Reading Special
English
Engineering Collage,
Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
Hu jun
Fundamentals of Mechanical
Design
? 1.The Meaning of Design
? 2,Mechanical Engineering Design
? 3.The Phases of Design
What is the design?
Design,To design is to formulate a plan for
the satisfaction of human need,
设计：设计就是为满足人的需求而形
成的计划。
这是广义设计的概念。
? In the beginning the particular need to be
satisfied may be quite well-defined．
? Here are two examples of well-defined
needs．
? 1,How can we obtain large quantities of power
cleanly,safely,and economically without using
fossil fuels and without damaging the surface of
the earth?
? 2, This gearshaft is giving trouble； there
have been eight failures in the last six weeks,Do
something about it．
? 起初，要满足的特定需求是很明确的。这里
是两个很明确的需求的例子。
? 1.怎样在不用化石燃料和不损坏地球表面的
情况下，可以清洁、安全、经济地得到大量
的动力。
? 2.齿轮轴出现了问题，最近六周有八个故障。
在这方面做些工作。
? On the other hand,the particular need to be
satisfied may be so nebulous and ill-defined
that a considerable amount of thought and
effort is necessary in order to state it clearly as
a problem requiring a solution．
? Here are two examples．
另一方面，欲满足的特定需求是模糊的和错
误定义的，当这些问题需要解决时，为清晰
地定义它需要付出大量的思考和努力。这里
有两个例子。
长句分析
? 整句是 so… that结构 。 不定式结构的被动
形式 to be satisfied作后置定语, 修饰主
语 the particular need; that从句中又有表目
的短语 in order to。 as… 引导表时间的短
语作状语 。
? 1, Lots of people are killed in airplane accidents．
? 2, In big cities,there are too many automobiles
on the streets and highways．
1．许多人在空难中遇难。
2．在大城市的街道和高速公路上，汽车
的数量太多。
? This second type of design situation is
characterized by the fact that neither the need
nor the problem to be solved has been
identified．
? Note,too,that the situation may contain
many problems.
既不解决需要也不解决问题是第二类型设计的
特点。同时，这种状态可能包含许多问题。
Problem-solving:
? A basic kind of thinking that has received
much study by psychologist and other students
of behaviour.
? 问题求解：主要为心理学家和其他行为学专家所
研究的一种基本思维方法。
? 在设计哲学中，常常把设计定义为问题求解过程
或决策过程（ decision-making process）。
? This second type of design situation is
characterized by the fact that neither the need
nor the problem to be solved has been identified.
? 整句为被动语态。 That… 引导定语从句修饰
the fact,不定式 to be solved作后置定语，修饰
the problem。
We can classify design too．
? 1, Clothing design 2,Interior design
? 3, Highway design 4,Landscape design
? 5, Building design 6,Ship design
? 7, Bridge design 8,Computer-aided design
? 9, Heating system design 10, Machine design
? 11, Engineering design 12,Process design
1.服装设计
3.公路设计
5.建筑设计
7.桥梁设计
9.供暖系统设计
11.工程设计
2.内部设计
4.景观设计
6.船舶设计
8.计算机辅助设计
10．机器设计
12．过程设计
我们也可以将设计分类。具体如下：
In fact,there are an endless number since we
can classify design according to the particular
article or product or according to the
professional field．
因为我们可以按特定产品或按专业领域来
分类，实际上设计的类别是非常多的。
Since引导原因状语从句,article or product为并列成分，
而 or according to … 与前一 according to 构成并列成分。
In contrast to scientific or mathematical problems,design
problems have no unique answers； it is absured,for
example,to request the,correct answer” to a design
problem,because there is none.
