4 - 1
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 4
Financial Planning and Forecasting
Financial Statements
?Plans,strategic,operating,and
financial
?Pro forma financial statements
?Sales forecasts
?Percent of sales method
?Additional Funds Needed (AFN)
formula
4 - 2
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Pro Forma Financial Statements
?Three important uses:
?Forecast the amount of external
financing that will be required
?Evaluate the impact that changes
in the operating plan have on the
value of the firm
?Set appropriate targets for
compensation plans
4 - 3
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Steps in Financial Forecasting
?Forecast sales
?Project the assets needed to support
sales
?Project internally generated funds
?Project outside funds needed
?Decide how to raise funds
?See effects of plan on ratios and stock
price
4 - 4
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2001 Balance Sheet
(Millions of $)
Cash & sec,$ 20 Accts,pay,&
accruals $ 100Accounts rec,240 Notes payable 100
Inventories 240 Total CL $ 200
Total CA $ 500 L-T debt 100
Common stk 500
Net fixed
assets
Retained
earnings 200
Total assets $1,000 Total claims $1,000
500
4 - 5
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2001 Income Statement
(Millions of $)
Sales $2,000.00
Less,COGS (60%) 1,200.00
SGA costs 700.00
EBIT $ 100.00
Interest 16.00
EBT $ 84.00
Taxes (40%) 33.60
Net income $ 50.40
Dividends (30%) $15.12
Add’n to RE $35.28
4 - 6
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
NWC Industry Condition
BEP 10.00% 20.00% Poor
Profit Margin 2.52% 4.00%,
ROE 7.20% 15.60%,
DSO 43.20 days 32.00 days,
Inv,turnover 8.33x 11.00x,
F.A,turnover 4.00x 5.00x,
T.A,turnover 2.00x 2.50x,
Debt/ assets 30.00% 36.00% Good
TIE 6.25x 9.40x Poor
Current ratio 2.50x 3.00x,
Payout ratio 30.00% 30.00% O.K.
Key Ratios
4 - 7
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Key Ratios (Continued)
NWC Ind,Cond.
Net oper,prof,margin after taxes 3.00% 5.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Sales)
Oper,capital requirement 45.00% 35.00% Poor
(Net oper,capital/Sales)
Return on invested capital 6.67% 14.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Net oper,capital)
4 - 8
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
AFN (Additional Funds Needed):
Key Assumptions
?Operating at full capacity in 2001.
?Each type of asset grows proportionally
with sales.
?Payables and accruals grow proportionally
with sales.
?2001 profit margin (2.52%) and payout
(30%) will be maintained.
?Sales are expected to increase by $500
million,(%?S = 25%)
4 - 9
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales0
1,000
2,000
1,250
2,500
A*/S0 = $1,000/$2,000 = 0.5 = $1,250/$2,500.
? Assets =
(A*/S0)?Sales
= 0.5($500)
= $250.
Assets = 0.5 sales
4 - 10
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets must increase by $250 million,
What is the AFN,based on the AFN
equation?
AFN = (A*/S0)?S - (L*/S0)?S - M(S1)(1 - d)
= ($1,000/$2,000)($500)
- ($100/$2,000)($500)
- 0.0252($2,500)(1 - 0.3)
= $180.9 million.
4 - 11
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Projecting Pro Forma Statements with
the Percent of Sales Method
?Project sales based on forecasted
growth rate in sales
?Forecast some items as a percent
of the forecasted sales
?Costs
?Cash
?Accounts receivable (More...)
4 - 12
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Items as percent of sales (Continued...)
?Inventories
?Net fixed assets
?Accounts payable and accruals
?Choose other items
?Debt (which determines interest)
?Dividends (which determines
retained earnings)
?Common stock
4 - 13
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Percent of Sales,Inputs
COGS/Sales 60% 60%
SGA/Sales 35% 35%
Cash/Sales 1% 1%
Acct,rec./Sales 12% 12%
Inv./Sales 12% 12%
Net FA/Sales 25% 25%
AP & accr./Sales 5% 5%
2001 2002
Actual Proj.
