Nucleotides and Nucleic
Acids (continued)
These slides are pre-release and the
real lecture slides might be slightly
modified to improve the visual effect,
Post Double-Helix Era
1957
Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S,
produced DNA in a test tube.
1963
F,Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed
sequencing procedure for proteins,
and later for DNA.
Sanger Sequencing Method
Automated Sequencing
1966
The Genetic code was discovered; scientists
are now able to predict characteristics by
studying DNA,This leads to genetic
engineering,genetic counseling.
1972
Paul Berg (1926- ) of the U.S,produced the
first recombinant DNA molecule.
Milestones in Biotechnology
1970 Hamilton Smith,at Johns Hopkins
Medical School,isolates the first restriction
enzyme.
1972 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
combine their efforts to create recombinant
DNA,
1976 Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech.
1978 Somatostatin is the first human protein
made using recombinant technology.
Palindromes
?With respect to DNA,a palindrome is a
segment in which the sequence is the same
on one strand read right to left as on the
other strand read left to right; thus,a back-
to-back pair of inverted repeats,For
example,the double-stranded sequence
below,
GGCGCGCC
CCGCGCGG
is a palindrome,
?Different
restriction
enzymes have
different
sequence
specificities
In order to be useful,the
recombinant DNA molecules
have to be made to replicate
and function genetically
within a cell,One method
for doing this is to use
plasmid DNA from bacteria,
Small DNA fragments can
be inserted into the
plasmids,which are then
introduced into bacterial
cells,As the bacteria
reproduce,so do the
recombinant plasmids,The
result is a bacterial colony
in which the foreign gene
has been cloned.
1983
Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) of
the U.S,was awarded the Nobel Prize
for her discovery that genes are able
to change position on chromosomes.
Transposon
?Transposons are pieces of DNA that can
jump from one region to another,
Transposition is also a cause of mutation,
Some human mutations are caused by
transposon insertions,
?Barbara McClintock noticed transposition
when she studied the change of color spots
on corn seeds.
1993
Dr,Kary Mullis discovered the PCR
procedure,for which he was awarded
the Nobel prize.
Acids (continued)
These slides are pre-release and the
real lecture slides might be slightly
modified to improve the visual effect,
Post Double-Helix Era
1957
Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S,
produced DNA in a test tube.
1963
F,Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed
sequencing procedure for proteins,
and later for DNA.
Sanger Sequencing Method
Automated Sequencing
1966
The Genetic code was discovered; scientists
are now able to predict characteristics by
studying DNA,This leads to genetic
engineering,genetic counseling.
1972
Paul Berg (1926- ) of the U.S,produced the
first recombinant DNA molecule.
Milestones in Biotechnology
1970 Hamilton Smith,at Johns Hopkins
Medical School,isolates the first restriction
enzyme.
1972 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
combine their efforts to create recombinant
DNA,
1976 Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech.
1978 Somatostatin is the first human protein
made using recombinant technology.
Palindromes
?With respect to DNA,a palindrome is a
segment in which the sequence is the same
on one strand read right to left as on the
other strand read left to right; thus,a back-
to-back pair of inverted repeats,For
example,the double-stranded sequence
below,
GGCGCGCC
CCGCGCGG
is a palindrome,
?Different
restriction
enzymes have
different
sequence
specificities
In order to be useful,the
recombinant DNA molecules
have to be made to replicate
and function genetically
within a cell,One method
for doing this is to use
plasmid DNA from bacteria,
Small DNA fragments can
be inserted into the
plasmids,which are then
introduced into bacterial
cells,As the bacteria
reproduce,so do the
recombinant plasmids,The
result is a bacterial colony
in which the foreign gene
has been cloned.
1983
Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) of
the U.S,was awarded the Nobel Prize
for her discovery that genes are able
to change position on chromosomes.
Transposon
?Transposons are pieces of DNA that can
jump from one region to another,
Transposition is also a cause of mutation,
Some human mutations are caused by
transposon insertions,
?Barbara McClintock noticed transposition
when she studied the change of color spots
on corn seeds.
1993
Dr,Kary Mullis discovered the PCR
procedure,for which he was awarded
the Nobel prize.
