di'fi∫ant] a,缺乏的，不足的
chemical C[‘kemikal] n,（常用复数）化学药品，化学制品
fungicide [fAndㄋisaid] n,杀真菌剂
spray [sprei] n,喷雾剂，喷雾（器）
dust [dAst] n,粉剂
gas [g?s] n,气体，煤气
suitable ['sju:tabl] a,适宜的，合适的
precaution [pri'ko,∫an] n,预防，警惕
operator ['opareita] n,操作人员
repay [ri'pei] vt.补偿
cost [kost] n,成本，费用，代价
THE CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
Notes
13.00 本文选自Lockheart与Wiseman合著的Introduction to Crop Husbandry
13.01 decide on (or upon) 为一习惯用法，意为：决定。如：
We have decided on control measures.我们已决定了一些防治措施。
I have not yet decided upon where to spend my holidays,
我尚未决定在何处度假。
13.02 as far as possible 尽可能，尽力。这是一个常用词组。如：
Having ascertained,as far as possible,the cause,the appropriate preventative or control measure can then be applied,
在尽可能查明原因之后，便可采用适当的预防或防治措施。
He will help you as far as possible,他会尽力帮助你，
13.03 in many cases 在许多情况下。如：
In many cases the answers are almost perfect,就许多情况，这些答案几乎是完善的。
13.04 live on (或upon) 靠。。。。生活，以。。。。。。为食。如：
Most bacteria live on organic matter。大多数细菌靠有机物质生活。
They live on rice,他们以大米为主食。
13.05 except 用作介词，后面不但可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语，而且可接when,that 等连接词引导的从句。如：
In many cases the parasite cannot exist except when (it is) living on the host。
寄生菌除了靠寄主为生时以外，在许多情况下就不能生存。
Condensed formulas are usually used by organic chemists except when the structural features are being stressed,
除了强调结构特点时以外，有机化学工作者通常使用分子简式。
He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days,除了过去几天来轻微头痛外，他的身体一直很健康。
13.06 in a sense 在某种意义上。如：
What you say is right in a sense,在某种意上，你说的对。
13.07 be starved to death 饿死。如：
If the host plant is not present in the field,in a sense the parasite will be starved
to death,如果田间沒有寄主植物，在某种意上来说，寄生菌就要饿死。
13.08 come along 快来，出现，进展，进步。如：
Come along! 快来！(祈使句，表示鼓励)
Some parasites may come along again。有些寄生菌可能再出现。
Our whole cultural and educational undertakings is coming along vigorously。
我们整个文化教育亊业正在蓬勃发展。
13.09 wait for 等，等候，等待。如：
Don't wait for me！别等我！
At this time tomorrow I shall be waiting for you in the railway station,
明天这个时候，我在火车站等待着你。
13.10 wait for sb,or sth,to do sth,为一习惯用法。如：
Some parasites take years to die,and they may have resting spores in the soil waiting for the susceptible crop to come along,有些寄生菌需要几年才死，他们可能在土壤里有休眠孢子，等待易感病庄稼来临。
I am waiting for him to come,我正在等他来。
13.11 have a … knowledge of 知道，了解，懂得。如：
Both these preventative measures illustrate the importance of having a sound knowledge of the parasites attacking crops,
这两顶预防措施说明了充分了解危害作物的寄生菌的重要性。
He has a perfect knowledge of English。他精通英语。
13.12 free from 或 free of 无。。。的，没有。。。的，免于。。。的。如：
The seed must be free from disease,种子必须是无病的。
These machine parts are free from defects.这些机器零件没有缺陷。
13.13 not by any means = by no means 决不。如：
These goods are by no means satisfactory.这些货物决不令人滿意。
We have ideals,but we are by no means visionaries,[‘viзa,neri:]
我们有理想，但我们决不是空想家。
13.14 For some years plant breeders concentrated on what is called single or major gene resistance,若干年来，植物育种者集中注意所谓单一的、即主要的基因抗性。
concentrate on (或upon) 专心于，钻研。如,
You should concentrate on your work.你应该专心致志于你的工作。
You will solve the problem if you concentrate upon it.
如果你肯贯注全部精神，你会解决这个问题。
13.15 no longer 不再，已不。如：
He is no longer living here,他已不住在此处。
I can wait no longer,我不能再等待了。
13.16 a 。。。range of 。。。 一。。。行，一。。。列，一。。。系列。词组如：
a magnificent range of mountains 一条巍巍壮丽的山脉
a long range of cliffs 一长列绝壁
a wide range of meadows 一在片草地
a wide range of fungi 各种真菌
13.17 Breeding programs are now concentrating on multigene or "field resistance which means that a variety has the characteristics to tolerate infection from a wide range of races with little lowering of yield.
这个句子较长，在翻译时需根据英语结构和汉语特点使之变为若干短句。Which引导的定语从句虽是限制性的，可译为非限制性的；定语从句中不定式短语to tolerate… 可另译一句；with 引导的介词短语可另译一句。参考译文如下：
现在，育种计划正集中在多基因即“田间抗性”上，这就是说，一个品种要具有这样的特性：能耐各种真菌的感染，而同时又几乎不降低产量。
13.18 rather than 为一成语连接词，意为：而不。所连接的两端应是同类的词或成分。如：
Emphasis is now on tolerance rather than resistance,现在，重点是放在耐性上而不是放在抗性上。
13.19 broadly speaking 概括地说，笼统说来。在句中用作插入语，其作用很接近状语。如：
Broadly speaking,chemical control of plant diseases means the use of a fungicide,
概括地说，植病的化学防治就是使用杀菌剂。
类似的插入语尚有 generally speaking (一般说来),strictly speaking (严格地讲),frankly speaking（坦白地讲）等。
13.20 in no way 决不，一点也不。如：
A fungicide must in no way be harmful to the crop.杀菌剂决不应伤害庄稼。
They are in no way similar,他们毫无相似之处。
13.21 nor 为一连接词，常常等于“and......not……,either”,表示“也不”或“也没有”的意思。使用nor时，前一分句应是否定的，后一分句往往有省略和发生倒装情况。如：
She did not come,nor did her sister.= (She did not come,and her sister did not come,either.)她没有来，她的姐姐也没有来。
I don’t speak Spanish,nor does my brother.我不会说西班牙语，我兄弟也不会。
It must in no way be harmful to the crop,nor after suitable precautions have been taken,to the operator or others,(= It must in no way be harmful to the crop,and after suitable precautions have been taken,it must not be harmful to the operator or others either.)
它决不应伤害庄稼，在采取适当预防措施后，也一定不应伤害操作人员或其他人。
LESSON FOUR THE CONTROL OF WEED AND PLANT DISEASES
In crop production the control of weeds,diseases and pests is essential to obtain high yields,All three may be controlled by sound farm practices,These include the choice of clean
seed and the growing of varieties of crop which can resist disease,They also include careful cultivation,both pre-sowing and post-sowing,and the use of chemicals.
Weeds reduce crop yields on account of the fact that they compete with crops for water,soil nutrients and light,They also make harvesting difficult,Most weeds are aggressive and invasive,They grow quickly and spread far,and so are difficult to get rid of,One recommended way of eradicating many persistent weeds is first to plow up the roots and underground parts of the plant,Then the soil may be cultivated lightly on one or more occasions after the first ploughing.
The principal reason for cultivating the soil is to kill weeds,Weeds may also be killed by means of chemicals which have the collective name of herbicides,Weed-killers are of two basic types,selective and non-selective,The former remove certain weeds from certain crops,For rice we can spray the herbicide 2:4-D or MCPA over the whole crop at low concentration (1/2-1b,per acre),The rice will not be affected,but many of the rice weeds will be killed,Non-selective weed killers may be used for removing all vegetation e.g,as brush killers,They must be used extremely carefully for the simple reason that they will eradicate all plants on contact-which include the crop itself,They are usually used before sowing or before the emergence of the crop itself.
Plant diseases are caused by organisms which use the crop plant as a,host”,These are mainly micro-organisms e,g,fungi,bacteria and viruses,These parasitic micro-organisms live on the food nutrients in the tissue cells of the plants,They frequently kill the host tissues,and either the whole plant or a part of it is damaged and killed,Micro-organisms are reproduced and spread by minute bodies such as spores,fungi and bacteria,Wind,water,diseased plants,cuttings and tubers,animals,men and insects are some of the means whereby disease is disseminated.
