细胞科学
Cell Science
（ 1）
蔡国平
§ 1 The Evolutionary History of Cell
Biology in Brief
1,Discovery of cell and the evolution
of cell theory,(~1850s)
?MJ,Schleiden (1804-1884),Beitrage zur Phytogehesis(植物发
生论 ),Arch Anat Physiol 1838,137-176.
? T,Schwann (1810-1882),Mikroskopische
Untersuchungen über die Ubeereunstimmung in der
struktur und dem Wachsten der Thiere und Pflanzen（ 关
于动植物的结构和生长的一致性的显微研究）, Berlin,
Sander’schen Buchhanlung,1839,
*Actually,by 1830 there were quite widely held views
about the cellular nature of organisms.
What is the key view of Cell theory?
Cell theory
(1)All organisms develop from cells but are
composed of one or more cells and their products
(2) The cell is the structural unit of all organisms and
the fundamental unit of life,Every individual cell
is an independent whole possessing itself ― life‖ as
well resembles each other in co-ordination,
(3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-
existing cell
? R,Virchow (1821-1902),Omnis cellula e cellula <
Cell Pathology >1855
The importance of Cell theory
恩格斯 (自然辩证法 p161),有了这个发现 (Cell theory)以后
,对有机的有生命的自然产物的研究－比较解剖学生理学
和解剖学－才得到了稳固的基础, 于是有机体产生,成长
和 结构的过程的秘密被揭穿了, 从前神妙莫恻的奇迹,现在
却表现为依据一切有机体本质上所共同的规律而进行的过
程了,
2,Establishment of cytology-
classic period (1850-1900)
? The study on the origin of cells—cell division,
amitosis(1841),mitosis (1875),meiosis(1886)
? The protoplasm was termed,the many organelles were
found chromatin (1876),chromosome (1888),aster
( 1883),mitochondria (1894),Golgi apparatus(1898).etc.
? Microscopy was improved,section and stain techniques
developed
? Began to understand life phenomena by cells
1895,Overton physiologically proved the membrane
? The Establishment of cytology,O,Hertwig book <
The cell and Tissue> 1895
3,Experiment cytological period (1900-1950)
(1) Used experiments and analysis methods in
cytological studies extensively
W,Roux 1907,frog s embryo (two cells) were
seperated and de structured one of the embryo
cells,then continue feed and developed
Harrison 1909,nerve cells culture
A Carrel 1912 chichen Myoblast embryo culture
(2) The convergence of cytology with other branches
of biology formed some branches of cytology,
Cytogenetics,1900-30s hot topic
1901 K.Correns and H,De Vries reconfirmed the
Genetic principle and the concept of heritable
factors of Gregor Mendel (1865)
1910 Thomas Morgan,Gene theory
Cytophysiology:
? Danielli & Davson,Sandwich biomembrane model (1935)
Cell Biochemistry (Cytochemistry),1930s-50s hot topic
? Metabolism and the principles of bioenergetics
—mitochandria and aerobic respiration
? The study and argument about the nature of gene—
1941 Beadle,one gene,one enzyme
1944 O.T.Avery,identified that the transforming
principles of bacterium that causes pneumonia is DNA
as the carriers of genetic information
? 1930,40s,Bohr,Delbrück and E,Schr?dinger etal,many
young physicists turned to investigate genetic nature,
study on the 3-dimension structure of large biomolecules,
protein and DNA,to find ―other physic principles‖
Application of Electromicroscopy
4,Cell biology period (1950-)
Cell biology-it formed mainly owing to development
electromicroscopy and molecular biology
After a lot of experiment and arguments,1952,the
concept ― DNA as the carriers of genetic Information ‖
was believed suddenly and extensively
1953,Wilklins and Franklin’s X-ray crystallography of
DNA and J,Watson and F,Crick,
a double-stranded helix model of DNA,
The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA gave new
meaning to the words genes and Chromosomes –to the
chromosome theory of inheritance,the genetic information in
the chromosomes must be encoded in the nucleotide sequence
of the molecule-and also gave a molecular explanation for
life’s unique properties of reproduction and inheritance as
well metabolic regulations gave a common molecular
basis and new spirit for cytology,genetics,embryology and
neuron science etc all branches of biology,which develop
further and be reformed to cell biology,molecular genetics,
developmental biology,neurobiology etc.
The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA opens then
the door leading to transform genes and to remold the world
with genes,1973 S,Cohen and H,Boyer established DNA
recombination technique independently
Molecular Biology and Cell Biology make up the
most important basis of the modern life science
and biotechnology,In the past half century,Biology,
particularly,molecular biology and cell biology
develop parallel with physics,especially information
science,Today,biology including cell biology is
uniting with information science and is converging
with modern physics science in the most
complicated life system.
