1
仇 保 兴
Qiu BaoXing
2005年 3月 28日
March 28,2005
智能、绿色建筑与
中国建筑节能策略
Intelligent Green Buildings and Strategy for
Energy Saving of Buildings in China
2
一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义
Objectives and significance for the 2-phase energy saving of
buildings in China
二,,信息, 的特征与智能绿色建筑
Characteristics of ―information‖ and intelligent green buildings
三,绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别
Differences between green buildings and general ones
四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策
Basic countermeasures to initiate green buildings
五,启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆 ——强化对地方政
府的激励
The lever to start up the green building initiative of China –
enhanced incentive to local governments
3
一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 预计到 2030年城镇化率每年平均提高 1～ 1.5个百分点
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
By 2030,the urbanization rate of China will increase by 1~1.5
percentage points per annum on an average basis,(Picture 5)
Objectives and significance for the 2-phase
energy saving of buildings in China
4
0
30000
60000
90000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
城镇人口（万人） 乡村人口（万人） 城镇化水平（ % ）
5
6
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 每年约有 1200万～ 1500万人从农村移民到城市，从现
在开始将转移 5亿人口
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
About 12~15 million people will migrate from rural areas to
urban areas each year,From now,500 million people will
migrate.
? 每个城镇人口平均耗能水平为农村人口的 3～ 3.5倍
Each urban population consumes energy 3~3.5 times as much
as by rural population.
7
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 每年约新建 20亿平方米建筑
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
2.0 billion square meters of buildings are built each year.
? 现有 440亿平方米存量建筑中，绝大部分是高耗能建筑
Most of the existing 44 billion square meters of buildings in
stock are high-energy-consuming buildings.
8
全球的资源：
能源,50%
水资源,42%
原材料,50%
耕地,48%
全球的污染：
空气污染,50%
温室效应,42%
水污染,50%
固体废物,48%
氟氯化物,50%
建筑全过程
2．建筑全过程的物质与能源消耗
Materials and energy consumption in the overall
process of building
9
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 第一阶段,Phase 1:
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
? 2010年全面启动建筑节能和推广绿色建筑
In 2010,launch the initiative of energy saving of buildings and
promote green buildings,
? 平均节能率达到 50％
Average energy saving rate will reach 50%.
10
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 第二阶段,Phase 2:
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
? 2020年进一步提高建筑节能标准
Further improve the energy saving standards of buildings in
2020.
? 平均节能率达到 60％，东部地区可达更高的标
Average energy saving rate will reach 60%,much higher in
eastern regions.
11
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 如果完成上述目标,2020年，中国建筑能耗可减少
3.35亿吨标准煤，相当于整个英国 2002年的能耗总量
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
If the above objectives can be reached,the energy
consumption by buildings in China will reduce by 335 million
tons of standard coal in 2020,equivalent to the total energy
consumption throughout UK in 2002.
12
2 000-2020年 建筑能耗预测
3.5
6.73
10.89
5.61
7.54
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000 2010 2020
建筑能耗（亿吨标准煤）
建筑节能工作进展差 建筑节能工作进展好
13
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 空调高峰负荷可减少约 8000万 KW/h，相当于 4.5个三
峡电站的满负荷的发电量
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
Peak load of air-conditioners will reduce by 80 million KW/h,
equivalent to the electricity power generated by 4.5 Three Gorges
Power Stations in full load,
? 如果我国 2020年建筑能耗能达到发达国家 20世纪末的
水平，节能效果将更显著
In 2020,if the energy saving of buildings in China can reach the
level of developed countries in the late 20th century,the energy
saving effect will be more distinct,
14
4．德国的节能经验
住宅最大允许供暖需求的发展
Energy saving experience of Germany
油
品
危
机
油
品
危
机
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
DIN
4108
WSVO
1977
WSVO
1984
WSVO
1995
EnEV
kWh(m2 ?a)
15
?, 信息, —— 无限的可压缩性，甚至不占据
物理空间和零质量，建筑的智能化并不减少建
筑有效空间
―Information‖ – infinitely compressible,even occupies no
physical space and zero mass,The intelligentization of
buildings will not reduce the effective space of buildings,
二,,信息, 的特征与智能绿色建筑
Characteristics of ―information‖ and intelligent
green buildings
16
?, 信息” —— 无限的可复制性，无任何有
形磨损，建筑智能的系统设计方案可为全人类
所共享
―Information‖ – infinitely reproducible,without any
visible wear and tear,The intelligent system design of
buildings can be shared by the entire human being,
?, 信息” —— 无限的可传输性，使户主对
建筑功能的远距离实时控制成为可能
―Information‖ – infinitely transmissible,makes it possible
for householders to conduct remote real-time control to
the building’s functions.