It is very difficult to kill the fungi and bacteria,or to make the virus which is inside the host plant inactive,But the evolution of plant varieties which can resist disease has completely changed the methods of disease control,A number of varieties have been evolved and are now available to farmers,So the control of plant diseases has increasingly become a matter of prevention.
Fungi,which attack the aerial parts of the crop,can be controlled by means of fungicide,These are sprayed or dusted on to the plant surfaces,They should be applied before the plant is seriously damaged,Sometimes spray and dust is applied whether disease is present or not,In any case,it is necessary to examine crops frequently for signs of disease.
Soil-borne diseases are much more difficult to control,There are various ways of treating the soil,One way is to use chemicals that easily change into a gas or vapour,which enter
the soil and kill the harmful organisms,The soil is covered with a polythene sheet and the volatile chemical is injected into the soil,After about 24 hours the sheet is removed and the soil is allowed to air for a few days before use.
THE CONTROL OF WEED AND PLANT DISEASES
Words and Expressions
Whereby [(h)wea’bai] adv.
[古][疑问副词]根据什么 [关系副词]凭那个; 由此
a system whereby a new discovery may arise.
由此可能产生新发现的体系
a plan whereby to escape 逃走的办法
W-shall we know him? 我们凭什么知道是他呢?
Evolve D.J.:[i’volv]
v,evolved; evolving; evolves; evolve
v.tr.
To develop or achieve gradually,使发展逐渐发展或完成：
evolve a style of one's own,逐渐形成了自己的风格
an amateur acting group that evolved into a theatrical company.
一个发展成为戏剧公司的业余演出团体
To work (something) out; devise:
设计制订出，设计出（某事），推算出：
“the schemes he evolved to line his purse,(S.J,Perelman)
“他制订出的非法捞钱的方案”(S.J.佩雷尔曼)
line D.J.:[lain] v.tr,lined; lining; lines;
To fit a covering to the inside surface of:装衬在衣服里面缝上罩里：
a coat lined with fur,用毛皮作里子的大衣
To cover the inner surface of,覆盖里层：
Moisture lined the walls of the cave,湿气布满洞穴壁。
To fill plentifully,as with money or food,填充用钱或食物填满
Biology 【生物学】
To develop (a characteristic) by evolutionary processes.
使演化通过进化过程发展（一种特征）
To give off; emit,发出；散发
vapour [‘veipa]
n,蒸气,汽; 烟雾 【物】汽化液体; 汽化固体; 空想; 幻想; 无实质之物; 愚蠢的想法; [the vapours]忧郁(症) 【医】吸入剂
vapour bath 蒸汽浴
His brain was clouded by vapours and dreams,他的脑子里充满空想和梦幻。
on account of
Because of; for the sake of,由于；因为：
We got married on account of the baby,(Anne Tyler)
“我们因为孩子的缘故而结婚。”(安妮·泰勒)
Chiefly Southern U.S.【多用于美国南部】
Because,因为：
He got picked up by the cops on account of he was walking with his shopping bag and they said there was numbers in it? (Jimmy Breslin)
“他被警察逮住了，因他提着购物袋行走，而他们认为里面有秘密数据”(吉米·布雷斯林)
aggressive D.J.:[a’gresiv] adj.
Inclined to behave in a hostile fashion,侵犯的；挑衅的倾向于敌对行为的
Assertive,bold,and enterprising,积极的过分自信的、大胆的和积极进取的：
an aggressive young executive,一个进取心很强的年轻管理人员
Intense or harsh,as in color,强烈的，刺目的强烈的或刺目的，如颜色
Fast growing; tending to spread quickly,迅速的生长迅速的；传播迅速的：
an aggressive tumor,迅速蔓延的肿瘤
invasive
D.J.:[in’veisiv] adj.
Of,engaging in,or given to armed aggression:
侵略性的属于、关于或被武装侵略的：
an invasive military force.入侵的军事力量
Marked by the tendency to spread,especially into healthy tissue:
侵袭的，扩散性的以扩散趋势为标志的，尤指扩散至健康组织：
an invasive carcinoma.扩散性癌症
Of or relating to a medical procedure in which a part of the body is entered,as by puncture or incision.侵入的属于或关于身体的部位被侵入，例如被穿刺或切口穿入之医疗过程的
Tending to intrude or encroach,as upon privacy.
侵犯的就要侵入或侵犯，如隐私的
LESSON FIVE THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE OF TODAY
The biological science of today can teach us a profound and meaningful lesson whose va lidity we can no longer doubt,The lesson,in brief,is that biology not only recognizes the individuality and uniqueness of every human being and every living organism,but that it,in fact,also supplies compelling evidence for a rational explanation of this individuality in molecular terms,Our purpose is to explore the cell,which we now know to be the structural and functional basis of this uniqueness.
We recognize,of course,that the universe around us is not a continuum,a sort of pea-soupy structure-less fog,Common experience tells us that it is made up of objects,matter and other associated phenomena that we can describe or measure,We realize that each of these "things" has a uniqueness that we detect through touch,taste,hearing,smell,or sight,and that each is distinguishable to greater or lesser degree,With our unaided senses,we have no difficulty in distinguishing the sky and the land from the water,a gas and solid from a liquid,the livings from the nonliving,On a more refined level,we can discriminate degrees of roughness,intensity and shade of color (if we are not color-blind),and an acid taste from one that is salty,sweet,or bitter,But human powers of sensory discrimination are limited,We hear only within a certain range of sound waves,and see only that,portion of the light spectrum called the visible region,When we try to go beyond these limits,we can no longer directly comprehend the physical nature of things and must resort to instru ments to penetrate areas outside our naturally circumscribed sphere.
Whatever the means we use,the "things" we observe we attempt to define in terms of units,and the more refined our knowledge and the more powerful and discriminating our instruments and techniques,the more precise become our definitions of these units,i.e.,their limits:and basic nature,If we are interested in clas sification,we find that these units often group themselves into meaningful systems,It would,indeed,be impossible for you to read these pages without understanding letters,the basic units of our language,or the numbers that make up our decimal or metric system.
The periodic table of atoms is another ex ample of such a coherent system,and part of its great value lies in enabling us to predict what will happen under specified physical or chemical circumstances,One of the first goals of a science,therefore,whether it be physics,chemistry,or biology,is to determine the uniqueness of the units with which it is concerned,for unless such units are understood and accepted by everyone in a particular field,scientific knowledge in that field cannot progress.
Words and Expressions
profound [pra'faund] a,意味深长的,意义深远的,深奥的，渊博的,造诣深的，深刻的; 深切的; 极度的，谦恭的,谦卑的
a profound silence 意味深长的沉默；a profound theory 深奥的理论；profound knowledge 渊博的知识
profound sympathy 深切[厚]的同情；profound regret 极为遗憾；a profound sleep 酣睡
make a profound curtsey [reverence] 恭敬地打招呼[行礼]；take a profound interest 深感兴趣,十分关切
validity [va'liditi] n.效力 individuality [individju'?liti] n,个性 uniqueness [ju’ni：knis] n.特性 continuum [kan’tinjuam] n,无间断的连续，完全连续的全体。pea-soupy [pi.'su：pi] a,豌豆汤似的
associated [a’sou∫ieitid] a,有关的 detect [di'tekt] v,发觉，察觉 touch [tAt∫] n,触觉、接触 taste [teist] n.味觉，味道 smell [smel] n,嗅觉，气味 sight [sait]n.视觉，望见 distinguishable [dis'tiηgwi∫abl] a.可以辨别的
roughness ['rAfnis] n,粗糙 shade [∫eid] n,荫影 color-blind ['kAlablaind] a.色盲的salty [sa:1ti] a.咸味的
portion ['po:∫an] n,部分 spectrum [‘spektram] n.光谱visible ['vizabl] a.可见的 beyond [bi'jond] prep.超过
comprehend [kompri’hend] vt.了解，领会 penetrate ['penitreit] vt.深入，渗透 sphere [sfia] n.范围，球体
precise [pri'sais] a.精确的，明确的 classification [kl?sifi’kei∫an] n.分类 coherent [kou'hiarant] a.连贯的，表达清楚的 goal [goul] n.目标
NOTES
14.00 本文选自 Carl P,Swanson 所著“The Cell”。
14.01 The lesson,in brief,is that biology not only recognizes the individuality and uniqueness of every human being and every living organism,but that it,in-fact,also supplies compelling evidence for a rational explanation of this individuality in molecular terms,本句为主从复合句，主句是 The lesson is…,;由 but 连接两个that 引出的名词从句作表语,in-brief 和 in fact 是插入语。全句可译为：“简而言之，这种知识是：生物学不仅承认每个人每个生物的个性和特性，而且实际上这种知识也提供了有力的证据以分子学的术语来合理地解释这种个性。
14.02 in molecular terms 用分子（学）的术语，用分子的说法
14.03 of course 当然。如：
You are now a,graduate student and will of course devote yourself to your studies
你现在是一个研究生，你当然会努力学习。
14.04 a sort of = a kind of 一种。
Whale is a sort of mammal,鲸鱼是一种哺乳动物。
14.05 be made up of 由…构成。如：All bodies are made up of atoms.一切物体都是由原子构成的。
14.06 with our unaided senses 用我们的直觉
14.07 distinguish… from…… 把……与……区分开。如,
We must distinguish right from wrong,我们必须明辨是非。
14.08 discriminate…from…… 分清……和…… Sometimes it is not easy to discriminate cloud from fog,
14.09 on a more refined level,在更精密的程度或（水平）上。
14.10 no longer adv,不再.