The 21th century,Cell Biology is being in a new
development period
Milestones:
1997 Wilmut,clone sheep Dolly
Human Genome Project is to be in success soon.
Cell Biology is beginning a new journey:
First,while the reductionism in the biology,
including cell biology,will reach the summit and to
continue to give full play,the holism,a new view of
biology will emerge as the massive endeavor currently.
As hybrid science,cell biology will be an integrated
view of cell at work and its roles in life process.
Second,cell biology including cell & tissue
engineering is taking play a key role in the new time
when genes remold the world.
§ 2 The Position of the Cell
in the Order of Life and
Responsibilities of Cell
Biology
Life is the most basic property of cells,and
cells are the smallest units to exhibit this
property.
The characters of Needham model,
*Life is organized by orders with different
construction level,which possess different
properties,With a higher order aroused,
some significant properties and rules,
which not exist in a lower order structure,
would be created.
*Their orders appear as the concentric
shells,which interact each other
*The higher order is the environment of
the lower order.
1,The order of life and organisation of life
gene
Nucleus
Protoplasm
(Cell)
tissue
environment
Needham (1936):,Order and Life”
organism
chromosome
1) The most essential features of life
“What is life” Schr?dinger E (1945)
(1) High complex and ordering
A,Possess common alive structural basis
a.Molecular and cellular structure
chemical composition (elements,block
molecules,large bio-molecules etc)
cellular structures including bio-nm structures
b.Bioinformation (language) structures
* All properties of organisms can be explained in
physical and chemical terms
B,self-organisation and continuity from generation to
generation
Life – the process of consumption of negative entropy
*Organisms can be viewed as systems that take in
energy from their environments and convert it to
biologically useful forms for physiologic activities and
auto-construction.
(2) Life process is the metabolism process
Essentially,metabolism drives organisms eliminate
the caused entropy increase when they are alive,which
creates ordered structures of life-a dissipative structure.
(3)Homeostasis and self-regulation in both individual
and phylogenetic term
Homeostasis,a status – Maintenance of the ntegration
of each system of life order in structure and factions and
the balance between system and environment
Self-regulation,the processes- a series of regulation of
metabolism,functional activities,growth and
development by a variety of chemical reactions and physic
actions or even by mobility
*Organisms cannot achieve their adult shapes or
functions effectively unless their growth is carefully
regulated,
(4 ) Reproduction- continuity from generation to
generation
Heredity and variation
There are several reproduction fashions
*Although it is a key characteristic of life,but
reproduction is not essential for the survival of an
individual organism.
(4) The adaptation to respond to stimuli and the
creation of multiplicity by differentiation and
evolution
Life with specificity,multiplicity and socialisation
(5) ―The prediction or pre-existing goal or
programme‖ of organisms,
Namely,the ―intrinsic oneself‖ is the important drive
force for life activities and life evolution,Thus
―intrinsic oneself‖ exist in every life forms and all
levels of life,independent but coordinative.
2) The position of the cell in the order of life
(1)Basic properties of cells indicate that life is the
most basic property of cells
?highly complex and organised
? possess a genetic program and the means to use it
? capable of producing more of themselves (division)
? acquire and utilise energy
? carry out a variety of chemical reactions
? engage in numerous mechanical activity
? capable of self regulation
? able to respond to stimuli
(2) Cells are the smallest units to exhibit the
essential properties of life and are basis of life
for both individuals and species
(3) For all organisms,the life programs exist within
cells but life activities of organism is the
synthetical results of interaction of relative cells
and their collective actions.
(4) The interaction of cells with its environment is
important for cells as same as the cell system
himself and the drive force of life
3,Responsibilities of cell biology
to explore the cell basis of life and the worth
of life including intrinsic and usable worth.
Since cells is the basis of life,Cell biology is the
basis of life science,Namely,the researches of all
life phenomena and all fields of life science would
rely on cell biology for support,at any orders of
cell and their interactions,by any science theories
and methods.
First,cell biology will be an integrated view
of cell at work and its roles in life process,The
more difficult task is determining the functions
of genes and bringing further insight about the
interplay of genes in the development and
differentiation of organisms,Perhaps the major
challenge facing cell biologists will be to
analyse the molecular basis of integrated
functions in whole organisms,including
learning,behaviories,and aging.
