目 录考研英语必备语法基础 1
第一章 词性 1
1.1 名词 1
1.2 代词 3
1.3 动词 39
1.4 形容词和副词 39
第二章 时态与情态动词 40
2.1现在完成时态的三种用法 40
2.2 与完成时态搭配的时间状语 42
2.3过去完成时的三种用法 43
2.4将来完成时 45
2.5完成进行时 45
2.6情态动词 48
第三章 被动语态 48
3.1被动语态的一般用法 49
3.2用于各种时态的被动语态 49
3.3 各种形式的被动语态 52
3.4 主动形式、被动意义的表达 55
3.5 被动语态的翻译 58
考研英语必考的语法知识 58
第四章 动名词与不定式 58
4.1 动名词与不定式作主语 58
4.2 动名词与不定式作宾语 62
4.3动名词的复合结构 68
4.4动名词复合结构与作后置定语的现在分词短语的区别 73
4.5 不定式的完成式(TO HAVE DONE) 75
4.6 THERE BE的动名词及不定式形式 77
第五章 分词 79
5.1分词的意义与作用 79
5.2分词作定语 81
5.3分词作状语 84
第六章 主谓一致 88
6.1 主语和谓语的一致关系 89
6.2 确定主语单复数的三个原则 90
6.3 主谓一致的具体原则 92
第七章 虚拟语气 114
7.1虚拟条件句 115
7.2名词从句中的虚拟 123
考研英语必考的句法知识 125
第八章 倒装和强调 125
8.1倒装语序 125
8.2 强调 141
第九章 省略结构 150
9.1并列结构中的省略现象 150
9.2主从结构中的省略现象 151
第十章 否定句 153
10.1 用NOT构成否定句 153
10.2 用NO构成否定句 156
10.3 用某些副词构成否定 158
10.4 用否定代词或否定副词构成否定 158
10.5用否定的连词构成否定 160
10.6 用形容词构成否定 161
10.7 用介词构成否定 161
10.8 具有否定意义的动词和动词短语 162
10.9 用肯定的形式表示否定的概念 162
10.10 用否定式的形式表示肯定的概念 163
10.11 部分否定 164
10.12 否定的转移 167
第十一章 定语从句 169
11.1理解定语从句的关键:找到先行词 170
11.2关系代词与关系副词 178
11.3关系代词 WHICH/THAT/WHO/WHOM 180
11.4关系代容词 WHOSE 181
11.5 关系代词 WHAT 182
11.6关系代词AS 189
11.7关系代词 THAN 193
11.8关系副词WHEN 196
11.9关系副词 WHERE 202
11.10特殊关系副词WHEREBY 212
11.11介词+关系代词 213
11.12 带有插入误的定语从句 229
11.13并列定语从句 232
第十二章 名词从句 233
12.1 名词从句的本质:3种句子充当4种成分 233
12.2 主语从句 237
12.3宾语从句 242
12.4 表语从句 245
12.5同位语从句 246
第十三章 THAT专题 248
13.1指示形容词THAT 249
13.2指示代词THAT 249
13.3连词 THAT 251
13.4关系代词THAT 251
13.5 THAT引导定语从句与同位语从句的区分 252
13.6 THAT从句的并列结构 253
第十四章 状语从句 261
14.1状语从句的本质 261
14.2时间状语认句 268
14.3地点状语从句 275
14.4原因状语从句 276
14.5目的状语从句 279
14.6结果状语从句 282
14.7条件状语从句 287
14.8让步状语从句 294
14.9比较状语从句 309
14.10方式状语从句 330
第十五章 THERE BE句型 330
15.1 THERE BE结构中的主语具有非限定性 331
15.2 THERE BE结构的否定形式 331
15.3 THERE BE句型中BE的各种时态 331
15.4 THERE BE句型中主语的修饰成分 332
15.5 THERE BE句型的几种特殊结构 332
15.6 THERE BE结构作状语和介宾 333
第十六章AS专题 334
16.1 AS用作介词 334
16.2 AS用作副词 341
16.3 AS用作关系代词,引导定语从句 342
16.4 AS用作连词 343
16.5有关AS的结构 357
第十七章 THAN专题 362
17.L在MORE THAN结构的理解与翻译 362
17.2 NOTHING MORE THAN 结构的理解与翻译 367
17.3 NO MORE THAN/NOT ANY MORE THAN结构的理解与翻译 368
17.4 NO LESS THAN/NOTHING LESS THAN 结构的理解与翻译 370
17.5 RAINER THAN VS,OTHER THAN 结构的理解与翻译 371
17.6 THAN引导定语从句 376
第十八章 长难句的读写和翻译 377
18.1 认清句中的并列平行结构 377
18.2 关注名词从句的连词 380
18.3 正确分析定语从句关系词所指的先行词内容 382
18.4 熟记各种状语从句的逻辑关系连接词 383
18.5 熟悉分词结构的用法 384
18.6 熟练掌握英文的固定介词搭配以及OF的语义结构关系 385
18.7 注意句中代词的所指内容 389
考研英语必备语法基础第一章 词性
1.1 名词在研究生考试试题中,对于名词这一语法项目的测试除了主谓搭配问题以外,还涉及名词的其他一些用法。后面将对主谓一直问题作较为详细的讲解,本章中讨论运用名词时应注意的问题。
1.1.1 名词作形容词使用名词可以修饰名外一个名词,起定语的作用,或于另一名词构成合成词。这时作定语用的名词一般用作单数名词。
[例句]
They live in a country house.
他们住在乡下的房子里。
He often visits a night club.
他经常去夜总会。
1.1.2 名词的所有格
1.表示人或动物以及拟人化事物的名词在词位加’构成所有格,例如:the gentleman’ car,the dog’ food.
这种所有格也可以用于表示时间、重量、距离等的名词,如:yesterday’s news;three hour’s journey.
2.如果修饰语有如下情况,应该在前面加of构成其所有格。
(1)表示无生命事物:the window of the house; the color of the car
(2)集体名词:the capital of the firm,a member of this society
(3)the+形容词:the misfortune of the young,the mystery of this cociety
(4)当a,an,this,these,that,any,some,no等词和所有格名词修饰同一名词时,需要同时用以上两种形式,称为双重所有格,I don’t use Tom’s car because I don’t quite appreciate that car of this.
(5)有些时候两个名词所有格并列使用,他们后面的名词若分别属于两者所有,须在两个名词所有格后面分别加’s;若属于两个名词所共有,则在第二个名词后面加’s:Martin and Alice’s car broke down again,but luckly they knew how to fix it,(car为单数,说明这辆车市他们两个人所有。)
(6)用连字符号连接的两个或者两个以上的词作定语时,其中的名词不能用复数:100-metre race(百米跑)
1.1.3 名词的数绝大多数棵树名词的复数形式为名词加-s或者-es,以辅音字母+y结尾的名词要先变y为i,再加es.
1.不规则名词的复数形式
(1)单复数词干不同
man-men; child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; ox-oxen; mouse-mice;
(2)以o结尾的单词
Negro-negroes; echo-echoes; hero-heroes; potato-potatoes; mosquito-mosquitoes; volcano-volcanoes; motto-mottoes; memo-memoes
(3)以f或者fe结尾的词
以辅音字母+f(fe)结尾的名词要先变f(fe)为v,再加es
thief-thieves; wife-wives; calf-calves
(4)只做复数的名词
people; cattle; police; personnel
2.形似复数,实际作为单数使用的名词
Physicals; mathematics; news; means; statistics; works
1.2 代词考研中关于代词的考察,主要集中在不定代词的考察上。
不定代词指那些没有明确指出替代对象的代词,也就是说,是那些不指明替代任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
(例)I like none of these pictures.
我不喜欢这些画中的任何一幅。
She finished her coffee and asked for another.
她喝完一杯咖啡后,又要了一杯。
Everything’s all right now.
现在一切都很顺利。
1.2.1不定代词概念不定代词可以分为以下两类:
名词性不定代词——在句中可以单独作主语、宾语、表语或同位语等。
形容词不定代词——在句中只能充当修饰语——定语。
有很多的不定代词即可用作形容词性不定代词,也可用作名词性不定代词。不定代词所包括的各种代词和基本用法如下表:
不定代词
基本用法
all,each,both,either,neither,one,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any
在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
everybody,everyone,everything,
somebody,someone,something,anybody,anyone,anything,nobody,no one,nothing
在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。由body和one构成的复合代词之后,可跟else,而且可用所有格(-‘s)形式。
none
在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。
every,no
只能用作定语。
1.2.2 all,each,every,everyone(-body),everything
1.all用作名词性不定代词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。
这取决于它指代的对象的含意(例如,指人时为复数,指不具体事物时被视为单数);或取决于all指定的名词的用法(如可数,不可数,单数或复数等)。
(例)All were agreed.
大家都同意了。
All is still.
万籁俱寂。
All of 后可跟可数名词,也可跟不可数名词。
(例)All (of) the people were very happy.
人人皆大欢喜。
All of the money is yours.
所有这些钱都是你的。
“all of+人称代词宾格”结构中的of不能省去。
(例)All of us succeeded.
We all succeeded.
我们都成功了。
“all+数目字+复数名词”结构中的all后不能加of。
(例)All(the)six boys arrived late.
六个男孩都迟到了。
“all of +the/that/my等限定词+名词”结构中的of可省略。
(例)All(of)the milk is spilt.
牛奶都溢光了。
2.all为形容词性不定代词时,可修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。
“all+复数名词”或“all+ the+复数名词”,意为“所有的、全部的”。
(例)All things are difficult before they are easy.
万事开头难。(所有的事情都是先难后易。)
All the students in the class passed the exam.
班里全体学生都通过了考试。
“all+复数名词”表示泛指;“all +the+复数名词”用于特指。
“all+单数可数名词”,表示“整个的,全部的,”也可强调“惟一”或进行对比。
(例)She hopes with all her heart that he’ll be happy.
她真心诚意地希望他幸福。
That humble little house was all the home that I ever had.
那幢简陋的小房子是我惟一的居所。
She ate all the cake.
她把一块蛋糕全吃了。
“all+(the)+表示时间的单数名词”表示“贯穿(从头到尾地)”。
all (the) day (long)一整天 all (the) night一整夜
all (the) morning一上午 all winter整个冬天
(例)He stayed there all the year(round).
他在那儿呆了一整年。
I haven’t worked all (the) day.
我一天都没工作。
注意 这里短语用在否定句中时,通常可不加the。
“all+专有名词”表示“全部、整个”。
all China全中国(的人) all Japan全日本(的人)
(例)A general strike paralyzed all Paris that day.
那一天,大罢工使整个巴黎瘫痪了。
“all(+限定词)+不可数名词”表示“一切的、全部”。
(例)All my money was spent.
我的钱全部用光了。
All hope has gone.
一切希望都已化为泡影。
“all+表示性质、程度等抽象概念的不可数名词”表示“最大限度”。
with all possible speed尽可能快地,火急 in all honesty十分实地
in all earnestness十人分认真地 be all sweetness非常温柔
in all truth的确 be all cordiality十分热诚
(例)He suddenly became all attention.
他突然全神贯注(地听)。
She was all tenderness and kindness.
她对人非常亲切和蔼。
The girl was all disappointment to her mother.
那女孩令她母亲十分失望。
He spoke in all sincerity.
他极其诚恳地说。
He was all politeness.
他温文尔雅。
The storm raged in all its fury.
暴风雨肆遽一时。
这样的短语在句中多作表语或状语。
all在表示“最大限度”这一含意时,也可跟表示身体一部分的名词(视情况用单数或复数)一起用作表语,表达与该名词相关的状态。
(例)The boy is all thumbs.
那孩子笨手笨脚的。
He was all skin and bones.
他瘦得皮包骨头。
She was all eyes.
她凝神细看。
He was all ears.
他仔细倾听。
3.each和every的比较它们都可译成“每一个”,都可与单数可数名词连用。
Each既可用作名词性代词(单数,其后不跟名词或代词one),也可用作形容词性代词,作其它单数可数名词或one 的定语。
Every却只能作定语,修饰单数可数名词,或代词one。
Every也可用来修饰intention,kindness,sympathy,reason,concern,at tempt,encouragement,respect等抽象名词,意为“很大的”,“充分的”。
(例)Each has his merits.
人各有所长。
Each boy may try twice.
每个孩子可以试两次。
Every room in this hotel has a private bathroom.
这家旅馆的每间客房都带有浴室。
each用于有两个或两个以上的人或物,而every及其合成词用在有三个或三个以上的人或物时。
each强调个体,倾向于把整体分开来考虑;
“every+单数可数名词/one”及everyone(-body),everything等,都强调全体,把分散的个体集中为一个整体看待,暗示“无一例外”。
each通常要指代前文中已提到的人或物,但“every+单数可数名词/one”和everyone(-body)等无此限制。
(例)Two boys entered,Each (boy) was carrying a suitcase.
两个服务员走进来,他们每人都提着一只衣箱。
There were three boys in the room,and I gave an apple to each/everybody.
屋子里有三个孩子,我给他们每人一个苹果。
Everyone has his faults.
人人都有不足之处。
I will do everything in my power to assist you.
我会做一切力所能及的事来帮你。
every与each都可与one连用。但要注意every one(指人或物,表达的是数量)与everyone(指人)的区别。Everything有时也可指人。
each,each one,every one和everyone等都可用单数或复数的人称代词或物主代词等指代。
each,each one,every one之后都可跟of结构,但everyone(-body)之后不能跟of结构。
在表意上,each指已提及或说明的人,而everybody无此限制。
(例)He may be everything you say he is,but he’s treated me decently,and I don’t wants to be the one to sell him out.
他可能就是你说的那种人,但他对我不错,我不愿意做出卖他的人。
Each wants have his/his or her/their own home.
人人都想有自己的家。
Each one of us has his own duty.
我们每个人都有自己的责任。
Examine every one of the glasses carefully as you unpack them.
打开包装时,要对每只杯子都做仔细检查。
Everyone has a right express his/their own opinions.
人人都有发表自己意见的权利。
Every one/Each/Each one of the workers was invited to state his views.
每个工作人员都被邀请来陈述自己的意见。
each在句子也可用作同位语,说明复数名词。此时,它在句中的位置比较灵活:可用在被说明的名词之后;可用在间接宾语之后(不能在直接宾语之后);也可在第一助动词、be或简单谓语之后。有时,也可出现在句末。
(例)She bought them each an ice cream.
她给他们每人买了一个冰淇淋。
They each signed the paper.
他们各自在文件上签了名。
They must each do their home tasks.
他们都必须做家庭作业。
John,Peter and Bill each say they came first in the race.
约翰、彼得和比尔都说自己跑了第一。
They were each praised for their suggestions.
他们每人都因所提的建议受到了表扬。
We have copy of that dictionary each.
我们每人都有一本那种辞典。
4.each、every和all的用法比较
each,all可单独使用,但every不能单独使用;指代上文中已提到的或已知的人或物时,each,every和all the都可以用。
(例)Each/Every student in our class wanted to have a dictionary.
All the students in our class wanted to have a dictionary.
我们班上的每个学生都想有一本辞典。
Every door is locked.
All doors are locked.
每扇门都锁上了。
every之后可跟“数目字+复数名词”,但each不可以。
如:Two out of every five students own a cellular phone,句中的every不能用each替代。
His every wish came true,/All his wishes came true.
他的每个愿望都实现了。
在指代不确知的或泛指的人或物时,可用every或all(其后不能加the)。
(例)Every man has his weak side.
All men have their weak sides.
人人都有弱点。
1.2.3 both,either和neither
这三个词都用在只有两个人或物的情况下,都不能与不可数名词连用;但都可用作名词性代词,也都可用作形容词性代词。
1.both的用法
both意为“两者都”,可以单独使用,也可用作定语,还可构成下面的短语:
both+(of+) the/指示词/物主代词+复数名词这一短语中的of可以省略;但在“both +of+人称代词宾格”这一短语中of不能略去。
(例)Both looks are equally good to me.
在我看来,两个都一样好。
Both (the) stories are true.
两种说法都是对的。
He the book in both (your) hands.
(你)用两只手拿着书。
Both (of) the/these/those umbrellas are mine.
两把伞都是我的。
Both of them arrived late.
他们两人都迟到了。
Now,both kinds of football are played in most schools.
现在,在大多数学校中,两种足球运动都在开展。
You can’t have it both ways,You must decide on one or the other.
鱼与熊掌两者不能兼得,你必须选择其一。
注意of之后为人称代词,of不能省去。
both也可用作名词或代词的同位语,通常紧跟在该名词或代词之后
(例)They both arrived late.
Both of them arrived late.
他们两人都迟到了。
He wrote to us both.
He wrote to both of us.
他给我们两个人都写信来了。
Mother put them both to bed.
Mother put both of them to bed.
母亲把他们两人安排睡下。
We both want to go.
Both of us want to go.
我们两人都想去。
both可用在简单谓语之前,也可用在be或第一助动词之后。
(例)They are both present.
他们两人都出席了。
We can both do it.
我们两人都能做此事。
They must both work harder.
他们两人都必须要用功些。
They are both useful
它们两者都有用。
2.all和both在句中的位置(总结)
前位
与名词连用
定冠词
both/all + 物主代词名词所有格(-’s) +名词(定冠词等限定词可以省去)
指示词
定冠词
both /all+ of+ 物主代词名词所有格(-’s)+名词(定冠词等限定词不能省去)
指示词
与代词连用
Both/all+of+人称代词宾格(不能没有of)
人称代词+ both/all (人称代词的格要视其在句中的作用而定)
后 位
简单谓语之前;be或第一助动词之后;由人称代词充当的直接宾语或间接宾语之后。
3.neither和either的比较这两个词都可用作名词性代词或形容词性代词;但两者有以下几点不同:
neither表示两者均被否定,意为“两者中无一……,(两者中)任一都不……”;
either表示肯定,意为“两者都……,两者中的任何一个都……”。
也就是说,neither=not either。
(例)I don’t like either.
I like neither.
我两个都不喜欢。
He will agree to neither plan.
He will not agree to either plan.
他两个方案都不赞成。
Many young Indians face,a blank wall”,They are suspended between two,world,and are part of neither.
许多印度青年都前途无望(面对一堵无路可通的高墙)。他们悬在两个世界之间,却不属于其中的任何一个。
neither和either除上述不同之处,其他用法完全相同。
neither和either的相同用法
说明
either +谓语动词
neither
用作主语时,谓语通常用单数形式,但在非正式文体中,特别是当其后跟有复数名词/代词,或用在否定句中时,常常用复数形式的谓语。
either +单数可数名词
neither
名词之前不加冠词,物主代词、指示词或名词所有格(’s)。
either +of+复数人称代词宾语
neither
of不能省去
定冠词
either+物主代词+复数名词
neither
指示词名词所有格(s’)
冠词等限定词不能省去
(例)Neither is any good.
(两者中)哪一个都不好。
Either will do.
(两者中)随便哪一个都行。
Neither story is true.
两种说法都不正确。
I can write with either hand.
我两只手都会写字。
I don’t think either of them are/is at home.
我想他们两个都不在家。
He could not answer either of the questions I asked.
我提了两个问题,他一个也答不上来。
Neither one of my friends has come yet.
我的两位朋友都还没来
Neither of them want (s) to speak to him about this matter.
他们(俩人)谁也不愿对他谈这件事。
Neither sister/Neither of the two sisters/Neither of them was willing to nurse the sick child.
两姊妹谁也不愿意照看生病的孩子。
如果neither和either用来指人,相对应的代词为he或she,但也常常用they来指代。
1.2.4 some,any及由构成的不定代词
some和any既可用作名词性不定代词,也可用作形容词性不定代词。some意为“一些”、“某些/个”;any意为“任何”、“不论谁”或“不论什么”。
用作名词性代词时,这两个词都可指人可数名词或不可数名词。
(例)He asked for tea/cigarettes,so I gave him some.
他要茶/香烟,我就给了他一些。
I want some milk/apples,have you got any?
我想要些牛奶/苹果,你有吗?
用作形容词性代词时,它可修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词,也可修饰单数可数名词,此时some意为“某一个”,any意为“任何一个”。
(例)Is there any reason for changing the plan?
改变计划有任何理由吗?
I have read about it in some book.
我在某书中读到了有关的内容。
Some books are to be tasted,other to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书可供品尝,有些书只能囫轮吞枣,还有少数的书要细细咀嚼,慢慢消化。
这两个词都不能直接与冠词、物主代词或指示词连用,但其后跟有“of+名词”时例外。
Some/any + of + 冠词/物主代词/指示词等+名词
人称代词宾语
(例)Some of the books/them are very good.
这些书中/它们中有些是很好的。
Some of the fruit is rotten.
这些水果中有些是烂的。
I don’t think any of my friends have seen them.
我认为我的朋友中没有见到过他们。
一般情况下,some要用于肯定句中,而any要用在疑问句、否定句或条件句中。这一点也适用于由some或any构成的不定代词。
(例)Something has happened.
出了点事。
Did anybody see you?
有人看见你了吗?
I can’t believe anything you say.
我不能相信你说的任何事情。
—Is there any paper on the desk?
—No,there isn’t any paper on the desk.
桌子上有纸吗?
不,桌子上没有纸。
注意 所谓否定句,不仅包括含有否定词(not/no/neither)的句子,而且也包括含有非完全否定词(hardly/almost/nearly/little/few/seldom)的句子,以及含有without/fail/reluctant/before/hard/difficult/prevent/too等暗含否定概念的句子。
(例)I don’t think any of us wants/want to work tomorrow.
His plan was unknown to any (of them) except himself.
She tore up the letter before anyone had read it.
She did the job without any help.
Hardly anybody wanted to buy it.
some也可用在疑问句中,如果提问者期待受到鼓励或得到肯定的回答,我认为多半会得到肯定回答时;如果提问者想用疑问句表达请求、邀请、建议、命令或反问时,在疑问句中通常都可用some或由some构成的不定代词。
(例)Would you like some more beer?
再来点啤酒好吗?
Didn’t he ask you some questions?
他难道没向你提出些问题吗?
Did he ask you questions?
你问你什么问题了吗?
May I give you some tea?(=Let me give you some tea.)
我给你倒杯茶吧。
Will you kindly give me some sugar?
你能给我点糖吗?
Is someone coming this afternoon?
今天下午有人要来吧?
Can you give me some idea of what it looked like?
你能对我说说它看上去是什么样子吗?
提问者觉得提问的可能性很大
提问者只想了解有无这种事情
some也常用在否定句中,特别是用作否定句的主语。这是因为主语的位置通常不受否定结构的制约。这种用法多是强调一种对比、对照,而比较的对象往往并没有明确表达出来。这种用法也适用于由some构成的不定代词。
(例)Some agree with us,some don’t,and other don’t express their opinions.
一些人同意我们的意见,一些人不同意,春他人没有表态。
Somebody did not hand in his homework.
有人没有交家庭作业。
any也可用在肯定句中。此时,any强调“毫无例外”,意为“无论哪一个”、“任何”,且常与单数名词连用。由any构成的不定代词也可以这样用。
这种用法常常出现在“比较级+than +any…”结构中,表示“比任何(其他)……都……”。这使得比较级具有了最高级的含义。
(例)I want something to drink; anything will do.
我想喝点东西,什么都行。
Any of these children could do it.
这些孩子中的任何一个都能做这件事。
Any student can answer this question.
任何一个学生都能回答这个问题。
Give me some cigarettes,please,any king will do.
请给我(盒)香烟,哪种都可以。
Tom is taller than any of the other boys in his class.
汤姆是班上最高的男孩。
Anybody would be better than nobody.
有人总比没人强。
some、any及由其构成的不定代词可用在if条件句式或if/whether引导的宾语或主语从句中,但any更常用。当句子的基本含意暗示或强调肯定时,通常用some。
(例)If you want some/any help,let me know.
如果你需要帮忙,就告诉我。
If you save some money each week,you can go on holiday.
如果你每周都攒点钱,你就能去度假了。
If you put some pictures on the wall,the room will look brighter.
如果你在墙上挂几幅画,房间里就会鲜亮些。
Give me some,if there is/are any.
如果有,就给我一些。
If anybody comes,tell him/them to wait.
如果有人来了,就让他等一下。
I wondered if she had any rooms to let.
我不知道她是否有房间出租。
He’s doubtful whether there’ll be any seats left.
他怀疑是否还有座位。
But what if somebody decides to break the rules?
可是,如果有人决意要破坏规定怎么办?
some及凡其构成的不定代词something在强调数量时,除了表示不确定数量外,还可能表示以下含义:
“至少有一点点”,“几分”,“稍微”(=at least a small amount of)
(例)He has after al some sense of justice.
他毕竟有一点点正义感。
I want to see something of the world.
我想见点世面。
Do have some mercy on me.
对我发点慈悲吧。
He is something of a musician.
他有几分音乐家的气质。
“相当大(的数量/程度/距离/分量/大小等)”
(例)I stayed there for some days.
我在那儿逗留了一些天。
That was some proof.
那是有力的证据。
Some help that is.
那真是莫大的帮助。
Some friend you are.
你真够朋友。
We went some miles out of our way.
我们岔出正路好几英里。
The fire went on for some time before it was brought under control.
火着了好长一段时间才被控制住。
The reason why I didn’t go there is because/that it rained something awful last night.
我没能去那儿的原因是咋晚雨下得非常大。
The railway station is at some distance from the village,so we have to go there by taxi.
火车站离村子相当远,所以我们必须打的去那儿。
“大约,大概”
(例)I was in Paris some twenty years ago.
大约20年前我到过巴黎。
Something like a ton of air is pressing against us at this moment.
此刻,我们正承受着大约一吨空气的压力。
anything of/any也可表示“一点儿”、“少许”。
(例)Is he anything of a musician?
有他点儿音乐家的气质吗?
Is he any better today?
他今天好点儿了吗?
any用在肯定句中,也可用来强调数量没有限制。
(例)Choose any of these apples.
从这个苹果中随便选吧。
1.2.5 no,none,nothing,nobody,no one
1.在no/none/nothing/nobody/no one这组否定代词中,只有no为形容词性代词,其他的均为名词性代词。
no总是置于名词之前作定语,no与被修饰的名词这前不能有冠词、物主代词或指示词;no也可以用来代替no a,not any以加强否定的含义,可译为“没有”、“并非”、“绝非”。
no+ 单数可数名词/复数可数名词
no+ 不可数名词
(例)He is no fool,(=not a fool)
他绝非傻瓜。
There is no hope,(=isn’t any hope)
毫无希望。
He has no friends,(=hasn’t any friends)
他没有朋友。
No man can do it in a day.
没有人能在一天之内干完这件事。
no有时用作副词,与形容词、副词或其比较级连用,表示否定。
(例)She showed me no small kindness.
她对我表示出格外的亲切友好。
That’s question of no great importance.
那绝不是一个那么重要的问题。
That is no different from this.
那个与这个没有区别。
Things are no better than before.
情况并不比过去更好。
“no+形容词+名词”意为“……绝不是……”。no在这种结构中否定的是形容词,又如:a question of no little importance 相当重要的问题。
“no+ V- ing”表示“不允许”、“禁止”
(例)No littering.
禁止乱扔废弃物。
No parking.
禁止停车。
No thoroughfare.
禁止通行。
No spitting.
禁止吐痰。
2.nothing,nobody,no one和none的比较
nothing用于指物,nobody和no one用来指人,none既可指人也可指物,none用来指代可数名词时,意为“没有一个人/物……”,用来指代不可数名词时,意为“没有一点……”。
none of+ 复数可数名词/不可数名词 = not any of…
(例)None of this money is yours.
这钱中没有一分是你的。
Nothing is your fault.
那不是你的错。
None of us are perfect.
人无完人。
Nothing venture nothing have.
不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
None have/has seen him,= No one/Nobody has seen him.
没有人看见过他。
None of the neighbors have/has visited them.
邻居中没有人去拜访过他们。
You have enough money,but I have none.
你有足够的钱,可我一分也没有。
3.none和neither的比较
none用于指二人以上;neither用于指两个人。
(例)Neither of you has the right answer.
你们两人的答案都不对。
None of the boxes are/is empty.
这些箱子中没有一只是空的。
(4)none、nothing和nobody的比较
在提问或回答时,none的重点在数量上,而nothing/nobody的重点在人或物本身。
(例)—What is one the table?
—Nothing.
桌子上有什么东西?
什么也没有。
—Who is in the room?
—Nobody/No one.
谁在房间里?
没有人。
—How many people are there in the classroom?
—None.
教室里有多少人?
一个也没有。
—How much water is there in the cup?
—None.
杯子里有多少水?
一点也没有。
Nobody was seen on the road.
路上连个人影也见不到。
None of us were /was at the party last night.
咋晚,我们一个人也没去参加晚会。
none也可用作副词,用于下面短语中:
none +the+比较极或none too /so…意为“一点也不……”,如:
none the better(for…)=并不(因为……而)更好些;
none too soon=一点也不早;
none so pleasant=一点也不令人愉快。
1.2.6 some-,any-,no-,every-构成的不定代词
1.形式
some-
any-
no-
every-
Someone
somebody
something
Anyone
anybody
anything
no one
nobody
nothing
everyone
everybody
everything
 由-body和-one构成的代词的意义用法相同。
上述不定代词没有词尾变化,其后可跟形容词、不定式或从句修饰。
2.用法
① someone/somebody/something
用在肯定句中;
用在预料或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句,或用在暗含肯定的否定句或条件句中;
用在表示请求、建议等的疑问句中。
(例)Somebody seems to have called on me in my absence.
我不在时,好像有人来找过我。
How about buying something to eat?
买点吃的怎么样?
If somebody is to be blamed,it is me.
如果有人要受到谴责,那就是我。
② anyone/anybody/anything
用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中;
用在肯定句中表示加强语气,意为“不论谁/什么”、“任何人/物”。
(例)Is there anything I can de for you?
我能帮你什么忙吗?
If anybody calls,tell them I’m out.
要有人打电话来,就说我出去了。
Anybody can do that.
