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a163a25a164
a158a2a159a24a162 11001010 10110111 00111000 0xxxxxxx
a156 2
a157 a158a15a159a24a160a2a161a2a162 202.183.56.129—202.183.56.254
a163a25a164
a158a2a159a24a162 11001010 10110111 00111000 1xxxxxxx
IPa165a59a166a65a167a59a168a59a169 IPa170a76a171a10a172a5a173a76a174a76a175a72a176 —a177a8a178 IPa170a76a171
TCP /IPa179a76a180a76a181a8a182 IPa170a76a171a8a183a72a184a76a185
IPa186a2a187a24a188a15a189a2a190a15a191a2a192a2a193a24a194 a195a2a196a24a197
a198a2a199 IP
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a229
a230 a231a5a232a15a233 a234a2a235a15a236 IP
a186a2a187a5a197
a237a2a238 IP
a186a2a187
a199a2a239
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a245a2a199 IP
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a200a15a201a5a194
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a239a24a254 a255
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RFC1918a25a27a26a29a28 a30a27a31 IPa32a29a33 a34
10.0.0.0— 10.255.255.255 1a35 Aa36a27a32a29a33a29a37
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a43a29a44a27a45a39a46
a34a19a47a29a48a24a49a27a50a52a51a4a53a39a54a39a55a27a56a27a57a39a58a27a59a24a32 IPa32a29a33a29a28a24a60a27a61a29a42
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a62a27a43a52a63a19a64
a28
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a31a52a37a19a80a27a70a27a81a39a82a24a83a29a84a24a85a39a86a24a53a39a87a52a88a24a89a19a90
a65
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a65
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a88a22a112a41a42
a116a118a117 IP
a119a121a120 a122a39a123a39a124a27a125a27a126a29a127a24a128a130a129a22a131a39a132
a133a27a134a41a135 NAT
a136a27a137a39a138a39a139a27a140a27a141 IP
a123a39a142a29a143a24a144a27a145a29a146a24a147a39a148a39a149a27a150a27a126a29a127a24a128a130a129a24a151
a122a27a123a29a124a24a125a153a152a123a39a142a27a154a39a155a41a156a39a157
a1.b1.c1.d1
a2.b2.c2.d2
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an.bn.cn.dn
NAT
a158a27a159a52a160
a161a2a162a4a163a2a164
x1.x2.x3.x4
a165 a166 a167 x1.x2.x3.x4
a165 a166 a167 x1.x2.x3.x4
a165 a166 a167 a3.b3.c3.d3
a168 a169 IP
a170 a171 a172
a173a121a174 IP
a175a118a176
a177a29a178a24a179a39a180a182a181 Domian Name
a183a39a184
a185a186 a179a39a180a41a187a29a188a4a189
a184 a190a27a191a41a192a19a193a29a194a39a195a22a196a41a197a24a198a24a199
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a184a22a219
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a177a29a178 a226a22a227a39a228
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a226
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a254a41a226 edu.cn
a255a1a0 .a2a4a3a1a5a7a6a9a8
swnu.edu.cn a255a7a0 .a2a7a3a7a5a1a6a10a8 .a11a1a12a4a13a15a14a7a16a7a17
/etc/hostsa18a20a19 (Unixa21 a22a4a23
IPa24a26a25a28a27a20a29a26a30
——————————
127.0.0.1 Localhost
202.119.83.1 route1
202.119.83.5 wwwserver
202.119.83.29 ftpserver
202.119.83.135 mailserver
a31a26a31a20a31
a32a7a33a39a178a35a34a27a177a39a178a37a36a39a177a29a178a24a179a39a180
a38a27a220a4a39a15a40a15a41a43a42
a8a39a255
a187a24a220a15a44a4a45a7a46
a47
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a177a29a178a4a57a15a58a4a59a61a60a62a63a64a65 a66
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a177a29a178a24a179a39a180a41a187a4a69a4a70
a184
? a67a7a68 a177a29a178a24a179a39a180a1a71 a185a186 a179a39a180a41a187a43a72a7a73 a50
? a74a1a75 a177a29a178a24a179a39a180a7a76a9a41a49a42 a8a27a255 a38a24a220a7a77 a184
a78a80a79a82a81a84a83 IP
a85a84a86a37a87a80a88a90a89
1a91a4a92a7a93a1a94a1a95a4a96
a97a1a98
a92a7a93a1a99a7a100a1a101
a98
a95a7a96a35a102 Hostsa103
/etc/hostsa104a26a105 (Unixa106a26a107a43a108
IPa109a20a110a112a111a20a113a26a114
——————————
127.0.0.1 Localhost
202.119.83.1 route1
202.119.83.5 wwwserver
202.119.83.29 ftpserver
202.119.83.135 mailserver
a115a20a115a26a115
a116 a117
a118 a119
a120a1a121a15a122a15a123a49a124a10a125a43a126a7a127a15a128a7a129a7a121a10a122a7a130a1a131a49a132a15a133a7a124a7a134a10a135
a136a80a137a82a138a84a139 IP
a140a84a141a37a142a80a143a90a144
2a145a7a146a7a147a4a148a15a149a4a150
a151 a152 a153 a154 a155
a156 a157 a158 a159 a160 a161
a158
a162a15a163a4a164a1a165a9a166a7a167a49a168a15a169a4a170a1a171a1a172a1a173a7a174a7a175a1a176a1a177 IP
a178a1a179
a167a7a180a43a181a9a182
a162a1a183a1a174a7a175 /IP
a178a7a179a15a184a7a185a7a186a1a187a7a188a1a189a1a190a4a191a1a192
a176a4a168a15a169a4a170a1a193
a187a7a188
a182
a194a49a195a10a196a1a197a43a198a1a199 a163a1a200a7a201a10a167
a192
a176a4a168a15a169a4a170a15a202a4a203a7a204a1a205
a192a207a206
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a192
a176a7a168a1a169a7a170a10a167a7a209a210
a178a7a179
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a229a4a230
a176a7a231a9a232a4a202a43a233
a190a7a234a7a235a1a236a7a237a7a238
a175a10a167a43a239a1a173a7a240 a199a10a241
a228 2
a229
a174a4a175a9a167 IP
a178a7a179a15a187a4a242
a202a4a243a7a244a1a245a15a223a43a246
a236
a174a7a175a10a167a43a231a9a232 a241
a247a82a248a80a249a251a250a84a252a251a253a84a254a251a255a1a0a1a2
a3a5a4a7a6
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a8a7a6a5a9
a10a5a11a5a12a7a13
a8a5a6a15a14 a16a7a17a5a18 a19a21a20
a22 a23a24 a25 a26 a23a22 a27 a24 a28
a25 a29 a30 a31a25 a32 a29 a33 a34 a35a36 a37 a31 a34 a22 a38 a39a21a40
a41a43a42a45a44a47a46a49a48a45a50a21a51a47a52a49a42a47a46
a48a47a53a49a54a47a55a57a56
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a71a3a5a8a7a6a5a9a7a10a5a11a15a80a81a12a5a13a47a72
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a90a47a91a45a100a21a86a45a101a21a46a49a48a47a53a49a54a47a55
a28a15a102a49a103a49a104
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a105a107a106a109a108a111a110a1a112 IPa108a111a110a109a113a109a114a116a115
a117a43a118a65a119a45a120a21a121a43a122a21a123a45a124a21a125a49a126a21a127a45a128a47a123a45a129 a130 a131 a132 a133a131 a134a21a135a49a136
