INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
EUN / RESNICK
Second Edition
5Chapter FiveInternational Parity Relationships & Forecasting
Exchange Rates
Chapter Objective:
This chapter examines several key international
parity relationships,such as interest rate parity and
purchasing power parity,
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-1
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-2
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Covered Interest Arbitrage
? IRP and Exchange Rate Determination
? Reasons for Deviations from IRP
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-3
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? PPP Deviations and the Real Exchange Rate
? Evidence on Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-4
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-5
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
? Efficient Market Approach
? Fundamental Approach
? Technical Approach
? Performance of the Forecasters
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-6
Interest Rate Parity
? Interest Rate Parity Defined
? Covered Interest Arbitrage
? Interest Rate Parity & Exchange Rate
Determination
? Reasons for Deviations from Interest Rate Parity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-7
Interest Rate Parity Defined
? IRP is an arbitrage condition.
? If IRP did not hold,then it would be possible for
an astute trader to make unlimited amounts of
money exploiting the arbitrage opportunity.
? Since we don’t typically observe persistent
arbitrage conditions,we can safely assume that
IRP holds.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-8
Interest Rate Parity Defined
Suppose you have $100,000 to invest for one year.
You can either
1,invest in the U.S,at i$,Future value = $100,000(1 + ius)
2,trade your dollars for yen at the spot rate,invest in Japan at
i￥ and hedge your exchange rate risk by selling the future
value of the Japanese investment forward,The future value
= $100,000(F/S)(1 + i￥)
Since both of these investments have the same risk,they
must have the same future value—otherwise an arbitrage
would exist.
(F/S)(1 + i￥) = (1 + ius)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-9
Interest Rate Parity Defined
Formally,
(F/S)(1 + i￥) = (1 + ius)
or if you prefer,
S
F
i
i ?
?
?
￥
$
1
1
IRP is sometimes approximated as
S
( F - S ) ) -i(i
￥ ?$
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-10
IRP and Covered Interest Arbitrage
If IRP failed to hold,an arbitrage would exist,It’s
easiest to see this in the form of an example.
Consider the following set of foreign and domestic
interest rates and spot and forward exchange rates.
Spot exchange rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡
360-day forward rate F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
U.S,discount rate i$ = 7.10%
British discount rate i￡ = 11.56%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-11
IRP and Covered Interest Arbitrage
A trader with $1,000 to invest could invest in the
U.S.,in one year his investment will be worth
$1,071 = $1,000?(1+ i$) = $1,000?(1.071)
Alternatively,this trader could exchange $1,000 for
￡800 at the prevailing spot rate,(note that ￡800 =
$1,000÷ $1.25/￡) invest ￡800 at i￡= 11.56% for
one year to achieve ￡892.48,Translate ￡892.48
back into dollars at F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡,the
￡892.48 will be exactly $1,071.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-12
According to IRP only one 360-day forward rate,
F360($/￡),can exist,It must be the case that
F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
Why?
If F360($/￡) ? $1.20/￡,an astute trader could make
money with one of the following strategies:
Interest Rate Parity
& Exchange Rate Determination
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-13
Arbitrage Strategy I
If F360($/￡) > $1.20/￡
i,Borrow $1,000 at t = 0 at i$ = 7.1%.
ii,Exchange $1,000 for ￡800 at the prevailing spot
rate,(note that ￡800 = $1,000÷ $1.25/￡) invest
￡800 at 11.56% (i￡) for one year to achieve
￡892.48
iii,Translate ￡892.48 back into dollars,if
F360($/￡) > $1.20/￡,￡892.48 will be more than
enough to repay your dollar obligation of $1,071.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-14
Arbitrage Strategy II
If F360($/￡) < $1.20/￡
i,Borrow ￡800 at t = 0 at i￡= 11.56%,
ii,Exchange ￡800 for $1,000 at the prevailing spot
rate,invest $1,000 at 7.1% for one year to
achieve $1,071.
iii,Translate $1,071 back into pounds,if
F360($/￡) < $1.20/￡,$1,071 will be more than
enough to repay your ￡ obligation of ￡892.48.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-15
You are a U.S,importer of British woolens and have just ordered next
year’s inventory,Payment of ￡100M is due in one year.
