7類~?/ 7類~?/ N N 2 2 ? ? ?? ?[Jμuì?D ?? ?[Jμuì?D & (}[ò~·?ú? (}[ò~·?ú? 什?J7類k 什?J7類 ? 9Y? t[ *k ? 9Y? t[ *k 7 7 類 類  | J  | J á類 á類 [e a ? 9[ò??.Já ? 9[ò??.Já 什?J?/k 什?J?/k ?¤?J理e·ae ?¤?J理 [Ja [Ja ?/?′e劣 ?/?′e劣 : ?è ?è k ?/?′n·k ?/?′n·k 什?J 什?J ?/′n· ?/′n· k 9 3:e??e&?e&y ? 9da? 3:e??e&?e&y ? 9da? n># t4 {[ *力# ÷Y@ ?f n># t4 {[ *力# ÷Y@ ?f 9?/′n·JSG òY ·f ?/′n·JSG òY ·f ?/′n· (Eutrophication)?/′n· ?/′n· Eutrophication) Increase in animal biomass ?/′n·Y ò流 ? ?/′n·Y ò流 ?  | J 7類 n> # ? 9[ò? ? 9[ò? Z =e F =  á類 ?Q流] ?/′n· (eutrophication)?/′n· ?/′n· (eutrophication) }n狀ò }n狀ò (Trophic status)H? H? : n ?4 n ?4 : ?n ?n Oligotrophic state –-[ *力 -[ *力 ?n ?n Mesotrophic state –?[ *力 ?[ *力 ′n ′n Eutrophic state – ÷[ *力 ÷[ *力 t′n t′n Hypereutrophic state – t ÷[ *力 t ÷[ *力 ?/′n·Y $ e ?/′n·Y $ e 1. ??n># ??n># 2. ? t[ *力# ? t[ *力# ( ? ? 7類 7類 ) 3. lk# lk# ( ? ? áee類  類  ) ?/′n·Y例 ?/′n·Y例 : 7 7 ? $ e? algal bloom? ?/′n· *[ ￠μ *Z ?/′n· *[ ￠μ *Z : n># n># n># 7類數量# 7類數量# 7類數量# *[￠G *Z *[￠G *Z *[￠G *Z ?7? Microcystis bloom 例I : 7m (phycotoxins) ? ? 7 7 (藍綠7? 藍綠 Microcystis spp. Adda Arg .MeAsp MDha Leu .D-Glu microcystin LR?7m o : ?7m o?mì*?7m o?mì*: [ 6 7 [ 6 7 : * gastroenteritis diseases ?TA ?TA * allergic reactions @ ? @ ? * liver diseases ? 7 ? 7 7D 7D : * diarrhoea痢 6e 痢 vomiting ??e pilo-erection ?W-e weakness H?e pallor ?c ?c l見?Iü7m l見?Iü7m (phycotoxins) Microcystis. Nodularia Cylindrospermum ?m Anabaena Dinophytes + Cyanobacteria 神?m 神?m áò7 áò7 (藍綠7 藍綠7 ? Anabaena spiroides Anatoxin Nodularia sp. (藍綠7? 藍綠 nodularin Peridinium sp.μ`7 μ`7 saxitoxinm m Saxitoxins (Gonyautoxin) : Na + -pump blocker PSP?  Z? ?? ?  Z? ?? N NH 2 N N N NH 2 O C O H H H OH HO + + R 4 R 1 R 2 R 3 ?$?ìm ?$?ìm Iümì*Iümì*? [J′?J [J′?J (allelochemicals) ? C7? (Botryococcus braunii bloom) ? C7 ? C7 : Botryococcus braunii Fish death due to Botryococcus bloom ? C7Y[JmìJ/ ? C7Y[JmìJ/ : ?tD ?tD : α-linolenic acid Linolic acid Oleic acid - z z ?beò ?be áòbeebe ￡b  ￡b  例II : 異b *Z 異b *Z ?odors? CH 3 OH CH 3 OH CH 3 Geosmin 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 zb o zb o e ? o *[e ?bY7類: Oscillatoria sp.?7 (藍綠7? 藍綠 Oscillatoria tenue?7 ?7 *[z ?bY7類 *[z ?bY7類 : *[ áòbY7類 *[ áòbY7類 :  `7  `7 Ceratium hirundiella -#  #  來?@ 來?@ ?óI ?óI 例III : 濾??塞 *Z 濾??塞 *Z NaHClO ?/′n· *[Y *Z]￥ ?/′n· *[Y *Z]￥ : m o m o public health; economic impacts, etc. 異b 異b drink water; foods; economic impacts, etc. ?@濾 ?@濾 drink water supply ?? [ ?? [ public health; social costs ?/′n·Y Y ?/′n·Y Y : 7類*??