Laboratory Diagnosis,Prevention and Treatment
of Bacterial Infection
Xiao-Kui Guo
Manifestations of Infection,Signs and symptoms vary
according to the site and severity of infection,Diagnosis
requires a composite of information,including history,
physical examination,radiographic findings,and
laboratory data,
Microbial Causes of Infection,Infections may be
caused by bacteria,viruses,fungi,and parasites,The
pathogen may be exogenous (acquired from
environmental or animal sources or from other persons)
or endogenous (from the normal flora),
Specimen Selection,Collection,and
Processing
The quantity material must be adequate
Specimens are selected on the basis of signs and
symptoms,should be representative of the disease
process
Contamination of the specimen must be avoided by
using only sterile equipment and aseptic
precautions
The specimen must be taken to the laboratory and
examined promptly,Special transport media may
be helpful,
Meaningful specimens to diagnose bacterial
infections must be secured before antimicrobial
drugs are administered,
Microbiologic Examination
Culture:Isolation of infectious agents frequently requires specialized media,
Nonselective (noninhibitory) media permit the growth of many microorganisms,
Selective media contain inhibitory substances that permit the isolation of specific
types of microorganisms,
Microbial Identification,Colony and cellular morphology may permit preliminary
identification,Growth characteristics under various conditions,utilization of
carbohydrates and other substrates,enzymatic activity,immunoassays,and genetic
probes are also used,
Antimicrobial Susceptibility,Microorganisms,particularly bacteria,are tested in
vitro to determine whether they are susceptible to antimicrobial agents,
Serodiagnosis:A high or rising titer of specific IgG antibodies or the presence of
specific IgM antibodies may suggest or confirm a diagnosis,
Direct Examination and Techniques,Direct examination of specimens reveals
gross pathology,Microscopy may identify microorganisms,Immunofluorescence,
immuno-peroxidase staining,and other immunoassays may detect specific
microbial antigens,Genetic probes identify genus- or species-specific DNA or
RNA sequences,
Artificial active immunity
Toxoids,a modified form of the toxin that preserves its antigenicity but has lost its
toxicity,This has been spectacularly successful with tetanus and diphtheria,
Inactivated vaccines,The production of protective antibodies is stimulated by
using the killed (inactivated) organisms This is done as a routine with vaccines
against pertussis (whooping cough),typhoid and influenza,There is also an
inactivated polio vaccine,
Attenuated live vaccines, The approach is to use suspensions of living organisms
that are reduced in their virulence (attenuated) but still immunogenic,This strategy
has yielded,BCG,mumps,measles,and rubella vaccines (now combined); the live
virus polio vaccine,
Special vaccines,polysaccharide vaccine,subunit vaccine,( conjugate vaccine,
bio-engineered vaccine,chemical vaccine,synthetic vaccine ),nucleic acid vaccine,
idiotype vaccine,autovaccine,etc,
Vaccines are antigens prepared from pathogens that can raise a
protective immune response,yet do not cause illness,These
prepared antigens will stimulate both B cells and T cells and help
to create memory cells that can later mount a vigorous immune
response to an encounter with the real pathogen,
Artificial passive immunity
Antitoxin,e.g,Tetanus antitoxin and diphtheria
antitoxin,It is raised in the horse,It is most important
to give an intented recipient of equine serum a prior test
dose to exclude hypersensitivity subjects who may have
been sensitized by a previous dose of equine serum,
Pooled immunoglobulin,It contains the normal
repertoire of antibodies for an adult,and can protect
against hepatitis A,and measles,
Specific immunoglobulin,Preparations of specific
immunoglobulin are available for passive immunization
against tetanus,hepatitis B,rabies,varicella-zoster,
Cytokine
Active-passive immunity
involves giving both a vaccine to provide
long-term protection (preventive infection)
and immune globulin to provide immediate
protection (therapeutic and preventive
infectious disease),
stop
区别要点 人工主动免疫 人工被动免疫
免疫物质 抗原 抗体或细胞因子等
免疫出现时间 慢,2~4周 快，立即
免疫维持时间 长，数年 ~数月 短,2~3周
主要用途 预防 治疗或紧急预防
人工主动免疫与人工被动免疫的区别
DI = duration of illness,DH = duration of hospitalization,B/BF = blood/body fluid
precautions,D/S = drainage/secretion precautions,E = enteric precautions,C =
contact isolation,S = strict isolation,R = respiratory isolation,TB = tuberculosis
isolation,U = universal precautions,
General procedure for collecting and processing
specimens for aerobic and/or anaerobic bacterial culture
Agglutination test in which inert particles (latex beads or heat-killed S
aureus Cowan 1 strain with protein A) are coated with antibody to any of a
variety of antigens and then used to detect the antigen in specimens or in
