简明英语语法：grammar

English
Grammar
第一讲 名词
? 1.1名词的分类
? 名词可以分为专有名词（ Proper Nouns）和普通名词
(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构
等专有的名称，如 Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东
西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如,book,sadness等。普通名
词又可分为下面四类,
1）个体名词（ Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西
中的个体，如,gun。
2）集体名词（ Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成
的集合体，如,family。
3）物质名词（ Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的
实物，如,air。
4）抽象名词（ Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品
质、感情等抽象概念，如,work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词
（ Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数
目计算，称为不可数名词（ Uncountable Nouns）。
归纳表格如下
? | |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词 |
| | | 抽象名词 | |
1.2名词复数的规则变化 (P5)
?
___________________________________________________
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
__________________________________________________
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读 /s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags
读 /z/; car-cars ___________________________________________________
以 s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以 ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________
以 辅音字母 +y 变 y 为 i
结尾的词 再加 es 读 /z/ baby---babies
?) 以 y 1结尾的专有名词，或元音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时,
直接加 s变复数,
如,two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较,层楼,storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以 o 结尾的名词，变复数时,
a,加 s，如,photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b,加 es，如,potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c,均可，如,zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以 f或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时,
a,加 s，如,belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b,去 f,fe 加 ves，如,half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c,均可,如,handkerchief,
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
? 1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和 -women。
如,an Englishman,two Englishmen,但 German不是合成词，故复数形式为
Germans； Bowman是姓，其复数是 the Bowmans。
?
2）单复同形 如,
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如,
a dollar,two dollars; a meter,two meters
?
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
如,staff people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a staff a
people,a police,a cattle，但可以说
a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the
French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复
数用。
如,The Chinese are industries and brave,中国人民是勤劳勇敢的 。
不规则变化
? 4）以 s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如,
a,maths,politics,physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单
数。
b,news 是不可数名词。
c,the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945,联合国是
1945年组建起来的。
d,以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book,
<<一千零一夜 >>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如,glasses (眼镜 ) trousers,
clothes
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双 ); suit(套 ); a
pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：
goods货物,waters水域,fishes（各种）鱼
1.3不可数名词量的变化
? 物质名词
a,当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较,Cake is a kind of food,蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数 )
These cakes are sweet,这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数 )
b,当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
This factory produces steel,(不可数 )
We need various steels,(可数 )
c,当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our country is famous for tea,
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas,please,
请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如,
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一条建议
1.4复合名词的复数形式 (P9)略
1.5 名词作定语
? 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如,sports meeting 运动会
students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰
的名词的单复数而定。
如,men workers women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有 s结尾的名词，作定语时,s保留。
如,goods train (货车 )
arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词 +名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如,two-dozen eggs 两打 /（二十四个鸡蛋 )
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan 一个五年计划
1.6名词的格
? 在英语中有些名词可以加 ?s来表示所有或所属关系，带这种词尾
的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如,a teacher?s book。名
词所有格的规则如下：（修饰有生命的名词用 ?s，无生命的一般
用 of结构）
? 1） 单数名词词尾加 ?s，复数名词词尾没有 s，也要加 ‘ s，如
the boy?s bag 男孩的书包,men?s room 男厕所。
? 专有名词 s结尾（一般应加 ?s） Charles?s job
2） 若名词已有复数词尾 -s,只加 ’ s，如,the workers'
struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加 "'s"的名词，都可以用 "名词 +of +名词 "的结
构来表示所有关系，如,the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后
面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如,the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's，则表示 "分别有 "；只
有一个 's，则表示 '共有 '。
如,John's and Mary's room（两间） John
and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如,a month or two's absence
双重所有格（ of+’s的两种结合）
? P11-13 (textbook)
? 做练习
? 作业
列出有关名词一讲疑惑不解或易错的５－
１０个难点,
第二讲 冠词和数词
? 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词
的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（ the Definite Article），另一种
是不定冠词（ the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（ Zero Article）。
? ２,1不定冠词的用法
不定冠词 a (an)与数词 one 同源，是 "一个 "的意思。 a用于辅音音素前，一般
读作 [e]，而 an则用于元音音素前，一般读做 [en]。
1) 表示 "一个 "，意为 one；指某人或某物，意为 a certain。
A Mr,Ling is waiting for you,
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with,
Mr,Smith is an engineer,
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many /
many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a
short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye
on / all of a sudden
2.2定冠词的用法
? 定冠词 the与指示代词 this,that同源，有 "那（这）个 "的意思，但
较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物,
Take the medicine,把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事,
He bought a house,I've been to the house,
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物,
the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如,the dollar 美元 ;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人,the rich 富
人 ; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词 only,very,same等前面,
Where do you live? I live on the second floor,你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for,那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体,
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师 )
They are teachers of this school,(指部分教师 )
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前,
She caught me by the arm.,她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前,
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前,She plays the piano,她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人,
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇 )
11) 用在惯用语中,
in the day,in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday,the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,
in the middle (of),in the end,
on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
2.3零冠词
? 1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词,England,Mary；
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用
定冠词；
They are teachers,他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
Failure is the mother of success,失败乃成
功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表
示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water,人离开水就
无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日,假日、日期、星期等表
示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday,
我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General
Lee,
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如,
have breakfast,play chess
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；
I can?t write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字,
9）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时,
中间无冠词； by bus,by train；
10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如,
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,
town,church,court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层
含义（某种行为）；
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的 )
11)不用冠词的序数词；
a,序数词前有物主代词
b,序数词作副词 He came first in the race,
c,在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last
(p21-22)
2.4冠词与形容词 +名词结构
? 1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat,
他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers,
这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat,他
养了一只花猫。
2.5冠词位置
? 1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意,
a,位于下列形容词之后,such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal,
Many a man is fit for the job,
b,当名词前的形容词被副词 as,so,too,how,however,
enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后,
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent,
So short a time,
Too long a distance,
?
c,quite,rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当 rather,quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：
quite a lot
d,在 as,though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容
词修饰的名词时不定冠词放形容词后,
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the
sight of snakes,
他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级
形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在 all,both,
double,half,twice,three times等词之后，名词之前。
All the students in the class went out,
班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6数词 (P69-77)
?
? 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数
目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
? 一、基数词
1）基数词写法和读法,345 three hundred and forty-five；
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数,
a,与 of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如 scores of
people 指许多人；
b,在一些表示 "一排 "或 "一组 "的词组里；
如,They arrived in twos and threes,他们三三两两的到达了。
c,表示 "几十岁 "；
d,表示 "年代 "，用 in +the +数词复数；
e,在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如,3 x 5 = 15
Three fives is (are) fifteen,
? 数词总结,
? 1。基数词和序数词的形式。（复合数字 307586610）
? 大概数目（ hundreds of people,millions of birds ） dozen,score
用法相同。 （ 十二个鸡蛋；六打；八十；好几十个人；成打的鸡蛋）
? 2。第五，第九，第十二，第十九 （ CharlesV)
? 3。 一些习惯用法,1)年份，公元前, 公元（ A.D.一般置于年份前）
? 2)日期 3）加、减、乘、除、面积 4）时刻 5）电话号码，分机（ ）
? 6） 温度 7）倍数，分数，小数，百分数
? 8）编号,line7 Room(NO.) 131 Bus 208 Apartment402
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式,first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st
三,数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a,主语 +谓语 +倍数（或分数） + as + adj,+ as
I have three times as many as you,我有你三倍那么多。
b,主语 +谓语 +倍数（分数） + the size (amount,length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon,地球是月球的 49倍。
c,主语 +谓语 +倍数（分数） + 形容词（副词）比较级 + than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year,
今年比去年粮食产量增加 8%。
d,还可以用 by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year,
今年粮食产量增加了 4倍。
2）分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于 1时，分子的序数词用单数,
分母序数词用复数,1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths
第二讲练习和作业
? 练习册 (P10-15; P23-26)
? 作业：复习并下列区别限定词并各写出一
个句子,
? (1) both,neither,either
? (2)no one; nobody
? (3) every; everybody; everyone;
everything;
第三讲 代词
3.1人称代词分类
? 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语
中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、
指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
一、人称代词是表示,我,,“你,,“他,,“她,,“它,,
我们 ","你们 ","他们 "的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变下表,
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
he him they them
第三人称 she her they them
it it they them
如,He is my friend,他是我的朋友。
It's me,是我。
二,物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。
物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数
的变化见下表。
数 单数 复数
人称 第一 第二 第三 第一 第二 第三
人称 人称 人称 人称 人称 人称
形容词性 my your his/her its our your/their
物主代词
名词性 mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs
物主代词
如,I like his car,
我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here,and theirs is there,
我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。
三,指示代词表示,那个,,“这个,,“这些,,“那些,等指示概念的代词。
指示代词有 this,that,these,those等。
如,That is a good idea,那是个好主意。
四,表示,我自己,,“你自己,,“他自己,,“我们自己,,“你们自己
”和,他们自己,等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为,反身代词,。
如,She was talking to herself,她自言自语。
? 五,表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有 each other 和 one
another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。
如,They love each other,他们彼此相爱。
六,不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代
词有 a11,both,each,every等，以及含有 some-,any-,no-
等的合成代词，如 anybody,something,no one。这些不定代
词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,
但 none和由 some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾
语或表语； every和 no只能作定语。如,
--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗？
--- Yes,I have one,--是的，我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them,他们，我一个也不认识。
七,疑问代词有 who,whom,whose,what和 which等。在
句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性
从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）
如,Tell me who he is,告诉我他是谁。
八,关系代词有 who,whom,whose,that,which,as等，
可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、
定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代
词（通称为先行词）。
如,He is the man whom you have been looking for,
他就是你要找的那个人。
3.2人称代词的用法 (P28-31)
? Let?s与 let us 有时有异义,Let?s多用来表劝告或
建议，包括自己与对方在内,
Let?s go,shall we?
