Sudden Light
I have been here before,
But when or how I cannot tell:
I Know the grass beyond the door,
The sighing sound,the lights around the
shore.
You have been mine before,
How long ago I may not know:
But just when at that swallow's soar
Your neck turned so,
Some veil did fall,-- I knew it all of yore.
Has this been thus before?
And shall not thus time's eddying flight
Still with our lives our love restore
In death's despite,
And day and night yield one delight once more?
English and American Literature
Welcome to join George’s
class and explore the beauty
of English and American
literature!
An Introduction to
English and American Literature
George
October 22,2004
? Foreign language learning is
really very difficult to students.
? Questions:
? What’s foreign language,English,French,
Japanese,or …?
? What students,colleges,middle-school
students,or pupils in primary school?
? …
What makes the difference?
experience
Another Example
How beautiful the girl that I
dated is.
The Girl I Dated
Goals of This Course
? The Forms of Literature
? What Do We Read for in English and
American Literature
? The History of English Literature and Some
Important Novelists
? The History of English Literature and Some
Important Novelists
Study Strategy
? Read extensively on simplified English and
American novels
? Read some Chinese translations to the
English and American Classics
? Read some Criticisms of English and
American Literature
On the Final Exam
? Course paper
Write a book report of 350 words before week 15
and write an essay of 400 words about a certain
novel or novelist.
Words Bank
literature,文学
fiction,虚构,小说
non-fiction,非小说作品 (如传记 …)
novel,小说 == novelist 小说家
narration,叙述
exposition,讲解,说明
argumentation,议论
genres,文学分类
The Forms of Literature
? Questions:
Chapter 1
What is literature?
1,Anything written
recipe books,telephone directories,
guidebooks to museum
2,The art that use language as a medium
cf,music,painting
Wanted
? Man,38,Divorced,Mechanic engineer,
Non-smoker,Kind and patient,Seek a
pretty lady under 30,She must be kind,
humorous,hardworking,economical,
most importantly,rich.
Chapter 1
The Forms of Literature
Chapter 1
Literature
fiction
non-fiction
novel
short story
play
poem
description
narration
exposition
argumentation
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Questions:
Chapter 1
Why do we read novels,stories …
entertainment
exploration
shelter
What do we care about while reading?
story
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Question 1
Chapter 1
Why do we read novels,stories …
entertainment
kill time,read for fun …
exploration
a tool to adventure,a window to know the
outside world,…
shelter
to escape from the cruel reality,…
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Question 2
Chapter 1
What do we care about while reading?
story
1,What is going on?
2,What is said?
3,How it is said?
plot
Words Bank
characteristics,特征
character,人物
prose,散文
narrative,叙述
rhyme,使。。。 。。。有节奏
account,叙述
fictitious,虚构的
Fiction(1) The Novel
? Questions:
Chapter 2
What is novel?
What are the similarities between novel and
short story?
They share some characteristics,such as
plot,character,etc.
The Definition of Novel
Chapter 2
1.,Novel” comes from the Italian word
“novella” meaning,a little new
thing,”,piece of news,”,chit-chat”
What is novel?
? Questions:
2,In English,the word,novel” means,new,
unusual,being the first of its kind,” as in the
phrase,a novel idea.”
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
1,The novel is a new genre or form
differs from poetry,drama,ballad
A poem is originally a rhymed structure while a novel
is not rhymed,namely,a novel is in prose form.
A drama is a show or performance intended for
viewing or watching while a novel is a telling a
narration intended for reading.
A ballad is a musical piece for singing while a novel is
not.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
2,The content of a novel is of fictitious
nature
differs from the stories of historian
Novels tell made-up stories,but the stories of the
historians tell truth.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
3,The purpose or first purpose of a novel is to
entertain
differs from your news,advertisements…
We read news for what’s going on around us or in
world and we read advertisements for the latest
information about certain products,but we read novel
for fun or entertainment.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? Conclusion 1
A novel is a fictional prose narrative for
entertainment.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Novelists
the one who write the novel
2,Readers
the one who read the novel
What are the two main aspects of a novel?
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Why are there the novelists writing novel?
? to express
? to share
? to be understood
2,What do they want to share?
anything from their personal feelings such as their
sufferings,happiness,sorrows,etc to their experiences
and thoughts.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
―欲新一国之民，不可不先新一国之小说。,
梁启超
3,Why do they want to express,to share,to be
understood?
“There are many reasons why novelist write,but they all
have one thing in common —— a need to create an
alternative world.”
John Fowler
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
? Conclusion 1
Novelists have the purpose of changing things,
especially people’s mind,whether they admit it or
not.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Why are there readers reading novels?
? To entertain
? to understand
? to share and participate
2,What must the readers be ready to do
before reading a novel?
The readers have to suppose that the authors tell
truths and ready to accept them.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
? Conclusion 2
Readers,by reading whatever novels,are
willingly open to anything new to their minds.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
Conclusion 2
Readers,by reading whatever novels,are willingly open to
anything new to their minds.
Conclusion 1
Novelists have the purpose of changing things,especially people’s
mind,whether they admit it or not.
? Conclusion
The function or purpose of the novel is to change the
world by changing the reader’s mind.
Chapter 2
? Final Conclusion
A novel is a highly stylized prose account of
fictional reality in the form of story with the
purpose of changing the reader’s mind by
the aid of the reader’s active involvement
while providing entertainment and superior
truth in life.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
Lengthiness
openness
The Characteristics of
Novel
What Is Novel?
Thoroughness
Profundity
Truth
The Characteristics of Novel
A short story should be of the length that it could
be read at one sitting without causing tiredness.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Lengthiness
Question:
How long can a story be called a short story? And a
novel?
Conveniently,a full-length novel,printed,comprises a book
of considerable thickness,
A short story concentrates on one event or a few
closely related events,
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Thoroughness
Question:
How many events can a short story concentrate
on? And a novel?
A novel is capable of relating many events that are closely or
remotely relevant connected.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Profundity
Question:
How much can a short story reveal? And a
novel?
A good novel does not only present the
essence of life,it can be complete in both
the material and spiritual senses.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Openness
By openness,I mean you can find
elements from poetry,drama,and even
film as its integrated parts.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Truth
Novels tell made-up stories,but they tell
truth,
Mirror and Light
Chapter 2
Mirror
What Is Novel?
Mirror and Lamp
Literary Theory of Plato
Idea
Projection
Real World Literature & Arts
Absolute Truth Imitation to the Idea Imitation to the Real World
The Final Purpose of Literature
To arrive at a final recognition of the life.
Chapter 2
Lamp
What Is Novel?
Mirror and Lamp
Literary Theory of Romanism
Human Beings
Sth,to be Reflected
Real World
Self Second Self
Projection of SelfThe Final Purpose of Literature
To arrive at a final recognition of the spirit and thoughts.
Kinds of the Novels
? The standards of classification:
Chapter 2
The standards commonly used are length,
subject matter,setting,and technique.
? Questions:
1,How many kinds of novels do you know?
2,How do you distinguish between them?
Chapter 2
Full-length Novel
Tetra-logy
Novel Short Novel
Trilogy
By Length
Kinds of the Novels
How many kinds can novel be divided by
length?
? Questions:
More importantly,full-length indicates a full
development.
Chapter 2
Full-length Novel
Question:
What is a full-length novel?
Conveniently,a full-length novel,printed,comprises a book
of considerable thickness,
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
A short novel refers to a narrative midway in
length between a short story and a novel,
Chapter 2
Short Novel
Question:
What is a short novel?
Generally,like a short story,a short novel centers
on just one or two characters,
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Short Novel VS Short Story
Unlike a short story,a short novel has room to
reveal the characters in greater fullness and depth,
To be thoroughly told,a complex story with many
scenes and many characters sometime extends
beyond covers of a single book,
Chapter 2
Trilogy
Question:
What is a trilogy?
A trilogy is a group of three novels in a sequence.
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Chapter 2
Tetra-logy
Question:
What is a tetra-logy?
A sequence of four novels is usually called a tetra- logy
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Chapter 2
First stage,the epic
(such as Iliad and Odyssey)
History of the Novel
The development of imaginative fiction
Three stages
Second stage,the romance
Third stage,novel
Don Quixote de la Mancha,17th,Cervantes,the first novel
Robinson Crusoe,1713,Defoe marking the maturation of the
novel
Chapter 2
Story
ThemeElements
Character
Plot
Elements of the Novel
Commonly,what are the elements of novel?
? Questions:
Elements of the Novel
Setting
Narrative Point of View
What questions usually do the readers
ask while reading novels?