14.11 resort to 求助于，诉诸，凭借。如The terrorists always resort to force to carry out their aims.
恐怖分子经常凭借武力以实现他们的目的。
We shall resort to all kinds of methods to modernize our motherland.
我们将采用各种方法以使我们祖国现代化。
14.12 Whatever the means……basic nature,一句中由whatever 引起的让步状语从句修饰主句的谓语。the things是define的直接宾语。正常次序应为we attempt to define the,things” we observe in terms of unit。
14.13 the more……the……more……the more………越……,……越……,……就越……。 这三个包括the more 的分句中，前两个是从句，表示条件或前提；最后一个是主句，表示结果。前提一般只有一个的时候较多。构成这种句型要利用副词the+_比较级的形容词或副词。举数例如下：
The more the merrier,（邀请客人时用语）人愈多愈热闹。
The higher up,the greater the fall,爬得高，跃得重。
The greater the danger,the more must we drive ahead,越是艰险越向前。
14.14 i.e,（拉丁文 id est =英文 that is） 所引的两个名词是前面名词的同位语。
14.15 "Whatever the means……basic nature." 这一整句可译为：“无论我们用什么方法，我们总想把观察到的事物用单位来加以说明。我们的知识越精炼，我们的仪器和技术越精密，我们对这些单位的定义（也就是它们的极限和基本性能）也就越精确。”
14.16 in terms of 根据，按照，用……的话来说。如：
We should consider every problem in terms of the matter of fact。
我们应该根据实际情况来考虑每一个问题。
They spoke of the advances in terms of praise,他们以赞美的话谈到这些进展。
14.17 lie in 在于……。如：The safety of environment lies entirely in the environmental protection,环境安全全在于环境的保护。
14.18 in a particular field 在某一特殊领域。
LESSON SIX INSECT PEST CONTROL
When orange groves were first planted in California many of the young trees were imported from Australia,There the cottony-cushion scale insect (or fluted scale,Icerya purchasi) was native,Its original food plants were various native acacias and other trees,and it had spread to the introduced Citrus,Some were accidentally carried to California where the climate and the Citrus suited them admirably,These scale insects,which are almost legless and immobile relatives of the aphids,feed by fixing their sucking mouth parts into twigs and leaves,When fully grown they produce a copious secretion of white waxy filaments which form a fragile box in which enormous numbers of eggs are laid,A heavy infestation of the scale causes the death of the twig,or even of the tree itself,the citrus growers in California were threatened with ruin,Albert Koebele was sent by the United States Department of Agriculture to seek for parasites and predators of the scale in its native home,It is worth recording that this was achieved after congress had refused a specific appropriation for the work,Various ruses were required to find funds and to overcome the rule that Government servants might not travel outside the borders of the United States!
Koebele’s report makes fascinating reading,He visited various citrus-growing areas in Australia and New Zealand,finding the cottony-cushion scale on various sorts of tree,but usually in very small numbers,Guided by local entomologists he found a few trees which were heavily infested and there he collected thousands of the scales and observed that they were being destroyed by a small fly (Cryptochaetum) and especially by a red and black lady-bird beetle (Vedalia cardinalis),This beetle was seen laying large numbers of eggs beside and under the scales,The larvae which hatched from them fed avidly on the eggs of the scale insect,or on other stages even up to the adult and themselves turned into beetles in as little as thirty days,Wooden boxes,filled with twigs infected with the scales,the flies and the beetles were placed in the ice-room aboard a steamer and shipped to San Francisco,In 1889 just over 500 live beetles (and some flies) were liberated on heavily infested trees in California and the spread of Vedalia was so spectacular that within a year it was obvious that a major success had been achieved,Soon the cottony-cushion scale as a pest was but a memory,and only by diligent search could a few specimens be found,Although both became uncommon,neither the scale nor the Vedalia beetle died out,When D.D.T,was used against an outbreak of the citricola scale quite recently the Vedalia beetle was eliminated locally,and soon serious outbreaks of cottony-cushion scale were reported,With a revised insecticide program the beetles have been re-established,Another interesting case is the Japanese beetle (a relative of the Anomala of Hawaii) whose grubs feed on roots and are destructive to lawns and meadows,The major nuisance caused by the beetle itself,which feeds voraciously on ornamental bushes and trees,which are stripped of their leaves,From Korea the large black Tiphia wasps were introduced,These dig down to the grubs,sting them and oviposit on them,The Tiphia larva then feeds upon the beetle grub and destroys it,Tiphia wasps have noticeably reduced the pest's numbers,but recently a new method of great promise has been used,A bacterium,causing a fatal milky disease of the beetle grubs can be propagated and sprayed like an insecticide,It seems to be specific to the Japanese beetle larvae,but does not seem to spread much naturally and without re-introduction soon dies out.
