DRAFT
Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with the pesticides Aldrin,Chlordane,Dieldrin,Endrin,Heptachlor,Hexachlorobenzene,Mirex or Toxaphene
7 April 2005 Table of Contents
I, Introduction 5
A. Scope 5
B. Description,production,use and wastes 5
1. Aldrin 5
(a) Descriription 5
(b) Production 5
(c) Use 6
2,Chlordane 6
(a) Description 6
(b) Production 6
(c) Use 6
3,Dieldrin 7
(a) Description 7
(b) Production 7
(c) Use (see also Aldrin) 7
4,Endrin 7
(a) Description 7
(b) Production 7
(c) Use 8
5 HCB 8
(a) Description 8
(b) Production 8
(c) Use 8
6 Heptachlor 8
(a) Description 8
(b) Production 8
(c) Use 9
7 Mirex 9
(a) Description 9
(b) Production 9
(c) Use 9
8,Toxaphene 9
(a) Description 9
(b) Production 10
(c) Use 10
9 Wastes 11
II. Relevant provisions of the Basel and Stockholm Conventions 11
A. Basel Convention 11
B. Stockholm Convention 12
III. Issues under the Stockholm Convention to be addressed cooperatively with the Basel Convention 12
A. Low POP content 12
B. Levels of destruction and irreversible transformation 13
C. Methods that constitute environmentally sound disposal 13
IV. Guidance on environmentally sound management (ESM) 13
A. General considerations 13
1. Basel Convention 13
2. Stockholm Convention 13
3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 13
B, Legislative and regulatory framework 13
C. Waste prevention and minimization 14
D. Identification and inventories 14
1, Identification 14
2. Inventories 15
E. Sampling,analysis and monitoring 16
1. Sampling 16
2. Analysis 16
(a) Field tests 17
(b) Laboratory analysis 17
3. Monitoring 18
F. Handling,collection,packaging,labelling,transportation and storage 18
1. Handling 18
2. Collection 19
3. Packaging 19
4 Labelling 20
5. Transportation 20
6. Storage 20
G. Environmentally sound disposal 20
1, Pretreatment 20
2. Destruction and irreversible transformation methods 20
3. Other disposal methods when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option 20
4. Other disposal methods when the POP content is low 21
H. Remediation of contaminated sites 21
I. Health and safety 21
1, High-volume,high-concentration or high-risk situations 21
2. Low-volume,low-concentration sites or low-risk situations 22
J,Emergency response 23
K,Public participation 23
Annex I,
Synonyms and trade names for POPs pesticides………………………………………………………….24
Annex II,Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………30
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADR European Agreement of Road Transport Hazardous Waste Materials
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BAT Best Available Techniques
BEP Best Environmental Practices
COP Conference of the Parties
DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
ESM Environmentally sound management
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
GC Gas chromatography
GCMS Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
HEOD 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro- endo-1,4- exo-5,8,-dimethanonaphthalene
HHDN 1,2,3,4,1910-hexachloro,1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexachydro-exo-1,4-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphtalene
HCB Hexachlorobenzene
HASP Health and Safety Plan
HPLC High-pressure liquid chromatograph
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICAO TI International Civil Aviation Organisation Technical Instructions for the Transport of Dangerous Goods
IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
IMO International Maritime Organisation
INC Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
IPCS INCHEM International Programme on Chemical Safety Information on Chemicals
MS Mass spectrometry
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OEWG Open Ended Working Group
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PICs Pacific Island Countries
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl
PCC Polychlorinated camphenes
PCDD Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
PCDF Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
POP Persistent organic pollutant
Pesticide POPs Group of pesticides being,Aldrin,Chlordane,Dieldrin,Endrin,Heptachlor,Hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
Mirex or Toxaphene except DDT
PPE Personal protective equipment
PVC Polyvinylchloride
RID International Regulations Concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail
SDS Safety Data Sheets
STARS Stoffdatenbank für altlasten- /umweltrelevante Stoffe
TEQ Toxic equivalent(s)
UK HSE Health & Safety Executive
UN code United Nations code
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organization
Units of measurement
mg/kg Milligram(s) per kilogram,Corresponds to parts per million (ppm) by mass.
μg/kg Microgram(s) per kilogram,Corresponds to parts per billion (ppb) by mass.
ng/kg Nanogram(s) per kilogram,Corresponds to parts per trillion (ppt) by mass,
ppb Parts per billion
ppm Parts per million
ppt Parts per trillion
tons tons in SI units
I, Introduction
A. Scope
These technical guidelines provide guidance for the environmentally sound management (ESM) of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with the pesticides aldrin,chlordane,dieldrin,endrin,heptachlor,hexachlorobenzene (HCB),mirex or toxaphene (abbreviated as,Pesticide POPs”) in accordance with decisions V/8,VI/23 and VII/13 of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal,decisions OEWG-I/4,OEWG-II/10 and OEWG-III/8 of the Open-ended Working Group of the Basel Convention,and taking into account Resolution 5 of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and decisions INC-6/5 and INC-7/6 of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for an International Legally Binding Instrument for Implementing International Action on Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants,The Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants may consider these guidelines in accordance with article 6.2 of that convention.
In these technical guidelines all pesticides listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention are addressed,Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) has been addressed separately in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention and is addressed in separate technical guidelines owing to its importance for malaria vector control in many tropical countries.
HCB as an unintentionally produced POP and as an industrial chemical is not covered by these guidelines,HCB as an unintentionally produced POP will be addressed in technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with PCDDs,PCDFs or unintentionally produced PCBs or HCB,HCB as an industrial chemical will be addressed in technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with HCB as an industrial chemical.
This document should be used in conjunction with the General Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Wastes Consisting of,Containing or Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants (General Technical Guidelines),This document provides more detailed information on the nature and occurrence of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with pesticide POPs (except DDT) for purposes of their identification and management.
B. Description,production,use and wastes
1. Aldrin
Description
Aldrin are white,odourless crystals,when they are pure,Technical grades are tan to dark brown with a mild chemical odour (Ritter,year),Aldrin contains no less than 95?% 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro,1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-exo-1,4-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphtalene (HHDN),HHDN is a white,crystalline,odourless solid with a melting point of 104 to 104.5 °C,Technical aldrin is a tan to dark brown solid with a melting range from 49 to 60 °C,It is practically insoluble in water,moderately soluble in petroleum oil and stable to heat alkali and mild acids (ATSDR,2002; IPCS,no date; WHO-FAO,1979),Pure aldrin is stable at < 200 °C and between a pH-range from 4 to 8,however,oxidizing agents and concentrated acids attack the unchlorinated ring under any conditions,Aldrin is non-corrosive or slightly corrosive to metals because of the slow formation of hydrogen chloride on storage,Aldrin and Dieldrin are the common names of two insecticides,which are chemically closely related,Aldrin is readily converted to dieldrin in the environment (Global Pesticides Release Database,Environment Canada,no date),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Aldrin was first synthesized as a pesticide in the United States in 1948,Aldrin was manufactured by the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with bicyclo[2.2.1]-2,5-heptadiene,The final condensation was usually performed at approximately 120 °C and at atmospheric pressure,Excess bicycloheptadiene was removed by distillation,The final product was usually further purified by recrystallization,Aldrin has been manufactured commercially since the 1950,and used throughout the world up to the early 1970s (ATSDR 2002,UNEP 2003 d).
Use
Aldrin has been manufactured commercially since 1950 and used throughout the world up to the early 1970s to control soil pests such as corn rootworm,wireworms,rice water weevil,and grasshoppers,It has also been used to protect wooden structures,plastic and rubber coverings of electrical and telecommunication cables (ATSDR,2002; UNEP,2002a),In 1966,aldrin use in the United States peaked at 8,550,000 kg,but by 1970,use had decreased to 4,720,000 kg.
In 1970,the U.S,Department of Agriculture cancelled all uses of aldrin and dieldrin due to the concern that these chemicals could cause a severe environmental damage to aquatic ecosystems and their potentially carcinogenic properties,In early 1971,US EPA initiated the cancellation proceedings for aldrin and dieldrin,but did not order the suspension of aldrin and dieldrin use,In 1972,under the authority of the Federal Insecticide,Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended by the Federal Pesticide Control Act of 1972,an EPA order lifted the cancellation of aldrin and dieldrin use in three cases,
Subsurface ground insertion for termite control;
Dipping of nonfood plant roots and tops; and
Mothproofing in manufacturing processes using completely closed systems.
Most of the information on aldrin is also applicable for dieldrin.
