1 ? 7c  ;;E ?7 1à ?  ;;E Ba ;;E￥+?  1 2 ùú  2 ?ú " j1 ?E 5  20  ;;E 2  5  1  2  3?¨<W  4N e??T y ?aeL 2 =a;￥'?é 1a; ^B?èHo μo???± ì? ;￥èHo?é λ γ  L x  L , ? ; ￡ ? ; ± o í L è o 10 -2 nm 10 nm 10 2 nm 10 4 nm 0.1 cm 10cm 10 3 cm 10 5 cm Vn; Vn;/" 400 750nm 3 ;￥o ì=`? o?? ì0? ;￥|  λν E ;￥  ;￥ ê? ;￥?  ;èr? E;0￥ ?  J, ?9 ν;0￥ ? q Hz, ?% λ;0￥oé cm c; ? 2.9979×10 10 cm.s -1  h Plankè ? 6.6256×10 -34 J.s ?9 . e λ =ν= hc hE 4 2a;￥ ? ?Do? ?; 750nm400nm ? ?; μ]Boé￥; ˉ?; ??]oé￥;F?7?￥; o? ?; a; ￡ ? s í s ? ? ? ? s , s ,￡ ? ??]t ?￥? ?;?B ?￥ <1 è?¤?a; * 1 ü?? ?? ?;1o? ?;? ?C`?1;￥o?b 5 ?a té;￥ê4? l *MhM →γ+ γ= hE? 1até;￥ l μê4? 2até￥t ?D;￥1" ? ? l ? ?iV  l? ?; ; ? Ui V4C` Ui ˉ?; 6 3a l; ? ——A/                /ON "                   / ON " 1.=J? l; ? 2. ? ó ?￡ l; ? 1a; l￥'? p 1a μu1:? p ?B ? ü?? ?;<°v ? ( ad ? ￥oé Sal or g HB?s$ lB?siVoéB?s$  ?V ?Q  7 b Ia ' 0 I r I t I rta ' 0 IIII ++= ta0 III += b Ia ' 0 I r I  1i; 0 t I I T =  7 1 1706 M μuù??C A?b 1852 M1:ù??C A?c  2 μu1:? p Kbc I I lgA t 0 ==  7 2 8 A ; K1 èè ?D  ;té￥'? / ?  ? oé μ1 ?V U té oé;￥ l ? ? μu1:? p￥t ?il P 218  ?B ? ü?? ?;<°v ? ( ad ? ￥ ;té￥ ·A H ·A￥ ;D ;té￥ i#Aa¨??1b  3 AD T￥1" A= lgT  7 3 A?c T=10 -Kbc B?? A p c orc  9  4 ;￥F?? A 9 " A 1 +A 2 +···+A n " K 1 bc 1 +K 2 bC 2 + ···+K n bc n  7 4 2a ;;s￥ 2 ù  1 ;" ? a A=Kbc?? b cm c g.L -1 H K=a (L.g -1 .cm -1 ) A=abc  2 : ;" ? ) b cm c mol.L -1 H K=) (L.mol -1 .cm -1 )  7 5A=) bc ￥t ?ilV U ;é?￥ i1 1mol.L-1Aa¨ 11cm HB?oé/ ·A￥ ;bQ?  ;té ;￥ l ? ?Q?¨ ;;E??￥ 2 ù B?)? 10 4 2 ù ) <10 3 ? 2 ù ) " 10 6 10 è1.X?c Cd 2+ i1 1400 g.L -1 ￥ ·A¨ ? ;?E?? Aa¨1 2cmoé/1 520nm)?¤￥ ;1 0.229 ?)bX? M Cd =112.41 16 6 Cd L.mol1025.1 41.112 10140 C ?? ? ×= × = 3 114 6 cm.mol.L108.8 1025.12 22.0 bc A ?? ? ×= ×× ==ε  3 ü￡: 2 ù Sandell S ?l S ^·?N ￥_?K1 A=0.001 H?ê? ?;? = ? ?_? ?￥ ;té￥K?c b?ê0 g.cm -2 SD)￥1" ε = M S  0 g.cm -2  7 6 w? 001.0bcA =ε= ε =×× ε =×= M 10 10 M001.0 10 10 bcM S 6 3 6 3 11 è2.]  è p S 3 )cm.g(103.1 108.8 41.112M S 23 4 ?? μ×= × = ε = ?a;s￥ZE?N  1a " j1 ?E S"  ?l ZEe ? a? ??" ? ?¨;èr?? iV;￥ < [??téc ￥ZE e ? ?? 2a ;;E 12 0.575 ;÷ ? ?   ly _?  A U +? 