INSECT PEST CONTROL
words and Expressions
pest［pest］ n．害虫；orange[‘arindэ] n．柑桔；grove ［grouv］ n．小林，树丛；
import [impa:t]vi．进口，输入，引入；Australia n．澳大利亚；
cottony－cushion scale［’katni’ku∫an skeil］ n．吹绵蚧
native[‘neitiv]a．出生地的，本土的；original ［a’ridэanal］a．最初的，原先的
various［’vεαrias］a.各种各样的，不同的Acacia[a’kei∫a]n．刺槐，洋槐，阿拉伯胶树
spread［spred］vi．传播，蔓延；introduce vi．引进，传入；citrus[‘sitras]n．柑桔属
accidentally[?ksi’dantli]ad．偶然地；sut［sju：t］vt．适合；admirably ［’?dmarabli］ad．极好地；scale insect ［skeil’insekt］、n．蚧，介壳虫；legless a．无腿的；
immobile [i‘moubail] a．稳定的，不变的，固定的；relative【relativ】 n．亲属，亲戚
suck［sAk］ vi．吸，吮；twig [twig]n．细枝，嫩枝；copious［’koupjas］a．丰富，大量的
secretion[si’kri:∫аn]n．分泌，分泌液；waxy ［’w?ksi］ a．蜡质的，蜡状的
filament［’filamant］n．细丝，丝状体；fragile［’fr?dэail］ a．易损坏的
enormous［I’na：mas］ a．巨大的；lay[lei] vi．下（蛋），产（卵）
infestation [infes’tei∫an] n．传染，蔓延，侵袭；threaten [θretn] vi．威胁
ruin［’ru:in］n．毁灭，毁坏，破产；department［di’pa:tmant］n．部，司，局
seek [si：k]vt，vi．寻找,探索Predator [‘predat]n．捕食者
worth ［wa：θ］a．值得..的，有..价值的；record [ri’ko:d] v．记录，记载
achieve ［a’t∫：v］ vi．达到（目的），得到（胜利），取得（成功）
congress［’koηgres］ n．（代表）大会，国会；refuse［ri’fju：z］ vi．拒绝
specific[spi’sifik]a．特定的；appropriation［aproupri’ei∫an］n．拨款
ruse［ru:z］n．设策，诡计；require [ri’kwaia]yi．需要；fund〔fund〕n．资金，基金
government[‘gAvanmant]n．政府；servant［’sa：vant］ n．仆人，雇员，公务员
outside［’aut’said］。 prep．在...外；border［’bo:da］ n．边界，国界，国境，边沿
fascinate[‘f?sineit] v．迷人；New Zealand［nju：’zi：land］ n．新西兰
Guide [gaid]vi．带领，引导，指导；local［’loukal］ a．当地的，本地的，地方的
entomologist [enta’moladэist] n．昆虫学家；infest [in’fest]vi．侵扰
collect[ka’lekt]vi．收集，采集；observe [ab’za:v]vi．观察，遵守；destroy [dis’troi]vi．破坏，消灭；fly[flai]n．蝇 lady－bird[‘leidi-ba:d]n．瓢虫；beetle [bi:tl]n．甲虫；larva[1a：va] 复larvae [la:vi:]n．幼虫；hatch[h?t∫]vi．孵化，孵出；avidly [?vidlil ad．贪婪地；adult [‘?dAlt]n．成虫，成年人；wooden[‘wudn]a．木制的；fill [fil]vi．装满，充滿；ice-room n.冷藏间；aboard【a’ho:d】prep．在（船、飞机、车）上；steamer[‘sti：ma]n．轮船；Ship [ship]vt．用船运，运送；San Francisco[s?n fran’siskou] n．旧金山；Spectacular[spek’t?kjula] a．引人注意的，惊人的；memory［’memari］ n．留在记忆中的人或事物，回忆；diligent[‘dilidэant] a．勤奋的；search［sa：t∫］n．搜寻
specimen[‘spesimin]n．样本，标本；outbreak[‘autbreik]n．突然蔓延，爆发；eliminate [i’limineit]vi．消除，消灭；revise [ri’vaiz]vt．修订，修改；insecticide [in’sektisaid]n．杀虫剂；Japanese［dэ?pa’ni:z］ a．日本的，日本人的，日语的；n．日本人，日语；grub [grab] n．蛴螬，幼蜂；destructive［dis’tr?ktivj a．破坏（性）的，危害的；lawn [1o：n]n．草地，草坪；meadow[‘medou]n．草地．牧草地；nuisance[‘nju：sans]n．损害，妨害；voraciously［va’rei∫aslit］ad．狠吞虎咽地，贪吃地；ornamental[o：na’mentl]a．观赏的，装饰的；bush [bu∫]n．灌木，矮树丛；strip ［Strip］ vt．剥去，剥光，除去;Korea[ko（：）’ria]n．朝鲜；Wasp[wasp]n．黄蜂，蚂蜂;Dig[dig]vi．挖；Sting[stiη] vi．叮，刺,螫；Oviposit[ouvi’pozit]vi.（昆虫）产卵；noticeably [‘noutisabli]ad．显著地，值得注意地；promise[‘promis]n．希望，前途；fatal［’feitl］a．致命的，毁灭性的，命运的
milky [‘milki]a．牛奶的，柔弱的；propagate[‘propageit]vt．传播，蔓延，繁殖
Notes
I7．本文选自 English of Science and Technology
I7．01 When fully grown they produce a copious secretion of white waxy filaments…．
它们在充分长成时，就分泌出大量的白色蜡质细丝…。
When引导的时间状语从句有省略，实际是When they are fully grown…。如果从句中谓语包括be的变化，而主语又同主句的主语一致时，则从句的主语和be的变化可省略。如：
When（water is）pure,water is a colorless liquid.水纯时，是无色的液体。
17．02 be threatened with有…之虞，有..威胁。如：
The citrus growers in California were threatened with ruin．加利福尼亚州的柑桔种植者面临着破产的威胁。
The race was threatened with extinction．这种族有灭绝之虞。
17．03 Albert Koebele阿伯特·柯贝尔（人名）
I7．04 seek for．＝search for已见注 6．57。、又如：
Albert Koebele was sent by the United States Department of Agriculture to seek for
parasites and predators of the scale in its native home．美国农业部派阿伯特·柯贝尔去原产地搜寻这种蚧的寄生虫和捕食者。
Obviously they came here to seek for truth．显然他们是为追求真理而来的。
17．05 The larvae which hatched from them fed avidly on the eggs of the scale Insect,or
on other stages even up to the adult,and themselves turned into beetles in as little as thirty days．它们孵化出的幼虫贪得无厌地吃掉蚧虫的卵，或者在其它发育阶段上甚至吃掉成虫，而幼虫自己则在三十天那样短促的时间内变成瓢虫。
I7．06 up to一直到，达到。如对
What have you been doing up to now？到现在为止你在干些什么？
17．07 as little as像一那样少。如：
His eyes are weak and he reads as little as may be.他视力弱，尽量少看书。
I7．08 be filled with见注4．31。
17．09 Wooden boxes，filled with twigs infected with the scales,the flies and the
beetles，were placed in the ice－room aboard a steamer and shipped to San Francisco．装满蚧虫侵染的细枝、甲虫和瓢虫的木箱放在一艘轮船上的冷藏室里运到了旧金山。
filled with…beetles为一分词短语作后置定语用。The glass container,having a base of 80 cm2，is 15 cm high．这只底面积为80平方厘米的玻璃容器高15厘米。
17．10 but作副词用等于only 意为：不过，只。如：Soon the cottony-cushion scale as a pest was but a memory·不久，吹绵蚧作为一种害虫只不过是记忆中的东西而已。
He left but an hour ago．一小时前他才离开。
I7.11 副词 only在句首时，句中主、谓语的位置通常倒装。如：
Only by diligent search could a few specimens be found,只有勤奋寻找，才能找到几个标本。
Only then did he realize his mistake．只是在那时他才认识到自己的错误。
17．12 die out为一动词短语，意为：绝种，消失，灭绝。例如：
Even so，the scale did not die out．即使如此，蚧虫并没有绝种。
17．13 be destructive to 对··有害。如：They are destructive to lawns．它们对草坪有害。
17．14 be stripped of被剥光。。。。如：Trees are stripped of their leaves．树被剥光了叶子。
17.15 dig down挖下去，向下挖
I7.16 seem为一联系动词，意为：好像，看起来像。后面常接带to的不定式短语作表语，不定式短语如为be…，则to be省去，如：
It seems to be specific to the Japanese beetle larvae,but does not seem to spread
much naturally．它好像对日本甲虫幼虫特别有效，但似乎不会自然大量蔓延。
This seems（to be） an important point．这似乎是很重要的一点。
The problem seems（to be） very complicated．问题仿佛很复杂。
He doesn’t seem to appreciate it．他对这个好像并不领情。
LESSON SEVEN VIRUS DISEASES OF CROPS
There are certain crops where virus diseases have been a limiting yield factor,It has only been in the last 40 years that the full effect of viruses has been realized,or that their mode of action and transmission known.
It is now known that the cause of the so-called degeneration in many crops,such as potatoes,is caused by not one but several viruses,each of which can produce its own typical symptoms,Often two or three are present together,and then the symptom of disease is completely different to that produced by each individual virus.
Most viruses appear to be nucleoproteins,and the particles,or crystals,can only be seen when magnified hundreds of thousand times with the aid of an electron microscope,They are often transmitted by insects which are themselves practically microscopic,Precise knowledge of the behavior of viruses in plants is still incomplete,but it appears that in the process of rapid multiplication they utilise the plant protein,This upsets the natural nutrition cycle in the plant,causing it to become stunted and distorted.
It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins,Gradually the veins will become lighter,and this condition is known as veinal chlorosis,If this light coloring is spread over the whole leaf,a leaf mottle or mosaic,is produced and the disease is named accordingly,mosaic disease,This can also occur on flowers,Alternatively,the veins thicken and cause leaf distortion and curl,Leaf curl can be recognized by a slight upturning of the leaf edges to such veinal thickening so that the leaf is completely distorted,General reduced growth,caused by viruses,is usually termed bushy stunt,and even in these forms of the disease,when the plants are stunted and bushy,the typical leaf chlorosis or vein thickening occurs.
