语法非谓语动词
Ⅰ.动名词某些动词后要接动名词
某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit,avoid,appreciate,complete,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,involve,imagine,can’t help,mind,miss,postpone,practise,prevent,quit,resent,risk,resist,suggest等。
She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.
There’s no way to escape doing the work.
She is considering asking her employer for a rise.
Note,
在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式
The clock needs/wants repairing,(=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)
The disabled deserve respecting,(=The disabled deserve to be respected.)
在like、hate、prefer等动词后,如果表示一般倾向,则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。
I like reading books of this kind,but I don’t like to read that book.
She prefers walking to cycling.
I prefer to stay at home today.
在remember、forget、regret等动词后,如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后
I remembered locking the door,(=I remembered that I had locked the door.)
I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)
I regret telling you about it,(=I regret that I told you about it.)
I regret to tell you he has fallen ill,(=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)
动名词作介词的宾语动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。
His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.
She left without saying goodbye to us.
动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to,believe in,confess to,dream of,feel like,give up,insist on,be interested in,look forward to,object to,have an (no) objection to,pay attention to,put off,be responsible for,succeed in,be tired of,be (get) used to,worry about,等。
He is used to living on his own.
He has made up his mind to give up smoking.
带逻辑主语的动名词动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语,宾语,表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但考生需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。
Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.
I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.
Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.
What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.
Ⅱ.不定式某些动词后要接不定式
某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有agree,afford,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,care,choose,continue,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,fear,forget,hate,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,regret,remember,seek,tend,try,volunteer,want,wish等。
What do you plan to do tomorrow?
She hated to move from such a nice village.
In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students
不定式的被动式不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。
The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.
She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.
不定式的完成式当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
She seemed to have heard about the news already.
He was believed to have been a very rich man.
不定式的完成被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.
It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.
带逻辑主语的不定式短语不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格（或名词） +不定式”。 带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.
I think it better for you to see the doctor.
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.
I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.
6,带疑问词的不定式短语不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which,或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
How to improve English is often discussed among the students.
We haven’t decided when to visit the place.
The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.
You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.
某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,see,watch等。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.
I often hear them sing this song.
Ⅲ.分词现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：
a changing world（一个变化着的世界）；a changed world（ 一个已经起变化的世界）
surprising news（令人惊讶的消息）；surprised people（感到惊讶的人们）
分词作状语作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
Hearing the news,he heaved a sigh of relief,
Given another chance,I’ll do it much better.
分词作定语分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
He’s a spoilt child.
The man standing over there is our new English teacher.
Where are we to get the material needed?
分词作宾语补足语分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see,hear,notice,watch,find,observe,smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get,have,keep,leave,set,make,let等。此外，分词还可在want,like,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
She watched her baby sleeping.
I got my hair cut.
I don’t want you worrying about me.
分词与连词的连用分词可与各种连词（如：when,while,once,until,if,unless,though,although,even if,as,as if,as though等）连用。连词+分词（短语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.
He went on talking,though continually interrupted.
分词的独立结构分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday.
Her son having been sent to school,she began to do some shopping.
He returned three days later,his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.
There were two parties yesterday evening,each attended by some students.
时态
现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别
1) 现在完成时：
① 构成：have / has +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far,up to now,since,for a long time等。
--He has worked as a teacher for many years.
--Up till now,nothing has gone wrong.
现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet,just,before,recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often,ever,never,sometimes,several times等；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now,today,this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year,in 1997等)。
--I have never learned Japanese before.
