Part III Solid Waste Engineering
12 Evolution of Solid Waste Management
12.1 Solid Waste— a Consequence of Life
Problems with the disposal of wastes can
be traced from the time when humans first
began to congregate in tribes,villages,and
communities and the accumulation of
wastes became a consequence of life,
12.2 Waste Generation In a
Technological Society
Materials Flow and Waste Generation
The Effects of Technological Advances
Of particular significance are the increasing use
of plastics and the use of frozen foods,which
reduce the quantities of food wastes in the
home but increase the quantities at agricultural
processing plants,
Thus,the engineers responsible for the design of
solid waste facilities must be aware of trends,even
though they cannot,of course,predict all the
changes in technology that will affect the
characteristics of solid wastes,
But important questions arise,Which elements of
society generate the greatest quantities of solid
waste and what is the nature of these wastes? How
can the quantities be minimized? What is the role
of resource recovery? Can disposal and recovery
technology keep up with consumer product
technology?
12.3 The Development of Solid Waste
Management
Solid waste management may be defined as
the discipline associated with the control of
generation,storage,collection,transfer and
transport,processing,and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the
best principles of public health,economics,
engineering,conservation,aesthetics,and
other environmental considerations,and that
is also responsive to public attitudes,
In its scope,solid waste management includes all
administrative,financial,legal,planning,and
engineering functions involved in solutions to all
problems of solid wastes,The solutions may
involve complex interdisciplinary relationships
among such fields as political science,city and
regional planning,geography,economics,public
health,sociology,demography,communications,
and conservation,as well as engineering and
materials science,
Functional Elements of a Waste
Management System
The activities associated with the management
of solid wastes,from the point of generation to
final disposal have been grouped into the six
functional elements,(1) waste generation; (2)
waste handling and separation,storage,and
processing at the source; (3) collection; (4)
separation and processing and transformation
of solid wastes; (5) transfer and transport; and
(6) disposal,
Waste Generation
Waste Handling and Separation,Storage,
and Processing at the Source
Collection
Separation,Processing,and
Transformation of Solid Waste,
Transfer and Transport
Disposal
12.4 Integrated Solid Water Management
Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste management
Source Reduction
Recycling
Waste Transformation
Landfilling
Planning for Integrated Waste Management
Proper Mix of Alternatives and Technologies
Flexibility in Meeting Future Changes
Monitoring and Evaluation
12.5 Operation of Solid Waste Management
Systems
Management Issues
Setting Workable but Protective Regulatory
Standards,
Improving Scientific Methods for
Interpretation of Data
Identification of Hazardous and Toxic
Consumer Products Requiring Special Waste
Management Units
Paying for Improved Waste Management Units,
Designating Land Disposal Units at or near
Large Urban Centers
Establishing and Maintaining More
Qualified Managers to Develop and
Operate Waste Management Units
Future Challenges and Opportunities
Changing Consumption Habits in Society
Reducing the Volume of Waste at the
Source
Making Landfills Safer
Development of New Technologies
13 Sources,Types,and Composition of
Municipal Solid Wastes
13-1 Sources of Solid Wastes
(1) residential,
(2) commercial,
(3) institutional,
(4) construction and demolition,
(5) municipal services,
(6) treatment plant sites,
(7) industrial,
(8) agricultural,
13-2 Types of Solid Wastes
Residential and Commercial
Special Wastes
Hazardous Wastes
Construction and Demolition
Municipal Services
Treatment Plant Wastes and Other Residues
Industrial Solid Waste
Agricultural Wastes
13.3 Composition of Solid Wastes
Composition of MSW
Distribution of Individual Waste
Components
Effect of Waste Diversions on
Distribution of Components in
Residential MSW
13-4 Determination of the Composition of
MSW in the Field
Residential MSW
Commercial and Industrial MSW
The field procedure for component
identification for commercial and non-
process industrial solid wastes involves the
analysis of representative waste samples
taken directly from the source,not from a
mixed waste load in a collection vehicle,
13-5 Types of Materials Recovered from
MSW
Materials Commonly Separated from
MSW
Specifications for Recovered Materials
13-6 Future Changes in Waste Composition
Impacts of Waste Diversion Programs
Future Changes in Waste Components
14 Physical,Chemical,and Biological
Properties of Municipal Solid Waste
14- 1 Physical Properties of MSW
Specific Weight
Moisture Content
Particle Size and Size Distribution
Field Capacity
14- 2 Chemical properties of MSW
Proximate Analysis
Fusing Point of Ash
Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste
Components
Typical proximate analysis and data for
materials found in residendtial,
commercial,and industrial solid
Essential Nutrients and Other Elements
14- 3 Biological Properties of MSW
Biodegradability of Organic Waste
Components
Production of Odors
Breeding of Flies
14- 4 Physical,Chemical,and Biological
Transformations of Solid Waste
Physical Transformations
Biological Transformations
15 Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual
Matter
15-1 The Landfill Method of Solid Waste
Disposal
The Landfilling Process
Preparation of the site for landfilling,
Reactions Occurring in Landfills,
Concerns with the Landfilling of Solid
Wastes
15-2 Composition and Characteristics,
Generation and Control of Landfill Gases
Composition and Characteristics of
Landfill Gas
Generation of Landfill Gases
Management of Landfill Gas
15-3 Composition,formation and control of
leachate in landfills
Composition of Leachate
Water Balance and Leachate Generation
In Landfills
Fate of Constituents in Leachate in
Subsurface Migration
Control of Leachate in Landfills
Leachate Collection Systems
Leachate Management Options
15-4 Environmental Quality Monitoring at
Landfills
Vadose Zone Monitoring
Groundwater Monitoring
Landfill Air Quality Monitoring