Let?s start at once,
? 在不包括对方的情况下，须用 Let us
Please let us know the time of your
arrival,
Please let us buy you a drink,
3.3并列人称代词的排列顺序
? 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为,
第二人称 － > 第三人称 － > 第一人称
you － > he/she; it -> I
You,he and I should return on time,
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为,
第一人称 － > 第二人称 － > 第三人称
we － > you － > They
注意,在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a,在承认错误，承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry,
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b,在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称,如,I
and you try to finish it,
c,并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
d,当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.4物主代词 (P32-34)
? 形容词性
? 名词性
3.5双重所有格
? 物主代词不可与 a,an,this,that,these,
those,some,any,several,no,each,
every,such,another,which等词一起前置，
修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为,
a,an,this,that +名词 +of +名词性物主代
词。如,
a friend of mine,
each brother of his,
3.6反身代词
? 1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2）做宾语
a,有些动词需有反身代词
absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,
introduce,behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night,我们昨晚玩得很
开心。
Please help yourself to some fish,请你随便吃点鱼。
b,用于及物动词 +宾语 +介词
take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth,
I could not dress (myself) up at that time,那个时候我不能打
扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up,sit-down,stand up,wake
up等。
Please sit down,请坐。
? 3） 作表语； 同位语
be oneself,I am not myself today,我今天不
舒服。
The thing itself is not important,事情本身并
不重要。
4） 在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用
反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如,
No one but myself (me) is hurt,
注意,
a,反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错 ) Myself drove the car,
(对 ) I myself drove the car,我自己开车。
b,但在 and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用
反身代词，特别是 myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it,
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself,你应为自己感
到骄傲 。
? 习惯用法 (P35-37)textbook
? among themselves
? between ourselves
? by oneself
? for oneself
? in oneself
? (not) be oneself
? to oneself
3.7相互代词
? one another & each other
(p37-38)
3.8指示代词和疑问代词
１．指示代词 (such; so; same)的用法
P40-48
２．疑问代词 P48-51
3.9关系代词
? 1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同
时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如,The girl to
whom I spoke is my cousin,跟我讲话的姑娘
是我表妹。（该句中 whom既代表先行词 the girl，
又在从句中作介词 to的宾语。）
2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人
与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可
指物，见表,
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of
which/whose
? 例如,
This is the pencil whose point is broken,
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语 )
He came back for the book which he had
forgotten,他回来取他丢下的书。
（ which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
3） 关系代词 which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如,
He said he saw me there,which was a lie,
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明,关系代词 that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如,
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew,
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed,He's not the man he was,
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
3.10不定代词
? every,no,all,both,neither,nor
1）不定代词有
all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,
little,few,much,many,another,other,some,
any,one,no 以及 some,something,anything,
everything,somebody,someone,anybody,
anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,
everybody,everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a,除 every 和 no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可
用作形容词。 every和 no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it,
? b,all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致,all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数
决定。
All goes well,一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而
说 the whole book。
但 all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day,all night，
all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China,all
the city,all my life,all the way
3) both 都，指两者。
a,both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and… 可与单数名词连用。
b,both,all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前,be 动词之后。
如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词
之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can,
,
? 4) neither 两者都不
a,neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b,作定语与单数名词连用，但 neither…
nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓
语采用就近原则。
c,可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can't sing,neither (can) he,
? neither 与 nor
d,如前句是否定式从句，则主句用 neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I,如果你不
干，我也不干。
e,如后连续有几个否定句式，则用 nor，不用 neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate,
? none,few,some,any,one,ones
一,none 无
1) none作主语，多与 of 构成短语 none of。 在
答语中,none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None,
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表
语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business,
二,few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
? 三,some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做 "某一 "解时，也可与单数名词连用。（ = a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day,
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break
the rule,
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意,
(1)在肯定疑问句中用 some代替 any。
(2)some用于其他句式中,
a,肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，
或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如,
Would you like some coffee?
b,在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如,
If you need some help,let me know,
c,some位于主语部分,
Some students haven't been there before
? d,当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如,
I haven't heard from some of my old
friends these years,
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四,any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels,You may read any,这
有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五,one,ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，
则用 some,any，而不
用 ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've
bought some,
? 代词比较辩异 one,that 和 it
one表示泛指,that和 it 表示特指。 that与所指名词
为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat,I think I must buy one,
(不定 )
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I
bought,(同类但不同个 )
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat,I don' t know where I
put it,( 同一物 )
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
? one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用 another。
2) 一定范围内两人 (物 )，一个用 one，另一个用 the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用 one，另一个用 one
(another)，第三个可用 the other,a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人 /物，剩余的全部用 the
others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用 others当在一定范围内，除去一部
分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用 others。
?both,either,neither,all,
any,none
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在 be 动词之后，
行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都 ),either(两者中任何一个 ),neither
(两者都不 )。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever,两个男孩都不
聪明。
2) both,either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。
Both the boys are clever,两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever,两个男孩都很聪明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street,
(两岸 )
? There are flowers on either side of the street,
(岸的两边 )
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物 ),any (任何一个 ),
none (都不 )。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All the flowers are gone,所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers,这些花我都不喜
欢。
I like none of the flowers,这些花我都不喜欢。
注意,all与 none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；
跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of the students are there,
所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there,
所有的牛奶都在那。
few,little,a few,a little
?
(a) few + 可数名词,(a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends,他有几个朋友。
He has few friends,他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time,我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题,
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes,
A,little B,few C,a little D,a few
答案,A,spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用 little或 a
little,本句为 although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否
定含义，因此应用 little表示几乎不。
? 固定搭配,
only a few (=few) not a few
(=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold,
Many a book was sold,
卖出了许多书。
第四讲 动词的时态
? 概念（时间与时态）
? 时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示
句中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。（十一种） P79表格
? 1 一般现在时的用法
?