17
?, 信息” —— 收集、处理和传输具有极低
的能耗，甚至零能耗。有助于实现智能绿色建
筑的目标：更多的应用“信息”，更少的使用
“能源”
―Information‖ – with extremely low energy consumption
in collection,processing and transmission,even to zero
energy consumption,which will help reach the aim of
intelligent and green buildings,more application of
―information‖,and less application of ―energy sources‖,
18
?, 信息” —— 极大的外部性，梅特卡夫准
则：信息网络的价值与联网的用户数的平方成
正比。“物以稀为贵”变成了“物以多而贵”。
越来越多的绿色建筑智能化，就能形成功能越
来越强化的虚拟世界。足不出户实现虚拟沟通、
集体娱乐甚至工作就成为可能，将会减少交通
的能耗
―Information‖ – extremely exterior,Maitcarf rules,the value of an
information network is proportional to the square of the number of
subscribers accessing the network,―Things are precious as they are
rare ‖ becomes ―things are precious as they are numerous.‖ More
and more green buildings get intelligent,which will cause a virtual
world with more and more powerful functions,It will be possible for
virtual communication,collective amusement and even working
without going out of your door,which will reduce the traffic energy
consumption,
19
? 传统的建筑智能化往往是由：楼宇自动化系统（ BAS）、办公
自动化系统（ OAS）和通讯自动化系统（ CAS）组成。但根据以上
的信息定义，智能绿色建筑将进一步综合运用最新的 4C技术，即
计算机（ computer）、控制（ control）、通讯（ communication）
和 CRT图形显示技术，不仅实现以上三大系统的整合优化，而且能
够通过室内外的传感系统监测气温、湿度、风速、光照强度等变
化，并根据这些参数控制窗户、空调系统和能源再生系统，以求
得最高的室内工作生活质量与最少的自然干扰相统一。
Intelligentization of traditional buildings is usually consisted of Building
Automatization System (BAS),Office Automation System （ OAS） and
Communication Automatization System（ CAS）, However,according to the
information definition mentioned above,intelligent and green buildings will
further be applied the latest four-C technologies synthetically,namely computer,
control,communication and Graphic Reveal Technology (CRT),they can not
only conformity and optimize former three systems,but also monitor those
changes such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and intensity of illumination
etc through outdoor and indoor sensing system,at same time,they can control
windows,air-conditioning system and energy regeneration system according to
these parameter so as to achieve perfect combination of the highest indoor
living and working quality and lowest natural interference.
20
三、绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别
Differences between green buildings and
general ones
21
? 第一，一般建筑在结构上趋向于封闭，在设计上力求
与自然环境完全隔离，室内环境往往是不利于健康的；而
绿色建筑的内部与外部采取有效连通的办法，会对气候变
化自动进行自适应调节，就像鸟儿一样，它可以根据季节
的变化换羽毛。建筑有自己的神经（智能），变化羽毛等
于交换节能围护装置和性能。
First,general buildings tend to be closed in structure,and completely
separated from the natural environment in design,Indoor environment
is not healthful; but green buildings,with their connected inside and
outside,may adjust themselves to gear to the climate changes,just
like birds that can change their feather by the season changes,
Buildings have their own nerves (intelligence),To change the ―feather ‖
is just to exchange the energy saving maintenance devices and
performance,
22
? 第二、一般建筑随着建筑设计、生产和用材的标准化、
产业化，大江南北建筑的形式一律化、单调化造就了, 千
城一面, ；而绿色建筑推行本地材料，尊重几千年的地方
文化传统，真正造就凝固的音乐，建筑将随着气候、自然
资源和地区文化的差异而重新呈现不同的风貌。
Second,general buildings are unvaried along with the standardization
and industrialization of design,production and materials as well as the
unvaried and toneless forms of buildings across China; but for green
buildings,local materials are applied,and local cultural traditions of
thousands of years are respected to solidified music,Buildings will
vary with the climate,natural resources and regional culture,
23
24
? 第三、一般建筑是一种商品，建筑的形式往往不顾环
境资源的限制，片面追求批量化生产，低成本建设，自我
创造形象；而绿色建筑则将被看作一种资源，建筑及其城
市发展都将以最小的生态和资源代价，在广泛的领域获得
最大利益。
Third,general buildings are a kind of commodity,The form of building
always disregards the restriction of natural resources,There’s a
unilateral pursuit of batch production,low-cost construction,and self-