4 - 14
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Other Inputs
Percent growth in sales 25%
Growth factor in sales (g) 1.25
Interest rate on debt 8%
Tax rate 40%
Dividend payout rate 30%
4 - 15
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Income Statement
2001 Factor
2002
1st Pass
Sales $2,000 g=1.25 $2,500
Less,COGS Pct=60% 1,500
SGA Pct=35% 875
EBIT $125
Interest 16 16
EBT $109
Taxes (40%) 44
Net,income $65
Div,(30%) $19
Add,to RE $46
4 - 16
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Balance Sheet (Assets)
Forecasted assets are a percent of forecasted sales.
Factor
2002
1st Pass
Cas
h
Pct= 1% $25
Accts,rec,Pct=12% 300
Pct=12% 300
Total CA $625
Net FA Pct=25% 625
Total assets $1,250
2002 Sales = $2,500
Inventories
4 - 17
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Balance Sheet (Claims)
*From 1st pass income statement.
2001 Factor 1st Pass
AP/accruals Pct=5% $125
Notes payable 100 100
Total CL $225
L-T debt 100 100
Common stk,500 500
Ret,earnings 200 +46* 246
Total claims $1,071
20022002 Sales = $2,500
4 - 18
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
What are the additional funds
needed (AFN)?
?Forecasted total assets = $1,250
?Forecasted total claims = $1,071
?Forecast AFN = $ 179
NWC must have the assets to make
forecasted sales,The balance sheets
must balance,So,we must raise $179
externally.
4 - 19
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assumptions about How AFN Will
Be Raised
?No new common stock will be
issued.
?Any external funds needed will be
raised as debt,50% notes payable,
and 50% L-T debt.
4 - 20
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How will the AFN be financed?
Additional notes payable =
0.5 ($179) = $89.50 ? $90.
Additional L-T debt =
0.5 ($179) = $89.50 ? $89.
But this financing will add 0.08($179) =
$14.32 to interest expense,which will
lower NI and retained earnings.
4 - 21
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
1st Pass Feedback 2nd Pass
Sales $2,500
$2,500
Less,COGS 1,500
1,500
SGA 875 875
EBIT $ 125 $ 125
Interest 16 +14
30
EBT $ 109 $ 95
Taxes (40%) 44 38
Net income $ 65 $ 57
Div,(30%) $ 19 $ 17
2002 2nd Pass Income Statement
4 - 22
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 2nd Pass Balance Sheet (Assets)
1st Pass AFN 2nd Pass
Cash $25 $25
Accts,rec,300 300
Inventories 300 300
Total CA $625 $625
Net FA 625 625
Total assets $1,250 $1,250
No change in asset requirements.
4 - 23
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 2nd Pass Balance Sheet (Claims)
1st Pass Feedback 2nd Pass
AP/accruals $ 125 $ 125
Notes payable 100 +90
190
Total CL $ 225 $ 315
L-T debt 100 +89
189
Common stk,500 500
Ret,earnings 246 -6
240
Total claims $1,071 $1,244
4 - 24
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Forecasted assets = $1,250 (no change)
?Forecasted claims = $1,244 (higher)
?2nd pass AFN = $ 6 (short)
?Cumulative AFN = $179 + $6 = $185.
?The $6 shortfall came from the $6
reduction in retained earnings,
Additional passes could be made until
assets exactly equal claims,$6(0.08) =
$0.48 interest on 3rd pass.
Results After the Second Pass
4 - 25
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Equation method assumes a
constant profit margin.
?Pro forma method is more flexible,
More important,it allows different
items to grow at different rates.
Equation AFN = $181
vs,
Pro Forma AFN = $185.
Why are they different?
4 - 26
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Ratios After 2nd Pass
BEP 10.00% 10.00% 20.00% Poor
Profit Margin 2.52% 2.27% 4.00% Poor
ROE 7.20% 7.68% 15.60% Poor
DSO (days) 43.20 43.20 32.00 Poor
Inv,turnover 8.33x 8.33x 11.00x Poor
FA turnover 4.00x 4.00x 5.00x Poor
TA turnover 2.00x 2.00x 2.50x Poor
D/A ratio 30.00% 40.34% 36.00% Good
TIE 6.25x 4.12x 9.40x Poor
Current ratio 2.50x 1.99x 3.00x Poor
Payout ratio 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% OK
2001 2002(E) Industry Cond.