Not all infections of virus diseases produce visible symptoms,This latent type of infection,although mild,is still capable of being transmitted and producing a more severe attack in another variety of plant.
There is no cure for virus diseases,At best the symptoms can be minimized and yield loss reduced by heavy fertilizing,High temperatures sometimes assist the plant to withstand the effect of the virus.
Some viruses can be transmitted vegetatively by grafts,cuttings,bulbs or tubers,whilst others require to pass through an insect vector in order to move from one plant to another,Seed transmission of a virus is possible,and tools,such as secateurs and pruning knives,can pass it from one plant to another,Direct contact between plants can be responsible for the transmission only if there is some mechan ical damage to the plant tissue.
Vectors are the commonest form of trans mission,and insects such as aphids,leaf hoppers,plant bugs,whitefly,thrips and beetles have all been shown to be capable of transmission and are the most common living organisms re sponsible,Nematodes(eelworms)have also been proved to be vectors,and recent research has suggested that fungi are also possible vectors.
The only method of preventing the spread of virus diseases and keeping them under control is by strict control of the known vectors,Another control measure is the use of resistant plant varieties,Plant breeders have been selecting and breeding virus resistant varieties for some crops,but there is still a lot of work to be done in this field,The problem is to find immune varieties of comparable quality and yield to some of the susceptible ones,However,it is important to choose varieties which are virus resistant,as vector control can be difficult and expensive.
VIRUS DISEASES OF CROPS
Words and Expressions
transmission [tr?nz’mi∫аn] n．传送，传染；degeneration ［didэena’re∫an］ n．退化，衰退
symptom［’simptam］ n．症状；nucleoprotein［’nju：kliou’prouti:n］ n．核蛋白
crystal[‘kristl]n．结晶体；magnify［’m?gnifai］vt．放大；multiplication ［mAltipli’kei∫an］ n．繁殖；upset［up’set］vt．打乱，搅乱；stunt[stAnt]vt．阻碍…的发育；distort ［dis’to:t］vt．歪曲，变形；disturbance ［dis’ta：bans］n．干扰，失调；veinal chlorosis［’veinal kla’rousis］叶脉缺绿病；mottle〔’motl〕 n．斑点，斑纹；mosaic［ma’zeik］n．花叶病；accordingly ［a’ko：diηli］ad．相应地；eelworm[‘i：lwa：m]n．线虫类；upturn[Ap’ta：n]vt．翻起，翻转；thicken[θikan]vt．使..变厚；bushy stunt〔’bu∫i stAnt〕丛缩病；nematodes［’nematoudz］n．线虫；latent ［’leitant］a．潜在的；vegetatively [‘vedэitativli] ad．无性繁殖地；cutting[‘kAtiη]n．插条；bulb[bAlb]n．球茎；whilst[hwailst] conj．＝while而；secateurs［’sekata：z］ n．整枝大剪刀；prune［pru：n］vt．修剪；hopper[‘hopa]n．跳虫；thrips〔θrips〕n．蓟马科害虫
Notes
18．01 It has only been in the last 40 years that the full effect of viruses has been realized，or that their mode of action and transmission known．’只是在近40年来病毒的全部作用才被认识，或者说它们的作用方式和传播方法才为人们知道。
It has only been..that…是一个强调句型。详见注 7．28。
连接词or后面的that从句与前面的that从句为并列成份，or that……是一个省略句，补充后应为,or that their mode of action、and transmission has been known．
18．02 Most viruses appear to be nucleoproteins，…大多数病毒似乎是核蛋白..
appear to be…＝seem to be…似乎是..如：
This machine appears to be the one made by that plant．这台机器似乎是那个工厂造的。
That seems to be a very important point．这似乎是很重要的一点。
18．03 with the aid of an electron microscope借助于电子显微镜
with the aid of…借助于…。如：You may do your homework with the aid of a good dictionary．
你可以借助一本好词典做家庭作业。
18．04 in the process of rapid multiplication在迅速繁殖过程中
In the process of…在..过程中。如The machine is in the process of repair．那部机器在修理中。
18．05 It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins．
似乎正是植株内的这种失调被反映在病毒病的最初症状上，亦即叶脉颜色稍有改变上。
It would appear…which…是一个强调句型，其结构与用法清参阅并比较7．28。
关系代词which代表 disturbance。
18．06 It would appear to be this disturbance within the plant which is reflected in the initial symptoms of a virus disease,namely a slight change in the color of the leaf veins．
似乎正是植株内的这种失调被反映在病毒病的最初症状上，亦即叶脉颜色稍有改变上。
He is capable of completing the task by himself．他自己能够完成这个任务。
18．07 At best the symptoms can be minimized…至多可以减轻症状—…·
at best至多，充其量，做最乐观的看法。如：
We cannot arrive before Thursday at best．即使最乐观地估计，我们也不能在星期四以前到达。
He can’t get here before two at best．他最早也要两点钟才能到达这儿。
18．08 Direct contact between plants can be responsible for the transmission only if
there is some mechanical damage to the plant tissue．
如果植株组织有某种机械损伤，植株间的直接接触就是植病传播的唯一原因了。
18．10 当 only位于if引导的从句之前时，意思是说“只有在..的条件下..才..”。而if放在only前时，if only这一成语的含义是“只要”，“要是…就好了”。
如：If only it clears up，1’11 go．只要天一放晴，我就去。
LESSON EIGHT INSECT BEHAVIOUR
One has only to consider the peculiar behavior of the solitary wasp,Pompilus,which catches its spider before it digs its burrow and marks,by a remarkable feat of memory,the position of the spider,to realize that memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects,
The sand wasp,Ammophila,seems to exhibit in its behavior the beginnings of choice and,possibly,a glimmer of intelligence,The sand wasp digs its burrow by using its jaws as mining tools and its front legs as rakes,It burrows into the sandy soil for a few inches,and,every now and then,it come across a little stone,The wasp takes great care to remove,from the site of its operations,all the debris that it has thrown up in its diggings；all the small stones and pebbles that it comes across,it puts to one side,It finishes its burrow by gouging out the top portion with a slightly greater diameter than the deeper recesses of the burrow,Having done this,it then selects one of the pebbles which will fit exactly into the mouth of the burrow and places it in position,and if the evening is fast approaching,it will cover up the whole area with sand,The insect does this so effectively that it is impossible for the human eye to detect where the underlying burrow is to be found,The intention of the sand wasp seems to be to hunt its prey on the following day when the sun is high up on the horizon,For the rest of the evening it goes off,nobody knows where,to await the dawn for its hunting expedition,The prey that the sand wasp will search for is the grey worm,This grey worm is the larva of a certain moth,and is to be found around the roots of thorn bushes,The wasp hunts the worm in very much the same way as a terrier hunts a rabbit-When the worm emerges upon the surface,the sand wasp falls upon its prey and,according to Fabre,stings it in each of its thirteen separate segments,Gripping the worm in its mandibles,the wasp stands astride it; and although it may be as mach as one hundred yards from its burrow,the wasp makes a straight line from the scene of its hunting to the burrow which it made the previous evening,Having located the burrow,it removes the sand,pushes the paralysed caterpillar into the burrow,lays its egg upon it,fills up the sand and then flies away,Indeed,there is one variety of Ammophila which actually picks up a stone and,using it as a ram,forces the sand down into the burrow,and eventually leaves the surface of the sand so smooth that it is impossible for the human eye to locate the position of the insect's operations,This is truly remarkable behavior,and one might see in it many elements which could be considered examples of choice,and perhaps of intelligence,It is an example,also,of an animal using a primitive tool for its work.
Against this,however,is the behavior of mason bees while filling their cells with pollen and nectar,as described by Fabre,The mason bee arrives at the partially empty cell and,putting its head into the cell,disgorges the nectar which it has collected; and then,turning round,it puts the end of its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen grains,which it has collected into a load on the underside of its abdomen,This action of the mason bee is constant and may be considered to be an instance of pattern behavior.