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“a183 a184 a185 a177 a186a187 a188 a189 a177 a190 a185 a189 a177 a191 a188 ”a192a45a193 a136
a158 a175 a160 a150a45a151a21a169a45a170a21a171a21a194a57a195a15a196 a163a21a152a96a153a47a121a47a155a47a156a65a121a21a133a131 a139a21a140
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a158 a180 a160 a122a21a123a45a124a21a125a49a198a47a199a65a133a131 a139a21a140a49a200a21a201a21a202a45a164a47a163a21a152a96a153a47a121a47a155a47a156a45a141a21a142 a137a21a147a57a148
a203 a204 a205 a206 a207
a208 a209 a210 a211 a212 a213
a210vod.swnu.edu.cn
a214a7a215
vod.swnu.edu.cn 202.202.96.33
a216a218a217a220a219a222a221a109a223a107a224a116a225a1a226 a227
a228a15a229a65a230a47a231a21a232a49a233a47a234a21a235a49a236a43a237a45a238a47a239a49a240a21a241a21a234a45a235a49a236a43a242a21a243a49a244
a245a45a246a21a247a45a248a47a249a45a250a21a251a21a252 a234a45a235a47a253a45a254a45a255a1a0a3a2 a247a21a248a5a4a7a6 a236a43a234a45a235a9a8
a10a12a11a12a13a3a14 a15
a228a43a229a65a230a7a16a45a231a49a233a7a17a3a18a9a19a1a20a1a21a12a22a65a236a47a234a21a235a24a23
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a19a7a25a45a235 .cn .ca ……
a13a3a14a12a26a12a27
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CNNIC——a28a30a29 a31a33a32a30a34a33a35a37a36 a38a30a39a33a40
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a87a89a88a91a90a91a92a94a93 DNS
a95a83a96a98a97a91a99a101a100a91a102
DNSa103a7a104a3a105a1a106a3a107a3a108a12a109a3a110a12a111a3a112a5a103a37a106a3a107
a113 3
a114a37a115a3a116a12a117a118 a119a120a120 a121a122a3a110a12a123a12a117a118 a119 a124a7a125a9a126a1a123a12a117a118 a119a127a3a128a12a129a131a130a132a116a12a133a24a134
a113 4
a114a37a115a3a116a12a117a118 a119a120a120 a121a126a1a123a3a117a118 a119 a124a1a125a3a135a12a136a12a137a3a138a12a123a5a103a7a117a118 a119a127a3a128a12a129a5a103a139a130a132a116a3a133a5a134
a113 5
a114a37a115a3a116a12a117a118 a119a120a120 a121a135a1a136a3a137a12a138a3a123a5a103a7a117a118 a119 a124a1a125a3a135a1a136a24a103a1a130a132a116a3a133a5a134
a113 6
a114a37a115a3a116a12a117a118 a119a120a120 a121a140a12a141a3a107a12a142a5a124a7a143a3a137a3a144a3a135a1a136a5a103a12a130a132a116a12a133a3a145a12a146a3a140a12a141a3a107a12a142a24a147
a113 1
a114a7a140a12a141a3a107a12a142a9a148a12a149a3a150a1a141
Gethostbyname( )a151a1a152a9a124
a153a3a154a156a155a33a157
a150a12a141a12a111a9a112a1a107a3a142
resolver( )a158a159a3a160a12a115a12a116a3a123a3a161
a127a9a128a1a129a3a111a3a112a12a162a3a135a12a136a12a123a9a161a9a134
a113 2
a114a7a115a12a116a3a117a118 a119a120a120 a121a163a3a117a118 a119 a124
a125a3a122a3a110a12a123a12a117a118 a119a9a130a132a116a12a133a24a134
a164a33a165a30a166a30a167
DNSa168a170a169a101a171a98a172a101a173 —a174a3a175a1a176a3a177
a178a3a179a5a180a182a181a1a183a1a184a3a185a3a186a9a187a37a188a9a189a1a190a24a191 www.swnu.edu.cn
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User
a188a9a189a12a192a12a193a5a180 user.mit.edu
a194a3a188a12a195a3a196a3a197a1a188 Gethostbyname( )--
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a192a12a193a205a204 a206a207 a208a12a209a12a210a3a211a1a212a131a213a214a3a215
a176a3a177a1a216a216a216 a217 a200a216a218a219a217a199a220a219 a217a221a218 a222
Usera223a30a224
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Usera223a30a224
a225a7a226 www.swnu.edu.cn
a227 IPa228a30a229
DNSa230a9a231a12a232a12a233a5a234a1a235a12a236a3a237a1a238a24a239
a240 1
a241a7a242a3a243a3a244a1a230a9a231a1a245a9a246a1a247a3a248a12a249a156a250 a251a3a245a3a246a12a247 a232a12a233
a240a252a9a253
a239 SWNU->ROOTa241a3a254
a240 2
a241a1a255a1a0a1a2a1a3a5a4a12a247a24a234 a6a1a7a5a8a1a9a11a10a1a12a13a9a5a14a5a15a5a16a9a234 IPa17a5a18a20a19
a240 a21
a241a23a22a5a24a1a25a3a230a27a26a29a28a1a30a3a243a13a25a11a31a5a32a13a25a1a33 a34 a35a245a3a246a1a247a20a10
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a49a51a50a53a52a51a54a51a55 a56 a57 a58a51a59a51a60a53a61a51a62a53a63a51a64
a65a5a66a1a67a5a68a1a69a5a70a5a71a1a72a1a73a5a74a11a75
a240 a76
a241a7a243a20a77a23a78a5a79a1a4a11a80a11a81a29a82a11a32a13a25a12a230a9a231a11a19
a240 2
a241
a253a1a83 a36
a4a24a234 IPa17a1a18a9a237a13a84a20a10a13a85a1a86a1a22a5a87a1a17 DNSa245a3a246a12a247a12a242a3a238a1a88
a89a1a90 a240a91
a237 DNSa92a1a93a1a94a24a241a1a19
a240 3
a241a1a243a11a77
a36
a4a5a86a5a95a20a96a23a97a27a98a23a3a5a43a11a99a13a100a1a101a103a102a23a104a1a105a11a10a1a106a1a107a1a86a12a238a5a88a12a230
a231a1a108a1a109a20a10a13a110a1a22a1a111a5a22a12a230a24a234a37a230a9a231a1a245a9a246a1a247a3a242a5a112a1a113a11a10a1a238a1a88
a36
a4a24a234a37a230a9a231a13a17
a18a5a114 IPa17a1a18a24a234a13a115a13a116a5a254
a117a119a118a121a120a47a122a51a123a125a124
Telnet FTP SMTP HTTP DNS Others
TCP / UDP
IP
Network Interface
a126a127a129a128a29a130 a131a29a132
ARP RARP
ICMP
a133a135a134a129a136
a137a135a138a129a136
a130 a131a135a139a1a140
a130 a141 a136
4
5—7
1—2
3
OSI/RMTCP/IPa142a135a143a129a144
a145a5a146 a147a23a148a5a149a20a150a29a151a1a152a47a153a129a154a5a155a1a156a20a157a29a158a20a150a1a159a13a160a1a161a11a162a13a163a5a164a13a165a27a157a1a159a13a166a13a167
a168 IP
a169a1a170
a167a20a171a29a172a1a173a11a174a13a175a5a176a1a149a5a177a5a178a20a159a23a179a5a180a20a181
Telneta182 a183 a184 a185 a186a135a187 FTPa182 a188 a189 a190 a191a135a187 SMTPa182 a192 a193a135a194 a189a135a187 DNSa182 a195 a196 a197 a198a135a187
HTTPa182 a199 a188 a200 a190 a191a135a187 TCPa182 a190 a191 a201 a202 a203 a204a135a187 UDPa182 a205 a206 a207 a208 a209 a203 a204a135a187
ICMPa182 a210 a211 a209 a188 a201 a202a135a187 IPa182 a210 a211 a203 a204a135a187 ARPa182 a212 a213 a214 a215a135a187 RARPa182 a216a135a217 a212 a213 a214 a215a135a218
7
a219a51a220a222a221a224a223a121a225a53a226a119a227a51a228a125a229
a230a119a231a125a232a103a233
a234a222a235a119a236
a237a224a238a119a236
a232a47a239a47a236
a232a29a233a11a240a103a241