3as;;9# '?q s;;9 ?oés Vns;;9 ,?s;;9 ￡?s;;9 ?téc  ¨?2s 13 Anal. Chem. LYNU. " = ?; ?s ?; ?s;;9 722a721a723a752 ?; ?s;;9 Jasco-UV/VIS UV-2450/2550 760CRT ?oé?; ?s;;9 0.575 ;÷ ? ?   ly _?  A U 14 Anal. Chem. LYNU. " = s;;9￥'?q;÷a? ? a lya_? aA U  ?oé ?; ?s;;9 1′ ;÷ ? ?   ly _?  A U ; ?s   15  1;÷ 1 p Vn u¨a§;÷bè ′§ 6 12v 360 800nm ?è§ 320 2500nm  2? ?  ¨ ?|;÷?￥ ??; ?s31? ?; í? ;￥| e ? ;E ;￥ ?? e ? n; ?  3 ly j e F? 16 Anal. Chem. LYNU. " =  4_?  ;è5 ;è95 ;èy  5A U  ,? - Vns;;9 UV-2450/2550 752,? Vns;;9 Jasco,? Vns;;9 17 2aA ?4  1íA ?4 SCN - ? Fe Mo W Nb… ? ??? Si P V… H 2 O 2 ? Ti…  2μA ?4 3 ?v??ov ? }?a?è? v?￥4è0$? H ? l >200nm￥; B? VDá ? ?0??μ ???tb ù ?vcè0￥v ??a?? X}? ?D 3 ?v ￥??oT¨? ￥ò?è? M? Pμ ???tt ?F 'b 18 ?7 2;sE￥ !9 BaA ?Q?￥ê4 A ?Q? ??eQ? ?? ??Q? ? M + R ? MR ??Fs A ?4 μ ? 1aê4A ?Q?￥B?S  1ê4?z  2 2 ùú) >10 4  3μ ???tF????D?é×?  4μ ???tDA ?4Wt ?μY1v nm60 R max MR max ≥λ?λλ"? 19 1D ? 3è¨A ?4#;sE?￥?¨ ? 3í ??t￥ ??#?¨ ?0??t 60 70 M} V ??4 90 M} =aA ?Hq￥ê4 1a ·A￥ ? ??YA ?4￥ ü? i?t ? HR ? H + + R - nR - + M n+ ? MR n ??Y$?té￥i ? pH M M(OH)…..M(OH)n .à? è?Y ??t￥F?#t ? 20 L%? C R aC M ?M pH? A A pH ab 2aA ?4￥¨  FV A ?4b L%? C M apH ?Hq?M C R ? A A A A C R C R ab a C R (3) (1) (2) 21 3aA ?Q? HW t kA1F ?A ?4? O? ?a 7 S9 H? A?T A t wL (2)a(3)¨ eV e H A t-min ab (1) A t-min a (2) A t-min (3) 4aQ?? T %? t?Hq?M TT A ~ T wLù s aR Q??bB? Tv t5lb A T A T A T A T A T 22 5a ·4?V ??4 μ ·4 V??μ ???t￥ ?3 ? a￥V ??4 V9 ·a9 ùa9×b 6a? ?#h"  ? ?? ? μ? ? h"? ?￥ZE e? ? F74 ?M ?0N ? ê4? a￥?1A?? oé 9FA ?4￥¨  ?Ds ? 23 ?a;? Hq￥ê4 ×? 1a? oé í? ? H/ max )? 2 ùú h  orh"?d? ?;? ￥  μ1? p￥ ê ? μ? ? HN? “ lKv? ?Kl ”￥e5 A λ A λ 2a ;￥ ?S? A=0.2 0.8 3aê4? a￥?1 ·A  P 228 a,b,c,d,e  P 239 9T 24 1aS wL￥?T A——c A ?TG  μ1? p A?c ZE S wLμ H?Ve??? 1Aê4??? ly¨? ?aê???ai; ??± …… c 0 A x c x T< P 238 ± I5 2 95 3 5T 25 ?7 3;sE￥μ A C 0 ? ê ? μ ê ? Ba μu1:? p￥ ê ? A=) bc ê ?ey?1 ^N  or ·A￥ L =HqD? p1 p?? 1ad? ?;? ￥ ê ? μ ê ? 2ad ü?;? ￥ ê ? ? ê ? b 3aoé? ( ? ￥ ê ? ? ê ? 4a?? ·A' &￥?DQ?? ￥ ê ? ??? →→+ 2 442 2 72 CrO2HCrO2OHOCr nm350 max =λ nm375 max =λ 26 =a ; ?μ A Y? (  Av Y á ?μ? Av T Y (  ?μ??? T?1 0.2  1 7? 2T￥ ? | %? i? ￥Mμ c dc ? A=) bc V? dA= ) bdc TlnT T A dA c dc E r ? ===  7 7 ) TlgT 01.0434.0 ( TlnT 01.0 E r × ±= ± = B?? T=0.01 T=36.8% A=0.434 :t N H E r ?3  E r Kl H d(TlgT)=0 27 B?1 p T=15% 65 or A=0.2 0.8-W          5 &S 0.368 T< P 238 5 4a19T ?7 4 ;;E￥?