--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note,行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb),如arrive,begin,come,go,start,leave,die,join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
--He has joined the army for five years,（误）
--He has been in the army for five years,（正）
2) 过去完成时：
构成：had +过去分词语法意义及要点：
过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
--They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note,与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
3) 将来完成时：
① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
--The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2,哪些动词不能用于进行时表示状态的动词，如be,seem,appear,become,get等。
He is being a used-car dealer.（误）
He is a used-car dealer.（正）
She is seeming always about to smile.（误）
She seems always about to smile.（正）
2) 表示感官感觉的动词，如see（看见）,hear（听见）,feel（感觉出）,taste（尝出）,smell（闻到）等。
The medicine is tasting bitter,（误）
The medicine tastes bitter,（正）
I was seeing a car passing by our house,（误）
I saw a car passing by our house,（正）
表示拥有的动词，如have,own,possess,belong,contain,hold等。
He is owning a luxurious car,（误）
He owns a luxurious car,（正）
The book is belonging to her,（误）
The book belongs to her.（正）
表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe,think,know,understand,agree,approve,consider,expect,forget,guess,hesitate,hope,imagine,mean,realize,remember,suppose,trust,want,wish等。
I’m thinking that he is right,（误）
I think that he is right,（正）
I’m understanding your feelings,（误）
I understand your feelings,（正）
表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire,appreciate,care,enjoy,like,love,hate,detest,regret等。
He is loving his daughter very much,（误）
He loves his daughter very much,（正）
I’m regretting to say we cannot come,（误）
I regret to say we cannot come,（正）
3,时态的呼应时态的呼应又称时态一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是某些从句里的动词谓语时态必须和主句里的时态保持一致。
如果主句里的谓语动词是过去时态（过去时或过去完成时），那么从句的谓语动词时态也相应地要用过去时。时态的呼应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句中，但其他从句有时也存在时态一致的问题。
--He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.（现在完成时变为过去完成时）
--He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（过去进行时变为过去完成进行时）
--He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.（将来完成时变为过去将来完成时）
虽然主句用了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或某人（物）的经常性特点时，其时态可以不必遵守时态呼应的规则而仍用一般现在时。
--Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun,
--The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.
如果从句中有一个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不必把一般过去时变为过去完成时。
--He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.
虚拟语气
表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：
1) 表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”（动词be的过去式一律用were）。
If I were you,I would not accept his offer.
If I had time,I would certainly go to the cinema with you.
2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。
If I had got up a little earlier,I wouldn’t have missed the train.
If I had been more careful,I might have passed that exam.
3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。
If I were to do the job,I would not be able to have enough time to study.
If it should rain tomorrow,I would not go out with you.
2, 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were,had,should,could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were,had,should,could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。
Were I to do the job,I would finish doing it within two weeks.
Had it not been for his help,we couldn’t have arrived there on time.
Should it rain tomorrow,I would stay at home.
3, wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。
1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。（be的过去式为were）。
I wish I had enough money to buy a car.
I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时（had +过去分词）或“would / could + have +过去分词,。
I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.
I wish I could have done it better.
3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could,might) +动词原形”。
I wish I would not get old.
I wish I could travel around the world one day.
4, 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,move,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,等。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.
The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.
5, 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice,idea,instruction,motion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,等。
My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.
He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.
错综时间条件句条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。 这种句子称为错综时间条件句.
If the weather had been more favourable,the crops would be growing still better.
7, 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由,It is (was) + 形容词／过去分词 + that引导的从句”构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,proper,urgent,vital等；常用的过去分词主要有：arranged,decided,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,suggested等。
It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.
It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.
as if / though引起的从句当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might,could) + 动词原形；
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
It looks as if it might rain.
Note,如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。
It seems as if it is going to rain.
The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
9,lest,for fear that和 in case引起的从句当lest,for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。
He ran away lest he should be seen.
He’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.
He left early in case he should miss the last train.
10,If only引出的从句
If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
If only the rain would stop.
If only I’d listened to my parents.
Note,if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。
11. would rather（that）引出的从句
would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
I’d rather you told me the truth.
I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.
12,It is (about/high) time (that) 句型该句型表示“（早）该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。
It is time that we went to bed.
It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。
1) could have + 过去分词表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。
He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.
They could have lost their way,
表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。
We could have started a little earlier.
I could have killed her,It was a narrow escape.
may (might) have + 过去分词
A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。
He may have heard the news.
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。
It was a narrow escape,You might have killed yourself.
A lot of men died who might have been saved.
3) must have + 过去分词表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。
She must have made a big mistake.
The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
4) needn’t have + 过去分词
表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。
You needn’t have woken me up,I don’t have to go to work today.
He needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain,
should / ought to have + 过去分词
表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。
You should / ought to have done what your parents told you,(But you failed to do it.)