creation of image,But green buildings will be regard as a kind of
resource,Buildings and the development of their cities will be at
minimum cost of ecology and resources,and obtain maximum benefit
in extensive fields,
25
? 第四、一般建筑追求“新、奇、特”“大、洋、贵”，
追求标志效应，欧陆风或 ×× 风盛行；而绿色建筑的建筑
形式也将从与大自然和谐相处中获得灵感，“美存在于以
最小的资源获得最大限度的丰富性和多样性”。人类对建
筑美的感知将建立在生态影响的基础上，而不是建立在精
美艺术细节、夸张的形式主义上。重返 2000多年前古罗马
杰出建筑师维特鲁威提出的“紧固、适用、愉悦”六字真
经上。
Fourth,general buildings tend to be new,original,special,big,exotic,
and expensive,and seek for landmark effect,with European or any
other styles prevailing,But green buildings will obtain inspiration from
the harmony with the nature,―Beauty exists in the maximum richness
and diversity obtained from the minimum resources‖,Human’s
perception of architectural beauty will be based upon the ecological
effect,instead of the exquisite artistic details and exaggerated
externalism,thus back to the ―fastening,applicable and pleasant‖
principle set forth by an outstanding architect in ancient Roma more
than 2000 years ago,
26
? 第五、一般建筑能耗非常大，建筑业是所有产业中的
耗能（ 50%）大户和污染大户（污水排放 50%）；绿色建筑
极大的减少了能耗，甚至自身产生和利用可再生能源，
“零能耗”（广泛利用太阳能、风能、地热能）和“零排
放”建筑。发电节能提高 5%，汽车节能提高 10%极为困难，
而建筑节能轻易可达 50-60%。
Fifth,general buildings are highly energy consuming,The building
sector is a major energy consumer （ contributing 50%） and pollution
maker （ contributing 50% to the polluted water） among all sectors;
green buildings reduce the energy consumption greatly,they can
even generate and utilize reusable energy sources (extensive
utilization of solar energy,wind energy and geothermal energy) to
realize ―zero energy consumption‖ and ―zero emission‖,It’s very hard
to increase the energy saving by 5% in the electricity generation,and
by 10% in the automobiles,But the energy saving of buildings can
reach 50-60% easily,
27
? 第六，一般建筑仅在建造过程或者是使用过程中对环
境负责，是狭义的“以人为本”；而绿色建筑是在建筑的
全寿命周期内，为人类提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，
最终实现与自然共生，从被动的减少对自然的干扰，到主
动地创造环境的丰富性，减少资源需求上来，从狭义的
“以人为本”转向子孙后代和全人类的“以人为本”。
Sixth,general buildings are only responsible for the environment
during the construction or use,and are person centered in a narrow
sense; but green buildings tend to protect the environment to the full
extent,reduce pollution,provide the human beings a healthy,
applicable and efficient space in the whole life of the building,A
passive reduction of disturbance to the nature is turned into the
active creation of diversified environment and the reduction of
resource demand,and the person-centered conception in narrow
sense is turned into the person-centered conception for the future
generations and the entire human being.
28
四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策
Basic countermeasures to initiate green
buildings
29
? 全面启动北方地区的供热体制改革，新推
行集中供热的地区与城市全部采用新体制
Fully launch the heat supply system in the northern
region of China,New system will be implemented in all
regions and cities where central heating is just initiated,
? 强制性执行现有的建筑节能标准
Implement the existing energy saving standards for
buildings in a compulsive way.
30
? 制定新的内容更宽泛的建筑节能标准与技
术规范
Develop new and more inclusive standards and technical
specifications for energy saving of buildings,
? 执行建筑节能标准应是实际工作的最低要
求，鼓励地方政府和企业超标准执行
To implement the energy saving standards for buildings
shall be the minimum requirement in the practical work,
Local governments and enterprises are encouraged to
implement beyond the standards,
31
? 建筑节能标准要从设计、施工、运行扩展
到建筑的节水、节材和减少温室气体和废水、
垃圾排放。建筑节能应扩展到建筑的全过程
Energy saving standards for buildings shall be
extended from the design,construction and
operation to the water saving,material saving,
reduction of greenhouse gas,wastewater,and
garbage emission in buildings,Energy saving of
buildings shall be extended to the full process of
building.