Fabre describes how he interrupts this pattern in the middle,He flicks the bee away when it is about to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen,Fabre was very interested to see what would happen next,Would the bee fly back,having been brushed away,and resume the pattern of its behavior at the point at which it was interrupted? Fabre found that it did not do this; it started the pattern all over again,Every time that the bee went to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the pollen grains from the underside of its abdomen,Fabre flicked it away again with a straw,and every time the mason bee flew back and went through the pattern from the begin ning once more,This type of behavior seems to be common among the bees and the wasps and insects generally; their actions are perform ed according to a definite pattern,and if this pattern is interrupted,the insect has to begin all over again in order to finish it,
INSECT BEHAVIOUR
Words and Expressions
behaviour［bi'heivja］n.习性，行为；consider［can'sida］vt．考虑；peculiar［pi'kju:lja］a．特有的，独具的；solitary［'solitari］a．独居的，单独的；spider〔'spaida〕n．蜘蛛；burrow [bArou]n．地洞，穴
mark ［ma:k］vt．标明，注明，留痕迹于；remarkable [ri’ma：kabl]a．非凡的，卓越的，显著的；
feat[fi:t]n．技艺；realize［'rialaiz］ vt．认识到，深刻地了解到；exhibit[igzibit]vt．显示，显出
choice[t∫ois]n．选择；glimmer〔'glima〕n．少许，微量；intelligence［in'telidэans］n．智力，聪明
jaw [dэo:]n．颚，颌，爪；mine［main］v．开矿，（昆虫）钻洞；rake［reik］ n．耙状用具，钉齿耙
remove [ri'mu:v]vt,搬开，移动，去掉；site[sait]n．地点，场所，现场；operation［apa'reian］n．操作，工作
debris［单'debri:,复'debri;z］n．碎物，碎片；pebble['pebl]n．细砾，卵石；gouge[gaudэ]vt．凿（孔），（用姆指）按；portion[‘po：∫an]n．一部分；slightly[‘slaitli] ad．微小地，少量地，细长地，轻轻地
diameter [dai’?mita]n．直径；recess [ri’ ses]n．深处，凹进处；select［Si’lekt］vt．挑选，选择；fit[fit] yi．适合；exactly[ig’z?ktli]ad．确切地，精确地；approach[a’prout∫]yi．临近，接近；effectively ［I’fektivli］ ad．有效地；human[‘hju：man]a．人的，人类的；detect[di’tekt]vt．察觉，发觉，发现；underlying [And’laiη]a．在下的，潜在的；intention［in’ten∫an］n．意图，目的，打算；hunt [hAnt] vt．猎取，追获；
prey[prei]n．捕获物．被捕食的动物；horizon[ha’raizn]n．地平线；await [a’weit]vt．等待；
dawn［do,n］ n．黎明，拂晓；expedition[ekspi’di∫an]n．远征，探险；worm[wa,m]n,虫，蠕虫，蛆，肠虫
moth [mo：θ]．蛾，蛀虫；thorn［θo：n］n．刺；terrier[‘teria]n,（一种狗）；rabbit [‘r?bit]n．兔
emerge [I’ma：dэ]vi．出现；separate[‘separit]a．分隔的，单独的；segment[‘segmant]n．（动物体的）节，部分；grip [grip]vt．抓住，握紧；mandible[‘m?ndibl] n．（昆虫的）上颚；astride［as’traid］ prep．跨着
yard [ja:d]n．码（英美长度单位=36英寸），院子；straight［streit］ a．直的,ad．直地；scene [si,n]n．发生地点；previous [pri,vjas]a．先前的；locate [lou’keit]vt．确定…的地点；push [pu∫]vt．推动，推进
paralyse [‘p?ralaiz]vt．使…麻痹，使…瘫痪；caterpillar［’k?tapila］n．毛虫；actually [‘?ktjualil ad．实际上，竟然；ram［r?m］n,撞锤；force〔fo：s〕vt．迫使，强迫；eventually [i’ventjuali]ad．终于，最后
leave［li：v］vt．使…处于（某种状态）；smooth [smu:す]a．平坦的，平滑的；element [‘elimant]n．成分，要素；primitive〔’primitiv〕a．原始的，简单的；mason bee [‘meisn bi：]n．石巢蜂；cell [sel] n．细胞；巢房，室；pollen［’polin］n．花粉，粉面；nectar [nekta]n．花蜜；describe［dis’kraib］vt．描写，叙述
partially [pa:∫ali]ad．部分地；
disgorge［dis’go：dэ］vt．To bring up and expel from the throat or stomach; vomit.
吐出；呕出从喉咙或胃中带出或排出；呕吐
To discharge violently; spew,喷出，涌出猛烈的排出；喷出
To surrender (stolen goods or money,for example) unwillingly.
被迫交出不情愿地放弃（如所偷的东西或钱财）
abdomen [?bdaman]n．腹（部）
grain［grein］n．细粒，谷物；load [loud]n．负载，载荷；underside ［’Andasaid］ n．下侧，下面
pattern［’p?tan］n．典型；interrupt［inta’rApt］vt．中断，打扰；
flick［flik］vt．轻弹，轻拂，轻击To touch or hit with a light,quick blow:轻拍，轻击以轻而快的动作碰或打：
flicked him with his hand.用手轻击了他一下See,brush
To cause to move with a light blow; snap,啪一声开（关）轻击而使…移动位置；砰然开（关）上：
flicked the light switch on.把电灯开关按开
To remove with a light,quick blow,轻拂用轻快的击打除去…：
flicked the lint off the coat,把大衣上的棉绒弹掉
flick v.intr,To twitch or flutter,抽或拍
resume［ri’zju：m］vt．To begin or take up again after interruption:重新开始，继续中断后重新开始或进行：
resumed our dinner,继续进行我们的晚餐
To assume,take,or occupy again,重新取得，重返再次承当、取得或占据：
The dog resumed its post by the door,那只狗再次占据了门边的位置
To take on or take back again,重新采用或取回：
resumed my original name,重新使用我的原名
straw [stro：]n·稻草，麦杆；perform [pa’fo：m]vt．执行，演出
definite [‘definit] a．一定的，明确的
Notes
22．00 本文选自“A Firs Technical Reader”。
22．01 one作为不定代词意思是：人人，每个人，人们。如．
one must do one’ s best，每个人必须尽自己的力量去做。
This method permits one to get good result．采用这种方法能使人获得良好的结果。
22．02 play a… part（或role） in…在…中起…作用。如：
Memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects．
记忆力在这些昆虫的习性中起着非常重要的作用。
Steel and petroleum both play an important part in the development of industry and agriculture．
钢和石油这两样东西在工农业发展中起着重要作用。
22．03“have （has）only to… to…”为一习惯用法，意为：只要…就能…。例如：
One has only to consider the peculiar behavior of the solitary wasp to realize that memory plays a most important part in the behavior of these insects．
我们只要细想一下独居黄蜂的特有习性，就能认识到记忆力在这些昆虫的习性中起着非常重要的作用。
You have only to read it over once more to see the misprint．你只要整个再读一遍就可看出那印错的地方。
22．04 a glimmer of一点点。如：a gummer of lute1Hgence一点点智力;a glimmer of hope一线希望
22．05 every now and then＝ from time to time．意为：时时，时常。如：
Every now and then he observes the behavior of these insects．他时常观察这些昆虫的习性。
22．06 come across为一动词短语，意为：越过，偶然发现或遇见。例如：
It burrows into the sandy soil for a few inches,and，every now and then,it comes across a little stone.它打洞进入沙质土好几英寸，而且它时常能碰到一些石子。
we have come across the mountains by car．我们已乘车越过了那座山。
He came across a friend in the street．他在街上碰到一位朋友。
22．07 take care为一动词短语，意为：留心，注意。后面常接不定式短语或that和what引导的名词从句。例如：
The wasp takes great care to remove,from the site of its operations,all the debris．
沙土蜂非常注意从操作活动地点移掉所有碎物。
We took care to see that all doors were locked before we left the house．
我们离开房子前察看了一下所有的门是不是都锁上了。
Take care that you don’t slip on the icy roads．当心不要在结冰的路上滑跤。
Take care what you are doing．留心你所做着的事情。
22．08 throw up为一动词短语，意为：往上抛，吐出，辞去。例如
The wasp removes all the debris that it has thrown up in its diggings．
沙土蜂移掉在挖洞时往上抛的所有碎物。
22．09 all the small stones and pebbles that it comes across，it puts to one side．
它把它碰到的所有小石子和卵石都移到一边。
All...across是句中的宾梧，由于强调而放在句首。又如：
What they were asked to do in ten days，they finished in two.
