Questions for Archaea List the differences between Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Membrane and Cell Walls. The differences between bacterial & archaeal cell membrane and cell walls : bacteria archaea  Cell membrane 无聚异戊二烯甘油醚类脂而是磷脂(ester linkage of lipid), 脂肪酸 含聚异戊二烯甘油醚类脂 (ether linkage of lipid)  Cell wall 有胞壁酸, D-amino acids 无胞壁酸(muramic acid) , D-amino acids only have L-amino acids  Archaea lack fatty acids , instead have hydrocarbon moieties bonded to glycerol by ether( instead of ester) linkages. Glycerol diethers and diglycerol tetraethers are the major classes of lipids presented. Do not contain muramic acid and D-amino acids A pseudopeptidoglycan is found in some archaea, it consists of 2 amino sugars: N-acetylglucosamine , N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid. What archaea have you learned so far? Extremely Halophilic Archaeal(极端嗜盐的古细菌) -Halobacteriales(盐杆菌目) -Halobacteriaceae(盐杆菌科) -Halobaterium盐杆菌属 -Haloferacx盐小盒菌属 -Haloarcula盐丰产菌属 -Halococcus盐球菌属 -Natronobacterium嗜盐硷杆菌属 -Natronococcus嗜盐硷球菌属 Methane-producing archaeal(产甲烷的古细菌): -Methanobacteriales (甲烷杆菌目) -Mehanobacteriaceae(甲烷杆菌科)-Methanobacterium甲烷杆菌属 -Methanobrevibacter甲烷短杆菌属 -Methanothermaceae(甲烷嗜热菌科)-Methanothermus甲烷嗜热菌属 -Methanococcales(甲烷球菌目) -Methanococcaceae(甲烷球菌科)-Methanococcus甲烷球菌属 -Methanomicrobiales(甲烷微菌目) -Methanomicrobiaceae(甲烷微菌科)-Methanomicrobium甲烷微菌属 -Methanospirillum甲烷螺菌属 -Methanogenium产甲烷菌属 -Methanosarcinaciae甲烷八叠球菌科-Methanosarcina甲烷八叠球菌属 -Methanolobus甲烷叶菌属 -Methanothrix甲烷发菌属 -Methanococcoides甲烷类球菌属 Hyperthermophilic (极端嗜热的古细菌): -Thermococcales-Thermococcaceae-Thermococcus, Pyrococcus -Thermoproteales-Thermoproteaceae-Thermoproteus,Thermofilum -Desulfurococcaceae-Desulfurococcus -Sulfobales-Sulfolobaceae-Sulfolobus, Acidianus Thermoplasma(热原体属) Where to isolate halophilic Archaea? 高盐浓度的自然界,如盐湖,硷湖和盐场,也常见于晒制的粗盐和用晒盐腌制的蛋白质品(咸鱼和皮革) 。 What are the physiological features of halophiles? The physiological features of halophiles are: 细胞杆状或球状,并出现许多退化类型,从圆盘形到三角形都有。不运动或靠丛生极端鞭毛运动。革兰氏染色阴性和阳性(2%乙酸固定后) 。好氧或兼性厌氧。需要很高浓度的盐,生长至少需要1.5mol/L(约为9%) NaCl, 但大多数菌种在 3.5-4.0mol/L NaCl生长最好。由于细胞内含有C50类胡萝卜素(菌红素) ,使其菌种落具有各种红色色调,并使得该菌在自然环境中群体生长时现红颜色。视黄醛类色素在这类细菌中可能是普遍存在的,它们能使离子运动并穿过细胞膜。含菌视紫素者,可用菌视紫素为质子pump,被光能所驱动所产生的质子梯度合成ATP。最适的生长温度是35-50°С。化能有机营养,利用氨基酸或碳水化合物作为碳源。在细胞内,通过积累高浓度的KCl来实现其渗透调节。 