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语,every…,sometimes,at…,on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning,
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun,
Shanghai lies in the east of China,
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall,骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一
般现在时。
例,Columbus proved that the earth is round.,
? 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much,
Ann Wang writes good English but
does not speak well,
比较,Now I put the sugar in the cup,
I am doing my homework now,
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指
导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如,Now watch me,I switch on the
current and stand back,第二句中的 now
是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观
状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
现在进行时
4.2.1现在进行时的基本用法,
a,表示现在 ( 指说话人说话时 ) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you,
b,习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr,Green is writing another novel,
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。 )
She is learning piano under Mr,Smith,
c,表示渐变的动词有,get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。
The leaves are turning red,
It's getting warmer and warmer,
d,与 always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持
续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind,
典型例题
My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but
still___ it,
A,has lost,don?t find B,is missing,don?t find C,has lost,
haven?t found D,is missing,haven?t found,
答案 D,前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍
然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
? 2.不用进行时的动词
? 1) 事实状态的动词
have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,
matter,weigh,measure,continue
I have two brothers,
This house belongs to my sister,
2) 心理状态的动词
Know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,
agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,
mean,understand,love,hate
I need your help,
He loves her very much,
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,
refuse,
I accept your advice,
4) 系动词
seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,
become,turn
You seem a little tired,
4.3一般过去时
? 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有,yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,
in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2） 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child,I often played football in the street,
Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were
given a warm welcome,
3） 句型,
It is time for sb,to do sth "到 …… 时间了 " "该 …… 了 "
It is time sb,did sth,"时间已迟了 " "早该 …… 了 "
It is time for you to go to bed,你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed,你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb,did sth,表示 '宁愿某人做某事 '
I'd rather you came tomorrow,
4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建
议等。
I thought you might have some,我以为你想要一些。
? 比较,
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life,
(含义：她已不在人间。 )
Christine has been an invalid all her life,
(含义：她现在还活着 )
Mrs,Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years,
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。 )
Mrs,Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years,
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去 )
注意,用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me,
2） 情态动词 could,would,
Could you lend me your bike?
4.4过去进行时（ P108 略）
4.5现在完成时
1现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。
动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或
状态。其构成,have (has) +过去分词。
? (2)用于现在完成时的句型
?
1） It is the first / second time…, that… 结构中的从句部分，用现在完
成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city,
It was the third time that the boy had been late,
2） This is the… that… 结构,that 从句要用现在完成时,
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen,
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing,这是我第一次
听他唱歌。
? 典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No,this is the first time I ___ here,
A,was B,have been C,came D,am coming
答案 B,This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。
? 2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No,it's the first time I ___ here,
A,even,come B,even,have come C,
ever,come D,ever,have come
答案 D,ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为
never,此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest
fish I have ever seen,It is / was the first time
+that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时
间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错） I have received his letter for a month,
（ 对） I haven't received his letter for almost a
month,
? 3比较过去时与现在完成时
? 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；
现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影
响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时
间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语,
yesterday,last week,…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具
体的时间状语
共同的时间状语,
this morning,tonight,this April,now,once,before,already,
recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till / until,up to now,
in past years,always,
不确定的时间状语
? 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，
如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know,
过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come,go,leave,start,die,finish,
become,get married等。
举例,
I saw this film yesterday,
（ 强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film,
（ 强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（ 强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn‘t handed in his paper?
（ 强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris,
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday,
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years,
(在团内的状态可延续 )
He has been a League member for three years,
(是团员的状态可持续 )
? He joined the League three years ago,
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。 )
I have finished my homework now,
---Will somebody go and get Dr,
White?
---He's already been sent for,
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如
yesterday,last,week,in 1960） 时，不能
使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错） Tom has written a letter to his
parents last night,
（ 对） Tom wrote a letter to his
parents last night,
? 4比较 since和 for
?
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间
长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years,
I have lived here since I was born.,
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949,
Some new oilfields have been opened up since
1976,
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl,
My brother has been in the Youth League for
two years,
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time,
注意：并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years,
(我现在已不在这里工作。 )
I have worked here for many years,
(现在我仍在这里工作。 )
? 小窍门,当现在完成时 +一段时间，这一结
构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排
除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对 ) Tom has studied Russian
for three years,
= Tom began to study Russian
three years ago,and is still studying it
now,
2) (错 ) Harry has got married for
six years,
= Harry began to get married six
years ago,and is still getting married
now,
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got
married six years ago,或 Harry has
been married for six years,
5.延续动词与瞬间动词
? 1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不
能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work,他已完成了那项工
作。 (表结果 )
I?ve known him since then,我从那时起就认识
他了。 (表经历 )
2) 用于 till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示, 做 …… 直到 ……, 瞬间动词
用于否定句，表示, 到 ……,才 ……,
He didn?t come back until ten o?clock,
他到 10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o?clock,
他一直睡到 10点。
?
4.5 将来一般时
? 1.用法
? 1) shall用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first,
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a,主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b,计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c,有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm,
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday,
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing,
注意,be about to 不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的
时间状语连用。
?
? 2.be going to / will
? 用于条件句时,be going to 表将来
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey,you'd
better get ready for it as soon as possible,
Now if you will take off your clothes,we
will fit the new clothes on you in front of the
mirror,
? 3.be to和 be going to
? be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon,
(客观安排 )
I‘m going to play football tomorrow
afternoon,(主观安排 )
4.6过去完成时
? 过去完成时
? 1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是 had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a,在 told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris,
b,状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发
生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived,the thieves had run away,
c,表示意向的动词，如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,
suppose等，用过去完成时表示 "原本 …，未能 …"
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't,
? 3) 过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,
once,as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before,
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to
make a living by himself,
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had
left when he arrived at the party,
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to
get a book she ___ in the office,
A,had written,left B,were writing,has left C,had
written,had left D,were writing,had left
答案 D,"把书忘在办公室 "发生在 "去取书 "这一过去的动作之前，因
此 "忘了书 "这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中 when表
示的是时间的一点，表示在 "同学们正忙于 …… "这一背景下,when所
引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意,had no … when 还没等 …… 就 ……
had no sooner… than 刚 …… 就 ……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it,
? 4.7时态一致
? 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
At that time,people did not know that the earth moves,
He told me last week that he is eighteen,
2) 宾语从句中的助动词 ought,need,must,dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth,
? 4.8 时态与时间状语
时间状语
一般现在时 every …,sometimes,at …,on Sunday,
一般过去时 yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,
in 1982,just now
一般将来时 next…,tomorrow,in+时间,
现在完成时 for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,
up to now,in past years,always,recently
过去完成时 before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as
过去进行时 this morning,the whole morning,all day,
yesterday,from nine to ten last evening… when,while
将来进行时 soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,
by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening
第五讲 动词语态
? 动词的语态
? 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态； The cat caught the mouse,
主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 The mouse was caught by the
mouse
被动语态构成形式：用于常用的七种时态。（ p114-116)
1） 若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前
要加 "to"。 此类动词为感官动词。
feel,hear,help,listen to,look at,make,observe,see,notice,
watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom,
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher),
We saw him play football on the playground,
--> He was seen to play football on the playground,
2） 情态动词 + be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and
industry,
? 3.表示 "据说 "或 "相信 " 的词组
? believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,
say,see,suppose,think,understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on
Tuesday,
4.be supposed to
? 1,be said to 据说
? He is supposed to have stolen $1,000,
? 2,计划，安排
? The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30,but it was 40
minutes late,
? 3,be not supposed to 表示不允许等
? You’re not supposed to park here,
5,动词 get代替 be
There was a fight at the pub,but fortunately nobody got
hurt,
Did any of these houses get damaged in the storm last
night?
第六讲 情态动词
? 6.1 情态动词的语法特征
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的
事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能
接不带 to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动
词第三人称单数不加 -s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，
分词，等形式
? 6.2 比较 can 和 be able to
? 1） can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用
could),
只用于现在式和过去式 (could)。 be able to可
以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news
soon,他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用 be able to
a,位于助动词后。
b,情态动词后。
c,表示过去某时刻动作时。
d,用于句首表示条件。
e,表示成功地做了某事时，只能用 was/were
able to,不能用 could
?