¨ Ba k"?± Fs￥??  B?Fs?? 1aB?ZE A c wL è2.? |?" 1.000g ·3a| ?￥ ??1 MnO 4 -  ? ￥ ? 100mL ·A?/" 520nm b=1.0cm H?¤ A=0.50bX?) " 2.2?10 3 9 ??"? Mnc bX? M Mn " 54.94g.mol -1 3 3 Mn 3 Mn 1010094.54 000.1w 10102.2 5.0 C ? ×× × = ×× = %13.0w Mn = 28 2a Uμ ;;E ú i Uμ;E ?úc Fs? ? i Uμ;E ??c Fs A<0.1 ? Uμ;E a?ò?c Fs?? A<0.1  1ú i Uμ;E￥e ? ¨ ????A i￥S ·AT?1 ' c 0 <c x ? A=0 ?  kA￥ ;V7 p¤ c x A x =) bc x A 0 =) bc 0 A M "? A=A x  A 0 ") b(c x  c 0 )") b?c  7 8 A ?c 0 A ?c A M ? c1B°L ? A¤? c ?a p c x C x " C 0 + ?c 29 è3.¨A? ?E? SiO 2 [Bc SiO 2 0.016mg.mL -1 ￥S · AT?1?? 6Bcμ 0.100mg.mL -1 SiO 2 ￥ ·A¤ T=14.4%CμB?? i￥ SiO 2 kAM]Hq/? ¤ T=31.38% p kA? SiO 2 c b 3 ! kA? SiO 2 ￥c 1 xmg.mL -1 A 1 =) b(0.100-0.016)=-lgT 1 =-lg14.4% A 2 =) b(x-0.016)=-lgT 2 =-lg31.8%  TM" 691.1 %8.31lg %4.14lg 016.0x 016.0100.0 == ? ? X=0.066mg.mL -1 30  2 UμE1 I 1 ?4ú? 2T￥ ? ey ^4ú ?  ;￥ ? UμE4ú ?￥ Lé T x T 0510 50 100 ?? μ? v ￥S? è?E T 0510 50 100 T x ’ T 0 ’ T 0 UμE ?? μ? l ￥S? 2 ? UμEYV4ú? ￥ ?4ú ZE￥ ? 31 UμE￥??μ <0.5% c x (c x -c 0 )?x%—— UμE c x c x ?x%—— ?YE Cx>>?c# UμE ?vv4ú  =Fs￥?? A λ A B λ A λ B ?¨ ;￥F?? BBAA bcbcA AA A λλ λ ε+ε= BBAA bcbcA BB B λλ λ ε+ε= p c A ac B A A λ ε B A λ ε A λ ε B B B λ ε sY?B AaB B/ A ?/ B )? Aa9 ? p 32  P 239 5 8 A=) bc 3 821 100 1006.150 1 435.0 3 415 Ti = ×× × =ε ? 464 100 1006.150 1 246.0 3 455 Ti = ×× × =ε ? 160 100 1028.625 1 251.0 3 415 V = ×× × =ε ? 240 100 1028.625 1 377.0 3 455 V = ×× × =ε ? 0.645=821?1?c Ti +160?1?c V 0.555=464?1?c Ti +240?1?c V c V =1.27?10 -3 mol.L -1 c Ti =5.37?10 -4 mol.L -1 13 Ti L.mol1069.2 20 100 c ?? ×=× 13 V L.mol1035.6 20 100 c ?? ×=× 33 =a D ?? ?a ?3è ?￥?? ?Bí D ? HA c HA mol.L -1 HA ? H + + A - ]HA[ ]A][H[ K a ?+ = c HA = [HA] + [A - ] !Aa¨ b=1cm oé/?? a aHA A a HA HA A HA A HA K]H[ Kc K]H[ ]H[c ]A[]HA[AAA ++ ε+ + ε= ε+ε=+= ? ?? + + ? 7 A HA 1HAú ? H￥ ;5 c HA ?[HA] 1HA <a? H￥ ;5 c HA ?[A - ] ? A A HAHAHA cA ε=∴ HA AA cA ?? ε= } ?  T? ?¤ 34 AA AA lgpHpK HA A a ? ? += ?  7 9  1} ?E  2m3E 5 ￥?B" 9 i cM]7 pH?]￥ HA ·AsY¨ ? 9ú ?? pH¨;9 ? T HA or a T A - μKv l )￥oé)?