32
? 财政投资和补贴的公共建筑，应率先达到
严格的节能标准和绿色建筑规范，鼓励地方制
订和执行更高的节能标准
Public buildings receiving fiscal investment and subsidy
shall take the lead to meet the energy saving standards
and green building criterions,Local governments are
encouraged to develop and implement higher energy
saving standards,
? 对高级公寓和标志性的公共建筑应执行更
高的节能标准
Higher energy saving standards shall be implemented for
high-grade apartments and landmark public buildings,
33
英国伦敦
London of UK
34
Build a green building rating system and relevant
incentive programs adapted to the situation of China,
? 建立适应中国国情的绿色建筑分等评级制
度及相应的奖励方法
35
五、启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆
——强化对地方政府的激励
The lever to start up the green building initiative
of China – enhanced incentive to local
governments
36
? 各地气候条件和发展程度差异极大的中国，
推行绿色建筑必须充分依靠地方政府的主动性
和创造性
The initiativeness and creativity of local governments
must by relied on to initiate green buildings in China,
where with significantly varied climate conditions and
development levels,
37
? 上海实例 Examples of Shanghai
上海市夏季最高用电负荷
530
580
690
643
860
901 903
1048
1111
1235
1362
1500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
38
表 1 住宅建筑发展与既有住宅建筑节能改造预测
Table 1 Development of Dwelling Buildings and Forecast of Energy
Saving Renovation for Already Existing Dwelling Buildings
Year
Quantity
of
Dwelling
Buildings
on Hand
Increase
of New
Buildings
1
Increase of
Energy-Saving
Buildings2
Total Quantity
of Energy-
Saving
Buildings
Quantity of Already
Existing Buildings
under Energy-
Saving
Predicted
Rate of
Renovation 3
Predicted
Total
Quantity
Renovated
10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 % 10,000m2
2003 30560 3654 320 427
2004 32560 2000 600 1027
2005 34560 2000 2000 3027
2010 42060 1500 1500 10527 630.66 2 630.66
2015 47060 1000 1000 15527 1576.65 5 4729.95
2020 49560 500 500 18027 3153.3 10 14189.85
39
表 2 公共建筑发展与既有公共建筑节能改造预测
Table 2 Development of Public Buildings and Forecast of Energy
Saving Renovation for Already Existing Public Buildings
Year
Quantity
of
Dwelling
House on
Hand
Increase of
New
Public
Buildings 1
Increase of
Energy-
Saving
Buildings2
Total Quantity
of Energy-
Saving
Buildings
Quantity of
Already Existing
Public Buildings
under Energy-
Saving
Predicted Rate
of Renovation
3
Predicted
Total Quantity
Renovated
10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 % 10,000m2
2003 9899 1606
2004 10899 1000
2005 11899 1000 100 100
2010 14399 500 500 1000 267.98 2 267.98
2015 15649 250 250 2250 669.95 5 2009.85
2020 16899 250 250 3500 13339.9 10 6029.55
40
表 3 住宅建筑节能预测
Table 3 Predicted Energy Saving in Dwelling Buildings
2005 2010 2015 2020
百户居民空调数量预测，台
Predicted number of air-conditioners/100 households
(sets)
170 185 200 250
空调设备节电量，亿 kWh
Electricity saved by air-conditioners (100m kWh) 1.37 2.21 3.15 5.17
维护结构节电量，亿 kWh
Electricity saved by maintenance structures (100m kWh) 0.6 2.21 4.22 7.36
总节电量，亿 kWh
Total electricity saved (100m kWh) 1.97 4.42 7.37 12.53
41
表 4 公共建筑节能预测
Table 4 Predicted Energy Saving in Public Buildings
2005 2010 2015 2020
公共建筑能耗，万 tce
Energy consumption by public
buildings (10000tce)
840 1200 1360 1500
公共建筑节能量，万 tce
Saved energy by public buildings
(10000tce)
3.53 52.8 127.2 214.5
42
? 定期全面部署和检查地方政府建筑节能实
施计划及其进展情况
Regularly deploy and inspect the local governments’
building energy saving plans and the progress of
implementation,
? 将建筑节能率列入对地方政府领导政绩考
核的绿色 GDP指标体系中
Involve the building energy saving rate into the system of
green GDP indicators for the rating of government
officials’ performance,
43
? 将建筑节能及绿色建筑的推广作为评选国
家园林城市、环保模范城市、生态城市和人居
奖等荣誉称号的必要条件之一
Use the building energy saving and promotion of green
buildings as one of the necessary conditions for such
honors as national garden city,model city of
environmental protection,ecological city and human
inhabitation award,
? 鼓励地方政府制订高标准节能建筑、绿色
建筑的税收等优惠政策
Encourage local governments to develop preferential tax
and other policies for energy saving buildings with higher
standards and green buildings,
44
谢 谢 ！
Thanks !