He was able to flee Europe before the war
broke out,
= He managed to flee Europe before the
war broke out,
注意,could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用
could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes,you can,/ No,you can't,
2） 在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man,
他不大可能是坏人。
? P124
be able to 表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。
The first spread through the building very quickly,but luckily
everyone was able to escape,
大火在楼里蔓延，幸好大家都及时撤离了。（在此不能用 could ）
They didn?t want to come with us at first,but in the end we
were able to persuade them,
起初他们不想与我们一起来，但是最后我们还是说服了他们。（在此不
能用 could）
6.3 比较 may和 might
? ） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测； may 放在句首，表示祝
愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home,
注意,might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比 may 小。
2） 成语,may/might as well,后面接不带 to 的不定式，意为 "
不妨 "。
If that is the case,we may as well try,
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight,but he isn't very sure yet,
A,must B,may C,can D,will
答案 B,表可能性只能用 may,此句意可从后半句推出。
6.4 比较 have to和 must
? 1) 两词都是 '必须 '的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表
示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill,so I had to call the doctor in
the middle of the night,我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把
医生请来。 (客观上需要做这件事 )
He said that they must work hard,他说他们必须努力工作。
（主观上要做这件事）
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而 must只有一种形式。但
must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday,
? 3） 在否定结构中,don?t have to 表示, 不必,
mustn?t 表示, 禁止,,
You don?t have to tell him about it,你不一定要把此事
告诉他。
You mustn?t tell him about it,你一定不要把这件
事告诉他。
6.5 must表示推测
? 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为 "一定 "。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后
面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired,你
辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office,他一定在办公室工作
呢。
比较,
He must be staying there,
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there,
他必须呆在那。
? 3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone,I must have been asleep,我
刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不
定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well,I must have been sleeping,so I didn't hear it,
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock,he can't
be home yet,如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
6.6 表示推测的用法
? can,could,may,might,must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下,
1）情态动词 +动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is,she may be in Wuhan,
2） 情态动词 +动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment,our teacher must be correcting our exam
papers,
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词 +动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next
December,
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet,It must have rained last night,
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
? 4）情态动词 +动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you,
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用 can't,couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car,for he came to work by
bus this morning,
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班
的。
注意,could,might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如
can,may。
6.7 情态动词 + have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth,can (could) have + done sth 表
示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car
accident,
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car
accident,
2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，
语气较强，具有 "肯定 ","谅必 "的意思。
---Linda has gone to work,but her bicycle is still here,
---She must have gone by bus,
3) ought to have done sth,should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示 "不该做某事而
做了 "。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this
experiment,
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（ 事实
上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比 should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip,but I needn't have
done so,The weather was hot,
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article,but I was very
busy,
6.8 should 和 ought to
should 和 ought to 都为 "应该 "的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes,I think he ought to,
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（ 应该）,had better最
好）,must（ 必须）渐强。
6.9 had better表示 "最好 "
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原
形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold,You'd better put on my coat,
She'd better not play with the dog,
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为 "本来
最好 "。
You had better have come earlier
,
6.10 would rather表示 "宁愿 "
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿 ……而不愿。
还有 would sooner,had rather,had sooner都表示 "宁愿 ","宁可 "的意
思。
If I have a choice,I had sooner not continue my studies at this
school,
I would rather stay here than go home,= I would stay here
rather than go home,
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A,do you rather B,would you rather C,will you rather D,
should you rather
答案 B。 本题考查情态动词 rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为 "宁
愿 "，本题为疑问句,would 提前，所以选 B
6.11 will和 would
注意,
1） would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭
配。
Would you like to go with me?
2） Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，
疑问句中一般用 some,而不是 any。
Would you like some cake?
3） 否定结构中用 will,一般不用 would,won't you是一种委婉语
气。
Won't you sit down?
6.12 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes,I must,No,I needn't
Must you…? /don't have to,
典型例题
1） ---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes,of course,you____,
A,might B,will C,can D,should
答案 C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中 of course，
表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用 can和 may来表达，不能用
could或 might。 复习,will 与 you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。
should与 you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2） ---Shall I tell John about it?
---No,you ___,I've told him already,
A,needn't B,wouldn't C,mustn't D,shouldn't
答案 A。 needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不,不会的。 mustn't 禁
止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应
用 needn't。
3） ---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow,
---______,
A,I don't B,I won't C,I can't D,I haven't
答案 B,will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实
义动词表 "意愿、意志、决心 "，本题表示决心，选 B。
6.13 带 to 的情态动词
带 to 的情态动词有四个,ought to,have to,used to,be to,如加上 have
got to,(=must),be able to,为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注
意,
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen,
You ought not to have told her all about it,
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，
否定时，须有 do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret,but he meant no harm,
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D,having told
答案 A。 由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用
过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。
6.14 比较 need和 dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都
只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不
定式必须带 to,而 dare作实义动词用时,后面的 to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词,need （ 需要,要求）
need + n,/ to do sth
2) 情态动词,need,只用原形 need后加 do,否定形式为 need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes,I must,/ No,I needn't,
3) need 的被动含义,need,want,require,worth（ 形容词）后
面接 doing也可以表示被动,
need doing = need to be done
第七讲 非限定动词
? 非限定动词 P142/非谓语动词
? 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分
为三种形式,不定式，动名词，和分词 (分词包括现在分词和过去分词 )。
1）不定式
时态 \语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2） 动名词
时态 \语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3） 分词
时态 \语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式,not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词
7.1分词 （现在分词和过去分词）
? 1,分词作定语
分词前置
We can see the rising sun,我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker,他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i分词词组； ii 个别分词如 given,left； iii 修饰不定代词
something等 )
There was a girl sitting there,有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given,这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting,没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists,
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa,
? 典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign
language came out in the 16th century,
A,have written B,to be written C,being written D,written
答案 D,书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从
句 which is written
2） What's the language ____ in Germany?
A,speaking B,spoken C,be spoken D,to speak
答案 B,主语 language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词 speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语 language,
spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为,
What's the language (which is) spoken in German
2 分词作状语
? As I didn't receive any letter from him,I gave him a call,
-> Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call,
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better,
-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better,
假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
1） _____ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army,
A,Followed B,Followed by C,Being followed D,Having been followed
答案 B,Napoleon 与 follow 之间有被动的含义。 being followed除表达被动之外，
还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（ 被 …跟随）。本题可改为,
With some officials following,Napoleon inspected his army,
2） There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light,
A,followed B,following C,to be followed D,being followed
答案 B,由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。
用现在分词。
? 3） _______,liquids can be changed into gases,
A,Heating B,To be heated C,Heated D,Heat
答案 C,本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去
分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因
而选 C。 它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated,…
注意,选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作
是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
(Being ) used for a long time,the book looks old,
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book,I find it useful,
在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
? 3 连词 +分词 (短语 )
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有,
when,while,if though,after,before,as,但 分词的主语和主句的主
语 必须为同一个，如,
While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the
building,
waiting 和 saw 的主语相同。
4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如,
I found my car missing,我发现我的车不见了。
I?ll have my watch repaired,我想把我的手表修
一下。
? 5分词作表语
? 现在分词,表示主动，正在进行
过去分词,表示被动，已经完成
She looked tired with cooking,她
由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the
table,他依然站在桌旁。
? 6 分词作插入语
?
