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2005-5-24 1
上
海
交
通
大
学
制
冷
研
究
所
陈
江
平
E
M
A
I
L
：
j
p
c
h
e
n
@
s
j
t
u
.
e
d
u
.
c
n
制
冷
原
理
与
装
置
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课程要求
? 重点掌握压缩式制冷的相关基础理论与
技术知识；了解其他制冷方式原理；
? 能够利用制冷原理分析和解释装置特性。
? 能够利用制冷基础图表（ lgp-h图）分析
装置和各零部件运行状态。
? 了解国内外研究热点和相关新技术发展。
预备知识： “传热学 ”“热力学 ”“流体力学 ”
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参考资料
1. 张祉佑. 制冷原理与设备. 北京：中国机械工业出版
社，1987
2. 吴业正. 制冷原理与设备. 西安：西安交通大学出版
社，1997
3. 现代冷冻与空调 : 原理.结构.安装.操作.保养.检
修 , 奥尔特豪斯(Althouse,AD)著 ; 彦启森译, 上海交
通大学出版社，2001。
4. JARN,日本空调制热制冷信息公司，www.jarn.co.jp
5. 《制冷技术》，上海市制冷学会
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? Danfoss, Carrier, Delphi,Air-International，
Fuch、上海良机和国家环保总局等分别提供了
素材， Danfoss公司特别提供了《制冷原理》训
练软件。
? 本教研组阙雄才教授和谷波教授提供了大量素材
? 参考了国内外诸多同行的讲议，特别是直接引用
了清华大学李先庭教授的部分内容
? 上海景格软件有限公司免费提供了汽车空调系统
教学软件
一并感谢：
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第一讲 绪言
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近百年来，空调和空调技术大大改变了人们的生活方式…
2
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?全球有二百万人从事制冷业。
?年销售额估计在2000 亿美元左右。
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ASHRAE Research In Your Home
717-RP Energy calculations
760-RP Filtration
577-RP Radiant barrier
662-RP Air pollution
690-RP Duct resistance
732-RP Duct testing
496-RP Moisture in walls
834-RP Food spoilage
713-RP Solar heat gain
875-RP Cooling loads
696-RP Hot water
systems
H2O
HEATER
A/C
SYSTEM
空调和制冷技术与人们生活息息相关…
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Engineering
Tomorrow’s
Quality of Life
空调能对炎热和潮
湿地区的社会发展
和经济繁荣做出贡
献，也能使创造适
宜的建筑物内部环
境成为可能，不管
是洁净室还是办公
楼，都能产生适宜
的温度和湿度。
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We spend 90 %
of our lives
indoors.
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对于食品来讲，制冷的作用是减少收获后的
损失，并且使易于变质的食品通过从生产到消费
的各个阶段的保存后，为消费者提供安全、卫生
的食品。据粗略统计，冷冻食品的年销售额为
12000 亿美元。当然制冷设备只是对保证食品增
值产生部分作用，不过值得强调的是：如果没有
制冷，大部分这些食品根本就不可能存在（如冷
冻食品、冰激凌等），也不能被安全地分销（如
冷藏食品等）。
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制冷技术已不单纯是一个技术问题…
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5
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KYOTO PROTOCOL
Sets Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Limits
Signed December 1997
Agreement Reached by
181 Countries
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我国制冷空调工业已成为支柱产业之一…
2003年占国民生产总值2％（中国冷协年鉴）
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二、世界制冷史
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1755: First known attempt at
vapor compression refrigeration is
made by William Cullen who
cooled water by drawing a
vacuum over it.
1844: Jacob Perkins builds the first
workable refrigeration system using
the vapor compression cycle.
1851: John Gorrie is
granted a patent to build
the first commercial
machine in the world
used for refrigeration
and air conditioning.
1856: James Harrison introduces vapor-
compression refrigeration to the brewing
and meat-packing industries.
1867: First patent granted for
the refrigerated railway car.
1902: Dr. Willis H. Carrier (“Father
of Air Conditioning”) builds the first
air conditioner to combat humidity
inside a printing company.