a234a119a235a224a236
a237a119a238a224a236
a232a224a239a103a236
a232a29a233a11a240a103a241
a242a27a243a27a244 a245a27a243a27a244
a246a20a247a1a248a11a249
a250a11a251a5a252a53a253 UDP
a254
a250a11a251a5a255a53a253 TCP
a254
IPa250a5a251a11a252
a250a5a251a1a0a1a2a5a248a1a3
a4a6a5a8a7a10a9
a11a1a12a14a13a16a15 IPa13a16a15a18a17a1a19a14a13a16a15
a20a22a21a24a23a22a25a16a26a28a27a24a29a28a30a14a31a14a32a1a33a28a34 ——IPa13a28a15
a31a14a32a16a35a28a36a16a37a28a38 a11a16a12 a23a22a39a1a40a14a41 ——a11a1a12a14a13a16a15
a42a44a43 a23a16a45a28a23a14a46 MACa13a16a15 , X.25a23a28a45 X.25a13a16a15
a47a28a48a1a49a28a50 a20a22a21a24a23a28a51a16a30a44a52a28a53 ——a17a16a19a28a13a28a15
IPa13a16a15 a11a1a12a14a13a16a15 a30a28a54a44a55 ——a56a57a58a1a59a13a28a15a16a60a16a61a28a62a28a63a24a64
a65a66a28a67a14a68a16a69a28a70a72a71a14a73 a30a28a23a44a39
a59a74
a17 a23 a64
a75a28a76a28a77 a78a28a75a28a76a28a79a80a28a81a16a82a28a83a28a84a28a85a24a86
a87a88a89 a90a91 a92a93a94a95a97a96 a98a97a99a22a100a101a87a102 a103a105a104a97a106a22a107a108a109
a110a44a111 a112a105a113 a107a108a109 a110a105a114a97a115a105a116 a109 a110 a89 a117
a87a118a89 a119a104a97a120a97a90a91a97a121a22a122 a90a123a108a124a105a125a22a126 a127a105a128a22a129 a130a22a126a97a91
a92a93a94a131 a132a22a133 a126 a134a22a135a14a136 a137a97a122 a115a105a116 a109 a110
a87a138a89 a139a97a106a105a140 a141a97a142a105a143a105a144 a145 a115a97a116a14a146 a147 a148a97a149a105a150a97a151
a152a105a153a44a154
a155 a156 A a155 a156 B
a157 a158a14a159a28a160a16a161a1a162a28a163a1a164a16a165a22a166 a167a168a16a169a72a170a22a171 a172a173a174 a175a44a176a72a177
a178a28a179a22a180 a165a28a165a14a181a183a182a184 a178a22a185a72a186a14a187a14a188
a175 1 X.25
a175 a175 n
a189a14a190 1
a189a14a190 2 a189a44a190 n
a191 a165a44a192a28a193a16a194a72a195 a196a14a197 ARP
a198a28a199a28a200a24a201a105a202a72a203 IPa204a16a205a28a206a28a207a72a203a44a208a16a209a14a204a1a205a16a210
a211a16a212a28a213a28a214a28a215a1a216a28a217a28a218
a200a72a201a105a202a24a219a16a201a22a200a24a201a105a202a16a220
a216
a219
a221a28a222a16a223a16a224a16a225a28a226a28a227a28a228a1a229 a165a44a166a72a164a44a230a16a231a28a232a28a233a24a234
IPa235a237a236 a238a237a239a6a235a6a236a8a240a242a241a242a243 a244a16a245a28a246a28a247 IPa246a28a247a24a248a14a249a14a250
——a251a252a251a253a1a254a255a1a0 a246a28a247a3a2a3a4a6a5a6a7a9a8
a10 a11a13a12a3a14a3a15a3a16a18a17 a19a21a20 a22a24a23a26a25a24a27a13a28 a29a26a30a13a31 a32a33a34a35a26a36
a37 a38a13a39 a40a26a41 a20 a42a18a43 a44a46a45 a47a13a48a24a49a51a50a52a33a33a53a54 a55
a56a46a57a54a58a26a59a24a60a13a61 a62a26a44a26a45a24a47a24a23a18a63
a64 a65a26a66 a27a18a67 a39a26a68 a32a33a34a35a24a36a13a69 a70a13a61a26a31 a71a26a72a73a50 a74 a75a24a76a13a31 a77a24a78a18a55
a79a26a80 a81a26a82a24a83a26a84a26a85a24a86a24a87 a58a24a59a13a31 a32a88a32a54a89a26a90 a68
a44a26a45a24a47a24a91a46a92a26a93 a94 a68 a95a13a96 a97a26a84a26a85 a31 a57a54a58a24a59 a68 a60a26a98a26a62a13a99 a98a46a69a46a63
a100 a101 a102 ws1
a103 a104 a105
a100 a101 a102 ws2PC
a106
a107 a108
a106 /a109 a110 a105 a111 a112 a113
a103 a104 a105 a114 a115 a116 a117 a118 a119
a102 a120a122a121 a123 a124 a125 IPa124 a125
WS1 0ebc18a2d5e4 202.119.34.12
WS2 0123bc18e3f6 202.119.34.14
WS3 a12b4d17e3e8 202.119.34.16
…… …… ……
a126a128a127a18a129a3a130 IPa129a3a130a1a131a6a132a13a133
——a134 a135 a134 a136a128a137 a138a9a139 a129a3a130a6a140a128a141a18a142a3a143a1a144
a145 a146a18a147a6a148a128a149a18a150a3a151a3a152 a142a6a143
a153a154a155a156a157 —a154a158a159a160a161 a162a163a24a155a164a165a166a24a156a164a159a167 a162a168a169a170a160a166 a162a164a159a24a157a170a164a166a164a163a164 a171a172
a173a3a174 IPa129a3a130a1a131a13a175a6a176a128a177a3a178a18a179a6a180a128a181a18a129a3a130a6a182a128a183a18a184 a147a6a148a128a185a18a186 IPa129
a130a1a178 a187a6a188a6a189 IPa129a3a130a3a190a3a191a193a192 a147a3a185a6a186 IPa129a3a130a1a194
a195 a146a6a196a18a147a1a197 a178
a139a26a198 a199 a200 a136
a182a3a183a6a184a3a201a1a202a46a203a128a204a3a205
a136
a129a3a130a1a131
a198 a199 a200 a136
a203a128a204a128a206
a145 a146
a198 a199 a200 a136
a182a128a183a18a184a3a207a3a208
a198 a199 a200 a136
a203a128a204 a197 a178a6a209 a151a3a210a6a211a3a212a1a213 a131a6a205
a136
a129a6a130a9a214
a215 a146 a187a18a188a3a189 a185a6a216 a205
a136
a129a3a130a3a217a128a178a18a218a1a219a46a220a3a221a6a222a3a181a18a223
a200 a136 a224
a205
a136
a131a46a225a3a226a1a214
PCa227 1 DHCPa228 a229 a230PCa227 2
a231 a232
a227 /a233 a234 a230 a235 a236 a237
PCa227 3
a238a128a239a18a240a3a241 IPa240a3a241a1a242a6a243a13a244
a245 a246a13a247a3a248a3a249a6a250a6a251a128a252a18a253a3a254 a255 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
a6 a7 a8 a9 a10a12a11a14a13a16a15a14a17a19a18a16a20a19a21a19a22a19a23a19a18a12a24a19a25
a26 a4 a240a6a241a9a242a28a27 a251a19a29a31a30a28a32a12a33a12a34a16a35
a36a19a37a12a38 a246a28a39a16a40a19a41 a37
1a246a14a42a19a43a19a44a12a45a12a46a6a251a3a252a48a47a28a49 a242 IPa240a6a241a48a50a28a51a16a52a16a53a28a54a12a55a19a56a48a57
2a246a28a58a16a59a19a60a6a247a12a61a12a46a14a62 DHCPa63a12a64 a50a28a65a12a66a48a67a12a53a69a68a9a242a69a70a16a71
a72a48a50
3a246a16a73 a52 a58a16a59 a242 IPa240a3a241a12a74a16a75a14a76a48a77a14a50a16a53a28a78a12a76a12a79a14a80 a49 a70a12a71a1a242
a81a12a82a48a57
PCa83 1 DHCPa84 a85 a86PCa83 2
a87 a88
a83 /a89 a90 a86 a91 a92 a93
PCa83 3
8
a94 a95 a96a98a97
a99a69a100a31a101a19a102a19a103a28a104a19a105a19a106a12a107a16a108
a109 a110 a111a19a112a19a113a48a114a16a115a28a109 a110 a106a12a107a19a116a19a117a12a118a19a119a48a103a28a106a19a107a12a120a19a121a48a122
a109a110 a111a14a112a12a113 a102a69a123a16a124a19a125a14a126 a127a19a128a48a103 a109a110 a129a16a130 a122
a109 a110 a106a12a107a12a131a19a132a12a133a14a134a12a135a19a136a19a137a12a138a48a101a28a139a16a103a14a140a19a141
a142a69a143 a134a145a144 a146a12a147a19a148a14a149 a150