Chapter 2
What happened next? What would he do next?
the timethe event
What Is Story
? Questions:
Elements of the Novel
? Conclusion 1
The two basic elements of a story are the event and the
time.
A story is a series of happenings arranged in
the natural temporal (现世的 ) order as they
occur.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? Conclusion 2
Elements of the Novel
? Conclusion 3
Story is the basis of the novel,and indeed
the basis of narrative works of all kinds.
One mark of a second-rate mind is to be
always telling stories.
——Jean de La Bruyere
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What is appropriate attitude towards
story?
Elements of the Novel
? What’s the difference between novelists
and newspapermen,historians… etc.?
the newspapermen,the historians,etc,aim
at telling people what’s going on or what
happened.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What’s the difference between novelists
and newspapermen,historians… etc.?
Elements of the Novel
In telling stories,
The novelists aim at something higher or they
intend to add something to the,mere” fact.
the newspapermen,the historians,etc,use
the similar style of narration.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What’s the difference between the
stories of the novels and other non-
fictions (news reports,etc.)?
Elements of the Novel
In telling stories,
the novelists use personalized presentation and
interpretation.
Chapter 2
Kinds of Characters
Conclusion 1
What Is Character
Round characters grow emotionally or
spiritually while flat characters are usually
shown one side.
Question:
What are the round characters?
What are the flat characters?
Elements of the Novel
Chapter 2
Kinds of Characters
Conclusion 2
What Is Character
Usually the reader is allowed access to the inner
life of the round character and permitted to
learn about many sides of him/her.
On the other hand,the flat character is closed character
to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access.
Elements of the Novel
The king died and then the queen died.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Compare the following two sentences
Elements of the Novel
The king died and then the queen dies of grief.
What are the differences between the
events in reality and those from the fiction?
? Question:
Indicator of our interpretation and
thus arrangement of the happenings
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 1
Elements of the Novel
In the world of reality,events take place one
after another in the natural temporal order.
But in the world of fiction it is the novelist’s
design that one particular event occur after
another particular one.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 2
Elements of the Novel
In the world of reality,events take place one after another
in the natural temporal order,in the world of fiction it is the
novelist’s design that one particular event occur after
another particular one.
The word ― plot‖ implies the novelist’s rebellion
against the natural law and his effort to make
meanings out of the happenings that may
otherwise be meaningless,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 3
Elements of the Novel
A plot is a particular arrangement of
happenings in a novel that is aimed at
revealing their casual relationships or at
conveying the novelists ideas.A plot is sometimes called a story line,which,traditionally,should be a complete or unified action
including a beginning,a middle,and an end.
Chapter 2
ConflictPhases of a Plot
Exposition
What Is Plot
A complete or traditional plot consist of
? Phases of a Plot
Elements of the Novel
Climax
Denouement (final stage)
I was born in the Year 1632,in the City of York,of a good
family,though not of that Country,my Father being a
Foreigner of Bremen,who settled first at Hull,He got a good
Estate by Merchandise,and leaving off his Trade,lived
afterward at York,from whence he had married my Mother,
whose Relations were named Robinson,a very good Family
n that country,and from whom I was called Robinson
Kreutznaer …,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Daniel Defoe,Robinson Crusoe
Example
to make the reader be able to understand the
characters and the actions
Chapter 2
What is the function of this passage?
to provide the essential background information
What Is Plot
? Question 1
Elements of the Novel
to lay a sound basis so that the events in the plot
to begin
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Exposition is the part of a plot that provided
the essential background information so that
the events in the plot have a sound basis to
begin and so that the reader is able to
understand the characters and the actions.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Final Conclusion
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By relating an unusual or dramatic event.
? By describing a meaningful scene.
? By setting up a contrast.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By relating an unusual or dramatic event.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
1) to get the reader’s attention
2) to provide a sort of center for the novel
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By describing a meaningful scene.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
to create an atmosphere to fore-shadow
what is going to happen
There was no possibility of taking a walk that day,We had
been wandering,indeed,in the leafless shrubbery an hour in
the morning,but since dinner (Mrs,Reed,when there was no
company,dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with
it clouds so sombre,and a rain so penetrating,that further
outdoors exercise was now out of the question.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre
Example
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By setting up a contrast.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
to build tension
The beginning of The Scarlet Letter contrasts the black
prison door with the rose bush beside it,summarizing
symbolically the conflict between a severe society and
natural human desire.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Question:
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conflict is the confrontation of actions,ideas,
desires,or wills.
How many kinds of conflicts can a novel have?
Conflicts
Between the characters
Between the character and the society
Between the character and his fate and
environment
Between the character and himself
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
In a word,a conflict is centered on the character.
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conclusion 1
Question:
What do conflicts aim to in the novels?
Basically,conflicts are to create tension,
Conclusion 2
A conflict should be as intense as to arouse the
readers’ interests and give them anxiety,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Conflict can be sub-divided into crisis and turning
point.
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conclusion 3
Question:
Crisis refers to the part in which the tension is
maximum and a resolution is imminent.
The moment when a resolution is being reached or the event
that brings about a resolution is called a turning point.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Climax
Elements of the Novel
Climax is the most important and intense one of
the conflicts in the plot upon which the whole
novel centers and whose resolution virtually
ends the novel.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Denouement
Elements of the Novel
(The final stage)
Denouement is a word borrowed from Latin,
meaning,unknotting”,It is equivalent to the
falling action.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? The phases of plot
Elements of the Novel
exposition
conflicts
crisis turning point
climax
denouement
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? How is a plot made?
Elements of the Novel
Four factors to consider:
Phases of a Plot
they are,the doers and the doing
the time
the place
the value
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? There was a good rain yesterday in the
mountain areas.
Elements of the Novel
Example
? How is a plot made?
the value judgment
the doer
the temporal factorthe spatial factor
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? How is a plot made?
Elements of the Novel
Time
Several ways to manipulate time in novel writing
? To decide a time span.
? To omit some time units from the time span already
decided upon.
? To disorganize/reorganize time.
eg,flashback
Chapter 2
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its
central insight.
The theme should be capable of
unifying the whole novel.
The theme should be abstract and it
should generalize about life.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
? Each novel has a theme or themes,or theme is
important to all novels.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) Some novels,interesting enough,do not provide any
insight into life.
2) Theme exists only in the novel that serious attempts to
reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life,
or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of
life.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
? The theme is largely what the novel is.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) The novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an
abstract idea.
2) Theme appeals to the intellectual level of reading while
the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional
level.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
What Is Theme
? The theme is the subject.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) The theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an
affair,(e.g.,love” &,Love is invincible”)
2) A subject may be universal but a theme is particular to
its novel,though there are many similar themes to be
found in other novels.
Chapter 2
? Setting
Elements of the Novel
A setting is the background against which a
character is depicted or an event narrated.
What Is Setting
? Compare a setting and an exposition
1) Setting is closely related with exposition in that they both
help to make possible the events in the novel.
2) An exposition must have a setting,but setting goes
along with every event in the novel whereas exposition
is only the initiating action.
Chapter 2
? Definition
Elements of the Novel
The point of view is the attitude or outlook of a
narrator or character in a piece of literature,or it is
the relationship between the narrator and the narrated.
Narrative Point of View
? What is a narrator?
A narrator is the one who tells the story,often called the
storyteller.
The narrator is not necessarily the novelist,Even when the
novel is written in the first person,the ―I‖ is not the novelist,
but a person invented by the novelist.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
? By the narrator’s relationship with the character represented by
the grammatical person.
? By the narrator’s relation with the events ——
whether the narrator participates or not.
? By the extent of the narrator’s knowledge of the events.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The first-person narrative
The third-person narrative
In the first-person narrative,the narrator appears in the novel as
“I” or,me”.
In the third-person narrative,the narrator doesn’t actually appear
and all the characters are referred to as,he” or,they”.
? By the narrator’s relationship with the character represented by
the grammatical person:
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The participant narrative
The non-participant narrator
?The participant narrator is a person who has experienced
something and comes back to report.
? By the narrator’s relation with the events ——
whether the narrator participates or not.
?As a participant,his report and his understanding of the event
may or may not be reliable or complete,because he is denied
omniscience and he may be prejudiced.
? The non-participant narrator stands outside what he is relating.
?The non-participant narrator is given a complete freedom as for
what he wishes to do with the story.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The omniscient narrator
The selective omniscient narrator
?The omniscient narrator knows everything about the novel.
?By the extent of the narrator’s knowledge of the
events.
?The selective omniscient narrator knows something about the
novel.