4 - 27
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Ratios after 2nd Pass (Continued)
NWC Ind,Cond.
Net oper,prof,margin after taxes 3.00% 5.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Sales)
Oper,capital requirement 45.00% 35.00% Poor
(Net oper,capital/Sales)
Return on invested capital 6.67% 14.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Net oper,capital)
Note,These are the same as in 2001 (see slide 14-7),
because there have been no improvements in operations
(i.e.,all percent of sales items have same percentages in
2001 and 2002),Also,there are no differences between 1st
pass and 2nd pass because changes in financing do not
affect measures of operating performance.
4 - 28
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
What is the forecasted free cash flow
for 2002?
Net operating WC $400 $500
(CA - AP & accruals)
Total operating capital $900 $1,125
(Net op,WC + net FA)
NOPAT $60 $75
(EBITx(1-T))
Less Inv,in op,capital $225
Free cash flow -$150
2001 2002(E)
4 - 29
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Suppose in 2001 fixed assets had been
operated at only 75% of capacity.
With the existing fixed assets,sales
could be $2,667,Since sales are
forecasted at only $2,500,no new
fixed assets are needed.
Capacity sales = Actual sales% of capacity
= = $2,667.$2,0000.75
4 - 30
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would the excess capacity
situation affect the 2002 AFN?
?The projected increase in fixed assets
was $125,the AFN would decrease by
$125.
?Since no new fixed assets will be
needed,AFN will fall by $125,to
$179 - $125 = $54.
4 - 31
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Q,If sales went up to $3,000,
not $2,500,what would the
F.A,requirement be?
A,Target ratio = FA/Capacity sales
= $500/$2,667 = 18.75%.
Have enough F.A,for sales up to
$2,667,but need F.A,for another
$333 of sales:
?FA = 0.1875($333) = $62.4.
4 - 32
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would excess capacity affect the
forecasted ratios?
1,Sales wouldn’t change but assets
would be lower,so turnovers would
be better.
2,Less new debt,hence lower interest,
so higher profits,EPS,ROE (when
financing feedbacks considered).
3,Debt ratio,TIE would improve.
4 - 33
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 Forecasted Ratios,S02 = $2,500
% of 2001 Capacity
100% 75% Industry
BEP 10.00% 11.11% 20.00%
Profit Margin 2.27% 2.51% 4.00%
ROE 7.68% 8.44% 15.60%
DSO (days) 43.20 43.20 32.00
Inv,turnover 8.33x 8.33x 11.00x
F.A,turnover 4.00x 5.00x 5.00x
T.A,turnover 2.00x 2.22x 2.50x
D/A ratio 40.34% 33.71% 36.00%
TIE 4.12x 6.15x 9.40x
Current ratio 1.99x 2.48x 3.00x
4 - 34
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How is NWC performing with regard to
its receivables and inventories?
?DSO is higher than the industry
average,and inventory turnover is
lower than the industry average.
?Improvements here would lower
current assets,reduce capital
requirements,and further improve
profitability and other ratios.
4 - 35
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Improvements in Working Capital
Management
DSO (days) 43.20 32.00
Accts,rec./Sales 12.00% 8.89%
Inventory turnover 8.33x 11.00x
Inventory/Sales 12.00% 9.09%
Before After
4 - 36
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Impact of Improvements in Working
Capital Management
Free cash flow (1999) -$150.0 $0.5
ROIC (NOPAT/Capital) 6.7% 7.7%
ROE 7.7% 8.59%
Before After
4 - 37
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales0
1,100
1,000
2,000 2,500
Declining A/S Ratio
$1,000/$2,000 = 0.5; $1,100/$2,500 = 0.44,Declining
ratio shows economies of scale,Going from S = $0
to S = $2,000 requires $1,000 of assets,Next $500 of
sales requires only $100 of assets.
Base
Stock?
4 - 38
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales1,000 2,000500
A/S changes if assets are lumpy,Generally will have
excess capacity,but eventually a small ?S leads to a
large ?A.
500
1,000
1,500
4 - 39
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Summary,How different factors affect
the AFN forecast.
?Excess capacity:
?Existence lowers AFN.