a110 a134a16a151a14a152 a153 a110 a134a31a154a156a155a12a157a12a158a12a159a16a103 a109 a110 a111a14a112a19a113 a122
IP
a160 a161a14a162 ATMa162 X.25a162
IPa111a19a112a19a113
a163 a164 a165a12a166 a167a19a168a12a169a48a170a19a171a14a172a12a173a14a174a31a170a14a171a14a175a12a176a48a170 a177a14a178a12a179a19a180a16a181a14a182a12a183
a184 a185 a186
a167a19a168a12a169a48a170a28a187a19a188a12a189a12a190
a191a193a192a156a194a193a195a156a196a193a197a156a198a156a199a193a200a193a201a193a202a156a203a69a204
a205a69a206 a207a193a208a69a209a156a210a193a211
a194a193a195a156a196a193a212a156a213a69a204 a214a156a215 a216a69a217a69a218
a211 a219a193a220
a204
a221a193a222a156a223a69a224
a211 a205a193a225a156a226
a194a156a195a193a196a156a227a193a228a193a202a156a203a193a229a193a230a28a224 a231a69a232a156a233
a184a234 a186
a172a19a173a19a174a48a170a28a187a19a188a12a189a12a190
a235a236 a237a193a238a156a239a156a240 a217 a241a193a242a156a194a193a195a156a196a193a243a156a244
a211a193a245a193a246a69a247
a228a193a202a156a203
a211
a229a193a230a69a224a156a204 a194a156a195a193a196a156a214a156a215a193a227a193a231a156a232a69a248 a249a156a250a69a248 a251a156a252a193a201a69a253 a212a156a254a69a204
a235a236a237a156a238 a217a193a255a1a0a1a2a4a3a1a5a28a204 a6a156a217 a7a4a8a1a9
a245a156a246 a10a4a11a4a12a193a209a1a13a1a14
a233
a235a236a194a156a195a193a196
a211
a231a156a232a69a204
a10
a229
a219a16a15 a17a69a209
a235a18a19a236 a196a1a20a4a21
a11
a233
a22 a23a25a24 a204
a15 a26 a27a29a28 a30a32a31a33a1a34
a18a236a35 a36 a37a4a38a1a39a1a40 a250 a41a156a255
a247
a184a42a186
a175a12a176a19a187a19a188a12a189a12a190
a43a4a44a193a194a156a195a193a196
a211 a226a1a45
a201a1a46a4a47a69a204a29a48 a49a4a50a4a51
a30a28a211
a202a193a203a16a52 a53a28a204
a15 a54a29a55a193a245a1a56a69a211
a235a236a57a1a58a4a59 a44a4a60
a45
a199a193a200
a247
a61a62a63a65a64
a61a62 a66a68a67a68a69a68a70a68a71a73a72
a74a16a75a16a76a16a77a79a78a4a80a82a81a84a83a82a85a16a86a82a87a84a88a82a89a82a90a91a75a25a76a84a92a25a93a95a94a96a97a98a99
a100a102a101a82a103a82a104a95a94a105a106a107a75a25a76a108a99a16a109a82a92a25a110a102a111a16a112a102a113a91a114
IPa115a29a116 IPa117a4a118
IPa115a29a116 IPa117a4a118MACa119a4a116 a120a1a121a4a122
a123a84a124a82a125a82a126a82a127a102a128a91a75a25a76a82a129a102a130a102a131a25a123a84a93a84a92a25a132a102a133a82a134a82a135a84a136a102a92a25a137a82a138
a139a84a140a16a141a102a142a102a143a82a144 a94 MTU—Maximun TransferUnita99
a135a91a136a82a92a25a127a102a128a84a75a16a76a102a131 MTUa135a91a136
a145a82a146a16a147a102a148a82a149a102a150 >MTU
a151a102a152a16a153a82a154
a146a82a147a82a148a84a155a16a156 a114
a157a102a123a82a127a84a128a84a75a25a76a84a131a16a134a82a158a102a159a82a160a84a92 RFC
a161a102a162a84a163
a164a108a165 RFC894 IP over Ethernet networks
RFC1188 IP over FDDI networks
RFC1932 IP over ATM
a166a167a168a91a169
a170a171a172a16a173a102a174a91a175a29a176a102a177a102a178a102a179a82a180a82a181a16a182a102a183a84a184a25a185a84a186a84a187
a186a84a187a25a188a91a189a82a175a16a172a16a173a82a174a102a176a82a177a108a190a25a191a91a190a4a192a84a193a16a194
a195a16a196 a197 a198a1a199a16a200 a195a16a196 a197
IPa201a91a202a29a203a82a204a108a205
a206a1a207a4a208a4a209a211a210a212a1a213a4a195a25a196 a197a25a214 a215a1a216a1a217a29a218 a219a4a220a1a221a25a222 a223a4a224a4a225a1a226a4a227 a228
a200 a229a4a230
a231a16a232 a233a1a234a25a235
a210 1a214 a236a1a237 ARPa222 a238a1a239a1a217a29a218 a219a4a240a1a241a4a220a1a221
a210 2a214 IP
a242
a216a4a243a1a244a4a245a1a246a4a247a1a248a4a249a1a250
a210 3a214 a251
a242
a216a4a252a4a206 a253a82a254 a255 a220
a0a25a232 a233a4a234a29a235
a210 1a214 a236a4a237 ARPa222a1a238 a239a4a195a25a196 a197a29a255
a1a3a2a5a4a7a6 a255 a240a4a241a1a220a4a221
a210 2a214 IP
a242
a216a1a243a4a244a1a245a4a246a1a247a4a248a1a249a4a250
a210 3a214 a251
a242
a216a29a252a1a206a1a253a1a195a25a196 a197a29a222
a8a10a9a12a11a14a13a5a15a10a16a12a17a10a15a10a16a19a18a19a20a10a21a23a22a12a24
a25a12a26a28a27a23a29a7a30a19a31a28a32a5a33a12a34a10a35 TCP/IPa33a12a34a12a36a19a37a23a38a12a39a10a40a10a41a10a42a10a43a14a27a44a33a10a34
a45a47a46a49a48a51a50a12a52a49a53a55a54a14a56a47a57a47a58a55a59
a60a47a61a49a62a64a63a14a65a47a66a19a60a49a61a49a67a49a62a51a63a12a68a47a69a55a70a19a71a64a72a19a73a49a74a75a70a28a76
a65a19a62a64a63a49a66
a77a47a78a49a56a55a79a14a80a49a81a55a82
a83a64a84 a62a64a63a12a68a47a85a87a86a19a88a49a89a19a90a75a65a19a62a64a63a12a91a47a92a49a93a47a94a49a95a14a96a47a91
a97 a65a19a62a51a63a12a68a55a98a55a63a28a99a14a100a49a101a47a102a14a103a47a104a49a105a55a98a28a106a47a107 a83a75a84 a62a64a63a19a68
a102a14a108a47a109a47a69a55a70a19a71a75a72a28a110a49a111a75a65a19a62a64a63a19a93a47a94a55a66a19a112a49a113a47a114a49a115a49a116a49a117a47a61
a118 a98a28a60a47a61a75a119a19a106a47a107a75a65a19a62a64a63a12a120a75a66a64a121a122a47a123a28a124a47a125a14a126a47a60a49a61a75a65a28a127
a128a14a129 a62a51a63a14a65a19a130a49a131a47a132a49a133a49a134a55a135a28a136
9
a137a10a138a12a139a12a140a10a141a10a142a12a143a7a144a28a145a12a146
"a147a49a148a47a149a49a150a47a151 "-"a152a49a153a47a154a49a155a47a156 "
a157a10a158a19a159a28a160a5a161a12a162a12a163a10a164a47a165a23a166a7a167a23a168a12a169 (
a170a7a171
a167a7a159a28a160a5a161a12a162a10a172
a173 )
a174a10a175a10a176a10a177a28a178
a159a28a160a44a179a12a163a10a180a10a181a28a182a44a183a12a158a12a159a28a160a5a161a12a162a12a184a14a166a44a185a10a186a12a187a10a188
a161a10a162
a174a7a189a10a190a12a191
a182
a170a12a192a7a193a10a194
a167a44a195a10a196a14a197
"a198a47a199a47a200a14a201a75a202a28a203a75a204a14a205a14a206 "
a207
a178a7a208a10a209a10a210
a167a23a159a28a160a44a179a12a211a10a188a12a212a10a187a7a213a47a165a23a214a23a215a12a216a10a217a19a218a7a219a28a220a7a167
a221a10a222a19a159a28a160a5a179a14a197
a193a12a223a12a224a7a225a10a226a19a227
a172a12a173a12a228
a224a7a225
a217a12a229a10a230a28a167a23a159a28a160a44a179a10a231
a232a10a233a12a234a10a235a10a236
a207a10a237
a197