2,Chlordane
Description
Technical chlordane is a viscous mixture of at least 23 different components,including chlordane isomers,other chlorinated hydrocarbons,and by-products,The main constituents of technical chlordanes are trans-chlordane (gamma-chlordane) (share of about 25 %),cis-chlordane (alpha-chlordane) (share of about 70%),heptachlor,trans-nonachlor,and cis-nonachlor (share less than 1 %),Heptachlor is one of the most active components of technical chlordane,Chlordane is a viscous,colourless or amber-coloured liquid with a chlorine-like odour,Pure chlordane has a melting point of 104 °C,is not soluble in water and stable in most organic solvents,including petroleum oils,It is unstable in the presence of weak alkalis,(ATSDR,1994; EXTOXNET,Holoubek,2004; IPCS,no date; UNEP,2002a; WHO-FAO,1979),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Chlordane is produced by chlorinating cyclopentadiene to form hexachlorocyclopentadiene and condensing the latter with cyclopentadiene to form chlordene,The chlordene is further chlorinated at high temperature and pressure to chlordane (ATSDR,2002; UNEP,2003d).
The raw materials for the manufacturing process are cyclopentadiene,hexachloro- cyclopentadiene and chlorine,or some chlorinating agent,Chlordane is manufactured in a two-step reaction,In the first step,hexachlorocyclopentadiene reacts with cyclopentadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction,The reaction is exothermic and proceeds readily at a temperature up to about 100?°C,The intermediate is called,chlordane”,In the next step,chlorine is added to the unsubstituted double bond,Various chlorinated agents e.g,sulphuryl chloride,and catalysts,such as ferrochloride have been described to make addition dominant over substitution,but it is believed that only chlorine is used in actual practice (De Bruin,1979).
Use
Chlordane,which was introduced on the market for the first time in 1945,is a broad-spectrum contact insecticide that had been employed on agricultural crops,on lawns and gardens.It has also extensively been used in the control of termites,cockroaches,ants and other household pests (Fiedler,2000; UNEP,2002a),In China,chlordane is still used as a termicide in buildings and dams,China has requested a specific exemption for the use as a termicide according to Art.4 and Annex A of the Stockholm Convention (UNEP,2002b).
In 1988,the commercial use of chlordane was cancelled in the United States,Between 1983 and 1988 the sole/core use for chlordane was to control subterranean termites,For this purpose,chlordane was applied primarily as a liquid that was poured or injected around the foundation of a building,Chlordane,in conjunction with heptachlor,was at one time widely used as a pesticide for the control of insects on various types of agricultural crops and vegetation,The use pattern for chlordane in the mid 1970s was as follows,35 % used by pest control operators,mostly on termites; 28 % on agricultural crops,including corn and citrus; 30 % for home lawn and garden use; and 7 % on turf and ornamentals,In 1978,a final cancellation notice was issued which called for the suspension of the use of chlordane except for subsurface injection to control termites and for dipping roots and tops of nonfood plants,Minor use of chlordane for treating nonfood plants was cancelled by 1983,The use of chlordane decreased drastically in the 1970s when EPA cancelled all uses other than subterranean termite control (ATSDR,2002).
3,Dieldrin
Description
Dieldrin is a technical product containing 85 % of the chemical known as 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro- endo-1,4- exo-5,8,-dimethanonaphthalene (HEOD),Dieldrin is closely related to its metabolic precursor aldrin,The pure major ingredient HEOD is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 176/177 °C,Technical dieldrin is a light tan flaky solid with a melting point of 150 °C,In water,it is practically insoluble and slightly soluble in alcohol,Pure HEOD is stable in alkali and diluted acids,but reacts with strong acids (ATSDR,2002; IPCS,year; WHO-FAO,1975),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Dieldrin was manufactured by epoxidation of aldrin,The epoxidation of aldrin was obtained by reaction with a peracid (producing dieldrin and an acid byproduct) or with hydrogen peroxide and a tungstic oxide catalyst (producing dieldrin and water),Peracetic acid and perbenzoic acid were generally used as the peracid acid,When using a peracid,the epoxidation reaction was performed noncatalytically or with an acid catalyst,such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid,When using hydrogen peroxide,tungsten trioxide was generally used as the catalyst (ATSDR,2002; UNEP,2003d).
Use (see also Aldrin)
Dieldrin was mainly used for the control of soil insects such as corn rootworms,wireworms and catworms (UNEP,2002a),Besides,dieldrin was and is still used in public health protection to control several insect vectors (ATSDR,2002; Fiedler,2000).In India,its manufacture and import are banned,but marketing and restricted use (locust control) is permitted for a period of 2 years of the date of expiry,which date is earlier,Restricted use of dieldrin is reported from Bangladesh,Myanmar and Nepal (UNEP,2002c).
4,Endrin
Description
Endrin,when pure,is a white crystalline solid and has a melting point of 200 °C,It is decomposed at temperatures above 245 °C (Boiling point),The technical product is a light tan powder with a characteristic odour,It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol,It is stable in alkali and acids,but it rearranges to less insecticidally active substances in the presence of strong acids,on the exposure to sunlight or on heating above 200 °C (ATSDR,1996; IPCS,year; WHO-FAO,1975).
Production
Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin produced by the reaction of vinyl chloride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene to yield a product,which is then dehydrochlorinated and condensed with cyclopentadiene to produce isodrin,This intermediate is then epoxidized with peracetic or perbenzoic acid to yield endrin,An alternative production method involves condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with acetylene to yield the intermediate for condensation with cyclopentadiene (ATSDR,2002; UNEP,2003d).
It is estimated that 2,345,000 kg of endrin were sold in the United States in 1962,while less than 450,000 kg were produced in 1971,More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found,As with many toxic chemicals,information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary,and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain,No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI),because endrin is not one of the chemicals that producers are required to report on,Endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone never were commercial products,but occurred as impurities of endrin or as degradation products,While commercial preparations of solid endrin were typically 95-98 % pure,the following chemicals (in addition to endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone) have been found as trace impurities in commercial endrin products,aldrin,dieldrin,isodrin,heptachloronorbornadiene,and heptachloronorborene (HSDB,1995),The active ingredient would often be mixed with one or more organic solvents for application in a liquid form,Carriers included xylene,hexane,and cyclohexane (ATSDR,2002; UNEP,2003d),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Use
Beginning in 1951,endrin was first used as an insecticide,rodenticide,and avicide to control cutworms,mice,voles,grasshoppers,borers,and other pests on cotton,sugarcane,tobacco,apple orchards,and grain,It was also used as an insecticide agent on bird perches,but has never been extensively used for termite-proofing or other applications in urban areas,even if it has many chemical similarities with aldrin and dieldrin.,Endrin’s toxicity to nontarget populations of raptors and migratory birds was a major reason for its cancellation as a pesticide agent,Except for use as a toxicant on bird perches,which was cancelled in 1991,the manufacturer voluntarily canceled all other uses of endrin in the United States in 1986,It has been estimated that 6,250 kg of endrin were used annually in the United States prior to 1983,Both the EPA and FDA revoked all food tolerances for endrin in 1993 (ATSDR 2002,Fiedler 2000).
5 HCB
Description
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) consists of a colourless white powder or needles with a melting range of 229 to 326 °C,Products in technical or agricultural grade contain 98 % HCB and up to 2 % impurities (1.8 % pentachlorobenzene and 0.2 % 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene including higher chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,dibenzofurans and biphenyls),Its melting point is over 200 °C,HCB is practically insoluble in water,slightly soluble in cold alcohol,It is stable in strong acids and its decomposition in alkalis continues very slowly (ATSDR,2002; IPCS,year; WHO-FAO,1977; Holoubek et al,2004),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
The compound can be produced commercially by reacting benzene with excess chlorine in the presence of ferric chloride at 150–200 °C,Hexachlorobenzene is currently produced as a by-product or impurity in the production process of several pesticides,including pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB),tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil),4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram),pentachlorophenol (PCP) (only in Europe) and dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA or Dacthal?) and was also produced as a by-product during the production of atrazine,propazine,simazine,and mirex (De Bruin,1979; ATSDR,2002).
Use
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was used world-wide as a fungicide for agricultural purposes from 1915 on,HCB was widely used as a pesticide,mainly as a seed dressing to prevent fungal disease on grain and field crops such as wheat and rye,Its use in industry is not described here (Holoubek,2004),HCB has been extensively applied in the Russian Federation and is therefore a pesticide of serious environmental concern in that area,(ATSDR,2002; Fiedler,2000; UNEP,2002b).
6 Heptachlor
Description
Pure heptachlor is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 95/96 °C,Technical heptachlor is a soft waxy solid with a melting range between 46 and 74 °C,It is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol,It is stable up to temperatures between 150 and 160 °C as well as towards light,air moisture,alkalies and acids,It is not readily dechlorinated,but is susceptible to epoxidation (ATSDR 1993; IPCS,no year; WHO-FAO,1975),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Heptachlor was first registered for use as an insecticide in the United States in 1952,Commercial production began in 1953,Heptachlor is commercially produced by free-radical chlorination of chlordene in benzene containing 0.5?% to 5.0 % of fuller’s earth,The production process is run for up to 8?hours,since the reaction rate is very low,The chlordene starting material is prepared by the Diels-Alder condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cyclopentadiene,Technical-grade heptachlor usually consists of 72 % heptachlor and 28 % impurities such as trans-chlordane,cis-chlordane,and nonachlor (De Bruin,1979; ATSDR,1993).