这种事谁都能做。
③ no one/nobody/nothing
与肯定的谓语动词连用表示否定。
(例)There was nobody there.
那儿没有人。
No one believes it
没人相信。
I know nothing about it.
我对此一无所知。
It’s nothing to laugh at.
没什么好笑的。
No one can be kept out of the Olympics because of religion,color,or political ideas.
任何人都不能因为宗教、肤色或政见而被拒之奥林匹克之外。
nobody 可作名词,意为“小人物”。此时,其前可加冠词或定语。
(例)He is a young nobody.
他是个年轻的无名小卒。
no one/nobody后不能跟of短语。若要表达“一个也不……”这一含义时,可用“not one of…”或,none of…”等。
(例)Not one of them was killed and only three wounded.
无一人死亡,只有三人受伤。
④ everyone/everybody/everything
用个体概括整体,意为“每个人/物都……”。
(例)Is everybody here?
大家都到了吗?
He knows everything.
他什么都知道。
Money is not everything.
钱不是一切。
Has everyone made up their minds?
每个人都下定决心了吗?
Everybody knows their job,don’t they?
人人都了解自己的工作,是吗
3.几点注意
①上述代词用作主语时,谓语用单数。
(例)No one has failed.
没有人不及格。
Is there anything that box?
那盒子里有没有什么东西?
②用代词指代上述表示人的代词时,一般用he/his等。如果已明确知道其为阴性时,用she或her等指代,但是现在多用复数代词they,them等来指代。
(例)Everyone knows what they have to do,= Everyone knows what he has to do.
人人都知道他(们)应该干什么。
③上述代词中用于指人的代词之后,可加上-’s构成所有格。
(例)Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
人人负责,就是无人负责。(三个和尚没水吃。)
④上述不定代词之后可跟else。else意为“另外的”、“不同的”、“别的”、“其他的”。指人的不定代词后面还可加上else’s,构成所有格。
(例)Is there anybody else who can help me?
还有人能帮助我吗?
I’m afraid I can’t help you,You’ll have to ask someone else.
我恐怕帮不上你的忙,你得另请他人了。
I have heard nothing else from him.
我再没有收到他的信。
One tyre of my car is flat,You’ll have to borrow somebody else’s car.
我车子的一只轮胎没气,你得借别人的车子了。
⑤上述不定代词之后,可以直接用“(for sb+)动词不定式”修饰。
(例)Give me something to read,Anything will do.
给我点东西读,什么都行。
⑥如果有形容词定语,该形容词需置于上述不定代词之后,不能做其前置定语。
(例)There is nothing important in this report.
这篇报告中没有什么重要的东西。
注意 everyone/everybody/everything表示部分否定的用法。
(例)I don’t like everyone in my class.
在我的班里,不是所有的人我都喜欢。
I don’t like anyone in my class.
我不喜欢班上的任何人。
注意区别不定代词与用no,every,any,some作one的定语(两者分开书写)时的不同之处:不定代词的重音在第一个音节上,而后者的重音在one上。不定代词不能用of短语修饰,而后者却常用of短语作定语。every body意为“每个躯体”。every one多用来指物。everybody可用来作呼语
(例)Every one of stamps is rare.
这些邮票中的每一张都是稀有的。
Every one of us was tired to death.
我们中的每一个人都累得要死。
Everyone has his faults.
人人都有缺点。
Any one of the plans will do.
这些计划中的任何一个都行。
1.2.7 another和other
another和other都可用作形容词性不定代词,也可用作名词性不定代词。这两个词的一般用法,可以概括为下表:
用作名词性代词
用作形容词性代词
单数
复数
单数
复数
泛指
another
others
another+单数名词
other+复数名词
特指
the other
the others
the other+单数名词
the other+复数名词
作为形容词性代词,another总是用在单数可数名词或one之前;而other可用来修饰单数或复数名词。
(例)Would you like another cup of tea?
你要再来一杯茶吗?
Did you see any other films?
你看过别的电影吗?
Where is the other shoe?
另一只鞋在哪儿?
作为名词性代词,another总是作单数;other则有复数形式others。
(例)It is true that some books are duller than other.
的确,有些书要比其他书枯燥些。
If you do not like that tie,put on another,You have a lot.
如果你喜欢那条领带,就换一条,你有好多领带呢。
another用来指一系列人或物中没有确切指明的“另一个”;other或others(=other ones)意为“其余的”、“其他的”。
(例)I don’t like this one,Show me the other.
我不喜欢这一个,请让我看看另外一个。
I don’t like this one,Show me another.
我不喜欢这个,请再给我看一个。
the other意为(已知的二者中的)“另一个”,“第二个”;the others意为(三者或三者以上之中的)“剩下的那些”、“其余的(人或物)。”
(例)We looked at four cars today,The first two were far too expensive,but the others were reasonably priced.
今天我们看了四辆车,前两辆太贵了,但其余两辆价格合理。
I have shown you one; now I’ll show you the other.
我已经给你看了一下,现在我再给你看看另外一个。
*只有这两个,再没有其他的了*
“another+基数词/few等+复数名词”意为“再……”。
(例)Another three cups,please.
劳驾,再来三杯。
He paid another five dollars.
他又付了五美元。
He’ll be back in another few days.
再过几天,他就回来了。
every other的用法
every other意为“每隔一个……”
(例)Write on every other line.
请隔一行写。
We have lessons every other day.
我们隔一天上一次课。
Our club meets every other Wednesday.
我们俱乐部隔周星期三碰面。
Every other意为“所有其他的……”(不包括已提到的那一个或那几个人或物)。
(例)Mary was absent,but every other girl was present.
只有玛丽缺席,所有其他姑娘都到了。
Every other student in our class got a present but me.
我们班除我外,所有其他人都得到了一份礼物。
all the other+复数名词(=all the other)指已知一组人或物中的其余的人或物。
all other+复数名词(=all others)指不确定的,或泛指的一组人或物中的其余的人或物。
(例)Show me all the other pictures.
Show me all the others.
把所有其他的画都拿来给我看看吧。
Why did you have to choose this day of all others to get sick?
(哪一天不行,)你怎么偏偏要在这一天生病啊!
1.2.8 one的用法
one除了可用作基数词之外,还可用作代词(人称代词或不定代词)。
1.泛指的one(不定代词)
这样用时,one有以下形式:
所有格
反身代词
one’s
Oneself
one用在较正式英语中,意为“任何人”、“一个人”(=a person),指说话者或听话者,或泛指包括说话者在内的人们。One这样用时要注意以下两点:
one没有复数形式;
one充当句子主语时,谓语动词要用单数第三人称。
(例)One/You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
有所得,必有所失。(不打破蛋,做不成蛋卷。)
One must do one’s duty.
人必须要尽自己的职责。
One should love one’s country.
一个人应该爱自己的国家。
One must buy oneself what is necessary to one’s life.
人们需要购买自己生活中必需的东西。
It is hard to make oneself understood in a foreign language.
用外语表达清楚自己的想法是很难的。
One should do what he must,even if he doesn’t want to.
一个人即使不愿意,也应做他该做的一切。
在非正式英语中,可以用you来代替one,也显得更通俗、更口语化、更亲切。在美语中,常用he/him/his/himself等取代one/one’s/oneself,以避免前后重复。
2.替代词one(人称代词)
one 可以用来指代前面已出现的特指或泛指的单数或复数可数名词,或指代同类人或物中的任意一个/些,但不能用来指代不可数名词或专有名词。这样用时,one本身可为特指的,也可为泛指的。用作替代词时,one只有以下两种形式:单数(the)one和复数(the)ones。ones没有所有格,也没有反身代词形式。
(例)I have lost my watch,I think I must buy one.
我把表丢了,我想我得再买一块。
These are the ones I prefer.
这些是我比较喜欢的。
Quite a different problem,but one that is causing growing concern,is that computers may violate people’s privacy.
另一个性质不同但却日益引起重视的问题是,计算机可能侵犯人们的隐私。
I am sorry to say that the step you have taken is one of great risk.
很遗憾,你所采取的这一步是要冒很大危险的。
这样用时,one可以带有自己的限制性定语,也可用指示代词、名词所有格-s’、which等修饰。其中“形容词+one (s),多用来表示选择和比较。
(例)Small bananas are often better than big ones.
小香蕉往往比大香蕉好(吃)。
The blue bicycle is much better than the red one.
这辆蓝自行车比那辆红的好多了。
I don’t like this watch,Show me a cheaper one.
我不喜欢这只表,请给我拿一只便宜点的。
Which ones would you like? These ones or those ones?
你喜欢哪些?这些还是那些?
Of all Byron’s poems,he liked the ones that were concerned with love.
在拜伦的诗中,他喜欢那些与爱情有关的(诗)。
This book is more interesting than the ones I read last week.
这本书比我上周读的那几本都有趣。
在下列情况下,one前必须要有形容词作定语:
①不定冠词a(n)与one之间必须要有形容词,即:“a (n)+形容词+one”。
(例)Your plan is a good one but mind is a better one.
你的计划很好,不过我的计划更好。
My family is a large one.
我家是一个大家庭。
②物主代词和名词所有格(-’s)与one之间也必须要有形容词,即:物主代词/名词所有格(-’s)+形容词+one (s),one不能省略。
(例)My cheap camera seems to be just as good as Tom’s expensive one.
我这台便宜相机似乎与汤姆那架昂贵的相机一样好。
Your old car looks as smart as my mew one.
你的旧车看上去和我的新车一样漂亮。
Don’t use that old bicycle,Use my new one.
不要用那辆旧自行车,用我这辆新的。
但在下例中就不能加one:
My family is larger than yours/Toms.
我家人口比你家/汤姆家多。
不能说your one或Tom’s one。One也不用在“物主代词+own”之后,因此不能说my own one。
在短语“数目字+形容词+ones”中不能没有形容词。也就是说,one不能直接用在基数词的后面。
(例)I had three/three big ones.
我有三个/三个大的。
One有时用来代替I,但听起来令人觉得有点浮夸,意为“本人”、“人家”。
(例)One is busy now.
本人现在忙着呢!
One didn’t want to seem sick.
咱(们)才不想露出生病的样子呢。
3.强调数量的one
one用作代词,强调数量,相当于a (n) 的强调形式,意为“一个”、“某一个”或“惟一一个”。此时,one可用作名词性代词,也可用作形容词性代词,修饰单数可数名词。one后多跟of短语。其复数形式用some/any。
(例)Have you had any pencils? I need one (=one / a pencil).
你有铅笔吗?我需要一支。
I’d like to borrow one/some of your books on European history.
我想向你借一本/几本有关欧洲历史的书。
When he died,he was mourned her and abroad as one of the great men of the time.
他死后,国内外都把他作为当今的伟大人物这一,向他致哀。
If there is a joke,he would be in it,one of the laughers,not one of the laughed at.
如果哪儿在开玩笑,他准在场,不过他只是哄笑者之一,决不是被取笑的人。
That is my one and only hope.
那是我惟一的希望。
He’s the one man who can do it.
他是惟一能做此事的人。
比较 I remember one Ward Watson at school,我记起念书时有一位叫沃德·沃特森的人。
*one=a certain*
4.用作支撑词的one
one可以用来作引导定语从句或其他后置定语的支撑词,其含义多半靠其后面的从句等来明确。
(例)Is she the one who works in a hospital?
她就是在医院里工作的那个人吗?
He is not one to be easily frightened.
他不是一个容易被吓倒的人。
The light may be one that blinks—like a giant firefly in the night.
灯塔可成为一个闪烁的发光体——就像夜空中的一只巨大的萤火虫。
She lay on the bed like one dead.
她像死人一样,躺在床上。
5.one的省略形容词最高级或“the+比较级”后面的one可以省略(如果是ones最好不要省,以免被误解为单数的)。
(例)Of all those sister,Mary is the beautiful (one) and Jane is the cleverest (one).
在众姊妹中,玛丽最漂亮,简最聪明。
If you offer Billy cookies,he will take the biggest ones.
如果你给比利饼干,他要拿最大的。
I bought the more expensive (one).
我买了比较贵的一个。
Speech is the most important means of communication between peoplel.But it is not the only one,Nor is it the oldest (one).
语言是人们之间进行交流的重要的手段。但语言并不是惟一的手段,也不是最早使用的手段。
*如果省去ones,给人的感觉是拿了一个*
this/that/these/those之后的one可以省略(those/these较少与ones 连用)。
(例)I like these pictures better than that (one).
与那幅相比,我更喜欢这些画。
但在“this/that/these/those+形容词+one (s),中,one (s)不能省略。
(例)Compare these pearls with those cultured ones.
把这些珍珠与那些养殖珍珠比较一下。
“the+描述性形容词”之后的one可以省略。
(例)That blue pencil belongs to Jim,Mine is the pink (one).
那技蓝色铅笔是吉姆的,我的是这支粉红色的。
next和last之后的one可以省略。
(例)Let’s finish this exercise,so we go on to the next (one).
让我们把这个练习做完,这样我们就可以做下一个了。
either/neither/former/latter/which可以独立使用,也可以在其后加one (s)。
(例)Some of your answers were correct,but I do not remember which (ones).
你的一些答案是对的,可我忘记是哪些了。
Either (one) will do.
两者都行。
Neither (one) will do.
两者都不行。
another及other(单数)可单用,也可与one连用。other用于复数时,可以用others或other ones 表示。
(例)You can take this book.,I will keep the other (one).
你拿这本书。我拿另一本。
You can take this book,I will keep the others/the other ones.
你拿这本书。我拿其余的(几本)。
序数词之后可加one (s),也可不加。
(例)He sat in the second row,and she sat in the eight (one).
他坐在第二排,她坐在第八排。
Whose之后不能直接加one (s)。两个形容词进行比较时,形容词之后的one可省去。
—Whose turn is it?
—It’s Jane’s.
轮到谁了?
该珍妮啦。
Whose are these gloves?
这手套是谁的?
I’ll buy German rather than British cars.
我要买德国车,不买英国车。
6.one和that/those的比较在表示领属或修饰关系的of之前,不能用one,而要用“that/those of…”,one本身可为特指或泛指的,而that/those只能是特指的。one虽然有时也暗示对比,但多用于进行选择的场合,that/those总是用于比对比的方式谈论两个人或事物。
(例)The speed of a train is greater than that of a car.
火车的速度比汽车(的速度)快。
The new designs are much better than the old ones.
新的设计比旧的(设计)要好多了。
One of the serious problems facing us today is that of how to get more water for man to use.
摆在我们面前的严重问题之一是,如何获得更多的人类用水(的问题)。
7.one和it的比较
one用来指代“不定之物”(同类中的任何一个),而it用来指代“特定之物”。
(例)I see an apple on the table,May I have it?
我看见桌上有一个苹果,我可以把它吃掉吗?
I want an apple,May I take one?
我要苹果,可以拿一个吗?
Give me some apples,I want big ones.
给我一些苹果,我要大个儿的。
8.用于泛指的代词one,we,you和they的比较
(例)One should do one’s best.
每个人都应尽自己最大的努力。
We are not naturally bad.
人之初,性本善。
You never can tell.
很难说。
They say that he is in hospital.
据说他住院了。
One泛指包括说话者在内的任何人,给人以肯定感。
everybody,a person,people有时也可用于泛指,意为“人人”、“每个人”。
(例)Everybody has his merits and faults.
每个人都有自己的优点和缺点。
1.3 动词考研中关于动词的考察,主要集中在对时态和语态的考察上。详见第二章。
1.4 形容词和副词一般说来,从构词法角度来看,以后缀-ly结尾的词往往是副词,但有的以ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。这点需要注意。应容词一般可以在句子中作定语、表语等成分,但有些形容词只能在句中作表语和前置定语;这些形容词在修饰的时候有一定的特殊性,要亲戚大家的注意。下面进行了一些归纳:
1.以-ly 结尾的形容词
costly昂贵的; lonely 孤独的;deadly死一般的;lively活泼的;friendly友好的;silly傻气的;kindly 热心肠的;likely 可能的;leisurely悠闲的;ugly丑陋的;monthly 每月的;brotherly 兄弟般的;earthly 尘世的
2.以a-开头的很多形容词只能做表语
afraid 害怕的;alike 相似的;awake 醒着的;alone单独的,唯一的;alive 活着的
ashamed 羞愧的;asleep睡着的; aware意识到的,察觉到的
3.只做前置定语的形容词
earthen 泥土做的,大地的;daily 每日的;latter后面的;golden 金子般的;
weekly每周的; inner 里面的; elder年长的;very恰到好处的
4.以形容词作表语的动词下列动词既是实意动词有时西动词,注意用作西动词使,要求形容词作表语:remain; become; get; grow; go; come; turn; stay
第二章 时态与情态动词在考研英语中,由于没有了专门的语法测试部分,因此,时态很难被考到。但是这并不表示时态就不重要,不需要掌握了。其实,但凡学过英语的人都知道时态非常重要。因为只要是造句,首先就有时态的问题。同样,在考研作文中,最起码我们也要写出时态正确的句子。
本章不对英语中庞大复杂的时态体系进行系统的讲解,而只是结合考研真题例句,就较难的完成时态和完成进行时态作一简单介绍。同时还会涉及情态动词的用法,因为情态动词也是重要的谓语构成形式。
2.1现在完成时态的三种用法
2.1.l完成时态用法
(一)延续到现在的动作或状态具体来说,这种用法是表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在,而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
(例)An old woman walked out into the middle of the street,The policeman yelled to her,“Don’t you know what it means when I hold up my hand?”The lady said,“Sure I do,I have a schoolteacher for 28 years now.”
一个老妇人走到了马路中央,这时,一位交警朝着她嚷道:“我都把手举起来了,你难道还不知道什么意思吗?”老太太说:“我当然知道,我都做了28年的老师了”。
2.1.2完成时态用法
(二)过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态具体来说,这种用法是表示在不确定的过去发生的某一动作对现在仍有影响。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。这种完成时态是中国学生最难以理解的,也常常和一般过去时混淆不清。
(2)He has blocked his leg.
他的腿跌断了。
Now he is still in hospital,so he can’t go for an outing with his classmates.他现在还在住院,所以不能和同学们一起出去郊游。
2.1.3完成时态用法
(三)到目前的一个时间段内重复发生的动作具体来说,这种用法是表示到目前为止的一个时间段内重复的动作。
让我们看看克林顿在2002年1月18号发表卸任演说时,是怎样夸耀自己的政绩的:
[例句] In all the work I have done as president,every decision I have made,every executive action I have taken,every bill I have proposed and signed,I’ve tried to give all Americans the tools and conditions to build the future of our dreams,in a good society,with a strong economy,a cleaner environment,and a freer,safer,more prosperous world.(Selection of President Bill Clinton’s farewell address to the nation on Jan,18,2001)
[解析] 在这里,克林顿不厌其烦地使用完成时态,是为了表示在他8年的总统任职期间,他“重复不断”地在 have done,have made decisions,have taken action,have proposed and signed bills。
[译文](在过去的8年里)作为总统,我所做的每一项工作、每一个决策,采取的每一个行政措施,以及提议并签署的每一个法案,都是在尽力为美国人民提供途径和创造条件,来实现美国未来的梦想——社会稳定、经济繁荣、环境美好,进而使得全世界更自由、更安全、更繁荣。
2.2 与完成时态搭配的时间状语现在完成时,通常与下列时间状语搭配,因为它们都可表示过去与现在的联系。
2.2.l since+时间点
(例)I’ve worked in this company since I left school.(从句用一般过去时)
我一毕业就在这家公司工作了。
2.2.2 for+时间段
(例)Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.
近几年,北京发生了很大的变化。
2.2.3“到目前为止…”
例如:until now,up until now,up to now,up till now,so far
(例) We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations.
2.2.4“最近几世纪/年/月以来…”
例如:in the past few years,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries,through centuries,throughout history等。
(例)Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,for the very nature of life includes death.
自人类历史以来,人类就已经接受生命总要死亡的事实,因为生命的本质就包含了死亡。
真题再现
[例句] The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail,That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades,In the past three or four years,the Worldwide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里有时间状语 for decades和 in the past three or four years,均是与现在完成时搭配。这里的完成时态has given表示的是上述第二个用法,强调现在的结果。
[译文] 最近的这次革命不只是一些人偷看另一些人的电子邮件的问题。这样的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中,国际互联网已经催生出一个可称为点去谍报的完整产业。
2.3过去完成时的三种用法现在完成时表示一个开始于现在之前(即过去)并且现在仍持续或刚刚结束的动作。同理类推,过去完成时也可以用来表示在过去某一时刻之前(即过去的过去)就已开始的动作,这一动作1)在该过去时刻仍然在继续,或在该过去时刻刚刚结束;2)在该过去时刻之前的某一时刻结束;3)在该过去时刻之前的一段时间内重复。
[例句] A:It’s already 10 o’clock,I guess Bob and Amy won’t be coming to the party.
B:They called at nine to say that they’d been held up.
[解析] 这里called是过去发生的动作,而 held up显然是在called之前发生的,表示“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。
[译文] A:现在都已经1O点钟了,我猜想Bob和Amy可能不来参加聚会了。
B:他们9点钟打来电话说他们有事被耽搁了。
[例句] I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang,When I came back from answering it,the cup was empty,Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away.
[解析] 这里 rang是过去时间,而 poured在rang之前刚刚发生,即“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。同理,drunk和 thrown都是发生在过去动作came之前的一系列更远过去的动作,故也用过去完成时态。
[译文] 我刚刚给自己倒了杯茶,这时候电话铃响了。而等我接完了电话回来,发现杯子已经是空的了,一定是有人把茶喝了或是倒掉了。
真题再现
[例句] Between 1897 and 1919,at least 29 motion pictures had been produced in which artificial beings were portrayed.(1995年语法)
[译文] 在1987~1919年期间,制作的电影里至少有29部描写了人工智能。
[例句] She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed,(2001年语法)
[译文] 她举止谦逊、得体,就像他当初见到她时她所表规的那样:金黄色的卷发,尖尖的红指甲。
[例句] I apologize if I had offended you,but I assure you it was unintentional,(1998年语法)
[译文] 如果我当时冒犯你了,那我很抱歉,不过我可以向你保证,我完全是无意的。
2.4将来完成时在考研英语中,将来完成时常与by引导的时间状语连用。介词by后面接一个将来时间状语或by the time后接一个从句(从句谓语用一般现在时表示将来),对应的句子则用将来完成时。
[例句] By the year 2000,scientists probably will be discovered a cure for cancer,(1991年语法)
[译文] 将来到了2000年的时候,科学家们可能已经能够治愈癌症了。
[例句] By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks,(1994年语法)
[译文] 等他到伦敦时,我们将已经在伦敦待了两个星期了。
2.5完成进行时完成进行时与完成时态密切相关,完成进行时更强调延续性。比如上述5.1.2中讨论的现在完成时态用法(二),其谓语动词一般是短暂动词,不表示延续,故而不能与表示持续时间的状语连用。但是短暂动词的完成进行时(如 have been going),就可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,表示不断重复的活动。
真题再现
[例句] Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War Ⅱ,and the pattern still prevails,(1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里migrate是一个短暂动词,用现在完成进行时表示重复活动。这里就不能说have migrated...since World War Ⅱ。
[译文] 二战以来,美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动。这个趋势现在仍然在继续。
[例句] Koreans have been marrying US soldiers stationed here since the 1950s,The peak years were during the l970s,when more than 4,000 Koreans married US soldiers each year.
[解析] 这里marry是一个短暂动词,用现在完成进行时表示重复活动,即“不断有人many”。因此不能说 have married...since the 1950s。
[译文] 20世纪50年代以来,就不断有韩国人与当地的美国驻军成婚,20世纪70年代达到了高峰,每年有4,000多韩国人嫁给美国大兵。
[例句] In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into super systems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly,(2003年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里combine是一个短暂动词,用现在完成进行时表示重复活动。
[译文] 近些年来,铁路公司相互合并,成为超大型集团,这引起人们对垄断的日益关注。
同上述讨论的短暂动词用于现在完成进行时态表示重复活动一样,短暂动词用于过去完成进行时也表示重复。我们来看下列这段短文。
真题再现
[例文] Science,in practice,depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments,Sir Isaac Newton stupidly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple,Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall,But Newton for years yard been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets,What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and the planets.(1999年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里动词fall和ask是短暂动词,用完成进行时表示重复活动。使用过去完成进行时而不是现在完成进行时,是因为这里谈的是在牛顿之前的情况,而不是说一直重复到现在。
[译文] 在实践中,科学与其说依赖于事先准备的实验,不如说更多地依赖于实验观察者有所准备的头脑。比如,据传,艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果坠落发现了地球引力。多少个世纪以来苹果一直在许多地方落到地面,成千上万人看到苹果落地。但牛顿多年以来一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的原因特别好奇。什么使它们处于固定的位置?它们为什么不从天上掉下来?苹果坠落到地面而不是向上落入树中,这一事实解答了他一直在思考的有关天体——那些巨大水果——即月球及行星的问题。
[例句] The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers had been demonstrating for,(1993年语法)
[译文] 约翰和他的拥护者们一直通过抗议游行向校方提出各种要求,当约翰宣读这些要求时,校董们在默默地听。
2.6情态动词英文中的情态动词用法复杂而奇妙,在这里就不详细讨论了,只借助考研真题来简单介绍。
真题再现
[例句] My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the first man I met asked sympathetically,
,Are you feeling all right?”(1996年语法)
[译文] 当时我走进房间那一刻,痛苦一定表现得非常明显,因为我见到的第一个人就很关心地问道:“你感觉不舒服了?”
[例句] From the tears in Nerd’s eyes we can deduce that something sad must have occurred.(1993年语法)
[译文] 从Nerd眼中的泪水我们就能推断他一定是遇到伤心事了。
[例句] As it turned out to be a small house party,we needn’t have dressed up so formally,(1998年语法)
[译文] 后来发现这只不过是一个小型的家庭聚会,因此我们本大可不必穿得那么正式。
第三章 被动语态被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的动作承受着,两者之间是被动语态,因为在被动语态中,主语相当于谓语动词的逻辑宾语,所以只有及物动词可以用被动语态,而不及物动词没有被动语态。
被动语态的构成为:主语+系动词+动词的-ed形式,如果要说明施动者,则由介词by引出,置于动词的过去分词之后。
3.1被动语态的一般用法
3.1.1当施动者不明确或不必指出时,用被动语态
[例句]
Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege.
才智被斥为一种权利或者特权。
3.1.2为了突出受动者,使用被动语态
[例句]
The phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law.
这句话被国家的缔造者说过,意思是法律面前人人平等。
3.2用于各种时态的被动语态
3.2.1一般现在时的被动语态基本模式为is(am,are)+-动词-ed形式
[例句]
The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child.
12岁的青少年不再被看作孩子。
Many courses are origanized around classroom discussion.
很多课程是围绕课堂讨论组织起来的。
A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demangded,
现在要求在妇女的机会平等方面取得突破。
3.2.2一般过去时的被动语态基本模式为was(were)+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
He was knocked down by a car and badly injured.
他被一辆汽车撞倒,伤势严重。
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.
凌晨3:45最终投了票。
The city was taken by the English in the 16th century.
这座城市在16世纪被英国人攻占。
3.2.3一般将来时的被动语态基本模式为will be +动词的-ed形式
[例句]
A new road will be built there.
这里将修建一条新马路。
The meeting will be put off till next Monday,
这次会议将被推迟到下周一。
3.2.4现在进行时的被动语态基本模式为is(am,are )being+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
Now the space shuttle is being developed.
现在航天飞机正在发展。
This information shows which items are beingsold.
这种信息表明那些商品正在出售。
3.2.5过去进行时的被动语态基本模式为was(were) being+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed.
在清洗时,有两只玻璃杯被打碎了。
While we were in London that year,the London Bridge was being repaied.
那一年我们在伦敦时,伦敦桥正在修。
3.2.6现在完成时的被动语态基本模式为has(have) been+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
Many books have been written about the future.
已经写出了许多有关未来的书。
Physical vitality has been increased by improved nutrition.
由于营养的改善,身体活力已经增强。
3.2.7过去完成时的被动语态基本模式为had been +动词的-ed形式
[例句]
At yesterday’s meeting he begain brought up the plan that had been disapproves a week before.
在昨天的会议上,他再次提出纳祥一周前遭到反对的计划。
The director discovered that a large part of the laboratory’s costly new equipment had been removed.
主任发现,实验室里大量昂贵的新设备被搬走了。
3.2.8 将来完成时的被动语态基本模式为will have been+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
Hurry up,or the tickets will have been sold out by the time we get there.
快点,否则等我们到哪儿票就卖完了。
By the end of next year,many more high-rises will have been built around there.
到明年底为止,早这里会建立起更多的高楼。
3.2.9 过去将来时的被动与台基本模式为would be +动词的-ed形式
[例句]
They were told that the result would be announced the next week.
他们被告知说,结果将在下周公布。
The teacher said that we would be given another chance sometimes next month if we failed in the exam.
老师说如果我们考试不及格,下个月的什么时候可以再给我们一次机会。
3.3 各种形式的被动语态
3.3.1“动词+介词”短语的被动语态
[例句]
Some adult novels have been adapted for young readers.
有些成人小说经过改编给年轻人阅读。
She wants to know whether the measures have been agrees upon.
她希望知道这些措施是否已经得到一致同意。
3.3.2“动词+副词”短语的被动语态
[例句]
The accident was brought by the driver’s carelessness.
这次车祸是由于司机的疏忽大意造成的。
A great number of power station have been set up.
已经建立了许多小型的发电站。
3.3.3带有宾语补足语的被动语态
[例句]
I was caught in the rain yesterday.
昨天我赶上雨了。
In sone markets there may be only one seller,Such a situation is called a monopoly.
在许多市场,可能只有一个销售者,这种情况被称为垄断。
3.3.4 不定式之中的被动语态在需要使用不定式的地方,同时表示被动关系,基本模式为to be +动词的-ed形式。
[例句]
He wants his film to be properly processed.
他希望他的胶片冲洗得当。
A number of existing houses have to be destroyed.
