余晓岚
免疫学
Immunology
湖北大学生命科学学院
生物技术教研室
推动现代生命科学前进的三架马车
? 分子生物学( Molecular Biology)
? 免疫学( Immunology)
? 细胞生物学( Cell Biology)
? 一、免疫学的简介
? 二、免疫应答的类型及作用
? 三、免疫细胞
? 四、免疫组织与免疫器官
? 五、免疫病理与免疫性疾病
第一章 免疫学的基本内容
第一节 概述
免疫( Immunity), 指免除疫病 (传染病 )
及抵抗多种疾病的发生。
? Distinguishes,self” from,non-self”
? Danger Hypothesis
?,Protection” from infection,tumors,
etc.
? A response that may result in host
tissue damage
Host
Defense
Defense
Mechanisms
Innate
Inborn independent
of previous
experience
Acquired
Naturally
acquired
Active
Adoptive
Passive
Active
Adoptive
Passive
after natural
exposure to a foreign
agent
placental transfer
immune cells in
colostrum
Artificially
acquired
Specific
immunization
administration of
preformed antibodies
Bone marrow
transplant
宿主体内的免疫系统识别和清除
? 免疫系统是由免疫组织和器官、免疫细胞及
免疫活性分子等组成。
? 免疫细胞对病原体或肿瘤细胞的适当应答,
使之清除。
? 免疫应答过高或过低,均为异常。
第二节 免疫应答的类型及作用
? 固有免疫应答( inanate immune
response)皮肤黏膜、局部分泌物质、吞
噬细胞,NK细胞和补体
? 适应性免疫应答( adaptive immune
response) T,B细胞
Two types of immunity
? Innate immunity (not antigen-specific)
– Anatomical barriers
– Mechanical
– Biochemical
?Non-specific (eg,Low pH in stomach)
?Receptor-driven (eg,PAMP-recognition)
? Adaptive immunity (antigen-specific)
– Receptor-driven
– Pre-existing clones programmed to make
a specific immune response
(humoral/cellular)
The products of the immune
response may be used
? To diagnose disease
? To monitor disease progress
? As reagents in assays to detect and
quantify other substances
一、固有免疫应答
? 巨噬细胞,NK细胞 —— 非特异性杀伤
? 细胞因子( Cytokines) —— 导致炎症细
胞渗出 —— 引起炎症
二、适应性免疫应答
? T,B淋巴细胞被抗原活化 抗原是指一组能
被 T或 B细胞识别的有机物质,包括多肽、
寡糖及脂质酸等小分子。 T,B细胞通过
TCR,BCR的识别有严格的特异性。
? T,B细胞的克隆扩增及分化 B细胞通过
BCR识别和结合抗原而活化,在 B细胞生长
因子作用下,进行克隆扩增。 TCR需与
APC处理过的抗原多肽结合,在 T细胞生长
因子作用下进行克隆扩增。
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
? Immune response is highly specific for the antigen
that triggered it.
– Receptors on surface of immune cells have same
specificity as the antibody/effector activity that will be
generated
? Exposure to antigen creates an immunologic
“memory.”
– Due to clonal expansion and creation of a large pool of
cells committed to that antigen
– Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a
rapid and vigorous response
The Adaptive Response is a,Two-
Edged Sword”
? Protection
? Damage to the host (hypersensitivities)
– Allergies
– Cell and tissue damage due to
autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity Reactions
? Reactions that are detrimental to the
host
– Autoimmunity
– Atypical immune responses (allergies)
– Inability to eliminate a pathogen
(granulomas)
– The tissues become a carrier for a hapten
(poison ivy,nickel,penicillin)
– Rejection of transplanted tissues
? 在免疫细胞中,执行固有免疫功能的细胞
有吞噬细胞,NK细胞,B1-B细胞等。执
行适应性免疫功能的是 T,B淋巴细胞,还
有 APC细胞参与
第三节 免疫细胞
Cells
involved
in
immunity
platelets
megakaryocyte eosinophil
neutrophil
basophil
mast cell
common myeloid
progenitor
monocyte
macrophage
Natural
Killer cell
plasma cell
B Lymphocyte
T Lymphocyte
common lymphoid
progenitor
Pluripotent
hematopoietic
stem cell
一、吞噬细胞
? 单核 -巨噬细胞
Monocytes circulate in the peripheral
blood prior to emigration into the tissues,
Within certain organs they have special
names,e.g,in liver they are known as
Kupfer cells,in brain as microglia cells,in
kidney as mesangial cells,and in bone as
osteoclasts,Elsewhere they are referred to
as tissue macrophages
Cell-Mediated
Antibody-Mediated
? Cytotoxic T-
Lymphocyte
? Natural Killer Cells
? Antibody-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
? Complement
activation
? Agglutination
? Neutralization
? Mask receptors
? Antibody-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
? Opsonization and
phagocytosis
What are the effector
functions?