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从 … 判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
Judging from his face,he must be ill,从他的脸色看，
他一定是病了。
Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs,总的
来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是 dogs 的动作 )
? 7 分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时,
Hearing the news,he jumped with joy,听到这一消息，他高兴得手
舞足蹈。
Arriving there,they found the boy dead,刚一到那儿，他们就发现
那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night,___a long speech for
the president,
A,to prepare B,preparing C,prepared D,was preparing
答案 B,此处没有连词，不能选 D,否则出现了两个谓语动词 worked和
was preparing。 只能在 B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与
主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）先于主动词
While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg,在花园里散步时他
伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后,要用 having
done。
Having finished his homework,he went out,
=As he had finished his homework,he went out,
做完作业后，他出去了。
典型例题
___ a reply,he decided to write again,
A,Not receiving B,Receiving not C,Not having received D,
Having not received
答案 C,本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动
作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成
式。分词的否定式的构成为 not +分词，故选 C。 该句可理解为,Because he
had not received a reply,he decided to write again,
8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如,
He is the man giving you the money,(= who gave you…) 他就是给
你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car,( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned
例, a well-read person,一个读过许多书的人
a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
7.2 动名词
1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North,
南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a,动词后加动名词 doing作宾语 V,+ doing sth
admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认
detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱
prevent阻止
fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意
miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall
回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续
risk 冒险
suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受
understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
举例,
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little,please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught,
b,词组后接 doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to
devote oneself to object to stick to busy look
forward to(to为介词）
no good,no use,It's worth…,as well as,
can't help,It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3） 作表语
Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children,
2 worth 的用法
worth,worthy,worth-while都为 adj,意为 "值得 "。
1,worth,be worth + n,当名词为金钱时，表示 "…… 值得 ……"
be worth doing sth,"……某事值得被做 "
The question is not worth discussing again and again,
2,worthy,be worthy of +n,当名词为抽象名词时表示 "……值得 ……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做 "
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again,
3,worth-while,be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事 "
worth while,It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth,
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again,
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案 C,由 worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组 be worth-while to do sth.。
因此选 C。
7.3 动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词 + 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide
bother care choose come dare demand desire
determine expect elect endeavor hope
fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage
offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem
tend wait wish undertake
举例,
The driver failed to see the other car in time,
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question,
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词 +不定式 ； 动词 +宾语 +不定式
ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help intend like,love,need prefer,
prepare,promise,want,wish…
I like to keep everything tidy,我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy,我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom,我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom,我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词 +疑问词 + to
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,
understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
Please show us how to do that,请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that
I can?t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都
拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意,疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice,
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
? 1 不定式作宾语
?
1) 动词 + 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be
decide bother care choose come dare demand
desire determine expect elect endeavor
hope fail happen help hesitate learn long
mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend
promise refuse seem tend wait wish
undertake
举例,
The driver failed to see the other car in time,
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question,
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词 +不定式 ； 动词 +宾语 +不定式
ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help intend like,love,need
prefer,prepare,promise,want,wish…
I like to keep everything tidy,我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy,我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持
整洁。
I want to speak to Tom,我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom,我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词 +疑问词 + to
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,
see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
Please show us how to do that,请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can?t
make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪
一种。
注意,疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice,
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2 不定式作补语
?
1) 动词 +宾语 +不定式 (to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command
compel consider declare drive enable encourage find
forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce
inform instruct invite judge know like order
permit persuade remind report request require select
send state suppose tell think train trust
understand urge warn
例句,
a,Father will not allow us to play on the street,
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b,We believe him to be guilty,
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法,
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to 的动词不
定式。 find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get,have。
? I found him lying on the ground,
I found it important to learn,
I found that to learn English is important,
典型例题,
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead,
A,lying B,lie C,lay D,laying
答案,A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主
动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称 ),discover,
fancy(设想 ),feel find,guess,judge,imagine,know,
prove,see(理解 ),show,suppose,take(以为 ),
understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class,
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer,
A,to invent B,inventing C,to have invented D,having invented
答案,A,由 consider to do sth,排除 B,D。, 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定
式后用原形即可。而 C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强
调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。
? 3) to be +形容词
Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,
be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,
want,plan,expect,mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting,
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,
undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有
那么多人在哪里。
注意, 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard,think believe,take,
consider,
We regard Tom as our best teacher,我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father, 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
? 3 不定式主语
?
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,
comfortable,necessary,better;
the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,
too little,not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice,
听到你的声音真高兴。
It?s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it,
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It?s very kind of you to help us,他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,
thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的 ),silly,
selfish(自私的 )
例句,
It was silly of us to believe him,我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything,他不给
他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意,1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It
is… to…的句型
(对 )To see is to believe,百闻不如一见。
(错 )It is to believe to see,
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb,
1） for sb,常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，
如 easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等,
It's very hard for him to study two languages,对他来
说学两门外语是很难的。
2） of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态
度的形容词，如 good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。
It's very nice of you to help me,你来帮助我，你真是太
好了。
for 与 of 的辨别方法,
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个
句子。如果道理上通顺用 of,不通则用 for。 如,
You are nice,(通顺，所以应用 of)。
He is hard,(人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。 )
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在 be动词后面，形成表语。例如,
My work is to clean the room every day,
His dream is to be a doctor,
? 6 不定式作定语
?
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如,
I have a lot of work to do,
So he made some candles to give light
? 7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了 ),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as
to… (如此 ……以便 ……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus,他飞快地跑以便赶上
第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you,我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry,
He searched the room only to find nothing,
3) 表原因
I?m glad to see you,
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable
to ___,
A,sit B,sit on C,be seat D,be sat on
答案,B,如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词
连用时，常位于, 形容词 +动词不定式, 结构的末尾。
? 8 用作介词的 to
to 有两种用法,一为不定式 +动词原形； 一为介词 +名词 /动名词,to
在下面的用法中是第二种，即 to+ 名词 /动名词,
admit to承认,confess to承认,
be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于,stick to 坚持,
turn to开始，着手于,devote oneself to 献身于,be devoted to 致
力于,look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意
9,省 to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外,ought to),
2） 使役动词 let,have,make,
3） 感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen
to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补，省略 to。
注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance,
=He was seen to dance,
The boss made them work the whole night,
=They were made to work the whole night,
4） would rather,had better,
5） Why… / why not…,
6） help 可带 to,也可不带 to,help sb (to) do sth,
7） but和 except,but前是动词 do时，后面出现的动词用不带 to的动词不定
式。
8） 由 and,or和 than连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去,
9） 通常在 discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可
以省去 to be,
He is supposed (to be) nice,他应该是个好人。
举例,
He wants to move to France and marry the girl,
He wants to do nothing but go out,
比较,He wants to do nothing but go out,
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine,
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train,
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A,to try going B,trying to go C,to try and go D,
try going
答案,D,why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。
2） Paul doesn?t have to be made ___,He always works hard,
A,learn B,to learn C,learned D,learning
答案,B,make后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时,to 不可省
略。
? 10 动词不定式的否定式
?
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by,我走过的时候，她假装没看
见。
典型例题
1） Tell him ___ the window,
A,to shut not B,not to shut C,to not shut
D,not shut
答案,B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth,
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by,
A,not to see B,not seeing C,to not see
D,having not seen
答案,A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.。
3） Mrs,Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking,
A,never to drive B,to never driver
C,never driving D,never drive
答案,A。 warn sb to do sth,的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth,此处用的
是否定词 never,
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother
told him ____,
A,not to B,not to do C,not do it
D,do not to
答案,A。 not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to这个词，而
不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因
此 B,D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation,
A,to eat no B,eating not C,not to eat
D,not eating
答案,C。 warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为
be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型 too…to…
1） too…to 太 …以至于 …
He is too excited to speak,
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well,I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,
but thank you all the same,不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢
谢您。
2) 如在 too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表
达一种委婉含义，意 为, 不太, 。
It?s never too late to mend,(谚语 )
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当 too 前面有 only,all,but时，意思是：非常 … 等于 very。
I?m only too pleased to be able to help you,我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home,他非常想回家。
? 12 不定式的特殊句型 so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job,
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby,
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
13,不定式的特殊句型 Why not
,Why not +动词原形, 表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：, 为什么不 ……?”
,干吗不 ……?”
例如,
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
14 不定式的时态和语态
时态 \语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发
生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this,
I hope to see you again,= I hope that I'll see you again,我希望再见
到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble,
He seems to have caught a cold,
3) 进行时,表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something,
4) 完成进行时,
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years,
15 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别,
动名词表达的是,状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是,目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组,
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
7.4 特殊词精讲 (P147-157)
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette,他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.,我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a
big rock by the side of the path,
A,to have rested B,resting C,to rest D,rest
答案,C。 由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上
休息。因此，应选择 "stop to do sth,停下来去做另一件事 "。而
不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以 stop doing sth.不正确。
2,forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做 )
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做 )
The light in the office is stil on,He forgot to turn it off,
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。 (没有做关灯的动作 )
He forgot turning the light off,
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作 )
Don't forget to come tomorrow,
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做 )
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on,
---- Oh,I forgot___,
A,turning it off B,turn it off C,to turn it off D,
having turned it off
答案,C。 由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发
生，因此用 forget to do sth,
而 forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符
合题意。
? 3 remember doing/to do
?