What are the three major classes of methane-producing archaea? The three major classes of methane-producing archaea: Methanobacteriales (甲烷杆菌目) The first: CO2-type substrate consumers, the second type: reduction of methyl group of methyl-containing compounds to methane, the third type: grow on alcohol rather than methanol for making methane. Methanococcales (甲烷球菌目) Methanomicrobiales (甲烷微菌目) List several species of methane-producing archaea you have learned. Methanobacterium formicicum甲酸甲烷杆菌, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium反刍甲烷短杆菌, Methanothermus fervilus沸腾甲烷嗜热菌, Methanococcus vanniellii万尼氏甲烷球菌, Methanomicrobium mobile运动甲烷微菌, Methanospirillum hungatei洪氏甲烷螺菌, Methanogenium cariaci卡利亚奇产甲烷菌, Methanosarcina barkeri巴氏甲烷八叠球菌, Methanolobus tindarius丁氏甲烷叶菌, Methanothrix soehngenii 索氏甲烷发菌, Methanococcoides methylutens甲基甲烷类球菌 List several unique methanogenetic coenzymes we have learned. 辅酶M(Coenzyme M),辅酶F420(Coenzyme F420 ) ,辅酶F430(Coenzyme F430) ,亚甲基喋呤(mehanofuran), methanopterin, HS-HTP. Describe the general properties of hyperthermophilic archaea you have learned. The general properties of hyperthermophilic archaea r: 细胞杆状,丝状或球状。大多数严格厌氧。专性嗜热,最适生长温度为70-105°С。嗜酸性和嗜中性。自养或异养。大多数种代谢硫。 Describe at least four hyperthermophilic archaea you have known. Thermococcus celer Pyrococcus furiosus Thermoproteus tenax Thermofilum pendens依赖热丝菌- 细胞呈细杆状,长度变化大。常在细胞两端形成球状突起物,有时还形成膨大的部分,空细胞可变成螺旋状。革兰氏染色阴性,厌氧,专性化能无机营养,无机营养,嗜热嗜酸。通过硫的呼吸作用多肽。最适生长温度为85-90°С,最适pH值约为5。 Desulfurococcus mucusus粘质脱硫球状菌- 细胞呈球状,细胞壁柔韧,革兰氏染色阴性。通过硫的呼吸作用或发酵,可利用蛋白质,多肽或碳水化合物。温度97°С和pH2.2-6.5。 Sulfolobus acidocaldarius嗜酸热硫化叶菌- 细胞呈球状,形状高度不规则,形成独特的裂片,通常单个细胞存在。细胞可紧紧地粘附在硫结晶体上,细胞壁由以六边形排列的蛋白质亚单位组成。好氧,可氧化硫,硫化物或连四硫酸盐形成硫酸,并固定CO2作为碳源,进行无机营养生长。也能氧化复杂的有机物质,糖或氨基酸,进行有机营养生长。有些菌株在有氧条件下能氧化Fe2+成Fe3+。嗜热嗜酸,能在50-87°С和pH1-6 的条件下生长。 Acidianus infernus下层酸菌- 细胞呈球状,形状高度不规则,几乎只以单个细胞存在。细胞壁由以六边形排列的蛋白质亚单位组成。兼性厌氧。在好氧条件下,通过元素硫的氧化作用,或者在厌氧条件下,通过元素硫和H2的还原作用,进行无机营养生长。嗜热嗜酸,能在65-95°С和pH1-6的条件下生长。耐盐,最适生长的NaCl浓度为0.2%左右,最高浓度为4%。 There are two bacteria that exhibits hyperthermophilic tendencies. Describe them a bit. Aquifex产液菌属- 专性化能无机营养的超嗜热细菌,在微好氧条件下氧化氢或还原态硫化物。最适温度约为85°С,而且能在95°С生长。 Thermotoga栖热袍菌属- 严格厌氧的能发酵的细菌,生长在55-90°С,最适温度约为80°С。该菌产生独特的脂类,内含极其长链的脂肪酸,但其细胞壁含有肽聚糖这一细菌的标记分子。 11. What is Thermoplasma? Thermoplasma(热原体属) : 无真正细胞壁,仅由1个三层膜所包围,越5-10nm厚 细胞有多种形状 细胞膜有二甘油四醚侧链的40 C 类异戊二烯的醚酯 Gram-negative 兼性厌氧,专性嗜热嗜酸(55-59゜C,PH 1-2 ) 化能有机营养 基因组很小,GC含量约46%,被高度硷性的DNA结合蛋白包围构成似真核细胞核小体的球状颗粒。其硷性的DNA结合蛋白与Histone 的A.A Sequence 同源性高。 12. What seems to be the maximal temperature for life to exist? 140-150゜C 13. Why it is said that archaea may be the earliest life on earth? Reason: The early geochemical conditions in earth r High temperature, high salt , low pH, strict anoxic condition. Most of the archaea can live in the high temperature (e.g. thermopasma) else high salt (e.g. halophiles) else low pH(e.g. acidianus) and normally r anoxic microorganism.