You should / ought to have been more careful,(But you weren’t.)
shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have + 过去分词表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。
You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red,(But you did.)
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon,(But they did.)
would have + 过去分词表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。
He would have arrived by now.
She would have recovered by then.
从句
I 定语从句
先行词为all,anything,something,nothing,everything,much,little,none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略．
Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.
That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.
as引出的限制性定语从句在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.
I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.
I have the same trouble as you (have).
as引出的非限制性定语从句
as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“（正）如…一样”，“（正）象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面．
I live a long way from work,as you know.
She did not,as her friend had feared,break down.
As is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
分隔式定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。
The days are gone when power politics worked.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.
介词+关系代词（which/whom等）引出的定语从句如果关系代词（which/whom等）在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词（which/whom等）+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.
关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略,一般有以下几种情况:
1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。
This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.
The man (whom) you just met is our manager.
关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略；介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。
This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.
This is the room in which Churchill was born.（which不可省略）
关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。
This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.
The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.
在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。
That’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.
非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。
1) 由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。
He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
China is still a developing country,which is known to all of us.
2) 由,介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
He sent her a letter,in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
He failed to pass the exam,because of which his parents scolded him.
由,数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
He had three sons,one of whom was my son’s classmate.
There are about twenty students in this course,most of whom are freshmen.
They are two different words,the spellings of which are easily confused.
Ⅱ 状语从句
1,状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。
时间状语从句时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when,whenever,as,while,since,until,till,before,after,as soon as,once,hardly (scarcely) … when,no sooner … than。
I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.
He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.
You have changed a lot since we met last time.
时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词（the moment,the instant,every time,等）和副词（instantly,directly等）引导：
I will tell you the news the instant I know.
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
Note,
before除了可表示,在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。（“not … before” 可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”）。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
They had not been married a month before they quarreled.
如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to,was/were on the point of”等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。
I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John.
She had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
We were about to leave when it began to rain.
条件状语从句条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if,unless,providing/provided (that),suppose/supposing (that),on condition (that),as/so long as,in case等。
So long as you work hard,you will surely achieve good results in examinations.
I shall return next Thursday unless something unexpected happens.
I will go provided that you go with me.
Please give this letter to John in case he comes.
让步状语从句让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though,although,even if,even though,whatever,however,whoever,wherever,no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。
(1) while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。
While I admit I did it,I didn’t intend to.
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.
(2) 短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。
The fire was out,but even so,the smell of smoke was strong.
I’ve tried my best,but even now/then she is not satisfied.
(3) as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。
Child as he was,he could speak four languages.
Hard as she tried,she failed to get the job.
比较状语从句比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as … as,(not) the same as,(not) such … as,not so … as,than,the + 比较级…,the +比较级…等。
We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.
She can speak English as fluently as her teacher (can).
Ⅲ 宾语从句及物动词后的宾语从句有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。
I remember that we have learned this word before.
I don’t understand what you have said.
She asked the teacher how she could learn English well.
介词的宾语从句
It depends on whether you want to do it or not
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
Note,在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，in that可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.
A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.
其他
1. 常考的几种倒装结构当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never,nowhere,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,not until,not only,by no means,in no time,under no circumstances,under no condition,in no way,in no case,at no time,on no account等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also a poet.
Note,当,no sooner … than”和“hardly/scarcely … when/before”位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一…就…”，在时态上主句一般用过去完成时，when或than引导的从句用一般过去时。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
当here,there,then,thus,only,hence,little等副词位于句首，句中主、谓用倒装。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
当,so/such … that”结构中的so或such 位于句首时用倒装。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
分句以so,neither,nor,no more等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒装。
Copper is a good conductor,So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night,neither did she.
强调句型这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。其构成形式为：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that(who,which) + 句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential.
Note:
在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名词也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since,as或why引导。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though,although, whereas等引导的从句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages,（误）
Although he is young,he can speak four languages,（正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music,（误）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs,（正）
使役动词后的宾语补足语使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。常用的使役动词有：have,want,make,get,leave,set,let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right,
Note:
动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make,let,have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
平行结构在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分（主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等）并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语，分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and,but,or,neither … nor,either … or,not only,,but also,both … and,more(less) … than,as well as，rather… than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river,taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
5,反意疑问句在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点：
如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。
He never said she would come,did he?