仇 保 兴
Qiu BaoXing
2005年 3月 28日
March 28,2005
智能、绿色建筑与
中国建筑节能策略
Intelligent Green Buildings and Strategy for
Energy Saving of Buildings in China
2
一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义
Objectives and significance for the 2-phase energy saving of
buildings in China
二,,信息, 的特征与智能绿色建筑
Characteristics of ―information‖ and intelligent green buildings
三,绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别
Differences between green buildings and general ones
四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策
Basic countermeasures to initiate green buildings
五,启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆 ——强化对地方政
府的激励
The lever to start up the green building initiative of China –
enhanced incentive to local governments
3
一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 预计到 2030年城镇化率每年平均提高 1～ 1.5个百分点
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
By 2030,the urbanization rate of China will increase by 1~1.5
percentage points per annum on an average basis,(Picture 5)
Objectives and significance for the 2-phase
energy saving of buildings in China
4
0
30000
60000
90000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
城镇人口（万人） 乡村人口（万人） 城镇化水平（ % ）
5
6
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 每年约有 1200万～ 1500万人从农村移民到城市，从现
在开始将转移 5亿人口
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
About 12~15 million people will migrate from rural areas to
urban areas each year,From now,500 million people will
migrate.
? 每个城镇人口平均耗能水平为农村人口的 3～ 3.5倍
Each urban population consumes energy 3~3.5 times as much
as by rural population.
7
1．中国城镇化与建筑耗能
? 每年约新建 20亿平方米建筑
China’s urbanization and energy consumption by
buildings
2.0 billion square meters of buildings are built each year.
? 现有 440亿平方米存量建筑中，绝大部分是高耗能建筑
Most of the existing 44 billion square meters of buildings in
stock are high-energy-consuming buildings.
8
全球的资源：
能源,50%
水资源,42%
原材料,50%
耕地,48%
全球的污染：
空气污染,50%
温室效应,42%
水污染,50%
固体废物,48%
氟氯化物,50%
建筑全过程
2．建筑全过程的物质与能源消耗
Materials and energy consumption in the overall
process of building
9
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 第一阶段,Phase 1:
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
? 2010年全面启动建筑节能和推广绿色建筑
In 2010,launch the initiative of energy saving of buildings and
promote green buildings,
? 平均节能率达到 50％
Average energy saving rate will reach 50%.
10
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 第二阶段,Phase 2:
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
? 2020年进一步提高建筑节能标准
Further improve the energy saving standards of buildings in
2020.
? 平均节能率达到 60％，东部地区可达更高的标
Average energy saving rate will reach 60%,much higher in
eastern regions.
11
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 如果完成上述目标,2020年，中国建筑能耗可减少
3.35亿吨标准煤，相当于整个英国 2002年的能耗总量
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
If the above objectives can be reached,the energy
consumption by buildings in China will reduce by 335 million
tons of standard coal in 2020,equivalent to the total energy
consumption throughout UK in 2002.
12
2 000-2020年 建筑能耗预测
3.5
6.73
10.89
5.61
7.54
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2000 2010 2020
建筑能耗（亿吨标准煤）
建筑节能工作进展差 建筑节能工作进展好
13
3,建筑节能二阶段目标
? 空调高峰负荷可减少约 8000万 KW/h，相当于 4.5个三
峡电站的满负荷的发电量
Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings
Peak load of air-conditioners will reduce by 80 million KW/h,
equivalent to the electricity power generated by 4.5 Three Gorges
Power Stations in full load,
? 如果我国 2020年建筑能耗能达到发达国家 20世纪末的
水平，节能效果将更显著
In 2020,if the energy saving of buildings in China can reach the
level of developed countries in the late 20th century,the energy
saving effect will be more distinct,
14
4．德国的节能经验
住宅最大允许供暖需求的发展
Energy saving experience of Germany
油
品
危
机
油
品
危
机
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
DIN
4108
WSVO
1977
WSVO
1984
WSVO
1995
EnEV
kWh(m2 ?a)
15
?, 信息, —— 无限的可压缩性，甚至不占据
物理空间和零质量，建筑的智能化并不减少建
筑有效空间
―Information‖ – infinitely compressible,even occupies no
physical space and zero mass,The intelligentization of
buildings will not reduce the effective space of buildings,
二,,信息, 的特征与智能绿色建筑
Characteristics of ―information‖ and intelligent
green buildings
16
?, 信息” —— 无限的可复制性，无任何有
形磨损，建筑智能的系统设计方案可为全人类
所共享
―Information‖ – infinitely reproducible,without any
visible wear and tear,The intelligent system design of
buildings can be shared by the entire human being,
?, 信息” —— 无限的可传输性，使户主对
建筑功能的远距离实时控制成为可能
―Information‖ – infinitely transmissible,makes it possible
for householders to conduct remote real-time control to
the building’s functions.