相对于科学或数学问题，设计问题无唯一答案。
例如，要得到一个设计问题的正确答案是荒唐的，
因为根本没有正确答案。
In fact,a,good” answer today may well
turn out to be a,poor” answer tomorrow，
if there is a growth of knowledge during the
period or if there are other structural or
societal changes,
实际上，如果某段期间的知识在增长变化，或
存在其它的结构变化或社会变化，今天的“好”
的答案，到明天就可能是“坏”的答案。
Almost everyone is involved with design in one way or
another,even in daily living,because problems are
posed and situations arise which must be solved．
Consider the design of a family vacation,There may be
seven different places to go,all at different distances
from home,The costs of transportation are different for
each,and some of the options require overnight stops
on the way．
即使在今天，几乎所有的人都被卷人了一种或另外一种方式
的设计当中，因为必须解决的问题及其形势已明确提出。
假设设计一个家庭度假活动。可能有距家距离不同的七个地
方可以去。去每个地方的交通费用各不相同，有些地方可能
要在途中过夜。
? The children would like to go to a lake or
seashore resort,The wife would prefer to go to a
large city with department store shopping，
theatres,and nightclubs,The husband prefers a
resort with a golf course．
? When these needs and desires are related to time
and money,various solutions may be found．
孩子们可能喜欢去湖边或海边，妻子则愿意去有百货商
店、剧院和夜间俱乐部的大城市，丈夫更愿意去带有高
尔夫球场的胜地。
当这些需要与时间和所需费用有关时，可能会有各种不同
的解决方案。
? Of these,there may or may not be one or more optimal
solutions,But the solution chosen will include the
travel route,the stops,the mode of transportation，
and the names and locations of resorts,motels，
camping sites,or other away-from-home facilities．
? It is hard to see that there is really a rather large
group of interrelated complex factors involved in
arriving at one of the solutions to the vacation
design problem．
因此，这一问题可能有一个或几个最佳解决方案，也可能
一个答案也没有。但所选解决方案应包括旅游路线、经停
站点、交通方式、所去之处的名称和地理位置、汽车旅馆、
野营地点或者其它的离家必备物品。
很难了解由相互关联的复杂因素构成的这个相当大集合。
这些因素与度假设计问题的解决方案有关。
A design is always subject to certain problem-solving
constraints,
For example,two of the constraints on the vacation
design problem are the time and money available for the
vacation．
一个设计问题往往要受到某些解决问题的限制条件制约。
比如，在度假设计间题中的两个制约条件是度假能用的时
间和费用。
? Note,too,that there are also constraints on the
solution,in the case above some of those
constrains are the desires and needs of each of the
family members．
? Finally,the design solution found might well be
optimal,In this case,an optimal solution is
obtained when each and every family member can
say that he or she had a good time．
同时，也要注意到解决方案的限制条件，如上述，有些限制
条件是每位家庭成员的需要。
最后，得到的设计方案应是最佳的。对于前述例子，当每一
个家庭成员说他 (她 )玩得很好时，此解决方案就是最佳的。
? A design problem is not a hypothetical problem
at all,Design has an authentic purpose-the
creation of an end result by taking definite action
or the creation of something having physical
reality．
一个设计问题根本不是一个假想问题。设计有明
确的目的 —关于完成一个确定动作结果的创造或
物理实体的创造。
In engineering,the word,design” conveys
different meanings to different persons,Some
think of a designer as one who employs the
drawing board to draft the details of a gear，
clutch,or other machine member．
在工程领域，“设计”一词对于不同的人蕴含着不同
的意义。有些人认为设计者是用图板画出一个齿轮、
离合器或其它机械零部件的人。
其他的人认为设计是对一个复杂系统的创造，比
如创造一个通信网络。
Others think of design as the creation of a complex
system,such as a communications network．
In some areas of engineering,the word design has been
replaced by other terms such as systems engineering or
applied decision theory．
在一些工程领域，“设计”一词被其它术语所代
替，如系统工程或应用决策理 论。
? But no matter what words are used to describe the
design function,in engineering,it is still the
process in which scientific principles and the tools of
engineering－ mathematics,computers,graphics，
and English－ are used to produce a plan which,when
carried out,will satisfy a human need．
但是，无论哪一个词被用来描述“设计”的功能，
在工程中设计都是采用科学原理和工程工具 —数
学、计算机、图学和英语 ——来制定一个计划的
过程，当这个计划成为现实可以满足人们的某种
需要。
Mechanical Engineering Design
? Mechanical design means the design of things and
systems of a mechanical nature-machines,products，
structures,devices,and instruments,
? For the most part,mechanical design,Utilizes
mathematics,the material sciences,and the
engineering mechanical sciences．
机械设计是设计具有机械性质的实物或系
统，如机器、产品、结构、装置和仪器等。
在许多领域，机械设计应用数学、材料科学
和工程机械科学。
? Mechanical engineering design includes all mechanical
design,but it is a broader study because it includes all
the disciplines of mechanical engineering,such as the
thermal-fluids sciences,too,Aside from the
fundamental sciences that are required,the first studies
in mechanical engineering design are in mechanical
design．
机械工程设计包括所有的机械设计，但是因其包
括所有的诸如热流体科学等机械工程方面的所有
训练，它含义更广泛。除了需要基础科学以外，
机械工程设计最初的研究工作是机械设计。
The Phases of Design
The total design process is of interest to us,how does it
begin?