Use
Heptachlor is a persistent dermal insecticide with some fumigant action,It is nonphytotoxic at insecticidal concentrations,Heptachlor was used extensively from 1953 to 1974 as a soil and seed treatment to protect corn,small grains,and sorghum from pests,It was used to control ants,cutworms,maggots,termites,thrips,weevils,and wireworms in both cultivated and uncultivated soils,Heptachlor was also used nonagriculturally during this time period to control termites and household insects (ATSDR,1993; Fiedler,2000).
7 Mirex
Description
Mirex is a white,odourless crystalline with a melting point of 485 °C and as such fire resistant,It is soluble in several organic solvents including tetrahydrofuran (30 %),carbon disulfide (18 %),chloroform (17 %),and benzene (12 %),but is practically insoluble in water,Mirex is considered to be extremely stable,It does not react with sulfuric,nitric,hydrochloric or other common acids and is unreactive with bases,chlorine or ozone,In the environment,it degrades to photomirex,when exposed to sunlight (ATSDR,1995; IPCS,year; USEPA,2000b),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Although it was originally synthesized in 1946,mirex was not commercially introduced in the United States until 1959,when it was produced under the name GC-1283 for use in pesticide formulations and as an industrial fire retardant under the trade name Dechlorane?,Mirex was produced as a result of the dimerization of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in the presence of an aluminum chloride catalyst (ATSDR,1995),Technical grade preparations of mirex contained about 95?% mirex with about 2.6 mg/kg chlordecone as a contaminant,Several formulations of mirex have been prepared in the past for various pesticide uses,Some of the more commonly used formulations of mirex used as baits were made from corn cob grit impregnated with vegetable oil and various concentrations of mirex,Insect bait formulations for aerial or ground applications contained 0.3-0.5% mirex,and fire ant formulations contained 0.075-0.3% mirex (IARC 1979).
Use
Because it is nonflammable,mirex was marketed primarily as a flame retardant additive in the United States from 1959 to 1972 under the trade name Dechlorane? for use in various coatings,plastics,rubber,paint,paper,and electrical goods.
Mirex was most commonly used in the 1960s as an insecticide to control the imported fire ants in 9 Southern States in the U.S,Mirex was chosen for fire ant eradication programs because of its effectiveness and selectiveness for ants,It was originally applied aerially at concentrations of 0.3-0.5?%,However,aerial application of mirex was replaced by mound application because of suspected toxicity to estuarine species,As well,the goal of the fire ant program was shifted/changed from eradication to selective control,Mirex was also used successfully in controlling populations of leaf cutter ants in South America,harvester termites in South Africa,Western harvester ants in the U.S.,mealybugs in pineapples in Hawaii,and yellowjacket wasps in the US,All registered products containing mirex were effectively cancelled in December 1977,However,selected ground application was allowed until June 1978,at which time the product was banned in the U.S,with the exception of continued use in Hawaii on pineapples until stocks on hand were exhausted.
China has applied for an exemption from the Stockholm Convention for the production and use of mirex as a termicide,There is a limited production and some local use as a termicide (ATSDR,1995; UNEP,2002b).
8,Toxaphene
Description
Toxaphene is an insecticide containing over 670 polychlorinated byciclic terpenes consisting predominantly of chlorinated camphenes,Toxaphene formulations included wettable powders,emulsifiable concentrates,dusts,granules,baits,oils,and emulsions (IARC 1979,ATSDR 1996),In its original form,it is a yellow to amber waxy solid that smells like turpentine,(see below) Its melting range is from 65 to 90 °C,Its boiling point in water is above 120 °C,which is the temperature where it starts to decompose,Toxaphene tends to evaporate when in solid form or when mixed with liquids and does not burn,Toxaphene is also known as camphechlor,chlorocamphene,polychlorocamphene,and chlorinated camphene (ATSDR,1996; Fiedler,2000; IPCS,no year; USEPA,2000b),See annex I for examples of trade names.
Production
Technical toxaphene can be produced commercially by reacting chlorine gas with technical camphene in the presence of ultraviolet radiation and catalysts,yielding chlorinated camphene containing 67-69% chlorine by weight,It has been available in various forms,a solid containing 100% technical toxaphene; a 90% solution in xylene or oil; a wettable powder containing 40 % toxaphene; dusts containing 5 to 20 and 40 % toxaphene;granules containing 10 or 20 % toxaphene;emulsifiable concentrates in concentrations of 4,6,9 % toxaphene; baits containing 1 % toxaphene; a 2:1 toxaphene:DDT emulsion; and a dust containing 14 % toxaphene and 7 % DDT,In 1982,EPA cancelled the registrations of toxaphene for most uses as a pesticide or pesticide ingredient,except for certain uses under specific terms and conditions (ATSDR,1996),
Especially in the United States,the definition of,technical toxaphene” was patterned after the Hercules Incorporated product (Hercules Code Number 3956) marketed under the trademark name of,Toxaphene.” In recent years,Hercules Incorporated has essentially let the name of toxaphene lapse into the public domain so that many products with similar properties are referred to as toxaphene,Other companies used slightly different manufacturing processes,leading to a chlorinated camphene mixture with degrees of total chlorination and a distribution of specific congeners that are not the same as the Hercules Incorporated product,For instance,the toxaphene-like product commonly marketed under names like,Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks,In 1996,toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries,While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates,India and many countries in Latin America,Eastern Europe,the former Soviet Union,and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR,1996).,Stroban(e)” had a slightly lowered degree of chlorination and used slightly different camphene or pinene feedstocks,In 1996,toxaphene-like pesticide agents were still produced and were widely used in many countries,While it is impossible to quantify production figures or usage rates,India and many countries in Latin America,Eastern Europe,the former Soviet Union,and Africa are still using various toxaphene products as pesticides (ATSDR,1996).
Toxaphene was introduced in 1949 and became the most heavily used organochlorine pesticide in the United States until its ban in 1982,High production rates were also reported for Brazil,the former Soviet Union and the former German Democratic Republic as well as for Central America (Voldner and Lie,1993),While most attention has been focused on the intentional production of polychlorinated camphenes (PCCs) as pesticide agents,there is growing evidence that PCC congeners may be an unintentional byproduct of manufacturing processes that use chlorination,such as those for paper and pulp,Studies about places as far-flung as New Zealand,Japan,the Great Lakes region in the United States,or Scandinavia suggest that PCCs can be found in many parts of the world where toxaphene mixtures have never been used as pesticide agents (ATSDR,1996).
Use
Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used insecticides in the United States until 1982,when it was cancelled for most uses; all uses were banned in 1990,Voldner and Lie (1993) estimated a global usage of 1.3 billion kg from 1950 to 1993.
Toxaphene was formerly used as a nonsystemic stomach and contact insecticide with some acaricidal activity,Being nonphytotoxic (except to cucurbits),it was used to control many insects thriving on cotton,corn,fruit,vegetables,and small grains and to control the Cussia obtusifola soybean pest,Toxaphene was also used to control livestock ectoparasites such as lice,flies,ticks,mange,and scab mites,Its relatively low toxicity to bees and its long-persisting insecticidal effect made it particularly useful in the treatment of flowering plants,Toxaphene was not used to control cockroaches because its action on them is weaker than chlordane,Toxaphene was used at one time in the United States to eradicate fish,The principal use was for pest control on cotton crops,In 1974,an estimated 20 Mio?kg used in the United States was distributed as follows,85 % on cotton; 7 % on livestock and poultry; 5 % on other field crops; 3 % on soybeans; and less than 1 % on sorghum,Based on estimates of von Rumker et al,(1974) for 1972,75 % of the toxaphene production for that year was for agricultural use; 24 % was exported; and 1 % was used for industrial and commercial applications,Toxaphene solutions were often mixed with other pesticides partly because toxaphene solutions appear to help solubilize other insecticides with low water solubility,Toxaphene was frequently applied with methyl or ethyl parathion,DDT,and lindane,Through the early 1970s toxaphene or mixtures of toxaphene with rotenone were used widely in lakes and streams by fish and game agencies to eliminate biologic communities that were considered undesirable for sport fishing (ATSDR,1996).
9 Wastes
Wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with pesticide POPs are found in a number of physical forms including,
Obsolete stockpiles of pesticides in original packages which are no longer usable because of their exceeded shelf life and/or because of deteriorated packages;
Liquids consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (technical grade pesticide diluted with specific solvents such as gas oil and others);
Solid materials consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (technical grade pesticide mixed with inert materials),including application equipment and empty packaging equipment;
Demolition wastes (storage walls and slabs,foundations,beams etc.) containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs;
Equipment containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs (shelves,spray pumps,hoses,personal protective materials,vehicles,storage tanks,etc.);
Empty packaging materials contaminated with Pesticide POPs (like metal drums,paper bags,plastic bottles,glass bottles,etc.);
Soil and water contaminated with Pesticide POPs (soil,sediment,groundwater,drinking water,open water);
Sewage sludge.