一些现有的房屋将不得不被拆除。
3.3.5 动名词之中的被动语态在需要使用动名词的地方,同时表示被动关系,基本模式是being+动词的-ed形式。
[例句]
I can listen to Bruckner for hours without getting bored.
我可以连续几小时听布鲁克纳的音乐都不会感到乏味。
Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest prospect of being met.
他们要求加薪的要求连一点被满足的希望都没有。
3.3.6情态动词之后的被动语态基本模式为情态动词+be+动词的-ed形式
[例句]
The parcel you post must be well packed.
你有机的包裹必须妥善保存。
Expertise can be share worldwide through teleconferencing.
通过电话会议可以分享专业知识。
3.3.7 sth.(sb.) is done to 句型
[例句]
REM sleep is assumed to serve some restrorative.
REM睡眠被认为具有大脑的某种恢复功能。
Our foreign trade is expected to have a rapid development in the next decade.
我国的对外贸易预计在今后的十年内将会迅速发展。
3.3.8 it is done that 句型这涉及被动语态的一种常用句型。代词it作形式主语,that引导的主语从句置于句末。这种句型往往翻译为主动语态,可以不加主语或者加上表示泛指的主语。
[例句]
Much was known previously about the chemical properties of aluminum and their application to practical uses.
以前人们就对于铝的化学特性以及其实际用途
It has been said that when a man is sitting behind a sreer-wheel,his behavior will change.
3.4 主动形式、被动意义的表达
3.4.1 作系动词使用的感官动词这类动作包括:feel感觉;look看上去;smell闻起来;sound听上去;taste吃起来等。
[例句]
The evening air feels cold.
夜晚的空气感觉很冷。
He looks to be an honest man.
他看上去是个老实人。
That story of yours doesn’t sound very likely.
你说的话听起来不大可信。
3.4.2 表示事物自身性质或特征的动词这类词包括:clean被弄干净;iron熨烫;photograph在照片上显得;play播放;prove被证明是;read读起来;sell出售;wash洗起来;wear穿起来等。
[例句]
The tape recorder won’t play.
这台录音机放出声音。
A rumor does not always prove to be a fact.
传闻不一定证明是事实。
This kind of shirt washes well.
这种衬衣耐洗。
3.4.3 特定用法的动词
这类动词要求去后作宾语的动词可以使用动名词的主动形式,而表达的却是被动意义,这类词包括,bear经得起,值得,需要;demand需要;deserve\\worth值得;need、require需要;等等。
[例句]
This job wants doing at once.
这工作需要马上就做。(相当于This job wants to be done at once.)
The boys deserves praising.
这个男孩值得表扬。(相当于The boy deserves to be praised.)
The matter demands looking into.
这件事学要调查。(相当于The matter demands to be looked into.)
3.4.4 主被动两用动词这类动词包括:blow被吹走,被吹响;hang被绞死;let、rent被出租;train结受训练,被培养;tear被撕裂;等等。
[例句]
If we don’t hang together,we will hang separately.
如果我们不团结在一起,我们就会被分别处死。
Whistle blew,and the train started.
汽笛鸣响,火车开动了。
My dress tore when it caught on the nail.
我的衣服钩在钉子上,被撕破了。
3.4.5 用于”sth,to do,的表达
[例句]
Man still has a lot to learn about the brain.
关于大脑,我们还有许多东西要了解。
Could you get me something to read? I have nothing to do.
你能给我点东西读吗?我无事可做。
3.4.6用于“to blame”表达表示“该受责备”
[例句]
The weather was partly to blame for crop failure.
天气不好是庄家歉收的部分原因。
I thought the technician was to blame for the blowing of the fuse.
我以为保险丝的断裂是技术员的责任。
3.4.7用于“sth,is +形容词+不定式”句型
[例句]
The water is not clean enough to drink.
这水不够干净,不能喝。(习惯上不说The water is not clean enough to be drunk.)
If you try harder,the language is not so difficult to learn as you think.
如果你多付出一些努力,这门语言并没有你认为的那样难学。(习惯上不说If you try harder,the language is not so difficult to be learned as you think.)
3.4.8 主动形式、被动意义的动词短语这类词包括:catch on受欢迎,被接受,受雇于;come home to被完全领会,被清除的理解;dawn on 被想到;get across被理解,被接受;occur to 被想到;pass for 被错误的看作;run out被用完,被耗尽;sink in 被理解;turn up 被找到,被发现;等等
[例句]
The player caught on with a big team last year.
这名球员去年受雇于一个大球队。
It suddenly dawned on me that I’d caught the wrong train.
我突然发现自己乘错火车了。
Your advice didn’t quite sink in,You may have to talk to him again.
你的建议他没有听进去。你或许得再和他谈谈。
3.5 被动语态的翻译在英译汉忠,英语的被动语态往往译为主动表达,有时甚至会发现,生硬的翻译成汉语的被动语态不通。这是由于英汉两种语言的差异导致的。英语常用被动语态,而汉语喜欢主动表达,再者,汉语允许无主语的句子。鉴于此,当翻译被动语句时,应灵活处理,依原文的意义为依据,以汉语的习惯为转移,抛弃原文的形式,传达出文字背后真正的内容。
[例句]
Some people are reached by flattery.
有些人就喜欢听奉承话。
All travelers are advised to fasten their safety-belt to avoid being injured.
请旅客们系好安全带,以防碰伤。
Exceptions can be found to any rule.
任何规则都可以找到例外。
考研英语必考的语法知识第四章 动名词与不定式
4.1 动名词与不定式作主语
4.1.1 动名词放在句首作主语
动名词作主语一般直接放在句首,谓语动词用单数。
(例)Going to the school dance is a lot of fun,But sometime,deciding who to go wish isn’t easy.
去学校参加舞会可是件有趣的事,但有时决定和谁一起去可不容易。
Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.
憎恨别人,就好像为了赶走一只老鼠,而把自己的房子烧掉。
Having a successful marriage takes effort and patience,and communication is the key.
要获得成功的婚姻需要努力和耐心,而交流就是关键。
Ordering meals from an incomprehensible Chinese menu is a daunting experience for foreigners,but sometimes the most expedient method is to scan nearly tables and point to dishes that they want to order.
在看不懂的中文菜谱上点菜对老外来说可是件头疼的事,不过有时最省事的方法就是看看邻座,然后用手指着自己想要的菜。
*上述句子都是用动名词短语作主语,谓语都使用了单数*
从句在历年真题中出现情况特别多,以下我们将部分历年真题出现过的从句进行分析,带你体验临场考试的感觉。
[例句] With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient...Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.(2004年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这个句子采用了动名词短语 finding promising openings及 working with a personal search agent来作主语,且置于句首,谓语用单数means。
[译文] 由于互联网上有成千上万个与求职相关的网站,因此寻找可能的职位空缺费时且效率又低。……拥有一个个人搜索代理意味着有另外一双眼睛为你寻找。
[例句] Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.(2006年完形填空)
[解析] 这个句子采用了动名词短语 Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population来作主语,且置于句首,谓语用单数has。
[译文] 想出办法来帮助这一日益增长的无家可归群体,这已经变得越来越困难。
[例句] Cdempa“European Identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice,(2005年第49题)
[解析] 这个句子采用了一个很长的动名词短语 Creating a“European Identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent来作主语,且置于句首,谓语用单数is。
[译文] 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体,要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事,这需要人们做出战略性的选择。
[例句] I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of“juggling your life”,and making the after motive move into“downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这个句子采用了一个很长的动名词短语abandoning the doctrine of"juggling your life,and making the alternative move into“downshifting”来作主语,且置于句首,谓语用单数brings。
[译文] 我已经发现——也许Kelsey也会发现,她是由于过于劳累而从《她》的编辑职位上退下来——放弃“搏击生活”的理论,而采取另一种“放慢生活节奏”的方式,会带来比经济上的成功和社会上的地位更大的回报。
上面讨论的是作主语的动名词短语一般要置于句首的用法。不过,英文中有几个动名词后置作主语的固定句型,现列举如下:
句型一:It is no good/no use doing sth.
表示“干什么事没有用”。这里,it只是形式主语,真正主语是 doing sth.。其中,no good可替换为:any/some good,any/some/no use,a waste of time等。
(例)Is it any thing trying to explain?
有什么要解释的吗?
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
后悔没有用。
It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
看那场电影又费钱又费时。
句型二,There is no point/ use/good(in) doing sth.
表示“干某事没有必要,没有意义”,“干某事没有用”。
(例)There is no point in my going out to date someone,I might really like if I met him at the time,but who,right now,has no chance of being anything to me but a transitional man.
现在让我出去和别人约会没有用。如果我碰上了意中人,我自然会爱上他的。可是在现在这个时候,我跟谁也不会有结果的,除非是为了解解闷而已。
There is no use your arguing with him.
你没必要和他争论。
句型三,There is no doing sth.
意思相当于 It’s impossible to do something或 We can’t do sth.“不可能做某事”。(例)There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
谁也无法预测明天会发生什么。
There’s no knowing the future,= It’impossible to know the future,or we can’t know future.
我们对未来一无所知。
3.1.2 动词不定式放在句未作主语与动名词作主语不同,不定式作主语,常见的是用it作形式主语,放在句首,将真正的主语动词不定式(短语)放在句子后面,于是变成“It…+to do sth.”句型。
(例)It’s easy to be wish after the event.
事后诸葛亮容易。
It’s better to love someone you can’t have than to have someone you can’t love.
爱一个无法拥有的人胜过拥有一个你不爱的人。
注意 此处形式主语it不能用this或that来替换。
不定式结构也可直接置于句首作主语,但这种用法比较少见。
(例)To err is human;to forgive,divine.
犯错人皆难免,宽恕则属超凡。
To love for the sake of being loved is human,but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
因为被爱而爱,是人之常情;因为爱而爱,则难能可贵。
4.2 动名词与不定式作宾语
4.2.l只能接动名词作宾语的动词这些动词主要有:admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,feel like,finish,forbid,give up,can’t help,imagine,involve,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,prophetic,prohibit,put off,resent,resist,risk,can’t stand,suggest,tolerate,understand,etc.
(例)I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again.
我这次不会计较你对我妹妹的粗鲁,但下不为例。
Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.
我们所做的一切都是为了成功而冒险。
Being a bad-tempered man,he would not tolerate having his lectures interrupted.
他脾气很坏,绝对无法忍受别人打断他的讲座。
真题再现
[例句] Although a teenager,Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do,(1998年语法)
[译文] 尽管才十多岁,但是Fred却能够不让别人告诉自己该做什么和不该做什么。
[例句] I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago,(1994年语法)
[译文] 因我很感激两年前给我出国留学的机会。
[例句] As I’11 be away for at least a year,I’d appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along,(2000年语法)
[译文] 因为我要离开至少一年多,所以若我能经常收到你的来信,告诉我大家近况如何,我将真的很感激。
[例句] Some bosses dislike to allowing befor people to share their responsibilities; They keep all important matters tightly in their own hands,(1996年改错)
[译文] 有些老板并不喜欢别人来分担他们的负担,他们更喜欢把一切重要事情紧紧掌控在自己的手中。
4.2.2特别关注的动词上面接动名词的动词中有几个需特别注意:
allow,advise,forbid,permit,recommend
(l)这些动词后要接动名词作宾语,如,allow doing等。
(2)但在有人作宾语时,则后接动词不定式(用作宾补),如:allow sb.to do。
(例)We don’t allow smoking in the lecture room.
我们不允许在教室抽烟。
We don’t allow students to smoke in the lecture room.
我们不允许学生在教室抽烟。
I wouldn’t advise taking the car—there’s nowhere to park.
我不主张开车去,因为没地方停车。
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car.
我劝你不要开车去。
I recommended going by subway,
我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest.
医生劝我休息几天。
4.2.3接动名词和动词不定式有区别的动词在英语中有很多动词后接动名词和接动词不定式均可,但在意思上往往有很大的差别,现将这样的动词分类归纳整理如下:
(1)demand,deserve;need,require,want等动词
在这些动词后面,要接动名词的主动形式,但表示被动的意思;若改接动词不定式,则必须用动词不定式的被动形式。
(例)The garden needs watering/to be watered.
花园需要浇水了。*
Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.
你的头发该剪了。
He deserved praising.
他值得表扬。
(2)remember,forget,stop,go on,regret等动词在这些动词后面,动名词指发生于这些动词之前的事,不定式表示发生在它们之后的事。
(例)I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.
我仍然记得第一次带我去北京的情景。
I really must stop smoking.
我真的得戒烟了。
Stop to have a rest.
停下来休息会吧。
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise.
尽管很嘈杂,彼得还是睡着了。
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
我很遗憾的告诉你,你考试不及格。
4.2.4 to doing
在英文中带有to的固定短语,其后须接动名词的有:look forward to,object to,be/get used to,prefer doing,in addition to,be do/doing,amount to doing(意味着…),take to doing(开始喜欢做…),devote...to doing/ be devoted to doing,dedicate to doing /be dedicated to doing,be averse to doing,s,be erase to doing,be opposed to doing,get round to doing,the way/ approach/solution to doing,etc.
(例)I am looking forward to hearing from you.
我非常想得知你的消息。
I am used to sleeping with the lights on,
我以前经常开着灯睡觉。
I am accustomed to sleeping with the lights on.
我习惯开着灯睡觉。
The children are opposed to having a party without their uncle.
没有叔叔的出席,孩子们就不被允许开晚会。
真题再现
[例句] Neither rain nor snow keep the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receiving,(1998年改错)
[译文] 无论是下雨还是下雪,都不会阻挡邮递员投递信件,因为这些信件是我们期盼收到的。
4.2.5其他用动名词的结构
(1)have + difficulty/trouble/problem/(a lot of )fun/(lots of)pleasure/ a hard time/a good time/a difficult time + (in)doing sth.
注意 take the trouble to do sth.,trouble to de sth.,have(no)time to do sth.(例)W,How do you find your new apartment?
M,Well,it’s quite nice really,although I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place.
W:你觉得你的新房子怎么样?
M:哦,它确实挺不错的,虽然我得花点时间去习惯住这个大个房子。
真题再现
[例句] I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.(1998年语法)
[译文] 我昨晚加班很晚,差一点没来得及赶上末班车。
[例句] The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
[译文] 老师们很难决定什么时候把这些期末考卷发给学生。
(2)can’t help doing,can’t resist doing,can’t keep from doing,can’t hold back from doing,can’t keep back from doing
这些短语均表示“情不自禁…,不得不…”
注意 can’t help but do,can’t but do,can’t choose but do,etc
真题再现
[例句] When Jane fell off the bike,the other children could not help laughing,(1991年语法)
[译文] 当Jane从自行车上摔下来时,其他孩子们禁不住大笑了起来。
[例句] When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift,(1995年改错)
[译文] 他作为一名画家所具备的天赋时,我不禁相信将来人们会欣赏他的才华的。
[例句] Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.(1995年语法)
[译文] 人们看科幻小说时,都会禁不住对小说所描写的奇妙世界感到着迷。
4.3动名词的复合结构同不定式完全类似,动名词也是动词的一种变化形式,既然是动词就应该有动作的执行者,即主语。而句子主语和动名词的动作执行者并不总是统一的(有时是一样的,有时不一样),所以称之为逻辑主语,以区别于句子主语。
4.3.1构成,my doing/Tom’s doing
物主代词(如; his,my,your等)或所有格名词(如,Mary’s,Tom’s等)与动名词连用,即构成动名词的复合结构(his doing Mary’s doing),用来引出动名词的逻辑主语。当句子主语并不是动名词动作的执行者时,我们就需要给出动名词自己的动作发出者,即动名词的逻辑主语。请比较:
普通动名词
动名词复合结构
Clint insisted on reading the letter,Clint坚持要看信。(Clint看了信)
Clint insisted on my reading the letter,Clint坚持要我看信。(我看了信)
Would you mind telling us the whole story?你是否介意把事情经过告诉我们?(你告诉)
Would you mind Tom’s telling us the whole story?=Would you mind if Tom tells us the whole story?你是否介意让Tom把事情经过告诉我们? (Tom告诉)
He disliked working late.他不喜欢工作很晚。
He disliked his wife’s working late.他不喜欢他老婆工作到很晚。
I object to making private calls on this phone,我不赞成用这部电话打私人电话。
I object to his making private calls on this phone.我不赞成他用这部电话打私人电话。
4.3.2用法这种结构常在句中作主语或宾语。
(例)Tom’s coming home at last was a great consolation.
汤姆最后还是回家了,这是一个莫大的安慰。(作主语)
Do you mind my making a suggestion?
你介意我提个建议吗?(作宾语)
Our discussion of earthquakes would be incomplete if we didn’t raise the possibility of their being caused by external forces.
要是我们没有考虑到外部力量造成地震的可能性,那么我们对于地震的研究还有欠缺。(作介词宾语)
What are the chances of a sleepwalker’s committing a murder or doing something else extraordinary in his sleep?
梦游者在睡梦中实施谋杀或做出其他一些超常活动的可能性有多大呢?
When I was a child,I would take a flashlight to bed with me so that I could read comic books without my parents’ knowing about it.
小的时候,我常常把手电筒拿到床上,这样我看漫画书时,就不会被爸妈发觉。
4.3.3普通格还是所有格在应用动名词复合结构时,什么时候用普通格(如 Tom doing或 him doing)或什么时候用所有格(如Tom’s doing或his doing),一般遵循下面规定:
(1)若动名词复合结构在句中作主语,最好用所有格形式:
(例)Tom’s refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
His refusing to accept the invitation upset me.
汤姆拒绝了邀请,这让我很沮丧。
It was a great consolation his coming home at last.
他最终回家了,这真让人欣慰。
(2)动名词复合结构在句中作宾语时,用普通格或所有格均可:
(例)Do you mind my making/ me making a suggestion?
你介意我提个意见吗?
I am annoyed about John’s forgetting/John forgetting to pay.
约翰忘记付钱了,这很让我苦恼。
(3)若动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的“物”而不是指“人”时,最好用普通格:
(例)The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.
在街上都能听到桌子开关得声音。
There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.
很有必要建这种类型得建筑。
In the event of the project not being a success,the investors stand to lose up to $30 million,
如果这个工程没有成功,投资者将遭受三千万美元的损失。
(4)若动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词时(如,someone,anyone,everyone等),最好用普通格:
(例)He was awakened by someone knocking on the door,
他别别人的敲门声给吵醒了。
(5)若动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时,最好用普通格:
(例)There is no point any one of us arguing with him.
我们任何人跟他争论都是毫无意义的。
I’ve always had in my mind a dream of my father,mother and I living together.
在我的脑海里,总是有着一个梦想,就是和爸爸妈妈生活在一起。
Do you remember John and his father coming to see us last Christmas?
你还记得去年圣诞节约翰和他的爸爸一起来看我们吗?
真题再现
[例句] The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s reading other gentlemen’s e-mail.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail是一个动名词复合结构。
[译文] 最近的这次革命不只是一些人偷看另一些人的电子邮件的问题。
[例句] All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.(2004完形填空)
[解析] 这里 a child committing a criminal act是一个动名词复合结构。
[译文] 所有这一切往往会增加青少年犯罪的可能性。
[例句] If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties,With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider main disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.(2002年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 因为resent后面要求接动名词作宾语,所以这里 an outsider making disparaging remarks是一个动名词复合结构。
[译文] 如果你是你谈话对象的一部分,你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题,就可以对餐厅那难以下咽的食物和总裁在选择领带方面糟糕的品味进行评头论足。对于其他听众,你就不能试图插入这种幽默,因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有如此微辞。
[例句] Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs,Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating,(1996年第71题)
[解析] 这里 being to some extent self-accelerating是一个动名词,与其逻辑主语 particular advances一起构成动名词复合结构。有考生误把science当成是动名词的逻辑主语,造成误译“另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而取得特定进展的必然结果”。
[译文] 在这些原因中,有些纯属社会需求,另一些则是科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速的必然结果。
[例句] Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue,(1999年语法)
[译文] 只要稍稍看看目前失业率的数字,任何人就都知道,有关经济复苏即将到来的断言是完全没有根据的。
[例句] Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its being always combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.(1997年语法)
[例句] 在自然界找不到游离态的铝,因为它总是与其他元素,尤其是氧元素,发生化合反应。
4.4动名词复合结构与作后置定语的现在分词短语的区别这两种结构在形式上具有相似性。现在分词短话通常是“名词+doing”。动名词复合结构通常是“所有格名词十doing”构成,但在实际文章中,也经常见到用名词的普通格代替所有格来构成复合结构,因此,在形式上也是“名词十doing”。于是,“动名词复合结构”与’作后置定语的现在分词短语”在结构形式上就完全一样了,但两者表达的意思完全不同。
(例)Children objecting to their parents remarrying has become a common social problem.
解析 这个句子中的objecting不是作后置定语的现在分词,而是一个动名词,与名词 children构成一个复合结构。这个句子原本应该是:Children’s objecting to their parents remarrying has become a common social problem.或进一步改成主语从句:That children object to their parents remarrying has become a common social problem.所以,上面这个句子主语应该是 Children objecting to their parents remarrying这一动名词复合结构,而不是children这一复数名词。短语作主语谓语动词要用单数,因此句中谓语用了has become而不是 have become。因为不是现在分词作后置定语,所以这句不能改成一个定语从句的形式,Children that object to....★
[译文] 孩子们反对父母再婚,这已成为一个普遍的社会问题。
(例)The Children objecting to this plan stand on the right please.
解析 这个句子中的objecting就是一个作后置定语的现在分词,而不是动名词。这句话相当于:The children that object to this plan stand on the right please.所以,本句中的主语是 children,objecting to this plan是一现在分词短语,用来作定语修饰children,相当于一个定语从句。主语是复数children,所以谓语动词用stand,而不是stands。
因为不是动名词复合结构,所以这句不能改成一个名词从句的形式:That the children object to this plan stands on the right.★
[译文] 反对这个计划的孩子请站到右边来。
从以上分析可知,形式上都是“名词十doing”,但在本质上是不同的:动名词复合结构要改成一个名词从句;而现在分词短语要一个改成定语从句。据此可以将二者区分开来。
真题再现
[例句] Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition;as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.(1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这个句子中“名词+doing”结构“a nation developing”就是一个动名词复合结构,可以将其改成一个名词性从句,即the picture that a nation is developing more and more...这样一个同位语从句。而不能改成定语从句 a nation that is developing more and more...*。
[译文] 1980年的人口普查显示,随着东北部和中西部人口发展几乎停顿,国家形成越来越多的地方性竞争。
[例句] The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in do tail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior,(1998年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 请将这个句子与上一个句子作一对比。这个句子中“名词十doing”结构“the plates carrying these continents”就是一个作后置定语的现在分词短语结构,可以改成一个定语从句,即the plates that are carrying these continents。原句无法像上面那个句子那样改为同位语从句:the relative motion that the plates are carrying these continents*,因为这句话在逻辑上讲不通。所以,尽管两个句子在结构形式上完全一样,都是“名词十doing”,但内在逻辑完全不同。
[译文] 承载这些大洲的板块的相对运动已经被详细地解释,但是一个板块相对于另一个板块的运动不能简单地解释为板块相对于地球内部的运动。
4.5 不定式的完成式(to have done)
考研英语中出现过考查不定式完成式(to have done)用法的考题。不定式的完成式可表示下列两种意义:
4.5.l 发生在谓语之前的动作不定式的一般式to do不能表示发生在谓语之前的动作,若要表示不定式的动作比谓语动作先发生,则不定式要用它的完成式 to have done。
(例)I am very sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.
很抱歉,在这个时候还问了你这么多问题来打扰你。
We are happy to have visited so many historic places in Beijing.
在北京春光了那么多的名胜古迹,我们感到很开心。
Albert Einstein,the great American scientist,is estimated to have had the incredible intelligence quotient of 200.
据估计,伟大的美国科学家爱因斯坦的智商高达200,这真让人难以置信。
真题再现
[例句] The bank is reported to have been robbed in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday,(1992年语法)
[译文] 当地一家报纸上报道说,这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。
[例句] The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr,Audio became its first president,(1993年语法)
[译文] 据说,这家当地的健康卫生组织是在25年前成立的,当时Andio。医生担任其首任主席。
[例句] The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to have been invented by Robert Bunsen,who was German by birth,(1994年改错)
[译文]“本生灯”之所以这样命名,是因为人们认为它是由德国化学家罗伯特·本生发明。
4.5.2 表示“非真实”的过去不定式的完成式还可以用在表示打算、需要、计划等动词的过去时后面,表示过去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动作。这些动词有:mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,propose等。
(例)l meant to have telephoned,but I forgot.
我本来打算打电话的,但是我忘记了。
I planned to have visited you last night,but I was too busy.
我本来想昨晚去看你,但太忙了。
此外,还可用下面两种结构表达同一意思:
(1) was/were to have done,would like to have done,should like to have done
(例)I was to have telephoned but I forgot.
我本来打算打电话的,但是我忘记了。
(2)过去完成时+to do
用上述动词的过去完成时态来表示此义,但此时不定式不可用完成式,而要用一般式。
(例)l had intended to see you,but I was busy.
不说:I had intended to have seen you,but I was busy.★
因此,表示“过去想做而实际未做成”的事,有下述三种表达方式:
〈a〉was/ were to have done,would like to have done,should like to have done
〈b〉intended(meant,designed,hoped,planned,wished,proposed) +to have done
〈c〉 had intended(mean,designed,hoped,planned,thought,wished,proposed)+ to do
4.6 there be的动名词及不定式形式在以前的考研英语语法选择题中,多次考查了 there be句型的动名词形式和不定式形式。用法总结如下:
There be的动名词形式为“there being”,多用于介词后面。
(例)No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.
没人会想象到那儿是这么美丽的地方。
He spoke of there being danger.
他说那儿很危险。
No one had told Mr,Smith about there being a lecture the following day.
没有人告诉Smith先生第二天会有一场报告。
Ann never dreams of there being a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.
Ann从来没有想过很快就会有机会把她派到国外去。
there be的不定式形式为“there to be”。用在要求接不定式作宾语的动词后面或用于介词for后面。
(例)For there to be life,there must be air and water.
=In order that there may be life,there must be air and water.
要有生命,就必须有空气和水。
It was too late for there to be any buses.
太晚了,已经没有公交车了。
I don’t mean there to be any unpleasantness.
我并没有任何冒犯之意。
I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding on this point.
在这一点上我不并希望出现任何误解。
真题再现
[例句] The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exam.(1991年语法)
[译文] 同学们都希望在期末考试之前能够多有一些复习课。
[例句] For there to be successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present,(1996年语法)
[译文] 为了达到成功的沟通交流,就必须要求所有的与会人员都得专心听讲,并且积极参与讨论。
[例句] It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight;So I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely,(1994年语法)
[译文] 今晚外面不够冷,不会有霜冻,因此我可以很安全地把Jim的汽车放在外面。
第五章 分词分词是英语中非常重要的连词成句的手段。本章将从分词的意义及其在句中的作用来探讨分词的造句规则。
5.1分词的意义与作用
5.1.l分词的意义从分词本身所表达的意义来看,分词分为现在分词和过去分词,两者具体区别如下:
(1)从语态角度来看,现在分词表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系。
(例)The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.
=The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.
过去分词通常表示被动意义(不及物动词的过去分词除外),与它所修饰的名词构成动宾关系,如:
the broke cup 意思是:Someone broke the cup.或 The cup was broken.
(2)从时态角度来看,现在分词一般表示进行动作,过去分词则表示完成的动作。
(例)a,fallen leaves / b,falling leaves
这里a相当于eaves that have fallen,即表示完成的动作;而b相当于leaves that are falling,即表示进行的动作。
a,sunken ships / b,sinking ships
这里a相当于 ships that have sunken,即表示完成的动作;而 b相当于上ships that are sinking,即表示进行的动作。
5.1.2分词的作用分词的作用相当于形容词和副词,因此在句中主要是充当定语和状语,相当于一个定语从句或状语从句。考生应重点掌握分词的下列用法特点:
(1)分词短语作定语要后置,相当于一个定语从句。
(2)分词短语作状语有两种结构:分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致;独立分词结构。分词短语作状语,相当于一个状语从句。
真题再现
[例句] There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic,(1996年语法)
[译文] 我最近看过一本书,它是由一个英国人写的,我还记得书里有一句十分有趣的话,作者认为这句话说明了美国人为什么是这种性格。
[例句] Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer stabbed outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man wearing a hooded top seen running a way from the scene.
[解析] 短短的一个句子里面含有五个分词:
hunting:现在分词,作后置定语,修饰police,与其构成主谓关系,即“搜捕凶手的警方”。
stabbed:过去分词,作后置定语,修饰officer,与其构成动宾关系,即“被刺死的警察”。
wearing:现在分词,作后置定语,修饰man,与其构成主谓关系,即“穿着带有帽兜上衣的男子”。
seen:过去分词,作后置定语,修饰man,与其构成动宾关系,即“有人看见该名男子”。
running:现在分词,作补足语,修饰man,与其构成主谓关系,即“该名男子逃离现场”。
[译文] 伦敦一名兼职警官在其伦敦西北的家附近被一名男子刺死,警方目前正在搜捕这名男子。据称,该名男子作案时穿着带有帽兜的上衣,作案后有人看见他迷离了现场。
5.2分词作定语分词作定语其位置关系有两种。单个分词作定语,一般置于被修饰名词的前面;分词短语作定语,只能置于被修饰名词的后面。现在分词作定语,表示与所修饰的名词有主调关系或主动关系,过去分词作定语,表示与所修饰的名词有动宾关系或被动关系。
真题再现
[例句] Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,(2000年第75题)
[解析] 这里现在分词dressing修饰problems,作后置定语,与problems 构成主动关系。 problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流动造成的问题”。过去分词 made修饰themselves,作后置定语,与themselves构成被动关系,这里themselves 指代mass migration movements。
[译文] 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。
[例句] How many of us attending,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(1995年语法)
[译文] 如果让我们参加一个,比如说,与我们毫不相干的会议,那么我们当中有多少人会对会议上的讨论感兴趣呢?