"a238a49a239a55a240a49a200a55a202a28a241a47a242a49a243a49a244 "
a245a19a182a10a246a23a247a12a248a10a249 a235 a183
a178
a159a28a160a44a179a12a250a10a251a12a252a10a253 (a159a28a160a44a179a12a254a10a255a1a0
a2 a228a4a3a4a5a1a6a12a159a8a7a10a9 )a236 a158a1a11a1a12a10a13a1a14
a174a10a15
a230
a177a28a178
a159a14a160a5a179a4a16a18a17a10a167
a161a10a162a12a172a12a173
a171
a188a4a19a4a20a1a21a10a22
a224a10a225
a197
a23a24a25a4a26a28a27a23a24a29a30a31 —
a32a33a34a35a36a10a37
a172a1a38a4a39
a40a42a41a44a43a46a45a47a48a45a49a50a47a40a50a47a41a51a47a43a53a52a45
a54a55a57a56
a58a60a59a60a61a63a62a64a65 a66a60a67a69a68a71a70 a72a71a73a74a62a64a75a77a76a77a78a60a66a77a67
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a101a71a62a64a99a60a100
a62a64a102a60a103 a104a77a105a77a106
a75a77a76a77a106
……
1
2
3
4
5
IPa107a8a108a8a109a57a110a4a111a1a112a4a113a8a114 20a115a1a116a118a117
a119a1a120a4a121a1a122 a123a71a124a60a125a60a126a71a127 a128a77a129a63a130
Da131
a127 a132a57a133 a134a135a130
Ta131
a127 a136a77a137a60a138a135a130
Ra131
a139a4a140 a141 Protocol
a142
a123a57a143a10a144a145a60a146a77a147a60a148a60a149a77a150a60a151a71a152 a153
TCP
a127
UDPa154
a155a156 2
a157 a158a77a159 1
MTU=1500
a157 a158a77a159 2
MTU=1500
a160 a161a162 2a160a161a162 1
a163
a158a77a159
MTU=670
X Y
X,Y,5,1500,1,0 X,Y,5,670,0,0
X,Y,5,670,0,630
X,Y,5,240,1,1260
X,Y,5,670,0,0
X,Y,5,670,0,630
X,Y,5,240,1,1260
a164a77a165 a166
a165
a167a77a168
a169 a170 1
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a186a10a187a1a188a1a189a4a190a1a191a1a192a8a193a1a194
a195a1a196a118a194 IP
a197a4a198a1a199a10a200a1a201a1a202a4a203a4a204a118a205a10a206 IPa197a4a198a18a207 20a208a4a209a18a210
a211a4a212a18a213a4a214a10a215
a197 /
a215a10a216
a205a1a217a57a218a4a219
a212a118a213a1a214 a189a1a220
a197a1a221a118a207 20a208
a209a118a222
a206
a194 a211a4a212a18a213 1
a223a4a224a1a225a1a226 1500a208a1a209
a214 IPa186a4a187a4a188
a200a4a227a1a228
a186a4a187 1460
a208a4a209a18a210a229a219
a212a18a213a4a214
a227a4a228
a186a10a187a8a230a1a231
a224a4a225
a194 630
a208a4a209a18a210
a189a4a190a118a194 1460=630+630+200
a232a1a233a1a234a1a235a4a189a10a190a1a232a1a236a8a235a57a190a1a237a4a238
a239a240a241a1a242a244a243a239a240a245a246a247 —
a248a249a250a251a252a4a253a4a254a1a255a1a0
a2a4a3a4a5a7a6a9a8a7a10a12a11 Timeof Live
a13a1a14
a15 IP
a16a4a17a4a18a4a19a21a20a23a22a7a24a9a25a9a26a1a27a29a28a4a30a9a31a1a32a1a33
a34
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a45a1a46a4a47a4a48
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a55a1a56 a47a1a57a9a58a1a59
a49a61a60a63a62 a64a4a65 IPa16a4a17a4a18a21a66a9a54a9a16a9a67a1a68
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a69a9a70
a67a7a71 0a31a4a54a23a72a7a73
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a78a4a79a4a80a1a15
a16a9a17a1a18a29a33
a5a7a81a9a82a1a83a4a84a85a11 Header checksum
a13a1a14
a86a7a87 a59
a49a41a60a4a88a1a89 IPa16a9a17a4a18a1a18a1a90a7a30a9a91a9a92a1a93a29a33a4a94a23a71a4a18a1a90a7a30a7a95a41a96a9a19
a56 a47a4a59
a49a61a60a7a31a9a97a1a98a9a99a7a100a1a54a1a94a9a101a9a19 IP
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a49a23a119
a57a9a120
a30
a59
a49a41a60a4a121a4a122a29a33
a107a21a108a61a109a21a104 IP
a123a4a124a7a125a4a126a29a127a41a128
a104a23a2a4a3a4a5a29a129a9a130a9a131a1a132 ICMP
a133a1a134a4a135a4a136a4a137a21a138
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1a177 32a178a21a179 IPa180a7a181a4a182a7a183a9a184a9a185a7a186a9a180a1a181a1a187a9a188a1a189a4a190a7a191
2a177a9a184a4a192a1a193a7a179a23a194a4a195a4a196a1a197a1a198a4a199a4a200a1a201a1a202a1a203a9a204a29a205a61a206a21a179a23a207a1a208a9a209a1a210a7a191
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a250
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a69a70a71a72a73
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a20
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8a75a16a76a2a78 IPv4a83a51a152a2a153a18a154a2a155 a86a79a156a18a147a5a122
a157a114a158a160a159a161a162a46a163a165a164a159a161a166a167a168a160a159a161a169a170a171a2a172a46a173a46a174a114a175a13a176a32a177
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IPv6a20a1a190
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a252a28a212a25a213 IPv4
a214
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a246a25a222a16a214a2a215 0:0:0:0:0:0:13.8.68.9a221
0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:129.144.22.38a224a2a225a28a42a4a43 a250a2a240
a217 ::13.8.68.9a221 ::FFFF.129.144.22.38
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ICMPa132a30a133 a31a61a134a61a135a136a36
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IPa10a12a11
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11
ICMPa163a165a164
a166a52a167 ICMP
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a181a82a182a73a190
a191a12a192a12a193 ICMP
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a250 2
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a232a82a233
a210
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a58a1a59a3a60 A
a61 a62
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TCPa49a51a50a53a52a55a54
a56a1a57a1a58a1a59a9a60
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TCPa35a37a36a39a38a12a40a42a41
a43a45a44a22a46a22a47
TCP Head a48 a49a51a50 a52
IP Head TCP Head a48 a49a51a50 a52
a50 a52 a53 a54 IP Head TCP Head a48 a49a51a50 a52 a53 a55
TCPa56a22a57 a58
(a59a45a60a45a61 a62 )
IPa63 a64
(a59a45a60a22a61 a62 )
a65 a66a45a67 a68
a63 a64 (a59a45a60a45a61 a62 a69
a70 MAC
a63 a64a45a69
TCPa71a73a72a42a74a76a75a78a77
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a168 a126a25a159a51a160a12a161 a162 a107a51a133a3a115a5a89a3a90a5a132
a91a20a153
TCP
IP
TCP
IP
a169a45a170a22a171a45a172 a169a22a170a45a171a22a172
a173 a174a1a175
TCP
a176a3a177
12
TCP/UDPa178a37a179 —a180a5a181a3a182a25a183a3a184a1a185a5a186a5a187a5a188
a189a3a190