?Base stocks of assets,
?Leads to less-than-proportional asset
increases.
?Economies of scale:
?Also leads to less-than-proportional asset
increases.
?Lumpy assets:
?Leads to large periodic AFN requirements,
recurring excess capacity.
4 - 40
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Regression Analysis for Asset
Forecasting
?Get historical data on a good
company,then fit a regression line
to see how much a given sales
increase will require in way of asset
increase.
4 - 41
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Example of Regression
Constant ratio overestimates inventory required
to go from S1 = $2,000 to S2 = $2,500.
For a Well-Managed Co.
Year Sales Inv.
1999 $1,280 $118
2000 1,600 138
2001 2,000 162
2002E 2,500E 192E
Inventory
Sales
(000)1.28 1.6 2.0 2.5
Regression
line
Constant
ratio forecast
4 - 42
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Regression with 10B for Our Example
?Same as finding beta coefficients.
?Clear all
1280 Input 118??
1600 Input 138??
2000 Input 162??
0 y,m 40.0 = Inventory at sales = 0.
SWAP 0.0611 = Slope coefficient.
Inventory = 40.0 + 0.0611 Sales.
LEAVE CALCULATOR ALONE!
^
4 - 43
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Equation is now in the calculator,Let’s
use it by inputting new sales of $2,500
and getting forecasted inventory:
2500 y,m 192.66.
The constant ratio forecast was inventory
= $300,so the regression forecast is
lower by $107,This would free up $107
for use elsewhere,which would improve
profitability and raise P0.
^
4 - 44
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would increases in these items
affect the AFN?
?Higher dividend payout ratio?
Increase AFN,Less retained
earnings.
?Higher profit margin?
Decrease AFN,Higher profits,more
retained earnings,
(More…)
4 - 45
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Higher capital intensity ratio,A*/S0?
Increase AFN,Need more assets for
given sales increase.
?Pay suppliers in 60 days rather than
30 days?
Decrease AFN,Trade creditors
supply more capital,i.e.,L*/S0
increases.
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 4
Financial Planning and Forecasting
Financial Statements
?Plans,strategic,operating,and
financial
?Pro forma financial statements
?Sales forecasts
?Percent of sales method
?Additional Funds Needed (AFN)
formula
4 - 2
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Pro Forma Financial Statements
?Three important uses:
?Forecast the amount of external
financing that will be required
?Evaluate the impact that changes
in the operating plan have on the
value of the firm
?Set appropriate targets for
compensation plans
4 - 3
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Steps in Financial Forecasting
?Forecast sales
?Project the assets needed to support
sales
?Project internally generated funds
?Project outside funds needed
?Decide how to raise funds
?See effects of plan on ratios and stock
price
4 - 4
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2001 Balance Sheet
(Millions of $)
Cash & sec,$ 20 Accts,pay,&
accruals $ 100Accounts rec,240 Notes payable 100
Inventories 240 Total CL $ 200
Total CA $ 500 L-T debt 100
Common stk 500
Net fixed
assets
Retained
earnings 200
Total assets $1,000 Total claims $1,000
500
4 - 5
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2001 Income Statement
(Millions of $)
Sales $2,000.00
Less,COGS (60%) 1,200.00
SGA costs 700.00
EBIT $ 100.00
Interest 16.00
EBT $ 84.00
Taxes (40%) 33.60
Net income $ 50.40
Dividends (30%) $15.12
Add’n to RE $35.28
4 - 6
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
NWC Industry Condition
BEP 10.00% 20.00% Poor
Profit Margin 2.52% 4.00%,
ROE 7.20% 15.60%,
DSO 43.20 days 32.00 days,
Inv,turnover 8.33x 11.00x,
F.A,turnover 4.00x 5.00x,
T.A,turnover 2.00x 2.50x,
Debt/ assets 30.00% 36.00% Good
TIE 6.25x 9.40x Poor
Current ratio 2.50x 3.00x,
Payout ratio 30.00% 30.00% O.K.
Key Ratios
4 - 7
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Key Ratios (Continued)
NWC Ind,Cond.