IRP and Hedging Currency Risk
IRP implies that there are two ways that you fix the cash outflow
a) Put yourself in a position that delivers ￡100M in one year—a long
forward contract on the pound,You will pay (￡100M)(1.2/￡) =
$120M
b) Form a forward market hedge as shown below.
Spot exchange rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡
360-day forward rate F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
U.S,discount rate i$ = 7.10%
British discount rate i￡ = 11.56%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-16
IRP and a Forward Market Hedge
To form a forward market hedge:
Borrow $112.05 million in the U.S,(in one year you
will owe $120 million).
Translate $112.05 million into pounds at the spot
rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡ to receive ￡89.64 million.
Invest ￡89.64 million in the UK at i￡= 11.56% for
one year.
In one year your investment will have grown to
￡100 million—exactly enough to pay your
supplier.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-17
Forward Market Hedge
Where do the numbers come from? We owe our supplier
￡100 million in one year—so we know that we need to
have an investment with a future value of ￡100 million,
Since i￡= 11.56% we need to invest ￡89.64 million at the
start of the year.
How many dollars will it take to acquire ￡89.64
million at the start of the year if S($/￡) = $1.25/￡?
1, 1 1 5 6
0 0? 9, 6 4 ?
, 2 5
$ 1, 0 0? 9, 6 4$ 1 1 2, 0 5 ??
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-18
Reasons for Deviations from IRP
? Transactions Costs
? The interest rate available to an arbitrageur for
borrowing,ib,may exceed the rate he can lend at,il.
? There may be bid-ask spreads to overcome,Fb/Sa < F/S
? Thus
(Fb/Sa)(1 + i￥l) ? (1 + i￥ b) ? 0
? Capital Controls
? Governments sometimes restrict import and export of
money through taxes or outright bans.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-19
Purchasing Power Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rate
Determination
? PPP Deviations and the Real Exchange Rate
? Evidence on PPP
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-20
Purchasing Power Parity and
Exchange Rate Determination
? The exchange rate between two currencies should
equal the ratio of the countries’ price levels.
S($/￡) = P$ ?P￡
? Relative PPP states that the rate of change in an
exchange rate is equal to the differences in the
rates of inflation,
e = ?$ - ?￡
? If U.S,inflation is 5% and U.K,inflation is 8%,
the pound should depreciate by 3%.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-21
)1)(1(
1
￡
$
?
?
??
??
e
q
PPP Deviations and the
Real Exchange Rate
The real exchange rate is
If PPP holds,(1 + e) = (1 + ?$)/(1 + ?￡),then q = 1.
If q < 1 competitiveness of domestic country
improves with currency depreciations.
If q > 1 competitiveness of domestic country
deteriorates with currency depreciations.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-22
Evidence on PPP
? PPP probably doesn’t hold precisely in the real
world for a variety of reasons.
? Haircuts cost 10 times as much in the developed world
as in the developing world.
? Film,on the other hand,is a highly standardized
commodity that is actively traded across borders.
? Shipping costs,as well as tariffs and quotas can lead to
deviations from PPP.
? PPP-determined exchange rates still provide a
valuable benchmark.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-23
The Fisher Effects
? An increase (decrease) in the expected rate of inflation will
cause a proportionate increase (decrease) in the interest
rate in the country.
? For the U.S.,the Fisher effect is written as:
i$ = ?$ + E(?$)
Where
?$ is the equilibrium expected,real” U.S,interest rate
E(?$) is the expected rate of U.S,inflation
i$ is the equilibrium expected nominal U.S,interest rate
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-24
International Fisher Effect
If the Fisher effect holds in the U.S,
i$ = ?$ + E(?$)
and the Fisher effect holds in Japan,
i￥= ?￥+ E(?￥)
and if the real rates are the same in each country
?$ = ?￥
then we get the International Fisher Effect
E(e) = i$ - i￥.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-25
International Fisher Effect
If the International Fisher Effect holds,
E(e) = i$ - i￥
and if IRP also holds
S
( F - S ) E ( e ) ?