?The objective narrator doesn’t tell but shows,He is like a
camera that goes from scene to scene and records what can be
recorded for the reader.
The objective narrator
The innocent-eye narrator
?The innocent-eye narrator understands what he is relating less
than the reader does,Therefore,his narration is capable of irony.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
Relation
with
Characters
Relation
with Event
Extent of Knowledge of
Event
First Person Self participant Selective omniscient
Third Person other Non-
participant
Omniscient,selective
omniscient,objective or
innocent eye
Participant Self or other participant selective omniscient,objective
or innocent eye
Non-
participant
other Non-
participant
Omniscient,selective
omniscient,objective
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
Relation
with
Characters
Relation
with Event
Extent of Knowledge of
Event
Omniscient other Non-
participant
omniscient
Selective
omniscient
Self or other Participant or
non-
participant
selective omniscient
Objective Self or other Participant or
nonparticipant
Only objective knowledge,no
comment
Innocent
eye
Self or other participant innocent eye
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
What are the similarities between a novel and a
short story?
They share some characteristics,such as
plot,character,point of view,setting,
atmosphere,tone,etc.
Exposition,conflict,climax and
denouement
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
What are the differences between a novel and a
short story?
The short story differs,most obviously so
in length,from such longer narrative
forms as the novel and the short novel.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
The short story differs,most obviously so in
length,from such longer narrative forms as
the novel and the short novel.
Conclusion 1
The short story writer,having only a limited
number of pages,would normally focus on a
single figure in a single situation,revealing
some-thing of a character rather than recording
its development.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
Conclusion 2
The short story writer,having only a limited
number of pages,would focus on a single figure
in a single situation,revealing some-thing of a
character rather than recording its development.
The short story can be identified simply as a
brief narrative —— but not so lacking in
development as to be merely an anecdote or a
tale —— that aims at unity of effect.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
Several facts about short story
?The short story flourished in the magazines
of the 19th and early 20th centuries,
especially in the USA,which has a
particularly strong tradition.
?In the 19th century,the short story as a
distinct literary genre came into being.
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Symbolism
? Imagery
? Style
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Tone
? Irony
? Point of View
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Symbolism
? The word symbol might come from symballein,a Greek word,
which means ―putting together.‖
? A symbol is a thing that suggests a certain association with
another thing.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? A symbol is a thing that suggests more than its literal meaning.
? Purpose of Symbolism
? Symbolism is one of the devices that enrich short fiction and
compensate for its briefness on space.
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Style
? Style is the revelation of individuality and any specific way of
using language,which is characteristic of an author,a period,
a place,or a genre.
? A writer reveals his unique-ness through the peculiar manner
of his expression.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Tone
? Tone refers to the mood or atmosphere of a work,but in some
more restricted uses it refers to the author’s attitude to the
reader —— formal,intimate,etc,—— or to the subject-
matter —— angry,ironic,humorous,sentimental,solemn,etc.
? The author influences us through tone,therefore,it is
important for reader to have an awareness of the tone of a
particular work.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? The author’s attitude towards his character are often unstated.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry is an oldest form of art,and is
reputed as the most democratic art.
Poetry is the earliest form of literature,which was
born before written language in primitive period.
Poetry is the ultimate care to people’s lives.
Poetry is the start-point of literature and
the a terminal point of literature.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry is an oldest form of art,and is
reputed as the most democratic art.
All people,the talkative and the mute,have at least
once felt like writing or uttering something poetic.
In the broadest sense,anyone can be a poet.
―He who draws noble delights from the sentiments
of poetry is a true poet,though he has never
written a line in all his life.‖
—— George Sand (French woman writer)
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry uses every dimension of language,so it
must be very intense or compact.
Language is used for in different manners for different
purposes,for communication,for persuasion,etc,
Poetry uses multi-dimensional language to communicate
experience that is much wider than mere information or
knowledge.
Poetic language has an intellectual dimension,
an emotional dimension,a sensuous dimension,
and an imaginative dimension.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry uses every dimension of language,so it
must be very intense or compact.
Poetry tries to say most in the fewest possible words,
Compactness is the most noticeable and important
characteristic of poetry.
Poetry is a literary genre that communicates experience in the
most condensed form.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry grew out of music,so sound effect
was much emphasized.
The origins of poetry can be found in the communal
expression,probably originally taking the form of
dance of the religious spirit.
Songs,including religious songs,play a very important roles in the
development of poetry.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry grew out of music,so sound effect
was much emphasized.
Rhyme is one of the most important and obvious
characteristics of poetry,but not all poems are rhymed.
Love is a sickness full of woes,[ a ]
All remedies refusing; [ b ]
A plant that with most cutting grows,[ a ]
Most barren with best using,[ b ]
Why so? [ a ]
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What are the difference between poetry and
other literary genres?
Poetry always reflects life indirectly and roundabout,
but it reflects life intensely and profoundly.
Generally,poetry doesn’t teach knowledge and narrates real events
in life.
Poetry calls for more imagination.
Poetry comes in unique forms.
The language used in poetry is especially beautiful and condensed.
Poetry
? Origination of Poetry
Chapter 4
Several hypotheses
?Marx,Product of the ancient people’s work
?Aristotle,representation (imitative art)
?George,Projection (or by-product) of people’s fear
1,Imitation
2,Happiness from seeking knowledge
Reflection of people’s work and their sorrows,
happiness,and so on.
Poetry
Chapter 4
Several hypotheses
?George,Projection (or by-product) of people’s fear
the ancient people’s ignorance
the ancient people’s fear
the worship to Gods
primitive religion
the religious (sacrificial rite) ritual
songs,music and dance
poetry
Ballad
Epic
Poetry
Lyric
Narrative Poem
? Classification of Poetry
Poetry
Chapter 4
Sonnet Shakespearean Sonnet
(abab cdcd efef gg)
Petrarchan Sonnet (also called Italian Sonnet)
(abba abba free)
Ode
Elegy (lament)
Pastoral
Blank Verse
Free Verse
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way
And leaves the world to darkness and to me
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Thomas Gray,1716 ——1771
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
l (a
l (a
le
af
fa
ll
s)
one
l
iness
—— e,e,cummings
loneliness
a leaf falls
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
—— Carl Sandburg
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
A Lament
O world! O life! O time!
on whose last steps I climb,
Trembling at that where I has stood before;
when will return the glory of your prime?
No more —— Oh,never more!
Out of the day and night
A joy has taken flight;
Fresh spring,and summer,and winter hoar,
Move my faint heart with grief,but with delight
No more —— Oh,never more!
—— Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
# 288
I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Are you —— Nobody —— Too?
Then there’s a pair of us!
Don’t tell! They’d advertise —— you know!
How dreary —— to be —— Somebody!
How public —— like a Frog ——
To tell one’s name —— the livelong June ——
To a admiring Bog!
—— Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Tomorrow
Tomorrow,and tomorrow,and tomorrow
Creeps in this pretty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death,Out,out,brief candle!
Life’s but a walking shadow,a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon stage
And then is heard no more,It is a tale
Told by an idiot,full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.
—— William Shakespeare,Macbeth Act 5 Scene 5
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village,though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely,dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
—— Robert Frost
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
Drama is a genre of literature,in which the words
are mainly dialogue.
The essential quality of drama is interaction since it uses
words to create action through the dialogue of characters
talking to one another rather than to the reader.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
Drama is at once literary art and represent-ational art,
It is a special kind of fiction —— a fiction acted out
rather than narrated.
? ―Drama‖ comes from a Greek word ―dran‖,meaning ―thing
done‖,―action‖,or ―deed‖,
? Aristotle (384 – 322 BC),the first and still the most important
theorist of drama,called drama ―imitated human action‖.
? Professor J,M,Manly saw three necessary elements in drama,
1) a story; 2) told in action; 3) by actors who impersonate the
characters of the story
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
What are the similarities between Drama and
other genres of literature,such as poem,story,
essay,etc.?
Like a poem,drama is overheard rather than
being addressed to a reader; like a story,it is
concerned with plot and character; like an essay,
it is capable of being used to explore issues and
propose ideas.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
There are three independent origins of drama,
two of which began with pagan religious rites in
Greece,
?It is generally believed that tragedy developed from
certain Dionysian rites dealing with life and death.
?Greek comedy is believed to arise from the Dionysian
rites which dealt with the theme of fertility.
?Medieval drama came out of rites commemorating
the birth and resurrection of Christ.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Tragedy?