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做 )
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做 )
Remember to go to the post office after school,
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don?t you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
? 4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做 )
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做 )
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice,
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought,
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting,
---Well,now I regret ___ that,
A,to do B,to be doing C,to have done D,having done
答案,D。 regret having done sth,对已发生的事感到遗憾。 regret to
do sth,对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的
? 5.try doing/to do
?
try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful,
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn?t succeed,
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
?
? 6.go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics,
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one,
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
? 7.be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为 "怕
"；
be afraid of doing 担心出现 doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成
的，意为, 生怕，恐怕, 。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of
being bitten by a snake,
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband,
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband,
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
? 8.be interested doing/to do
?
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens,
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解 )
I'm interested in working in Switzerland,Do you have any idea
about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法 )
9,mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to,
我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power,
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
? 10,begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth,
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用 doing,
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式 to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在 attempt,intend,begin,start 后接 know,understand,realize
这类动词时，常用不定式 to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt,
11,感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,
smell,taste,feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； +doing 表示动
作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday,
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。 (强调 "我看见了 "这个事实 )
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（ 强调 "我见他正干活 "这
个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1） They knew her very well,They had seen her ___ up from
childhood,
A,grow B,grew C,was growing D,to grow
答案,A。 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非
正在长的动作，因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。
2） The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river,
A,playing B,to be playing C,play D,to play
答案 A,本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用 see sb,doing sth句型。
7.5 独立主格
.1 独立主格
（一）,独立主格结构的构成,
名词 (代词 )+现在分词、过去分词；
名词 (代词 )+形容词；
名词 (代词 )+副词；
名词 (代词 )+不定式；
名词 (代词 ) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点,
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例,
The test finished,we began our holiday,
= When the test was finished,we began our holiday,
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow,
= After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep
sorrow,
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow,
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done,we went home,
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier,
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room,his ears red with cold,
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library,a large book under his arm,
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
? (2),With的复合结构作独立主格
?
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用 with的复合结构。
with +名词 (代词 )+现在分词 /过去分词 /形容词 /副词 /不定式 /介词短语
举例, He stood there,his hand raised,
= He stood there,with his hand raise,
典型例题
The murder was brought in,with his hands ___ behind his back。
A,being tied B,having tied C,to be tied D,tied
答案 D,with +名词（代词） +分词 +介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其
主语常常用 with来引导。由于本句中名词 "手 "与分词 "绑 "是被动关系，因此用过去分
词，选 D,
注意,
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题,
当介词是 in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不
用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room,knife in hand,
( hand前不能加 his)。
?
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过
去分词。
He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched,his eyes
looking straight up,
典型例题,
Weather___,we'll go out for a walk,
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B,本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了
逗号，且 we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格
或 with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为：名
词 +分词。 由于 permit在这里翻译为 ‘ 天气允许 ’,表主动，应用现在分词，
故选 B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本
句改为 If weather permits,we?ll go out for a walk,然后将 if 去掉，
再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
第八讲 虚拟语气
8.1、概说
语气是以动词形式表现出来的语法特征，它表示说话人对事物所持的态度。
1）陈述语气 She is very clever,
2）祈使语气 Don?t be late for the meeting,
3）虚拟语气（表示假设的情况、主观愿望等。）
If there were no gravity,we should not be able to walk,
8.2 真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系
句型,条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
If he comes,he will bring his violin,
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___,
A,will rain B,rains C,rained D,is rained
答案 B。 真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意,
1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用 be going to表示将来，该用 shall,will,
(错 ) If you leave now,you are never going to regret it,
(对 ) If you leave now,you will never regret it,
2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用 shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时
的动词形式。
2 虚拟语气的形式 (8种） P165-167,一般应用在三种结构中,1）, 条件从句, 结构； 2）动
词 wish 后接的宾语从句； 3）形容词结构后接的主语从句,
8.3,非真实（虚拟）条件句
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a,同 现在事实 相反的假设。
句型, 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形
If they were here,they would help you,
b,表示与 过去事实 相反的假设。
句型,条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词
If she had worked harder,she would have succeeded,
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful,
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday,he would have prevented me from
going,
If he had come yesterday,I should / would have told him about it,
含义,He did not come yesterday,so I did not tell him about it,
If he had not been ill and missed many classes,he would have
made greater progress,
含义,He was ill and missed many lessons,so he did not make
greater progress,
c,表示对 将来 的假想
句型,条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should+ 动词原形
were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形
should+ 动词原形
If you succeeded,everything would be all right,
If you should succeed,everything would be all right,
If you were to succeed,everything would be all right,
8.4,wish的用法
1）用于 wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。
其宾语从句的动词形式为,
真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时
（ be的过去式为 were）
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时
（ had + 过去分词）
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +
动词原形
I wish I were as tall as you,我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that,他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow,我希望明天下雨就好了。
2） Wish to do表达法。
Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager,= I want to see the manager,
I wish the manager to be informed at once,(= I want the manager to be
informed at once.)
8.5 主语从句
P171-173
It is +形容词（名词） that 主语 +should do
( strange,important,incredible,surprising,a pity,a shame,a wonder)
It is +过去分词 that +should do
（ desired,suggested,requested decided,reported,proposed,ordered…)
It is (high) time that 主语 +一般过去时
8.6虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were,should,或 had,可将 if省略，
再把 were,should或 had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now,they could help us,
=If they were here now,they could help us,
Had you come earlier,you would have met him
=If you had come earlier,you would have met him,
Should it rain,the crops would be saved,
=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved,
注意,
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词 ‘ be?的过去时态一律用, were”,不用 was,
即在从句中 be用 were代替。
If I were you,I would go to look for him,
如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here,everything would be all right,
如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work,I should do it some other day,
A,If were I B,I were C,Were I D,Was I
答案 C,在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were,should,had这三个词，通常将 if省略，
主语提前,变成 were,should,had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语
从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I
not to do.,而不能说 Weren't I to do,
8.7比较 if only与 only if
only if表示 "只有 "； if only则表示 "如果 ……就好了 "。 If only也可用于陈述
语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings,只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung,当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early,但愿他早点回来。
第八讲 形容词、副词
形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和
叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词
修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如,hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可
用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如,afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man,
（ 对） The man is ill,
（ 错） She is an afraid girl,
（ 对） The girl is afraid,
这类词还有,well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone，
asleep,awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以 -thing为字尾
的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如,
something nice
用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：
the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope,
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数
连用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese,
The English have wonderful sense of humor,
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为,
限定词 --数词 --描绘词 --(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色 ) --出处 --材料性质，类别
--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题,
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys,
A,little two other B,two little other C,two other little D,
little other two
答案,C。 由 "限定词 --数词 --描绘词 --(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色 ) --性质 --名
词 "的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有 C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace,
A,old Chinese stone B,Chinese old stone C,old stone Chinese D,
Chinese stone old
答案 A,几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小 +颜色 +来源 +
质地 +用途 +国家 +名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great,We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at
the seaside,
A,few last sunny B,last few sunny C,last sunny few D,few
sunny last
答案,B。 本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容
词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的
方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表,
限定词 +数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后） +性状形容词 +大小、长短、高低等形
体 +
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧 +颜色 +国籍 +材料 +名词
old + brown + wood + table
2 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置,
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在 be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意,
a,大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us,
b,方式副词 well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well,
二、副词的排列顺序,
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and或 but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully,
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度 +地点 +方式 +时间副词。
注意：副词 very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错,(错 ) I very like English,
(对 ) I like English very much,
注意：副词 enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词 enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough,
There is enough food for everyone to eat,
There is food enough for everyone to eat,
兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与 closely
close意思是 "近 "； closely 意思是 "仔细地 "
He is sitting close to me,
Watch him closely,
2) late 与 lately
late意思是 "晚 "； lately 意思是 "最近 "
You have come too late,
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与 deeply
deep意思是 "深 "，表示空间深度； deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地 "
He pushed the stick deep into the mud,
Even father was deeply moved by the film,
4) high与 highly
high表示空间高度； highly表示程度，相当于 much
The plane was flying high,
I think highly of your opinion,
5) wide与 widely
wide表示空间宽度； widely意思是 "广泛地 ","在许多地方 "
He opened the door wide,
English is widely used in the world,
6) free与 freely
free的意思是 "免费 "； freely 的意思是 "无限制地 "
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like,
You may speak freely; say what you like,
as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1） 在否定句或疑问句中可用 so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you,
2） 当 as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词 + a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is,