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a205a3a215
a186a12a194
Name
Server Named Bootp TFTP Telnet FTP FTPData SMTP HTTP
a216 a217 a218 a219
UTP TCP
a216 a217 a218 a219
I P
Data Link
a220 a221 a222 a223
42 53 67 69 23 21 20 25 80
/etc/serversa224 a225a22a226
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>1023>1023
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a205
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a205
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a38
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a41a45a60a51a62a61a55a53a63a50
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a67a52a50a68a63a47a52a47a70a69a71a55a52a45a50
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a52a41a56a46a41a52a72a69a73a55a52a45a50
a40a48a52a50a74a69a66a55a52a45a50a33a48a47a44a56
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a46a47a48a41a76a75a69a55a53a63a50a33a46a47a48a41a40a41a42a43a41a42
a77
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a46a47a48a41a40a41a42a43a41a42a80a66a73a55a52a45a50a1a63a51a48a47a44a46a5a38a33a46a47a48a41a68a63a51a48a47a44a46a33a40a41a42a43a41a42
a46a47a48a41a40a41a42a43a41a42a80a66a73a55a53a63a50a1a63a51a48a47a44a46
a54a51a51a52a50a82a81a61a55a53a63a50a33a38a5a54a51a51a52a50a42a51a83a42a47a48a1a40a41a42a43a41a42
a52a67a52a50a74a81a84a55a53a63a50
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a50a51a50a73a62a64a64a71a55a52a45a50a33a50a51a40a52a51a67a67a44a45a41
……
TCP/IPa86a3a87a10a88a90a89a90a91a93a92a10a94a96a95
a97
a87a90a98a93a99a3a100 /a88a90a89a93a101a90a102a10a103a10a104a3a105a90a106
a88a90a89a93a101a3a107a3a108a10a109a90a110a93a111a10a112a3a113a90a106a10a114a10a115a3a98a93a99a3a107a96a91a25a116a3a117a90a118
a119
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Host B Host A
ServerClient
Server
(Child)
a126a90a127
a128a3a129
a123a10a112a10a113 1
Host C
Client
Server
(Child)
a123a10a112a10a113 2
a126a90a127
a128a10a129
a130a131a132a133
a134a135a136a137a138a136a139a141a140a143a142a96a134a144a145a146a144a147
a148a10a149a90a150a93a151a120a152a1a153a154a155a156a154a153a157a10a158a3a159a10a160a90a161a93a162a3a163a10a164a96a165a25a166a90a167a10a168
a169a3a170a10a171a10a172a3a173a10a174 a163a93a164a90a161a93a162a3a175a10a176a3a177a10a178a90a179a93a180a120a165a93a181a93a182a96a183
a184a185a1a186a3a187a10a188a90a189 a190 a153a191a192a193a191a194a120a195a196a197a198a194a120a195a199a197a200a194a201a201
a196a197a198a194a190 a157a10a158a3a153a191a192a193a191a194a202a3a203a96a165a25a179a10a180a3a204a10a205a90a206a207a208a10a209a120a210
a199a197a200a194a190a148a3a149a3a150a10a151a96a165a25a202a3a203a10a211a10a164a213a212a33a214a90a168a25a153a191a192a193a191a194a215 a171 a153a216a207a217
a218 a168a93a219a3a220a10a221a3a222a3a223a224a210
a225a25a226a33a227a3a228a10a229a3a230a232a231TELNETa226a33a233a3a234a10a235a3a236
a237a5a238a33a239a33a240a5a241a25a242a243a33a244
a245a33a246a5a247a3a248a249a5a242a250a33a251
a252a253a33a254a33a255a237a25a242a250
a251a1a0a3a2TELNET
a4a6a5a3a7
a8a6a9a6a10a3a11a3a12a6a13 1
a8a6a9a6a10a3a11a3a12a6a13 2
a8a6a9a6a10a3a11a3a12a6a13 3
a8a6a9a6a10a3a11a3a12a6a13 n
a14 a15a17a16
TCP/IPa18a20a19a22a21 Telneta23a25a24a27a26a29a28
a30 1
a31 a32a6a33a3a34a6a35a3a36 Telneta37a3a38a3a39a6a40 Telnetda41a43a42a6a44a6a45a3a46a6a47a3a48a50a49 a51a6a52a50a53
a30 2
a31 a54a3a47a6a55a3a40a1a56 a57a1a41 a51a3a52a6a32a6a33a1a41
a30 3
a31 Telnetda58a1a59a3a60a3a51a3a52a6a61a1a41 a62a6a63a3a64a1a65 a66a6a67a6a68a3a48
a30a69a1a70 a71
a31a3a41 a72a6a73a6a74 a75a3a39
a40 Pseudo1a76 a54a6a47 Telneta39a3a40a3a77a6a78a1a41
a30 4
a31 a54a3a47 a79a6a80a6a81a3a82a6a83a3a84a86a85 a87 a41 a39a3a88a6a55a3a40a1a56 a57a17a53 a89a6a90a6a56 a57a6a91a6a92a1a41 a54a6a47a3a93a6a94
a95a6a96a3a97a6a98
a49 a99a3a100a6a101a3a102a6a103a6a104a3a105a6a60 a32a1a33 a34
a96
a41
a30 5
a31 a54a3a47 a79a6a80a6a106a3a107
a70 a71a6a108
a87 a41 Pseudo1a39a3a40a6a58a6a59 a109a6a110a1a41 a62a3a54a6a47
a97a6a98
a49 a109a3a110
a105a6a111a3a112a6a64a6a113a3a114a3a39a6a88a6a115a3a116a1a41a3a117 a62a6a115a3a116a6a118a6a90 a105a6a111a3a54a3a47a6a39a3a40 Telneta41 a54a3a47a6a39a3a40a6a62
a118a6a90 a119a6a120a3a93a6a121a3a122
a96
a53
a123 a124 1
a125 a126 a127 netmail
TelnetdTelnet
Pseudo1
a128 a129
a130 a131
a132 a133 a134 1
a135 a136 a137 a138
a139 a140a3a141
a142 a143 a144 a145
a142 a143 a144 a145
a146 a147 /
a148 a149
a146 a147 /
a148 a149
TCP/IPa150a152a151a154a153 FTP
a155a86a156a158a157a86a159a158a160a86a161a163a162a164a165a166 a167 a164 a168a169a170a3a165a171a172a173 a174a175a170a171a6a166a171a176 a177a176a178a176 a169a179
a180a17a181a158a182a86a183a158a184a86a185a29a186a86a187a17a188a17a189a158a190a86a191a29a192
a193a17a194a158a195 a196 a197 a198a86a199a17a194a86a200a158a201a158a202a158a203a17a204a158a205a86a206a158a182a86a183a86a184a207a187a50a208
a209a158a199a211a210a1a212a211a193a17a194a29a187a50a188a86a189a158a213a158a214a211a192
a215a86a216a158a217a86a218a158a219a211a198a158a199a50a195 a196 a197 a202a86a220a158a221a86a222 a223a158a224a86a196 a225 a197 a226a86a227 a199
a228
a224a158a194a158a229 a230a86a231a158a219a158a232 a233 a234a86a235a86a236a158a237a211a238a17a206a211a199a17a196 a225 a197 a239a20a240a6a241a86a242a158a243a86a244a158a245a158a246 a247 a248a17a199
a249
a228
a224a158a250 a251a17a252a158a219a158a232 a233a239a20a240a6a241a86a242a158a243a86a244a158a245a158a246 a253 a248a158a187a1a190a158a191a207a192
1a254a1a255a1a0a3a2a3a4 a5 a6 a7 a8a10a9a12a11 a13 a14 a15a16 a7 a17 a18 a9a19 a20 a21 a7 a18
a9a11 a13 a14 a15a16 a7 a17 a18 a22
a195 a196 a197 a235a86a236a3a23a1a24
a9a19 a20 a21a7 a18 a22a26a25
a184a28a27a1a29a3a30
a25
a184a86a205a158a206a207a187a26a31a197 a32a1a33
FTP a34a36a35a12a37
Username:
Password:
ftp> ftpa38a12a39a36a40
ftp> ls
ftp>get filename
ftp>put filename
ftp>binary
ftp>delete filename
ftp>mkdir dir-name
ftp> cd dir-name
ftp>mget filename
ftp>mput filename
ftp>bye
…….
