第 3章 地层学
Stratigraphy
3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系
3.1 Concepts,laws & contact relationships of strata
3.2 地层划分和对比
3.2 Stratigraphic subdivision and correlation
3.3 地层单位和地质年代
3.3 Stratigraphic units and geological times
3.4 地层的形成作用
3.4 Stratigraphic formation
3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系
Concepts,laws & contact relationships of strata
3.1.1 地层与地层学
3.1.1 Strata and stratigraphy
3.1.2 地层学的基本定律
3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws
3.1.3 地层的接触关系
3.1.3 Contact relationships of strata
3.1.1 Strata & stratigraphy
Strata,All layered rocks,
which include all
sedimentary rocks,a
part of igneous rocks
and metamorphic rocks
地层,各种层状岩石的统称,
包括所有的沉积岩,部分火成岩和变质岩,
layered
(ICS,1994)
Rock cycles
Stratigraphy,from Latin stratum +
Greek graphia,is the study of all
rock bodies forming the Earth's
crust and their organization into
distinctive,useful,mappable units
based on their inherent properties
or attributes in order to establish
their distribution and relationship
in space and their succession in
time,and to interpret geologic
history.
地层学,研究层状岩石形成的 先后顺序、地质年代、时空分布 规律
(狭义 )和形成环境条件及其物理、
化学性质的地质学分支学科,她的核心目标就是建立地球科学的 时间坐标。
Stratigraphy
太古宙 +元古宙,12个 GSSA
显生宙,46+40=96个 GSSP
Ma2004 International stratigraphic chart
3.1.2 地层学的基本定律
3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws
● 地层叠覆律 (principle of
superposition)
● 原始水平律 (Principle of
original horizontality)
● 原始侧向连续律 (principle
of original lateral
continuity)
由丹麦学者 N,Steno(1638-
1686)于 1669年一次提出
(Steno’s stratigraphic
axioms)
地层学三定律是 构造地质学和地层学的基础地层叠覆律,原始地层自下而上是从老到新的 (上新下老 )
原始水平律,地层沉积时是近于水平的,而且所有的地层都是平行于这个水平面的 (水平摆放 ).
原始侧向连续律,地层在大区域甚至全球范围内是连续的,或者延伸到一定的距离逐渐尖灭 (侧向连续 )。
Principle of Superposition
In any sequence of undisturbed strata (rock layers),the oldest layer is on the bottom
and the youngest is on the top,
Principle of Original Horizontality
Sediments settle from fluids under the influence of gravity,therefore the deposits are
nearly horizontal or at very shallow inclines,
Principle of Lateral Continuity
A water-laid stratum,at the time it was formed,must continue laterally in all directions
until it thins out as the result of nondeposition or until it abuts against the edge of the
original basin of deposition,相邻美国科罗拉多州大峡谷国家公园
Lateral termination of stratal layers
Pinchout (c),
Intertonguing
(d),Lateral
gradation (e)
a b
North Island,New Zealand
c d e
At edge of a
depositional basin (a);
Faulting followed by
erosion (b)
Sedimentary facies change
with the depositional
environments,while the fossils
change mainly with time
浊积岩,C1,东天山浊积岩,C1,东天山
Way-up
indicator
倒转地层的识别方法 (沉积学 )
A
B
C
倒转地层的识别方法 (沉积学 )
化石层序律 （ Principle of fossil succession）
不同 时代 的地层含有不同的 化石,含相同化石的地层其时代相同。
William Smith (1769-1839)----地层学之父于 1817年提出。
Principle of fossil Succession
Fossils found in one rock layer will differ
from layers above and below,By
determining the sequence of fossils in one
location,it is possible to correlate rocks
from another location if they contain the
same fossils.
化石定年
J
3
三尾类蜉蝣 J3-始祖鸟昆明鱼神奇啰哩山虫 -具有成对 眼睛 和 触角 的叶足动物古囊动物
D3
牙形石辽宁古果化石层序律的 理论基础和 问题
1） Life has varied
through time;
2） Fossils & fossil
assemblages are
recognizably
different from
one another;
3） Homology? &
migration
Organisms from the North Island,New Zealand; 北戴河
barnacles
oysters
cricket
mosquito
Purple sea-mussels
rock turtles
Are you sure,
there are the
same fossils in
the strata of the
same geological
time? Why?
相同时代的地层就一定含有相同的化石吗？
不一定
1,相同的时代可有不同的沉积环境
2,相同的时代也可有不同的埋藏和保存环境,
化石层序律的意义根据化石内容
1 对比不同剖面的地层
2 确定地层的相对顺序及相对时间三剖面相距
500KM
不整合平行
parallel/discon.
