地史学 /Historical Geology
1 What is Historical Geology
2 Why do we study Historical Geology
3 How do we study Historical Geology
第一章 绪论
Chapter 1,Introduction
龚一鸣,何卫红(中国地质大学地学院,武汉)
电话,027-62569554(M); -67884892(H); -62161059,-67884520
Email,ymgong@cug.edu.cn; whzhang@cug.edu.cn
1 What is Historical Geology?
定义 -对象 -内容 -简史
4大圈层,3个层次
Research objects for geohistory in space
Re
sea
rc
h o
bje
cts
fo
r
ge
oh
ist
or
y i
n t
im
e
生物史 -生物圈沉积史 -气 /水圈构造史 -岩石圈基本事实 →
相互关系 →
把握现在 -预测未来
TA
ZT
ZQ
QT
LS
IN
秦岭华南原特提冈瓦纳陆块群昆仑
CAI
古亚洲斯
CA
YZ
NC
O/450Ma
Research contents of Historical Geology
最接近人类的第 18“代”祖先 ( 5.3亿年前 )
昆明鱼推测的人类第
39“代”祖先
( 6百万年前 )
6Ma
推测的人类第 1“代,
祖先 ( 38亿年前 )
据舒德干,2004
生物史与人类家谱 ~∑42
Outline of Geohistory
History
through
time
Phanerozoic
Proterozoic
Archaean
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Palaeozoic
Sed,Paleogeography-沉积古地理学
Stratigraphy-地层学
Historical tectonics-历史大地构造学
Bio-,sed-,tectono-history
Layer of time & history of
environmental fluctuations1
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
1
sedimentary sequences
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
S P E C M A P? 1 8 O
8 0 0
7 6 0
7 2 0
6 8 0
6 4 0
6 0 0
5 6 0
5 2 0
4 8 0
4 4 0
4 0 0
3 6 0
3 2 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 0 0
1 6 0
1 2 0
80
40
0
A
g
e
(
k
y
r
)
Sed-paleogeography,How to
reconstruct paleoenvironments
Stratigraphy,How to date geological
records and establish event sequences
PTB
Orbital forcing is the bridge between
anthropologic time units & GTS
History geotectonics,How to
reconstruct paleoplate tectonics
What are the characters
of paleontology?
What are the characters
of geohistory?
and
古生物学 -地史学古生物学:精细、直观、具体地 史 学:历史、综合、抽象看 -做思 -悟
concrete
abstract
intuitive
integrated
fine
historical thinking &creating
Observing & doing

地史学启蒙时期 (工业革命 [1750]前;沧海桑田、三定律,将今论古) The initiative stage of Historical Geology
近代地史学建立阶段 ( 18世纪末 -20世纪中;化石层序律、灾变论、相律,生物分区,槽台,大陆漂移)
The establishing stage of Recent Historical Geology
现代地史学形成与发展阶段 ( 20世纪中 -今;板块、
新灾变论、层型、地球系统科学) Formation and
development stage of Modern Historical Geology
地史学在中国的发展 ( 1921年辛亥革命 -今; Grabau,
李四光,黄汲清,第 1本地史学) Development of
Historical Geology in China
地史学发展简史
Brief History of the Historical Geology as a science
地史学启蒙时期
The Initiative Period of Historic
Geology
颜真卿 (AC 709-784)
沈括 (AC 1031-1095);
L,da Vinci (AC 1452-1519)
N.Steno(1638-1686),1669; 年代较老的地层在下,而较新的地层叠覆在上 (Law of
Superposition).
A.G.Werner(1749-1817),水成论 Neptunism
J,Hutton(1726-1797),火成论 Plutonism,将今论古的现实主义 (Actualism)研究方法,,The
present is the key to the past”.