真题再现,
[例句] It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-changing world,(1999年语法)
[译文] 我们很容易把人们之间交流减少归咎于快节奏的现代生活和快速变化的外部世界。
[例句] After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness?(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 过去分词 dedicated作定语,修饰名词 expression,构成被动关系。
[译文] 几乎完全致力于描述快乐的当代表现形式究竟是什么?
[例句] To determine the consequences of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.“We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit,performance suffers,”says Dr,David.,Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”
[解析] 现在分词 requiring把修饰 tests,作后置定语,与 tests构成主动关系,tests requiring them to add...是说明这个测试要求他们做什么。过去分词read后置修饰passage,与passage构成被动关系。
[译文] 为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果,研究人员让受试者接受一系列心理测试以及能力测试,包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足,那么能力测试就会受到影响”,大卫医生说,“短期记忆能力会下降,决策力和集中力同样也会减弱”。
[例句] The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cutures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science,(2003年第63题)
[解析] 本句有三个过去分词:gathered,combined,borough,它们的修饰关系是:首先,gathered修饰data,作定语,译成“收集第一手资料”。其次,combined with是将 emphasis和 perspective两个关键词联系起来,构成一个并列关系,相当于说:“A,combined with B”,其他类似结构还有“A together with B”,或“A coupled with B”,意思是将 A与B结合起来,即“强调第一手资料,然后加上跨文化视角”。很多考生对这里combined with起着连接两个并列成分的作用看不出来,造成句子误译。这里三个过去分词gathered,combined和brought并非并列关系。再次,brought是修饰 respective,作定语,相当于主动语态,bring a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present,这里past and present是作后置定语修饰cultures。综上分析,这个句子核心结构是:The emphasis,combined with a perspective,makes this study a social science.值得注意的是,虽然这里 combined with连接两个并列成分 emphasis和 perspective,但谓语动词的单复数变化要依据前一个名词emphasis,这里emphasis是单数,所以后边请语用了单数makes,而不是make。
[译文] 强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
[例句] Sad to say,this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want,(2001年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里 combined with连接的并列成分是,factual errors,spelling and grammar mistakes,lots of head-scratching puzzlement。因为 combine基本结构是combine A with B,这里相当于把A提前了,于是和combine构成了被动关系,因此用过去分词combined。
[译文] 遗憾的是,这个项目最终发现了一些低级问题,如事实错误和拼写及语法错误,伴随着不少令人头疼的迷茫,不知读者究竟想要些什么。
5.3分词作状语分词短语作状语在句中有不同的意义,可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等等。另外,在5.1.2小节中曾讲过,分词短语作状语有两种结构:分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致;独立分词结构。
真题再现
[例句] In May,June Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wimp a Schutt helmet.( 1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里分词wearing作时间状语,修饰从句谓语was paroled; involving分词作定语,修饰 lawsuit。
[译文] 5月份,伊利诺伊州舒茨体育用品商店的总经理 June Nimmons赢得了一场官司,这场官司与一位橄榄球员戴着舒茨头盔在比赛中受伤瘫痪的事故有关。
[例句] I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was howl’d go because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里分词fighting和 clawing作伴随状语,修饰动词 die,表示在 die的过程中,人们同时做出的一些动作。因为这里figh和claw与people是主动关系,所以用了现在分词。
[译文] 从精神角度来说,我并不惧怕死亡。但我惧怕的是如何走向死亡这个过程,因为我看到过病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而抗争并抓住面罩的情形。
[例句] In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into super systems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里分词短语merging into super systems和 causing heightened concerns about monopoly都是表示结果,用作状语。另外,分词heightened与concerns是被动关系,所以用过去分词,这里作定语,修饰 concerns。
[译文] 近些年来,铁路公司相互合并,而成为超大型集团,这引起人们对垄断的日益关注。
[例句] Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research,When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.”(2003年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 三个分词asked,assured,asked的逻辑主语是she,构成被动关系,所以都用了过去分词。这里作状语,表示时间,所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词,比如When as surfed。
[译文] 当问到她是否反对接种时,她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时,她回答道:“那么我不得不说,是的,我反对接种。”当问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时,她说:“不用担心,科学家将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”
[例句] Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Wharf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the Structure of habitual thought in a society,2004年第64题
[解析] 在英文中,being done结构往往表示原因。这里 being interested也不例外,作原因状语。
[译文] 由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
[例句] Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremistsof this kind think that animals he outside the area of morsl choice,(1997年第74题)
[解析] 这里 arguing的逻辑主语是句子主语 extremists,两者构成主动关系,所以用现在分词作状语,表示原因。
[译文] 由于极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同,因此,他们认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
[例句] Feeling threatened,companies responded by wanting ever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipate every possible accident.(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子主语companies,两者构成主动关系,所以用现在分词。同样道理,trying的逻辑主语也是 companies。这里 feeling threatened作状语表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to....作方式状语,修饰谓语 responded。
[译文] 由于面对这样的威胁,公司的反应是写出无比冗长的警告标签,以尽量预见所有可能的事故。
[例句] Freed of the burden of ice,the balloon climbed up and dratted to the South,(1992年语法)
[译文] 气球由于被释去冰块重负,一直飞向空中,向南漂去。
[例句] All fights having been canceled because of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train,(1993年语法)
[译文] 暴风雪导致所有航班被取消,所以我们只好坐火车去。
[例句] The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each one making major point in contrast with the other.(1996年语法)
[译文] 这篇文章在开头和结尾都分别用了两篇新闻报道,且两者在观点上形成了鲜明的对比。
[例句] But,for a small group of students,professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills,All other factors being equal,can be the difference between having sob and not.(1999年阅读第三篇)
[译文] 但是对于一小部分学生来说,职业训练也许是可取的道路,因为在其他因素同等的情况下,熟练的技术的确可以在就业方面起到很大的作用。
[例句] The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in the 15th century,(1995年改错)
[译文] 葡萄牙人对有个人很是敬仰,这是因为他推动了航海事业,这个人就是生于15世纪的航海家亨利王子。
在英文中,独立分词结构除了上面例句中的“名词短语十分词”这一结构外,还有一个带有With的结构,即“with十名词短语十分词”。
真题再现
[例句] Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with easy program that turns out,(1997年语法)
[译文] 正如电话系统的价值是随着每一部新加到这个系统的电话而增长,同样,计算机系统的价值随着它所运行的每个程序而增加。
[例句] As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with what most of furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn,(1993年语法)
[例句] 到了冬天,由于所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分需要节省下来等到黎明时候再用,因此(夜里)冷得难受。
第六章 主谓一致众所周知,学习英语的人对“谓语必须与主语保持一致”这一语法现象知道得最早,用得最多,但也容易出错。除了粗心之外,还有一个导致错误的重要原因,那就是,这一问题看似简单,但实际上是复杂多变的,例外和惯用随处可见。
要做到主谓语一致,除了要考虑句中主语的人称和数的变化,还要考虑到谓语动词的时态和语态的变化。要理解和遵循语法规则,但在理解的基础上又不完全囿于语法规则。在很多情况下,还要结合具体的语言环境加以判断。
6.1 主语和谓语的一致关系句子的主语有单复数及人称的变化。其谓语需要根据主语的人称和数的不同而有所变化。即:谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致。
因为英语不是曲折变化很多的语言,所以这种一致关系有时并没有明显的表现,在某些情况下,同一种动词形式可以与各种人称的单数或复数的主语连用。
主语 谓语 状语单数 I/He/She bought the software in London.
复数 You/We/They
单数 Mr,Green/ Mrs,Green lived in Ireland during the war,
复数 The Greens
但是,如果谓语为do,be或have(用作助动词或实意动词),或者是在谓语为一般现在时的情况下,这种主语和谓语的一致关系就变得十分明显了。
Her dreams have come true.
她的梦想实现了。
Her dream has come true.
她的(一个)梦想实现了。
She often arrives at school late.
她常常上学迟到。
They often arrive at school late.
他们常常上学迟到。
It is getting dark.
天渐渐黑了。
Eggs are getting scarcer.
蛋类愈来愈短缺了。
I am getting bored.
我渐渐厌烦起来。
6.2 确定主语单复数的三个原则主语的人称和数是决定谓语形式的关键。除第一人称单数I(我)和第二人称单数you(你)之外,单数主语之后的谓语用动词的单数形式;复数主语之后的谓语用动词的复数形式。但什么样的主语算是单数或复数呢?仅靠名词的单、复数词尾来判断,往往会出现错误。我们必须对具体的语境作具体的分析。下面三个基本原则会有助于你的判断。
6.2.1 语法上一致的原则我们可以根据用作主语的名词的词尾变化,或用作主语的代词的形式来确定谓语的数或人称。
(例)The boy plays football well.
那个男孩足球踢得很棒。
The boys play football well.
那些男孩足球踢得很棒。
It is bitterly cold.
天冷极了。
I am very cold.
我很冷。
6.2.2 概念上一致的原则有时,根据名词的单数或复数词尾并不能确定谓语动词的形式,说话人要表达的数的概念反而起着决定性的作用。也就是说,要根据主语所表达的具体含意来确定它的数,而不只看表面的词尾变化。
(例)My family are all early riser.
我们一家人都爱早起。 (family指家中全体成员,有复数含义)
His family has moved into the new house.
他家已经搬到新房子里去了。 (family指整个家,用作单数)
Five minutes is enough.
五分钟就够了。 (Five minutes指一个时间段,看作单数)
The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain.
船员们在等待船长的命令。 (the crew指全体船员,有复数含义)
6.2.3 邻近词一致的原则在某些句子中,谓语动词并不是与整个主语保持一致,而是要与并列主语中距离它最近的名词或代词保持数或人称上的一致。
(例)Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
因为天气不好,不管是汤姆还是布朗一家这次去北京都未能尽心畅游。
Either your key or my key is missing.
不是你的钥匙丢了,就是我的钥匙丢了。
Not only they but also their teacher has participated in the party.
不仅他们,他们的老师了参加了这个晚会。
He or I am in the wrong.
他或是我错了。
—What’s worth visiting there?
—Well,there’s the park,the castle and the museum.
那里有什么值得看的?
嗯,有公园、城堡和博物馆。
6.3 主谓一致的具体原则上述三个原则只是最概括的一种归纳,下面我们将对每一原则作详细阐述。
6.3.1 根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式单数主语+单数谓语;复数主语+复数谓语
句中谓语与主语的中心一致,不受主语修饰语的影响,但要注意:a pair of +表示无生命的名词+单数谓语;a pair of +表示人或动物的名词+单数或复数谓语。
(例)The teacher encourages the students to speak freely.
老师鼓励学生们自由发言。
My wages are low,but my taxes are high.
我的工资,但纳税却很多。
Their house has nine rooms.
他们的住宅有九个房间。
This pair of shoes is not mine.
这双鞋子不是我的。
The happy pair is /are going to Hawaii for their honeymoon.
新婚夫妇要去夏威夷度密月。
It always pays to give your paper one final check.
写东西,最后检查一遍总是有好处的。
在“主语+系词+表语”结构中,系动词要与主语的数保持一致,不受其表语的影响。
(例)Their greatest concern is the children.
他们最关心的是孩子们。
The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us.
最好的礼物是你寄给我们的衣服。
What we need most is books.
我们最需要的是书。
Paul is friends with Bill.
保罗和比尔是朋友。
在“主语+(together)with+名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致,不受其后的短语的影响。这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用,而非主语的一部分。
下面的词和短语与主语连用时也遵守上述原则:
Along with,as well as,in addition to,accompanied by,rather than,as much as,no less than,including,besides,except,but,like等。
(例)The factory with all its equipment has been burnt.
工厂及其全部设备都烧光了。
You as well as I are wrong.
不光我,你也错了。
The manager,along with his secretaries,is going to a dinner party tonight.
经理以及他的几位秘书今晚将去参加晚宴。
An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.
一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。
The teacher,as much as the parents,is to blame for the accident.
对此意外事故,老师和家长都有责任。
Mr,Robbins,accompanied by his wife,is arriving tonight.
罗宾斯先生在妻子的陪同下今晚到达。
“单数名词+and+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数。
(例)Reading,writing and arithmetic are called the three R’s.
读、写、算并称为三R(三个基本技能。)
He and I are good friends.
他和我是好朋友。
The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
那位诗人和那位小说家都出席会议了。
如果and所并列的主语指的是同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数。但是,对个别句子,可能有两种理解,要注意上下文;如果碰到的是两个抽象名词,有时用单数或复数谓语均可。
A/The+单数名词(人)+and +单数名词(人)+单数谓语指同一个人身兼两种职务
A /The+单数名词(人)+and +a/the +单数名词(人)+复数谓语指不同职务的两个人
(例)The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people.
乐队指挥兼作曲家受到了众多人的欢迎。
The conductor and composer were greeted by a crowd of people.
乐队指挥和作曲家受到了众多人的欢迎。
His younger brother and the subsequent editor of his collected paper was/were with him at his death-bed.
在他弥留之际,他的弟弟和他书信文件集后来的编辑者在他身边。
(按照上述翻译,谓语用were;也可能译为:他的弟弟,也是他书信文件集的编辑者……,这时,谓语用was)
Your fairness and impartiality has/have been much appreciated,
你的公正无私得到高度评价。
有些用and连接起来的单数名词,由于关系密切,已被看成一个整体,因而作主语时谓语动词用单数。
knife and fork刀叉 needle and thread针线
a cup and saucer带茶托的茶杯子 a house and carriage马车
trial and error正误试验法 law and order法律和秩序
(例)Law and order has been established.
法律和秩序已经建立起来。
Bread and butter is our daily food.
涂黄油的面包是我们的日常食品。
Fish and chips is a popular fast food.
炸油加炸薯条是一种大众化的快餐。
The stars and stripes is the national flag of the U.S.A..
星条旗是美国国旗。
The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar.
这个演讲的主要内容是反战的。
主语为“every/each+单数名词+and+(every/each+)单数名词”时,谓语用单数。
(例)Every man,woman,and child needs love.
(每个)男人、女人、孩子都需要爱。
Each boy and girl was given a book.
每个男孩和女孩都得到了一本书。
Each book and each paper is held in place.
每一本书、每一份文件,都各有其所(都放在该放的地方)。
Every minute and every second is precious.
每一分、每一秒都是珍贵的。
主语为“形容词+and+形容词+单数不可数名词或可数名词”,并且是涉及到该名词的品种或类别时,谓语动词用复数。
(例)Chinese and British beer are served at the pub.
这家小酒店供应中国啤酒和英国啤酒。 (指两种,谓语用复数)
Cooling draft beer is served at the pub.
这家小酒店供应冰镇生啤酒。 (指一种,谓语用单数)
A brown and a black are one the roof.
屋顶上有一只棕色猫和一只黑色猫。
There is a black and white picture on the wall.
墙上挂着一幅黑白照片。
当“both…and …”连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
(例)Both his brother and sister are married.
他的哥和姐姐都已经结婚了。
Both Colin and Susan now live in New York.
柯林和苏珊现在都住在纽约。
6.3.2 根据邻近词一致的原则确定谓语形式用or连接两个名词或代词作主语时,依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式。
(例)George or Tom is wanted.(=Either George or Tom is wanted.)
要乔治或汤姆去一下。
George or I am wrong.
不是乔治就是我错了。
Were you or he there?
(当时)是你还是他在那里?
用either…or …连接两个名词或代词作主语时,依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式,但在口语中也可一律用复数谓语。
(例)Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad results.
不是约翰就是他的朋友们要对此不良后果负责。
Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.
这些衬衣,或者是这件毛衣,买上很合算。
(在非式用法中,亦可用are代替)
Neither/not…nor…连接两个名词或代词作主语,依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式。在非正式英语,特别是在口语中,也可一律用复数谓语,这样让人觉得更自然。
(例)Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows how to do it.
不论是你,我或者其他任何人都不知道怎么做。
Not my brother nor I am/are going to the summer camp.
(我)弟弟和我都不去夏令营。
not only…but also…,not…but…连接两个名词或代词作主语时,依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式。
(例)Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party,
不仅邀请了玛丽来参加晚会,而且也邀请了约翰。
Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party.
6.3.3 谓语用单数形式的情况动名词、动词不定式或主语从句作主语。
(例)Reading is a great pleasure in life.
读书是人生一大乐趣。
To live means to create.
生活就意味着创造。
That we need more time is obvious.
很显然,我们需要更多的时间。
数词或“数词+复数名词(表示时间、距离、金额、重量、大小、体积等)”作主语,并且被看作是一个整体时,谓语用单数。
(例)Eight hours of sleep is enough.
八小时睡眠足够了。
Five is an odd number.
五是奇数。
A hundred miles is quite a drive,isn’t it?
驾车一百英里是一段很长的路程,是吧?
Five tons is a heavy load.
五吨是很重的负载。
Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
花十美元买那件衬衫太贵了。
Ten minutes seems an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
一个人在等电话时,十分钟就好像一个小时(那么长)。
比较 Three glasses of beer are not enough to get him drunk,
三杯啤酒醉不倒他。
句中的three glasses被看作是“杯数”而不是一个整体,因此,谓语要用复数。
复数形式的专有名词作主语,谓语要用单数。
(例)The Philippines consist of more than 7,000 islands.
菲律宾由7000多个岛屿组成。
The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City.
联合国总部设在纽约。
The Thames has a circulation.
,泰晤士报》销量很大。
“many a/more than one +单数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。
(例)Many a ship has been wrecked one those rocks.
许多船只毁于那些礁石上。
Many a little makes a mickle,
积少成多。
More than one grammatical mistake was found in his composition.
他的作文的语法错误很多(不止一处)。
比较 More than a thousand inhabitants have signed the petition.
一千多居民在请愿书上签了名。
因为more than之后用的不是one,所以谓语要用复数形式。
表示鸟兽鱼群的词如a flock of birds,a pack of dogs,a pride of lions,a herd of cattle,a school of fish等作主语,谓语用单数。
(例)A flock of birds is circling overhead.
一群鸟在头顶上方翱翔。
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
那群牛跑散开去。
6.3.4 谓语用复数形式的情况一些复数名词表示由两个相同的、不可分割的部分组成的一件东西。当这样的词用作主语时,谓语要用复数形式。
常用的此类复数名词:
trousers,pants,pyjamas (pajamas),shorts,pliers,scissors,pincers,tongs,glasses,spectacle,tight,compasses等。
(例)Where are my scissors?
我的剪刀在哪儿呢?
There is a pair of scissors on the table.
桌子上有一把剪刀。
有些集合名词作主语时,要用复数形式的谓语。
如sheep cattle police poultry militia people等。
(例)Cattle feed on grass.
牛吃草。
The police are looking into the matter.
警察正在调查此事。
“several/(a)few/both/many+(of+)复数可数名词”或上述词单独用作主语时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)Several of you need to work harder.
你们中有几个人要更加努力工作。
Several have already written to me.
有几个已经给我写信了。
6.3.5 谓语用单复数皆可的情况有些名词形式上是复数的,但用作主语时,谓语多用单数,也可以用复数形式。
如means,works,tidings,headquarters等。
(例)The firm’s headquarters are/is in London.
总公司设在伦郭。
The good tidings come/comes too late.
好消息总是来得太迟。
There is /are no means of finding out what happened.
没有办法能查明发生了什么事。
The steel works is/are closed for the holidays.
节假日钢铁厂休息。
由数词组成的数学算式作主语时,谓语可用单数,也可用复数形式。
(例) Two and three is/are five.
2加3等于5。
Twice two make/makes four.
2乘2等于4。
一些复数形式的疾病名称作主语时,通常谓语用单数,也有用复数的情况。
(例) The measles is an infectious illness.
麻疹是一种传染性疾病。
Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults,
成人当中很少有患腮腺炎的。
6.3.6 不定代词作主语时的谓语形式由any,some,no,every与body,one thing构成的不定代词作主语或主语的一部分时,谓语用单数。
如somebody anyone nothing everyone等。
(例)Everybody is doing his best.
人人都尽力而为。
There is nothing you can do to help.
你帮不上忙。
There’s something interesting in the newspaper.
报纸上有一些有趣的东西。
“each; each+单数可数名词;each of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
(例)Each arrives on time.
每个人都准时到达。
Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour.
每块积木都涂成不同颜色。
Each boy has tried twice.
每个男孩都试过两次了。
Each位于复数主语之后时,不影响主语的数,如:The boys each have an apple.男孩们每人都有一个苹果。
主语 例句 译文
either Either is acceptable,两者都是可以接受的。
either+单数可数名词 Either one is good for me,两者中的任何一个对
我都是非常合适的。
Either +of+复数名词 Is/Are either of them a doctor? 他们俩当中有医吗?
neither Neither is/are to blame,两个人都不该受责备。
neither+单数可数名词 Neither answer is correct,两个人答案都不对。
neither of+复数名词 Neither of us wants/want to do it,我们都不想做这件事。
neither,either of和neither of等作主语时,在口语中,特别是在疑问句或否定句中,也可以跟复数谓语。
all,some,more,most+不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
all,some,more,most+复数可数名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)All hope has gone.
所有的希望都破灭了。
Some money was spent on books.
一些钱用来买书了。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
Instead of fewer accidents there are more.
事故不是少了,而是多了。
Most racial discrimination is based on ignorance.
绝大多数种族歧视都是由愚昧而起。
Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian.
绝大部分说阿拉伯语的人都懂得埃及语。
all,some,more,most单独作主语
用来指不可数名词,谓语用单数形式。
用来指可数名词时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)All is going well.
一切顺利。
There’s some in the pot.
罐子里还有一些。
The most you can hope for is five dollars.
你最多能得到5美元。
There is more in it that you imagine.
这里面有你想像不到的东西。
All are agreed on this point.
大家一致同意这一点。
The most are on our side.
绝大多数人站在我们一边。
Some are wise and some are otherwise.
有人贤明,有人愚。
Many people support the proposal,but more are against it.
(虽然)许多人支持这个建议,但(有)更多的人反对它。
all,some,more,most与of连用
后接可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
后接复数可数名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)All of this is yours.
这一切都是你的。
Some of the book is good.
这本书有些部分还不错。
All of the cherries look ripe.
樱桃看上去都熟了。
More of his story is not true.
他所说的大部分是假话。
Some of the food has been eaten,but not all of it.
一些食物被吃掉了,但不是全部。
Most of his writing is rubbish.
他的作品中大部分都是无聊的东西。
Most of the books on that shelf are in English,and the rest are in Russian or French.
那个书架上的书大部分是英文书,其余的是俄语书或法语书。
none用作主语或主语的一部分
none单独作主语
指可数名词时,谓语用单数形式(强调任一个)或复数形式(强调全体)。
指不可数名词时,谓语用单数形式。
(例)—Is there any milk in the cup?
—No,there is none.
杯子里有牛奶吗?
没有,一点也没有了。
None have arrived.
没有人到来。
None has returned from the meeting.
开会的人一个也没回来。
“none of+名词”作主语
“none of+复数可数名词”作主语时,谓语用复数形式(强调全体)(习惯上多用口语)或用单数形式(强调其中任何一个);
“none of+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数形式。
(例)None of us is perfect.
人无完人。
None of the guests want/wants to stay.
客人们都不想留下来。
None of this money is yours.
这些钱里没有一分是你的。
None of these suggestions is /are very helpful.
这些建议都没有太大用处。
any用作主语或主语的一部分
any单独作主语
指不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。
指可数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
(例)Any is better than none.
有总比无好。
Any is good enough for me.
我有点就行了。
There aren’t any in my class two have been in the United States.
我班里没有人去过美国。
Give me some if there are/is any.
如果有,就给我一些。
最后一句中的any指不可数名词用is,指可数名词用are。
any修饰用作主语的名词
修饰单数可数名词或不可数名词时,谓语用单数。
修饰复数可数名词时,谓语用复数。
(例)If there is any trouble,let me know.
如果有困难,就告诉我。
Any child wants to know that.
任何小孩都想知道这一点。
There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.
花园里几乎没有花了。
any of用作主语的一部分
any of与复数名词连用时,谓语用复数形式(强调全体)或单数形式(强调任一个)。
any of与不可数名词连用时,谓语用单数形式。
(例)Any of these authorities are/is reliable.
这些典据都是可靠的。
I don’t think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow.
我认为我们当中没有人愿意明天工作。
Is there any more of this stuff?
这种材料还有吗?
half用作主语或主语的一部分
half单独用作主语指不可数名词或单数可数名词的一半,谓语用单数形式;指复数可数名词的一半,谓语用复数形式。
(例)Half are here.
(他们)有一半已经在这儿了。
Half was damaged.
(这东西)有一半已经损坏了。
I broke the chocolate into halves,and here’s your half.
我把巧克力掰成两半,这一半给你。
half作主语的一部分
half+限定词与不可数名词连用,谓语用单数;与复数可数名词连用,谓语用复数。
half+限定词+单数可数名词,谓语用单数。
Half+限定词与单数集合成名词连用,谓语用单复数均可。
(例)Half his time was wasted.
他有一半时间都浪费掉了。
Half this apple was rotten.
这个苹果有一半料掉了。
Half the soldiers were killed.
有一半的战士战死了。
Half my class has/have obtained driver’s licenses.
我们班有一半的学生都拿到了驾驶证。
half of作主语的一部分
half of与单数可数名词或与不可数名词连用时,谓语用单数形式。
half of与单数集合名词连用时,谓语用单复数形式均可。
half of与复数可数名词连用时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)Half of the apple was rotten.
这个苹果有一半料掉了。
Half of the time was spent in the country.
有一半时间是在乡下度过的。
Half of the fruit is bad.
水果的一半坏了。
Half of my class has/have obtained driver’s licenses.
我们班有一半的学生都拿到了驾驶证。
Half of them are here.
他们之中有一半已在这里。
Half of the plums are bad.
半数的李子坏了。
enough用作主语或主语的一部分
enough单独作主语指不可数名词时谓语用单数形式;指可数名词时,谓语用复数形式。
(例)Enough has been said on this matter.
对于这个问题,已经谈得够多了。
Enough are here to constitute a quorum.
出席者已达到法定人数。
enough用来修饰作主语的名词
enough与单数不可数名词连用,谓语用单数形式。
enough与复数名词连用,谓语用复数形式。
(例)There is enough food for everybody.
有足够的食物供大家食用。
There are enough players for a game.
有足够的运动员,能组织一场比赛了。
6.3.7 表示数量的短语作主语时的谓语形式
a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the percentage of,分数词+of,a quantity of,quantities of作主语的一部分,与不可数名词连用,谓语用单数形式;与复数名词连用,谓语用复数形式。
(例)Two-fifths of the money is mine.
这些钱中有五分之二是我的。
Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
这个班里有五分之二的学生来自阿拉伯语国家。
There was quantities of rain this fall.
今年秋天雨水多。
Lot of my friends are here.
我的许多朋友都在这儿。
There were a quantity of people in the hall.
大厅里有许多人。
a great deal of,an amount of,(a)little of,much of 与不可数名词连用作主语,谓语用单数。
(例)Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.
那些家具有很多都不舒适。
Little of the equipment was standardized.
这些设备中很少有合乎标准的。
There is a limited amount of oil in the world.
世界上的石油是有限的。
a good many,a great many,a number of 与复数可数名词连用作主语,谓语用复数。
(例)There were a great(good)many people in the park.
公园里有许多人。
A number of students were absent.
许多学生缺席了。
“the number of+复数名词+单数谓语”,这是因为the number of的词义为“……的数目”,如:
The number of days in a week is seven,一周七天。
6.3.8 there be句型中的谓语形式在there be句型中,be的形式通常取决于be后的主语(名词或代词)的数。
(例)There aren’t any letters in the mail for you today.
今天的邮件里没有你的信。
There isn’t any mail for you today.
今天没有你的邮件。
There’re/There’s song good programs on TV.
电视上有一些好节目。
许多以英语为母语的人,即使there be的主语为复数,也用单数谓语,而且只用there’s。这里一种极不正式的、不标准的说法,但却为英语国家的大众所接受。
在非式英语中,如果there be后是由and连接的并列主语,可以用复数谓语,也可以依据“邻近词一致的原则”来确定谓语的形式。
(例)There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.
There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.
她书桌上有一支蓝色的笔和一本黄色的笔记本。
6.3.9 需经判断来确定句子的谓语形式
(1) 集合名词作主语如果集合名词被看作是一个整体,或是一个组织,则谓语动作用单数形式。
(例)The graduating class is in the laboratory.
毕业班在实验室里。
The audience was rather small.
听众很少。
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
一支热情高涨的运动队多半会取胜。
如果着重于其各个组成部分或成员的行动,则谓语要用复数形式。
(例) The class were all cheerful.
全班同学都兴高采烈。
The audience were excited by his speech.
他的演讲令听众振奋。
The team were talking over some new plays.
运动队在讨论一些新的比赛(技巧)。
常用的集合名词举例:
amy,audience,club,class,committee,crew.faculty,family,troop,group,organization,government,jury,public,school,staff,team等。
(2) 物主代词作主语物主代词作主语时,谓语动词的形式要根据其后作表语的名词决定。
(例)Mine is a new bilk.
我的是一辆新自行车。
Theirs are old bikes.
他们的都是旧自行车。
(3),the+形容词”作主语
指人时,谓语要用复数
(例)The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
富的越富,穷的越穷。
The good are well rewarded,and the bad (are) punished
善有善报,恶有恶报。
注意区别English用作名词时的不同用法,The English drink tea.(英国人喝茶。)English is spoken in many countries.(很多国家说英语。)像这样用的还有:Chinese,Japanese,French,Spanish等。
指抽象概念时,谓语要用单数
The old gives place to the new.
新陈代谢。
The beautiful exists in contrast with the ugly.
美的东西和丑的东西相比较而存在。
(4) 以 – ics 结尾的名词作主语一些以-ics 结尾的名词通常都可用作学科名称,作主语时,谓语要用单数。
(例)Physics was his major.
物理是他的主修课。
Mathematics is her strongest subject.
数学是她最擅长的学科。
Strategy wins wars; tactics wins battles.
战略赢得战争,战术赢得战役。
World economics has a direct bearing on word peace.