肺部巨噬细胞吞噬大肠杆菌
? 中性粒细胞
Neutrophils,or neutrophil polymorphonuclear
leucocytes,respond to chemotactic signals
and leave capillaries by a complex process,
involving margination (flowing nearer to the
endothelial lining of blood vessels),rolling
and then attaching (margination),following
which they emigrate between the endothelial
cells (extravasation,or diapedesis),
中性粒细胞、血小板等
二,淋巴细胞
? 淋巴细胞分为 B细胞和 T细胞,分别来源于
骨髓和胸腺
? B淋巴细胞 表面的 BCR及分泌的抗体均为
免疫球蛋白。由 B细胞介导的免疫称为体液
免疫
? T淋巴细胞 TCR为双链分子。细胞毒性 T细
胞、调节性 T细胞(辅助性 T细胞和抑制性 T
细胞)
三、抗原处理及抗原提呈细胞
? 巨噬细胞将病原体吞噬,病原体成分被水
解,形成抗原分子 —— 活化 B细胞;或与
MHC分子结合,经 APC提呈给 T细胞,使 T
细胞活化。
? 郎格汉斯细胞 -吞噬处理抗原 -迁移至淋巴结
-分化为树突状细胞,失去吞噬能力而具有
很强提呈能力。
四、自然杀伤细胞
? NK细胞一经识别病毒感染细胞后,即可发
挥杀伤作用,与 T,B淋巴细胞不同。
第四节 免疫组织与免疫器
官
Lymphoid Organs
? Primary or central lymphoid organs
– bone marrow and thymus
– where lymphocytes are generated
? Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
– where adaptive immune responses are
initiated
Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues
一、外周淋巴器官及组织
? 淋巴结 淋巴结内 T细胞约占 75%,B细胞占 25%。
脾脏 T,35%,B,55%,Mφ:
10%
? 黏膜伴随的淋巴组织 在呼吸道、肠道及
泌尿生殖道的黏膜上皮细胞下,均聚集有
无包膜的淋巴组织。在小肠黏膜上皮细胞
间存在一类 T细胞称上皮淋巴细胞。即
αβ+T细胞 —— 特异免疫应答; γδ+T细
胞 —— 固有免疫应答
二、中枢免疫器官
? 骨髓 B淋巴细胞发育成熟的场
所
胸腺 由胸腺基质细胞和胸腺细胞组成。是 T
淋巴细胞,尤其是 αβ+T细胞发育的场所。胸
腺基质细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用,对 T细胞
的发育是至关重要的。
三、淋巴细胞再循环
? 淋巴细胞经淋巴循环及血液循环,运行并
再分布于全身各处淋巴器官及淋巴组织中。
? 淋巴细胞在各淋巴组织和淋巴器官中的定
位有一定特异分布性。取决于淋巴细胞表
面黏附分子种类及高内皮细胞小静脉
( HEV)表达的相应黏附分子受体。
? 淋巴细胞再循环的作用
使淋巴细胞能在体内各淋巴组织及器官处
合理分布,能动员淋巴细胞至病原体入侵
处,并将抗原活化的淋巴细胞引流入局部
淋巴组织及器官,在此产生免疫应答效应。
第五节 免疫病理与免疫性疾病
? 超敏感反应病 反应过高
? 免疫缺陷病 免疫功能低下或缺失
? 自身免疫性疾病 对自身抗原应答所致
免疫学
Immunology
湖北大学生命科学学院
生物技术教研室
推动现代生命科学前进的三架马车
? 分子生物学( Molecular Biology)
? 免疫学( Immunology)
? 细胞生物学( Cell Biology)
? 一、免疫学的简介
? 二、免疫应答的类型及作用
? 三、免疫细胞
? 四、免疫组织与免疫器官
? 五、免疫病理与免疫性疾病
第一章 免疫学的基本内容
第一节 概述
免疫( Immunity), 指免除疫病 (传染病 )
及抵抗多种疾病的发生。
? Distinguishes,self” from,non-self”
? Danger Hypothesis
?,Protection” from infection,tumors,
etc.