沈括
近代地史学建立阶段
Establishment stage of Recent Historical Geology
W.Smith(1769-1839),the father of
Stratigraphy; Law of Faunal Succession;
G,Cuvier(1769-1832),Catastrophism;
paleontology,
C,Lyell(1797-1875),Uniformitarianism
(The Principles of Geology),double naming
A,Gressly(1838),Facies,sedimentology;
J,Walther(1849),Facies’ Law (Walther’s Law)
A.R,Wallace(1875),Animal Geographical Provinciality; the so-
called Wallace’s line;
A.M,Kapinsky(1889),Paleogeographical map,Historical
tectonic analysis,Russian platform
J.Dana(1873),Appalachian Geology,idea of Geosyncline,and
the fold belt;
W.Smith
E,Haug (1900),Austrian,stable platform and mobile
geosyncline; leading to the concept of tectonic provinciality
of the lithosphere development
E.Suess (1909),Tethys,Gondwana,Laurasia; these terms still
used widely,especially significant to the Mesozoic and
Cenozoic geology and the Himalayan-Alpine orogenic belt;
sial(Si-Al,continental crust) and sima(Si-Mg,oceanic crust);
A.L.Wegener (1915):
German Meteorologist;
Continent Drifting; finally
leading to global tectonics and
the plate tectonics;
Mobilism v.s,Fixism,a long
fighting since early period in
geology,but the contents
changing in each stage; A.L.Wegener
现代地史学形成与发展阶段
Formation and development of Modern Hostorical Geology
Continental drifting (A.L.Wegner,1915),Sea-floor
spreading (Hess,1960)
Plate Tectonics(1968),W,J,Morgen,Le Pichon,Wilson
Heldberg(1976),International Stratigraphical Guide (ISC)
P.R.Vail(1977),Seismic Stratigraphy,Sequence
Stratigraphy (Exxon,1988 )
L.W,Alwarez(1979),Event stratigraphy; K/T boundary
event; extraterrestrial impact; dinosaurs extinction,mass
extinction;
Cyclostratigraphy,Eco-stratigraphy,Integrated
stratigraphy,Environmental Stratigraphy
Plume tectonics (Mayuyama,1994),Geodynamics,
地史学在中国的发展
The development of Historical Geology in China
翁文灏,1926,Yanshanian,minister,
A.W.Grabau,American,Stratigraphy,Pulsation of the
Earth; Professor of Geology in Beijing University; several
great books on stratigraphy of China,paleontology
李四光,The Geology of China,
paleontology,fusulinids; minister,
founder of Geomechanics,
黄汲清,Structural Geology,
On major tectonic forms of China (1945);
王鸿祯,Historical Geology,Tectonics,
Paleontology,Stratigraphy;
tectono-paleogeography,
global reconstruction of ancient continents and seas;
2 Why do we study Historical Geology
沙尘暴笼罩下的北京沙尘暴袭来时的巴格达 卡特里娜飓风登陆美国后的惨境如何构建和谐社会 海平面上升 濒危中美洲国家萨尔瓦多前不久刚刚发生大地震二氧化碳等气体的排放量增加,引致全球气温上升,造成台风频密,海平面上升 。
自然灾害大量增加的结果,
将使渔获失收和农作物受到破坏 。 报告估计一些岛屿国家和地方,例如马尔代夫,
马绍尔群岛和密克罗尼西亚等,将受到较严重的打击,
在 2050年前,有关气候变化所造成的损失将超过产值的
10%。 欧洲在伤亡和医疗方面的损失将达 219亿美元 。 美国在医疗和水资源管理方面的 金 钱 将 达 3 0 0 亿 美 元 。
联合国环境规划署报告指出,全球气温上升将使世界各国在未来 50年间,每年损失共 3000亿美元。
2 Why do we study Historical Geology
To see where
we might
be going,
we must
understand
where we
have been.
Robert Tamarkin,1993
只有深知过去和现在,
才能把握未来显生宙的生物集群绝灭历史性 (Historical);综合性 (Comprehensive)
Reading→Writing → Thinking→ Creating
Wh
at
is
yo
ur
fav
or
ite
ca
rto
on
3 How do we study Historical Geology
Why don’t students learn
what teachers teach?
“Tell me,and I forget; teach me,and
I may remember; involve me,and I
learn.” ( Benjamin Franklin )
Doing the minimum amount
required doesn't impress anyone
高标准方能成就辉煌的人生
Involve me and I learn