世界经济与世界和平有直接关系以-ics结尾的名词中有相当一部分也可用作普通名词,作主语时,谓语多用复数。
(例)What are the economics of the project?
这项工程的经济意义是什么?
The latest statistics tell the truth of facts.
最新的统计数字说明了事实的真相。
Your mathematics are not so good.
你的数学成绩不太好。
有一些以-ics结尾的词用作单数或复数时,词义有所改变
politics [单]政治学 [复]政治活动或手腕
statistics [单]统计学 [复]统计数字或资料
tactics [单]兵法、战术 [复]策略、手法
acoustics [单]声学 [复](建筑物)的传声性
economics [单]经济(学) [复]经济因素或财务上的考虑
(例)An army commander must be skilled in tactics.
一名军事指挥官必须精通战术。
These tactics are unlikely to help you.
这些方法对你未必有用。
Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
统计学是数学的一个分支。
These statistics show that there are 57 deaths per 1,000 children born.
这些统计数字表明每一千个新生婴儿中有五十七人死亡。
Acoustics is taught in this college.
本院开设声学课。
The acoustics of the theatre are very good.
这家剧院的音响效果很好。
(5) what /which /who 等疑问代词作主语或主语的一部分谓语的形式,要由它们所代表的词或含义来确定
(例)Which is your favorite subject?
哪一门是你喜欢的学科?
Which are your favorite subject?
哪些是你喜欢的学科?
Who is the woman in the black hat?
戴黑帽子的那位妇女是谁?
Who are the men in white coats?
穿白色外衣的那些人是谁?
What she said is true.
她说的话是真的。
What she left me are a few old books.
她留给我的是几本旧书。
They gave presents to each other/to one another.
他们互赠礼品。
After the match,the two players shook hands with each other.
比赛结束后,两位运动员互相握手。
They were afraid of each other.
他们彼此惧怕。
I put all the books on top of one another.
我把书一本一本地摞起来。
所有格形式用作定语,表示所属
(例)They usually meet in one another’s homes.
他们通常在彼此的家里会面。
They knew each other’s weaknesses.
他们了解彼此的弱点。
The boys used one another’s books.
孩子们交换使用彼此的书。
第七章 虚拟语气察觉句子中的虚拟意味对于正确理解句子是极其重要的,在考研中也是如此。本章将详细讨论英语的虚拟语气用法。
7.1虚拟条件句虚拟条件句,顾名思义,是在一个虚拟假想的条件下,来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景,这些情景是不可能发生的,与客观事实相反的。我们可以将对现在、过去、将来这三种情况进行虚拟的情况进行分析。
7.1.l对现在/一般事实进行虚拟
[例句] If I could rearrange the alphabet,I’d put U and I together.
[解析] 字母表排序是固定不变的,字母U和I不在一起,这里要表达与这一事实相反的情形,所以用虚拟语气。
[译文] 如果能重新把字母表排序,我一定会把U和I这两个字母放在一起。
[例句] I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life,Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight;Silence would teach him the joys of sound.
[解析] 这是Helen Keller(1880~1968)一篇文章中的句子。表达一个与一般事实相反的假设情形。
[译文] 我常常想:如果每一个人在生活早期都要遭受几天眼睛失明、耳朵失聪,那可能是一种福气!黑暗会使他更加珍惜视觉;寂静无声能教会他欣赏声音的美妙。
7.1.2对过去事实进行虚拟真题再现
[例句],Do you love me?—Yes,Do you really,really love me?—Yes.” It was a question that has been posed to many a lover,But Stephanie Powell had a special reason for asking her boyfriend if he loved her,Because Stephanie had just won $7 million on the lottery and wanted to make sure of Wayne’s devotion before she told him the good news.“If he had known about the win I would never have known whether it was me or the money he would want to stay with,”she said“I don’t know what I would have done if he had’t answered yes,I love him and want to enjoy spending the money with him.”
[解析] 这里是表示对过去事实的虚拟。
[译文],你爱我吗?——爱。你是不是真的爱我?——是的。”这样的问题许多爱人相互之间都问过,但是斯蒂法妮·鲍威尔问她的男朋友是否爱她时,却是因为有特别的原因。她刚刚中了700万美元的彩票,想在告诉韦恩这个好消息之前确认他对她的爱。“如果他已经知道这件事,我就永远不会知道他是想跟我还是想跟这笔钱在一起,’她说,“我不知道如果他没有回答’是’,我会怎么做。我爱他,想和他一起分享这笔钱。”
[例句] It would have been just as satisfactory if I had stayed at home,I learned nothing in class.
[译文] 如果我待在家里不去上课还更好些,因为我在课堂上什么也学不到。
[例句] Tourism is an odd thing,You fly off to a strange land,eagerly abandoning all the comforts of home,and then expend time and money in a futile attempt to recapture the comforts that you wouldn’t have lost if you hadn’t left home in the first place.
[解析] 这是表示对过去事实的虚拟。这段话道出了生活的矛盾性,很有意思。比如还有这样一些矛盾之处,We get bored with childhood,we rush to grow up,and then we long to be children again,We lose our health to make money — and more lose our money restore our health,By thinking anxiously about the future,we forget the present,such that we live in neither the present nor the future.
[译文] 旅游这事很奇怪,你飞往一个陌生的地方,急切地放弃了家里的舒适,然后又想尽办法费时费钱地想得到家里的舒适。可是这些舒适,要是你当初不离家出游,你原本不会失去。
[例句] If you hadn’t contacted Jerry Brown until recently,you’d think the photograph on the right was strange,(1993年语法)
[译文] 要是你直到最近才和Jerry联系的话,你一定会认为右边这张照片很奇怪。
7.1.3对将来进行虚拟
[例句] Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow,Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.
[解析] 我们看到,从句表将来虚拟,用了情态动词 should,也可以用 were to do。
[译文] 我时常会想,如果我们能以明天就要告别这个世界的态度来度过每一天的话,那一定是极好的,这种心态会让每一个人珍视生命的价值。
真题再现
[例句] There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,should there be a sudden loud noise.(1991年语法)
[译文] 万一突然有一声巨响,这些动物完全有可能受到惊吓。
7.1.4倒装虚拟句当if条件句中有助动词should,had或were时,可以省去if,而将should,had或were置于句首,从而构成倒装虚拟句,意义不变。
真题再现
[例句] For example:they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
[解析] 这是对过去的虚拟。倒装结构had he grown相当于if he had grown。
[译文] 例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。
[例句] The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand,would have lost all practical value by the time they finished,(1994年语法)
[译文] 这其中所涉及到的百万次运算,若是都用手工来算的话,在计算完成之前,就早已失去了实用价值。
[例句] Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce,let almoner gotten one,(2000年语法)
[译文] 现如今很多政客都纷纷离婚,这要是在几年前是不可能的。那时,不说真的离婚了,只要他们有离婚的想法,就一定会被赶下台。
7.1.5混合时间虚拟句前面我们讨论的虚拟语气,其if从句中谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的,即同为现在、过去或将来。可是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时,主句和从句的谓语形式要根据各自动作发生的时间做适当调整。常见的混合时间是:从句表示过去,主句表示现在。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he would be our chairman now,(1992年语法)
[译文] 假如Paul在上次选举中多得六票的话,他现在就是我们的主席了。
[例句] Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is,(1998年语法)
[译文] 若不是因为当时有大众及时投资,我们公司就不会像现在这样景气了。
7.1.6含蓄虚拟句我们前面讨论的虚拟句都含有虚拟的if条件从句。含蓄虚拟句是指没有完整的条件从句,但在上下文隐含了虚拟条件的句子。隐含的虚拟条件可以通过下列方式表达:
(1)介词或介词短语:
可以通过介词短语给出虚拟条件。
(例)What would I have done without you?
当时若没有你,我会怎么办呢?
Anyone in his position would have done it like that.
任何人若是处在他那个位置,当时都会那样做的。
真题再现
[例句] But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last sunday,(1991年语法)
[译文] 若不是因为有英语考试,我上周日就去听音乐会了。
(2)分词短语:
(例) Given more time,I would have been able to finish the test.
如果那时多给一些时间,我就能做完考题。
This same thing,happening in wartime,would amount to disaster.
同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。
(3)通过上下文来暗示条件:
(例)A:I had to stand in line at the bank for about half an hour,There were only two tellers open.
B:That’s where you and I differ,I would’ve gone back another time.
A:我上次在银行排队等了约半个小时,当时只有两个出纳员办公。
B:这就是我俩不同的地方,我会改天再去的。
One day a bank ATM gave me an extra$20,so I returned the money to a teller,I ashes some of my professors and classmates in my moral-issues class what they would have done,Many conceded they would have kept the money,but my philosophy professor quipped,“I’d have tried the machine again!”
一天,银行自动提款机多给了我20美元,我就把钱还给了出纳员。后来,就这个事情,在思想品德教育课上,我问老师和同学他们当时会怎么做。很多人承认他们会把钱留着,而哲学老师却调侃道:“我会再试一次这个提款机!”
真题再现
[例句] Now the tide appears to be turning,As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 上下文潜含了条件虚拟,表示过去,故用过去虚拟主句的谓语形式。
[译文] 现在这种情况似乎正在发生变化。个人受伤索赔案件一如既往,但是一些法庭开始站在被告一边,特别是在即使有警告标签也不可能避免事故的案件中。
7.l.7跳层虚拟句这是一类较为特殊的虚拟语气。这类句子一般分为两部分,在语气上截然相反,一部分虚拟,另一部分不虚拟,用的是陈述语气,陈述一件事实。两部分之间往往用 but,or,or else,otherwise连接。正是因为虚拟与不虚拟兼而有之,一部分虚拟,一部分又跳出虚拟的圈子,故而得名。
(1)虚拟句+but+陈述句
该句型的使用规律是:
①主语+ would do,but+主语+一般现在时调语形式哈表示对现在事实的虚拟。
②主语+would have done,but+主语+一般过去时调语形式味表示对过去事实的虚拟。
当然,句中的would根据不同情态可换成should、might或could。我们还看出这类跳层虚拟句关键标志词是but,随着but一转折,句子的语气也由虚拟变为不虚拟,即but将句子一分为二,but前的用虚拟语气,but后用陈述语气。
真题再现
[例句] I would have gone to visit him in the hospital,had it been at all possible,but I was fully occupied the whole of last week,(1997年语法)
[译文] 如果真的有可能,我本来是想去医院看望他的,但是我上周整个一周都很忙。
[例句] Some women could have made a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.(2000-1CET-4)
[译文] 有些妇女本来是能够挣得很高的薪水的,但是为了家庭,她们放弃了工作。
[例句] A safety analysis woud have identified the target as a potential danger,Unfortunately,it was never done,(1996年语法)
[译文] 若是有安全分析,就可以发现这个潜在隐患,但遗憾的是,没有做安全分析。
(2)陈述句+or else+虚拟句这类跳层虚拟句和上述but连接的跳层虚拟句有所不同。此处是由 or,or else,otherwise将句子一分为二,且前后分句的语气正好与上述虚拟句相反:or(or else,otherwise)前用的是陈述语气,而后面用的是虚拟语气,即:
①主语十一般现在时谓语形式,or+主语+would do,→略表示对现在事实的虚拟。
②主语+一般过去时谓语形式,or+主语+ would have done,→表示对过去事实的虚拟。
[例句] Both the United States and China had reached a point in history where they shared an eagerness to start a new relationship,and where both were prepared to pay an ideological price for it,MaoTse-tung clearly was willing to make the ideological sacrifice; otherwise he would not have told Edgar Snow in his unique interview that would be happy to talk with him (Nixon)either as a tourist or as a President.”
[解析] 我们看到otherwise 前用了过去时was,表示陈述过去事实,而其后用了过去虚拟would not have told 谓语形式。
[译文]美国和中国都到达了这样的历史时刻:双方都在渴望开始一种新的关系,并都准备为此付出意识形态上的代价。显然,毛泽东也愿意为此付出意识形态上的代价,否则他当初就不会在一次单独会见埃德加·斯诺时告诉斯诺他会“很高兴和他(尼克松)谈谈,不论是以游客身份还是以总统身份”。
[例句] We didn’t know his telephone number,others we would have telephoned him,(1995-6 CET-4)
[译文] 我们不知道他的电话号码,要不然我们当时就给他打电话了。
[例句] He must have had an accident,or he would have been here then.(1990-1CET-4)
[译文] 他一定是出事故了,要不然早就到了。
真题再现
[例句] Mary couldn’t have received my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now,(1991年语法)
[译文] 玛丽不可能收到我的信,要不然她现在已经给我回复了。
7.2名词从句中的虚拟虚拟语气除了在上述非真实条件从句中应用以外,在特定的名词从句中也可能用到。这里所说的“特定的名词从句”,是指含有特定标志词的名词从句,这些标志词可用来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求、意志等语气。而且,与非真实条件虚拟句不同的是,名词从句虚拟句的谓语形式只有一条规律,那就是:无论主句的谓语动词是何种形式,从句谓语均为:should+动词原形,should可以省去。特别需要注意的是:不是用would,而是should。
真题再现
[例句] If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.(2005年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 因为形容词crucial,从句要用虚拟语气,即用动词原形be。
[译文] 我们若是想保护大气层,那么那些新开工的工厂就应该做好环保工作。
[例句] The board deemed it urgent that these files should be printed right away,(1993年语法)
[译文] 董事会要求这些文件必须紧急打印出来。
[例句] Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in religious as well as worldly,frame of reference,(1994年语法)
[解析] 因为名词insist once,从句要用虚拟语气,即用动词原形。
[例句] Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so一一and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning....NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely,an possibly that it be made law.(1999年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 因为动词order和ask,从句要用虚拟语气,即用动词原形。
[译文] 在他(克林顿)声称反对用这种动物养殖技术克隆人的同时,他下令禁止将联邦政府的经费用于类似的试验——虽然并没有人提出要进行这样的试验——并且要求以普林斯顿大学校长 Harold Shapiro为首的一个独立专家小组在 90天内向白宫提交一个报告,就针对克隆人研究的国家政策提出建议。全国生物伦理学咨询委员会(NBAC)要求克林顿将长达90天的禁止联邦政府资金用于克隆人的禁令无限期延长,并且可能最终使之成为法律。
考研英语必考的句法知识第八章 倒装和强调在英语中,句子的基本结构和组成英语句子的自然语序是:主语+谓语(+宾语等)。但是,在实际的语言实践中,由于语法结构的要求,或是由于修辞的需要,往往要改变句子的自然语序,把一些本应置于主语之后的句子成分提到主语之前。我们称这种词序的变化为“倒装语序”。这样的倒装语序可能使句子的内在含义产生细微的、甚至明显的改变。只有注意观察引起倒装的原因,才能更确切地理解句子的含义。为了使句子的某成分突出,我们还会使用强调,而倒装语序大多都用于强调。
8.1倒装语序倒装有时是必需的,是语法上的要求,故通常是有规律可循的。但有时是因为写作者或说话者想用倒装来表达一种特别的含义。
8.1.1 主语和谓语的倒装主语和谓语的倒装,是一种常见的倒装形式。倒装的方法有两种:
部分谓语倒装:把谓语中的(第一)助动词或情态助动词倒装到主语之前去;将谓语的其余部分留在主语之后。如果谓语中没有助动词,则需要主语之前加上do/does/did,原谓语动词仍留在主语之后,用无to不定式形式,即:
助动词+主语+……
全部谓语倒装:把整个谓语倒装到主语之前去,即:
谓语+主语+……
不同的句子结构要求不同的倒装方法,所以应注意区分。
(1)部分谓语倒装助动词+主语+谓语的其余部分+……
Do /does /did+主语+无to不定式+……
用这种方式倒装的句型主要包括下面几种:
疑问句的语序:“(疑问词+)(第一)助动词+主语+……”
(例) Has he left already?
他已动身了吗?
Why don’t you be a good boy?
你为什么不做一个好孩子?
Won’t you have some tea?
你不喝点儿茶吗?
How long will it take you to finish?
你还要多久才能结束?
Are you going to take part in the debate?
你要参加这一讨论吗?
Did he park his car in front of my house?
他把车子停在我家房前了吗?
注意 疑问词作主语,或修饰主语时,不倒装。
If从句的谓语中若包括有助动词had,were或should,可将其倒装到主语之前去,把if省略掉。
Had /should /were+主语+谓语的其余部分+……
(例) Had I not helped him,he would have failed in business.
=If I had not helped him,he would have failed in business.
如果不是我帮了他一把,他的买卖早就垮了。
Should I be free tomorrow,I will come.
(=If should be free tomorrow,I will come.)
明天我万一有空,我就过来。
Were she my daughter,I could suggest a different plan.
(=If she were my daughter,I could suggest a different plan.)
如果她是我的女儿,我会提出不同的计划。
为了强调“only+状语”,将其放在句首时,要把助动词倒装在主语前去:但是,如果only不在句首,就不需倒装。常用only when,only after,only by等。
Only+状语+(第一)助动词+主语+谓语的其余部分+……
Only+状语+do/ does/ did+主语+动词原形+……
(例) Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
只有在近几年,妇女在这一领域里才赶上了男人。
Only a week late did I receive an answer from him.
=It was only a week later that I received an answer from him.
一周之后,我才得到了他的回音。
Only after an operation will he be able to walk again.
只有在手术之后,他才能再走路。
Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed in life.
只有勤奋、正直,一个人在生活中才能成功。
如果only修饰句中主语,即使是在句首也不需倒装:Only she liked it.
Only when you are forty and looking back does youth look blissful.
只有当你四十岁,回首往事时,青春年华看起来才是无比快乐的。
Only when scientists can understand all this can the full potential of hypnosis on medical treatment be exploited.
只有当科学家们能了解这一切时,催眠的潜力才能在医疗上得到充分利用。
Only in this way can we finish our work in time.
只有用这种方法,我们才能及时完成工作。
为了强调,常把一些具有否定意义的词或词组放在一句之首。在这种情况下,也要把助动词倒装到主语之前去,如果否定词不在句首,则不需倒装。
否定词或词组+(第一)助动词+主语+谓语其余部分+……
否定词或词组+do/ does/ did+主语+动词原形+……
表示否定意义的副词或连词:not,never,nor,neither,nowhere等
(例) Never did I dream of seeing him in America.
我真没想到会在美国见到他。
The first one wasn’t good,and neither was the second.
第一个不好,第二个也不好。
Never before in our country has so much been done for the poor.
我国过去从未穷人做过如此多的事。
Not a single word did she say.
她一言不发。
I do not believe it,nor can you make me believe it.
我不相信这件事,你也不能使我相信。
As for the influence of computerization,nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the U.S.,
至于电脑化的影响,在美国比在任何地方都看得更清楚。
Never before have so many people applied such abstract mathematics to so great a variety of problems.
以前从没有如此多的人把那种抽象的数学应用在如此多的问题上。
Nowhere could I see him.
I couldn’t see him anywhere.
我到处都找不见他。
Nor was this all.
(=And this was not all.)
不仅仅如此。(这也不是全部。)
If you do not go,neither shall I.
如果你不去,我也不去。
Nowhere could I find the wallet.
我到处都找不到那个皮夹子。
I don’t know,nor do I care.
我不知道,我也不关心。
Nor will I deny that.
我也不否定这一点。
含有否定词的介词短语:
by no means绝不 in no time立刻,很快 at no time绝不,任何时候都不
in no case绝不 on no account绝不 in/under no circumstances绝不
no longer不再 in no way一点也不 on no condition无论如何也不
(例) By no means should we look down upon the people who are inferior to us.
我们绝不应该瞧不起那些地位比我们低的人。
In no case do I want to argue with you.
我绝不想与你争辩。
In no time will she be here.
她马上就到。
In no other way can the matter be explained
没有其他方法可以说明这件事。
No longer will I believe a word you say.
我再也不信你说的任何话了。
At no time did anyone write such a story.
绝没有人写过那种故事。
Under no circumstances should you repeat this to anyone.
你绝不能将此事泄漏给任何人。
In no case are you to leave you post.
你绝不可离开你的岗位。
这些短语位于句中的其他位置时,不用倒装语序。
She is by no means stupid.
她绝不愚笨。
They no longer live here.
他们不住这儿了。
半否定副词:seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,even less等。
(例) Seldom did he contend with others.
他很少与别人争论。
Rarely have I seen such beautiful hand writing.
我很难得见到如此漂亮的笔迹。
当这类词在句首修饰句中主语(如下例),或不在句首时,不需改装。
Hardly anybody can understand you.=Few people can understand you
几乎没有人能理解你。
Little did she dream that she would marry him.
她想不到会嫁给他。
Hardly did I think it possible.
我几乎认为这是不可能的。
Rarely/ Seldom has he taken a day off.
他很难得休息一天。
含有否定词的复合连词:
no sooner…(than…)刚……就 hardly/ scarcely…(when/ before)刚……就
not until直到……才 not only…(but also…)不仅……而且……
(例) No sooner had I hung up than the phone started to ring again.
I had no sooner hung up than the phone started to ring again.
我刚挂断电话,电话马上又响起来了。
Not until he was five did Tom stars to read.
Tom didn’t start to read until he was five.
直到五岁,汤姆才开始读书。
Scarcely/ Hardly had he started to speak when/ before she slammed down the receive.
(=He had scarcely/ hardly started…)
他刚一开口说话,她就把电话砰地一声挂断了。
Not only can the computer gather facts,it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can pour them out whenever needed,
计算机不仅能搜集事实论据,而且能以同样的速度将其存储起来,并且还能在需要时将其输出。
so位于一句之首时,在下列情况下也要倒装:
So+形容词或副词+助动词+主语+……+ that…
so在这一句型中表示程度,意为“(到)如此(程度)”。
(例) So earnestly did the boys beg that their father gave his permission.
(=The boys begged so earnestly that their father gave his permission.)
孩子们如此诚挚地乞求,使得他们的父亲同意了。
So rough was the sea that the ship couldn’t get into the harbor.
海上波涛汹涌,使得船无法进港。
So terrible was her concert that half the audience left.
(=Her concert was so terrible that half the audience left.)
她的音乐是如此糟糕,以致一半的听众都走掉了。
主语+肯定的谓语+……+and +so+助动词+主语
so用来代替前句谓语中的形容词、副词、名词或动词,意为“同样”,“也”。
(例) My family like hiking and so do the Zhangs.
我家人喜欢远足,张全家人也喜欢。
I was tired and so were the others.
我累了,其他人也一样(累了)。
My father was a doctor and so am I.
我的父亲曾是医生,我现在也是医生。
so后的助动词通常与前一句中的助动词时态一致,但也不乏例外,其人称和数要根据so后的主语的人称和数的情况变化。前一句中如没助动词,so后要用do/ does/ did。
在对话中,“So+助动词+主语”用来与前者说的话(肯定句)响应,表示前一句所谈的内容也适用于本句所谈到的人或者物。
(例) —I went to the movies.
—Oh,did you? So did I.
我去看电影啦。
噢,是吗?我也去啦。
—Karl speaks German.
—So does his sister.
卡尔会讲德语。
他妹妹也会。
so作“因此”,“非常”解,或用来表示对前句话赞同时,即使是在句首,也不需倒装。
(例) It was late,so went home.
天已很晚了,于是我们就回家去了。
I said I would go,and so I will.
我说过我要去,我就肯定要去。
—Josephine is getting married.
—So I heard.
--约瑟芬要结婚啦。
--我也听说啦。
引起倒装的词位于复合句首时,如果该词影响的范围只局限于它所处的分句中,该分句要倒装,但如果这些词语与它所在的分句构成一个整体,充当另一个分句的万分(如状语)时,倒装就应出现在另一个分句中。
(例) Only when he saw it,did he believe it.
只有当他看到时,他才相信。
Only if both sides accept the agreement,will lasting peace be established in the area.
只有在双方都接受这一协议的条件下,持久的和平才能在这一地区建立。
No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake.
她一到家就意识到自己错了。
“Such +is/ was等+主语+ that…”意为“如此(……)竟使……”。
(例) Such was my joy that I could not sleep.
我高兴得睡不着觉。
Such was my anger that I lost control of myself.
(=My anger was such that…=So great was my anger that…)
我是如此气恼,以致失去了自控。
如果把to such a degree,to such an extent或to such lengths等放在句首时,也要倒装。
(例) To such a degree was she terrified that she could not say a word.
(=She was terrified such a degree that she could not say a word.)
她吓得一句话也说不出来了。
To such lengths did he speak that everyone got bored.
他讲得太繁琐,使得大家都烦了。
一些副词或副词短语(用作频率状语或方式状语等)出现在句首时,有时也会因为强调而引起倒装,但这类倒装是可用可不用的,常这样用的副词有:well often always once many a time等。
(例) Well do I remember the scene.
我清楚地记得那一景象。
Often did it snow there.
那里常常下雪。
Many a time has he given me good advice.
他曾多次给我提出了非常好的建议。
Bitterly did we repent of our carelessness.
我们对自己的粗心大意深感懊悔。
Many a time have I come across this expression.
我已经多次见到过这种表达方式了。
Well do I remember the day when it happened.
我清楚记得出事的那一天。
Often had I intended to speak of it.
我曾常想谈谈此事。
这类句子也可不用倒装语序。
(例) Quite often she walked around here.
她常在这附近走动。
“May+主语+动词原形+……”表示祝愿,希望或祈求,意为“愿……”
(例) May you succeed!
祝你成功!
May the new year bring you happiness!
愿你新年快乐!
May you have a very happy married life!
祝你的婚姻生活幸福美满!
8.1.2 全部谓语倒装(主语—谓语动词的倒装)
谓语+主语+……
用这种方式倒装的句子主要包括以下几种:
用there作引导词的句子
There be(的各种形式)+主语(+地点或时间状语)
(例) There are birds singing in the tree.
鸟儿在树上歌唱。
There was a drop in the temperature.
温度下降了。
There’s been no news from her lately.
近来没有她的消息。
there之后也可用exist,appear,live,lie,occur,rise,stand或happen等表示存在或出现的不及物动词。
(例) There appear dimples on her cheeks when she smiles.
她笑的时候,面颊上就露出一对酒窝。
There occurred a catastrophe last year.
去年出现了特大灾难。
There happened to be a meeting on that day.
那天碰巧有个会。
There once stood a little village by the river.
河边曾经有过一个小村庄。
There once lived in Greece a very wish man.
从前,在希腊曾有一个大贤人。
在非正式文体中,there’s之后也可跟复数名词作主语:
There’s a lot of things to do.(只能用there’s)
有许多事情要做。
There be之后并列主语时,be可用复数形式,也可与第一个主语一致。(根据邻近原则)
Here,there,now,then,hence,thus等副词出现在句首时,通常都把原谓语倒装到主语之前去,构成“副词+谓语+主语”句式。其谓语多为go,come,be等,主语为名词。在这类句子中,谓语通常只用一般过去时或用一般现在时。
(例) Now came the moment of decision.
决定的时刻到了。
Then came the revolution.
接踵而来的是一场革命。
Now comes your turn.
现在轮到你啦。
There,at the summit,stood a tower.
在那册的顶峰上耸立着一座高塔。
Look,here comes Owen in his Sunday suit.
瞧,欧文穿着他最好的衣服来了。
There’s Tom Brown.(there为确定地点状语,要重读,以便于there be区别。)
汤姆·布朗在那儿。
如果主语为代词时,就不需要倒装。试比较下面两组句子:
(例) Here comes the bus!
Here it comes!
公共汽车来啦!
There goes the last bus.
There it goes.
最后一班车开啦。
注意 区别there be句型中的there与本句型中there:前者为引导词,没有具体词义,不需重读,而后者为副词,强调地点,要重读。
地点状语在句首,常引起谓语倒装。这类谓语多为不及物动词而主语多相对长些,因此,主语不能是人称代词,常用的动词有:come lie stand walk rise live sit be等。
这样的倒装句式可使信息的焦点更集中在主语上。
(例) Elsewhere in Vatican Palace are museums that contain priceless collections of art from ancient times.
梵蒂冈宫的其余地方是博物馆,馆内收藏着价值连城的古代艺术品。
Among them will be her mother,who swam the channel when she was a girl.
他们中有一位是她母亲,她年轻时曾横渡过英吉利海峡。
North of the Himalayas lies the great tableland of Tibet.
喜马拉雅山之北是辽阔的西藏高原。
Dancing is most likely the oldest art of all and out of it have grown acting and,most probably,music.
舞蹈很可能是最古老的艺术;表演,很可能还有音乐,都是由舞蹈发展而来的。
当句中谓语为“不及物动词+副词小品词”时,常把副词小品词提到句首去,即:
副词小品词+谓语动词+名词主语+……
这种语序中的动词与副词关系密切。这样倒装可增加语言的效果,使描述更生动,或表态略带亲热或诙谐的感叹或命令。常用的副词小品词有:away down in off out up等。
(例) In went the others!
In they went!
其他人也一下子闯了进去。
Off came the wheel!
Off it came!
轮子掉啦!
Out was the mail taken.
Out it was taken.
这个钉子给拔掉了。
Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.
铁锤砸下,火星四溅。
有时,为了强调be后的过去分词或现在分词,也可把健忘移至句首去。这样就形成了以下的倒装句式:
过去分词或现在分词+be的各种开式+主语+……
(例) Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.
地上散放着几本书和杂志。
Written on the label is the model of the machine.
标签上写着机器的型号。
Enclosed is return postage with this letter.
随信附上回信的邮资。
Marching at the head of the parading procession was a brass band.
走在游行队伍前头的是一个铜管乐队。
宾语和表语的倒装出于强调,或修辞上的考虑,有时可以把句中的宾语或表语提到句首来,使其占据更为突出的位置。
**把表语置于句首的原因:
①主语过长,而系词和表语相对要短些;
②强调或突出表语所表示的状况。
系动词可能倒装到主语之前去(特别是在主语较长的句子中)。
(例) Especially popular are the singers.
歌手们特别受欢迎。
Happy were the children who had got permission to play in the garden.
被允许在花园里玩耍的孩子们非常高兴。
Gone are the days when China had to depend on foreign oil.