The word tragedy seems to mean a,goat-song”,
and may reflect Dionysian death and resurrection
ceremonies in which the goat was the sacrificial
animal,
?Tragedy describes the fall from prosperity to adversity of a
great individual because he has transgressed against the
great moral principles which govern the universe,
?In his adversity he comes to understand himself and his
situation,blessed with enlightenment even though he may be
dying.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Tragedy?
The Classification of Tragedy
Fate tragedy
Characteristic tragedy
Social tragedy
Metaphysical tragedy
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Fate Tragedy?
Fate tragedy,also called fate drama a type of play
especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in
which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to
commit a horrible crime,often unsuspectingly,
Example:
Oedipus Tyrannus (Greek tragedy )
? William Shakespeare
Chapter 5
Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
—— Carl Sandburg
Drama
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? It consist of two parts,
Old Testament and New Testament
? The Holy Bible is a book providing proof of the existence of
God and one providing testimony to the Bible truth.
The Holy Bible
? The book is a reflection of the will of God,especially,the New
Testament is a complete reflection of the will from Jesus the
Christ.
? thing that provides clear proof of sth,
? a will
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
The Holy Bible
The Holy Bible
Old Testament
New Testament
It consists of 39 parts,which mainly deals
with the stories of God,bibliographies of the
kings in Israel and history of the Hebrew.
It consists of 27 parts,which mainly deals
with the stories of Jesus and his doctrines.
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? Old Testament
? The Holy Bible is originally a religious book of the Jew living
in Israel and it is written in ancient Hebrew.
The Holy Bible
? The Old Testament occupies three fourth of the Bible,which is
believed to be written by more than 30 people who were
inspired by God in a span of about1,100 years,(as a testimony
to the existence of God)
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? New Testament
? Christians believe that it is a work from the disciples and
followers of Jesus because letters from so-called disciples
and followers are an important part of the New Testament.
The Holy Bible
? The New Testament mainly deals with the stories of Jesus and
it is believed to be the detailed explanation to the Old
Testament,
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? The Relationship between the Old Testament and
the New Testament
? The Old Testament is incomplete,therefore,it depends on
the New Testament to give detailed explanation,which
means that the New Testament is detailed explanation to the
Old Testament.
The Holy Bible
? The Old Testament contains most of the content from the New
Testament,which,in other words,is the origin of the New
Testament,
Chapter 6
? On the Value
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? In all,the value of the Old Testament is greater than
the New Testament.
? The Holy Bible,especially the King James Version (also called
the Authorized Version),which was published in 1611,has
been using as a typical language and stylistic reference as
English.
The Holy Bible
? The Holy Bible is used as classical writing of history,
philosophy,and literature,
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
? It consists of 50 chapters from The Creation to The Death
of Joseph.
The Holy Bible
?In this book of beginnings the stories are about creation,early
relationships between God and people,and God's promise to
bless Abraham and his descendants,
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form,and void; and darkness was
upon the face of the deep,And the Spirit of God moved upon
the face of the waters.
3 And God said,Let there be light,and there was light.
4 And God saw the light,that it was good,and God divided the
light from the darkness.
5 And God called the light Day,and the darkness he called
Night,And the evening and the morning were the first day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
6 And God said,Let there be a firmament in the midst of the
waters,and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7 And God made the firmament,and divided the waters which
were under the firmament from the waters which were
above the firmament,and it was so.
8 And God called the firmament Heaven,And the evening and
the morning were the second day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
24 And God said,Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind,cattle,
and creeping thing,and beast of the earth after his kind,and it was so.
25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind,and cattle after their kind,
and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind,and God saw that
it was good.
26 And God said,Let us make man in our image,after our likeness,and let them
have dominion over the fish of the sea,and over the fowl of the air,and over
the cattle,and over all the earth,and over every creeping thing that creepeth
upon the earth.
27 So God created man in his own image,in the image of God created he him;
male and female created he them,
(to be continued)
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
28 And God blessed them,and God said unto them,Be fruitful,and multiply,and
replenish the earth,and subdue it,and have dominion over the fish of the sea,
and over the fowl of the air,and over every living thing that moveth upon the
earth.
29 And God said,Behold,I have given you every herb bearing seed,which is upon
the face of all the earth,and every tree,in the which is the fruit of a tree
yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
30 And to every beast of the earth,and to every fowl of the air,and to every thing
that creepeth upon the earth,wherein there is life,I have given every green
herb for meat,and it was so.
31 And God saw every thing that he had made,and,behold,it was very good,And
the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
20 And Adam gave names to all cattle,and to the fowl of the air,and to every
beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him.
21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam,and he slept; and he
took one of his ribs,and closed up the flesh instead thereof.
22 And the rib,which the LORD God had taken from man,made he a woman,and
brought her unto the man.
23 And Adam said,This is now bone of my bones,and flesh of my flesh,she shall
be called Woman,because she was taken out of Man.
24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother,and shall cleave unto
his wife,and they shall be one flesh,
25 And they were both naked,the man and his wife,and were not ashamed.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man in the Garden of Eden
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
1 Now the serpent; was more subtile than any beast of the field which the
LORD God had made,And he said unto the woman,Yea,hath God said,
Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
2 And the woman said unto the serpent,We may eat of the fruit of the
trees of the garden:
3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,God hath
said,Ye shall not eat of it,neither shall ye touch it,lest ye die.
4 And the serpent said unto the woman,Ye shall not surely die:
5 for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof,then your eyes shall be
opened,and ye shall be as gods,knowing good and evil.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food,and that it
was pleasant to the eyes,and a tree to be desired to make one wise,she
took of the fruit thereof,and did eat,and gave also unto her husband
with her; and he did eat.
7 And the eyes of them both were opened,and they knew that they were
naked; and they sewed fig leaves together,and made themselves aprons.
8 And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the
cool of the day,and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence
of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.
9 And the LORD God called unto Adam,and said unto him,Where art thou?
10 And he said,I heard thy voice in the garden,and I was afraid,because I
was naked; and I hid myself.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
11 And he said,Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast
thou eaten of the tree,whereof I commanded thee that
thou shouldest not eat?
12 And the man said,The woman whom thou gavest to be
with me,she gave me of the tree,and I did eat.
13 And the LORD God said unto the woman,What is this that
thou hast done? And the woman said,The serpent
beguiled me,and I did eat.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent,
Because thou hast done this,
thou art cursed above all cattle,
and above every beast of the field;
upon thy belly shalt thou go,
and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
15 and I will put enmity between thee and the woman,
and between thy seed and her seed;
it shall bruise thy head,
and thou shalt bruise his heel.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
16 Unto the woman he said,
I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception;
in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children;
and thy desire shall be to thy husband,
and he shall rule over thee.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
17 And unto Adam he said,
Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife,
and hast eaten of the tree,
of which I commanded thee,saying,
Thou shalt not eat of it:cursed is the ground for thy sake;
in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
18 thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee;
and thou shalt eat the herb of the field:
19 in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,
till thou return unto the ground;
for out of it wast thou taken:
for dust thou art,and unto dust shalt thou return.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
20 And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all
living.
21 Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins,
and clothed them.
22 And the LORD God said,Behold,the man is become as one of us,to know
good and evil,and now,lest he put forth his hand,and take also of the
tree of life,and eat,and live for ever:
23 therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden,to till
the ground from whence he was taken.
24 So he drove out the man,and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden
cherubim,and a flaming sword which turned every way,to keep the way
of the tree of life.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Matthew (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the NewTestament
18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise,When as his mother Mary
was espoused to Joseph,before they came together,she was found with
child of the Holy Ghost.
19 Then Joseph her husband,being a just man,and not willing to make her
a public example,was minded to put her away privily.
20 But while he thought on these things,behold,the angel of the Lord
appeared unto him in a dream,saying,Joseph,thou son of David,fear
not to take unto thee Mary thy wife,for that which is conceived in her is
of the Holy Ghost.
21 And she shall bring forth a son,and thou shalt call his name JESUS,for he
shall save his people from their sins,
The Holy Bible
Matthew,The Birth of Jesus Christ
Thank You!
The End
I have been here before,
But when or how I cannot tell:
I Know the grass beyond the door,
The sighing sound,the lights around the
shore.
You have been mine before,
How long ago I may not know:
But just when at that swallow's soar
Your neck turned so,
Some veil did fall,-- I knew it all of yore.
Has this been thus before?
And shall not thus time's eddying flight
Still with our lives our love restore
In death's despite,
And day and night yield one delight once more?
English and American Literature
Welcome to join George’s
class and explore the beauty
of English and American
literature!
An Introduction to
English and American Literature
George
October 22,2004
? Foreign language learning is
really very difficult to students.