References-VIR
[1],地史学精品课程网上资源,讲义 ( PDF or
PPT files)
[2] 刘本培,全秋琦,地史学教程,地质出版社,1996,1-277(有电子版)
[3] Wicander,R.,Monroe,J,S.,Historical
Geology (third edition).Pacific Grove(CA),
Books/Cole,2000,1-580
[4] 龚一鸣摘编,Historical Geology,2004,1-207
地大主页 → 课件资源 → 地史学
,地史学教程,目 录第一章 绪论第一编地史学的基本概念与方法第二章 地层的沉积相及沉积环境第三章 地层系统和地质年代第四章 地层沉积组合类型与历史构造分析第二编地球时期史及前寒武地史小引第五章 太古宙第六章 元古宙第三编古生代地史第七章 早古生代地史第八章 晚古生代地史第四编中、新生代地史第九章 中生代第十章 新生代地史第十一章 地史发展中的一些基本问题及展望附录刘本培,全秋琦,地史学教程,地质出版 社,1996,1-
277(有电子版)
Wicander,R.,Monroe,J,S.,Historical
Geology (third edition),Pacific Grove (CA),
Books/Cole,2000,1-580
古生物地史学概 论杜远生 童金南 主编中国地质大学出版社
1998
Historical Geology
References-1
[1] 刘本培,地史学教程,地质出版社,1986,1-408
[2] 王鸿祯,刘本培,地史学教程,地质出版社,1980,1-352
[3] 吴瑞棠,张守信,现代地层学,中国地质大学出版社,1989,
1-213
[4] 吴瑞棠,王治平,地层学原理及方法,地质出版社,1994,1-
131
[5] 王良忱,张金亮,沉积环境和沉积相,石油工业出版社,
1996,1-273
[6] 金性春,板块构造学基础,上海科学技术出版社,1984,1-
283
[7] 全国地层委员会,2001,中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书。北京:地质出版社,59页。
[8] 萨尔瓦多,A 主编,1994,(金玉干等译,2000),国际地层指南 -地层分类、术语和程序。地质出版社。
References-2
[1] Levin,H,L,The earth through time,Philadelphia,
Saunders College Publishing,1988,1-593,
[2] Doyle,P,Bennett,M R,Unlocking the Stratigraphical
Record----Advances In Modern Stratigraphy,Chichester,John Wiley &
Sons Ltd,1998,1-532; (p53/U58)
[3] Wicander,R.,Monroe,J,S.,Historical Geology(third
edition).Pacific Grove(CA),Books/Cole,2000,1-580,(P53/W633a)
[4] Collinson,J.D,& Thompson,Sedimentary Structures
(second edition)London,Unwin Hyman,1989,1-207; p588.2/C712.a
[5] Yang Zunyi,Cheng Yuqi,Wang Hongzhen,The
Geology of China,Oxford,Londen Press,1986; (P562/Y22)
[6] Skinner,B,J.,Porter,S,C,The Dynamic Earth,New
York,John Wiley & Sons,1989,1-541.
References-3
[1] Reed Wicander et al,2003,Historical Geology,
Evolution of Earth and Life through time(4th edition),
Thomson Books,576pp.
[2] Robert J,Foster,1990,Historical Geology,324pp.
[3] Brookfield M E,2004,Principles of Stratigraphy,
Blackwell Publishing,340pp。
[4] Levin H L,2003,The Earth through Time (7th edition),
John Wiley & Sons Inc.1-563
[5] Einsele G.,2000,Sedimentary basins— Evolution,
facies,and sediment budget (2nd,completely revised and
enlarged edition),Berlin,Springer,792pp
课程安排上课时间 上课地点
11,13,15-18周的周一 (9-11节 )
11,13-18周的周三 (9-11节 )
综合楼 207教室教 3楼 701教室地史实习课的上课时间、地点不变
13次讲 X3学时 =39
6次实习 X2学时 =12
教师:龚一鸣,何卫红学生讲课,师生点评
06-05-10(三 )9-11节
,地史学,
课程学习设计
1 内容要求
1.1 课程内容概括与分类 (附参考文献,> 3篇 /部,包括英文文献 1篇 /部)
1.2 我最感兴趣的内容和章节,为什么?
1.3 拟采取的学习和投入方式(越仔细越好):
听课,实习,作业,讨论,查文献,阅读,
上网,写小论文 /读书报告等,兴趣小组,出野外
1.4 预期的学习目标和效果及质量监控措施 (自检和他检)
2 形式,A4页面,5000字 +(包括文,图,表)
3 组成和成绩评定 (占课程成绩的 30%+)
设计 -I,课程开始 (15%)
设计 - II:课程结束
4 举例作业,地史学,课程学习设计 -I
罗彦军地球科学学院基地班,010041-01
2006-05-15 (一)
正文参考文献
[1] 刘本培,全秋琦。地史学教程。北京:地质出版 社,1996,1-277。
[2] Wicander,R.,Monroe,J,S,Historical Geology (third edition),Pacific
Grove(CA),Books/Cole,2000,1-580.
[3] 龚一鸣,殷鸿福,童金南。 地史重大转折期环境变化综述。 地质科技情报,
1998,17( 4),101-106。
[4] Jackson,J,B,C.,Johnson,K,G,Measuring past biodiversity,Science,2001,
293,2401~2403.
,地史学,课程学习设计 -I
补充说明光盘名,010041,地史学,课程学习设计 -I
文件结构,010041,地史学,课程学习设计 -I
(总文件夹名) →
0100401罗彦军 -I (文件夹 /文件名)
0100402刘函 -I; ……
学习委员和班长 负责将全班每位同学的课程学习设计 -
I汇总电子文件刻成光盘于 2006-05-15 (一) 在综合楼
207教室 交龚一鸣 /何卫红。 若经济上有困难,可提前与龚一鸣联系把每一件简单的事情做好就不简单,
把每一件平凡的事情做好就不平凡细节决定成败; 选择成就人生与你共勉
The End