You told me I had passed the exam,didn’t you?
但是如果陈述句部分是,I (don’t) think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,fancy,reckon等+宾语从句”的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。
I suppose you are not serious,are you?
She imagines that people like her,don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it,does she? （因don’t的否定意义后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come,would she? （因didn’t的否定意义后移而不用wouldn’t）
如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后还是用“will you”。
Read the text,will you?
Don’t be late,will you?
如果陈述句部分是以Let’s开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight,shall we?
Let us go home,will you?
如果陈述句部分带有never,nothing,nowhere,hardly,scarcely,seldom,rarely,barely,little,few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this,can you?
He has few good reasons for staying,has he?
6. 词序当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,在意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词，其排列次序为“A + B + C + D + E + F + G + 被修饰的名词”。其中：A,表示年龄、新旧的形容词，如old,young等。B,表示大小、长短、高低、重量的形容词，如little,big,long,heavy等。 C,表示形态、形状的形容词，如round,square等。D,表示颜色的形容词，如red,white,green等。E,表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词，如British,southern,Italian等。F,表示物质、材料的形容词，如wooden,rocky等。G,表示用途、类别、目的、与…有关等的形容词，也包括起形容词作用的名词和分词，如medical,writing,geography等。其他形容词放在上述A类形容词之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless,old,big,heavy,red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7,一些特殊的句型
there is no point in doing sth.
该句型意为“做…是无济于事的／没有什么用的”。可以用very little 或not much等来代替no。其中的point是不可数名词，作“目的”、“用处”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth,
该句型意为“做…有困难”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可数名词，不能有复数形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表达相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
keep (sb,or sth,) busy doing sth.
该句型意为“使…一直忙着做某事”。需注意的是虽然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正确的，但考题中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名词，则要用busy with sth.。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
feel like doing sth.
该句型意为“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟动名词，而不能跟动词不定式。此外，feel like后还可跟名词或代词，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him,
I feel like beer tonight.
Ⅰ.动名词某些动词后要接动名词
某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit,avoid,appreciate,complete,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,involve,imagine,can’t help,mind,miss,postpone,practise,prevent,quit,resent,risk,resist,suggest等。
She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.
There’s no way to escape doing the work.
She is considering asking her employer for a rise.
Note,
在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式
The clock needs/wants repairing,(=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)
The disabled deserve respecting,(=The disabled deserve to be respected.)
在like、hate、prefer等动词后,如果表示一般倾向,则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。
I like reading books of this kind,but I don’t like to read that book.
She prefers walking to cycling.
I prefer to stay at home today.
在remember、forget、regret等动词后,如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后
I remembered locking the door,(=I remembered that I had locked the door.)
I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)
I regret telling you about it,(=I regret that I told you about it.)
I regret to tell you he has fallen ill,(=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)
动名词作介词的宾语动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。
His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.
She left without saying goodbye to us.
动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to,believe in,confess to,dream of,feel like,give up,insist on,be interested in,look forward to,object to,have an (no) objection to,pay attention to,put off,be responsible for,succeed in,be tired of,be (get) used to,worry about,等。
He is used to living on his own.
He has made up his mind to give up smoking.
带逻辑主语的动名词动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语,宾语,表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但考生需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。
Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.
I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.
Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.
What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.
Ⅱ.不定式某些动词后要接不定式
某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有agree,afford,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,care,choose,continue,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,fear,forget,hate,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,regret,remember,seek,tend,try,volunteer,want,wish等。
What do you plan to do tomorrow?
She hated to move from such a nice village.
In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students
不定式的被动式不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。
The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.
She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.
不定式的完成式当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
She seemed to have heard about the news already.
He was believed to have been a very rich man.
不定式的完成被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.
It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.
带逻辑主语的不定式短语不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格（或名词） +不定式”。 带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.
I think it better for you to see the doctor.
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.
I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.
6,带疑问词的不定式短语不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which,或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
How to improve English is often discussed among the students.
We haven’t decided when to visit the place.
The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.
You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.
某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,see,watch等。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.
I often hear them sing this song.