中国依赖外国石油的日子已一去不复返了。
系动词也可能仍留在原来的位置上(使表语更加突出)。
(例) Remarkably fine it is.
天气异常晴好。
He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.
他出身贫寒,而且一生清贫。
系动词有时也可省略掉。
(例) Happy (is) the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery.
人只要能有一个这样的发现,也就够幸福了。
**把宾语或宾语从句倒装到句首的原因
①强调宾语的内容;
②通过宾语的提前,使后一句与前一句的联系更为紧密;
③增加句子的节奏感和表现力。
(例) This he was unable to do,but in his experiments he made an interesting discovery.
这一点,他未能办到,但他在自己多次的实验中,却发现了一个有趣的现象。
All of these we may define as our needs.
所有这一切,我们都可以将其确定为必需品。
What they were asked to do in ten days,they finished in there.
要他们干十天的工作,他们三天就干完了。
This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don’t quite know.
情况确实如此,但是,是优是劣,我还不清楚。
宾语有时可能放在宾语补语之后去,这主要是因为宾语太长,而宾语补语又太短,这种位置的高速可使句子的结构保持平衡。
(例) She made clear her objections to my proposal.
她清楚地表明了她反对我的提议。
He flung open the door to the backyard.
他用力把通往后院的门推开。
倒装的语序也用在一些状语从句中,如让步从句,比较从句等。在这种情况下,倒装语序已具有了全新的含义,形成了固定的用法。有关这方面的问题,我们将在主从复合句部分逐一阐述。
8.2 强调所谓强调,就是指要突出句中的某一部分,使其显得更加重要。前面讲述的倒装语序其实就是强调的手段之一。除此之外,我们还常用以下的几种方法来达到强调的目的。
8.2.1 用it引导的部分强调句
It is /was +被强调部分 +that+句子的其余部分我们可以把下面句子改作如表中的强调句:
(例) My mother met Tom in the street yesterday.
我母亲昨天在街上遇见了汤姆。
被强调部分
被强调部分在句中的位置
对比中文的不同译法
主语
It was my mother than met Tom in the street yesterday.
是我母亲昨天在街上遇见了汤姆
宾语
It was Tom that my mother met in the street yesterday.
我母亲昨天在街上遇见的是汤姆。
时间状语
It was yesterday that my mother met Tom in the street.
我母亲是昨天在街上遇见了汤姆
地点状语
It was in the street than my mother met Tom yesterday.
昨天,我母亲是在街上遇见汤姆的。
用这一强调句型时,要注意以下几点:
这一句型可以用来强调句中除谓语之外的任何部分;
不论强调句子的哪一部分,都可用that连接句子的其余部分;
被强调部分指人时,可用who取代that,指物时,有时可用which取代that,但比较勉强。
如果被强调部分指人,并且为后面中的宾语时,也可用whom代替who;
that,who等常常被省略掉,特别是在口语中,在强调直接宾语或间接宾语,时间或地点状语时;
如果被强调的主语为人称代词时,可用说格,也可用宾格形式;
被强调部分通常不能用不定代词,除非其后还有定语;
如果被强调部分在后面的句子中为定语时,要用whose引导后面的句子;
在强调介词宾语时,介词常置于whom等之前(介词+whom),但也可把介词放在其宾语之前,或放在句末;
如果强调的是主语that(who或which)之后的谓语的人称和数要与被强调的主语保持一致,但在口语中的个别情况下,也可能遇到与it一致的现象。
(例) It’s me that has to give it up.
我不得不将它放弃。
It之后的be的时态通常要与that之后的谓语响应或一致:
这一句型通常不能用来强调由since,as,why,although,whereas等引导的从句。
强调主语或宾语
(例) It is he/ him who is to blame.
应该受责任备的是他。
It is I who/ that am to blame.
应该受责备的是我。
It is him who (m) I want to invite.
我想邀请的是他。
It was my car that/ which was stolen.
是我的车子被偷了。
It was the price that/ which frightened me.
是那价格令我生畏。
It was John (that) he gave the dictionary.
他把字典给了约翰。
强调句的谓语有时也可用除is/ was之外的其他时态:
It must have been her twin sister that you saw.
你看到的一定是她的孪生妹妹。
It might be a psychologist that you have to consult.
你该找一位心理医生咨询一下。
强调介词宾语
(例) It was Jack in whom she had her faith.
(=She had her faith in Jack.)
她信赖的是杰克。
It’s you whom(=that) I’m concerned about.
我关心的是你。
It’s Thailand that my family are going to on holiday.
我们家人要去度假的地方是泰国。
It was Dick with whom he wanted to cooperate.
他想合作的人是迪克。
强调状语
(例) It was in that very place that the storekeeper sat down.
店主就坐到了那个位置上。
It was in surgery that the results of that discovery were obtained,and it was there the battle between the new idea and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically.
那项发现的成果是在外科医学中获得的,也正是那里,新思想和旧偏见用最富戏剧性的方式解决了战斗。
It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.
只有当我们看不清楚的时候,我们才意识到眼睛有多重要。
It was on May 15 that the meeting took place.
会议是在五月十五日召开的。
It was vociferously that they argued.
他们大吵大嚷地争论着。
It was because of her illness/ because she was ill (that ) we decided to return.
正是因为她病了,我们才决定回来了。
It may not be until quite late in one academic year that the fees for next academic year
become known.
要到一学年要结束的时候才能得知下一个学年的收费标准。
强调宾语补语或表语
(例) It’s light green that I painted the door,(强调宾补)
我把门漆成绿色的了。
It was a doctor that she eventually became.(强调表语)
她最后当了医生。
这种强调句型的否定式和疑问式
(例) It was not Olivia but her sister that I saw.(否定式,强调宾语)
我看见的不是奥莉维亚,而是她的妹妹。
It was not for several years that I had an opportunity of seeing him again.(否定式,强调时间状语)
(=I did not have an opportunity…for several years.)
我有好几年没有机会再见到他。
It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.(否定式,强调时间状语从句)
(=I did not phone…until…)
直到星期三我才给办公室打去电话。
Was it your that broke the window?(一般疑问句)
是你把窗子打破了吗?
Where exactly was it that they lived?(特殊疑问句)
他们到底住在什么地方?
What was it that made you so happy?(特殊疑问句)
使你这知高兴的到底是什么?
What kind of work is it that you want? (特殊疑问句)
你想要哪种工作呢?
It was Oven (that) said this,wasn’t it? (反意疑问句)
是欧文说的这事,不是吗?
要注意It之后的be与that之后的谓语动词在时态上的呼应:
(例) It was on Sunday morning that al this happened.
这一切都发生在星期天的上午。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
人只有生了病才意识到健康的价值。
It was she who had been wrong.
是她错了。
It will be the poor countries whose populations will go hungry.
是那些穷国的人民要忍饥挨饿。
8.2.2 what引导的部分强调句这种结构只用来强调句中的主语和宾语。
(例) Mrs,Calder is proud of her son’s success.
卡尔德夫人为她儿子的成功感到骄傲。
What Mrs,Calder is proud of is her son’s success.(强调介词宾语)
卡尔德夫人引以为骄傲的是她儿子的成功。
His bad manners made his mother sad.
他的恶劣态度使他母亲伤心。
What made his mother sad was his bad manners.(强调主语)
他使母亲伤心的是他那种恶劣的态度。
Caroline likes chocolate cake.
卡罗琳喜欢巧克力蛋糕。
What Caroline likes is chocolate cake.(强调宾语)
卡罗琳喜欢的是巧克力蛋糕。
有时,也可用who,where,when引导类似的强调句式,但是一般不用whose,why 或how。
(例) The may or himself was who I meant.
我指的是市长本人。
There is where the accident took place.
这事是事故的发生地。
8.2.3 用助动词do强调如果陈述句中的谓语用简单谓语,并且是肯定式时,可用助动词do来强调这一谓语;“主语+ do /does /did+动词原形+……”
这种强调方式多用于强调说话者感受的执着,认知的确实,或者是强调两种情况的对比。此时,其后常伴有“but…”。
(例) I do want to see him.
我确实想见到他。
I do remember it quite well.
我真的记得很清楚。
He owns-or did own –a house.
他拥有一或者说确实扔有过一栋房子!
I do paint,but not very well.
我是画画,只是画得太不好。
—Why didn’t you come yesterday?
—But I did come.
你昨天怎么没来?
可我确实来啦。
I know that you didn’t expect me to go,but I did go.
我知道你没有想到我去,不过我确实是去了。
However,this generation does seem to be facing many critical moments that were never even imagined in former years.
但是,这一代人的确似乎是正面临着从前所不能想象的关键时候。
这种强调方式也常用来表示期望中的事情真的发生了,愿望终于实现了。
(例) So I did see you!
我果然见到你啦!
Yet it (the earth) does move.
但是,它(地球)真的在动。(伽利略语)
The little I was expecting did arrive yesterday.
我一直期待的那信昨天终于到了。
do也常用在祈使句的句首,使邀请的语气更诚挚,热情,友好,客气;或是使命令或要求的语气更为加强。
(例) Please do sit down.
快请坐。
Do come!
一定要来呀!
Do be quiet!
快静一静!
Do be careful!]
千万要小心啊!
8.2.4 其他一些常用的强调方法在句中增加一些能加强语气的词来达到强调目的。如surely really certainly definitely utter sheer such so等。
(例) Do you really mean that?
你真是那个意思吗?
She will surely succeed.
她一定会成功。
You ought really to have asked me first.
你实在是应该先问一下我。
I agree with every word you’ve said——every single word.
我同意你说的每句话——句一个字。
I have had such a busy morning
我这一上午真是忙坏了。
I’m so sorry.
我真是非常报歉。
The magazine was devoted entirely to brides.
这杂志是专供新娘阅读的。
有时改变这些词的位置也可使强调语气的重点发生变化。
重复一些要特别强调的词,以此来加得其语气。
(例) I’m very very fond of you as a friend.
作为一个朋友,我非常,非常喜欢你。
“Do you have any idea how offensive you’re being? Many,many,many things are good about Henry! Yes,” she said,“and many,many,many things are probably bad too,but than isn’t any of your business,I love Henry,and I don’t have to argue his merits with you!,
“你知不知道你现在是多么无礼吗?亨利有许多,许多的优秀品质!是的,”她说,“可能也有许多,许多的不足之处。可这与你没任何关系。我爱亨利,我不必与你争论他的优缺点。”
在口语中,通常用加重被强调部分的读音的方法,将其突出出来。在印刷品中,也可以用黑体字母,大写字母或斜体字母把这些要重读的部分表示出来。
(例) Mother made ME a new coat.
母亲给我(而非其他人)做了一件新外衣。
It’s YOUR task,Anna,to escort this officer to the frontier.
安娜,你的任务是把这个军官护送古到边境去。
第九章 省略结构省略是一种避免重复,突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。省略现象常见于并列举和主从复合句中。
9.1并列结构中的省略现象并列结构中,不仅可以省略意思显而易见的主语、谓语等成分,还可以省略连接词。在并列结构中,尤其当第二句出现and,but,neither,either,nor,so too时,那么后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省略。
真题再现
[例句] If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability,(1999年text1)
[解析]这是一个主从复合句。If …has its way是条件状语从句;主语是个由and 连接的并列结构。第一个并列结构主语是the information on products;谓语是might…be provided;为了突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接,第二个并列结构中的主语the information on products和谓语might…be provided被省略掉了。
[译文]如果该法律组织这一不太过分的要求得以实行,产品上所提供的警示信息可能实际上是用来保护顾客的利益,而不是仅仅为了保护公司的法律责任。
[例句] Foreign clearly aids orientation in time,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration,(1995年text5)
[解析]两个并列状语从句,如果从属连词相同,可以省略后一分句的连词。在该句中,由and连接的两个并列状语。后一个状语从句中的连词since和主语memories被省略。后一个状语从句的完整形式应该是…and since the new memories tenf to stand out…
[译文]显然,遗忘有助于时间的定位,因为旧的技艺的淡忘,新的记忆往往就突出,从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。
9.2主从结构中的省略现象
(1)名词性that-分句中的省略现象
在并列复杂句中,如果that-分句从属于第二并列分句,那么可以省去that-分句中相同的成分。
[例句]Mary will sing in the party,but I know John won’t.(sing in the party)
[译文]玛丽将在晚会上唱歌,但我知道约翰不会。
(2)名词性wh-分句中的省略现象当宾语从句由which,when,where,why,how等疑问句引导时,只保留wh-疑问句,省略其他成分。
[例句]He has gone,but no one knows where.(省略了he has gone)
[译文]他走了,但是没有人知道他去了哪儿。
(3)状语从句中的省略在由if,although,though,even if,unless,until,when,as,as if(though)引导的状语从句中的主语及谓语动词be,可以省略。
[例句]When (you are) in Rome,you should do as the Romans do.
[译文]入乡随俗。
真题再现
[例句] He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he,not only believes them himself,but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.(1995年text5)
[解析] 这是一个复合句。第一重结构是由so…that引导的结果状语从句;第二重结构是在that结果状语中由not only…but引导的并列结构,第三重是that引导的宾语从句that they are true,作conviced的直接宾语。为了突出谓语has convices,指各句子中but以后省略了主语he.
[译文] 他所提出的种种断言不容置疑,始终一致,以致他不仅自己相信那血断言,而且使工商管理人员也对那些断言深信无疑。
[例句] As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable,(1995年text3)
[解析] 注意在that information…reliable这个定语从句中,为了避免重复,时间状语从句when needed…reliable当中省略主语information和部分谓语is,and后面同样省略了主语information.
[译文] 随着家庭搬出稳定的社区,离开了多年的朋友,脱离了大家庭的种种关系,日常的信息交流被切断了,并且只要需要就能得到可靠信息的信心也随之丧失。
第十章 否定句增加起否定作用的词语,可以把肯定句改变成否定句。英语中有一些词通常多用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中,如any(及其合成词),ever,at all,yet,either 以及much,for,long 等,这种词被称为非确定词。
10.1 用not构成否定句用not构成否定句的一般结构:
主语+ (第一)助动词 +not+(其它助动词 +动词原形如果谓语中包括助动词或实义动词be,not直接置于(第一)助动词(或be)之后。
(例)He is not back yet.
他还没回来。
Money could not buy happiness.
金钱买不到幸福。
如果谓语中不包括助动词,则需用“do (es) /did +not+动词原则”。
I do not drink vodka.
我不喝伏特加(酒)。
My cat didn’t catch rats.
我的猫不捉老鼠。
not否定谓语这外的其他成分:
(例)Not al the students like the subject.
不是所有的学生都喜欢这一学科。
Henry,not Mike,was responsible for what had happened.
是亨利,不是迈克,要为所发生的事情负责。
Such things have happened not infrequently.
这样的事情已屡见不鲜。
It has given me not a little trouble.
它给我带来不少麻烦。
—Do you go shopping today?
你今天去采购东西吗?
—Not today,I’ll go tomorrow.
今天不去,我明天去。
I believe he will succeed,though not without some difficulty,
我认为他会成功,尽管肯定会有困难。
not否定非限定动词:
not用来否定非限定动词,通常置于非限定动词之前。
(例)I begged her not go out.
我恳请她不要出去。
He said he deeply regretted not being able to help.
他说,他为爱莫能助深感遗憾。
Not knowing what to do,Shelley asked advice of her friend.
谢莉不知道该做些什么,于是去征求朋友的意见。
He reproached me for not having told it to him.
他责备我没有把这件事告诉他。
not否定情态助动词:
否定词作用的范围通常都是从否定词开始,一直延伸到句末,或到其最后一个修饰成分开始。一些非确定词(any,ever等)只能用在否定影响的范围之内。
(例)They don’t definitely agree.(=It’s not definite that they agree.)
他们不一定同意。
They definitely don’t agree.(=It’s definite that they don’t agree.)
他们肯定不同意。
如果谓语中包括情态助动词,否定的范围有时要包括情态动词本身的含义在内。常这样用的如may not (意为“不允许”),can’t,need not,couldn’t 等。
(例)Students may not smoke during the lectures.(=They can’t smoke during…=They are not allowed to…)
学生课上不许吸烟。
You need not go.(=You are not obliged to…)
你不必去。
也有一些情态助动词本身的含义不包括在否定的范围之内,否定的只是主要动词,如:may not(表示对可能性的否定),will not,shall not,must not(表示没有义务用mustn’t ),ought not to 以及mightn’t,couldn’t,wouldn’t,shouldn’t等。
(例)She may not be at home now.(=It is possible that she is not at home.)
她可能不在家。
You must not keep us waiting.(=You’ll oblige us by not keeping…)
你应该别让我们等着。
She won’t pass the exam.
她将通不过考试。
10.2 用no构成否定句
no为形容词,用来否定名词,这一点与not不一样。
no+名词:
“no+名词”(名词为单数或复数,可数或不可数)可用来替代“not a+单数名词”或“not any+名词”,但比后者有更强的否定含义。
(例)He is not an indecisive man.
他不是一个优柔寡断的人。
He is no indecisive man.
他决非优柔寡断的人。
在no和名词之间不能加冠词、指示代词、物主代词以及much,many,any,some,enough等限定词。
(例)No really intelligent man thinks he knows everything.
没有一个真正有理性的人认为他无所不知。
No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.
如果不进行适当的润滑,没有一台机器能长时间工作。
“no+表示人的职业、身份等的名词”往往含有贬意,强调是“外行”,无资格。
(例)He is not an artist.
他不是艺术家。(可能是工程师)
He is no artist.
他决不是艺术家。(无论如何也算不上是)
He is not a businessman.
他(的职业)不是商人。
He is no businessman.
他无论如何也算不上商人。
no常与other,different,good等连用。
(例)He was branded as no good.
他被看作是不中用的人。
No there has a key to the door.
再无人有开门的钥匙。
Take that towel; I have no other.
就用那块毛巾吧,我没有别的了。
The sample was no different from the goods furnished.
样品与所提供的货物完全一样。
no也可用作程度副词,与形容词或副词比较级连用。
(例)Things are no better than before.
事情一点儿也没收有好转。
You are no longer a child.
他已经不是孩子了。
He looks no older than fifty.
他看上去不超过五十岁。
I can walk no farther.
我再也走不动了。
no也常用在there be 句型中:
There be no /not /not any +主语
(例) There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water.
岛上几乎没有树木,而且也没有水。
There wasn’t any food.
There was no food.
没有一点儿食物。
There wasn’t anyone.
There was no one.
没有任何人。
“There is +no +V-ing”意为“不可能……”
(例) There is no knowing what will happen.
世事难料。
There is no telling when he will arrive.
无法知道他何时到达。
“no+ V -ing”表示“禁止”
(例) No waiting.
禁止(车辆等)此等候。
No parking.
禁止停车。
10.3 用某些副词构成否定我们也常用具有否定意义的副词never,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,barely,little,few等构成否定句。
(例) Mirror tells only the facts,never the poetry.
镜子反映的只是事实,决不是诗意。
I can seldom find for reading.
我很少有时间读书。
I slept little last night.
我几乎一夜未眠。
在含有上述词的句子中,常用any,anything,anyone,anywhere,at all,yet,either等多用于否定句中的非肯定词。如果需要加上疑问尾句,则应用肯定式。
(例) She hardly eats anything.
她几乎什么也没有吃。
Scarcely anybody believes it.
几乎没有人相信这种事。
Your mother is seldom ill,is she?
你母亲很少生病,是吧?
He’s never read the book,has he?
他从没读过这本书,是吗?
10.4 用否定代词或否定副词构成否定用否定代词nothing,nobody,no one,none,neither (of)和否定副词nowhere等也可以构成否定句。
(例) Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
世上没有什么能比光传播得更快。
The rumor came from nowhere.
谣言无中生有。
Neither of them is correct.
两者都不对。
nobody与on one
nobody与no one用法和意思相同,前者不太常用。
(例) No one can yet explain exactly what hypnosis is.
没有人能解释催眠术是怎么回事。
No one has ever solved the puzzle.
没有人解开过这一难题。
none
none可用作代词,代替人或物,意为“没有一个”,“没有一点儿”,常常用在“none
of..”或“none at all…”短语中。
none用来指不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数第三人称;
none用来指可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词可用单数(较正式),也可用复数(非正式文体)形式。
(例) None but fools have ever believed it.
只有傻子才相信它呢。
None of these projects were adopted.
没有一个方案被采纳。
It’s none of your business.
这事与你无关。
指可数名词
指不可数名词
none也可用作副词,常与比较级或so,too等连用,意为“一点也不”。
(例) The salary they pay me is none too high.
他们付给我的薪水一点儿也不高。
His understanding was none of the clearest.
他的认识一点也不清楚。
neither
neither可用作代词,意为“两者中任何一个都不……”,也可用作形容词。
(例) Neither answer is right.
两个答案没有一个是对的。
Neither of them can drive a car.
他们两个人谁也不会开车。
10.5用否定的连词构成否定用表示否定的连词neither…nor…(既不……也不),not…neither...(不……也不),not…nor(不……也不)以及nor(也不……)等构成否定句。
(例) Air is neither a solid nor a liquid.
空气既不是固体也不是液体。
They did not wait for you,nor for me,nor for anybody.
他们没等你,没等我,没等任何人。
The first one was not good,and neither was the second.
第一个不好,第二个也不好。
10.6 用形容词构成否定有些形容词与介词搭配用来表示否定概念。
far from一点也不 free from/of不受影响,没有……
safe from 免于…… deficient in缺少……的
short of 缺少…… ignorant of不知道
blind to对……视而不见 impatient of 对……不耐烦
(例) Nothing can be free of imperfections.
任何事情都有不完美的一面。
He is ignorant of the world.
他不谙世事。
This farm tractor is far from being satisfactory.
这台农用拖拉机远不能令人满意。
有些形容词本身就具有否定含义,如:reluctant不愿意;unawre不知道。
10.7 用介词构成否定
without,instead of,but for,beyond,against等也可表示否定的概念。
(例) Computers can store hugs amounts of data without any trouble at all.
计算机能毫不费力地储存大量信息资料。
He stayed at home all day instead of going out.
他整天都呆在家里不出门。
But for friction,even walking would be impossible.
如果没有摩擦,甚至无法走路。
Such things are beyond my ability.
那样的事情是我力所不及的。
That’s against the rule.
那是不合规则的。
10.8 具有否定意义的动词和动词短语有些动词或动词短语本身就含有否定意义,不需再加not等否定词。
deny否认 fall short of缺乏 live up to不辜负
fail不能…… keep off不接近 save…from…使……不受
miss未达到 keep out不得进入 turn a deaf era to置若罔闻
(例) Danger! Keep out!
危险,切勿入内!
Keep off the grass!
勿践踏草地!
The farmers must protect plants from the cold.
农民们必须保护作物不受冻害。
He saved me from many annoying questions.
他使我避免了许多恼人的问题。
10.9 用肯定的形式表示否定的概念有些英语句子从形式上看是肯定的,但所表达的含义却是否定的,这种情况主要出现在一些固定的句型或词语中。
too…to (do)…太……以致不能……
(例) The problem is too complicated for us to solve in a few hours.
这个问题太复杂,我们用几个小时解决了。
He was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.
他感到很为难,以致没有对他的妻子说任何有关他工作的事。
anything but…绝不……,一点儿也不……
(例) He is anything but polite.
他一点儿也不礼貌。
I will do anything but that one.
我绝不干那种事。
10.10 用否定式的形式表示肯定的概念英语中也有一些句子,表面上看是否定的,但实际上表示的是肯定的概念。
cannot…too..越……越好
(例) You cannot be too careful.
你越小心越好。
You can’t have too many friends.
你的朋友愈多愈好。
no…but…都……,没有……不……
(例) There is no man but has his faults.
人非圣贤,孰能无过。
No man is to old but he may learn.
活动老,学到老。
never…but…没有……不是……,总是……,必定
(例) Justice is never done but some people will be found to complain.
裁判再公,仍再有人不平。
nothing(…)but…(nothing else but/than…)只不过……,只有……
(例) I am nothing but a teacher.
我只不过是一位教师。
I had nothing for it but to obey.
(我)只有服从。
cannot(…)but…只有……,只好……
(例) I couldn’t but laugh to see the scene.
看到这种景象,我禁不住笑了出来。
He couldn’t but take the offer.
他只好接受这一提议。
not…until…直到……才……
(例) He did not go until she came.
他直到她来才走。
10.11 部分否定
all,every(及其合成词),both等表示总括(全体)意义的词用于否定句时,常常表示只否定了其中的一部分。entire( ly ),whole,always,necessarily,wholly,quite等也可能这样用。
all…not…=not all…未能全部都…… both…not…=not both…并不是两者都
every /each…not…=not every/ each…并不是每一个……都……
(例) I don’t remember all these names.
这些名字我并非全记得。
I don’t know both of his sisters.
他的两个姊妹我并不都认识。
All is not gold that glitters.
闪光的并不都是金子。
It is not found everywhere.
并不是到处都可以看到这种事。
部分否定与全部否定的比较
部分否定
全部否定
(例) All the answers are not right.
不是所有的答案都是对的。
Both radios were not satisfactory.
并不是两个收音机都令人满意。
I don’t like both of the dictionaries.
这两本词典我并不都喜欢。
Both of the instruments are not useful.
并不是两种仪器都有用。
Every man cannot be a writer.
未必所有的人都能当作家。
Everybody cannot be a hero.
不是人人都能当英雄。
None of the answers are right.
答案中没有一个是对的。
Neither of the radios were satisfactory.
两台收音机都不令人满意。
I like neither of the dictionaries.
这两本词典我都不喜欢。
Neither of the instruments is useful.
两种仪器都没有用。
Nobody can be a writer.
没有人能当作家。
Nobody can be a hero.
无人能成为英雄。
否定句的核心重音(句子的重读节)所在的句子片断也是否定句中否定信息的焦点所在之处。这也暗示句子的其余部分不受否定词的影响。
(例) Jana didn’t go to the library yesterday.
(=Someone went to…,but it wasn’t Jane.)
昨天,珍妮没去图收馆。
Jana didn’t go to the library yesterday.
(=She went somewhere,but it wasn’t the library.)
昨天,珍妮没到图书馆去。
这种情况对含有all,every,both等总括全体的词的句子影响尤大。这类句子的否定范围可能向句首延伸,把主语也包括在内。这里,语调会起关键作用。
(例) All children don’t like apples.(=No children like apples.)
孩子们都不喜欢苹果。
All children don’t like apples.(=No all children like apples.)
不是所有的孩子都喜欢苹果。
因此,理解这类句子时,在口语中要注意语调,在阅读时要注意上下文。为避免歧义,在写部分否定句时,最好把not放在句首。
如果否定的意义不是通过对谓语的否定,而是通过其他的含有否定意义的词表示出来,或者谓语本身具有否定的词义时,整个句子表示的仍是全部否定。
(例) Both schemes have come to nothing.(否定不是由谓语表示)
两项计划都没实现。
All stars are invisible behind the clouds.
由于有云,所有的星星都看不见了。
10.12 否定的转移在一些否定句中,表面上看是否定的一个句子成分,但实际上却是否定了另外的成分,这种情况称之为“否定的转移”。
由表示个人见解的词引出否定的宾语从句
think,believe,suppose,feel,see,expect,imagine,assume,guess,reckon,fancy等表示见解的动词引导否定的内容时,习惯上是把上述引导动词变为否定的。
(例) I don’t imagine he’ll enjoy it.
我想他不会喜欢的。
I don’t expect she’ll come.
我估计她不会来。
I don’t think you are in the right.
我认为你不对。
I don’t believe he’s at home.
我认为他不在家。
用no或neither,nor等否定主语用no或neither等否定主语,译成中文时,往往是把否定转移到谓语上。
(例) No energy can be created,and none destroyed.
能量不能创造,也不能消灭。
Neither you nor I nor anybody else has seen it.
你、我以及其他任何人都没见过那东西。
用否定的状语,实际上可能是否定了谓语
(例) Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
中国在任何情况下都不首先使用核武器。
You must on no condition tell him what happened.
你在任何情况下都不能告诉他发生了什么事。
**值得注意的是,对于seem和appear来说,其后跟不定式时,not的位置变换,并不影响句意:
(例) I can’t seem to understand that theory.
It seems that I can’t understand that theory.
看来我不能理解这一理论。
用not否定谓语,实际上可能是否定了句中的状语或状语从句
(例) I did not solve this problem with a computer.
我没有用计算机解决这个问题。
The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished.
发动机不是因为燃料用尽而停止运转的。
Just because I don’t complain,you mustn’t suppose that I’m satisfied.
你不可只因为我不发怨言,就认为我满意了。
否定的宾语也可能把否定转移到动词上
(例) You can say no such thing.
你不能说这类事情。
I really know nothing about it.
关于此事我确实一无所知。
否定句中重读节的位置变化、句子的语调、逗号的使用等都可能影响到否定焦点的转移,从而影响到句意,对于because从句尤其要注意。
(例) She didn’t come home because it was raining.(=She came home,but it wasn’t because it was raining.)
她回家不是因为下雨。
She didn’t come home,because it was raining,(=Because it was raining,she didn’t come home.)
因为下雨,她没回家第十一章 定语从句说到定语从句,大家一定不陌生。我们先来看下列句子:
(1)A rich person is not one who has the most,but is one who needs the least.一个富有的人,并不是因为他拥有的最多,而是因为他需要的最少。
(2)There is this difference between happiness and wisdom:the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.