17
?, 信息” —— 收集、处理和传输具有极低
的能耗，甚至零能耗。有助于实现智能绿色建
筑的目标：更多的应用“信息”，更少的使用
“能源”
―Information‖ – with extremely low energy consumption
in collection,processing and transmission,even to zero
energy consumption,which will help reach the aim of
intelligent and green buildings,more application of
―information‖,and less application of ―energy sources‖,
18
?, 信息” —— 极大的外部性，梅特卡夫准
则：信息网络的价值与联网的用户数的平方成
正比。“物以稀为贵”变成了“物以多而贵”。
越来越多的绿色建筑智能化，就能形成功能越
来越强化的虚拟世界。足不出户实现虚拟沟通、
集体娱乐甚至工作就成为可能，将会减少交通
的能耗
―Information‖ – extremely exterior,Maitcarf rules,the value of an
information network is proportional to the square of the number of
subscribers accessing the network,―Things are precious as they are
rare ‖ becomes ―things are precious as they are numerous.‖ More
and more green buildings get intelligent,which will cause a virtual
world with more and more powerful functions,It will be possible for
virtual communication,collective amusement and even working
without going out of your door,which will reduce the traffic energy
consumption,
19
? 传统的建筑智能化往往是由：楼宇自动化系统（ BAS）、办公
自动化系统（ OAS）和通讯自动化系统（ CAS）组成。但根据以上
的信息定义，智能绿色建筑将进一步综合运用最新的 4C技术，即
计算机（ computer）、控制（ control）、通讯（ communication）
和 CRT图形显示技术，不仅实现以上三大系统的整合优化，而且能
够通过室内外的传感系统监测气温、湿度、风速、光照强度等变
化，并根据这些参数控制窗户、空调系统和能源再生系统，以求
得最高的室内工作生活质量与最少的自然干扰相统一。
Intelligentization of traditional buildings is usually consisted of Building
Automatization System (BAS),Office Automation System （ OAS） and
Communication Automatization System（ CAS）, However,according to the
information definition mentioned above,intelligent and green buildings will
further be applied the latest four-C technologies synthetically,namely computer,
control,communication and Graphic Reveal Technology (CRT),they can not
only conformity and optimize former three systems,but also monitor those
changes such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and intensity of illumination
etc through outdoor and indoor sensing system,at same time,they can control
windows,air-conditioning system and energy regeneration system according to
these parameter so as to achieve perfect combination of the highest indoor
living and working quality and lowest natural interference.
20
三、绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别
Differences between green buildings and
general ones
21
? 第一，一般建筑在结构上趋向于封闭，在设计上力求
与自然环境完全隔离，室内环境往往是不利于健康的；而
绿色建筑的内部与外部采取有效连通的办法，会对气候变
化自动进行自适应调节，就像鸟儿一样，它可以根据季节
的变化换羽毛。建筑有自己的神经（智能），变化羽毛等
于交换节能围护装置和性能。
First,general buildings tend to be closed in structure,and completely
separated from the natural environment in design,Indoor environment
is not healthful; but green buildings,with their connected inside and
outside,may adjust themselves to gear to the climate changes,just
like birds that can change their feather by the season changes,
Buildings have their own nerves (intelligence),To change the ―feather ‖
is just to exchange the energy saving maintenance devices and
performance,
22
? 第二、一般建筑随着建筑设计、生产和用材的标准化、
产业化，大江南北建筑的形式一律化、单调化造就了, 千
城一面, ；而绿色建筑推行本地材料，尊重几千年的地方
文化传统，真正造就凝固的音乐，建筑将随着气候、自然
资源和地区文化的差异而重新呈现不同的风貌。
Second,general buildings are unvaried along with the standardization
and industrialization of design,production and materials as well as the
unvaried and toneless forms of buildings across China; but for green
buildings,local materials are applied,and local cultural traditions of
thousands of years are respected to solidified music,Buildings will
vary with the climate,natural resources and regional culture,
23
24
? 第三、一般建筑是一种商品，建筑的形式往往不顾环
境资源的限制，片面追求批量化生产，低成本建设，自我
创造形象；而绿色建筑则将被看作一种资源，建筑及其城
市发展都将以最小的生态和资源代价，在广泛的领域获得
最大利益。
Third,general buildings are a kind of commodity,The form of building
always disregards the restriction of natural resources,There’s a
unilateral pursuit of batch production,low-cost construction,and self-