Ⅲ.分词现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：
a changing world（一个变化着的世界）；a changed world（ 一个已经起变化的世界）
surprising news（令人惊讶的消息）；surprised people（感到惊讶的人们）
分词作状语作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
Hearing the news,he heaved a sigh of relief,
Given another chance,I’ll do it much better.
分词作定语分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
He’s a spoilt child.
The man standing over there is our new English teacher.
Where are we to get the material needed?
分词作宾语补足语分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see,hear,notice,watch,find,observe,smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get,have,keep,leave,set,make,let等。此外，分词还可在want,like,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
She watched her baby sleeping.
I got my hair cut.
I don’t want you worrying about me.
分词与连词的连用分词可与各种连词（如：when,while,once,until,if,unless,though,although,even if,as,as if,as though等）连用。连词+分词（短语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.
He went on talking,though continually interrupted.
分词的独立结构分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday.
Her son having been sent to school,she began to do some shopping.
He returned three days later,his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.
There were two parties yesterday evening,each attended by some students.
时态
现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别
1) 现在完成时：
① 构成：have / has +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far,up to now,since,for a long time等。
--He has worked as a teacher for many years.
--Up till now,nothing has gone wrong.
现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet,just,before,recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often,ever,never,sometimes,several times等；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now,today,this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year,in 1997等)。
--I have never learned Japanese before.
--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note,行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb),如arrive,begin,come,go,start,leave,die,join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
--He has joined the army for five years,（误）
--He has been in the army for five years,（正）
2) 过去完成时：
构成：had +过去分词语法意义及要点：
过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
--They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note,与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
3) 将来完成时：
① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
--The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2,哪些动词不能用于进行时表示状态的动词，如be,seem,appear,become,get等。
He is being a used-car dealer.（误）
He is a used-car dealer.（正）
She is seeming always about to smile.（误）
She seems always about to smile.（正）
2) 表示感官感觉的动词，如see（看见）,hear（听见）,feel（感觉出）,taste（尝出）,smell（闻到）等。
The medicine is tasting bitter,（误）
The medicine tastes bitter,（正）
I was seeing a car passing by our house,（误）
I saw a car passing by our house,（正）
表示拥有的动词，如have,own,possess,belong,contain,hold等。
He is owning a luxurious car,（误）
He owns a luxurious car,（正）
The book is belonging to her,（误）
The book belongs to her.（正）
表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe,think,know,understand,agree,approve,consider,expect,forget,guess,hesitate,hope,imagine,mean,realize,remember,suppose,trust,want,wish等。
I’m thinking that he is right,（误）
I think that he is right,（正）
I’m understanding your feelings,（误）
I understand your feelings,（正）
表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire,appreciate,care,enjoy,like,love,hate,detest,regret等。
He is loving his daughter very much,（误）
He loves his daughter very much,（正）
I’m regretting to say we cannot come,（误）
I regret to say we cannot come,（正）
3,时态的呼应时态的呼应又称时态一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是某些从句里的动词谓语时态必须和主句里的时态保持一致。
如果主句里的谓语动词是过去时态（过去时或过去完成时），那么从句的谓语动词时态也相应地要用过去时。时态的呼应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句中，但其他从句有时也存在时态一致的问题。
--He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.（现在完成时变为过去完成时）
--He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（过去进行时变为过去完成进行时）
--He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.（将来完成时变为过去将来完成时）
虽然主句用了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或某人（物）的经常性特点时，其时态可以不必遵守时态呼应的规则而仍用一般现在时。
--Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun,
--The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.
如果从句中有一个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不必把一般过去时变为过去完成时。
--He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.
虚拟语气
表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：
1) 表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”（动词be的过去式一律用were）。
If I were you,I would not accept his offer.
If I had time,I would certainly go to the cinema with you.
2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。
If I had got up a little earlier,I wouldn’t have missed the train.
If I had been more careful,I might have passed that exam.
3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。
If I were to do the job,I would not be able to have enough time to study.
If it should rain tomorrow,I would not go out with you.
2, 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were,had,should,could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were,had,should,could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。
Were I to do the job,I would finish doing it within two weeks.
Had it not been for his help,we couldn’t have arrived there on time.
Should it rain tomorrow,I would stay at home.
3, wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。
1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。（be的过去式为were）。
I wish I had enough money to buy a car.
I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时（had +过去分词）或“would / could + have +过去分词,。
I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.
I wish I could have done it better.
3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could,might) +动词原形”。
I wish I would not get old.
I wish I could travel around the world one day.
4, 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,move,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,等。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.
The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.
5, 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice,idea,instruction,motion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,等。
My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.
He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.
错综时间条件句条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。 这种句子称为错综时间条件句.
If the weather had been more favourable,the crops would be growing still better.
7, 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由,It is (was) + 形容词／过去分词 + that引导的从句”构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,proper,urgent,vital等；常用的过去分词主要有：arranged,decided,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,suggested等。
It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.
It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.
as if / though引起的从句当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might,could) + 动词原形；
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
It looks as if it might rain.
Note,如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。
It seems as if it is going to rain.
The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
9,lest,for fear that和 in case引起的从句当lest,for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。
He ran away lest he should be seen.
He’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.
He left early in case he should miss the last train.
10,If only引出的从句
If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
If only the rain would stop.
If only I’d listened to my parents.
Note,if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。
11. would rather（that）引出的从句
would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
I’d rather you told me the truth.
I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.
12,It is (about/high) time (that) 句型该句型表示“（早）该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。
It is time that we went to bed.
It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。
1) could have + 过去分词表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。
He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.
They could have lost their way,
表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。
We could have started a little earlier.
I could have killed her,It was a narrow escape.
may (might) have + 过去分词
A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。
He may have heard the news.
I might have come to a wrong conclusion.
B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。
It was a narrow escape,You might have killed yourself.
A lot of men died who might have been saved.
3) must have + 过去分词表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。
She must have made a big mistake.
The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
4) needn’t have + 过去分词
表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。
You needn’t have woken me up,I don’t have to go to work today.
He needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain,
should / ought to have + 过去分词
表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。
You should / ought to have done what your parents told you,(But you failed to do it.)
You should / ought to have been more careful,(But you weren’t.)
shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have + 过去分词表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。
You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red,(But you did.)
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon,(But they did.)
would have + 过去分词表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。
He would have arrived by now.
She would have recovered by then.
从句
I 定语从句
先行词为all,anything,something,nothing,everything,much,little,none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略．
Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.
That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.
as引出的限制性定语从句在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.
I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.
I have the same trouble as you (have).
as引出的非限制性定语从句
as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“（正）如…一样”，“（正）象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面．
I live a long way from work,as you know.
She did not,as her friend had feared,break down.
As is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
分隔式定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。
The days are gone when power politics worked.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.
介词+关系代词（which/whom等）引出的定语从句如果关系代词（which/whom等）在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词（which/whom等）+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people.
关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略,一般有以下几种情况:
1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。
This is something (that) you must always keep in mind.
The man (whom) you just met is our manager.
关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略；介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。
This is the room (which) Churchill was born in.
This is the room in which Churchill was born.（which不可省略）
关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。
This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.
The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.
在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。
That’s the way (that/in which) I look at it.
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.
非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。
1) 由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。
He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
China is still a developing country,which is known to all of us.
2) 由,介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
He sent her a letter,in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
He failed to pass the exam,because of which his parents scolded him.
由,数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
He had three sons,one of whom was my son’s classmate.
There are about twenty students in this course,most of whom are freshmen.
They are two different words,the spellings of which are easily confused.
Ⅱ 状语从句
1,状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。
时间状语从句时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when,whenever,as,while,since,until,till,before,after,as soon as,once,hardly (scarcely) … when,no sooner … than。
I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.
He didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.
You have changed a lot since we met last time.
时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词（the moment,the instant,every time,等）和副词（instantly,directly等）引导：
I will tell you the news the instant I know.
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
Note,
before除了可表示,在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。（“not … before” 可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”）。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.
They had not been married a month before they quarreled.
如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to,was/were on the point of”等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。
I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John.
She had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.
We were about to leave when it began to rain.
条件状语从句条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if,unless,providing/provided (that),suppose/supposing (that),on condition (that),as/so long as,in case等。
So long as you work hard,you will surely achieve good results in examinations.