/8z 7類*??/8z ?/′n·Y Y : 什???什?7 ?/′n·Y Y ?/′n·Y Y : 什???什?7 什???什?7 S ? S ? 3:????/ Y|ì 3:????/ Y|ì 理·|ì : Carlson's TSI; North Carolina TSI; etc. < < ; 葉綠 o 葉綠 o a; àü度  àü度  . [J|ì : 7類8z 7類8z 7類數量 7G8z|ì 7G8z|ì : 不?Y?/¤? ??Y7G不? 不?Y?/¤? ??Y7G不? p at利\?? $Y7G?8zf at利\?? $Y7G?8zf ?/ t數 ?/ t數 ? ? ? n? oligotrophy? ? ?n ?n ?mesotrophy? ? ′n? eutrophy? ? t′n? hyper-eutrphy? 例: ?n? 9 Micrasterias K|7  "7  "7 (Chroococcus sp.) ?μ7 ?μ7 (Merismopedia tenuis) ?n? 9 ?n? 9 : ?n? 9 ?n? 9 : Volvox sp.?7 ?7 w · ê7 w · ê7 Diatoma vulgare ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : 5?7 5?7 Cyclotella meneghiniana ′n? 9 ′n? 9 :  μK7  μK7 Pediastrum simplex ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : X7 X7 Scenedesmus spp. ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : d "7 Eudorina elegans ′n ′n 裸7 裸7 Euglena sp. ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : ?7 Coscinodiscus sp. ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : `7 Peridinium sp. ′n? 9 ′n? 9 : Tú?QY8z Tú?QY8z Microcystis bloom: ?77? 7類ê落?8z?|ì 7類ê落?8z?|ì Simple quotient (SQ) = Chlorococcales / Desmidiaceae SQ<1 oligotrophy ?n ?n ; SQ>1 eutrophy′n ′n Algal quotient (AQ) = [Cyanophyta + Chlorococcales +Centrales +Euglenophyceae] / Desmidiaceae AQ<1 ?n ?n -; 1<AQ<2.5?n ?n -; AQ>2.5′n ′n - (Nygaard, 1949) 7類ê落?8z?|ì 7類ê落?8z?|ì : 7類′n8數 7類′n8數 Algal trophic state index (ATSI) ATSI = (F oligo + F meso )/( F eu + F meso ) ? F oligo eF meso eF eu ±9? ?n ±9? ?n e?nq ?nq ′n?8z7n?DG? $Y?度 ′n?8z7n?DG? $Y?度 f ? ATSI>1.5 ?nd 0.5<ATSI<1.5?nd ATSI<0.5′nf - (Wu, 1998) 利Cn7類*?9 ??|ì 利Cn7類*?9 ??|ì 7類[?? D 7類[?? D (Algal growth potential) ? n>"Sa ? n>"Sa : N, P, Si, Fe… etc l\Y9 ?7G l\Y9 ?7G : ? Chlorella spp.? "7 ? "7 ? Scenedesmus spp.X7 X7 ? Selenastrum capricornutumü?7 ü?7 ? Microcystis spp.?7 ?7 ? Nitzschia sp.菱?7 菱?7 l\Y9 ?7G l\Y9 ?7G : ? Chlorella spp. ? Scenedesmus spp. ? Selenastrum capricornutum ? Microcystis spp. ? Nitzschia sp. Z?7 Z?7 single-cell organism - c流??/′n·9 ? c流??/′n·9 ? - ?n : Batrachospermum串 .7 利\?[7?8z ′n : ?g Spirogyra sp. &?′n·?[J8z &?′n·?[J8z - ^7 ^7 1. 7G8z 7G8z – ? U ? U 2. ê落8數 ê落8數 - ? U ? U 3.  易8z  易8z –-? ? -? ? Best choice ! Best choice ! [Achnanthes + Cocconeis + Cymbella] Generic Index = ----------------------------------------------------- [ Cyclotella + Melosira + Nitzschia ] ^7n8z %\六Hn 7類8z?D7類8z?D: ? 9?/′n· ?度? Yq9 ? ? 9?/′n· ?度? Yq9 ? ?/?QU? ? à ?/?QU? ? à d6m7 $?kF d6m7 $?kF d6?UM理?? 參y d6?UM理?? 參y - - - k#?U?Ql Thank you   } } 聆 聆 ó ó