S
( F - S ) -ii
￥ ?$
then forward parity holds.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-26
Equilibrium Exchange Rate
Relationships
S
(F - S)
E(e)
)-i(i ￥$
?$ - ?￡
IRP
PPP
FE FRPPP
IFE FP
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-27
Forecasting Exchange Rates
? Efficient Markets Approach
? Fundamental Approach
? Technical Approach
? Performance of the Forecasters
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-28
Efficient Markets Approach
? Financial Markets are efficient if prices reflect all
available and relevant information.
? If this is so,exchange rates will only change when
new information arrives,thus:
St = E[St+1]
and
Ft = E[St+1| It]
? Predicting exchange rates using the efficient
markets approach is affordable and is hard to beat.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-29
Fundamental Approach
? Involves econometrics to develop models that use
a variety of explanatory variables,This involves
three steps:
? step 1,Estimate the structural model.
? step 2,Estimate future parameter values.
? step 3,Use the model to develop forecasts.
? The downside is that fundamental models do not
work any better than the forward rate model or
the random walk model.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-30
Technical Approach
? Technical analysis looks for patterns in the past
behavior of exchange rates.
? Clearly it is based upon the premise that history
repeats itself.
? Thus it is at odds with the EMH
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-31
Performance of the Forecasters
? Forecasting is difficult,especially with regard to
the future,
? As a whole,forecasters cannot do a better job of
forecasting future exchange rates than the forward
rate.
? The founder of Forbes Magazine once said,
“You can make more money selling advice than
following it.”
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-32
End Chapter Five
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
EUN / RESNICK
Second Edition
5Chapter FiveInternational Parity Relationships & Forecasting
Exchange Rates
Chapter Objective:
This chapter examines several key international
parity relationships,such as interest rate parity and
purchasing power parity,
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-1
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-2
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Covered Interest Arbitrage
? IRP and Exchange Rate Determination
? Reasons for Deviations from IRP
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-3
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? PPP Deviations and the Real Exchange Rate
? Evidence on Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-4
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-5
Chapter Outline
? Interest Rate Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity
? The Fisher Effects
? Forecasting Exchange Rates
? Efficient Market Approach
? Fundamental Approach
? Technical Approach
? Performance of the Forecasters
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-6
Interest Rate Parity
? Interest Rate Parity Defined
? Covered Interest Arbitrage
? Interest Rate Parity & Exchange Rate
Determination
? Reasons for Deviations from Interest Rate Parity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-7
Interest Rate Parity Defined
? IRP is an arbitrage condition.
? If IRP did not hold,then it would be possible for
an astute trader to make unlimited amounts of
money exploiting the arbitrage opportunity.
? Since we don’t typically observe persistent
arbitrage conditions,we can safely assume that
IRP holds.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-8
Interest Rate Parity Defined
Suppose you have $100,000 to invest for one year.
You can either
1,invest in the U.S,at i$,Future value = $100,000(1 + ius)
2,trade your dollars for yen at the spot rate,invest in Japan at
i￥ and hedge your exchange rate risk by selling the future
value of the Japanese investment forward,The future value
= $100,000(F/S)(1 + i￥)
Since both of these investments have the same risk,they
must have the same future value—otherwise an arbitrage
would exist.
(F/S)(1 + i￥) = (1 + ius)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-9
Interest Rate Parity Defined
Formally,
(F/S)(1 + i￥) = (1 + ius)
or if you prefer,
S
F
i
i ?
?
?
￥
$
1
1
IRP is sometimes approximated as
S
( F - S ) ) -i(i
￥ ?$
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-10
IRP and Covered Interest Arbitrage
If IRP failed to hold,an arbitrage would exist,It’s
easiest to see this in the form of an example.