Net oper,prof,margin after taxes 3.00% 5.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Sales)
Oper,capital requirement 45.00% 35.00% Poor
(Net oper,capital/Sales)
Return on invested capital 6.67% 14.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Net oper,capital)
4 - 8
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
AFN (Additional Funds Needed):
Key Assumptions
?Operating at full capacity in 2001.
?Each type of asset grows proportionally
with sales.
?Payables and accruals grow proportionally
with sales.
?2001 profit margin (2.52%) and payout
(30%) will be maintained.
?Sales are expected to increase by $500
million,(%?S = 25%)
4 - 9
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales0
1,000
2,000
1,250
2,500
A*/S0 = $1,000/$2,000 = 0.5 = $1,250/$2,500.
? Assets =
(A*/S0)?Sales
= 0.5($500)
= $250.
Assets = 0.5 sales
4 - 10
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets must increase by $250 million,
What is the AFN,based on the AFN
equation?
AFN = (A*/S0)?S - (L*/S0)?S - M(S1)(1 - d)
= ($1,000/$2,000)($500)
- ($100/$2,000)($500)
- 0.0252($2,500)(1 - 0.3)
= $180.9 million.
4 - 11
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Projecting Pro Forma Statements with
the Percent of Sales Method
?Project sales based on forecasted
growth rate in sales
?Forecast some items as a percent
of the forecasted sales
?Costs
?Cash
?Accounts receivable (More...)
4 - 12
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Items as percent of sales (Continued...)
?Inventories
?Net fixed assets
?Accounts payable and accruals
?Choose other items
?Debt (which determines interest)
?Dividends (which determines
retained earnings)
?Common stock
4 - 13
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Percent of Sales,Inputs
COGS/Sales 60% 60%
SGA/Sales 35% 35%
Cash/Sales 1% 1%
Acct,rec./Sales 12% 12%
Inv./Sales 12% 12%
Net FA/Sales 25% 25%
AP & accr./Sales 5% 5%
2001 2002
Actual Proj.
4 - 14
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Other Inputs
Percent growth in sales 25%
Growth factor in sales (g) 1.25
Interest rate on debt 8%
Tax rate 40%
Dividend payout rate 30%
4 - 15
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Income Statement
2001 Factor
2002
1st Pass
Sales $2,000 g=1.25 $2,500
Less,COGS Pct=60% 1,500
SGA Pct=35% 875
EBIT $125
Interest 16 16
EBT $109
Taxes (40%) 44
Net,income $65
Div,(30%) $19
Add,to RE $46
4 - 16
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Balance Sheet (Assets)
Forecasted assets are a percent of forecasted sales.
Factor
2002
1st Pass
Cas
h
Pct= 1% $25
Accts,rec,Pct=12% 300
Pct=12% 300
Total CA $625
Net FA Pct=25% 625
Total assets $1,250
2002 Sales = $2,500
Inventories
4 - 17
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 1st Pass Balance Sheet (Claims)
*From 1st pass income statement.
2001 Factor 1st Pass
AP/accruals Pct=5% $125
Notes payable 100 100
Total CL $225
L-T debt 100 100
Common stk,500 500
Ret,earnings 200 +46* 246
Total claims $1,071
20022002 Sales = $2,500
4 - 18
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
What are the additional funds
needed (AFN)?
?Forecasted total assets = $1,250
?Forecasted total claims = $1,071
?Forecast AFN = $ 179
NWC must have the assets to make
forecasted sales,The balance sheets
must balance,So,we must raise $179
externally.
4 - 19
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assumptions about How AFN Will
Be Raised
?No new common stock will be
issued.
?Any external funds needed will be
raised as debt,50% notes payable,
and 50% L-T debt.
4 - 20
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How will the AFN be financed?
Additional notes payable =
0.5 ($179) = $89.50 ? $90.
Additional L-T debt =
0.5 ($179) = $89.50 ? $89.
But this financing will add 0.08($179) =
$14.32 to interest expense,which will
lower NI and retained earnings.