? Questions:
? What’s foreign language,English,French,
Japanese,or …?
? What students,colleges,middle-school
students,or pupils in primary school?
? …
What makes the difference?
experience
Another Example
How beautiful the girl that I
dated is.
The Girl I Dated
Goals of This Course
? The Forms of Literature
? What Do We Read for in English and
American Literature
? The History of English Literature and Some
Important Novelists
? The History of English Literature and Some
Important Novelists
Study Strategy
? Read extensively on simplified English and
American novels
? Read some Chinese translations to the
English and American Classics
? Read some Criticisms of English and
American Literature
On the Final Exam
? Course paper
Write a book report of 350 words before week 15
and write an essay of 400 words about a certain
novel or novelist.
Words Bank
literature,文学
fiction,虚构,小说
non-fiction,非小说作品 (如传记 …)
novel,小说 == novelist 小说家
narration,叙述
exposition,讲解,说明
argumentation,议论
genres,文学分类
The Forms of Literature
? Questions:
Chapter 1
What is literature?
1,Anything written
recipe books,telephone directories,
guidebooks to museum
2,The art that use language as a medium
cf,music,painting
Wanted
? Man,38,Divorced,Mechanic engineer,
Non-smoker,Kind and patient,Seek a
pretty lady under 30,She must be kind,
humorous,hardworking,economical,
most importantly,rich.
Chapter 1
The Forms of Literature
Chapter 1
Literature
fiction
non-fiction
novel
short story
play
poem
description
narration
exposition
argumentation
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Questions:
Chapter 1
Why do we read novels,stories …
entertainment
exploration
shelter
What do we care about while reading?
story
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Question 1
Chapter 1
Why do we read novels,stories …
entertainment
kill time,read for fun …
exploration
a tool to adventure,a window to know the
outside world,…
shelter
to escape from the cruel reality,…
What Do We Read For in English
and American Literature
? Question 2
Chapter 1
What do we care about while reading?
story
1,What is going on?
2,What is said?
3,How it is said?
plot
Words Bank
characteristics,特征
character,人物
prose,散文
narrative,叙述
rhyme,使。。。 。。。有节奏
account,叙述
fictitious,虚构的
Fiction(1) The Novel
? Questions:
Chapter 2
What is novel?
What are the similarities between novel and
short story?
They share some characteristics,such as
plot,character,etc.
The Definition of Novel
Chapter 2
1.,Novel” comes from the Italian word
“novella” meaning,a little new
thing,”,piece of news,”,chit-chat”
What is novel?
? Questions:
2,In English,the word,novel” means,new,
unusual,being the first of its kind,” as in the
phrase,a novel idea.”
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
1,The novel is a new genre or form
differs from poetry,drama,ballad
A poem is originally a rhymed structure while a novel
is not rhymed,namely,a novel is in prose form.
A drama is a show or performance intended for
viewing or watching while a novel is a telling a
narration intended for reading.
A ballad is a musical piece for singing while a novel is
not.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
2,The content of a novel is of fictitious
nature
differs from the stories of historian
Novels tell made-up stories,but the stories of the
historians tell truth.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
3,The purpose or first purpose of a novel is to
entertain
differs from your news,advertisements…
We read news for what’s going on around us or in
world and we read advertisements for the latest
information about certain products,but we read novel
for fun or entertainment.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? Conclusion 1
A novel is a fictional prose narrative for
entertainment.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Novelists
the one who write the novel
2,Readers
the one who read the novel
What are the two main aspects of a novel?
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Why are there the novelists writing novel?
? to express
? to share
? to be understood
2,What do they want to share?
anything from their personal feelings such as their
sufferings,happiness,sorrows,etc to their experiences
and thoughts.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
―欲新一国之民，不可不先新一国之小说。,
梁启超
3,Why do they want to express,to share,to be
understood?
“There are many reasons why novelist write,but they all
have one thing in common —— a need to create an
alternative world.”
John Fowler
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
? Conclusion 1
Novelists have the purpose of changing things,
especially people’s mind,whether they admit it or
not.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
1,Why are there readers reading novels?
? To entertain
? to understand
? to share and participate
2,What must the readers be ready to do
before reading a novel?
The readers have to suppose that the authors tell
truths and ready to accept them.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
? Conclusion 2
Readers,by reading whatever novels,are
willingly open to anything new to their minds.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
? The function of novel
Conclusion 2
Readers,by reading whatever novels,are willingly open to
anything new to their minds.
Conclusion 1
Novelists have the purpose of changing things,especially people’s
mind,whether they admit it or not.
? Conclusion
The function or purpose of the novel is to change the
world by changing the reader’s mind.
Chapter 2
? Final Conclusion
A novel is a highly stylized prose account of
fictional reality in the form of story with the
purpose of changing the reader’s mind by
the aid of the reader’s active involvement
while providing entertainment and superior
truth in life.
What Is Novel?
Chapter 2
Lengthiness
openness
The Characteristics of
Novel
What Is Novel?
Thoroughness
Profundity
Truth
The Characteristics of Novel
A short story should be of the length that it could
be read at one sitting without causing tiredness.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Lengthiness
Question:
How long can a story be called a short story? And a
novel?
Conveniently,a full-length novel,printed,comprises a book
of considerable thickness,
A short story concentrates on one event or a few
closely related events,
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Thoroughness
Question:
How many events can a short story concentrate
on? And a novel?
A novel is capable of relating many events that are closely or
remotely relevant connected.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Profundity
Question:
How much can a short story reveal? And a
novel?
A good novel does not only present the
essence of life,it can be complete in both
the material and spiritual senses.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Openness
By openness,I mean you can find
elements from poetry,drama,and even
film as its integrated parts.
Chapter 2
Novel VS Short story
What Is Novel?
The Characteristics of Novel
Truth
Novels tell made-up stories,but they tell
truth,
Mirror and Light
Chapter 2
Mirror
What Is Novel?
Mirror and Lamp
Literary Theory of Plato
Idea
Projection
Real World Literature & Arts
Absolute Truth Imitation to the Idea Imitation to the Real World
The Final Purpose of Literature
To arrive at a final recognition of the life.
Chapter 2
Lamp
What Is Novel?
Mirror and Lamp
Literary Theory of Romanism
Human Beings
Sth,to be Reflected
Real World
Self Second Self
Projection of SelfThe Final Purpose of Literature
To arrive at a final recognition of the spirit and thoughts.
Kinds of the Novels
? The standards of classification:
Chapter 2
The standards commonly used are length,
subject matter,setting,and technique.
? Questions:
1,How many kinds of novels do you know?
2,How do you distinguish between them?
Chapter 2
Full-length Novel
Tetra-logy
Novel Short Novel
Trilogy
By Length
Kinds of the Novels
How many kinds can novel be divided by
length?
? Questions:
More importantly,full-length indicates a full
development.
Chapter 2
Full-length Novel
Question:
What is a full-length novel?
Conveniently,a full-length novel,printed,comprises a book
of considerable thickness,
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
A short novel refers to a narrative midway in
length between a short story and a novel,
Chapter 2
Short Novel
Question:
What is a short novel?
Generally,like a short story,a short novel centers
on just one or two characters,
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Short Novel VS Short Story
Unlike a short story,a short novel has room to
reveal the characters in greater fullness and depth,
To be thoroughly told,a complex story with many
scenes and many characters sometime extends
beyond covers of a single book,
Chapter 2
Trilogy
Question:
What is a trilogy?
A trilogy is a group of three novels in a sequence.
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Chapter 2
Tetra-logy
Question:
What is a tetra-logy?
A sequence of four novels is usually called a tetra- logy
Kinds of the Novels
By Length
Chapter 2
First stage,the epic
(such as Iliad and Odyssey)
History of the Novel
The development of imaginative fiction
Three stages
Second stage,the romance
Third stage,novel
Don Quixote de la Mancha,17th,Cervantes,the first novel
Robinson Crusoe,1713,Defoe marking the maturation of the
novel
Chapter 2
Story
ThemeElements
Character
Plot
Elements of the Novel
Commonly,what are the elements of novel?
? Questions:
Elements of the Novel
Setting
Narrative Point of View
What questions usually do the readers
ask while reading novels?
Chapter 2
What happened next? What would he do next?
the timethe event
What Is Story
? Questions:
Elements of the Novel
? Conclusion 1
The two basic elements of a story are the event and the
time.
A story is a series of happenings arranged in
the natural temporal (现世的 ) order as they
occur.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? Conclusion 2
Elements of the Novel
? Conclusion 3
Story is the basis of the novel,and indeed
the basis of narrative works of all kinds.