II. Relevant provisions of the Basel and Stockholm Conventions
A. Basel Convention
Article 1 (“Scope of Convention”) outlines the waste types subject to the Basel Convention,Article 1 paragraph 1(a) of the Basel Convention contains a two-step process for determining if a,waste” is a,hazardous waste” subject to the Convention,First,the waste must belong to any category contained in Annex I to the Convention (“Categories of Wastes to be Controlled”),Second,the waste must possess at least one of the characteristics listed in Annex III to the Convention (“List of Hazardous Characteristics”).
Annex I lists some of the wastes that may consist of,contain or be contaminated with Pesticide POPs,these include,
Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products
Y4 Wastes from the production,formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals
Y5 Wastes from the manufacture,formulation and use of wood preserving chemicals
Y6 Wastes from the production,formulation and use of organic solvents
Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations
Wastes contained in Annex I are presumed to exhibit an Annex III hazardous characteristic – for example H11,Toxic (Delayed or Chronic)”; H12,Ecotoxic”; or H6.1,Poisonous (Acute)” – unless,through,national tests”,they can be shown to not exhibit the characteristics,National tests may be useful for a particular hazard characteristic in Annex III until such time as the hazardous characteristic is fully defined,Guidance papers for each Annex III hazardous characteristic are currently being developed under the Basel Convention.
Annex VIII describes wastes that are,characterized as hazardous under article?1 paragraph 1(a)” although,Designation of a waste on Annex VIII does not preclude the use of Annex III (hazard characteristics) to demonstrate that a waste is not hazardous.”-Annex IX lists wastes that will not be wastes covered by article 1 paragraph 1(a),unless they contain Annex I material to an extent causing them to exhibit an Annex III characteristic- The following wastes are applicable to Pesticide POPs:
A4010 Wastes from the production,preparation and use of pharmaceutical products but excluding such wastes specified on list B
A4030 Wastes from the production,formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals,including waste pesticides and herbicides,which are off-specification,outdated,or unfit for their originally intended use
A4040 Wastes from the manufacture,formulation and use of wood-preserving chemicals
Annex VIII includes a number of wastes or waste categories that have the potential to contain or be contaminated with Pesticide POPs owing to past applications of these substances,such as:
A4130 Waste packages and containers containing Annex I substances in concentrations sufficient to exhibit Annex III hazard characteristics
A4140 Wastes consisting of or containing off specification or outdated chemicals corresponding to Annex I categories and exhibiting Annex III hazard characteristics (Outdated2)
For further information please refer to section II.A of the General Technical Guidelines.
B. Stockholm Convention
The Stockholm Convention aims at eliminating all pesticide POPs covered by the Convention and listed in Annex A and B of the Convention,However,Annex A and B list for each Pesticide POP specific exemptions with reference to the field of use,According to Article 4 of the Stockholm Convention,any State may,on becoming a Party,by means of a notification in writing to the Secretariat,register for one or more types of specific exemptions listed in Annex A or B,Art,4 also establishes a register for the purpose of identifying the Parties that have specific exemptions listed in Annex A and B,The Register for specific exemptions is maintained by the Secretariat and shall be available to the public,All registrations of specific exemptions shall expire five years after the date of entry into force of the Stockholm Convention (17 May 2004),The Conference of the Parties may,upon request from the Party concerned,decide to extend the expiry date of a specific exemption for a period of up to five years.
Till present there are two entries in the Register of specific exemptions,published on the following website,www.pops.int,One is made by Australia for mirex,where use of mirex will therefore be allowed till 17 May 2009,Mirex is listed hereunder with the following note:,Mirex is used under licence in northern Australia as a bait control for the giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis),Research is underway to find a suitable alternative with the aim of phasing out the use of mirex.”
Botswana has registered chlordane for use in the construction industry,making the following remarks:,The purpose of this exemption is to allow ourselves time to follow the necessary measures to ban it,e.g,educating the public,researching on the alternatives and consulting the relevant authorities on this requirement,Botswana has not yet started its National Implementation Plan (NIP),and it is hoped that these processes will be undertaken under it.”
For further information please refer to section II.B.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
III. Issues under the Stockholm Convention to be addressed cooperatively with the Basel Convention
A. Low POP content
The following provisional definition for low POP content should be applied for aldrin,chlordane,dieldrin,endrin,heptachlor,HCB,mirex and toxaphene,50 mg/kg for each of these POPs,For further information,please refer to section III.A of the General Technical Guidelines.
B. Levels of destruction and irreversible transformation
Regarding provisional definition for levels of destruction and irreversible transformation,please refer to section III.A of the General Technical Guidelines.
C. Methods that constitute environmentally sound disposal
Reference is made to section G of chapter IV below and section IV.G of the,General technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs)”.
IV. Guidance on environmentally sound management (ESM)
A. General considerations
1. Basel Convention
One of the main vehicles for the promotion of ESM is the preparation and dissemination of technical guidelines such as the present document,the,General technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs)”and the four specific technical guidelines on DDT,HCB,PCBs,and PCDD/F,For further information please refer to section IV.A.1 of the General Technical Guidelines.
Parties planning or reviewing a national ESM programme should consult,inter alia,the Basel Convention,Destruction and Decontamination Technologies for PCBs and Other POPs Wastes under the Basel Convention”,Volume A,B,C (UNEP,2001).
2. Stockholm Convention
The term ESM is not defined in the Stockholm Convention,Environmentally sound methods for disposal of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs are,however,to be determined by the Conference of the Parties in cooperation with the appropriate bodies of the Basel Convention.
Parties should consult the document Interim Guidance for Developing a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention (UNEP 2003b).
3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
For information regarding the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and ESM,refer to section IV.A.3 of the General Technical Guidelines.
B,Legislative and regulatory framework
Parties to the Basel and Stockholm Convention should examine national controls,standards and procedures to ensure that they are in line with of the respective conventions and their obligations under them,including those that pertain to the ESM of wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs.
Elements of a regulatory framework applicable to Pesticide POPs could also include the following:
Enabling environmental protection legislation (sets release limits and environmental quality criteria);
Prohibitions on the manufacture,sale,import and export (for use) of Pesticide POPs;
Phase-out dates for Pesticide POPs that are in use,or in stock;
Hazardous materials and waste transportation requirements;
Specifications for containers,equipment,bulk containers and storage sites;
Specification of acceptable analytical and sampling methods for Pesticide POPs;
Requirements for waste management and disposal facilities;
General requirement for public notification and review of proposed government regulations,policy,certificates of approval,licences,inventory information and national releases data;
Requirements for identification and remediation of contaminated sites;
Requirements for health and safety of workers;
Other potential legislative controls (waste prevention and minimization,inventory development,emergency response).
A link should be established in legislation between the phase-out date for production and use of Pesticide POPs (including in products and articles) and the disposal of the Pesticide POPs once it has become a waste,This should include a time limit for disposal of the waste consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs,so as to prevent massive stockpiles from being created that have no clear phase-out date.
For further information please refer to section IV.B of the General Technical Guidelines.
C. Waste prevention and minimization
Both the Basel and Stockholm Conventions advocate waste prevention and minimization,while Pesticide POPs are targeted in the Stockholm Convention for complete phase-out,Pesticide POPs should be taken out of service and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner,Pesticides producers,formulators and users of products and articles containing pesticide POPs may be required to develop waste management plans,which cover all hazardous wastes,including wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs.
Quantities of waste containing these compounds should be minimized through isolation and source separation in order to prevent mixing and contamination of other waste streams or environmental resources (air,water,soil),For example,At those locations where obsolete pesticides are directly leaking from unstable and deteriorated containers,the risks for further damage to environment and population should be minimized as soon as possible and following options should be considered:
Stabilisation of the concerned site,leaking pesticides should be segregated and repacked.
Reduction of number of storage sites and repackaging of obsolete pesticides and safe storage in a limited number of centralized storage sites.
Mixing of wastes with a Pesticide POPs content above a defined low POP content with another material solely for the purpose of generating a mixture with a POP content below the defined low POP content is not environmentally sound,However,mixing of materials prior to waste treatment may be necessary in order to optimise treatment efficiencies.
For further information,please refer to paragraph 6 and section IV.C of the General Technical Guidelines.
FAO has developed guidelines,Guidelines for Management of small quantities of unwanted and obsolete pesticides” (Series No,7 and ref,No X1531E) in order to protect farmers in rural areas and urban dwellers,who often use small quantities of pesticides (as opposed to bulk quantities) and are not aware of the inherent dangers of pesticides.
D. Identification and inventories
1, Identification
The identification of Pesticide POPs cannot be considered as an isolated activity,even though the Pesticide POPs fall under the obligation of the Stockholm Convention,It is highly recommended when identifying Pesticide POPs to include DDT (not included in these Technical Guidelines but dealt with in a separate guideline),all other obsolete pesticides and related agrochemical wastes,thus making sure that the problem as a whole is taken into account,Present experiences indicate that between 15 and 30 % of the obsolete pesticides can be Pesticide POPs,The term Pesticide POPs is used in this context in section D to J.