Does the engineer simply sit down at his or her desk with a
blank sheet of paper and jot down some ideas？
What happens next? What factors influence or control the
decisions,which have to be made?
Finally,how does this design process end？
对于我们来讲，总的设计过程是有趣的，它是怎样开始的呢？
是工程师简单地坐在摆着一张白纸的桌前勾绘出他的想法吗？
下一步是什么呢？什么因素影响或控制这些决定呢？哪一个
需要加工制造？最后，设计过程如何结束？
检索词
? The complete process,from start to finish,is
often outlined as in Fig.1- 1,The process begins
with a recognition of a need and a decision to do
something about it,after many iterations,the
process ends with the presentation of the plans for
satisfying the need．
人开始到结束的整个设计过程通常的概括表示如图
1-1所示。设计过程开始于对某一需要认识和结合这
一需要做点什么的决定，经过多次反复，设计过程
以展示满足需要的计划结束，我们可以在设计过程
中详细地检验这些步骤。
Recognition of need
Definition of problem
synthesis
Analysis and optimization
Evaluation
Presentation
Iteration
Fig1-1 The phases of design
承认需要
定义问题
综合合成
分析优化
评价
表达
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可直达该词位置
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可检索字段 字段简写 检 索 实 例
(1998 within YR) and (wang dong
within AU)
All Fields 默认值 (Lossless compression) AND
(image within TI)
Ei Subject
Terms CV (Lossless compression) AND
((pattern recognition) within CV)
Title Words TI (Electric power) AND((distribution
cost*) within TI)
一些有关的检索算符
? 括 号
Relevance AND ((Aalbersberg within AU) OR
(Cool within AU))
? 截词符
Optic*
? 词根算符
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谢谢 !
English
Engineering Collage,
Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
Hu jun
Fundamentals of Mechanical
Design
? 1.The Meaning of Design
? 2,Mechanical Engineering Design
? 3.The Phases of Design
What is the design?
Design,To design is to formulate a plan for
the satisfaction of human need,
设计：设计就是为满足人的需求而形
成的计划。
这是广义设计的概念。
? In the beginning the particular need to be
satisfied may be quite well-defined．
? Here are two examples of well-defined
needs．
? 1,How can we obtain large quantities of power
cleanly,safely,and economically without using
fossil fuels and without damaging the surface of
the earth?
? 2, This gearshaft is giving trouble； there
have been eight failures in the last six weeks,Do
something about it．
? 起初，要满足的特定需求是很明确的。这里
是两个很明确的需求的例子。
? 1.怎样在不用化石燃料和不损坏地球表面的
情况下，可以清洁、安全、经济地得到大量
的动力。
? 2.齿轮轴出现了问题，最近六周有八个故障。
在这方面做些工作。
? On the other hand,the particular need to be
satisfied may be so nebulous and ill-defined
that a considerable amount of thought and
effort is necessary in order to state it clearly as
a problem requiring a solution．
? Here are two examples．
另一方面，欲满足的特定需求是模糊的和错
误定义的，当这些问题需要解决时，为清晰
地定义它需要付出大量的思考和努力。这里
有两个例子。
长句分析
? 整句是 so… that结构 。 不定式结构的被动
形式 to be satisfied作后置定语, 修饰主
语 the particular need; that从句中又有表目
的短语 in order to。 as… 引导表时间的短
语作状语 。
? 1, Lots of people are killed in airplane accidents．
? 2, In big cities,there are too many automobiles
on the streets and highways．
1．许多人在空难中遇难。
2．在大城市的街道和高速公路上，汽车
的数量太多。
? This second type of design situation is
characterized by the fact that neither the need
nor the problem to be solved has been
identified．
? Note,too,that the situation may contain
many problems.