creation of image,But green buildings will be regard as a kind of
resource,Buildings and the development of their cities will be at
minimum cost of ecology and resources,and obtain maximum benefit
in extensive fields,
25
? 第四、一般建筑追求“新、奇、特”“大、洋、贵”，
追求标志效应，欧陆风或 ×× 风盛行；而绿色建筑的建筑
形式也将从与大自然和谐相处中获得灵感，“美存在于以
最小的资源获得最大限度的丰富性和多样性”。人类对建
筑美的感知将建立在生态影响的基础上，而不是建立在精
美艺术细节、夸张的形式主义上。重返 2000多年前古罗马
杰出建筑师维特鲁威提出的“紧固、适用、愉悦”六字真
经上。
Fourth,general buildings tend to be new,original,special,big,exotic,
and expensive,and seek for landmark effect,with European or any
other styles prevailing,But green buildings will obtain inspiration from
the harmony with the nature,―Beauty exists in the maximum richness
and diversity obtained from the minimum resources‖,Human’s
perception of architectural beauty will be based upon the ecological
effect,instead of the exquisite artistic details and exaggerated
externalism,thus back to the ―fastening,applicable and pleasant‖
principle set forth by an outstanding architect in ancient Roma more
than 2000 years ago,
26
? 第五、一般建筑能耗非常大，建筑业是所有产业中的
耗能（ 50%）大户和污染大户（污水排放 50%）；绿色建筑
极大的减少了能耗，甚至自身产生和利用可再生能源，
“零能耗”（广泛利用太阳能、风能、地热能）和“零排
放”建筑。发电节能提高 5%，汽车节能提高 10%极为困难，
而建筑节能轻易可达 50-60%。
Fifth,general buildings are highly energy consuming,The building
sector is a major energy consumer （ contributing 50%） and pollution
maker （ contributing 50% to the polluted water） among all sectors;
green buildings reduce the energy consumption greatly,they can
even generate and utilize reusable energy sources (extensive
utilization of solar energy,wind energy and geothermal energy) to
realize ―zero energy consumption‖ and ―zero emission‖,It’s very hard
to increase the energy saving by 5% in the electricity generation,and
by 10% in the automobiles,But the energy saving of buildings can
reach 50-60% easily,
27
? 第六，一般建筑仅在建造过程或者是使用过程中对环
境负责，是狭义的“以人为本”；而绿色建筑是在建筑的
全寿命周期内，为人类提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，
最终实现与自然共生，从被动的减少对自然的干扰，到主
动地创造环境的丰富性，减少资源需求上来，从狭义的
“以人为本”转向子孙后代和全人类的“以人为本”。
Sixth,general buildings are only responsible for the environment
during the construction or use,and are person centered in a narrow
sense; but green buildings tend to protect the environment to the full
extent,reduce pollution,provide the human beings a healthy,
applicable and efficient space in the whole life of the building,A
passive reduction of disturbance to the nature is turned into the
active creation of diversified environment and the reduction of
resource demand,and the person-centered conception in narrow
sense is turned into the person-centered conception for the future
generations and the entire human being.
28
四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策
Basic countermeasures to initiate green
buildings
29
? 全面启动北方地区的供热体制改革，新推
行集中供热的地区与城市全部采用新体制
Fully launch the heat supply system in the northern
region of China,New system will be implemented in all
regions and cities where central heating is just initiated,
? 强制性执行现有的建筑节能标准
Implement the existing energy saving standards for
buildings in a compulsive way.
30
? 制定新的内容更宽泛的建筑节能标准与技
术规范
Develop new and more inclusive standards and technical
specifications for energy saving of buildings,
? 执行建筑节能标准应是实际工作的最低要
求，鼓励地方政府和企业超标准执行
To implement the energy saving standards for buildings
shall be the minimum requirement in the practical work,
Local governments and enterprises are encouraged to
implement beyond the standards,
31
? 建筑节能标准要从设计、施工、运行扩展
到建筑的节水、节材和减少温室气体和废水、
垃圾排放。建筑节能应扩展到建筑的全过程
Energy saving standards for buildings shall be
extended from the design,construction and
operation to the water saving,material saving,
reduction of greenhouse gas,wastewater,and
garbage emission in buildings,Energy saving of
buildings shall be extended to the full process of
building.