Consider the following set of foreign and domestic
interest rates and spot and forward exchange rates.
Spot exchange rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡
360-day forward rate F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
U.S,discount rate i$ = 7.10%
British discount rate i￡ = 11.56%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-11
IRP and Covered Interest Arbitrage
A trader with $1,000 to invest could invest in the
U.S.,in one year his investment will be worth
$1,071 = $1,000?(1+ i$) = $1,000?(1.071)
Alternatively,this trader could exchange $1,000 for
￡800 at the prevailing spot rate,(note that ￡800 =
$1,000÷ $1.25/￡) invest ￡800 at i￡= 11.56% for
one year to achieve ￡892.48,Translate ￡892.48
back into dollars at F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡,the
￡892.48 will be exactly $1,071.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-12
According to IRP only one 360-day forward rate,
F360($/￡),can exist,It must be the case that
F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
Why?
If F360($/￡) ? $1.20/￡,an astute trader could make
money with one of the following strategies:
Interest Rate Parity
& Exchange Rate Determination
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-13
Arbitrage Strategy I
If F360($/￡) > $1.20/￡
i,Borrow $1,000 at t = 0 at i$ = 7.1%.
ii,Exchange $1,000 for ￡800 at the prevailing spot
rate,(note that ￡800 = $1,000÷ $1.25/￡) invest
￡800 at 11.56% (i￡) for one year to achieve
￡892.48
iii,Translate ￡892.48 back into dollars,if
F360($/￡) > $1.20/￡,￡892.48 will be more than
enough to repay your dollar obligation of $1,071.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-14
Arbitrage Strategy II
If F360($/￡) < $1.20/￡
i,Borrow ￡800 at t = 0 at i￡= 11.56%,
ii,Exchange ￡800 for $1,000 at the prevailing spot
rate,invest $1,000 at 7.1% for one year to
achieve $1,071.
iii,Translate $1,071 back into pounds,if
F360($/￡) < $1.20/￡,$1,071 will be more than
enough to repay your ￡ obligation of ￡892.48.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-15
You are a U.S,importer of British woolens and have just ordered next
year’s inventory,Payment of ￡100M is due in one year.
IRP and Hedging Currency Risk
IRP implies that there are two ways that you fix the cash outflow
a) Put yourself in a position that delivers ￡100M in one year—a long
forward contract on the pound,You will pay (￡100M)(1.2/￡) =
$120M
b) Form a forward market hedge as shown below.
Spot exchange rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡
360-day forward rate F360($/￡) = $1.20/￡
U.S,discount rate i$ = 7.10%
British discount rate i￡ = 11.56%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-16
IRP and a Forward Market Hedge
To form a forward market hedge:
Borrow $112.05 million in the U.S,(in one year you
will owe $120 million).
Translate $112.05 million into pounds at the spot
rate S($/￡) = $1.25/￡ to receive ￡89.64 million.
Invest ￡89.64 million in the UK at i￡= 11.56% for
one year.
In one year your investment will have grown to
￡100 million—exactly enough to pay your
supplier.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-17
Forward Market Hedge
Where do the numbers come from? We owe our supplier
￡100 million in one year—so we know that we need to
have an investment with a future value of ￡100 million,
Since i￡= 11.56% we need to invest ￡89.64 million at the
start of the year.
How many dollars will it take to acquire ￡89.64
million at the start of the year if S($/￡) = $1.25/￡?
1, 1 1 5 6
0 0? 9, 6 4 ?
, 2 5
$ 1, 0 0? 9, 6 4$ 1 1 2, 0 5 ??
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-18
Reasons for Deviations from IRP
? Transactions Costs
? The interest rate available to an arbitrageur for
borrowing,ib,may exceed the rate he can lend at,il.