One mark of a second-rate mind is to be
always telling stories.
——Jean de La Bruyere
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What is appropriate attitude towards
story?
Elements of the Novel
? What’s the difference between novelists
and newspapermen,historians… etc.?
the newspapermen,the historians,etc,aim
at telling people what’s going on or what
happened.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What’s the difference between novelists
and newspapermen,historians… etc.?
Elements of the Novel
In telling stories,
The novelists aim at something higher or they
intend to add something to the,mere” fact.
the newspapermen,the historians,etc,use
the similar style of narration.
Chapter 2
What Is Story
? What’s the difference between the
stories of the novels and other non-
fictions (news reports,etc.)?
Elements of the Novel
In telling stories,
the novelists use personalized presentation and
interpretation.
Chapter 2
Kinds of Characters
Conclusion 1
What Is Character
Round characters grow emotionally or
spiritually while flat characters are usually
shown one side.
Question:
What are the round characters?
What are the flat characters?
Elements of the Novel
Chapter 2
Kinds of Characters
Conclusion 2
What Is Character
Usually the reader is allowed access to the inner
life of the round character and permitted to
learn about many sides of him/her.
On the other hand,the flat character is closed character
to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access.
Elements of the Novel
The king died and then the queen died.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Compare the following two sentences
Elements of the Novel
The king died and then the queen dies of grief.
What are the differences between the
events in reality and those from the fiction?
? Question:
Indicator of our interpretation and
thus arrangement of the happenings
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 1
Elements of the Novel
In the world of reality,events take place one
after another in the natural temporal order.
But in the world of fiction it is the novelist’s
design that one particular event occur after
another particular one.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 2
Elements of the Novel
In the world of reality,events take place one after another
in the natural temporal order,in the world of fiction it is the
novelist’s design that one particular event occur after
another particular one.
The word ― plot‖ implies the novelist’s rebellion
against the natural law and his effort to make
meanings out of the happenings that may
otherwise be meaningless,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Conclusion 3
Elements of the Novel
A plot is a particular arrangement of
happenings in a novel that is aimed at
revealing their casual relationships or at
conveying the novelists ideas.A plot is sometimes called a story line,which,traditionally,should be a complete or unified action
including a beginning,a middle,and an end.
Chapter 2
ConflictPhases of a Plot
Exposition
What Is Plot
A complete or traditional plot consist of
? Phases of a Plot
Elements of the Novel
Climax
Denouement (final stage)
I was born in the Year 1632,in the City of York,of a good
family,though not of that Country,my Father being a
Foreigner of Bremen,who settled first at Hull,He got a good
Estate by Merchandise,and leaving off his Trade,lived
afterward at York,from whence he had married my Mother,
whose Relations were named Robinson,a very good Family
n that country,and from whom I was called Robinson
Kreutznaer …,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Daniel Defoe,Robinson Crusoe
Example
to make the reader be able to understand the
characters and the actions
Chapter 2
What is the function of this passage?
to provide the essential background information
What Is Plot
? Question 1
Elements of the Novel
to lay a sound basis so that the events in the plot
to begin
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Exposition is the part of a plot that provided
the essential background information so that
the events in the plot have a sound basis to
begin and so that the reader is able to
understand the characters and the actions.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Final Conclusion
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By relating an unusual or dramatic event.
? By describing a meaningful scene.
? By setting up a contrast.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By relating an unusual or dramatic event.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
1) to get the reader’s attention
2) to provide a sort of center for the novel
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By describing a meaningful scene.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
to create an atmosphere to fore-shadow
what is going to happen
There was no possibility of taking a walk that day,We had
been wandering,indeed,in the leafless shrubbery an hour in
the morning,but since dinner (Mrs,Reed,when there was no
company,dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with
it clouds so sombre,and a rain so penetrating,that further
outdoors exercise was now out of the question.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre
Example
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? By setting up a contrast.
? Exposition
Elements of the Novel
How to make Expositions
to build tension
The beginning of The Scarlet Letter contrasts the black
prison door with the rose bush beside it,summarizing
symbolically the conflict between a severe society and
natural human desire.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Question:
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conflict is the confrontation of actions,ideas,
desires,or wills.
How many kinds of conflicts can a novel have?
Conflicts
Between the characters
Between the character and the society
Between the character and his fate and
environment
Between the character and himself
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
In a word,a conflict is centered on the character.
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conclusion 1
Question:
What do conflicts aim to in the novels?
Basically,conflicts are to create tension,
Conclusion 2
A conflict should be as intense as to arouse the
readers’ interests and give them anxiety,
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
Conflict can be sub-divided into crisis and turning
point.
? Conflict
Elements of the Novel
Conclusion 3
Question:
Crisis refers to the part in which the tension is
maximum and a resolution is imminent.
The moment when a resolution is being reached or the event
that brings about a resolution is called a turning point.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Climax
Elements of the Novel
Climax is the most important and intense one of
the conflicts in the plot upon which the whole
novel centers and whose resolution virtually
ends the novel.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? Denouement
Elements of the Novel
(The final stage)
Denouement is a word borrowed from Latin,
meaning,unknotting”,It is equivalent to the
falling action.
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? The phases of plot
Elements of the Novel
exposition
conflicts
crisis turning point
climax
denouement
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? How is a plot made?
Elements of the Novel
Four factors to consider:
Phases of a Plot
they are,the doers and the doing
the time
the place
the value
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? There was a good rain yesterday in the
mountain areas.
Elements of the Novel
Example
? How is a plot made?
the value judgment
the doer
the temporal factorthe spatial factor
Chapter 2
What Is Plot
? How is a plot made?
Elements of the Novel
Time
Several ways to manipulate time in novel writing
? To decide a time span.
? To omit some time units from the time span already
decided upon.
? To disorganize/reorganize time.
eg,flashback
Chapter 2
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its
central insight.
The theme should be capable of
unifying the whole novel.
The theme should be abstract and it
should generalize about life.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
? Each novel has a theme or themes,or theme is
important to all novels.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) Some novels,interesting enough,do not provide any
insight into life.
2) Theme exists only in the novel that serious attempts to
reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life,
or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of
life.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
? The theme is largely what the novel is.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) The novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an
abstract idea.
2) Theme appeals to the intellectual level of reading while
the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional
level.
What Is Theme
Chapter 2
What Is Theme
? The theme is the subject.
? Theme
Elements of the Novel
Several misconceptions about theme
1) The theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an
affair,(e.g.,love” &,Love is invincible”)
2) A subject may be universal but a theme is particular to
its novel,though there are many similar themes to be
found in other novels.
Chapter 2
? Setting
Elements of the Novel
A setting is the background against which a
character is depicted or an event narrated.
What Is Setting
? Compare a setting and an exposition
1) Setting is closely related with exposition in that they both
help to make possible the events in the novel.
2) An exposition must have a setting,but setting goes
along with every event in the novel whereas exposition
is only the initiating action.
Chapter 2
? Definition
Elements of the Novel
The point of view is the attitude or outlook of a
narrator or character in a piece of literature,or it is
the relationship between the narrator and the narrated.
Narrative Point of View
? What is a narrator?
A narrator is the one who tells the story,often called the
storyteller.
The narrator is not necessarily the novelist,Even when the
novel is written in the first person,the ―I‖ is not the novelist,
but a person invented by the novelist.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
? By the narrator’s relationship with the character represented by
the grammatical person.
? By the narrator’s relation with the events ——
whether the narrator participates or not.
? By the extent of the narrator’s knowledge of the events.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The first-person narrative
The third-person narrative
In the first-person narrative,the narrator appears in the novel as
“I” or,me”.
In the third-person narrative,the narrator doesn’t actually appear
and all the characters are referred to as,he” or,they”.
? By the narrator’s relationship with the character represented by
the grammatical person:
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The participant narrative
The non-participant narrator
?The participant narrator is a person who has experienced
something and comes back to report.
? By the narrator’s relation with the events ——
whether the narrator participates or not.
?As a participant,his report and his understanding of the event
may or may not be reliable or complete,because he is denied
omniscience and he may be prejudiced.
? The non-participant narrator stands outside what he is relating.
?The non-participant narrator is given a complete freedom as for
what he wishes to do with the story.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
The omniscient narrator
The selective omniscient narrator
?The omniscient narrator knows everything about the novel.
?By the extent of the narrator’s knowledge of the
events.
?The selective omniscient narrator knows something about the
novel.
?The objective narrator doesn’t tell but shows,He is like a
camera that goes from scene to scene and records what can be
recorded for the reader.