? A response that may result in host
tissue damage
Host
Defense
Defense
Mechanisms
Innate
Inborn independent
of previous
experience
Acquired
Naturally
acquired
Active
Adoptive
Passive
Active
Adoptive
Passive
after natural
exposure to a foreign
agent
placental transfer
immune cells in
colostrum
Artificially
acquired
Specific
immunization
administration of
preformed antibodies
Bone marrow
transplant
宿主体内的免疫系统识别和清除
? 免疫系统是由免疫组织和器官、免疫细胞及
免疫活性分子等组成。
? 免疫细胞对病原体或肿瘤细胞的适当应答,
使之清除。
? 免疫应答过高或过低,均为异常。
第二节 免疫应答的类型及作用
? 固有免疫应答( inanate immune
response)皮肤黏膜、局部分泌物质、吞
噬细胞,NK细胞和补体
? 适应性免疫应答( adaptive immune
response) T,B细胞
Two types of immunity
? Innate immunity (not antigen-specific)
– Anatomical barriers
– Mechanical
– Biochemical
?Non-specific (eg,Low pH in stomach)
?Receptor-driven (eg,PAMP-recognition)
? Adaptive immunity (antigen-specific)
– Receptor-driven
– Pre-existing clones programmed to make
a specific immune response
(humoral/cellular)
The products of the immune
response may be used
? To diagnose disease
? To monitor disease progress
? As reagents in assays to detect and
quantify other substances
一、固有免疫应答
? 巨噬细胞,NK细胞 —— 非特异性杀伤
? 细胞因子( Cytokines) —— 导致炎症细
胞渗出 —— 引起炎症
二、适应性免疫应答
? T,B淋巴细胞被抗原活化 抗原是指一组能
被 T或 B细胞识别的有机物质,包括多肽、
寡糖及脂质酸等小分子。 T,B细胞通过
TCR,BCR的识别有严格的特异性。
? T,B细胞的克隆扩增及分化 B细胞通过
BCR识别和结合抗原而活化,在 B细胞生长
因子作用下,进行克隆扩增。 TCR需与
APC处理过的抗原多肽结合,在 T细胞生长
因子作用下进行克隆扩增。
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
? Immune response is highly specific for the antigen
that triggered it.
– Receptors on surface of immune cells have same
specificity as the antibody/effector activity that will be
generated
? Exposure to antigen creates an immunologic
“memory.”
– Due to clonal expansion and creation of a large pool of
cells committed to that antigen
– Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a
rapid and vigorous response
The Adaptive Response is a,Two-
Edged Sword”
? Protection
? Damage to the host (hypersensitivities)
– Allergies
– Cell and tissue damage due to
autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity Reactions
? Reactions that are detrimental to the
host
– Autoimmunity
– Atypical immune responses (allergies)
– Inability to eliminate a pathogen
(granulomas)
– The tissues become a carrier for a hapten
(poison ivy,nickel,penicillin)
– Rejection of transplanted tissues
? 在免疫细胞中,执行固有免疫功能的细胞
有吞噬细胞,NK细胞,B1-B细胞等。执
行适应性免疫功能的是 T,B淋巴细胞,还
有 APC细胞参与
第三节 免疫细胞
Cells
involved
in
immunity
platelets
megakaryocyte eosinophil
neutrophil
basophil
mast cell
common myeloid
progenitor
monocyte
macrophage
Natural
Killer cell
plasma cell
B Lymphocyte
T Lymphocyte
common lymphoid
progenitor
Pluripotent
hematopoietic
stem cell
一、吞噬细胞
? 单核 -巨噬细胞
Monocytes circulate in the peripheral
blood prior to emigration into the tissues,
Within certain organs they have special
names,e.g,in liver they are known as
Kupfer cells,in brain as microglia cells,in
kidney as mesangial cells,and in bone as
osteoclasts,Elsewhere they are referred to
as tissue macrophages
Cell-Mediated
Antibody-Mediated
? Cytotoxic T-
Lymphocyte
? Natural Killer Cells
? Antibody-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
? Complement
activation
? Agglutination
? Neutralization
? Mask receptors
? Antibody-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
? Opsonization and
phagocytosis
What are the effector
functions?