角度 /angular
Disconformity,假整合整 合连续 /continuity
不连续
discontinuity
有地层缺失，上下地层产状一致有地层缺失，上下地层产状不一致上下地层之间没有明显的沉积间断有沉积间断 (hiatus/diastem),
unconformity
conformity
非整合
nonconformity
沉积接触
depositional contact
侵入接触
intrusive contact
地层与地层地层与其 他地质体
3.1.3 地层的接触关系
The contact relationships of strata
D
S
角度不整合的形成及意义Angular
unconformity
昌平组景儿峪组
Parallel unconformity/disconformity
（北京西山）
explainedobserved
Conformity; D1
western Junggar
Nonconformity,
鸡冠山,北戴河沉积接触,年轻的沉积盖层直接覆盖在较古老的岩浆岩或深变质岩上,
年轻沉积盖层的底部常含下覆岩石的成分或砾石,
侵入接触,年轻的岩浆侵入到较古老的地层中,年轻岩体的边缘常含来源于地层的捕虏体,地层与岩体的交界部位常受到不同程度的烘烤,
地层接触关系角度不整合
Angular unconformity
非整合
nonconformity
平行不整合disconformity
小间断
Paraconformity
连续
Continuity
Be careful !!!
200 km
Contact relationships may change in
space,from land to marine basin.
捕虏体
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations,A geologic
feature which cuts across or penetrates another
feature must be younger than what it cuts,
Principle of Inclusions,Rocks which contain
inclusions of another rock are younger than the
inclusion,The inclusion is older than the rock in
which it is included.
A
B C
D
xenolith
Principle of Superposition
In any sequence of undisturbed strata (rock layers),the
oldest layer is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top,
Principle of Original Horizontality
Sediments settle from fluids under the influence of gravity,
therefore the deposits are nearly horizontal or at very
shallow inclines,
Principle of Lateral Continuity
A water-laid stratum,at the time it was formed,must
continue laterally in all directions until it thins out as the
result of nondeposition or until it abuts against the edge of
the original basin of deposition,
Principles of Geology Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
A geologic feature which cuts across or penetrates another
feature must be younger than what it cuts,
Principle of Inclusions
Rocks which contain inclusions of another rock are younger
than the inclusion,
The inclusion is older than the rock in which it is included.
Principle of Biologic Succession
Fossils found in one rock layer will
differ from layers above and below,By
determining the sequence of fossils in
one location,it is possible to correlate
rocks from another location if they
contain the same fossils.
Unconformities are surfaces that
represent gaps in the geologic record,
Missing time - missing sediment
Disconformity - unconformity
between parallel layers (sedimentary
and volcanic rocks).
Nonconformity - stratified rocks
upon unstratified rocks (sedimentary
rocks overlying metamorphic or
plutonic rocks),
Angular Unconformity - older strata
dips at a different angle than
overlying,younger strata.
Summary
Stratigraphy
3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系
3.1 Concepts,laws & contact relationships of strata
3.2 地层划分和对比
3.2 Stratigraphic subdivision and correlation
3.3 地层单位和地质年代
3.3 Stratigraphic units and geological times
3.4 地层的形成作用
3.4 Stratigraphic formation
3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系
Concepts,laws & contact relationships of strata
3.1.1 地层与地层学
3.1.1 Strata and stratigraphy
3.1.2 地层学的基本定律
3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws
3.1.3 地层的接触关系
3.1.3 Contact relationships of strata
3.1.1 Strata & stratigraphy
Strata,All layered rocks,
which include all
sedimentary rocks,a
part of igneous rocks
and metamorphic rocks
地层,各种层状岩石的统称,
包括所有的沉积岩,部分火成岩和变质岩,
layered
(ICS,1994)
Rock cycles
Stratigraphy,from Latin stratum +
Greek graphia,is the study of all
rock bodies forming the Earth's
crust and their organization into
distinctive,useful,mappable units
based on their inherent properties
or attributes in order to establish
their distribution and relationship
in space and their succession in
time,and to interpret geologic
history.
地层学,研究层状岩石形成的 先后顺序、地质年代、时空分布 规律
(狭义 )和形成环境条件及其物理、
化学性质的地质学分支学科,她的核心目标就是建立地球科学的 时间坐标。
Stratigraphy
太古宙 +元古宙,12个 GSSA
显生宙,46+40=96个 GSSP
Ma2004 International stratigraphic chart
3.1.2 地层学的基本定律
3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws
● 地层叠覆律 (principle of
superposition)
● 原始水平律 (Principle of
original horizontality)
● 原始侧向连续律 (principle
of original lateral
continuity)
由丹麦学者 N,Steno(1638-
1686)于 1669年一次提出
(Steno’s stratigraphic
axioms)
地层学三定律是 构造地质学和地层学的基础地层叠覆律,原始地层自下而上是从老到新的 (上新下老 )
原始水平律,地层沉积时是近于水平的,而且所有的地层都是平行于这个水平面的 (水平摆放 ).