Second,cell biology including cell & tissue
engineering is taking play a key role in the
new time when genes remould the world
Cell Science
（ 1）
蔡国平
§ 1 The Evolutionary History of Cell
Biology in Brief
1,Discovery of cell and the evolution
of cell theory,(~1850s)
?MJ,Schleiden (1804-1884),Beitrage zur Phytogehesis(植物发
生论 ),Arch Anat Physiol 1838,137-176.
? T,Schwann (1810-1882),Mikroskopische
Untersuchungen über die Ubeereunstimmung in der
struktur und dem Wachsten der Thiere und Pflanzen（ 关
于动植物的结构和生长的一致性的显微研究）, Berlin,
Sander’schen Buchhanlung,1839,
*Actually,by 1830 there were quite widely held views
about the cellular nature of organisms.
What is the key view of Cell theory?
Cell theory
(1)All organisms develop from cells but are
composed of one or more cells and their products
(2) The cell is the structural unit of all organisms and
the fundamental unit of life,Every individual cell
is an independent whole possessing itself ― life‖ as
well resembles each other in co-ordination,
(3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-
existing cell
? R,Virchow (1821-1902),Omnis cellula e cellula <
Cell Pathology >1855
The importance of Cell theory
恩格斯 (自然辩证法 p161),有了这个发现 (Cell theory)以后
,对有机的有生命的自然产物的研究－比较解剖学生理学
和解剖学－才得到了稳固的基础, 于是有机体产生,成长
和 结构的过程的秘密被揭穿了, 从前神妙莫恻的奇迹,现在
却表现为依据一切有机体本质上所共同的规律而进行的过
程了,
2,Establishment of cytology-
classic period (1850-1900)
? The study on the origin of cells—cell division,
amitosis(1841),mitosis (1875),meiosis(1886)
? The protoplasm was termed,the many organelles were
found chromatin (1876),chromosome (1888),aster
( 1883),mitochondria (1894),Golgi apparatus(1898).etc.
? Microscopy was improved,section and stain techniques
developed
? Began to understand life phenomena by cells
1895,Overton physiologically proved the membrane
? The Establishment of cytology,O,Hertwig book <
The cell and Tissue> 1895
3,Experiment cytological period (1900-1950)
(1) Used experiments and analysis methods in
cytological studies extensively
W,Roux 1907,frog s embryo (two cells) were
seperated and de structured one of the embryo
cells,then continue feed and developed
Harrison 1909,nerve cells culture
A Carrel 1912 chichen Myoblast embryo culture
(2) The convergence of cytology with other branches
of biology formed some branches of cytology,
Cytogenetics,1900-30s hot topic
1901 K.Correns and H,De Vries reconfirmed the
Genetic principle and the concept of heritable
factors of Gregor Mendel (1865)
1910 Thomas Morgan,Gene theory
Cytophysiology:
? Danielli & Davson,Sandwich biomembrane model (1935)
Cell Biochemistry (Cytochemistry),1930s-50s hot topic
? Metabolism and the principles of bioenergetics
—mitochandria and aerobic respiration
? The study and argument about the nature of gene—
1941 Beadle,one gene,one enzyme
1944 O.T.Avery,identified that the transforming
principles of bacterium that causes pneumonia is DNA
as the carriers of genetic information
? 1930,40s,Bohr,Delbrück and E,Schr?dinger etal,many
young physicists turned to investigate genetic nature,
study on the 3-dimension structure of large biomolecules,
protein and DNA,to find ―other physic principles‖
Application of Electromicroscopy
4,Cell biology period (1950-)
Cell biology-it formed mainly owing to development
electromicroscopy and molecular biology
After a lot of experiment and arguments,1952,the
concept ― DNA as the carriers of genetic Information ‖
was believed suddenly and extensively
1953,Wilklins and Franklin’s X-ray crystallography of
DNA and J,Watson and F,Crick,
a double-stranded helix model of DNA,
The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA gave new
meaning to the words genes and Chromosomes –to the
chromosome theory of inheritance,the genetic information in
the chromosomes must be encoded in the nucleotide sequence
of the molecule-and also gave a molecular explanation for
life’s unique properties of reproduction and inheritance as
well metabolic regulations gave a common molecular
basis and new spirit for cytology,genetics,embryology and
neuron science etc all branches of biology,which develop
further and be reformed to cell biology,molecular genetics,
developmental biology,neurobiology etc.
The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA opens then
the door leading to transform genes and to remold the world
with genes,1973 S,Cohen and H,Boyer established DNA
recombination technique independently
Molecular Biology and Cell Biology make up the
most important basis of the modern life science
and biotechnology,In the past half century,Biology,
particularly,molecular biology and cell biology
develop parallel with physics,especially information
science,Today,biology including cell biology is
uniting with information science and is converging
with modern physics science in the most
complicated life system.