幸福与智慧区别在于:认为自己是最幸福的,他真的就是最幸福;而认为自己是最智慧的人,却往往是最大的傻瓜。
在上面句(1)中,who has the most和 who needs the least就是定语从句,用来修饰前面的代词one。同样,在句(2)中,who thinks himself the happiest man和who thinks himself the wisest是定语从句,修饰the person。所以,所谓定语从句,简言之就是用来修饰名词(如the person)或代词(如one)的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句前面,所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词,称为关系词。
相信大家对这些基本概念都很熟悉,但是如果要问“定语从句最核心的内容是什么?”或“在考研中,关于定语从句的哪些内容必须掌握?”,大家也许一时难以回答。这就是本章要帮助大家回答的问题。在这里,我们将更加深入地理解定语从句,所讨论的内容将完全针对考研中的各个题型,如英语知识运用(以下我按照传统称之为“完形填空”)、阅读理解中的难句分析、英译汉以及写作。
11.1理解定语从句的关键:找到先行词
11.1.1全面理解“先行词”
我们知道,先行词和关系词是定语从句的两个重要概念,定语从句的核心内容就是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。正确理解定语从句的关键就是“找到先行词”。只有先正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子意思。下面我们先来全面正确理解“先行词”。
尽管我们把定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词,但先行词并不一定都是一个“词”。先行词可以是:
一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)
真题再现
[例句] Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.(2006年完形填空)
[解析] 先行词是名词shelter。
[译文] 即使有些无家可归者设法找到了可供其一日三餐和栖身的收容所,但仍有大量无家可归者每天大部分时间流浪街头。
[例句] He laughs best who laughs last.
[解析] 先行词是代词he。
[译文] 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。
(2)一个短语真题再现
[例句] Many life's problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.(1995年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 先行词是名词短语 many life’s problems。
[译文] 许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题,是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
[例句] For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.(1997年完形填空)
[解析] 先行词是名词短语sense of importance。
[译文] 对于雇员来说,这(雇用临时工的趋势)意味着失去(以前长期工享有的)待遇和安全感,以及作为一名忠实雇员所具有的那种责任感。
[例句] In the Europe,as elsewhere;multi-media group have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.(2005年第47题)
[解析] 先行词是名词短语television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing house。
[译文] 在欧洲,就像在其他地方一样,多媒体集团越来越成功了,这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社联合到了一起。
(3)一个分句真题再现
[例句] The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be,(2004年第61题)
[解析] 正确翻译此句的关键是,要清楚非限定性定语从句中关系代词which所指代的先行词是什么。从学生的一些反馈来看,他们的错误主要在于认为which指代的是the processof thought或the structure of language。正是由于搞不清楚which的所指,很多同学将此句牵强地译为“希腊人猜测这种语言的构成和思维的变化息息相关,源自古老的欧洲。而在那时候人们并没有意识到语言的发展”。另外,还有人认为which指代the Greeks,故将“which took root in Europe”译成了“来自欧洲的希腊人”,因而把整句译为“远在人类意识到语言的多样性之前,来自欧洲的希腊人就认为语言的结构和人类的思维过程有某种联系”。
其实,这里的先行词不是the process of thought这个短语,而是the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought这个宾语从句,它所表达的是一种观点,即which指代的是这种观点。在翻译时要把“这一观点…”明确地表达出来。
此外,这个句子还有一个考点,就是before这个时间连词的翻译技巧,在这点上,英汉是有差异的。
[译文] 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
从这一真题我们看到,如果没能正确找到先行词,即未能看出上句中的关系词which的先行词是一个宾语从句,那么全句翻译必然走入误区。
(4)一个完整的句子
[例句] He arrived an hour later,which annoyed his girlfriend very much.
[解析] 先行词是He arrived an hour later这一完整句子。
[译文] 他晚到了一个小时,这让他的女友十分生气。
[例句] My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys,which really drives me crazy.
[解析] 先行词是My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys 这一完整句子。
[译文] 我女友喜欢和别的男生跳舞,这让我十分恼火。
综上所述,“先行词”并不一定就只是一个词,换句话说,定语从句所修饰的对象不一定就是一个单词,也可以是一个短语、分句或完整句子。
11.1.2 先行词与关系词被分隔上文讨论的那些定语从句,其先行词不论是一个单词、一个短语、一个分句还是一个完整的句子,都是紧靠在关系词前面的(除例句(4)外)。这种先行词与关系词紧靠在一起的定语从句,其句法关系还是比较好理解的。比如下面这个句子,虽然比较长,但其句法结构并不难。
[例句] Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
[解析] 我们看到,这个句子包含三个定语从句,它们所对应的先行词分别为:先行词 child被定语从句 who is raised in an environment修饰;先行词 environment被定语从句 where there are many stimuli修饰;先行词stimuli被定语从句which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses修饰。
[译文] 行为主义者的看法是:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境长大,而这些刺激物又能培养其做出适当反应的能力,那么他就会有比较高的智力发育水平。
这里的先行词都与其各自定语从句紧密相连,二者没有被其他成分分隔。但是在英语中,尤其是在考研英语中,有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常现那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了其他的成分,这时靠近关系词前面的名词就不是先行词了,即先行词与关系词被分隔。这种先行词与关系词被分隔的结构主要有三类:
(1)先行词+其他定语+定语从句
在先行词与关系词之间插有其他的定语,这种情形最常见。这是因为先行词同时带有多个定语造成的,而定语从句与其他定语相比一般较长,结构也较复杂,因此,按照英语的“尾重原则(principle of end weight)”,结构复杂的定语从句置于其他定语后边,从而造成先行词与关系词被分隔的状况。
真题再现
[例句] Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.(2004年完形填空)
[解析] 这里先行词changes带有定语in the economy,然后再接定语从句that lead to...,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。
[译文] 社会结构方面的变化也许在间接地影响青少年犯罪率。比如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少、失业率上升,从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。
[例句] Today stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you might—surprise!一fall Off.(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里先行词labels带有定语several inches long,然后再接定语从句that warn...,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。
[译文] 现在的梯子带有几英寸长的警告标签,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外,还警告你可能会摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙!
[例句] The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.(1991年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里先行词elements带有定语from the soil,然后再接定语从句that are...,从而造成先行词与关系词的分隔。另外,这里before从句虽然是表示时间,但就上下文逻辑关系来看,我们可以转译成一个条件从句,译成“只有…才…”。
[译文] 土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的,它们只有在溶于土壤的溶液之后,才能为植物的根系所吸收。
(2)先行词+状语+定语从句
[例句] As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(2005年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里先行词language or dialect与that引导的定语从句被状语in the world隔开。另外,此句中还有一个双重否定结构“no language..,that cannot convey...”。关于双重否定结构,请参看11.2.5小节。
[译文] 作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都可以明确地表情达意——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。
(3)作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句
[例句] It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.(1996年英译汉)
[解析] 这里that是一个主语从句,其中主语是questions,后面接有一个which引导的定语从句,被谓语will arise隔开。
[译文] 不过,可以预见的是,将来会经常有问题出现,需要科学给出特定回答。
11.1.3如何找先行词在12.1.1小节中,我们看清了先行词的全部“真面目”,揭示了先行词本身的结构特点;在12.1.2小节我们探讨了先行词与关系词“骨肉分离”的三种情形,揭示了先行词在句中的位置特点。上面这两点从英语句法结构特点入手,协助我们快速、正确地找到先行词。不过,因为先行词毕竟是与它的修饰成分关系密切,即通过定语从句解释先行词,所以,要想正确找到先行词,我们首先应该正确理解定语从句本身的意思,然后根据从句的意思来找能与其构成逻辑语义联系的先行词。在寻找的过程中,可以结合上面讨论过的先行词的结构特点和位置特点。因此,找先行词的步骤如下:1)翻译定语从句,正确理解定语从句本身的意思;2)结合先行词的结构特点和位置特点,在关系词之前寻找与定语从句意思有逻辑语义联系的名词或短语、从句等,即为先行词。其实,这样一个寻找先行词的过程,在考研的完形填空真题中曾多次出现。
真题再现
[例句] Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.(2006年第12题)
[译文] 即使有些无家可归者设法找到了可供其一日三餐和栖身的收容所,但仍有大量无家可归者每天大部分时间流浪街头。
[例句] Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.(2003年第25题)
[译文] 青少年在不断调整,以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一系列新的变化和挑战,因此他们非常敏感,并且需要有自信心,而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以及自己的成绩能够被别人认可。
[例句] For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.(1997年第50题)
[译文] 对于雇员来说,这(雇用临时工的趋势)意味着失去(以前长期工享有的)待遇和安全感,以及作为一名忠实雇员所具有的那种责任感。
11.1.4与先行词有关的考点
1.先行词的选择这在前面9.1.3小节中我们详细讨论过,在此不再赘述。
2.关系词的翻译在9.1.1小节中我们讨论的2004年第61题“英译汉”的句子,The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.这里which的正确翻译就是最好的例证,也不再赘述。
3.关系词的选择关系词与先行词密切相关,因为关系词是用来指代先行词,并且在从句中充当一定的成分。因此,在选择关系词时,必然要先看清先行词是什么。
真题再现
[例句] The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension,(1994第45题)
[译文] 说话人的用词可能会引起听者的不利反应,这就会影响听者的理解。
4.定语从句中的主谓一致问题定语从句中谓语动词是用单数还是用复数,并不是取决于关系词,而是由先行词决定的。因此,对先行词的判断直接影响了定语从句的谓语动词是用单数还是复数。
真题再现
[例句] Despite much research,there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood,(1996年改错)
[译文] 尽管人们已经对昆虫进行了大量的研究,但是对其生命周期中的某些方面还没有完全了解。
通过上面的分析,相信大家已体会到“抓住先行词”对于正确理解定语从句的重要意义。在今后的学习和考试中碰到定语从句的时候,首先要想到“抓住先行词”,只有正确找到先行词,才能理顺句子结构,弄清句子各部分的逻辑关系,从而正确理解句子意思。
从以上对考研真题的分析讲解中我们可以看出,扎实的语法(定语从句)知识对于解题是何等重要,而我提出的“要首先找到定语从句的先行词”这一重要观点,更是直击考点,成为解题的关键突破口。考生在解题时若不了解这一关键点,往往会一时找不到解题的突破口,而只是在外围绕来绕去,浪费时间。这样势必会降低答题效率,影响考试成绩。
11.2关系代词与关系副词定语从句的核心内容是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。正确找到先行词是理解定语从句的关键,而关系词的选择和使用则是定语从句的主要内容。下面我们先从总体上了解一下英文里的关系词。
11.2.1关系代词关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。其中whose一定要与名词连用,表示所属关系。which可单独引导定语从句,也可用作限定词与名词连用。
who,whom →指人
which→指物
that,whose→指人或指物此外,英文中尚有特殊关系代词:what,as,than,它们都在历年考研真题中出现过,我们将在后文的相关小书中详细讨论。
11.2.2关系副词关系副词有表示时间的when、表示地点的where和表示原因的why,它们只在定语从句中充当状语。
值得注意的是,how不可作为表示方式的关系副词。在英语中,若表示方式,我们可以用:“the way+从句”,“the way that+从句”,“the way in which+从句”,或“the manner that+从句”这四种句型。
[例句] During the 1940’s science and engineering had an impact on the way that music reached its audience and even influenced the way in which it was composed.
[解析] 这里the way后面分别接了两个不同的关系词that和in which。
[译文] 20世纪40年代,科学和工程学对听众收听音乐的方式有很大的影响,甚至影响到了音乐本身的创作方式。
[例句] You know the old golden rule,“Care for others the way you would like them to care for you.”
[解析] 这里the way后边的关系词省去了,直接跟了从句“you would like them to care for you”。
[译文] 要记住这样一个真理——以希望别人对待你的方式来对待别人。
[例句] Confidence is probably one of the most noticeable traits in the Americans.They show confidence in the way they talk,the way they smile,the way they dress and the way they walk.
[解析] 同上,这里the way后边的关系词省去了。
[译文] 美国人最显著的特点之一就是他们的自信,这在他们的言谈、微笑、着装、行走等方式中表露出来。
[例句] Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic;and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003年第62题)
[解析] 这里的manner等同于way,后面接了关系词that来引导定语从句。
[译文] 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性、有序、系统和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
11.3关系代词 which/that/who/whom
最常用的关系代词主要有which,that,who和whom,这些都是大家很熟悉的,在此不再赘述,仅举几例子以说明。
真题再现
[例句] In the Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media group have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another,(2005年第47题)
[解析] 如本句所示,先行词指物,关系词可以用which或that。
[译文] 在欧洲,就像在其他地方一样,多媒体集团越来越成功了,这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
[例句] The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind ;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation,(1993年第71题)
[解析] 在that前面不能接介词,所以本句用了by which,而不是by that。
[译文] 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思索并给予精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
[例句] Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(1999年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里先行词是business partners,表示人,所以用who来引导定语从句。
[译文] 一些公司只与那些获得进入公司内部网的固定交易伙伴进行在线交易,通过这种方式来降低风险。
下面我们主要探讨其他关系词,如whose,what,as和than的用法。
11.4关系代容词 whose
whose用作关系词表示属格,也可以看作是关系形容词,因为它必须后面接一个名词连用,不能单独使用。
真题再现
[例句] Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.(2000年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里whose接名词短语productivity and social harmony连用。
[译文] 二战后日本的目标一直很明确,其生产力与社会和谐令美国和欧洲羡慕。
[例句] At the same time,the American Law Institute—a group of judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.“(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里whose接名词recommendations连用。
[译文] 与此同时,美国法律研究所(由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成,他们的建议分量极重)发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针,宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。
真题再现:1995年改错
[例句] It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health,wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.
[译文] 可以毫不夸张地讲,在不久的将来,我们可能会把我们的健康、财富和幸福托付给那些连名字我们都不熟悉的自然界事物。
11.5 关系代词 what
what作关系代词,用法很特殊,它可以看作是先行向和关系代词的结合体,因此,我们把它称为“缩合关系词”。大多数情况下what在从句中没有疑问意义“什么”,而是应该被理解为the things that,all that或something that。 what在从句中充当主语或宾语等名同性成分。
11.5.1 使用what关系词的前提:what前面不能有先行词
what相当于一个关系代词及其先行词。所以,what引导从句时,前面不应再出现先行词。换句话说,如果句中已有先行词,就一定不能用what引导。比如我们不能说“You can have everything what you like.”
真题再现
[例句] All that is needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.(1990-1CET-4)
[译文] 所需要的就是日常生活必需品的持续供应。
[例句] For Williams,those activities became what he calls“electronic heroin”...It is worrisome that society is medical zing more and more behavioral problems; often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 这段短文有四个what从句,我们现在一一剖析。
what从句1:those activities became what he calls“electronic heroin.”
这里what在从句中作谓语calls的宾语(electronic heroin充当宾语补足语),这个what相当于the activities that,即一个先行词和关系代词的结合体,从这个意义上来说,what引导的是一个定语从句。但从结构上来说,what从句是充当became的表语,即名词从句中的表语从句。换句话说,what所引导的从句既可以看作是特殊的定语从句,又可以当作是名词从句。因此为了方便起见,我们以后把what引导的从句统称为“what从句”。
what从句2:society is..,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
首先,我们来看what从句在主句中的结构关系。这里what引导的从句what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will在主句中充当谓语defining的宾语,是一个宾语从句。但由于其结构较长,所以后置,而将defining的补足语as additions提前。原本结构应该是:defining(what从句)as addictions。其次,我们再来看what从句本身的结构关系。这里what在从句中充当谓语explained的宾语,as weakness of will充当补足语(这完全类似于as addictions充当defining的补足语)。所以,原本的结构是:explained(what)as weakness of will。
what从句3:what claims to be science
这里的what从句由or连接,与其前面的science构成一个并列成分,作介词by的宾语。相当于:Pushed by science,or something that claims to be science,即这里 something that用what来替换了。这个what在从句中作主语(后接谓语claims)。
what从句4:society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.与上面“what从句2”分析思路类似,首先,我们来看what从句在主句中的结构关系。同上述“defining(what从句)as addictions”结构一样,这里逻辑结构是:reclassifying(what从句)as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities(akin to physical disabilities是形容词短语作后置定语,修饰前面的名词短语personality disorders)。但与上面“what从句 2”不同的是,那里的what从句是后置宾语(defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weaves of will),而这里的what从句没有后置,而是直接跟在谓语reclassifying的后面。若是后置,则可改为:society is reclassifying as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities what once were considered chancier flaws or moral failings其次,我们再来看what从句本身的结构关系。这里的what在从句中充当主语(后接谓语were considered,character flaws or moral failings是主语补足语,补充说明what)。
综上所述,前两个what在从句中作宾语,后两个what在从句中作主语。四个what前面都没有被修饰的名词(即先行词)出现。尽管第二个what前边出现了addictions,但是正如上面分析的,这个what从句并非修饰additions而是跟在defining后面的。
[译文] 对于Williams来说,这些活动成了他所谓的“电子海洛因”。令人焦虑的是:社会正在将越来越多的行为问题医学化,常常把以前严厉的前辈们解释为意志薄弱的行为定义为上瘾。由于社会受到科学(或所谓的科学)推动,我们的社会正在重新把过去认为的性格缺陷或道德缺失划为与生理缺陷相关的个人疾病。在满足上述前提条件下,what的具体用法有以下两点:
11.5.2 what单独使用,后面不接名词比如我们上述的例句,what都是单独使用的,即其后没有接名词连用。此时,what作关系代词,可表示物,也可表示人。
[例句] She is not what she used to be.
[解析] 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指人,原句相当于She is not the girl that she used to be。
[译文] 她不再是以前的她了。
[例句] Show me what you have written.
[解析] 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指物,原句相当于show me the things that you have written。
[译文] 把你写的东西给我看看。
[例句] Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available 50 years ago,That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught.(2006年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里what前没有先行词,what用来指物。另外,还要注意断句,从句的主语不是[(a higher proportion of) what is in the sea],而应该是[a higher proportion of(what is in these a)],即充当介词of的宾语的不是what这个词,而是从句“what is in the sea”。所以,a higher proportion of what is in the sea这个短语不是表示“更大比例的鱼类在海洋里”,而是“海洋鱼类中的更大比例”。
[译文] 今天的船只可以利用50年前还没有的卫星和声呐发现猎物,这意味着海洋里更大比例的鱼类被捕捞。
[例句] One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature;and so on.(2002年第61题)
[解析] 这里what后面没有接名词。和上一题a higher proportion of what is in the sea类似的是,用在of结构后面作宾语的是what从句“what is called behavioral science”,不是what这个词。所以在翻译时应该这样断句:[almost all of(what is called behavioral science)],即译成“所谓的行为科学中几乎所有的都”;而不能这样断句:[(almost all of what)is called behavioral science],这样就会误译成“几乎所有的都被称为行为科学”。换句话说,我们要把what从句当作一个整体先译出来,然后再加上almost all of结构。其次,我们再来看整个主从句的逻辑结构关系。one difficulty is...是主句的主谓语,后面接一个that引导的表语从句。在这个表语从句中,almost all of what is called behavioral science作主语,后面接谓语部分:continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on,所以,这个句子的翻译难点就在于要正确理解主语almost all of what is called behavioral science的结构关系。
[译文] 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都继续从心态、感情、性格特征、人性等方面去寻求行为的根源。
11.5.3 what后面接名词此时,what作关系形容词,结构是“what+名词”,意思为“所有的…,尽可能多的…”,这时 what一般表示物,不表示人。
[例句] What money l have has been given to you.
[解析] 这里what后面接名词 money,原句相当于All the money that I have has been given to you。
[译文] 我身上所有的钱都给了你了。
[例句] Lend me what reference books you have on the subject.
[解析] 这里what后面接名词短语reference books,原句相当于Lend me all the reference books that you have on the subject。
[译文] 请把你所有有关这个研究专题的参考书都借给我。
[例句] The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left.
[解析] 这里what后面接名词短语little sight,原句相当于说The accident completely wiped out all the little sight that he had left。
[译文] 这次事故使他仅有的一点视力也丧失了。
[例句] After sharing what little food they had,the old couple let the two angels sleep in their bed where they could have a good night’s rest.
[解析] 这里what后边接名词短语little food,原句相当于说After sharing all the little food that they had。
[译文] 这对老夫妇把仅有的一点点食物拿出来款待这两个天使,然后又让出原本他们自己可以安睡的床,给这两个天使睡。
[例句] Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War all and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information,Donovan believed in using whatever tools come to hand in the,great game” of espionage-spying as a“profession”.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里whatever是what的强调形式,后面接名词tools,所以同样属于第二种用法“what+名词”。 Whatever tools在从句中作主语,而整个从句whatever tools come to hand则作using的宾语,是一个宾语从句。此外,would have loved是一个虚拟语气,这表明Donovan这个人现已不在人世,请参见第七章“虚拟语气”。
[译文] Wild Bill Donovan若在世的话,他会爱上互联网的。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷,他曾经在二战时建立了战略事务办公室,为中央情报局的成立奠定了基础。Donovan相信,在谍报工作这个“大游戏”中,可以使用任何手段。
[例句] He claims to be an expert in astronomy,but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.What little he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.(1997年语法)
[解析] 他自诩为天文学专家,但实际上他对这一领域知之甚少。他所知道的那点知识也是过时和不准确的。
[例句] As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with most of what furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.(1993年语法)
[译文] 到了冬天,由于所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分需要节省下来等到黎明时候再用,因此(夜里)冷得难受。
11.6关系代词as
关于as引导定语从句,请大家首先记住:as引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。 as引导的限制性定语从句只是用在一些固定结构如such,the same,as修饰的先行词后面。而as引导非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。在考研英语真题中,主要涉及as引导的非限制性定语从句。
11.6.1 as引导非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置很灵活,可以位于句首、句中或句末,例如:
[例句] As is so often pointed out,knowledge is a two-edged weapon which cna be used equally for good or evil.
[解析] as引导的定语从句用在句首,此时,as指代后边的完整主句。
[译文] 正如人们常常指出的,知识是一把双刃剑,可以用于造福,也同样可以用来为害。
真题再现
[例句] As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.(1997年阅读第二篇)
[解析] as引导的定语从句用在句首,此时,as指代后边的完整主句。
[译文] 与任何发达社会一样,在美国,一套复杂的文化信号、信念及习俗制约着所有的社会交往。
[例句] There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.(1998年阅读第二篇)
[解析] as定语从句用在句中,隔开了there is与a“did junction”。
[译文] 正如财政部长Robert Rubin所说,显示生产力增长的大量商界轶闻与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在“脱节”。
[例句] There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.
[解析] as引导的定语从句用在句中,隔开了there is与a growing body。
[译文] 正如前面已经提及的,对新闻与广播的研究文献越来越多,但是关注新闻采访本身的研究却很少。
[例句] I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of,juggling your life”,and making the alternative move into,downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[解析] as定语从句用在句中,隔开了discovered与其that宾语从句。
[译文] 我已经发现——也许Kelsey也会发现,她是由于过于劳累而从《她》的编辑职位上退下来——放弃“搏击生活”的理论,而采取另一种“放慢生活节奏”的方式,会带来比经济上的成功和社会上的地位更大的回报。
[例句] Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.(2006年阅读第二篇)
[解析] As引导的定语从句用在句中,隔开了主语Stratford-on-Avon与其谓语has。
[译文] 众所周知,Stratford-on-Avon只有一个产业,即威廉·莎士比亚,但是存在着两个明显不同且日益敌对的分支。
[例句] This description even fits the majority eminent scholars,Being leaned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing;living in“public and industrious thoughts”,as Emersion would say,is something else.(2006年英译汉)
[解析] as引导的定语从句用在句中,隔开了主语public and industrious thoughts与其谓语is。
[译文] 这种描述甚至适合大多数著名学者。在人类知识领域的某个分支方面学识渊博是一回事;如同爱默生所指出的:生活在“可感知的和卓越的思想中”是另外一回事。
[例句] The world’s three top central bankers(Greenspan,Disembark and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alphabet:even if one of them really uses Japanese characters.As are the world’s five richest men(Gates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison and Albrecht)(2004年阅读第二篇)
[解析] As引导的定语从句用在句末。
[译文] 世界三大中央银行家(Greenspan,Duisenberg和Hayami)的姓氏首字母都位于字母表前列(尽管他们其中一人实际上用的是日文),而世界上五大首富也是这样(Gates,Buffett,Allen,Elison和 Albrecht)。
[例句] As Edward Zlotkowski,director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,puts it,“There has to be coordination of programs.What’s needed is a package deal.” (2006年第18题)
[译文] 正如马萨诸塞州Bentley学院社区服务主任Edward Zlotkowski所指出的:“必须要有项目之间的协调,需要的是一揽子计划。”
[例句] As is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.(1995年语法)
[译文] 正如人们普遍认为的,经济的增长取决于生产的顺利发展。
[例句] As can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.(1999年语法)
[译文] 对比这些数据,我们就可以看出,基本原则是要求病人要积极参与到改善自己健康状况的活动。
11.6.2 与as引导非限制性定语从句有关的作文精品句型
as引导的非限制性定语从句,在考研作文中会大派用场。
(1)As is seen from the chart,the average hours a student spends on the computer per week have increased dramatically in the past decade.
(2)As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above,a hen is promising what it should conduct to the public.(1998年作文)
(3)As is obviously betrayed by the pictures above,three facts which are associated with smoking can be clearly realized by the public all over the world.(1997年作文)
(4)As can be seen from the table/graph/figure,there is a marked increase/decline/favorable change in...
(5)As we can see from the table/graph figure,drastic /considerable /great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...year to...year.
11.6.3 as引导限制性定语从句上文提到,as引导限制性定语从句,只能用在一些固定结构中,如 such,the same,as修饰的先行词后面。请看例句:
(例)He’ll repeat such points as are discussed in the book.
他会像书上所讲述的那样重复要点。
Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.
学习这么刻苦的学生肯定会成功。
He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.
他尽可能的避免犯错误。
He is not the same playboy as we knew.
他并不是我们所认为的那种花花公子。
He is not such a fool as we would assume him to be.
他不是我们所认定的那样傻的人。
11.7关系代词 than
我们可以把than用作关系代词来引导定语从句,这一点也许很多考生还不熟悉,但却在历年考研真题中多次出现。请看下列真题例句:
[例句] Families have also experienced changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently,children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.(2004年第35题)
[译文] 这些年来家庭模式也经历了变化,更多的家庭是单亲家庭或者双职工家庭;其结果是,与传统家庭结构相比而言,孩子可能在现代家庭里所受的管教更少。
**对于than此种作为关系代词的用法,很多考生会感到很不理解。下面将通过类比说明详细解释一下。上句中先行词supervision前面有一个比较级形容词less,而在结构上与比较级构成呼应的只能是than,也就是构成less…than这样的结构搭配(children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure)。为什么我们要把这个句子看作定语从句,而不是大家所熟悉的比较状语从句呢?为了解释清楚,现在我们试着把less...than这一结构从句子中去掉并稍加改写,原句:
Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.
就变为:
Children are likely to have the supervision at home that was common in the traditional family structure.
这就是一个典型的定语从句了,that取代了than在从句中作主语。这句话的意思就成了“孩子们在现代家庭里可能有的管教,在传统家庭里也有”。我们还可以更进一步用L面提到过的 the same…as来替换,原句就变为:
Children are likely to have the same supervision at home of was common in the traditional family structure.
这里as取代了than在从句中作主语。这句话意思是“孩子们在现代家庭里受到了与传统家庭里相同的管教”。说到这里,我们也就解释了为什么正确答案不是that,which或as,因为它们都无法和less构成结构上的呼应关系。从上述这样的详细分析中,我们可以归纳总结出than引导定语从句的用法特点:
(1)than可作关系代词引导定语从句,在从句中一般作主语(也可作宾语)。
(2)than前面的主句需有形容词比较级形式。
(3)比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词。
真题再现
[例句] There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today,(1995年语法)
[译文] 人们不应该像如今这样担心患上癌症。
[例句] These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional media.(1999年语法)
[译文] 这些提案试图寻求一种对数字化信息的使用与复制比传统媒体更加严格的限制。
再看更多例句:
[例句] For now,however,it does appear that the economy can sustain a higher growth rate than most people thought plausible just a year or two ago,In that limited respect,at least,we appear to been a“New Economy.”
[解析] 这里higher所修饰的名词短语growth rate是先行词,than指代growth rate,同时在从句中作谓语动词thought的宾语(plausible作宾语补足语)。所以,定语从句 than most people thought plausible just a year or two ago意思是:目前经济的增长率要高于一两年前大多数人认为有可能的增长率,换句话说,目前的增长率在一两年前是绝大多数人认为不可能实现的。
[译文] 不过,目前我们的经济确实实现了持续较快的增长,该增长率在一两年前是绝大多数人认为不可能实现的。所以,仅此而言,我们正处于一个“新经济时代”。
[例句] He soon found it easy to make more money by thieving than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work.
[解析] 这里more所修饰的名词money,即为先行词,than指代money,同时在从句中作谓语动词 had done(即 had made)的宾语。定语从句 than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work意思是:他老爸通过一辈子辛勤劳作所挣的钱。
[译文]很快他就发现,通过盗窃得来的钱比他老爸一辈子辛勤劳作所挣的钱要多得多。
11.8关系副词when
讨论完关系代词,我们现在来分析一下关系副词的用法。在英语中,引导定语从句的关系副词主要有when,where,why,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
11.8.1 用when引导定语从句,其先行词必须是表示时间的名词可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,其先行词是表示时间的名词,如day,year,time等。
真题再现
[例句] Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960 and 197Os when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.(2002年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 先行词是表示时间的1960s and 1970s,所以后面接的关系副词是when。
[译文] 虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代,人们一开始很乐观地认为,晶体管电路和微处理器的发展似平将在2010年前能够模仿人类大脑的活动,但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至是数百年。
[例句] Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’misfortunes.(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 先行词是表示时间的early 1980s,所以后面接的关系副词是when。
[译文] 自20世纪80年代初以来公众就是这样想的,当时法庭开始让更多的公司对消费者的不幸负责。
[例句] By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.(1998年完形填空)
[解析] 先行词是表示时间的1650 to 1750,所以后面接的关系副词是when。
[译文] 相比较而言,在之前的一百年里(从1650到1750,当时的英国还是一个全面的农业国家),他们看到的是一个富有、繁荣的社会。
[例句] Most education experts today stress the importance of“life-long learning”,They point out that education never ends,It is a continuous process,The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.