让他们十天做的事，他们两天就做完了。
22．1O in position 在其适当的位置（反义成语：out of position）。如：
He is in position．他适得其所。
22．11 cover up包裹；掩盖，掩饰，隐藏。如：
cover yourself up well．穿暖些！
The thieves tried to cover up their tracks．贼们想掩盖他们的踪迹。
22,12 He has gone off to that city．他悄悄地到那个城市去了。（尤指悄悄地离去）
22．13 The wasp hunts the worm in very much the same way as a terrier hunts a rabbit．
沙土蜂猎取蠕虫的方法同狗猎取兔子的方法十分相近。
（1）much the same几乎相同，大致一样
（2）the same…as和..同样，象..一样。例如：
We made the experiments in the same way as they．我们用和他们同样的方法做实验。
She studies at the same university as her younger sister．
她和她的妹妹在同一个大学学习。
22．14 fall upon（或on）为一动词短语，意为：落在，落到，袭击，进攻。例如：
The sand wasp falls upon its prey and stings it．沙土蜂扑向捕获物，并螯它。
Our brave fighters fall on the enemy like tigers．我们的英勇战士像猛虎一样冲向敌人。
22．15 as much as 像…一样多。如：
You may read as much as you like．你愿读多少，就读多少。
参阅注7·24。比较其反义成语 as little as。
22．16 fill up 充满，装满。如：
He filled up his cup with wine．他把酒斟满酒杯。
We filled up the classroom with desks and chairs．我们用书桌和椅子布满教室。
22．17 pick up 抬起，捡起。如：
Indeed,there is one variety of Ammophila which actually picks up a stone．
的确，有一种沙土蜂竟然能抬起一石子。
I picked up a pen from the ground．我从地上拾起一支钢笔。
22．18 Against this，however，is the behavior of mason bees while filling their
cells with pollen and nectar,as described by Fabre．
然而，正如法布尔所描写的那样，在用花粉和花蜜装填巢房时，石巢蜂的习性则与此相反。
（1）这是一个倒装句，主语是 the behavior of mason bees为了使句子同前面说的话发生更紧密的联系，改变了句子结构．使之成为倒装句。
（2）While filling..nectar（=while they are filling…nectar）这是一个有所省略的时间状语
从句。又如,He made an important report while attending the conference here．
在这里开会时，他作了一个重要报告。
22．19 brush off＝brush away刷去，掸去，拂去。如：
He brushed away a fly from his nose．他用手把鼻子上的苍蝇赶走。
22．20 be（或 seem等联系动词）about to do sth．为一惯用结构，表示“将，正要做某事”之意”。
He flicks the bee away when it is about to put its abdomen into the cell to brush off the
pollen．当石巢蜂正要把腹部放进巢房拂掉花粉时，他轻轻把它掸走。
she is about to speak．她正要讲话。
参阅注 6．04,8．08和 8．14.
22．21 every（＝ each）time that为一连接词词组，意为：每当..时，引导时间状语从句，现代英语中常把that省略掉。例如：
Every time that the bee went to punts abdomen into the cell，Fabre flicked it away again with a straw．每当石巢蜂去将腹部放进巢房时，法布尔就用稻草再次把它轻轻掸走。
Every time（that） he came here he would bring us some good news．
每当他来这里时都给我们带来些好消息。
22．22本课课文中的F a b r e是指法国著名昆虫学家Jean Henri Fabre（1823—1915），他著有名著“昆虫记”等。
LESSON NINE THE PEST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
Pest management is fundamentally different from other approaches to pest control in that it aims,(a) to utilise two or more control techniques together in an integrated fashion,(b) to make maximum use of natural mortality factors,and (c) to apply specific control measures only as and where necessary,An essential feature of pest management is its flexibility with decisions as to course of action (such as whether to apply an insecticide or not) based on the field situation.
Although many definitions of pest management have been proposed it is difficult to define briefly because of its inherent complexity,Perhaps the most suitable definition is that quoted by Brader (1979) ---“pest management [is a] system that,in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species,utilises all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury.”
A term that pro-dates pest management is integrated control which was applied originally to the harmonious integration of chemical and biological control,Most pest management programs depend heavily on the successful blending of chemical and biological control methods and for this reason integrated control is now usually regarded as synonymous with pest management,However,pest management often involves considerably more than the mere joint use of chemical and biological methods,and is now generally the preferred term.
IPM is another term (or rather abbreviation) that occurs in some texts,It stands for "integrated pest Management" and is no different in meaning from the shorter term pest management which is used throughout this book,IPM in the broadest sense embraces all "pests" and thus includes plant diseases and weeds as well as insects and other animal pests.
Pest management can be conveniently considered as part of resource management and there is thus a strong parallel with fish and game management,The latter both involve the management of biological systems in such a way as to provide maximum sustainable yield of fish or game,To achieve this,good understanding of the biological system concerned is essential,Successful manipulation of pests is similarly dependent on adequate understanding of the biological systems of which they are part,The objective though is to maintain a low "yield” of pest species rather than the reverse,
Five major components can be identified in all pest management programs：
(a) An understanding of the factors that regulate pest numbers (ie,of pest populations dynamics).
(b) The determination of pest damage thresholds and of economic thresholds.
(c) Means of monitoring populations of pests and the natural enemies.
(d) A decision making framework to determine action to be taken.
(e) methods of selectively manipulating pest populations.
An essential feature of pest management is that pest populations are manipulated to maintain them just below damage (threshold) levels,There are two reasons for this,One is that low populations of a pest will sustain populations of natural enemies,The second reason is that application of control measures only when the pest population is expected to exceed the damage threshold is much more economical than applications on a scheduled basis,
In practice control measures almost invariably have to be initiated before pest populations reach the damage threshold level to prevent crop loss,Such a lower population level,which signals the necessity for control action is referred to as the economic threshold (action threshold of some authors),Establishment of suitable economic thresholds is absolutely essential to the functioning of any pest management program.
THE PEST MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
Words and Expressions
Fundamentally [fAndamentli]adv,基本上,根本地
She is fundamentally unsuited to office work,她根本不适合做办公室工作。
Mortality [mor’t?liti]n,pl,mortalities;
The quality or condition of being mortal.必死性濒临死亡的特征或状态
Death,especially of large numbers; heavy loss of life:杀伤力死亡，尤指大批死亡；沉重牺牲：
the mortality wrought by an epidemic.由一传染病引起的大批死亡
Death rate.死亡率
The rate of failure or loss:失败率或损失率：
the high mortality among family-run farms.私营农庄的高破产率
as to 关于；至于
I don't know anything as to the others,至于其他，我一无所知。
Inherent [in’hiarant]adj.
Existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; intrinsic.
固有的作为一种基本成份或典型特征而存在的；内在的
dynamics [dai’n?miks]n,[用作单]力学; 动力学；原动力；动态 [音]力度强弱法
[用作复]任何事物的成长,变迁发展史
context [‘kon,tekst]n.
The part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or passage and determines its meaning,
上下文文章或叙述中围绕着某个特定词或段落并且决定其含义的部分
The circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting,背景事件发生于其中的环境；背景
population dynamics 种群动态; 人口动态
compatible [kam’p?tabl]adj.
Capable of existing or performing in harmonious,agreeable,or congenial combination with another or others:
一致的；可和谐共存的；相容的能够与另一人或其他人存在和进行于和谐的、愉快的、志趣相投的组合中：
compatible family relationships.和谐的家庭关系
Capable of orderly,efficient integration and operation with other elements in a system with no modification or conversion required.
符合的能够不需要修改或转变地在一个系统中有序并有效与其他要素综合和操作
Capable of forming a chemically or biochemically stable system.
稳定的能够形成化学或生物化学的稳定系统的
Of or relating to a television system in which color broadcasts can be received in black and white by sets incapable of color reception.
黑白彩色两用的属于或有关一种电视系统的，通过非彩色接受设置可将彩色节目接收成黑白
Medicine[医学]
Capable of being grafted,transfused,or transplanted from one individual to another without rejection:
互不排斥的能够无排斥地从一人移植、输血到他人：
compatible blood.不会产生排斥的血
compatible n.
A device,such as a computer or computer software,that can be integrated into or used with another device or system of its type.