32
? 财政投资和补贴的公共建筑，应率先达到
严格的节能标准和绿色建筑规范，鼓励地方制
订和执行更高的节能标准
Public buildings receiving fiscal investment and subsidy
shall take the lead to meet the energy saving standards
and green building criterions,Local governments are
encouraged to develop and implement higher energy
saving standards,
? 对高级公寓和标志性的公共建筑应执行更
高的节能标准
Higher energy saving standards shall be implemented for
high-grade apartments and landmark public buildings,
33
英国伦敦
London of UK
34
Build a green building rating system and relevant
incentive programs adapted to the situation of China,
? 建立适应中国国情的绿色建筑分等评级制
度及相应的奖励方法
35
五、启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆
——强化对地方政府的激励
The lever to start up the green building initiative
of China – enhanced incentive to local
governments
36
? 各地气候条件和发展程度差异极大的中国，
推行绿色建筑必须充分依靠地方政府的主动性
和创造性
The initiativeness and creativity of local governments
must by relied on to initiate green buildings in China,
where with significantly varied climate conditions and
development levels,
37
? 上海实例 Examples of Shanghai
上海市夏季最高用电负荷
530
580
690
643
860
901 903
1048
1111
1235
1362
1500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
38
表 1 住宅建筑发展与既有住宅建筑节能改造预测
Table 1 Development of Dwelling Buildings and Forecast of Energy
Saving Renovation for Already Existing Dwelling Buildings
Year
Quantity
of
Dwelling
Buildings
on Hand
Increase
of New
Buildings
1
Increase of
Energy-Saving
Buildings2
Total Quantity
of Energy-
Saving
Buildings
Quantity of Already
Existing Buildings
under Energy-
Saving
Predicted
Rate of
Renovation 3
Predicted
Total
Quantity
Renovated
10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 % 10,000m2
2003 30560 3654 320 427
2004 32560 2000 600 1027
2005 34560 2000 2000 3027
2010 42060 1500 1500 10527 630.66 2 630.66
2015 47060 1000 1000 15527 1576.65 5 4729.95
2020 49560 500 500 18027 3153.3 10 14189.85
39
表 2 公共建筑发展与既有公共建筑节能改造预测
Table 2 Development of Public Buildings and Forecast of Energy
Saving Renovation for Already Existing Public Buildings
Year
Quantity
of
Dwelling
House on
Hand
Increase of
New
Public
Buildings 1
Increase of
Energy-
Saving
Buildings2
Total Quantity
of Energy-
Saving
Buildings
Quantity of
Already Existing
Public Buildings
under Energy-
Saving
Predicted Rate
of Renovation
3
Predicted
Total Quantity
Renovated
10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 10,000m2 % 10,000m2
2003 9899 1606
2004 10899 1000
2005 11899 1000 100 100
2010 14399 500 500 1000 267.98 2 267.98
2015 15649 250 250 2250 669.95 5 2009.85
2020 16899 250 250 3500 13339.9 10 6029.55
40
表 3 住宅建筑节能预测
Table 3 Predicted Energy Saving in Dwelling Buildings
2005 2010 2015 2020
百户居民空调数量预测，台
Predicted number of air-conditioners/100 households
(sets)
170 185 200 250
空调设备节电量，亿 kWh
Electricity saved by air-conditioners (100m kWh) 1.37 2.21 3.15 5.17
维护结构节电量，亿 kWh
Electricity saved by maintenance structures (100m kWh) 0.6 2.21 4.22 7.36
总节电量，亿 kWh
Total electricity saved (100m kWh) 1.97 4.42 7.37 12.53
41
表 4 公共建筑节能预测
Table 4 Predicted Energy Saving in Public Buildings
2005 2010 2015 2020
公共建筑能耗，万 tce
Energy consumption by public
buildings (10000tce)
840 1200 1360 1500
公共建筑节能量，万 tce
Saved energy by public buildings
(10000tce)
3.53 52.8 127.2 214.5
42
? 定期全面部署和检查地方政府建筑节能实
施计划及其进展情况
Regularly deploy and inspect the local governments’
building energy saving plans and the progress of
implementation,
? 将建筑节能率列入对地方政府领导政绩考
核的绿色 GDP指标体系中
Involve the building energy saving rate into the system of
green GDP indicators for the rating of government
officials’ performance,
43
? 将建筑节能及绿色建筑的推广作为评选国
家园林城市、环保模范城市、生态城市和人居
奖等荣誉称号的必要条件之一
Use the building energy saving and promotion of green
buildings as one of the necessary conditions for such
honors as national garden city,model city of
environmental protection,ecological city and human
inhabitation award,
? 鼓励地方政府制订高标准节能建筑、绿色
建筑的税收等优惠政策
Encourage local governments to develop preferential tax
and other policies for energy saving buildings with higher
standards and green buildings,
44
谢 谢 ！
Thanks !