13
FTPa41 a42 a43
FTPa44 a45 a46
FTPd
FTP
FTP
FTPa47 a48
a49 a50 a51 a52 (
a53 a54a36a55
a56
a43a12a57 21a55
a49 a50 a58 a59
FTPa60 a61 a58 a59
FTP-
DATA FTP-DATA
fork
fork
fork a62 a63
a51 a52 a56a64 a65
a55
a56
a43a12a57 20a55
a62 a63
a64 a65 a58 a59
a66 a67 a68 a69a71a70a73a72a71a74
a75 1
a76 FTPa77a12a78a36a79a36a80a12a81 FTPda82a36a83a12a84a36a85a87a86 a88a12a89a12a90a36a91a87a92 FTPa93a36a94a26a95
a75 2
a76 a90a12a91a36a80a12a81 FTPa96a12a97 ,a93a12a94 FTPa77a12a78a36a79a99a98 a100a12a77a12a78a87a95
a75 3
a76 FTPda82a36a83a12a101a12a102a99a103 a104a12a84a36a85 FTPa105a36a90a36a91a12a84a12a85 FTPa106a36a107a87a86 a108a12a109a12a110a36a111a12a112a36a113a12a114
a115a36a116a12a117
a86 TCPa118a1a119 21a95
a75 4
a76 a90a12a91a36a113a12a120 FTPa104a12a96a36a97a87a86 a77a99a78a36a79
a117a99a121
a104a12a96a12a97a99a86 a122a99a123 a96a12a97a12a124a36a125a87a86 a126a12a127a36a128a99a101
a102 a129a12a130a12a131a36a132a12a112a36a113a12a84a12a85 FTP-DATA,a108a12a109a36a131a12a132
a116a36a117
a86 TCPa118a1a119 20a86 a112a36a113a12a131a12a132a87a95
a75 5
a76 a133a99a134 a104a12a96a12a97a99a92 a131a36a132a12a112a12a113a36a135a87a86 a136a87a137 a131a36a132
a116a36a117
a86 a138a36a139 FTP-DATAa84a12a85a26a95
a75 6
a76 a90a12a91a36a140a12a141a12a113a36a120 FTPa104a12a96a36a97a87a86 a142a12a143
a75 4
a76 a86
a75 5
a76 a92 a144a36a85a87a86 a145a36a146a12a90a36a91a12a113a12a120
quita96a12a97a87a86 a126a36a127a12a136a99a137 a114 a115a36a116a12a117 a86a36a138a36a139a36a110a12a111a36a112a12a113a87a86 a138a36a139 FTPa84a36a85a26a95
a147a1a148a28a149a1a150a152a151a3a153a87a154a28a155a87a156a1a157a28a158
a159a26a160 TCP
a161a3a162a28a163a26a164a10a165a99a166a1a167 25
a155a99a156a3a168a1a169a171a170a10a160a1a172a28a173 @a155a87a156a1a157a28a158a26a174a28a175a26a176a3a177a3a173
TCP/IPa178a180a179a182a181 a153a99a154a152a155a99a156a184a183 SMTPa185
1a186 SMTPa151a99a187a3a188a1a189a28a190a28a170
a191 a192
a193a12a194 a195 a196
a197 a198 a199 a200 a201a191 a192a36a197 a202
a191 a192
a193a12a194 a195 a196
a197 a198 a199 a200 a201 a191 a192a36a197 a202
a203a87a204a152a205
SMTPSMTP POP3
a206a3a207
a167a1a208a1a209
a160a1a172a3a210a3a211
a209
a155a87a212
a163a26a213a1a214
a160a1a172a171a151a1a155a99a156
a215a1a216a152a217 SMTP
a218a3a219a221a220 a222a26a223a3a224 —>a225a28a226a26a227a171a228a1a229
HELO hostname—a230a36a231a36a232a36a233a12a234a12a235a36a236a87a237 a238a12a234a36a239
MAIL FROMa240 sender_id—a241a36a242a36a243a87a237a12a244 a245a12a246a36a247
RECP TOa240 receiver_id—a248 a242a12a243a87a237a36a244 a245a36a246a12a247
DATA—a244 a245a99a249a36a250 a251a99a252 a253a36a254a12a255a1a0a99a237 a2a1a3a5a4
RESET—a6a1a7a9a8 a10a99a237 a11a5a12
QUIT—a13a15a14 a16a1a17
SMTPa18a20a19a22a21a20a23a22a24a20a25
a26 a27 a28 a29 a30 a216
a222a26a223a3a224a22a31 a225a3a226a1a227a22a32a20a33a22a34a36a35a20a37
a38a9a39
a225a3a226a1a227a20a40a22a41 “a42a43 a44 a45 a46 ”a47a22a48a49a37a15a50a49a51a15a52a54a53a9a55 a56
a217a9a57a36a58
a59a22a60a20a61
a219a20a62a20a63
a216 API
a64
a217 write( )
a65 read( )
a47a20a66a20a67a20a68a36a69
TCP/IPa70a72a71a74a73a76a75a15a77a36a78a15a79a81a80 SMTPa82
a83a22a84a49a85a15a86a20a87a22a88a22a89a91a90a22a85a22a92a15a93 a94a95a36a96a22a97a36a98a22a99a15a100a22a101 +
a102
a95 +
a103a49a104a20a105
220a106a1a107a5a108a1a109a111a110a112 Socketa113a5a114a1a115a1a116a9a117 a118a9a119 a120a5a121a9a122a15a123
221a124 a112a9a125a5a126
250a127a5a128a1a129a1a130a1a124a5a131a5a132a1a133
354a134 a135a9a136a5a137a9a138 a139
500a140a5a141a1a142a1a143
550a138 a144a1a145a9a146
SMTPa147a20a148a20a149a22a150a22a151a20a152
a153a9a154a20a155a20a156a158a157a36a159a22a160a20a161a22a162a158a163a22a164a165a94 Smtpd
a105a15a166
a167a36a168 TCP
a169a54a170 25a171a9a172a20a173a49a174a9a175a20a176 connecta172a20a173a22a177a36a166
a178a20a179a20a180a22a181a158a182a36a183a22a184a22a185 a98
Server: 220 swnu.edu.cn SMTP service ready
Client : HELO goodluck
Server: 250 swnu.edu.cn says hello to goodluck
Client : MAIL FROMa186 goodluck@swnu.edu.cn
Server: 250 sender OK
Client : RCPT TO: xxx@sina.com
Server: 250 recipient OK
Client : DATA
Server: 354 send mail;end with “.” on a line by itself
Client : From: goodluck@swnu.edu.cn
Client : To: xxx@sina.com
……
Client : .
Server: 250 message accept
Client : QUIT
Server: 221 goodluck closing connection
3a187a72a188a111a189a191a190a76a192a194a193a72a195a72a196a72a197a72a198
UA (mail)
Sendmail a199 a200 a201 Sendmail
a202 a203 a204 a205
a206 a207 a204 a205 a208
To:
From:
CC:
Subject:
a204 a205 a209 a210
a211 a211 a211
. a212a209 a210 a213
a214 a215
a216 a217 a204 a205
a218 a219 a204 a205
a220 a206 a204 a205
a221 a222 a204 a205
a206 a207 a204 a205
a208 a208
a211
UA (mail)
a223 a224
a204 a225
a223 a224 a226 a219 a227 a228
a223 a224 a226 a219 a227 a228
a223
a224
a206
a207
a204
a205
a223
a224a229a230
a204
a205
a231a15a232a49a233 “
a234a22a235 --a236a22a237 --a238a36a239 ”a240a20a241a22a242
a233a158a243a36a231a9a232a49a233
a234a158a235a49a244a158a245a20a246
a247a36a248
a238a36a239a22a249 “a250a20a251 ”--a252a158a250a36a253a158a254
a231a9a232a36a255a1a0a20a243a36a231a9a232a3a2a1a4
a250a22a254a3a5
a233a20a231a7a6a9a8a158a243
a238a20a239a20a249a3a10a20a244a12a11a14a13a9a238a36a239
a243a14a15a17a16a19a18a1a20a14a21
4a22a24a23a9a25a27a26a24a28a24a29a27a30a32a31POP3--Post Office Protocola33
a34a35a34a36a37a1a38a3a39a3a40a12a41a19a42a1a43a14a44a7a37a3a38a19a45a12a46a1a47a19a48a1a49a12a50a3a51a14a52
a53a1a54a19a55a12a56a3a57a3a58a1a59 a52 a53 a45a1a60a12a61a3a47a1a62a19a63a12a64a19a65a19a52 a53a1a54
a55a12a56a3a57a19a66a12a59 a52 a53a19a66a12a67a19a68 a52 a53a19a69a19a70
a34a35a34a36a37a1a38a14a44a12a71a1a72a1a73a1a51a9a74
a75a76a77Sendmail
POP3 a78a79a80a81
a77a82
a80a83a78
a79a84a85 outlook
a80a83a86a87a88
Sendmail
POP3 a78a79a80a81
a77a82
a80a83a78
a79a84a85 outlook
a80a83a86a87a88
UA UA
SMTP SMTP
POP3a89a90 POP3a89a90
a91a93a92a17a94a17a95a93a96a17a97a93a98a17a99a17a100a7a101a102a93a91a17a92a17a103a93a104a17a105a93a106a108a107outlook
a109a93a110a93a111 POP3a112
a105
a112
a100a93a113a17a114
a110a115a93a116a17a117a93a118a120a119
a91a17a92a7a101a121a120a122a123a120a101a102a7a124a93a95a93a96 PCa97a17a98
a110a125a93a126a17a127
a91a17a92
a119a128a17a129a93a130a7a131a7a132a133
a123
a119
a101a102a120a134a12a91a17a92a93a135a17a94a17a95a93a96a120a136