相容器能综合或用于同类型的其他设备或系统中的设备，例如计算机或计算机软件
harmonious [ha:’mounias] adj.
Exhibiting accord in feeling or action,和谐的在感情或行为上表现出谐调一致的
Having component elements pleasingly or appropriately combined,融洽的构成要素的完美结合的：
a harmonious blend of architectural styles.各种建筑风格的完美的结合
Characterized by harmony of sound; melodious.悦耳的声音和谐的；悦耳的
Blending [blendiη] 混合
A term sometimes applied to the function of a linkage editor or linkage loader in combining two or more modules of code to produce a single load module.
有时用于说明连接编辑程序或连接装入程序的功能的一种术语。这种功能可把两个或多个代码模块组合在一起以产生一个单一的装入模块
regard as v.把...认作
synonymous [si’nonamas] adj,abbr,syn.
Having the same or a similar meaning,同义的有相同或类似的意思的：
synonymous words,同义词
Equivalent in connotation,内涵相同的：
a widespread impression that,,,Hollywood was synonymous with immorality? (Doris Kearns Goodwin)
“普遍的印象是…好莱坞是不朽的同义词”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)
considerable [kan’sidarabl] adj,值得考虑的,不可忽视的,重要的；相当（大,多）的,可观的
a considerable distance 一段颇远的距离
a considerable man in local affairs 地方事务上相当重要的人物
considerably [kan’sidarabl] adv 相当大地；相当多地
We have a considerably smaller house than the previous one,我们的房子比以前的那个小得多。
mere,[mia] adj.
Superlative merest; 最高级形式 merest;
Being nothing more than what is specified,仅仅的不超过所明确指出的：
a mere child; a mere 50 cents an hour.不过是个孩子；每小时仅50美分
Considered apart from anything else,认为与其他事无关的：
shocked by the mere idea,被那个一无是处的想法震惊了
Small; slight,小的；轻微的：
could detect only the merest whisper,只能听到低低的私语
Obsolete [废语]
Pure; unadulterated,纯的；未掺过的
rather [ra:すa] adv.
More readily; preferably,宁可更愿意地；较合意地,I'd rather go to the movies,我宁愿去看电影
With more reason,logic,wisdom,or other justification.
较合理地有更多原因、学识、逻辑或其他证明地
More exactly; more accurately,更确切地；更精确地：
He's my friend,or rather he was my friend.
他是我的朋友，不过更确切地说，他曾经是我的朋友
To a certain extent; somewhat:
相当地达到一定程度地：rather cold,相当寒冷
On the contrary,相反地
Chiefly British
Most certainly,Used as an emphatic affirmative reply,当然最肯定地。做为对肯定性回答的加强语气
pest
n.有害生物
An annoying person or thing; a nuisance.讨厌的人或麻烦事；妨碍
An injurious plant or animal,especially one harmful to human beings,
有害动植物有害的植物或动物，尤指那些对人类有害的
A deadly epidemic disease; a pestilence,瘟疫一种致命的传染病；瘟疫
thus [すAs] adv.
In this manner,如此，这样以这种方式：
Lay the pieces out thus,这样摆放这些块
See,thusly
To a stated degree or extent; so,达到某种程度或范围；这么
Therefore; consequently,因此；所以：
Thus it was necessary for me to resign,因此我有必要辞职
For example,例如：
Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals; thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government,很多国家最大的城市并非州首府；例如，纽约和芝加哥都不是本州政府的所在地
considered as a whole 被视为整体
parallel with v.与...比较
manipulation [ma,nipja’lei∫n]n.
The act or practice of manipulating,操作操作的行为或实践
The state of being manipulated,被操纵处于被操纵的状态
Shrewd or devious management,especially for one's own advantage.
操纵精明的或欺骗性手段，尤指为占有个人的优势
adequate [?dikwit]adj.
Sufficient to satisfy a requirement or meet a need,足够的足以满足要求或需求的
See,sufficient
Barely satisfactory or sufficient,差强人意的不很令人满意的或勉强够的：
The skater's technique was only adequate,滑冰者的技术只能说是差强人意
objective n.
Something that actually exists.实际存在的事物
Something worked toward or striven for; a goal,目标努力争取或设想获得的事物；目标
Though adv.
However; nevertheless,可是然而；不过：
Snow is not predicted; we can expect some rain,though,不可能下雪，但可能下雨
Informal [非正式用语]
Used as an intensive,强调语气用作强调：
Wouldn't that beat all,though? 那将难倒所有的人吗?
Reverse n.
The opposite or contrary,相反，颠倒相反的事物或相反的方面：
All along we thought Sue was older than Bill,but just the reverse was true.
一直以来我们认为苏比比尔大，而事实恰恰相反
The back or rear part,背面后面或后方的部分
The side of a coin or medal that does not carry the principal design; the verso.
反面钱币或奖章未带主要设计的那一面；反面
A change to an opposite position,condition,or direction.
转向向相反的位置、状态或方向的改变
A change in fortune from better to worse; a setback,倒霉财运上从更好到更坏的改变；下跌,
suffered financial reverses,遭受财政困难
regulate [‘regjaleit] v.tr,regulated; regulating; regulates;
To control or direct according to rule,principle,or law.管理依照制度，规则或法律控制或指导
To adjust to a particular specification or requirement,调节调整到特定的规格或要求：
regulate temperature,调节温度
To adjust (a mechanism) for accurate and proper functioning.调整（一台机器）使其发挥精确的正常的功能
To put or maintain in order:保持或使有条理：regulate one's eating habits,使饮食习惯有规律
decision making 决策,判定
framework [‘freim’wa:k]n.
A structure for supporting or enclosing something else,especially a skeletal support used as the basis for something being constructed,框架支撑或围住其它物体的结构，尤指用作建筑物之基础的支撑框架
An external work platform; a scaffold,室外工作台；施工架
A fundamental structure,as for a written work or a system of ideas.
结构 （如关于一部作品或一系列观点的）一种基本结构
sustain
D.J.:[sa’stein] v.tr.
sustained; sustaining; sustains;
To keep in existence; maintain,继续生存；维持
To supply with necessities or nourishment; provide for,补给，提供供给必需品及营养；提供
To support from below; keep from falling or sinking; prop,支撑从下边支持；防止摔下或下沉；支撑
To support the spirits,vitality,or resolution of; encourage.支持，鼓舞支撑…的精神、生命力或决心；鼓励
To bear up under; withstand,承受；抵抗,can't sustain the blistering heat,无法忍受酷热
To experience or suffer,经历或遭受,sustained a fatal injury,遭受致命的伤害
See,experience
To affirm the validity of,确定，认可确认…的有效性：
The judge has sustained the prosecutor's objection,法官确认原告反对为有效
To prove or corroborate; confirm,证明或确证；证实
To keep up (a joke or an assumed role,for example) competently,胜任称职地维持（一笑话或角色）
basis n.基部,唇鞘基,基 basis [‘beisis]n,pl,bases;
A foundation upon which something rests,基础事物,依赖的基础
The chief constituent; the fundamental ingredient.主要成分；基本成分
The fundamental principle,基本原则
See,base
in-不+variable可变的+-y…地
invariably [in’veariab(a)li] adv 不变地，总是
All things invariably divide into two.事物都是一分为二的。
It's invariably wet when I take my holidays."我度假时总是下雨,不曾有过例外。"
initiate
D.J.:[i’ni∫ieit] v.tr.
initiated; initiating; initiates;
To set going by taking the first step; begin,开始展开最初的工作；开始：
initiated trade with developing nations.开始与发展中国家的贸易
See,begin
To introduce to a new field,interest,skill,or activity.
入门指导使了解一个新领域、产生新兴趣、学会新技能或开展新活动
To admit into membership,as with ceremonies or ritual,接纳接纳…为会员，伴有仪式或典礼
Initiate adj.
Initiated or admitted,as to membership or a position of authority.
新入的被接纳或承认的，如会员资格或一个有权力的职位
Instructed in esoteric knowledge,授以深奥知识的
Introduced to something new,启蒙的被教给新东西的
Initiate n.
One who is being or has been initiated,入会者正在被或己被接纳了的人
One who has been introduced to or has attained knowledge in a particular field.
被传授了初步知识的人已被引入或熟悉某一特定领域知识的人