Pesticide POPs are typically found in the following locations:
Storage and mixing places for agrochemicals (stores,farm sheds,warehouses);
Warehouses and stores of distributing agencies (central warehouses,commercial shops,Government distribution warehouses);
Contaminated spraying or application equipment (normally stored in farmers’ stores,warehouses,etc.);
Contaminated empty packaging materials (originally containing Pesticide POPs,like bags,bottles,metal drums,gas cylinders,etc.);
Dumpsites (buried into the ground as –unsound- disposal practice);
In and around (former) manufacturing plants (in stores,in the facility as spillage and/or contamination,open air storage sites of contaminated chemicals);
Soil and groundwater (contaminated by spills);
Sediment (contaminated by spills);
Commercial products containing Pesticide POPs (paints,household insect spray,mosquito coils,etc.).
It is important to note that normally experienced and well trained technical persons will be able to determine the nature of an effluent,substance,container or piece of equipment by its appearance or markings,However,in many countries larger stocks of unidentified agricultural chemicals exist,Experienced inspectors may be able to determine the original contents from information on the container labels,type and colour of the original containers and/or by smell or appearance of the chemical (colour,physical characteristics),Accurate identification of,and the level of contamination in,a sample through chemical analysis is especially needed for sound environmental management,Some treatment technologies are extremely sensitive to components from other compounds,such as metals,Metals or metal-like compounds (eg arsenic) may interfere with catalysts or cause problems in disposing of the residue,For instance,arsenicals in pesticide waste,exported from the Pacific for disposal in Australia through the Plascon process,have presented a particular problem for that project.
When identifying Pesticide POPs common trade names described in Section I.B.1 to I.B.9 may be useful.
For further information,please refer to section IV.D.1 of the General Technical Guidelines.
2. Inventories
Inventories are important tools for identifying,quantifying and characterizing Pesticide POPs and related wastes (contaminated application equipment,contaminated soil/water),A national inventory may be used to:
Establish a baseline quantity of products,articles and wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs;
Establish an information registry that assists with safety and regulatory inspections;
Assist with the preparation of emergency response plans; and
Track progress to minimize and phase-out these chemicals.
The initial inventory will allow each country to assess the extent and condition of Pesticide POPs,When developing an inventory,priority should be placed on the identification of wastes with high POP concentrations.
The development of a national inventory requires the long-term commitment and activity as well as the agreements concerning their realization of the national government,cooperation of Pesticide POPs owners and (in case of no ownership) the collaboration of local government and/or private property managers,and a sound administrative process for collection of information on an ongoing basis according to United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) guidelines and standardised methods,storage of the information in a computerised database with retrieval options and preparation of useful reports regarding the progress of phase-out and disposal,In some cases,government regulations may be required to ensure that pesticide POPs owners report their holdings and cooperate with government inspectors,The inventories are connected with high costs and the long-term contracts on financing such works are necessary.
A complete inventory of all Pesticide POPs is a time consuming activity and involves physical visits to all locations where Pesticide POPs and related wastes are stored,It is essential that security of the inventoried site matches the effort put into doing the actual inventory – if the inventory is detailed (rather than precursory),then the inventoried stock should be secured so that only known additions to,or removal from,the stock occurs,as well as preventing the contamination or mixing of other materials with the inventoried stock,Therefore,an inventory should result in a summary of categories of possible destination of the Pesticides POPs,Four main categories can be distinguished (see also UNEP,2001):
Obsolete products that must be disposed;
Products that have to be identified and tested;
Usable products (Pesticides POPs cannot be used anymore);
Products usable after re-formulation (Pesticides POPs cannot be used anymore).
For further information,please refer to section IV.D.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
E. Sampling,analysis and monitoring
1. Sampling
In this document,sampling” refers to taking a sample of liquid or solid for later analysis either in the field or in a laboratory,Gases are not sampled,The types of matrices that are sampled for analysis of Pesticide POPs during inventories are shown below for liquids and solids:
Products (in stores in containers,lose products in stores,products outside stores in the open air,buried quantities of agrochemicals);
Suspected contaminated water (surface water,rainwater,groundwater,soil pore water,drinking water,industrial process water,effluent water,condensate);
Suspected contaminated soil (in and outside warehouses and storage places,around open air storage sites,dumpsites,etc.);
Suspected contaminated plant materials (crops) and food,including animal feedstuffs;
Suspected contaminated buildings and building parts.
Usually,sampling should only take place in situations where (a) relatively large amounts of unidentified Pesticide POPs are discovered during the inventory process,or (b) when mixtures or contamination may reasonably be expected,such as in an uncontrolled storage site,The identification of the chemical,the physical structure and the active ingredient concentration allows the appropriate disposal option to better determined,including whether the pesticide can still be applied or not,(Pesticide POPs cannot be applied anymore due to the obligations of the Stockholm Convention).
Chemical analyses are costly,Sampling should only take place when absolutely necessary (e.g,in preparing a manifest for shipping,see Inventories section IV,D.2) and the number of samples should be kept to a minimum,This is particularly so when sampling relatively small amounts and/or sampling in the field,Sampling of known contaminated or suspected sites also need to balance the cost of sampling and analysis with the taking of enough samples to provide an adequate determination of the level of contamination.
Unknown quantities of pesticide POPs will be referred to in an inventory database as ‘unknown’,At a later stage,a disposal contractor or international shipping company might,however,need to know the characteristics of the ‘unknown’ Pesticide POPs (see also Analysis section IV.E.2).
For further information,please refer to section IV.E.1 of the General Technical Guidelines.
2. Analysis
Analysis refers to the determination of the physical,chemical or biological properties of a material using documented,peer-reviewed and,accepted” laboratory methods,
Each country should identify,through guidelines or legislation,standard methods that are required to be used for Pesticide POPs and the situations in which the methods should be used.
The methods specified should cover all aspects of the analytical process for each type of sample that could be collected,as per the list of sample materials in subsection E.1 above,The steps for analyzing Pesticide POPs containing substances are as follows:
Sample handling and storage;
Sample preparation (drying,weighing,grinding,chemical digestion,etc.);
Extraction of contaminants (organic solvent extraction,leachate production);
Dilution or concentration of sample or extract;
Calibration of equipment;
Actual analytical or bioassay test method;
Calculation or determination of results; and
Reporting of results.
Field tests
Field testing refers to the determination of physical,chemical or biological properties of a material or site using portable,real-time instruments or devices,Field test instruments and devices typically collect a sample and analyse it within a very short period of time,Generally,field test instruments and devices also have a lower degree of accuracy and precision than sampling and analysis in a laboratory.
Field test instruments are nevertheless extremely valuable for fieldwork in identifying materials that are likely to be wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs,They are also useful in assisting with decisions about where to take additional samples,in detecting dangerous atmospheres (explosive,flammable,toxic),and in locating the sources of spills and leaks,Portable units with photo-ionization detectors or flame ionization detectors are available to detect total organic vapours or even individual organic substances,For Pesticide POPs the various GC’s can be used such as:
Thin-layer chromatography – typically for waste,soils and liquids (not the most precise method);
Packed-column gas chromatography (GC)/electron capture – typically for waste,soil and liquid;
GC/Hall electrolytic conductivity detector – for solids and liquids;
Immunoassays test kits;
Test kits with reagents.
Laboratory analysis
There are numerous methods available for each step of the process,The key for any country is to adopt standard methods and to then require their use by commercial,government and research laboratories,In very general terms,the methods available for chemical analysis for Pesticide POPs are the following:
Capillary column GC/electron capture;
GC/mass spectrometry (MS) – with electron ionisation or electron capture negative ionisation.
Accreditation and certification of laboratories and interlaboratory calibration studies are important aspects of a national analytical programme,All laboratories should be able to meet quality standards as set and tested by government and by an independent body such as the International Organization for Standardization or by an association of laboratories,Such quality control/quality assurance accreditation incurs significant costs and some countries may find that it is more cost-efficient to contract the work to a laboratory outside their country.
The final phase of pesticides projects dealing with repackaging,shipment and treatment in a hazardous waste treatment installation require simple tests and analysis indicating presence of some pollutants instead of the exact chemical composition,Presence of heavy metals,mercury and arsenics and halogenated components are vital for the treatment.
For further information,please refer to section IV.E.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
3. Monitoring
Monitoring programs should be implemented for operations managing wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs,For further information please refer to section IV.E.3 of the General Technical Guidelines.
