A Cell organization
A1 Prokaryotes
A2 Eukaryotes
A3 Microscopy
A4 Cellular fractionation
A1 Prokaryotes
? Prokaryotes
? Cell structure
? Bacterial cell walls
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are the most abundant
organisms on earth,(bacteria and blue-
green algae)
A prokaryotic cell dose not contain a
membrane-bound nucleus,
Size from 0.1 to 10 μm
Three basic shapes
1,Spherical(cocci:球菌 )
2,Rodlike(bacilli:细菌，杆菌 )
3,Helically coiled( spirilla:螺旋菌 )
? They fall into two groups:the eubacteria 真细菌
and the archaebacteria（古细菌）,
The eubacteria(真细菌 )
1,Gram-positive
2,Gram-negative
3,Cyanobacteria (cyano深蓝色的 -bacteria)
in soil,water and living in or on larger organisms
The archaebacteria
? Sulfur硫 bacteria
? Methanogens（ methane-甲烷 ）
They grow in unusual environments,
salt brines,hot acid springs,in the ocean depths
Cell structure
? Each prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane
质膜,
? The cell has no subcellular organelles,only infoldings of the
plasma membrane called mesosomes中间体,
? The deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA) is condensed within the
cytosol to form the nucleoid拟核,
? Some prokaryotes have tall-like flagella鞭毛,
Cell structure
Bacterial cell walls
? The peptidoglycan (protein and oligosacca-ride)
cell wall protects the prokaryotic cell from
mechanical and osmotic pressure,
? A Gram-positive bacterium has a thick cell wall
surrounding the plasma membrane,whereas Gram-
negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and outer
membrane,between which is the periplasmic space,
Gram negative cell walls
? Eukaryotes
? Plasma membrane
? Nucleus细胞核
? Endoplasmic reticulum内
质网
? Golgi apparatus高尔基体
? Mitochondria线粒体
? Chloroplasts 叶绿体
Lysosomes溶酶体
? Peroxisomes过氧化物酶
体
? Cytosol细胞溶胶
? Cytoskeleton细胞骨架
? Plant cell wall
? Plant cell vacuole液泡
A2 Eukaryotes
Plant cell
Animal cell
Plasma membrane
Cell nucleus
Golgi
Mitochondria structure
Chloroplast
Plant cell wall
vacuole
The cell structure 1
? Light microscopy
? Standard light
microscopy
? Staining
? Dark-field
microscopy
? Phase-contrast
microscopy
? Immuno-fluorescence
microscopy
? Confocal scanning
microscopy
? Electron microscopy
? Transmission electron
microscopy
? Sacnning eleutron
microscopy
A3 Microscopy
? Subcellular fractionation
? Differential velocity centrifugation
? Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation
? Rate-zonal centrifugation
? Marker enzymes
? Flow cytometry
A4 Cellular farctionation
Differential velocity centrifugation
A1 Prokaryotes
A2 Eukaryotes
A3 Microscopy
A4 Cellular fractionation
A1 Prokaryotes
? Prokaryotes
? Cell structure
? Bacterial cell walls
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are the most abundant
organisms on earth,(bacteria and blue-
green algae)
A prokaryotic cell dose not contain a
membrane-bound nucleus,
Size from 0.1 to 10 μm
Three basic shapes
1,Spherical(cocci:球菌 )
2,Rodlike(bacilli:细菌，杆菌 )
3,Helically coiled( spirilla:螺旋菌 )
? They fall into two groups:the eubacteria 真细菌
and the archaebacteria（古细菌）,
The eubacteria(真细菌 )
1,Gram-positive
2,Gram-negative
3,Cyanobacteria (cyano深蓝色的 -bacteria)
in soil,water and living in or on larger organisms
The archaebacteria
? Sulfur硫 bacteria
? Methanogens（ methane-甲烷 ）
They grow in unusual environments,
salt brines,hot acid springs,in the ocean depths
Cell structure
? Each prokaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane
质膜,
? The cell has no subcellular organelles,only infoldings of the
plasma membrane called mesosomes中间体,
? The deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA) is condensed within the
cytosol to form the nucleoid拟核,
? Some prokaryotes have tall-like flagella鞭毛,
Cell structure
Bacterial cell walls
? The peptidoglycan (protein and oligosacca-ride)
cell wall protects the prokaryotic cell from
mechanical and osmotic pressure,
? A Gram-positive bacterium has a thick cell wall
surrounding the plasma membrane,whereas Gram-
negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and outer
membrane,between which is the periplasmic space,
Gram negative cell walls
? Eukaryotes
? Plasma membrane
? Nucleus细胞核
? Endoplasmic reticulum内
质网
? Golgi apparatus高尔基体
? Mitochondria线粒体
? Chloroplasts 叶绿体
Lysosomes溶酶体
? Peroxisomes过氧化物酶
体
? Cytosol细胞溶胶
? Cytoskeleton细胞骨架
? Plant cell wall
? Plant cell vacuole液泡
A2 Eukaryotes
Plant cell
Animal cell
Plasma membrane
Cell nucleus
Golgi
Mitochondria structure
Chloroplast
Plant cell wall
vacuole
The cell structure 1
? Light microscopy
? Standard light
microscopy
? Staining
? Dark-field
microscopy
? Phase-contrast
microscopy
? Immuno-fluorescence
microscopy
? Confocal scanning
microscopy
? Electron microscopy
? Transmission electron
microscopy
? Sacnning eleutron
microscopy
A3 Microscopy
? Subcellular fractionation
? Differential velocity centrifugation
? Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation
? Rate-zonal centrifugation
? Marker enzymes
? Flow cytometry
A4 Cellular farctionation
Differential velocity centrifugation