? There may be bid-ask spreads to overcome,Fb/Sa < F/S
? Thus
(Fb/Sa)(1 + i￥l) ? (1 + i￥ b) ? 0
? Capital Controls
? Governments sometimes restrict import and export of
money through taxes or outright bans.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-19
Purchasing Power Parity
? Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rate
Determination
? PPP Deviations and the Real Exchange Rate
? Evidence on PPP
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-20
Purchasing Power Parity and
Exchange Rate Determination
? The exchange rate between two currencies should
equal the ratio of the countries’ price levels.
S($/￡) = P$ ?P￡
? Relative PPP states that the rate of change in an
exchange rate is equal to the differences in the
rates of inflation,
e = ?$ - ?￡
? If U.S,inflation is 5% and U.K,inflation is 8%,
the pound should depreciate by 3%.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-21
)1)(1(
1
￡
$
?
?
??
??
e
q
PPP Deviations and the
Real Exchange Rate
The real exchange rate is
If PPP holds,(1 + e) = (1 + ?$)/(1 + ?￡),then q = 1.
If q < 1 competitiveness of domestic country
improves with currency depreciations.
If q > 1 competitiveness of domestic country
deteriorates with currency depreciations.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-22
Evidence on PPP
? PPP probably doesn’t hold precisely in the real
world for a variety of reasons.
? Haircuts cost 10 times as much in the developed world
as in the developing world.
? Film,on the other hand,is a highly standardized
commodity that is actively traded across borders.
? Shipping costs,as well as tariffs and quotas can lead to
deviations from PPP.
? PPP-determined exchange rates still provide a
valuable benchmark.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-23
The Fisher Effects
? An increase (decrease) in the expected rate of inflation will
cause a proportionate increase (decrease) in the interest
rate in the country.
? For the U.S.,the Fisher effect is written as:
i$ = ?$ + E(?$)
Where
?$ is the equilibrium expected,real” U.S,interest rate
E(?$) is the expected rate of U.S,inflation
i$ is the equilibrium expected nominal U.S,interest rate
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-24
International Fisher Effect
If the Fisher effect holds in the U.S,
i$ = ?$ + E(?$)
and the Fisher effect holds in Japan,
i￥= ?￥+ E(?￥)
and if the real rates are the same in each country
?$ = ?￥
then we get the International Fisher Effect
E(e) = i$ - i￥.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-25
International Fisher Effect
If the International Fisher Effect holds,
E(e) = i$ - i￥
and if IRP also holds
S
( F - S ) E ( e ) ?
S
( F - S ) -ii
￥ ?$
then forward parity holds.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright ? 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights
reserved,
5-26
Equilibrium Exchange Rate
Relationships
S
(F - S)
E(e)
)-i(i ￥$
?$ - ?￡
IRP
PPP
FE FRPPP
IFE FP
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Forecasting Exchange Rates
? Efficient Markets Approach
? Fundamental Approach
? Technical Approach
? Performance of the Forecasters
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Efficient Markets Approach
? Financial Markets are efficient if prices reflect all
available and relevant information.
? If this is so,exchange rates will only change when
new information arrives,thus:
St = E[St+1]
and
Ft = E[St+1| It]
? Predicting exchange rates using the efficient
markets approach is affordable and is hard to beat.
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Fundamental Approach
? Involves econometrics to develop models that use
a variety of explanatory variables,This involves
three steps:
? step 1,Estimate the structural model.
? step 2,Estimate future parameter values.
? step 3,Use the model to develop forecasts.
? The downside is that fundamental models do not
work any better than the forward rate model or
the random walk model.
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Technical Approach
? Technical analysis looks for patterns in the past
behavior of exchange rates.
? Clearly it is based upon the premise that history
repeats itself.
? Thus it is at odds with the EMH
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Performance of the Forecasters
? Forecasting is difficult,especially with regard to
the future,
? As a whole,forecasters cannot do a better job of
forecasting future exchange rates than the forward
rate.
? The founder of Forbes Magazine once said,
“You can make more money selling advice than
following it.”
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reserved,
5-32
End Chapter Five