肺部巨噬细胞吞噬大肠杆菌
? 中性粒细胞
Neutrophils,or neutrophil polymorphonuclear
leucocytes,respond to chemotactic signals
and leave capillaries by a complex process,
involving margination (flowing nearer to the
endothelial lining of blood vessels),rolling
and then attaching (margination),following
which they emigrate between the endothelial
cells (extravasation,or diapedesis),
中性粒细胞、血小板等
二,淋巴细胞
? 淋巴细胞分为 B细胞和 T细胞,分别来源于
骨髓和胸腺
? B淋巴细胞 表面的 BCR及分泌的抗体均为
免疫球蛋白。由 B细胞介导的免疫称为体液
免疫
? T淋巴细胞 TCR为双链分子。细胞毒性 T细
胞、调节性 T细胞(辅助性 T细胞和抑制性 T
细胞)
三、抗原处理及抗原提呈细胞
? 巨噬细胞将病原体吞噬,病原体成分被水
解,形成抗原分子 —— 活化 B细胞;或与
MHC分子结合,经 APC提呈给 T细胞,使 T
细胞活化。
? 郎格汉斯细胞 -吞噬处理抗原 -迁移至淋巴结
-分化为树突状细胞,失去吞噬能力而具有
很强提呈能力。
四、自然杀伤细胞
? NK细胞一经识别病毒感染细胞后,即可发
挥杀伤作用,与 T,B淋巴细胞不同。
第四节 免疫组织与免疫器
官
Lymphoid Organs
? Primary or central lymphoid organs
– bone marrow and thymus
– where lymphocytes are generated
? Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
– where adaptive immune responses are
initiated
Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues
一、外周淋巴器官及组织
? 淋巴结 淋巴结内 T细胞约占 75%,B细胞占 25%。
脾脏 T,35%,B,55%,Mφ:
10%
? 黏膜伴随的淋巴组织 在呼吸道、肠道及
泌尿生殖道的黏膜上皮细胞下,均聚集有
无包膜的淋巴组织。在小肠黏膜上皮细胞
间存在一类 T细胞称上皮淋巴细胞。即
αβ+T细胞 —— 特异免疫应答; γδ+T细
胞 —— 固有免疫应答
二、中枢免疫器官
? 骨髓 B淋巴细胞发育成熟的场
所
胸腺 由胸腺基质细胞和胸腺细胞组成。是 T
淋巴细胞,尤其是 αβ+T细胞发育的场所。胸
腺基质细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用,对 T细胞
的发育是至关重要的。
三、淋巴细胞再循环
? 淋巴细胞经淋巴循环及血液循环,运行并
再分布于全身各处淋巴器官及淋巴组织中。
? 淋巴细胞在各淋巴组织和淋巴器官中的定
位有一定特异分布性。取决于淋巴细胞表
面黏附分子种类及高内皮细胞小静脉
( HEV)表达的相应黏附分子受体。
? 淋巴细胞再循环的作用
使淋巴细胞能在体内各淋巴组织及器官处
合理分布,能动员淋巴细胞至病原体入侵
处,并将抗原活化的淋巴细胞引流入局部
淋巴组织及器官,在此产生免疫应答效应。
第五节 免疫病理与免疫性疾病
? 超敏感反应病 反应过高
? 免疫缺陷病 免疫功能低下或缺失
? 自身免疫性疾病 对自身抗原应答所致