E/GN m
-2
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
Ceramics
Metals Polymers Composites
upper limit
Al
2
O
3 3
N
4
ZrO
2
Ice
Tungsten
Nickel
Zinc
Tin
Epoxy
)
)
PVC
Foamed
,Si
Diamond
WC,SiC
MgO
Mullite
Silica
Soda glass
Alkali halides
Cement
Concrete
Graphite
Osmium
Molybdenum
Chromium
Iron + Steel
Copper
Titanium
Aluminum
Magnesium
Lead
Alkyds
Melamines
Polyamides
PMMA
Polystyrene
Nylon
(high density
Polyethylene
(low density
Polypropylene
Rubbers
polymers
Cermets
CFRP’s
Fibreglass
GFRP’s
Woods,
parallel grain
Woods,
perpendicular
grain
Source,Ashby,M.F,Materials selection in mechanical design,Boston,
Butterworth - Heinemann,1999,
K
c
/MN m
-3/
2
Ceramics
Metals Polymers Composites
200
100
10
Al
2
O
3
Si
3
N
4
Epoxy
)
)
reinforced
H.S,steels
Med-C steel
which
at low
SiC
MgO
Rocks
Cement,Ice
Pure ductile
metals
Rotor steels
HY 130
Mild steel
ABS-PS
Polypropylene
Nylon
Polyester
(high density
P.S,
Polyethylene
Polycarbonate
(low density
PMMA
Cermets
CFRP
Fibreglass
BFRP
GFRP
Woods,
perp,grain;
Fibre-
cements
Woods,
parallel grain
Soda glass
Ti alloys
Al alloys
Metals
cleave,
BCC/HCP
Metals
temps
Beryllium
50
20
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
Source,Ashby,M.F,Materials selection in mechanical design,Boston,
Butterworth - Heinemann,1999,