I shall return next Thursday unless something unexpected happens.
I will go provided that you go with me.
Please give this letter to John in case he comes.
让步状语从句让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though,although,even if,even though,whatever,however,whoever,wherever,no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。
(1) while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。
While I admit I did it,I didn’t intend to.
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.
(2) 短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。
The fire was out,but even so,the smell of smoke was strong.
I’ve tried my best,but even now/then she is not satisfied.
(3) as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。
Child as he was,he could speak four languages.
Hard as she tried,she failed to get the job.
比较状语从句比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as … as,(not) the same as,(not) such … as,not so … as,than,the + 比较级…,the +比较级…等。
We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.
She can speak English as fluently as her teacher (can).
Ⅲ 宾语从句及物动词后的宾语从句有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。
I remember that we have learned this word before.
I don’t understand what you have said.
She asked the teacher how she could learn English well.
介词的宾语从句
It depends on whether you want to do it or not
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
Note,在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，in that可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.
A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.
其他
1. 常考的几种倒装结构当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never,nowhere,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,not until,not only,by no means,in no time,under no circumstances,under no condition,in no way,in no case,at no time,on no account等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also a poet.
Note,当,no sooner … than”和“hardly/scarcely … when/before”位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一…就…”，在时态上主句一般用过去完成时，when或than引导的从句用一般过去时。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
当here,there,then,thus,only,hence,little等副词位于句首，句中主、谓用倒装。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
当,so/such … that”结构中的so或such 位于句首时用倒装。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
分句以so,neither,nor,no more等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒装。
Copper is a good conductor,So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night,neither did she.
强调句型这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。其构成形式为：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that(who,which) + 句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential.
Note:
在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名词也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since,as或why引导。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though,although, whereas等引导的从句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages,（误）
Although he is young,he can speak four languages,（正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music,（误）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs,（正）
使役动词后的宾语补足语使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。常用的使役动词有：have,want,make,get,leave,set,let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right,
Note:
动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make,let,have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
平行结构在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分（主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等）并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语，分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and,but,or,neither … nor,either … or,not only,,but also,both … and,more(less) … than,as well as，rather… than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river,taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
5,反意疑问句在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点：
如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。
He never said she would come,did he?
You told me I had passed the exam,didn’t you?
但是如果陈述句部分是,I (don’t) think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,fancy,reckon等+宾语从句”的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。
I suppose you are not serious,are you?
She imagines that people like her,don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it,does she? （因don’t的否定意义后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come,would she? （因didn’t的否定意义后移而不用wouldn’t）
如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后还是用“will you”。
Read the text,will you?
Don’t be late,will you?
如果陈述句部分是以Let’s开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight,shall we?
Let us go home,will you?
如果陈述句部分带有never,nothing,nowhere,hardly,scarcely,seldom,rarely,barely,little,few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this,can you?
He has few good reasons for staying,has he?
6. 词序当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,在意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词，其排列次序为“A + B + C + D + E + F + G + 被修饰的名词”。其中：A,表示年龄、新旧的形容词，如old,young等。B,表示大小、长短、高低、重量的形容词，如little,big,long,heavy等。 C,表示形态、形状的形容词，如round,square等。D,表示颜色的形容词，如red,white,green等。E,表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词，如British,southern,Italian等。F,表示物质、材料的形容词，如wooden,rocky等。G,表示用途、类别、目的、与…有关等的形容词，也包括起形容词作用的名词和分词，如medical,writing,geography等。其他形容词放在上述A类形容词之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless,old,big,heavy,red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7,一些特殊的句型
there is no point in doing sth.
该句型意为“做…是无济于事的／没有什么用的”。可以用very little 或not much等来代替no。其中的point是不可数名词，作“目的”、“用处”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth,
该句型意为“做…有困难”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可数名词，不能有复数形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表达相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
keep (sb,or sth,) busy doing sth.
该句型意为“使…一直忙着做某事”。需注意的是虽然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正确的，但考题中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名词，则要用busy with sth.。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
feel like doing sth.
该句型意为“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟动名词，而不能跟动词不定式。此外，feel like后还可跟名词或代词，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him,
I feel like beer tonight.