The objective narrator
The innocent-eye narrator
?The innocent-eye narrator understands what he is relating less
than the reader does,Therefore,his narration is capable of irony.
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
Relation
with
Characters
Relation
with Event
Extent of Knowledge of
Event
First Person Self participant Selective omniscient
Third Person other Non-
participant
Omniscient,selective
omniscient,objective or
innocent eye
Participant Self or other participant selective omniscient,objective
or innocent eye
Non-
participant
other Non-
participant
Omniscient,selective
omniscient,objective
Chapter 2
? Kinds of Point of View
Elements of the Novel
Narrative Point of View
Relation
with
Characters
Relation
with Event
Extent of Knowledge of
Event
Omniscient other Non-
participant
omniscient
Selective
omniscient
Self or other Participant or
non-
participant
selective omniscient
Objective Self or other Participant or
nonparticipant
Only objective knowledge,no
comment
Innocent
eye
Self or other participant innocent eye
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
What are the similarities between a novel and a
short story?
They share some characteristics,such as
plot,character,point of view,setting,
atmosphere,tone,etc.
Exposition,conflict,climax and
denouement
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
What are the differences between a novel and a
short story?
The short story differs,most obviously so
in length,from such longer narrative
forms as the novel and the short novel.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
The short story differs,most obviously so in
length,from such longer narrative forms as
the novel and the short novel.
Conclusion 1
The short story writer,having only a limited
number of pages,would normally focus on a
single figure in a single situation,revealing
some-thing of a character rather than recording
its development.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
What is a short story?
Conclusion 2
The short story writer,having only a limited
number of pages,would focus on a single figure
in a single situation,revealing some-thing of a
character rather than recording its development.
The short story can be identified simply as a
brief narrative —— but not so lacking in
development as to be merely an anecdote or a
tale —— that aims at unity of effect.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Questions:
Chapter 3
Several facts about short story
?The short story flourished in the magazines
of the 19th and early 20th centuries,
especially in the USA,which has a
particularly strong tradition.
?In the 19th century,the short story as a
distinct literary genre came into being.
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Symbolism
? Imagery
? Style
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? Tone
? Irony
? Point of View
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Symbolism
? The word symbol might come from symballein,a Greek word,
which means ―putting together.‖
? A symbol is a thing that suggests a certain association with
another thing.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? A symbol is a thing that suggests more than its literal meaning.
? Purpose of Symbolism
? Symbolism is one of the devices that enrich short fiction and
compensate for its briefness on space.
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Style
? Style is the revelation of individuality and any specific way of
using language,which is characteristic of an author,a period,
a place,or a genre.
? A writer reveals his unique-ness through the peculiar manner
of his expression.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
Chapter 3
? Techniques
Technique of Short Story
? Tone
? Tone refers to the mood or atmosphere of a work,but in some
more restricted uses it refers to the author’s attitude to the
reader —— formal,intimate,etc,—— or to the subject-
matter —— angry,ironic,humorous,sentimental,solemn,etc.
? The author influences us through tone,therefore,it is
important for reader to have an awareness of the tone of a
particular work.
Fiction(2) The Short Story
? The author’s attitude towards his character are often unstated.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry is an oldest form of art,and is
reputed as the most democratic art.
Poetry is the earliest form of literature,which was
born before written language in primitive period.
Poetry is the ultimate care to people’s lives.
Poetry is the start-point of literature and
the a terminal point of literature.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry is an oldest form of art,and is
reputed as the most democratic art.
All people,the talkative and the mute,have at least
once felt like writing or uttering something poetic.
In the broadest sense,anyone can be a poet.
―He who draws noble delights from the sentiments
of poetry is a true poet,though he has never
written a line in all his life.‖
—— George Sand (French woman writer)
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry uses every dimension of language,so it
must be very intense or compact.
Language is used for in different manners for different
purposes,for communication,for persuasion,etc,
Poetry uses multi-dimensional language to communicate
experience that is much wider than mere information or
knowledge.
Poetic language has an intellectual dimension,
an emotional dimension,a sensuous dimension,
and an imaginative dimension.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry uses every dimension of language,so it
must be very intense or compact.
Poetry tries to say most in the fewest possible words,
Compactness is the most noticeable and important
characteristic of poetry.
Poetry is a literary genre that communicates experience in the
most condensed form.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry grew out of music,so sound effect
was much emphasized.
The origins of poetry can be found in the communal
expression,probably originally taking the form of
dance of the religious spirit.
Songs,including religious songs,play a very important roles in the
development of poetry.
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What is poetry?
Poetry grew out of music,so sound effect
was much emphasized.
Rhyme is one of the most important and obvious
characteristics of poetry,but not all poems are rhymed.
Love is a sickness full of woes,[ a ]
All remedies refusing; [ b ]
A plant that with most cutting grows,[ a ]
Most barren with best using,[ b ]
Why so? [ a ]
Poetry
? Definition of Poetry
Chapter 4
What are the difference between poetry and
other literary genres?
Poetry always reflects life indirectly and roundabout,
but it reflects life intensely and profoundly.
Generally,poetry doesn’t teach knowledge and narrates real events
in life.
Poetry calls for more imagination.
Poetry comes in unique forms.
The language used in poetry is especially beautiful and condensed.
Poetry
? Origination of Poetry
Chapter 4
Several hypotheses
?Marx,Product of the ancient people’s work
?Aristotle,representation (imitative art)
?George,Projection (or by-product) of people’s fear
1,Imitation
2,Happiness from seeking knowledge
Reflection of people’s work and their sorrows,
happiness,and so on.
Poetry
Chapter 4
Several hypotheses
?George,Projection (or by-product) of people’s fear
the ancient people’s ignorance
the ancient people’s fear
the worship to Gods
primitive religion
the religious (sacrificial rite) ritual
songs,music and dance
poetry
Ballad
Epic
Poetry
Lyric
Narrative Poem
? Classification of Poetry
Poetry
Chapter 4
Sonnet Shakespearean Sonnet
(abab cdcd efef gg)
Petrarchan Sonnet (also called Italian Sonnet)
(abba abba free)
Ode
Elegy (lament)
Pastoral
Blank Verse
Free Verse
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way
And leaves the world to darkness and to me
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Thomas Gray,1716 ——1771
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
l (a
l (a
le
af
fa
ll
s)
one
l
iness
—— e,e,cummings
loneliness
a leaf falls
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
—— Carl Sandburg
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
A Lament
O world! O life! O time!
on whose last steps I climb,
Trembling at that where I has stood before;
when will return the glory of your prime?
No more —— Oh,never more!
Out of the day and night
A joy has taken flight;
Fresh spring,and summer,and winter hoar,
Move my faint heart with grief,but with delight
No more —— Oh,never more!
—— Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
# 288
I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Are you —— Nobody —— Too?
Then there’s a pair of us!
Don’t tell! They’d advertise —— you know!
How dreary —— to be —— Somebody!
How public —— like a Frog ——
To tell one’s name —— the livelong June ——
To a admiring Bog!
—— Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Tomorrow
Tomorrow,and tomorrow,and tomorrow
Creeps in this pretty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death,Out,out,brief candle!
Life’s but a walking shadow,a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon stage
And then is heard no more,It is a tale
Told by an idiot,full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.
—— William Shakespeare,Macbeth Act 5 Scene 5
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village,though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
Poetry
? Appreciation of Poem
Chapter 4
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely,dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
—— Robert Frost
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
Drama is a genre of literature,in which the words
are mainly dialogue.
The essential quality of drama is interaction since it uses
words to create action through the dialogue of characters
talking to one another rather than to the reader.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
Drama is at once literary art and represent-ational art,
It is a special kind of fiction —— a fiction acted out
rather than narrated.
? ―Drama‖ comes from a Greek word ―dran‖,meaning ―thing
done‖,―action‖,or ―deed‖,
? Aristotle (384 – 322 BC),the first and still the most important
theorist of drama,called drama ―imitated human action‖.
? Professor J,M,Manly saw three necessary elements in drama,
1) a story; 2) told in action; 3) by actors who impersonate the
characters of the story
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
What are the similarities between Drama and
other genres of literature,such as poem,story,
essay,etc.?
Like a poem,drama is overheard rather than
being addressed to a reader; like a story,it is
concerned with plot and character; like an essay,
it is capable of being used to explore issues and
propose ideas.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Drama?
There are three independent origins of drama,
two of which began with pagan religious rites in
Greece,
?It is generally believed that tragedy developed from
certain Dionysian rites dealing with life and death.