ò ·A A AA AA lg HA A ? ? ? a HA A pKpH AA AA lg +?= ? ? ? °L? 1 pK a pH 35 ?a ??tF?￥?? 1a :1E ?E M + nR ? MR n %? c M ?M c R [M?￥ k4 baT?1? A ?? A—c R /c M wL ?wE¤B???￥?US′ n— ??1 A C R /C M n 2a? :" E ??M?E %? c M +c R  ???M c R /c M ê? oé/? AT A c M /c M +c R wL  wL?w?? A 0  ?c R /c M =n 0 A c M / c R +c M A A 0 MR1 c c 5.0 cc c M R MR M →== + 5 36 2 M R MR M MR 1 2 c c 33.0 cc c →== + 5 3 M R MR M MR 1 3 c c 25.0 cc c →== + 5 ??t×?è ?￥?? A 0 —— ??t? ?? ?3 H￥ ; A—— ??t?s ?3a￥ ; L? M + R ? MR αc αc )1(c α? 0 0 A AA ? α" ?3 L= α α? = α α? 222 c 1 c )1(c K " × 37  P 240 16T ZrO 2+ + 2R ? ZrOR 2 αc αc2 )1(c α? 179.0 390.0 320.0390.0 A AA max max = ? = ? =α 3 3222 c4 1 c4c )1(c K α α? = α?α α? " × 15 ZrO ZrOR L.mol1048.1ccc 2 2 ?? ×=== + 21.11 179.01048.14 179.01 lgKlg 3102 = ××× ? ∴ ? " ×  ? ?TA ?4￥9 i ^ 2.5?10 -5 5c=1.25?10 -5  T< P 238 6 15 18T 38 Anal. Chem. LYNU. " = 1a ?oé ;;E 1951 M B.chance4  B'e ? ; ÷ ? ?  1 ? ?  2 _?  M ;  . ?  l y 21 AAA λλ ?=? !oé1/ 1?/ 2￥  ?? ?; <M?5 bcA 11 λλ ε= bcA 22 λλ ε= bc)(AAA 2121 λλλλ ε?ε=?=?  7 10 ??A?c ? s￥G 39  è Y ￥i/?? X λ2λ1 A λ X Y 21 AAA λλ ?=?  yxyx 2211 AA)AA( λλλλ +?+= yy 21 AA λλ =Q xx 21 AAA λλ ?=?∴ x xx bCA 21  λλ ε?ε=?  =a? Y ￥i?? ? X ￥?? yo¨B? ly?¨?1A#h" ? la; ?  # ? ly? ? ￥? ￥? μ4ú ? ￥ê4??  ? 40  ?/ 1 ?/ 2 ￥ê4 ^ZE￥1o 1 p? A@v O?/D l 4ú? ú á 1a? l?E è¨ X Y λ 1 λ 2 λ 2 ‘ A λ/nm  ?ê￥/ 1 / 2 )???F s￥? A?@v?? ?Fs μM]￥ l / 1 / 2 ) ?&p? oé / 1 ?1 oé/ 2 or / 2 ’  ? o&p? / 1 μM] l￥?μ ? / 2 ?/ 2 ’ ?/ 2 ÷¤í/ 1 1 ú áz ?[[/ 2 T ?1oéh"  yx￥? ?b ê4/ 1 / 2 F?￥Hq 41  P 240 20T sY? xay ? x .? oé/ 1 ?1oé/ 2 ? y .? oé/ 1 ’ ?1oé/ 2 ’ 1 p? ?FsA?μ l? 2aêμ ? ??t  ? i 1 MR max λλ  ?1iA ?4 2 R max λλ MR l; ?/ Boé/ 2  ?13a  ? iê 1 MR max λλ o a??Fs  1?¨ 1a$ kA?Fs￥?? 2a?Fs￥?? 3a Fs i H￥sY??/ 1 / 2 ? l? E v ' P 133 [/ A bê4 42 ? 7c ;;El2 1a 3té￥t ?￥á 3ey# l; ? 2ag? μu1:? p￥ ?DVr T#μ19 ? A=) bc=-lgT g?)￥t ?ilg? 2 ù￥ ??V UE 3a ?3 ;;E￥'e ?b ;èr?_?iV;￥ <;9￥'?q 4a 3ê4A ?Q?￥B?S#A ?Hq￥ê4 5ag?;? Hq￥ê4 / í? ? H/ max μ? ? H lKv? ?Kl A=0.2 0.8 ê4? a￥?1 ·A 43 6a ?3 ê ? μu1:? p￥ey# TD i? μ ￥1" ? T=36.8% or A=0.434 H i? MμKl 7ag? UμE￥e ?a9 ?b ?3 UμE ?4ú? 2T ?￥ey 8a ?3 ;;E?? D ?a Da ?3è ?# ??t ×?è ?￥e ??ZE 9a 3 ?oé;E￥e ?#oé￥ê4