4 - 21
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
1st Pass Feedback 2nd Pass
Sales $2,500
$2,500
Less,COGS 1,500
1,500
SGA 875 875
EBIT $ 125 $ 125
Interest 16 +14
30
EBT $ 109 $ 95
Taxes (40%) 44 38
Net income $ 65 $ 57
Div,(30%) $ 19 $ 17
2002 2nd Pass Income Statement
4 - 22
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 2nd Pass Balance Sheet (Assets)
1st Pass AFN 2nd Pass
Cash $25 $25
Accts,rec,300 300
Inventories 300 300
Total CA $625 $625
Net FA 625 625
Total assets $1,250 $1,250
No change in asset requirements.
4 - 23
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 2nd Pass Balance Sheet (Claims)
1st Pass Feedback 2nd Pass
AP/accruals $ 125 $ 125
Notes payable 100 +90
190
Total CL $ 225 $ 315
L-T debt 100 +89
189
Common stk,500 500
Ret,earnings 246 -6
240
Total claims $1,071 $1,244
4 - 24
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Forecasted assets = $1,250 (no change)
?Forecasted claims = $1,244 (higher)
?2nd pass AFN = $ 6 (short)
?Cumulative AFN = $179 + $6 = $185.
?The $6 shortfall came from the $6
reduction in retained earnings,
Additional passes could be made until
assets exactly equal claims,$6(0.08) =
$0.48 interest on 3rd pass.
Results After the Second Pass
4 - 25
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Equation method assumes a
constant profit margin.
?Pro forma method is more flexible,
More important,it allows different
items to grow at different rates.
Equation AFN = $181
vs,
Pro Forma AFN = $185.
Why are they different?
4 - 26
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Ratios After 2nd Pass
BEP 10.00% 10.00% 20.00% Poor
Profit Margin 2.52% 2.27% 4.00% Poor
ROE 7.20% 7.68% 15.60% Poor
DSO (days) 43.20 43.20 32.00 Poor
Inv,turnover 8.33x 8.33x 11.00x Poor
FA turnover 4.00x 4.00x 5.00x Poor
TA turnover 2.00x 2.00x 2.50x Poor
D/A ratio 30.00% 40.34% 36.00% Good
TIE 6.25x 4.12x 9.40x Poor
Current ratio 2.50x 1.99x 3.00x Poor
Payout ratio 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% OK
2001 2002(E) Industry Cond.
4 - 27
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Ratios after 2nd Pass (Continued)
NWC Ind,Cond.
Net oper,prof,margin after taxes 3.00% 5.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Sales)
Oper,capital requirement 45.00% 35.00% Poor
(Net oper,capital/Sales)
Return on invested capital 6.67% 14.00% Poor
(NOPAT/Net oper,capital)
Note,These are the same as in 2001 (see slide 14-7),
because there have been no improvements in operations
(i.e.,all percent of sales items have same percentages in
2001 and 2002),Also,there are no differences between 1st
pass and 2nd pass because changes in financing do not
affect measures of operating performance.
4 - 28
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
What is the forecasted free cash flow
for 2002?
Net operating WC $400 $500
(CA - AP & accruals)
Total operating capital $900 $1,125
(Net op,WC + net FA)
NOPAT $60 $75
(EBITx(1-T))
Less Inv,in op,capital $225
Free cash flow -$150
2001 2002(E)
4 - 29
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Suppose in 2001 fixed assets had been
operated at only 75% of capacity.
With the existing fixed assets,sales
could be $2,667,Since sales are
forecasted at only $2,500,no new
fixed assets are needed.
Capacity sales = Actual sales% of capacity
= = $2,667.$2,0000.75
4 - 30
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would the excess capacity
situation affect the 2002 AFN?
?The projected increase in fixed assets
was $125,the AFN would decrease by
$125.
?Since no new fixed assets will be
needed,AFN will fall by $125,to
$179 - $125 = $54.
4 - 31
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Q,If sales went up to $3,000,
not $2,500,what would the
F.A,requirement be?
A,Target ratio = FA/Capacity sales
= $500/$2,667 = 18.75%.
Have enough F.A,for sales up to
$2,667,but need F.A,for another
$333 of sales:
?FA = 0.1875($333) = $62.4.
4 - 32
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would excess capacity affect the
forecasted ratios?
1,Sales wouldn’t change but assets
would be lower,so turnovers would
be better.
2,Less new debt,hence lower interest,
so higher profits,EPS,ROE (when
financing feedbacks considered).