?Greek comedy is believed to arise from the Dionysian
rites which dealt with the theme of fertility.
?Medieval drama came out of rites commemorating
the birth and resurrection of Christ.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Tragedy?
The word tragedy seems to mean a,goat-song”,
and may reflect Dionysian death and resurrection
ceremonies in which the goat was the sacrificial
animal,
?Tragedy describes the fall from prosperity to adversity of a
great individual because he has transgressed against the
great moral principles which govern the universe,
?In his adversity he comes to understand himself and his
situation,blessed with enlightenment even though he may be
dying.
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Tragedy?
The Classification of Tragedy
Fate tragedy
Characteristic tragedy
Social tragedy
Metaphysical tragedy
Drama
? Questions:
Chapter 5
What is Fate Tragedy?
Fate tragedy,also called fate drama a type of play
especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in
which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to
commit a horrible crime,often unsuspectingly,
Example:
Oedipus Tyrannus (Greek tragedy )
? William Shakespeare
Chapter 5
Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
—— Carl Sandburg
Drama
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? It consist of two parts,
Old Testament and New Testament
? The Holy Bible is a book providing proof of the existence of
God and one providing testimony to the Bible truth.
The Holy Bible
? The book is a reflection of the will of God,especially,the New
Testament is a complete reflection of the will from Jesus the
Christ.
? thing that provides clear proof of sth,
? a will
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
The Holy Bible
The Holy Bible
Old Testament
New Testament
It consists of 39 parts,which mainly deals
with the stories of God,bibliographies of the
kings in Israel and history of the Hebrew.
It consists of 27 parts,which mainly deals
with the stories of Jesus and his doctrines.
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? Old Testament
? The Holy Bible is originally a religious book of the Jew living
in Israel and it is written in ancient Hebrew.
The Holy Bible
? The Old Testament occupies three fourth of the Bible,which is
believed to be written by more than 30 people who were
inspired by God in a span of about1,100 years,(as a testimony
to the existence of God)
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? New Testament
? Christians believe that it is a work from the disciples and
followers of Jesus because letters from so-called disciples
and followers are an important part of the New Testament.
The Holy Bible
? The New Testament mainly deals with the stories of Jesus and
it is believed to be the detailed explanation to the Old
Testament,
Chapter 6
? On the content
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? The Relationship between the Old Testament and
the New Testament
? The Old Testament is incomplete,therefore,it depends on
the New Testament to give detailed explanation,which
means that the New Testament is detailed explanation to the
Old Testament.
The Holy Bible
? The Old Testament contains most of the content from the New
Testament,which,in other words,is the origin of the New
Testament,
Chapter 6
? On the Value
Several Facts Related to The Bible
? In all,the value of the Old Testament is greater than
the New Testament.
? The Holy Bible,especially the King James Version (also called
the Authorized Version),which was published in 1611,has
been using as a typical language and stylistic reference as
English.
The Holy Bible
? The Holy Bible is used as classical writing of history,
philosophy,and literature,
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
? It consists of 50 chapters from The Creation to The Death
of Joseph.
The Holy Bible
?In this book of beginnings the stories are about creation,early
relationships between God and people,and God's promise to
bless Abraham and his descendants,
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form,and void; and darkness was
upon the face of the deep,And the Spirit of God moved upon
the face of the waters.
3 And God said,Let there be light,and there was light.
4 And God saw the light,that it was good,and God divided the
light from the darkness.
5 And God called the light Day,and the darkness he called
Night,And the evening and the morning were the first day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
6 And God said,Let there be a firmament in the midst of the
waters,and let it divide the waters from the waters.
7 And God made the firmament,and divided the waters which
were under the firmament from the waters which were
above the firmament,and it was so.
8 And God called the firmament Heaven,And the evening and
the morning were the second day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
24 And God said,Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind,cattle,
and creeping thing,and beast of the earth after his kind,and it was so.
25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind,and cattle after their kind,
and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind,and God saw that
it was good.
26 And God said,Let us make man in our image,after our likeness,and let them
have dominion over the fish of the sea,and over the fowl of the air,and over
the cattle,and over all the earth,and over every creeping thing that creepeth
upon the earth.
27 So God created man in his own image,in the image of God created he him;
male and female created he them,
(to be continued)
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
28 And God blessed them,and God said unto them,Be fruitful,and multiply,and
replenish the earth,and subdue it,and have dominion over the fish of the sea,
and over the fowl of the air,and over every living thing that moveth upon the
earth.
29 And God said,Behold,I have given you every herb bearing seed,which is upon
the face of all the earth,and every tree,in the which is the fruit of a tree
yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
30 And to every beast of the earth,and to every fowl of the air,and to every thing
that creepeth upon the earth,wherein there is life,I have given every green
herb for meat,and it was so.
31 And God saw every thing that he had made,and,behold,it was very good,And
the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,The Creation
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
20 And Adam gave names to all cattle,and to the fowl of the air,and to every
beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him.
21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam,and he slept; and he
took one of his ribs,and closed up the flesh instead thereof.
22 And the rib,which the LORD God had taken from man,made he a woman,and
brought her unto the man.
23 And Adam said,This is now bone of my bones,and flesh of my flesh,she shall
be called Woman,because she was taken out of Man.
24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother,and shall cleave unto
his wife,and they shall be one flesh,
25 And they were both naked,the man and his wife,and were not ashamed.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man in the Garden of Eden
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
1 Now the serpent; was more subtile than any beast of the field which the
LORD God had made,And he said unto the woman,Yea,hath God said,
Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
2 And the woman said unto the serpent,We may eat of the fruit of the
trees of the garden:
3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,God hath
said,Ye shall not eat of it,neither shall ye touch it,lest ye die.
4 And the serpent said unto the woman,Ye shall not surely die:
5 for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof,then your eyes shall be
opened,and ye shall be as gods,knowing good and evil.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food,and that it
was pleasant to the eyes,and a tree to be desired to make one wise,she
took of the fruit thereof,and did eat,and gave also unto her husband
with her; and he did eat.
7 And the eyes of them both were opened,and they knew that they were
naked; and they sewed fig leaves together,and made themselves aprons.
8 And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the
cool of the day,and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence
of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.
9 And the LORD God called unto Adam,and said unto him,Where art thou?
10 And he said,I heard thy voice in the garden,and I was afraid,because I
was naked; and I hid myself.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
11 And he said,Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast
thou eaten of the tree,whereof I commanded thee that
thou shouldest not eat?
12 And the man said,The woman whom thou gavest to be
with me,she gave me of the tree,and I did eat.
13 And the LORD God said unto the woman,What is this that
thou hast done? And the woman said,The serpent
beguiled me,and I did eat.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent,
Because thou hast done this,
thou art cursed above all cattle,
and above every beast of the field;
upon thy belly shalt thou go,
and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
15 and I will put enmity between thee and the woman,
and between thy seed and her seed;
it shall bruise thy head,
and thou shalt bruise his heel.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
16 Unto the woman he said,
I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception;
in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children;
and thy desire shall be to thy husband,
and he shall rule over thee.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
17 And unto Adam he said,
Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife,
and hast eaten of the tree,
of which I commanded thee,saying,
Thou shalt not eat of it:cursed is the ground for thy sake;
in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
18 thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee;
and thou shalt eat the herb of the field:
19 in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,
till thou return unto the ground;
for out of it wast thou taken:
for dust thou art,and unto dust shalt thou return.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Genesis (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the Old Testament
20 And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all
living.
21 Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins,
and clothed them.
22 And the LORD God said,Behold,the man is become as one of us,to know
good and evil,and now,lest he put forth his hand,and take also of the
tree of life,and eat,and live for ever:
23 therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden,to till
the ground from whence he was taken.
24 So he drove out the man,and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden
cherubim,and a flaming sword which turned every way,to keep the way
of the tree of life.
The Holy Bible
Genesis,Man's Disobedience
Chapter 6
? Matthew (The Holy Bible,King James Version)
Content of the NewTestament
18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise,When as his mother Mary
was espoused to Joseph,before they came together,she was found with
child of the Holy Ghost.
19 Then Joseph her husband,being a just man,and not willing to make her
a public example,was minded to put her away privily.
20 But while he thought on these things,behold,the angel of the Lord
appeared unto him in a dream,saying,Joseph,thou son of David,fear
not to take unto thee Mary thy wife,for that which is conceived in her is
of the Holy Ghost.
21 And she shall bring forth a son,and thou shalt call his name JESUS,for he
shall save his people from their sins,
The Holy Bible
Matthew,The Birth of Jesus Christ
Thank You!
The End