F. Handling,collection,packaging,labelling,transportation and storage
Handling,collection,packaging,labelling,transportation and storage are critically important steps as the risk of a spill,leak or fire (for example in preparation for storage or disposal) is equal to or greater than that during the normal operation of the equipment,The Basel Convention,Manual for Implementation (UNEP 1995),the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (International Maritime Organization (IMO),2002),the International Civil Aviation Technical Instructions for the Transport of Dangerous Goods (ICAO TI),the International Air Transport Association Dangerous Goods Regulations and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,Model Regulations (Orange Book) should be consulted to determine specific requirements for transport and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.
For the following chapters F.1 to F.6,detailed information can be obtained from,Destruction and Decontamination Technologies for PCBs and other POPs wastes under the Basel Convention”,a Training Manual for Hazardous Waste Project Managers,Volume A,B and C of the Secretariat of the Basel Convention (UNEP,2001).
1. Handling
The main concerns when handling wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs are human exposure,accidental release to the environment and contamination of other waste streams with Pesticide POPs,Such wastes should be handled separately from other waste types in order to prevent contamination of these other waste streams,Recommended practices for this purpose include (and should as such be verified/supervised/monitored):
(a) Inspecting containers for leaks,holes,rust,high temperature (due to chemical reactions);
(b) Handling wastes at temperatures below 25oC,if possible,due to the increased volatility at higher temperatures;
(c) Ensuring that spill containment measures are in good shape and adequate to contain liquid wastes if spilled i.e,total volume +10%;
(d) Placing plastic sheeting or absorbent mats under containers before opening containers if the surface of the containment area is not coated with a smooth surface material (paint,urethane,epoxy);
(e) Removing the liquid wastes either by removing the drain plug or by pumping with a peristaltic pump (safeguarded against ignition- and fire risks) and suitable chemical resistant tubing;
(f) Using dedicated pumps,tubing and drums to transfer liquid wastes (not used for any other purpose);
(g) Cleaning up any spills with cloths,paper towels or specific absorbing materials;
(h) Triple rinsing of contaminated empty packaging materials (like metal drums) with a solvent such as kerosene to remove all of the residual obsolete pesticides in order to dispose of the rinsed containers for recycling;
(i) Treating all solvent and contaminated absorbents from triple rinsing and contaminated disposable protective equipment and plastic sheeting as pesticide waste.
Staff should be trained in the correct methods for handling hazardous wastes according to national/international methods and standards or United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) guidelines and methods (FAO,2004).
For further information,please refer to section IV.F.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
2. Collection
A significant amount of the total national inventory of obsolete pesticides may be held in small quantities by small storage sites of farmers’ cooperatives,distributors,business owners and homeowners,It is difficult for small quantity owners to dispose of these materials,For example,logistical considerations may prevent or discourage pick up (e.g.,no hazardous waste pick-up available,no suitable disposal facility available in the country),and costs may be prohibitive,In some countries national,regional or municipal governments may wish to consider establishing collection stations for these small quantities so that each small-quantity owner does not have to make individual transport and disposal arrangements.
Collection and collection depots for wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with Pesticide POPs should be separate from those for [all] other wastes,Collection depots and/or collection activities related to obsolete pesticides should be separate from those for all other wastes.
It is imperative that collection depots not become long-term storage facilities for obsolete pesticide wastes,The risk of environmental and human health impairment is higher for a large stockpile of wastes,even if properly stored,than from small quantities scattered over a large area,Collection is done after (re )packaging.
For further information,please refer to section IV.F.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
3. Packaging
Wastes consisting of,containing or contaminated with POPs pesticides should be packaged prior to storage or transport,Liquid wastes should be placed inter alia in double-bung steel drums,Regulations governing transport often specify containers of a certain quality (e.g,16 gauge steel coated inside with epoxy),Therefore,containers used for storage should meet transport requirements in anticipation that they may be transported in the future.
Large amounts of wastes or equipment consisting of,containing or contaminated with POPs pesticides may be placed inside a large container (overpack drum) or heavy plastic wrap if leakage is a concern,Small pieces of equipment,whether drained or not,should be placed in drums with an absorbent material,Numerous small pieces of equipment may be placed in one drum,as long as an adequate amount of absorbent material is present in the drum,Loose absorbents may be purchased from safety suppliers,Sawdust,vermiculite or peat moss may also be used.
Drums and equipment may be placed on pallets for movement by forklift truck and for storage,Equipment and drums should be strapped to the pallets prior to movement.
Waste packages and consignments shall be handled in a way,which prevents damage during processing,loading or transportation,and shall conform to the national and international requirements of relevant legislation.
Repackaged obsoletes wastes should be fixed with wooden structures and/or straps in sea containers prior to shipping,Repackaging should be executed as such that different types of hazard caused by the chemicals are not mixed,Packaging materials to be used in the EU should comply with ADR 2005 (latest European Agreement of Road Transport of Hazardous Materials),Certificate of packaging material should always be checked.
Normally used UN codes on packaging materials for obsolete pesticides (should be embossed in steel drum,printed on plastic bags etc.):
UN1H1/….,for PE drums for liquid wastes (closed top)
UN1H2/….,for PE drums for solid wastes (open top)
UN1A1/….,for steel drums for liquid wastes (closed top)
UN1A2/….,for steel drums for solid wastes (open top)
(See IMDG for details and other codes.)
Certificates for the used UN code should be requested from the contractor,In the case no UN codes are visible on new packaging materials,these materials should be considered as not UN approved.
In case of air transportation,ICAO TI,in case of railway transport,RID should be applied.
For further information,please refer to section IV.F.3 of the General Technical Guidelines.
4 Labelling
All containers containing obsoletes pesticides should be clearly labelled with both a hazard warning label and a label that gives the details of the container,The details includes preferably the contents of the container (exact counts of volume and weight),the type of waste,the trade name,the name of the active ingredient (including percentage),the name of the original manufacturer,the name of the site it originates from in order to allow traceability,the date of repackaging,and the name of the responsible person during re-packaging,Each new package should bear identification labels as mentioned in FAO,2001,Training Manual on inventory taking of obsolete pesticides,Series No 10 and ref No X9899.
Additional and separate labels are required for materials classified as ‘marine pollutant’.
It is recommended to mark on each container a serial number,the origin (site number and name),the total weight (including the packaging materials) and the name of the product/its content.
5. Transportation
Transportation of dangerous goods and wastes is regulated in most countries,and the Basel Convention controls the transboundary movement of wastes in particular.
Companies transporting wastes within their own country should be certified as shippers of hazardous materials and wastes and their personnel should be qualified.
6. Storage
While there are generally few specific regulations or guidelines for the storage of obsolete pesticides,those regulations and guidelines developed for pesticide products should be provide a minimum level of protection,In this regard,the FAO technical guidelines for pesticide storage and stock control and the technical guidelines for the design and structure of pesticide stores should be followed as a minimum,However,in certain countries obsolete pesticides (which are considered as hazardous wastes) should be stored as hazardous waste,This is valid as well for temporarily storage sites,Authorization from local authorities will be needed.
It is important to verify the authorisation documents (for example,maximum quantities,permission if repackaging is allowed on temporarily storage site,maximum period of temporarily storage,permission if sub-standard temporarily storage conditions are allowed,etc.).
For further information,please refer to section IV.F.6 of the General Technical Guidelines.
G. Environmentally sound disposal
1, Pre-treatment
Regarding pre-treatment,please refer to section IV.G.1 of the General Technical Guidelines.
2. Destruction and irreversible transformation methods
Regarding destruction and irreversible transformation methods,please refer to section IV.G.2 of the General Technical Guidelines.
3. Other disposal methods when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option
Regarding other disposal methods when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option,please refer to section IV.G.3 of the General Technical Guidelines.
4. Other disposal methods when the POP content is low
Regarding other disposal methods when the POP content is low,please refer to section IV.G.4 of the General Technical Guidelines.
H. Remediation of contaminated sites
Poor handling and storage practices may lead to releases of Pesticide POPs at sites storing these chemicals,resulting in contamination of sites with high levels of Pesticide POPs,which may pose serious health concerns,For information on the identification and remediation of contaminated sites,please refer to section IV.H of the General Technical Guidelines.
I. Health and safety
A health and safety plan for an individual storage facility should be developed by a trained health and safety professional with experience in obsolete pesticides management,In general there are three main ways to protect workers from chemical hazards (in order of preference):
Keep the workers and population away from all possible sources of contamination;
Control the contaminants so that the possibility of exposure is minimized;
Protect the worker using personal protective equipment.
All health and safety plans should adhere to the above principles and recognize local or national labour standards,For further information please refer to section IV.I of the General Technical Guidelines.
Information on health and safety is also available from the International Labour Organization (1999a and 1999b),the World Health Organization (1995 and 1999) and IPCS INCHEM (no date),Examples of practical implementation can be found in UNEP (2001),Set up of sites should be in accordance with the principles shown in the instruction document (see also UK HSE (Health & Safety Executive) document on the,Protection of workers and the general public during the development of contaminated land”.
1, High-volume,high-concentration or high-risk situations
High-volume,high-concentration or high-hazard risk Pesticide POPs situations may include:
Waste handling areas;
Storage sites;
Treatment and disposal areas;
Sites contaminated with high concentration of Pesticide POPs at or near the surface.