1908: The world's first successful sealed
vapor compression refrigeration system is
presented at the First International Congress
of Refrigeration. This accomplishment
revolutionized refrigeration because it
needed no additional refrigerant during its
operating life.
1910: Mechanical domestic
refrigeration first appears.
1920: The first air
conditioned movie theater
opens in Los Angeles,
California (Grauman's
Metropolitan Theatre).
1890: Refrigeration is
introduced as a method of
preserving bodies in the morg
1928: The first frozen
foodstuffs are processed.
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三、制冷的基本方法
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Refrigeration is “the process of removing heat from an enclosed space or
from a substance for the purpose of lowering the temperature” (Britannica).
Evaporation
Vapor absorption
Air cycle
Thermal electric
Mechanical vapor
compression
Types of Refrigeration
Why Study Vapor Compression
Refrigeration?
Mechanical vapor compression refrigeration is
the most commonly used cooling method of
refrigeration. It is used in our own domestic
refrigerators, as well as in air conditioning units
in homes and industries. Some of the
advantages of this method include: longer-
lasting effects, no danger of toxic leakage, and
fewer costs for producers and consumers. Due
to its many applications, this technology has a
great impact on human lives. We often take for
granted the luxuries that have been made
possible due to the vapor compression
refrigeration process.
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Types of Refrigeration
Mechanical
Vapor Compression
Air Cycle Thermal ElectricEvaporation Vapor Absorption
When a liquid is
readily vaporized,
the energy motion
of the molecules
increases. This
energy is drawn
from the
surroundings,
which are cool.
However, these
methods are not
long-lasting.
Ammonia is
pumped through a
cycle similar to the
vapor-compression
process. However,
this requires large
heat removal
systems and there is
a danger of
ammonia leakage.
Air is compressed
and cooled, then
expands through a
turbine. This
method is more
expensive then
other refrigeration
systems because
large amounts of air
must be circulated.
Example:
Most widely used in
refrigeration and
air-conditioning
units
“Limited to
specialized areas of
application”
(Comptons)
Example:
Aircraft
air-conditioning
systems
Example:
Perspiration
Example:
Large central
air-conditioning
units
A refrigerant is
re-circulated
through a
compressor, a
condenser, an
expansion valve,
and an evaporator.
The key concept:
low pressure = low
temperature.
Junctions are placed
in a series so that
heat is absorbed on
one side and
dissipated on the
other. This
technique is not as
effective because
the junctions must
be short to decrease
electrical resistance.
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“冷 ” 是怎样制出来的?
?drinking water
?porous ceramic pot
–water reaches the surface
?on roof of houses at night
–dry wind takes vapour
?evaporation on surface
?sometimes ice layer
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蒸发产”冷”
? Evaporation
? out of pot
? part of liquid is gone
? Heat transport
? high heat of evaporation
? good thermal contact
? effective cooling
? Continuous process, how ?
?
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蒸发产 ”冷 ”（ 2）
0
50
100
150
200
Heating time
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e i
n
°
C
liquid
2 phase
vapour
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实现连续循环的条件
热力学第一定律：能量守衡定律
热力学第二定律：热量只能自发地从高温
物体传向低温物体，从低温物体汲取能
量必须付出代价（功、能量）。
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产生“冷”量必须付出代价
高温热源
（环境介质）T
a
制冷机
低温热源
（被冷却对象）T
c
Q
k
Q
c
W/Q
g
驱动热源T
g
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例：空调的实现
实现制冷的不同方式：压缩式制冷
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实现制冷的不同方式：吸附式制冷
利用固体吸附剂对
制冷剂的吸附量随
温度的变化规律，
周期性地吸附解吸
实用制冷
驱动力：太阳能，
余热
工质对：沸石-水，
活性碳-甲醇，氯化
钙-氨
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实现制冷的不同方式：吸收式制
冷：氨-水
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实现制冷的不同方式：吸收式制
冷：溴化锂-水
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实现制冷的不同方式：吸收式制
冷：热电制冷