I can carry as much paper as you can.,
3） 用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one,
Your room is the same size as mine,
4) 倍数 + as + adj,+ as <=> 倍数 + then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one,
This bridge is three times the length of that one,
Your room is twice as large as mine,
Your room is twice the size of mine,
比较级形容词或副词 + than
You are taller than I,
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine,
注意,
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
(错 ) He is more cleverer than his brother,
(对 ) He is more clever than his brother,
(对 ) He is clever than his brother,
2） 要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错 ) China is larger that any country in Asia,
(对 ) China is larger than any other countries in Asia,
3） 要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing,
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out,
4） 要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。
比较,Which is large,Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters,
She is the taller of the two sisters,
many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词
many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式, older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。 elder，
eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer,
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters,
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further,在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say,
the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world,
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。
形容词 most前面没有 the,不表示最高级的含义，只表示 "非常 "。
It is a most important problem,
=It is a very important problem,
注意,使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错 ) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers,
(对 ) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers,
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far,far,much,mostly,almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest,
注意,
a,very可修饰最高级，但位置与 much不同。
This is the very best,
This is much the best,
b,序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent,
3) 句型转换,
Mike is the most intelligent in his class,
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class,
4) "否定词语 +比较级 ","否定词语 + so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this,
=Nothing is easier than this,
=This is the easiest thing,
1) the more… the more… 越 …… 就越 ……
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make,
2) more B than A 与其说 A不如说 B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work,
= He is less slow than lazy at his work,
3) no more… than… 与 …… 一样 ……,不比 …… 多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor,
no less… than… 与 …… 一样 ……
He is no less diligent than you,
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all,
典型例题
1） The weather in China is different from____,
和 more有关的词组
? A,in America B,one in America C,America
D,that in America
答案,D,本题意为 "中国的天气比美国热。 "比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。
A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。 B和 D中,B中的 one常用来代替可数名词，而
that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选 D。
2） After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___
tractors in 1988 as the year before,
A,as twice many B,as many twice C,twice as many D,twice many
as
答案 ( ) 此句意为 "这个厂 1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍 "。 表示倍数用 "
倍数 + as + 形容词原形 + as +比较对象 "的句型。所以此句答案为 。
This ruler is three times as long as that one,
第九讲 介词
P191
介词概说：与名词或名词短语连用，表示该名词或短语和句中其他词之间的关
系。
常用介词,in; at; on; for; during;by; until;
习惯用法,1.介词 +名词的习惯用法
2形容词 +介词的习惯用法
3 动词 +宾语 +介词的习惯用法
练习 p94
第十讲 基本句型结构
句子的种类
（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1） 陈述句（ Declarative Sentences）,说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound,光比声速度快。 （说明事实）
The film is rather boring,这部电影很乏味。
（说明看法）
2） 疑问句（ Interrogative Sentences）,提出问题。有以下四种,
a,一般疑问句（ General Questions）,
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗？
b,特殊疑问句（ W Questions; H Questions）,
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
c,选择疑问句（ Alternative Questions）,
Do you want tea or coffee?
你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d,反意疑问句（ Tag-Questions）,
He doesn't know her,does he?
他不认识她，对不对？
3） 祈使句（ Imperative Sentences）,提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如,
Sit down,please,请坐。
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4） 感叹句（ Exclamatory Sentences）,表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例
如,
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类,
1） 简单句（ Simple Sentences）,只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如,
She is fond of collecting stamps,她喜欢集邮。
(主 ) (谓 )
2） 并列句（ Compound Sentences）,包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，
句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如,
The food was good,but he had little appetite,
(主 ) (谓 ) (主 )(谓 )
食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3） 复合句（ Complex Sentences）,包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫
复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如,
The film had begun when we got to the cinema,
主句 从句
我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
（三）基本句型（ Basic Sentence Patterns）,英语中千变万化的句子归根结底
都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的,
1）主 + 动（ SV） 例如,
I work,我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（ SVP） 例如,
John is busy,约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（ SVO） 例如,
She studies English,她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（ SVOC） 例如,
Time would prove me right,时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（ SVOiOd） 例如,
My mother made me a new dress,我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1） 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加 do (但只限于省略第
二人称主语的句子 )。
Take this seat,
Do be careful,
否定结构,
Don't move,
Don't be late,
2） 第二种祈使句以 let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句
a,Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try,shall we / shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?
b,Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try,will you / won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?
否定结构,
Let's not talk of that matter,
Let us not talk of that matter
感叹句结构
感叹句通常有 what,how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种,
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词 + a +名词 + 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词 + 陈述语序
What +名词 + 陈述语序
What+a+形容词 +名词 + 陈述语序
What+ 形容词 +复数名词 + 陈述语序
What+ 形容词 +不可数名词 + 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为,
What a clever boy (he is)!
典型例题
1） ___ food you've cooked!
A,How a nice B,What a nice C,How nice D,What nice
答案 D,由于 How 修饰形容词，副词； what修饰名词。且 food为不可数名词，因此 A，
B 排除。 C How + adj,后面不能再加名词，因此只有 D正确，其句型为 What +
adj,+n,(不可数 )
2） ___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A,What B,What a C,How D,How a
答案 A,weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。 C为 how + adj,后面不应有名词。
只有 A,符合句型 What +形容词 +不可数名词。
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot,
A,What a time B,What time C,How a time D,how time
答案 A,感叹句分两类,
1,What + n.+主谓部分
2,How + adj,/ adv,/ v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了
bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
句子成分 P222
主要成分 （主语；谓语；表语）
次要成分 （宾语； 补语； 定语； 状语； 同位语）
插入语； 独立成分；
第十一讲 定语从句
定语从句（ Attributive Clauses） 在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的
名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代
词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有,who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有,when,where,why等。
1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、
定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先
行词保持一致。
1） who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下,
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（ who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday,
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（ whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同 of which互换）,例如,
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down,那人车坏了，
大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green,请递给我那本绿皮
的书。
3） which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如,
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the
countryside,农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（ which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped,
你拿的包快散了。 (which / that在句中作宾语）
2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1） when,where,why
关系副词 when,where,why的含义相当于 "介词 + which"结构，因此常常和 "介词 +
which"结构交替使用，例如,
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield,任何人都有不得不屈服
的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born,北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是
他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2） that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when,where,
why和 "介词 + which"引导的定语从句，在口语中 that常被省略，例如,
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born,
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he
lived forty years ago,他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一,用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物
动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如,
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year,
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you,
方法二,准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、宾、定、状 )，也能正确
选择出关系代词 /关系副词。
例 1,Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A,where B,that C,on which D,the one
例 2,Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held,
A,where B,that C,on which D,the one
答案：例 1 D,例 2 A
例 1变为肯定句,This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago,
例 2变为肯定句,This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held,
在句 1中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where,that,on which都不能起到宾语的
作用，只有 the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，
所以应选 D。
而句 2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词
where,又因 in the museum词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此
题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语
时，选择关系代词 (who,whom,that,which,whose)； 先行词在从句中做状
语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语 ) 。
4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉
它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句
的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如,
This is the house which we bought last month,这是我们上个月买的那
幢房子。（限制性）
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我
们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制
性的，例如,
Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year,查理 ·史密斯
去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden,我去年买的
的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching,这本小说很
动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要
用第三人称单数，例如,
He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me,他似
乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation,液态水变为蒸
汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词 that和关系副词 why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5 介词 +关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2） that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的 "介词 +关系词 "结构可
以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago,
This is the house where I lived two years ago,
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
6 as,which 非限定性定语从句
由 as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和 which可代整个主句，相
当于 and this或 and that。 As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one's health,
The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us,
典型例题
1） Alice received an invitation from her boss,___came as a
surprise,
A,it B,that C,which D,he
答案 C,此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用 which.,it 和 he
都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he句意不通。
2） The weather turned out to be very good,___ was more than we
could expect,
A,what B,which C,that D,it
答案 B。 which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what不可。 That
不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一
起在英语语法上行不通。
3） It rained hard yesterday,____ prevented me from going to the park.,
A,that B,which C,as D,it
答案 B,
as 和 which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的
整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点,
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动
词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为 B。
As 的用法
例 1,the same… as； such…as 中的 as 是一种固定结构,和 ……一样 ……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has),
例 2,as可引导非限制性从句，常带有 '正如 '。
As we know,smoking is harmful to one's health,
As is know,smoking is harmful to one's health,
As是关系代词。例 1中的 as作 know的宾语；例 2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动
词 know要用被动式。
7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here,
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 )
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school,
(what 可以用 all that代替 )
8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1） what = the thing which； whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here,
Whatever you want makes no difference to me,
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（ 错） Who breaks the law will be punished,
（ 错） Whoever robbed the bank is not clear,
（ 对） Whoever breaks the law will be punished,
（ 对） Who robbed the bank is not clear,
3) that 和 what