既不解决需要也不解决问题是第二类型设计的
特点。同时，这种状态可能包含许多问题。
Problem-solving:
? A basic kind of thinking that has received
much study by psychologist and other students
of behaviour.
? 问题求解：主要为心理学家和其他行为学专家所
研究的一种基本思维方法。
? 在设计哲学中，常常把设计定义为问题求解过程
或决策过程（ decision-making process）。
? This second type of design situation is
characterized by the fact that neither the need
nor the problem to be solved has been identified.
? 整句为被动语态。 That… 引导定语从句修饰
the fact,不定式 to be solved作后置定语，修饰
the problem。
We can classify design too．
? 1, Clothing design 2,Interior design
? 3, Highway design 4,Landscape design
? 5, Building design 6,Ship design
? 7, Bridge design 8,Computer-aided design
? 9, Heating system design 10, Machine design
? 11, Engineering design 12,Process design
1.服装设计
3.公路设计
5.建筑设计
7.桥梁设计
9.供暖系统设计
11.工程设计
2.内部设计
4.景观设计
6.船舶设计
8.计算机辅助设计
10．机器设计
12．过程设计
我们也可以将设计分类。具体如下：
In fact,there are an endless number since we
can classify design according to the particular
article or product or according to the
professional field．
因为我们可以按特定产品或按专业领域来
分类，实际上设计的类别是非常多的。
Since引导原因状语从句,article or product为并列成分，
而 or according to … 与前一 according to 构成并列成分。
In contrast to scientific or mathematical problems,design
problems have no unique answers； it is absured,for
example,to request the,correct answer” to a design
problem,because there is none.
相对于科学或数学问题，设计问题无唯一答案。
例如，要得到一个设计问题的正确答案是荒唐的，
因为根本没有正确答案。
In fact,a,good” answer today may well
turn out to be a,poor” answer tomorrow，
if there is a growth of knowledge during the
period or if there are other structural or
societal changes,
实际上，如果某段期间的知识在增长变化，或
存在其它的结构变化或社会变化，今天的“好”
的答案，到明天就可能是“坏”的答案。
Almost everyone is involved with design in one way or
another,even in daily living,because problems are
posed and situations arise which must be solved．
Consider the design of a family vacation,There may be
seven different places to go,all at different distances
from home,The costs of transportation are different for
each,and some of the options require overnight stops
on the way．
即使在今天，几乎所有的人都被卷人了一种或另外一种方式
的设计当中，因为必须解决的问题及其形势已明确提出。
假设设计一个家庭度假活动。可能有距家距离不同的七个地
方可以去。去每个地方的交通费用各不相同，有些地方可能
要在途中过夜。
? The children would like to go to a lake or
seashore resort,The wife would prefer to go to a
large city with department store shopping，
theatres,and nightclubs,The husband prefers a
resort with a golf course．
? When these needs and desires are related to time
and money,various solutions may be found．
孩子们可能喜欢去湖边或海边，妻子则愿意去有百货商
店、剧院和夜间俱乐部的大城市，丈夫更愿意去带有高
尔夫球场的胜地。
当这些需要与时间和所需费用有关时，可能会有各种不同
的解决方案。
? Of these,there may or may not be one or more optimal
solutions,But the solution chosen will include the
travel route,the stops,the mode of transportation，
and the names and locations of resorts,motels，
camping sites,or other away-from-home facilities．
? It is hard to see that there is really a rather large
group of interrelated complex factors involved in
arriving at one of the solutions to the vacation
design problem．
因此，这一问题可能有一个或几个最佳解决方案，也可能
一个答案也没有。但所选解决方案应包括旅游路线、经停
站点、交通方式、所去之处的名称和地理位置、汽车旅馆、
野营地点或者其它的离家必备物品。
很难了解由相互关联的复杂因素构成的这个相当大集合。
这些因素与度假设计问题的解决方案有关。
A design is always subject to certain problem-solving
constraints,
For example,two of the constraints on the vacation
design problem are the time and money available for the
vacation．
一个设计问题往往要受到某些解决问题的限制条件制约。
比如，在度假设计间题中的两个制约条件是度假能用的时
间和费用。
? Note,too,that there are also constraints on the
solution,in the case above some of those