isolated bacteria,
of Bacterial Infection
Xiao-Kui Guo
Manifestations of Infection,Signs and symptoms vary
according to the site and severity of infection,Diagnosis
requires a composite of information,including history,
physical examination,radiographic findings,and
laboratory data,
Microbial Causes of Infection,Infections may be
caused by bacteria,viruses,fungi,and parasites,The
pathogen may be exogenous (acquired from
environmental or animal sources or from other persons)
or endogenous (from the normal flora),
Specimen Selection,Collection,and
Processing
The quantity material must be adequate
Specimens are selected on the basis of signs and
symptoms,should be representative of the disease
process
Contamination of the specimen must be avoided by
using only sterile equipment and aseptic
precautions
The specimen must be taken to the laboratory and
examined promptly,Special transport media may
be helpful,
Meaningful specimens to diagnose bacterial
infections must be secured before antimicrobial
drugs are administered,
Microbiologic Examination
Culture:Isolation of infectious agents frequently requires specialized media,
Nonselective (noninhibitory) media permit the growth of many microorganisms,
Selective media contain inhibitory substances that permit the isolation of specific
types of microorganisms,
Microbial Identification,Colony and cellular morphology may permit preliminary
identification,Growth characteristics under various conditions,utilization of
carbohydrates and other substrates,enzymatic activity,immunoassays,and genetic
probes are also used,
Antimicrobial Susceptibility,Microorganisms,particularly bacteria,are tested in
vitro to determine whether they are susceptible to antimicrobial agents,
Serodiagnosis:A high or rising titer of specific IgG antibodies or the presence of
specific IgM antibodies may suggest or confirm a diagnosis,
Direct Examination and Techniques,Direct examination of specimens reveals
gross pathology,Microscopy may identify microorganisms,Immunofluorescence,
immuno-peroxidase staining,and other immunoassays may detect specific
microbial antigens,Genetic probes identify genus- or species-specific DNA or
RNA sequences,
Artificial active immunity
Toxoids,a modified form of the toxin that preserves its antigenicity but has lost its
toxicity,This has been spectacularly successful with tetanus and diphtheria,
Inactivated vaccines,The production of protective antibodies is stimulated by
using the killed (inactivated) organisms This is done as a routine with vaccines
against pertussis (whooping cough),typhoid and influenza,There is also an
inactivated polio vaccine,
Attenuated live vaccines, The approach is to use suspensions of living organisms
that are reduced in their virulence (attenuated) but still immunogenic,This strategy
has yielded,BCG,mumps,measles,and rubella vaccines (now combined); the live
virus polio vaccine,
Special vaccines,polysaccharide vaccine,subunit vaccine,( conjugate vaccine,
bio-engineered vaccine,chemical vaccine,synthetic vaccine ),nucleic acid vaccine,
idiotype vaccine,autovaccine,etc,
Vaccines are antigens prepared from pathogens that can raise a
protective immune response,yet do not cause illness,These
prepared antigens will stimulate both B cells and T cells and help
to create memory cells that can later mount a vigorous immune
response to an encounter with the real pathogen,
Artificial passive immunity
Antitoxin,e.g,Tetanus antitoxin and diphtheria
antitoxin,It is raised in the horse,It is most important
to give an intented recipient of equine serum a prior test
dose to exclude hypersensitivity subjects who may have
been sensitized by a previous dose of equine serum,
Pooled immunoglobulin,It contains the normal
repertoire of antibodies for an adult,and can protect
against hepatitis A,and measles,
Specific immunoglobulin,Preparations of specific
immunoglobulin are available for passive immunization
against tetanus,hepatitis B,rabies,varicella-zoster,
Cytokine
Active-passive immunity
involves giving both a vaccine to provide
long-term protection (preventive infection)
and immune globulin to provide immediate
protection (therapeutic and preventive
infectious disease),
stop
区别要点 人工主动免疫 人工被动免疫
免疫物质 抗原 抗体或细胞因子等
免疫出现时间 慢,2~4周 快，立即
免疫维持时间 长，数年 ~数月 短,2~3周
主要用途 预防 治疗或紧急预防
人工主动免疫与人工被动免疫的区别
DI = duration of illness,DH = duration of hospitalization,B/BF = blood/body fluid
precautions,D/S = drainage/secretion precautions,E = enteric precautions,C =
contact isolation,S = strict isolation,R = respiratory isolation,TB = tuberculosis
isolation,U = universal precautions,
General procedure for collecting and processing
specimens for aerobic and/or anaerobic bacterial culture
Agglutination test in which inert particles (latex beads or heat-killed S
aureus Cowan 1 strain with protein A) are coated with antibody to any of a
variety of antigens and then used to detect the antigen in specimens or in
isolated bacteria,