At a minimum,the following should preferably be included in Pesticide POPs health and safety plans for high volume,high concentration situations or high-risk situations:
The health and safety plan (HASP) should be in writing,with a copy posted at each site;
Each worker who is to have access to the site and the various,exclusion” zones (see below) should read the HASP and sign that they have read and understood it;
The HASP may be written to encompass all hazards at a site but should have a section or chapter specifically detailing procedures for the Pesticide POPs;
Workers should only be present at a site and the exclusion zones when necessary for the inspection,repackaging,removal of stored materials;
Workers entering a site and the exclusion zones should have appropriate health and safety and operational training for chemical,physical and biological hazards;
Health and safety training should be performed annually;
Pesticide POPs sites and its exclusion zones should be routinely monitored for these contaminants in air;
When appropriate,workers entering a site and exclusion zones should wear appropriate respiratory protection and Pesticide POPs (dust and liquid) impermeable fabric should cover the entire body (i.e.,coveralls with hood,face-shield,gloves and boot covers or a full-body suit);
Spill cleanup kits and personal decontamination materials should be present in all areas containing Pesticide POPs;
Workers who are,or are expected to be,routinely entering sites and exclusion zones or working with these substances should be medically monitored including a baseline medical examination;
Where Pesticide POPs are to be handled in an open system,or where it is reasonably expected that the protective clothing of a worker may contact Pesticide POPs,a contaminant reduction zone should be established where workers can be decontaminated and remove their protective equipment;
The HASP and general work procedures should be reviewed at least annually and revised if necessary to enhance safety and health at the site.
2. Low-volume,low-concentration sites or low-risk situations
The recommended health and safety practice in the previous section do not apply to sites that contain Pesticide POPs in amounts or concentrations that are not seen as acute or chronically hazardous to human health and the environment,Low-volume,low-concentration or low-risk situations may include:
Commercial storage or inventory rooms that contain small quantities of products (i.e,Pesticide POPs) that are to be used in acceptable application situations;
Facilities that unintentionally generate and release Pesticide POPs in very low concentrations with respect to human exposure limits;
Sites contaminated with low concentration of Pesticide POPs or where the contamination cannot directly come into contact with workers (for example,contamination in underground or under water and is not being excavated.
Despite the low risk some health and safety measures should be taken to minimize exposure,including health and safety training of personnel who are likely to come into contact with Pesticide POPs.
Commercial storage or inventory rooms that contain small quantities of products (i.e,Pesticide POPs) that are to be used in acceptable application situations;
Facilities that unintentionally generate and release Pesticide POPs in very low concentrations with respect to human exposure limits;
Sites contaminated with low concentration of Pesticide POPs or where the contamination cannot directly come into contact with workers (for example,contamination in underground or under water and is not being excavated.
Despite the low risk some health and safety measures should be taken to minimize exposure,including health and safety training of personnel who are likely to come into contact with Pesticide POPs.
J,Emergency response
Emergency response plans should be in place for expected Pesticide POPs in storage,in transit and at a disposal site,Emergency response plans should be in place for Pesticides POPs that are in service,in storage,in transport and at a disposal site,Further information on emergency response plans can be found in section IV.J of the General Technical Guidelines.
K,Public participation
Parties to the Basel or Stockholm Convention should have an open public participation process,For further information please refer to section IV.K of the General Technical Guidelines,See also FAO Guidance Document,The Selection of Waste Management Options for the Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides and Contaminated Materials” (Draft under preparation).
Annex I
Synonyms and trade names for POPs pesticides
(See also Helsinki Commission,2001,Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic and The Proposal of the NIP of the Stockholm Convention,PAN Pesticides Database – Chemicals,Ritter,US EPA,Substance Registry System (no date),STARS (no date).
Chemical
Some Synonyms and Trade Names a
ALDRIN
1,4:5,8-dimethano-naphtalin; GGDN*;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-endo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethano-naphthalene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a hexahydro (1.alpha.,4.alpha.,4a.beta.,5.alpha.,8.alpha.,8;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8- dimethanonaphthalin 1R,4S,4aS,5S,8R,8aR-;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene;
1.2.3.4.10.10-Hexachlor-(4arH.8acH)-1.4.4a.5.8.8a-hexahydro-1c.4c:5t.8t-dimethano-naphth;
1.2.3.4.10.10-hexachloro-(4arH.8acH)-1.4.4a.5.8.8a-hexahydro-1c.4c:5t.8t-dimethano-napht;
1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4 a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-,(1alpha,4alpha,4abe
1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-,endo,exo-;
1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-,(1alpha,4alpha,4abet
(1R,4S,4aS,5S,8R,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalin;
Aglyucon*,Agronex TA; Aldocit; Aldrec; Aldrex; Aldrex 30; Aldrex 30 E.C.; Aldrex 40; Aldrin cast solid; Aldrin mixture,dry (with 65% or less aldrin); Aldrin mixture,dry (with more then 65% aldrin); Aldrin mixture,liquid (with 65% or less aldrin); Aldrin mixture,liquid (with 65% or less aldrin); Aldrin 2.5; Aldrin 5;
Aldrin [1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-(1.alpha.,4.alpha.,4a.beta.,5.alpha.,8.al ]; Aldrite; Aldrosol; Altox; Alvit 55; Compound 118; 4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene; 22DN*; Drinox; Eldrin; ENT-15949; Eruzin*; exo-Hexachlorodimethanonaphthalene; Hexachlorhexahydro-dimethano-naphtaline;
Hexachlorohexahydro-endo,exo-dimethanonaphthalene;
Hexachloro-1,2,3,4,10,10 hexahydro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a exodimethano-1,4,5,8 naphtalene;
Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalin;
Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethano-naphtalin,(1R,4S,4aS,5S,8R,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-;
Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exodimethanonaphtalin,1,2,3,4,10,10-;
HHDM; HHDN; HHPN; Kartofin*; Kortofin; Latka 118; NA 2761; NA 2762; NCI-C00044; OMS-194; Octalene; Octalin*;Seedrin; SD 2794; Sojedinenie (= compound) 118*; Tatuzinho; Tipula; Veratox*
CHLORDANE
1-exo,2-endo,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7methanoindene;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methan-;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro- ;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-Methano-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydroindane Oindane;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-endo-methano-indene;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methano-indene;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4-7-methano-3.alpha.,4,7,7,.alpha.-tetrahydroindane;
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-
1-exo,2-endo,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene);
AG Chlordane; Aspon; Aspon-Chlordane; Belt; CD 68; chloordaan,zuiver; chlordan,kemisk rent;
Chlordan,rein; Chlordane; Chlordane (gamma); chlordane,pur; Chlordane technical;
Chlordane [4,7-Methanoindan,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-]; Chloriandin; Chlorindan; Chlorkil; Chlorodane; gamma.-Chlordan; Clordan; Clordano,puro; Corodan(e); Chlordane HCS 3260; Chlordasol; Cortilan Neu; Dichlorochlordene,Dowchlor; Dow-Klor; Ent 9932; Ent 25552-X; HCS 3260; Kilex lindane;Kypchlor; M140; M 410; Latka 1068;4,7-Methanoindan; 4,7-Methano-1H-indene; NCI-C00099; 4,7-Methanoindan,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-;
4,7-methano-1H-indene,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-; Niran; Octachlor; Octachloro-4,7-methanotetrahydroindane; Octachlorodihydrodicyclopentadiene; Octachlorohexahydromethanoindene; Octachlor-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methano-(1H)-inden,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-;
Octachlor-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-endomethanoindan,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-;
Octa-Klor; Oktaterr; Ortho-Klor; SD 5532; Shell SD-5532; Starchlor; Synklor; Tat chlor 4; t-chlordan;
Topichlor; Topichlor 20; Toxichlor; Unexan-koeder;Veliscol 1068
DIELDRIN
(1alpha,2beta,2alpha,3beta,6beta,6alpha,7beta,7alpha- 2,7:3,6-Dimethano-3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachlor-1a,2,2;
(1R,4S,4aS,5R,6R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachlor-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-6,7-epoxy-1,4:5,8-di;
(1R,4S,4aS,5R,6R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachlor-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-di;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro,endo,exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethano-naphthalene