constrains are the desires and needs of each of the
family members．
? Finally,the design solution found might well be
optimal,In this case,an optimal solution is
obtained when each and every family member can
say that he or she had a good time．
同时，也要注意到解决方案的限制条件，如上述，有些限制
条件是每位家庭成员的需要。
最后，得到的设计方案应是最佳的。对于前述例子，当每一
个家庭成员说他 (她 )玩得很好时，此解决方案就是最佳的。
? A design problem is not a hypothetical problem
at all,Design has an authentic purpose-the
creation of an end result by taking definite action
or the creation of something having physical
reality．
一个设计问题根本不是一个假想问题。设计有明
确的目的 —关于完成一个确定动作结果的创造或
物理实体的创造。
In engineering,the word,design” conveys
different meanings to different persons,Some
think of a designer as one who employs the
drawing board to draft the details of a gear，
clutch,or other machine member．
在工程领域，“设计”一词对于不同的人蕴含着不同
的意义。有些人认为设计者是用图板画出一个齿轮、
离合器或其它机械零部件的人。
其他的人认为设计是对一个复杂系统的创造，比
如创造一个通信网络。
Others think of design as the creation of a complex
system,such as a communications network．
In some areas of engineering,the word design has been
replaced by other terms such as systems engineering or
applied decision theory．
在一些工程领域，“设计”一词被其它术语所代
替，如系统工程或应用决策理 论。
? But no matter what words are used to describe the
design function,in engineering,it is still the
process in which scientific principles and the tools of
engineering－ mathematics,computers,graphics，
and English－ are used to produce a plan which,when
carried out,will satisfy a human need．
但是，无论哪一个词被用来描述“设计”的功能，
在工程中设计都是采用科学原理和工程工具 —数
学、计算机、图学和英语 ——来制定一个计划的
过程，当这个计划成为现实可以满足人们的某种
需要。
Mechanical Engineering Design
? Mechanical design means the design of things and
systems of a mechanical nature-machines,products，
structures,devices,and instruments,
? For the most part,mechanical design,Utilizes
mathematics,the material sciences,and the
engineering mechanical sciences．
机械设计是设计具有机械性质的实物或系
统，如机器、产品、结构、装置和仪器等。
在许多领域，机械设计应用数学、材料科学
和工程机械科学。
? Mechanical engineering design includes all mechanical
design,but it is a broader study because it includes all
the disciplines of mechanical engineering,such as the
thermal-fluids sciences,too,Aside from the
fundamental sciences that are required,the first studies
in mechanical engineering design are in mechanical
design．
机械工程设计包括所有的机械设计，但是因其包
括所有的诸如热流体科学等机械工程方面的所有
训练，它含义更广泛。除了需要基础科学以外，
机械工程设计最初的研究工作是机械设计。
The Phases of Design
The total design process is of interest to us,how does it
begin?
Does the engineer simply sit down at his or her desk with a
blank sheet of paper and jot down some ideas？
What happens next? What factors influence or control the
decisions,which have to be made?
Finally,how does this design process end？
对于我们来讲，总的设计过程是有趣的，它是怎样开始的呢？
是工程师简单地坐在摆着一张白纸的桌前勾绘出他的想法吗？
下一步是什么呢？什么因素影响或控制这些决定呢？哪一个
需要加工制造？最后，设计过程如何结束？
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? The complete process,from start to finish,is
often outlined as in Fig.1- 1,The process begins
with a recognition of a need and a decision to do
something about it,after many iterations,the
process ends with the presentation of the plans for
satisfying the need．
人开始到结束的整个设计过程通常的概括表示如图
1-1所示。设计过程开始于对某一需要认识和结合这
一需要做点什么的决定，经过多次反复，设计过程
以展示满足需要的计划结束，我们可以在设计过程
中详细地检验这些步骤。
Recognition of need
Definition of problem
synthesis
Analysis and optimization
Evaluation
Presentation
Iteration
Fig1-1 The phases of design
承认需要
定义问题
综合合成
分析优化
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