原始侧向连续律,地层在大区域甚至全球范围内是连续的,或者延伸到一定的距离逐渐尖灭 (侧向连续 )。
Principle of Superposition
In any sequence of undisturbed strata (rock layers),the oldest layer is on the bottom
and the youngest is on the top,
Principle of Original Horizontality
Sediments settle from fluids under the influence of gravity,therefore the deposits are
nearly horizontal or at very shallow inclines,
Principle of Lateral Continuity
A water-laid stratum,at the time it was formed,must continue laterally in all directions
until it thins out as the result of nondeposition or until it abuts against the edge of the
original basin of deposition,相邻美国科罗拉多州大峡谷国家公园
Lateral termination of stratal layers
Pinchout (c),
Intertonguing
(d),Lateral
gradation (e)
a b
North Island,New Zealand
c d e
At edge of a
depositional basin (a);
Faulting followed by
erosion (b)
Sedimentary facies change
with the depositional
environments,while the fossils
change mainly with time
浊积岩,C1,东天山浊积岩,C1,东天山
Way-up
indicator
倒转地层的识别方法 (沉积学 )
A
B
C
倒转地层的识别方法 (沉积学 )
化石层序律 （ Principle of fossil succession）
不同 时代 的地层含有不同的 化石,含相同化石的地层其时代相同。
William Smith (1769-1839)----地层学之父于 1817年提出。
Principle of fossil Succession
Fossils found in one rock layer will differ
from layers above and below,By
determining the sequence of fossils in one
location,it is possible to correlate rocks
from another location if they contain the
same fossils.
化石定年
J
3
三尾类蜉蝣 J3-始祖鸟昆明鱼神奇啰哩山虫 -具有成对 眼睛 和 触角 的叶足动物古囊动物
D3
牙形石辽宁古果化石层序律的 理论基础和 问题
1） Life has varied
through time;
2） Fossils & fossil
assemblages are
recognizably
different from
one another;
3） Homology? &
migration
Organisms from the North Island,New Zealand; 北戴河
barnacles
oysters
cricket
mosquito
Purple sea-mussels
rock turtles
Are you sure,
there are the
same fossils in
the strata of the
same geological
time? Why?
相同时代的地层就一定含有相同的化石吗？
不一定
1,相同的时代可有不同的沉积环境
2,相同的时代也可有不同的埋藏和保存环境,
化石层序律的意义根据化石内容
1 对比不同剖面的地层
2 确定地层的相对顺序及相对时间三剖面相距
500KM
不整合平行
parallel/discon.
角度 /angular
Disconformity,假整合整 合连续 /continuity
不连续
discontinuity
有地层缺失，上下地层产状一致有地层缺失，上下地层产状不一致上下地层之间没有明显的沉积间断有沉积间断 (hiatus/diastem),
unconformity
conformity
非整合
nonconformity
沉积接触
depositional contact
侵入接触
intrusive contact
地层与地层地层与其 他地质体
3.1.3 地层的接触关系
The contact relationships of strata
D
S
角度不整合的形成及意义Angular
unconformity
昌平组景儿峪组
Parallel unconformity/disconformity
（北京西山）
explainedobserved
Conformity; D1
western Junggar
Nonconformity,
鸡冠山,北戴河沉积接触,年轻的沉积盖层直接覆盖在较古老的岩浆岩或深变质岩上,
年轻沉积盖层的底部常含下覆岩石的成分或砾石,
侵入接触,年轻的岩浆侵入到较古老的地层中,年轻岩体的边缘常含来源于地层的捕虏体,地层与岩体的交界部位常受到不同程度的烘烤,
地层接触关系角度不整合
Angular unconformity
非整合
nonconformity
平行不整合disconformity
小间断
Paraconformity
连续
Continuity
Be careful !!!
200 km
Contact relationships may change in
space,from land to marine basin.
捕虏体
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations,A geologic
feature which cuts across or penetrates another
feature must be younger than what it cuts,
Principle of Inclusions,Rocks which contain
inclusions of another rock are younger than the
inclusion,The inclusion is older than the rock in
which it is included.
A
B C
D
xenolith
Principle of Superposition
In any sequence of undisturbed strata (rock layers),the
oldest layer is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top,
Principle of Original Horizontality
Sediments settle from fluids under the influence of gravity,
therefore the deposits are nearly horizontal or at very
shallow inclines,
Principle of Lateral Continuity
A water-laid stratum,at the time it was formed,must
continue laterally in all directions until it thins out as the
result of nondeposition or until it abuts against the edge of
the original basin of deposition,
Principles of Geology Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
A geologic feature which cuts across or penetrates another
feature must be younger than what it cuts,
Principle of Inclusions
Rocks which contain inclusions of another rock are younger
than the inclusion,
The inclusion is older than the rock in which it is included.
Principle of Biologic Succession
Fossils found in one rock layer will
differ from layers above and below,By
determining the sequence of fossils in
one location,it is possible to correlate
rocks from another location if they
contain the same fossils.
Unconformities are surfaces that
represent gaps in the geologic record,
Missing time - missing sediment
Disconformity - unconformity
between parallel layers (sedimentary
and volcanic rocks).
Nonconformity - stratified rocks
upon unstratified rocks (sedimentary
rocks overlying metamorphic or
plutonic rocks),
Angular Unconformity - older strata
dips at a different angle than
overlying,younger strata.
Summary