3,Debt ratio,TIE would improve.
4 - 33
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
2002 Forecasted Ratios,S02 = $2,500
% of 2001 Capacity
100% 75% Industry
BEP 10.00% 11.11% 20.00%
Profit Margin 2.27% 2.51% 4.00%
ROE 7.68% 8.44% 15.60%
DSO (days) 43.20 43.20 32.00
Inv,turnover 8.33x 8.33x 11.00x
F.A,turnover 4.00x 5.00x 5.00x
T.A,turnover 2.00x 2.22x 2.50x
D/A ratio 40.34% 33.71% 36.00%
TIE 4.12x 6.15x 9.40x
Current ratio 1.99x 2.48x 3.00x
4 - 34
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How is NWC performing with regard to
its receivables and inventories?
?DSO is higher than the industry
average,and inventory turnover is
lower than the industry average.
?Improvements here would lower
current assets,reduce capital
requirements,and further improve
profitability and other ratios.
4 - 35
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Improvements in Working Capital
Management
DSO (days) 43.20 32.00
Accts,rec./Sales 12.00% 8.89%
Inventory turnover 8.33x 11.00x
Inventory/Sales 12.00% 9.09%
Before After
4 - 36
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Impact of Improvements in Working
Capital Management
Free cash flow (1999) -$150.0 $0.5
ROIC (NOPAT/Capital) 6.7% 7.7%
ROE 7.7% 8.59%
Before After
4 - 37
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales0
1,100
1,000
2,000 2,500
Declining A/S Ratio
$1,000/$2,000 = 0.5; $1,100/$2,500 = 0.44,Declining
ratio shows economies of scale,Going from S = $0
to S = $2,000 requires $1,000 of assets,Next $500 of
sales requires only $100 of assets.
Base
Stock?
4 - 38
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Assets
Sales1,000 2,000500
A/S changes if assets are lumpy,Generally will have
excess capacity,but eventually a small ?S leads to a
large ?A.
500
1,000
1,500
4 - 39
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Summary,How different factors affect
the AFN forecast.
?Excess capacity:
?Existence lowers AFN.
?Base stocks of assets,
?Leads to less-than-proportional asset
increases.
?Economies of scale:
?Also leads to less-than-proportional asset
increases.
?Lumpy assets:
?Leads to large periodic AFN requirements,
recurring excess capacity.
4 - 40
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Regression Analysis for Asset
Forecasting
?Get historical data on a good
company,then fit a regression line
to see how much a given sales
increase will require in way of asset
increase.
4 - 41
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Example of Regression
Constant ratio overestimates inventory required
to go from S1 = $2,000 to S2 = $2,500.
For a Well-Managed Co.
Year Sales Inv.
1999 $1,280 $118
2000 1,600 138
2001 2,000 162
2002E 2,500E 192E
Inventory
Sales
(000)1.28 1.6 2.0 2.5
Regression
line
Constant
ratio forecast
4 - 42
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Regression with 10B for Our Example
?Same as finding beta coefficients.
?Clear all
1280 Input 118??
1600 Input 138??
2000 Input 162??
0 y,m 40.0 = Inventory at sales = 0.
SWAP 0.0611 = Slope coefficient.
Inventory = 40.0 + 0.0611 Sales.
LEAVE CALCULATOR ALONE!
^
4 - 43
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
Equation is now in the calculator,Let’s
use it by inputting new sales of $2,500
and getting forecasted inventory:
2500 y,m 192.66.
The constant ratio forecast was inventory
= $300,so the regression forecast is
lower by $107,This would free up $107
for use elsewhere,which would improve
profitability and raise P0.
^
4 - 44
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
How would increases in these items
affect the AFN?
?Higher dividend payout ratio?
Increase AFN,Less retained
earnings.
?Higher profit margin?
Decrease AFN,Higher profits,more
retained earnings,
(More…)
4 - 45
Copyright ? 2002 by Harcourt,Inc,All rights reserved.
?Higher capital intensity ratio,A*/S0?
Increase AFN,Need more assets for
given sales increase.
?Pay suppliers in 60 days rather than
30 days?
Decrease AFN,Trade creditors
supply more capital,i.e.,L*/S0
increases.