当 that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任
何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的 that常可省略。 What只能引导名词性从 句,
用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps,
What we need is more practice,
9 关系代词 that 的用法
1）不用 that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错 ) The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here,
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food,
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from,
2) 只能用 that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在 there be 句型中，只用 that,不用 which。
b) 在不定代词，如,anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little
等作先行词时，只用 that,不用 which。
c) 先行词有 the only,the very修饰时，只用 that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。,
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例,
All that is needed is a supply of oil,
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police,
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
第十二讲 状语从句
状语从句
12.1 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由 where,wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees,
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you,
不管我在哪里我都会想到你
12.2 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由 as,(just) as…so…,as if,as though引导。
1） as,(just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在 (just)
as…so…结构中位于句首，这时 as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是 "正如 …","就像
"，多用于正式文体，例如,
Always do to the others as you would be done by,
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish,so air is to man,
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from
our minds,
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if,as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相
反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作 "
仿佛 ……似的 ","好像 ……似的 "，例如,
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed,
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting,
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon,
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明,as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如,
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time,
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something,
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger,
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
12.3 原因状语从句
比较,because,since,as和 for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答 why提出的问题。当原
因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用 as或 since。
I didn't go,because I was afraid,
Since /As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey,
2） 由 because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用 for来代
替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。
He is absent today,because / for he is ill,
He must be ill,for he is absent today,
12.4 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由 that,so that,in order that,lest,for
fear that,in case等词引导，例如,
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by
all,
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it,
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold,
12.5 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由 so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解 so
和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较,so和 such
其规律由 so与 such的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副
词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many,few,much,little
连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money,such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的，只
能用 such搭配。）
so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与 such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school,
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
12.6 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that 等。,
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟
语气中阐述。
unless = if not,
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired,
If you are not too tied,let's go out for a walk,
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately,
A,unless B,until C,if D,or
答案 A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong
leave immediately,you will be late,B,D句意不对,or表转折，句子如为
You leave immediately or you will be late,
12.7 让步状语从句
though,although
注意,当有 though,although时，后面的从句不能有 but,但是 though 和
yet可连用
Although it's raining,they are still working in the field,
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old,but he still works very hard,
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain,
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young,she knows quite a lot,
A,When B,However C,Although D,Unless
答案,C。 意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2) as,though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实
义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do,
= Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing
to do,
注意,a,句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b,句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和
状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work
satisfactorily,
= Though he tries hard,he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3) ever if,even though,即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad,
4) whether…or- 不管 ……都
Whether you believe it or not
5) "no matter +疑问词 " 或 "疑问词 +后缀 ever"
No matter what happened,he would not mind,
Whatever happened,he would not mind,
替换,no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意,no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错） No matter what you say is of no use now,
（ 对） Whatever you say is of no use now,
你现在说什么也没用了。 (Whatever you say是主语从句 )
（错） Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（ 对） Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given,囚犯们只能给什么
吃什么。
12.8 比较 while,when,as
1） as,when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car,a man came up to
me,
2） 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用 when 引导这个从句，不可用 as
或 while。
When you have finished your work,you may have a rest,
3） 从句表示 "随时间推移 "连词能用 as,不用 when 或 while。
As the day went on,the weather got worse,
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
12.9 比较 until和 till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是 "做某事直至某时 "，动词必
须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是 "直至某时才做某事 "。动词为延续性或
非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该
用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句,
I slept until midnight,我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you,等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用 before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun
sets.）
否定句,
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock,
她直到 6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped,
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how,直到你教我
后，我才会做。
1)Until可用于句首，而 till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened,
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)Until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday,呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(1） Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what
heat is,
直到 19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted,
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until… that…
12.10 表示 "一 …就 …"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before,no sooner…than 和 as soon as都可以表
示 "一 …就 …"的意思，例,
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain,
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain,
As soon as I got home,it began to rain,
注意：如果 hardly,scarcely 或 no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构,
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain,
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain
第十三讲 It 引导的结构
1,强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是 it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分 + that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat,
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true
state of affairs,
典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet,
A,the time B,when C,that D,which
答案 C,强调句的结构是,It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调
句的连词只有两个,that和 who。 当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用
"who",其余用 that。
It 引导的形式主语或形式宾语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,
comfortable,necessary,better;
the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,
too little,not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice,
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it,
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us,他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,
thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的 ),silly,
selfish(自私的 )
例句,
It was silly of us to believe him,我们真愚蠢，竟然相信
了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything,他不
给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
形式宾语
1.We feel it more important that we should not be afraid of
difficulties,
2,I don?t think it possible to master a foreign language without much
memory work,
1 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和
一般过去时。常见的结构有,
1) here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用 be,come,go,lie,
run。
There goes the bell,
Then came the chairman,
Here is your letter,
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber,
Ahead sat an old woman,
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒
装。
Here he comes,Away they went,
十四讲 倒装句
2 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的
谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do,does或 did,并将其置于主语
之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no,not,never,seldom,little,
hardly,at no time,in no way,not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance,
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question,
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room,
当 Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意,如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance,
The mother didn't leave the room until
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A,is smoking permitted B,smoking is permitted
C,smoking is it permitted D,does smoking permit
答案 A,这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓
须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括 no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not
only,not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the
meeting-room at no time,
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is,
A,man did know B,man know C,didn't man know D,did man
know
答案 D,看到 Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在 C,D 中选
一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early
years of the 19th,现在将 not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also,Hardly/Scarcely…when,No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the
sender,
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her,
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her,
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily,
A,the game began B,has the game begun
C,did the game begin D,had the game begun
答案 D,以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句 (谓语前置 )。这
类表示否定意义的词有 never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,
hardly,以及 not only…but (also),no sooner…than,hardly… when
scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当 Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装
结构。如果置于句首的 Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒
装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music,
4 so,neither,nor作部分倒装
表示 "也 ","也不 " 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French,So can Jack,
If you won't go,neither will I,
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
---I don't know,_____,
A,nor don't I care B,nor do I care C,I don't care neither
D,I don't care also
答案,B,nor为增补意思 "也不关心 "，因此句子应倒装。 A错在用 don't 再次
否定,C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意,当 so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结
构。意为 "的确如此 "。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did,
---It's raining hard,---So it is,
5 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way,can you learn English well,
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting,
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed,
6 as,though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词,副词,
分词,实义动词提前）。
注意,
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语
和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work
satisfactorily,
注意,
让步状语从句中，有 though,although时，后面的主句不能有 but,但
是 though 和 yet可连用。
7 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的 so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch,
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中,
May you all be happy,
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were,had,should等词，可将 if
省略，把 were,had,should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you,I would try it again,
典型例题,
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A,man did know B,man knew C,didn't man know D,did man
know
答案为 D,否定词 Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted,
A,didn't I realize B,did I realize C,I didn't realize D,
I realize
答案为 B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know,___,
A,nor don't I care B,nor do I care
C,I don't care neither D,I don't care also
解析：答案为 B,句中的 nor引出部分倒装结构，表示 "也不 "。由 so,
neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定
句,而 neither,nor 用在否定句中。