a133
a101a102a120a137a93a138a104a120a101a102a120a137a139
a140a17a101a102a17a141a7a142a93a143a17a101a102a120a137a140a93a144a93a145
a119
a101a102a17a146a120a134
14
4a147a27a148a27a149a9a150a152a151a27a153a27a154a32a155POP3--PostOffice Protocola156 a157a120a158a14a159a120a160a1a161a3a162a1a163a3a164a3a165 —WWWa164a3a165
a166World Wide Web
a167
a164a19a165
a168a3a169a14a170 HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol
a171a19a172a1a173a12a174a3a175a1a168a1a169
a176a177a178a179a180a7a181a182a183a184a185a186a184a187a188a189a190a185a191a192a183a17a193a190a194a195a192a190a195a184a196a196a197a17a198a93a199a17a200a93a201a17a202a7a203a7a204
a205a93a206a17a207a17a208a93a209
Internet
WEBa210a17a211 a209
Broser HTTPD
DNS
Http://www.163.com/news/welcome.htm
(1)a207a17a208a93a209a120a212 DNSa213a93a214 weba210a7a211a209a120a215 IPa216a17a217a7a218 202.119.24.11
(2)a207a17a208a93a209a17a219 IPa216a93a217a7a220 202.119.24.11a215a210a17a211 a209a93a221a17a222 TCPa223a17a224a7a225a226a1a227a220 80a228
(3)a207a17a208a93a209a93a229a17a222 HTTPa230a93a231a7a225a93a232a233 GET /news/welcome.htma234a93a235 ,a236a93a237a93a238a17a214a17a239a93a240a93a241 a228
(4) www.163.coma210a7a211a209a17a242a7a243 /news/welcome.htma240a17a241a17a244 a205a93a206 a226a7a228
(5)a245a93a246 TCPa223a93a224a120a228
(6)a207a17a208a93a209a93a247 a245 /news/welcome.htma240a17a241a120a248a249a7a225a93a250a251a93a252a7a239a240a17a241a93a253a17a252 a215a93a254a255a1a0
a2a4a3a6a5a8a7a6a9
a10a12a11a14a13a16a15a14a17a19a18a14a20a16a21a1a22a16a23a25a24a27a26 TCP
a28a14a29 UDPa30a14a31a27a32a14a33
a18a16a17a19a34a27a35a16a36
a37a19a38a16a39 a18a14a20a27a40a27a41a14a42a12a43a27a21a1a44a14a45a27a46 E-mail
a47 WWWa48a1a49a27a50a14a51
a17a25a20a27a52a16a53
a54a14a55 a56a27a57 a37a19a38a16a39 a17a19a58a14a59a27a46a14a60a14a61 TCP/IP
a62a14a63a27a64
a21a14a22a12a23a1a65a1a66a27a67a14a68a69a17
IPa70a14a71 a21a27a23a19a72a14a73a27a74a14a67a27a68a16a17 a37a25a38a69a39a19a75a27a76a1a77a27a78a14a79a14a80 a56a14a57a27a81a27a82a16a53
IP
TCP
A
IP
TCP
A
IP
TCP
A
IP
TCP
A
IP
TCP
A
IP
TCP
A
a83 a84a86a85 a87 A a83 a84a86a85 a87
B
a83 a84a86a85 a87 C
a88a90a89 a88a25a89
a91a25a92 a93 a91a25a92 a93
a37a19a38a16a39 a17a19a94a14a95a14a18a12a46 IP
a96a12a97
a21a1a98a14a99a12a100a14a101a14a56a103a102a19a21a1a104a14a105
a106a19a107 a11a27a13a12a15a19a108a27a109 a39a25a110 a17a19a111a14a112
a31a27a32
a36a19a113a27a114 IP
a115a12a116a1a117
a79a27a80a14a118a27a119 a56a69a17a1a120a1a113a27a121a14a122a27a123a16a17a1a120a14a13a14a22a14a124a16a17a1a111a1a112a27a125
a31
a32
a21a19a126 ICMPa17a25a125a27a127
a47 TCP
a17a19a128a27a129a27a130a14a121a27a21a1a131a14a66 a107
a11 a37a25a38a69a39 a17a19a18a14a20a12a22a12a23a1a65a1a66a12a22a1a124a69a17a19a111a14a112
a31a27a32a14a132a16a133
a53
a134a136a135a138a137a140a139 a141 a142 a143 a144 a145 a142 a146 a143 a147
a148a19a149a12a150a1a151 a152a14a153a69a154a25a155a16a150a1a156a14a157 a158a27a159a12a160 a161a14a162a69a148a25a163a12a150 a164
a165a27a166 TCP/IPa156a14a157a12a164a1a167a27a168 IP
a169a27a170
a164a19a171a14a172a27a173a14a174a16a154a19a155a16a150a25a175a12a176a12a177a16a178
a179a16a164a12a148a19a149a12a150a25a153a12a180a14a181a1a153a69a160a19a182a27a183a12a160a25a175a27a176a27a151 WWWa164a19a184a12a185a1a152a14a153
B/W/D a186 a187a14a188a27a189 a158a16a190a25a158a27a159a12a160a25a152a27a153a14a175a27a176a16a177
a191a12a192a27a164a16a148a25a149a12a150a19a153a27a180a14a193a27a194a14a195a14a163a27a196a14a197a14a149a27a198a27a164a1a199a14a200a14a191a27a201a14a202a14a203a27a163a1a204a27a205
a206a14a207a27a208a27a209
a186 a210a12a211a1a212a1a213
a190a25a168a12a214a19a215a16a160a25a205a12a195a14a163a1a216a27a217
a186 a210
a154a19a155a16a150a27a190a19a149
a198a16a177a19a218a27a219a12a160 a206a14a207a27a208a14a209 a220a1a221a14a222a12a223a16a148a25a149a16a150a14a160 a206a1a207a12a224 a177
a148a19a149a12a150
WWW
a225 a226 a227
a228a86a229a1a230 a231
a232 a233a234
a235 a236 a237
a225 a226 a227
a238a6a239a6a240a140a241 a242 a243 a244 a245 a246 a247 a248 a244 a249
a250a27a251a12a252a27a253 a254a1a255a1a0a3a2 a4a3a5a7a6a9a8a69a252a11a10a13a12a9a14a3a15 a16a18a17 a19 a20a7a21a7a22a3a16a18a17a1a0a3a2
a23a7a24a9a25a1a26a9a27a7a28a3a29a3a30a7a0a7a2a7a22a3a31a9a32a7a33a9a34a7a35a3a36a3a29a3a30a7a25a3a37a3a38a69a253a18a39a9a40a42a41a18a22
a16a9a17a16a253a9a43a3a44a9a45a7a46a7a47a3a48a16a253a18a49a9a50a7a51a7a52a9a53a7a29a3a30a3a51a7a52a1a22a9a54a1a55a7a12a14a253a11a56a1a57a12a252
a58a3a45a3a46 a59a13a60 a253a9a39a9a40a3a37a7a38a13a61
a62 a63a65a64 1
a62 a63a65a64 2
a66a3a67a13a68
a69 a70 a71 a72
a250a14a251a16a252 a4a3a28a3a73a3a74a7a6a3a8a16a252 a10a75a12 a22a9a76a7a77a9a78a1a79a9a57a16a253a18a6a3a8a75a80
a81a3a81a75a82a1a252a11a10a75a12a14a253 a49a3a50 a83a3a84a3a85a7a86a3a54a7a87a3a88a12a253a14a252a9a89a1a90
a250a14a251a16a252a14a253a11a91a7a92a7a4a9a56a1a57a12a252a9a22a3a93 X25a252a18a89a7a94a9a95a13a55a18a96a16a252
a89a7a22a3a23a3a24a13a97a18a4a1a98a11a99a69a252a3a61
a100a102a101a104a103a106a105a108a107a110a109 a111 a112 a113 —
a114a115a116a117a118a119a120 a121a116a115a122a119a117a123 a124a123a117a125a126a116a127 a128
VPNa129a18a130a3a131a7a132 a133a9a134a7a135a3a136 a137a18a138a3a139a13a140a11a141a13a142a9a135a3a136a1a129a18a143a3a144a3a145a7a146a1a147
VPNa129a11a148a7a149a3a150a3a151a7a152a7a153a3a154 IPa150a3a151 a147a7a155a18a146 IPa150a7a151a3a148a7a149a13a156a11a157
a158a7a159a3a160a7a161a9a162
a150a3a151a1a147a3a163a3a164a9a148a7a149a7a165a1a129a9a166a9a167a7a168a3a169a3a170 IPa142a9a171a3a172a9a173a7a174a13a175
a176a3a177a7a178a9a160a3a179a7a180 VPN
a181a7a182a13a129a18a183a3a184a13a185
a186 1
a187 a146a1a188a42a189a65a190a7a191a3a192
a161a3a162
a133a18a134a13a147a9a193a3a194a3a195a3a146a13a142a7a137
a186 2
a187 a195a7a196a7a197a7a198a9a170a7a197a1a142a18a199a7a200a3a201a7a191a3a192 VPNa147a1a202a18a203a9a204
a179a7a180a7a161a9a162
a181
a182a1a175
a205 a206 a207 1
a205 a206 a207 2
VPN
a208 a209 a210 a211
VPNa212a7a213a3a214a1a215a7a216 a213a3a217 a218 a219a3a220a7a221a9a222a7a223a7a224a9a225a7a226a13a215a3a216
a227a7a228a7a229a7a230a3a231
a216a18a232a3a233a13a215a9a234 a218a236a235 a237a13a238a11a212a13a239a11a240a13a215a18a241a7a242
a243
a214a1a215a3a218a18a232a3a233a75a216a18a244a1a245a9a237a3a246a3a237a7a247a1a248a7a249