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-Epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-Octahydro-exo-1,4 -endo-5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene
1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-,endo,;
2,7:3,6-dimethanonaphth(2,3-b)oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,(1aalph;
2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth(2,3-b)oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro- ;
3,4,5,6,9,9-Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a7,7a-Octahydro-2,7:3,6-Dimethanonapht[2,3-b]oxirene;
5,6,7,8,9,9-Hexachlor-2t,3t-epoxy-(4ar,8ac)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1t,4t;5c8c-d;
Aldrin epoxide; Alvit; Alvit 55; Compound 497; D-31; Diel’drin*; Dieldrin; Dieldrin,dry weight;
Dieldrin (hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo,exo-dimethanonaphthalene 85% and related compounds 15%); Dil’drin*; Dieldrina; Dieldrine; Dieldrite; Dieldrex; Dieldrix; Dieldrex B,Dielmoth; D-31; DD ;Dimethanonaphth[2,3-b]-Oxirene; DLD; Dorytox?; ENT-16225; ENT 16,225;Exo-Dieldrin?; GEOD*; HEOD;
Hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo,exo-Dimethanonaphthalene;
Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-dimethanonaphth(2,3-b)oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-;"Deutsch"
Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethano-naphthalene,(1R,4S,4aS,5R,6R,7S,8S;
Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-;"Deutsch"
Hexachloro-epoxyoctahydro-dimethanonaphthalene;
HOED; Illoxol; Insektalox*; Insecticide No,497; Insectlack; Kombi-Albertan; Lakta 497; Moth Snub D;
NCI C00124; Octalox; OMS18; Oxralox; Panoram D-31; Quintox; Red Shield; SD 3417; Sojedinenie (=compound) 497*; Termitox
ENDRIN
1a.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,6.alpha;
(1aalpha,2beta,2abeta,3alpha,6alpha,6abeta,7beta,7aalpha)-2,7;3,6-Dimethano-3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachlor-1a;
(1Aalpha,2beta,2abeta,3alpha,6alpha,6abeta,7beta,7Aalpha)3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-;
(1R,4S,4aS,5S,7R,8R,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-6,7-epoxy-1,4:5,8-dime;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo,endo-;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro-1,4-endo-,8-endo-dimethano-naphthalen;
3,4,5,6,9,9-Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-dimethanonaphth[2,3-b]oxirene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-endodimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8- dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-1,4-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-§octahydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthali;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-oxido-1,4-endo-5,8-endo-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1r,4s,4as,5s,6,7r,8r,8ar-octahydro-6,7-epoxy-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4,5,8-endo-endo-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo,endo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-exo-1,4-exo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaph;
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-exo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-§1,4-endo-5,8-endo-dimethanonaphthali;
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-§octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthale;
2,7:3,6-dimethanonaphth(2,3-b)oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachoro-1a,2,2a,3,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,(1aalpha,2;
3,4,5,6,9,9-Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6- dimethanonaphth(2,3-B)oxirene;
3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1aalpha,2beta,2abeta,3alpha,6alpha,6abeta,7beta,7aalpha-octahydro-2,7:3,6-dim;
Compound 269; 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene;
endo,endo-1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalen;
Endrex; Endrin; Endrin 20; Endrin mixture; endrin,endo-endo-isomeres; Endrina; Endrine; ENT-17251;
Experimental Insecticide No,269; Hexachlor;
Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-endodimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-;
Hexachloro-oxido-dimethano-octahydronaphthalene; hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo-endo-dimethanonaphthalene;
Hexachlorooctahydro-endo,endo-dimethanonaphthalene; hexachloroxido-endo-endo-dimethanooctahydronaphthalin;
Hexachloroxido-endo-endo-dimethanooctahydronaphthalene; hexachloroxidotetracyclododecen;
hexachlor?poxyoctahydro-bis(endo-methylen)naphthalin;
Hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo,endo-dimethanonaphthalene; Hexadrin; Isodrin Epoxide; Lakta 269;
Mendrin; NCI C00157; Nendrin; OMS 197
HEPTACHLOR
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-4,7-Methano-1H-Indene;
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachlorotetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene ;
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-endo-methanoindene;
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7- methanoindene;
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methano-indene;
2,4-bis-(Thylamino)-6-chlor-1,3,5-triazin; 2-Chlor-4,6-bis(Ethylamino)-1-triazin;
3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachlorodicyclopentadiene; 3-Chlorochlordene;
4,7-Methano-1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachlor-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-inden;
4,7-Methano-1H-indene,1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-;
4,7-Methanoindene,1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-;
Aahepta; Arbinex 30TN; Agronex Hepta; Agronex Hepta T 30; Agroceres; Basaklor; Bis(ethylamino)-chlortriazin; Chlor-bis(ethylamino)-triazin; Chlordiethyltriazindiamin; Drinox; Drinox H 34; E 3314; ENT-15152; Eptacloro; Geptachlor*; Geptazol*; Gesatop; Gold Crest H-60; GPKh; H-34; H-60; Hepta; Heptachloor; Heptachlorane; Heptachlor [1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene]; Heptacloro; Heptachlorotetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene; Heptagran; Heptagranox; Heptamak; Heptamul; Heptasol; Heptox; Latka 104; NCI-C00180; Soleptax; Rhodiachlor; Termide; Tetrahydro; Veliscol 104; Veliscol heptachlor
HEXACHLORO-BENZENE
Agronal H; Amaticin; Amatin; AntiCarie; Benzene; Benzene,hexachloro-; benzol,Hexachlor; Bunt cure; Bunt no more; Chlorbenzol,hexa; Co op Hexa; Ceku C.B.; ENT-1719; esaclorobenzene; GChB*; Gexachlorbenzol*; Granox; Granox nm; HCB; HCBz; hexachloorbenzeen; Hexachlorobenzen; Hexachloro-; Hexa CB; Hexa c.b.; Hexachlorbenzol; Julian's carbon chloride; julin's carbonchloride; julin's chloride; No Bunt; No Bunt 40; No Bunt 80; No Bunt Liquid; Pentachlorophenyl chloride; Perchlorobenzene; Perchlorbenzol; Phenyl perchloryl; Sanocid; Sanocide; Smut Go; Snieciotox; Snieciotox 40; Zaprawa nasienna sneciotox;
MIREX
1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachloro-octahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene;
1,2,3,4,5,5-hexachloro-;,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene dimer;
1,3,4-Metheno-1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-1H-cyclobuta<cd>pentalene;
1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene,1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-;
1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta<cd>pentalene,dodecachlorooctahydro-; 1,3-Cyclopentadiene;
1,3-Cyclopentadiene,1,2,3,4,5,5-hexachloro-,dimer;
Bichlorendo,CG-1283,Dechlorane,Dechlorane 4070,Dechlorane Plus,Dimer; 1,2,3,4,5,5- Dodecachloropentacyclodecane; dodecachloorpentacyclo(5.2.1.O'2,6.O'3,9.O'5,8)decaan;
Dodecachloro-decahydro-1,3-cyclo-dicyclobuta<cd,gh>pentalene;
Dodecachloroctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalen,1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-;
Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta<cd>pentalene;
Dodecachloropentacyclo(5.2.1.O'2,6.O'3,9.O'5,8)decane;
dodecachloropentacyclo<5.2.1.0%2,6.0%3,9.0%5,8>decane; dodecacloropentaciclo(5.2.1.O'2,6.O'3,9.O'5,8)decano;
ENT-25719 ;Ferriamicide; GC1283; Hexachloropentadiene Dimer,Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Dimer; Hrs 1276,NCI-C06428; Paramex; Perchlordecone,Perchloropentacyclodecane; Perchloropentacyclo(5.2.1.02,6.03,9.05,8)decane; Perchlorodihomocubane
TOXAPHENE
2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylennorbornanchlorid; Agricide; Maggot Killer (f); Alltex; Alltox; attac; Attac 4 2; Attac 4 4; Attac 6; Attac 6 3; Attac 8; Camphechlor; Camphechlor,polychloriert;Camphechlore; Camphene,chlorinated; Camfechlor*; Camphochlor; Campheclor; Chem-Phene; Chemphene M5055; Camphofene Huileux; Chlorinated Camphene; chloriertes 2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylennorbornan; Chloriertes Camphen; Chlorinated camphene,chlorinated camphene,67%<conc chlorine<69%; technical; Chloro Camphene; Clor Chem T 590; Compound 3956; Coopertox; Crestoxo; Cristoxo; Cristoxo 90; Delicia Fribal; Dimethyl-3-methylennorbornanchlorid,2,2-; Estonox; ENT-9735; Fasco-Terpene; Geniphene; Gy-Phene; Hercules 3956; Hercules toxaphene; Huilex; Kamfochlor; Liro Toxaphen 10; M 5055; maggot killer (f); Melipax; Melipax 60 EC; Melipax do zamglawiania; Melipax plynny; Melipax pylisty; Melipex; Motox; NCI-C00259; Octachlorocamphene; PCC; Penphene; Phenacide; Phenatox; Phenphane; Polichlorcamfen*; Polychlorocamphene; polychloriertes Camphechlor; Poly)chlorinated camphene; Strobane T; Strobane T 90; Taxaphene; Terpentol plynny 60; Toxadust; Toxafen*; Toxakil; Toxaphene (Campechlor); Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes); Toxaphene ( Technical chlorinated camphene (67-69% chlorine);Toxon 63; Toxaphen 10; Toxaphen 50; Toxyphene; Vertac Agricide; Vertac 90%
a The list of trade names is not intended to be exhaustive.
*Russian trade names
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