The 21th century,Cell Biology is being in a new
development period
Milestones:
1997 Wilmut,clone sheep Dolly
Human Genome Project is to be in success soon.
Cell Biology is beginning a new journey:
First,while the reductionism in the biology,
including cell biology,will reach the summit and to
continue to give full play,the holism,a new view of
biology will emerge as the massive endeavor currently.
As hybrid science,cell biology will be an integrated
view of cell at work and its roles in life process.
Second,cell biology including cell & tissue
engineering is taking play a key role in the new time
when genes remold the world.
§ 2 The Position of the Cell
in the Order of Life and
Responsibilities of Cell
Biology
Life is the most basic property of cells,and
cells are the smallest units to exhibit this
property.
The characters of Needham model,
*Life is organized by orders with different
construction level,which possess different
properties,With a higher order aroused,
some significant properties and rules,
which not exist in a lower order structure,
would be created.
*Their orders appear as the concentric
shells,which interact each other
*The higher order is the environment of
the lower order.
1,The order of life and organisation of life
gene
Nucleus
Protoplasm
(Cell)
tissue
environment
Needham (1936):,Order and Life”
organism
chromosome
1) The most essential features of life
“What is life” Schr?dinger E (1945)
(1) High complex and ordering
A,Possess common alive structural basis
a.Molecular and cellular structure
chemical composition (elements,block
molecules,large bio-molecules etc)
cellular structures including bio-nm structures
b.Bioinformation (language) structures
* All properties of organisms can be explained in
physical and chemical terms
B,self-organisation and continuity from generation to
generation
Life – the process of consumption of negative entropy
*Organisms can be viewed as systems that take in
energy from their environments and convert it to
biologically useful forms for physiologic activities and
auto-construction.
(2) Life process is the metabolism process
Essentially,metabolism drives organisms eliminate
the caused entropy increase when they are alive,which
creates ordered structures of life-a dissipative structure.
(3)Homeostasis and self-regulation in both individual
and phylogenetic term
Homeostasis,a status – Maintenance of the ntegration
of each system of life order in structure and factions and
the balance between system and environment
Self-regulation,the processes- a series of regulation of
metabolism,functional activities,growth and
development by a variety of chemical reactions and physic
actions or even by mobility
*Organisms cannot achieve their adult shapes or
functions effectively unless their growth is carefully
regulated,
(4 ) Reproduction- continuity from generation to
generation
Heredity and variation
There are several reproduction fashions
*Although it is a key characteristic of life,but
reproduction is not essential for the survival of an
individual organism.
(4) The adaptation to respond to stimuli and the
creation of multiplicity by differentiation and
evolution
Life with specificity,multiplicity and socialisation
(5) ―The prediction or pre-existing goal or
programme‖ of organisms,
Namely,the ―intrinsic oneself‖ is the important drive
force for life activities and life evolution,Thus
―intrinsic oneself‖ exist in every life forms and all
levels of life,independent but coordinative.
2) The position of the cell in the order of life
(1)Basic properties of cells indicate that life is the
most basic property of cells
?highly complex and organised
? possess a genetic program and the means to use it
? capable of producing more of themselves (division)
? acquire and utilise energy
? carry out a variety of chemical reactions
? engage in numerous mechanical activity
? capable of self regulation
? able to respond to stimuli
(2) Cells are the smallest units to exhibit the
essential properties of life and are basis of life
for both individuals and species
(3) For all organisms,the life programs exist within
cells but life activities of organism is the
synthetical results of interaction of relative cells
and their collective actions.
(4) The interaction of cells with its environment is
important for cells as same as the cell system
himself and the drive force of life
3,Responsibilities of cell biology
to explore the cell basis of life and the worth
of life including intrinsic and usable worth.
Since cells is the basis of life,Cell biology is the
basis of life science,Namely,the researches of all
life phenomena and all fields of life science would
rely on cell biology for support,at any orders of
cell and their interactions,by any science theories
and methods.
First,cell biology will be an integrated view
of cell at work and its roles in life process,The
more difficult task is determining the functions
of genes and bringing further insight about the
interplay of genes in the development and
differentiation of organisms,Perhaps the major
challenge facing cell biologists will be to
analyse the molecular basis of integrated
functions in whole organisms,including
learning,behaviories,and aging.
Second,cell biology including cell & tissue
engineering is taking play a key role in the
new time when genes remould the world