[解析] 同样是表示时间的名词 day用作先行词,所以用了 when来引导定语从句。这个句子让我们知道,我们现在身处一个“终生学习(life-long learning)”的时代。大家不妨记住这个句子,也许在考研作文中能派上用场。
[译文] 如今,大多数的教育专家们都在强调“终生学习”的重要意义。他们指出教育是一个连续的过程,永远不应该停止,除非是我们离开了这个世界。
[例句] April Fool’s Day is that special day of the year when you should play a joke on someone! Children’s favorites are to put salt in the sugar bowl for Dad’s morning coffee or put chalk on a desk chair at school so the teacher gets a white backside! But remember,if you play a joke after 12 noon,YOU are the April Fool!
[解析] 同样是表示时间的名词day用作先行调,所以用了 when来引导定语从句。这段话向大家介绍了有关愚人节的一个小常识,我们不妨记住。
[译文] 愚人节是一年一度的特殊节日,在这一天人们可以捉弄别人。比如,孩子们最喜欢在老爸早餐咖啡的糖罐里放入盐,或是在学校的桌椅上撒上粉笔末,让老师蹭一后背白灰。不过千万要记住哟,若你在中午12点之后再捉弄人,那你就是“愚人”了。
11.8.2 先行词表示时间,不一定都用when引导定语从句请大家将这里的标题与1.8.1小节标题比较一下。看到这里的标题,大家也许有些不解。其实很简单:因为用when来引导定语从句的前提条件不仅是先行词要表示时间,更重要的是when要在定语从句中作时间状语。换句话说,若定语从句不是缺状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,即使先行名词是表示时间的,我们也要用which或that来引导定语从句。请看例句:
[例句] a.I’ll never forget the time which I spit on campus.
b,I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
[解析] 在这a,b两句话里,尽管先行词都是表示时间的名词time和day,但用的关系词不同。在a 句里,由于定语从句中的谓语spent缺宾语,因此填入的关系词要充当这一宾语,故要用 which。在b 句中,定语从句不缺主语或宾语,而是缺少时间状语,故关系词用when,这里when作时间状语,修饰met。
[译文] a.我永远不会忘记在大学校园里度过的时光。
b.我永远不会忘记我们第一次在公园见面时的情景。
[例句] The hours that the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.(2000-12 CET-4)
[译文] 孩子们花费很多时间看电视,他们与电视中的人物建立一种被动、单向的关系,这势必会影响到他们在现实生活中的人际交往。
[例句] Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time that is takes the Earth to complete one,(1996年改错)
[译文] 水星的公转速度远远超过了地球,所以,在同样的时间里,水星绕太阳转四圈以上,而地球只能转一圈。
11.8.3如何区分when引导定语从句与when引导时间状语从句也许很多读者并没有意识到when引导的从句还存在这样的区分,或者认为没必要区分。之所以要让大家意识到并且能够很好区分when的这两类从句,是因为很多时候,若不区分就会导致误解。我们先来看考研“英译汉”中的真题。
[例句] Person has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年第73题)
[解析] 这个句子的关键就在于要正确理解 that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place 这部分。很多考生将这里when从句当作时间状语从句,生硬地译成“当……时候”,结果造成各种误译。比如“这给我们最新的日期正当我们期待成百上千的进步和发现进行的时候”。其实,这里when从句是一个定语从句,修饰前边的时间名词the latest dates(“最迟的日期”,不是“最新的日期”)。另外运里的不定式短语 to produce a unique millennium technology calendar是表示一个结果,而并非目的,有考生混淆了这点,而误译成“皮尔森为了制造出一种独一无二的万年历技术,集合了世界上百余位研究者的成果,这种万年历技术能提供给我们上百个发生了新突破和发现的关键时刻。”或“皮尔森将世界范围内数百名研究人员的研究成果拼凑在一起制作成一份独一无二的千禧工艺日历。日历将呈现一系列最新的日期,这些日期内将会产生我们所期望的世界范围内数百个重大突破和发现。”
[译文] 皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
[例句] While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.(2005年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里when引导的是一个时间状语从句,因为其前面没有时间名词作先行词,所以翻译的时候可以译成“当…时”,比如“当人们伏案写作时”。
[译文] 在20世纪60年代之前,当人们伏案写作时,即使受教育不多的人也追求一种高雅的风格,而从那以后,即使是令人景仰的文章作品也在追求一种口语风格。
通过比较上述两句,我们很容易区分when引导的这两种从句:
1)when引导定语从句时,when前面必然有表示时间的名词(如上文中的 the latest dates),即先行词。若when引导时间状语从句,则其前面往往没有表示时间的名词(当然,也不是说一定没有时间名词)。
2)其次,从翻译角度来看,引导定语从句的关系副词when翻译时很灵活,比如第一句中when并没有直接译出来,或译成“当时,那时”。而引导时间状语从句的when通常都译成“当…时候”。
我们再来看下面例句:
真题再现
[例句] This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1975 oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-80,when they also almost tripled,Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.(2002年阅读第三篇)
[解析] when前边有表示时间的名词1973 oil shock和1979-80,所以应该是一个定语从句。因此,这里when不是“当…时”,而要译成“当时”,句中两个when引导的定语从句可以分别译成“当时油价涨了四倍”、“那时油价也涨了近三倍”。
[译文] 这次近三倍的涨价唤起了人们对1973年油价暴涨的可怕记忆,当时油价涨了四倍,也唤起了1979~1980年的可怕记忆,那时油价也涨了近三倍。前两次油价的暴涨都造成了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性的经济衰退。
[例句] This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(1996年第72题)
[解析] when前面有表示时间的名词the Second World War,所以when引导的应该是一个定语从句。因此,when不能译成“当…时”,而要译成“当时”,when从句可以译成“当时一些国家的政府得出结论”。
[译文] 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
11.9关系副词 where
11.9.1用where引导定语从句,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词
where引导定语从句,在从句中作地点状语,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词,如place,house等。
真题再现
[例句] Of all the components of a good night’s sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.(2005年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 先行词world表示地点,而且where在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语)。
[译文] 在所有构成良好睡眠的因素中,梦看起来是我们最无法控制的一个。梦境中的世界,逻辑失去效用,死者开始言语。
我们再看更多例句:
[例句] A:Since you work in the theater,can’t you get me a free ticket now and then?
B:Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and tgen from the bank where you work!
[解析] 先行词bank表示地点,而且where在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语)。
[译文] A:既然你在剧院工作,那你就不能时常给我弄些免费的票吗?
B:当然可以,只要你能从你工作的那家银行里时常给我弄些钞票出来。
[例句] Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
[解析] 先行词place表示地点,而且where在从句中充当地点状语(定语从句中不缺主语或宾语)。
[译文] 在文学作品里,过去与现实交汇,共同思考未来。
11.9.2 先行词表示地点,不一定都用where引导定语从句与when类似,并非凡是先行词是表示地点的名词时,都得由where来引导定语从句,关键还得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语,则要用which或that引导定语从句。
[例句] In fact,there are now so many deer that some are being sent to places which would like to return this kind of deer to the wild.
[解析] 尽管此句中的先行词是表示地点的名词places,但由于从句缺主语,所以用关系代词which,而不用where。
[译文] 事实上,现在鹿群数量过多,以至于有些鹿被送到那些能把这些鹿放回到野外的地方。
[例句] I’ve never been to Beijing,but it’s the place I most want to visit.(1999-6CET-6)
[译文] 我从未到过北京,但北京却是我最想去的地方。
11.9.3 where引导定语从句,先行词可以是含有地点意义的其他各种名词按照我们一般的理解,where引导的定语从句,其先行词就是表示地点的名词。其实,关于where引导定语从句的先行词问题,并不像我们想象那么简单。细心的读者也许发现了,对于when的先行词,我在9.8.1中是这样表述的:用when引导定语从句,其先行词必须是表示时间的名词;而对于where的先行词,我在9.9.1中是这样表述的:用where引导定语从句,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词。大家看出差别了了吗? when—先行词必须是时间名词,where—先行词通常是地点名词。换句话说,where引导定语从句,其先行词可以不是表示地点的名词。我们可以把这种不是地点的名词解释成一种“含有地点意义的名词”,比如case,situation,point等。
真题再现
[例句] Now the tide appears to be turning,As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.(1999年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 先行词cases表示“案件”,并非我们习惯意义上的地点名词,但依然用了where引导定语从句。where在从句中充当地点状语,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。
[译文] 现在这种情况似乎正在发生变化。个人受伤索赔案件一如既往,但是一些法庭开始站在被告一边,特别是在有警告标签也不可能避免事故的案件中。
[例句] Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
[解析] 先行词situations表示“情形,情况”,并非习惯意义上的地点名词,但这里依然用了where引导定语从句。where在从句中充当地点状语,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。
[译文] 在利益丰厚而且被人发现的可能性很小的情况下,欺诈行为最有可能发生。
[例句] He has reached the point where a change is needed.
[解析] 先行词point表示“地步,某一程度”,并非习惯意义上的地点名词,但这里依然用了where引导定语从句。where在从句中充当地点状语,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。
[译文] 他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。
[例句] Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.(1991年第75题)
[解析] point作先行词。
[译文] 除非人类终于意识到,要把人口减少到地球能为之提供足够粮食的程度,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
[例句] Both the United States and China had reached a point in history where they shared an eagerness to start a new relationship,and where both were prepared to pay an ideological price for it.Mao Testing clearly was willing to make the ideological sacrifice; otherwise he would not have told Edgar Snow in his unique interview that he would“be happy to talk with him(Nixon)either as a tourist or as a President.”
[解析] point作先行词,它与where被in history隔开了。
[译文] 美国和中国都到达了这样的历史时刻:双方都在渴望开始一种新的关系,并都准备为此付出意识形态上的代价。显然,毛泽东也愿意为此付出意识形态上的代价,否则他当初就不会在一次单独见埃德加·斯诺时告诉斯诺,他会“很高兴和他(尼克松)谈谈,不论他是以游客身份还是以总统身份”。
从以上的例句分析中,大家可以看到,我在反复强调“where在从句中充当地点状语,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语”,而且各个先行词都不是常规意义上的地点名词,由此我们可以很大胆地做出进一步引申和归纳,提出这样一个假说——如果一个定语从句不是缺主语或宾语,而是缺状语,并且先行词是除了时间名词(在这种情况下会用when)和原因名词(在这种情况下会用why)以外的任何其他名词,就用where引导定语从句。下面我们就来看一些先行词很“离谱”(即并非习惯意义上的地点名词),却用where来引导的定语从句。
[例句] Pavarotti,Opera Star Finds Creative Passion in Painting,Tenor Luciano Pavarotti holds a handkerchief whenever he sings in concert.Yet in real life he is more likely to be found holding a paintbrush.For his great love is painting vividly colored pictures of Italian villages and seascapes.What he likes best about painting is its contrast to opera,where the challenge is to use one’s talents to bring to life the works of others.“When I finish a canvas,I fell have created a world.”
[解析] 这段小文讲的是有关帕瓦罗蒂的轶闻。这里难句是 What he likes best about painting is its contrast to opera,where the challenge is to use one’s talents to bring to life the works of others,关键是要搞清楚where指代哪个名词:painting还是opera?我曾经在课堂上问过很多学生这个问题,他们的回答是“painting”。我想这其实是受到了上文的影响,因为上文都是在讲帕瓦罗蒂如何热爱painting。其实,where指代的是opera。因此后面的challenge说的就是opera的挑战,而不是painting给他带来的挑战。由此可见,如果弄错先行词,必然会误解challenge所指,最终导致对整个句子的误解。显然,这里opera也不是一个常规的“地点名词”。
[译文] 歌剧大腕帕瓦罗蒂钟爱绘画。在舞台上时,我们看到的帕瓦罗蒂总是手拿小手帕,然而在生活中,人们更多的是发现他手持画笔,因为他钟爱绘画,他最喜欢画意大利的乡村美景和海景图。他喜欢绘画的最大原因是绘画与歌剧表演有一个最大的不同:歌剧的挑战是用自己的演唱天赋来演绎别人的作品,而在绘画中,“当我画完一幅画,我感觉我是创造了整个世界。”
[例句] He told us how he dealt with the self-interest of countries to bring them into a kind of international accord where everyone seemed to benefit。
[译文] 他告诉我们他是如何处理各国之间的利益关系的,即让各国达成一种彼此均受益的国际协定。
[例句] Speech has to be triggered and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,______ the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child’s crying,smiling,and responds to them.
A,when B.which C.why D.where
正确答案 D
[解析] 看到这句,很多读者会感到茫然,不知从何处开始分析。首先,从句子结构来看,逗号前后是两个独立的句子:Speech has to be triggered and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child和the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child’s crying,smiling,and responds to them,而现在我们需要填入一个连词,从而使这两个句子能够构成一个有逻辑语义联系的主从复合句。那么,这个句子是三大从句中的哪一种呢?是定语从句、状语从句还是名词从句?首先,很容易判断这不是一个名词从句——这种有逗号隔开的只可能是非限制性定语从句或状语从句。在我的课堂上,很多同学选择了when,认为这是时间状语从句,但这样在逻辑上是讲不通的(请大家自己翻译看看)。选which也不正确,因为从句不缺主语或宾语,从而导致关系词which无法在从句中充当成分(关系词一定要在从句充当成分的)。而why是不能引导非限制性定语从句的,所以C也不正确。最后,只能是D了。但即使知道where是正确答案,还是有很多人不知如何分析其结构关系。
其实,这里是where引导的一个非限制性定语从句。既然是定语从句,那么首先就要找到先行词。这里先行词是什么?是child,mother还是interaction?根据我们前面讲过的先行词判断方法步骤:先要正确理解定语从句本身的意思,所以,我们先来看定语从句。这里我们要先搞清楚从句中的最后一个代词them指什么,它指代“the cues and signals in the child’s crying,smiling”,因此,定语从句讲的是the mother不仅要“recognizes孩子在哭笑中发出的cues and signals”,同时还要对“这些cues and signals做出responds(反馈)”。从这个定语从句的意思来看,能反映母亲和孩子的这种关系的名词只有interaction(互动作用),所以先行词是interaction。分析到这里,我们看到,关系副词where所指代的先行词是interaction,而这个interaction离我们常规意义上的地点名词还是较远的。
综上所述,原句的逻辑结构关系是:...this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes...。interaction后面紧跟了一个介词短语between the mother and the child来作定语,讲的是母亲和孩子之间的互动,然后再接一个where定语从句来进一步说明母亲与孩子之间具体如何互动,即定语从句是对这个interaction的详细补充说明。于是,通过where一连接,原来两个看似独立的分句就有了很好的内在逻辑联系。
[译文] 语言是需要培养的,而培养语言又需要母亲和孩子之间的互动作用,在这种互动过程中(where的翻译),母亲可以从孩子的哭笑中捕捉到一些信息和信号,并且给予反馈。
我们可以想象,上面这个句子完全可能出现在考研的完形填空中。如果出现这种题,还是有一定难度的。不过,下面这个例句,比上面这个句子更难,而且是考研真题。
真题再现
[例句] When the work is well done,a climate of accident-free operations is established time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.(1999年第44题)
A.where B.how C.what D.unless
正确答案 A
[解析] 这道题较难,考的是定语从句关系词的选择。分析思路完全类似于上一句。这里空格前后看似也是两个独立的句子,但要通过一个连词连接,可以使两个句子有很好的内在逻辑联系。这里我们用where引导定语从句,先行词是a climate of accident-free operations,因此本句结构实际为:a climate of accident-free operations(where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum) is established.
这里的定语从句where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum,是修饰a climate of accident-free operations的,但这样一来整个句子的主语部分a climate of accident-free operations(where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minim)显得过长,而谓语 is established太短,造成“头重脚轻”,故而将定语从句后置到句末,从而使先行词(a climate of accident-free operations)与关系词(where)隔开。这种分隔就属于我们在9.1.2小节中讨论的第3种分隔情形“作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句”。
[译文] 译文1:如果此项工作(低事故率的安全计划)做得好的话,就会形成无事故作业的好风气,此时,因为工伤事故所造成的时间损失就会被控制在最低限度。
译文2:当安全保障工作做得好的时候,无事故生产的工作风气就会形成,而在这种风气下,由于工伤事故而导致的时间损失会降到最低。
通过分析以上例句,读者应该能够深刻体会到,如果对where定语从句的先行同理解得不透彻,在面对上述这些考题时,很难有自信选择where。最后,再次强调一下where引导定语从句的两个特点:一是,先行词可以是除了时间名词(在这种情况下会用when)和原因名词(在这种情况下会用why)以外的任何其他名词,不一定非得是常规的地点名词;二是,where在从句中作状语,即从句不能是缺主语或宾语,否则不能用where,而要用which或that。
11.9.4如何区分where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句与我们要区分when引导定语从句与when引导时间状语从句一样,我们同样有必要区分where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句。若意识不到这种区分,在翻译时很容易造成误解,比如上面我们刚刚讨论的例句(109),我看到很多考研辅导书上误解了这一句子结构,把这里where引导的从句理解成了“地点状语从句”,结果错误地解释成“‘无事故操作气氛的形成’在低事故率的安全计划得到彻底实施的‘地方’才能实现”。这显然就是不分where引导的这两类从句造成的结果。其实,即使作为“地点状语从句”来理解,也要译成“当工伤事故所造成的时间损失被控制在最低限度,就会形成无事故作业的好风气”。当然,这样就曲解了作者的原意:好的安全规划——形成无事故作业的好风气——时间损失减少,更是混乱了因果逻辑关系。
那么两者如何区分?其实很容易判断:若是定语从句,则where前边必然有被修饰的地点名词;若where前边没有被修饰的名词,则视为地点状语从句。试比较:
[例句] a.45 percent of the world’s population live where mosquitoes transmit malaria.
b,Approximately 45 percent of the world’s population live in the climate zone where mosquitoes transmit malaria.
[解析] 这里a句是地点状语从句,因为where前面没有被修饰的地点名词。而b句就是一个定语从句,因为climate zone是被修饰的先行词。所以,尽管两者译成汉语在意思没有多大区别,但其结构完全不同。
[译文] 疟疾是由蚊子传播的,全球大约45%的人口生活在疟疾传染区域。
[例句] a.When you read books,you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any question.
b,When you read books,you had better make a mark here you have any question.
[解析] 这两句翻译成汉语时没有本质区别,都可译成“看书时,最好在有问题的地方作上标记。”但是就英文结构而言,两者有很大的不同。句a中where从句修饰名词spot,即是一个定语从句。而句b中where从句并非修饰其前面的名词mark(因为无法翻译),而只是说明make a mark的地方,即是一个地点状语从句,这里 where从句在作用上相当于句 a中的介词短语 at the spot,因为两者都是表示地点状语。
真题再现
[例句] The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive,where they are not extremely unattractive.(2000阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里where引导的是地点状语从句,因为其前面没有被修饰的先行名词。
[译文] 对雄心壮志的攻击为数众多,并且来自不同的角度;为它公开辩护的人极少,也很平淡,尽管辩护者并非极不引人注意。
注意 只有定语从句中的where才能转换成“介词+which”的结构,而地点状语从句的where不能。请比较:
[例句] a.Would you please put the book where it belongs?请把书放回原处。
b.Would you please put the book to which it belongs?*
[解析] 上句为where引导的地点状话从句,而非定语从句,因为Where前的名词(book)不表地点,即where前面没有先行词。
11.10特殊关系副词whereby
关系副词whereby在考研阅读理解中时常出现,它的意思相当于by which或through which,即表示“借此,凭这个”。
真题再现
[例句] The definition also excludes them majority of factors,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(2006年英译汉)
[解析] 这里whereby引导的是定语从句,表示“借此,凭这个”,它的先行词往往是表示方式的名词,如这里的method。
[译文] 这个定义还将大多数教师排除在外,尽管教书一直是许多知识分子谋生的方式。
[例句] He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success,Strait ford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-for thing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.(2003阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里whereby引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。
[译文] 他把公司的外部形象视为公司成功的关键。Strait ford公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局那样,常常提供含糊其辞的说法,政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论,因为这些言论可能出错。
11.11介词+关系代词在考研英语的阅读或翻译里,我们常常碰到定语从句的关系代词(主要是which,whom或whose)前面带有介词或介词短语的情况。这些介词什么时候不要、什么时候必须加,以及究竟用什么介词,这些问题对于很多考生来说是有一定难度的。根据我个人的研究,总结出以下规律:介词与定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配;介词与先行词构成搭配;表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of;介词与固定的介宾搭配有关。
11.11.1介词与定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配关于关系同前面介词的选择,第一条规律就是:根据定语从句中的线索来判断,这些线索包括定语从句中的动词、形容词和名词,所选用的介词须与它们构成固定搭配。
所选介词需与定语从句中的动词构成搭配(最常见)
真题再现
[例句] It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.(2003年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词to与定语从句中的谓语动词subscribe构成固定搭配subscribe to,在本句中表示“赞同”。该词组还有“订阅(报刊)”、“对…捐款(subscribe to a charity为慈善事业捐款)”等意思。
[译文] 这种理论得到了许多经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司可以决定哪些公司繁荣兴旺,哪些公司濒临倒闭。
[例句] With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist notary may be一even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.(2000年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词on与定语从句中的谓语动词is based构成固定搭配is based on,表示“在……基础上”。
[译文] 但是对未来派诗歌来说,情况就很难判定了。因为不管未来派诗歌是什么——即使承认它的理论基础是正确的——它也很难被划归为文学。
[例句] Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.(1992年第73题)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词with与定语从句中的谓语动词comparing构成固定搭配compare A with B,表示“将A与B进行比较”。
[译文] 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
[例句] On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence.but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed,(1992年第75题)
[解析] 与上一句一样,关系词which前面的介词with与定语从句中的谓语动词compared构成固定搭配compare A with B,表示“将A与B进行比较”。
[译文] 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和其他孩子相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。
[例句] Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.(2003年第61题)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词in与定语从句中的谓语动词live构成固定搭配live in,表示“生活在某地方”。
[译文] 而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他形式的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。
[例句] Many species can communicate an amazing amount of information via sound,information on which both the life of an individual and the continued existence of the species may depend.(1992年改错)
[译文] 很多物种可以通过声音来传递大量的信息,而这些信息是物种个体的生存乃至整个物种的繁衍可能会依赖的。
2.所选介词需与定语从句中的形容词构成搭配(比较常见)
当定语从句的谓语是实义动词时,我们一般看与该动词搭配的介词,但是如果定语从句的谓语是由be动词与某个形容词构成的,我们则要看与该形容词搭配的介词。请看例句:
[例句] We assume that the meanings of these underwater sounds are similar to those who which we are familiar on land.
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词with与定语从句谓语中的形容词familiar构成固定搭配be familiar with something,表示“对…熟悉”。
[译文] 据我们猜测,这些水底声音的意义同我们所熟悉的陆地上声音的意义相似。
[例句] Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding,tracking,herding,or even catching fish-in all of which activities dolphins are expert.
[解析] 关系词which不是单独使用,而是修饰activities,构成短语all of which activities,这个短语前面的介词in与定语从句谓语中的形容词expert构成固定搭配be expert in something,表示“擅长做什么”。
[译文] 可以训练海豚来与渔民们合作,帮他们找到或跟踪鱼群,或把鱼聚集成群,甚至是抓鱼,这些活动都是海豚擅长的。
另外,在下列这个特例中,介词的判断不是看谓语中的形容词,而是看定语的形容词。
[例句] He is her son,than whom a kinder son does not exist.
[解析] 这个句子是某一年的高考题,有很多读者多次来信问我这个句子。其实,可将这个句子改成简单句,A kinder son than her son does not exist,意思是说“比她儿子更好的人是找不到了”,言外之意就是说她的儿子是最好的。所以,这里的介词than就是与定语从句中作定语的形容词kinder构成呼应搭配,这不同于上面那些形容词的例句,那里是与谓语中的形容词构成搭配的介词。
[译文] 他是她的儿子,再也找不到像他这么好的儿子了。
3.所选介词需与定语从句中的某个名词构成搭配(不常用)
[例句] I am sending you an inquiry,to which your prompt attention is highly appreciated.
[解析] 这句话通常出现在商务函电中。关系词which前面的介词to与定语从句中的名词attention构成固定搭配attention to,表示“处理”。
[译文] 兹寄去询价单一纸,望尽快办理,不胜感激。
[例句] Many hypersonic suffer from narcolepsy,for which the primary symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness.
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词for与定语从句中的名词symptom构成固定搭配symptom for,表示“是…症状”。
[译文] 许多嗜睡的人都患有嗜睡病,其早期症状就是在白天非常想睡觉。
[例句] Divorce sets in motion events over which an individual has little control,such as the reactions of spouses and children,as well as the uncertainty of new relationships.
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词over与定语从句中的名词control构成固定搭配 have control over,表示“对…控制”。
[译文] 离婚常会引发很多当事人无法掌控的情况,比如配偶和孩子的反应,未来婚姻关系的不确定性。
11.11.2介词与先行词构成搭配在上一节中,我们讨论了关系词前面的介词往往要与定语从句中的动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配,也就是说,在判断选用什么介词时,我们要关注定语从句中的线索。在那里,定语从句的结构一般都是不完整的,而“介词+关系词”结构在定语从句中充当了动词、形容词或名词的某一修饰成分。在本小节,我们来讨论另外一种不同的情形,就是关系同前面用什么介词与定语从句无关,而与关系词前面的先行词密切相关,即所选用的介词要与先行词构成固定搭配。我们先来看这一规律在历年真题中的应用。
真题再现
[例句] We are not conscious(A)of the extent of which(B)work provides the psychological satisfaction that(C)can make the difference(D)between a full and an empty life.(1995年改错)
正确答案 B,改为to which。
[解析] 我们看到这里定语从句 work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life为一个完整句子,所以无法根据从句的线索来找介词,此时就应该看先行词,能与先行词extent构成固定搭配的介词应是to,to the extent意为“在某种程度上”。
[译文] 我们尚未意识到,工作能给我们带来心理上的满足感,而正是这种满足,令充实与空虚的生活有所区别。
[例句] There is a(A)delicate balance of nature which(B)many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed(C)to maintain only a relatively(D)few human beings,(1991年改错)
正确答案 B,改为in which。
[解析] 我们看到定语从句 which many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed to maintain only a relatively few human beings是一个完整的句子。因此,关系词which无法在从句中充当成分,这就违背了关系词一定要在定语从句中充当某种成分的基本要求。所以,显然which前面缺少了介词,这个介词要能够与先行词a delicatebalance of nature构成搭配,所以只能是in,表示“在一种微妙的自然平衡中”,which用作in的宾语,然后整个介词短语在定语从句中作状语,表示处所。
[译文] 在自然界里,存在着这样一种微妙的生态平衡——为了维持相对较少人类的生存而需要若干平方英里的海洋、植被和干净空气。
[例句] This is an exciting area of study,and one ______ which new applications are being discovered almost daily.(1999年语法)
A.from B.by C.in D.through
正确答案 C
[解析] 代词one指代的是前面名词短语area of study,in an area of study表示“在某一研究领域”。故C正确。
[译文] 这是一个非常让人激动的研究领域,在这个领域里,几乎每天都有新的应用技术被发现。
[例句] Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe,(2005年第46题)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词by与先行词means构成固定搭配,by which就等于by means,表示“通过某种手段”。这个句子后半部分有倒装结构 never before has it served和固定搭配 so much...as的结构,请分别参见第四章例句(140)和第十一章例句(107)。
[译文] 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之———在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
[例句]They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements,(2002年第64题)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词in与先行词practices构成固定搭配,in which就等于in practices,表示“在实践过程中”,当然在整个译文中我们对其做了灵活处理。
[译文] 自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
[例句] The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the modes by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.(1993年第71题)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词 by与先行词 mode构成固定搭配,by which就等于by mode,表示“通过某种方式”。
[译文] 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,也就是对一切现象进行思索并给予精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
[例句] The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词 in与先行词 culture构成固定搭配,in which就等于 in a commercial culture,表示“在商业文化中”。
[译文] 忧愁艺术的出现几乎完全追随大众传播媒介的出现,与此同时,一种商业文化也随之产生了,在这种商业文化中,快乐不只是一种理想而是一种空想。
[例句] An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.(1994年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 关系词which前面的介词by与先行词mechanism构成固定搭配,by which就等于by the mechanism,表示“通过这种机制”。
[译文] 在以市场为导向的经济中,一个非常重要的因素就是一种用来表现消费者需求并使生产商能做出反应的机制。
从以上分析的真题例句来看,要正确选择介词需要我们掌握相关的固定搭配,比如,at the rate,in the direction,to the extent,to the degree,at the temperature,with ease,by the means,by the mode,in a culture,in practice等等。我们来看更多例句,请认真分析:
(例)About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction,and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.
约有 1,000种动物濒临灭绝的危险,而且受残害速度日益加剧。
When television was first introduced:the extent to which it would affect society could not have been foreseen.
最早发明电视的时候,人们并没有预见到它会对人类社会产生重大影响。
The pressure from spending in turn determines the ease with which prices increase.
来自消费的压力转而又决定了价格上涨的快慢。
思考与总结
1.上述2种判断关系代词前面介词的方法最常用。
2.如何决定用第1种方法还是用第2种方法?关键是要熟悉各种短语的介词搭配,这是前提。
1)如果先行词是普通的名词,(如:book)则一般可考虑采用第1种方法:分析能与定语从句中的某个动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配的介词。如:
He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.
2)对于较为特殊的先行词,如上文提到的extent(to the extent),means(by the means),ease(with ease),rate(at the rate),pace(at the pace)等,则可考虑第2种方法:选择能与先行词构成固定搭配的介词。
3.介词的位置:
1)与动词和形容词搭配的介词:可前置(置于关系代词前),也可后置(分别紧跟在动词或形容词后面)。但若将介词后置,即置于定语从句中,则句子显得较为松散,所以最好还是前置,使句子显得紧凑。
2)其他情形的介词一般只能前置,要放在which,whom或whose的前面。
11.11.3为了意思表达的需要而使用特定的介词上文介绍的介词选择的两大规律是最常用的,而且所选用的介词往往都是固定搭配(比如 dependent,to the extent)。但是,有时关系词前面介词的选择完全是意思表达的需要,并不是固定搭配。
真题再现
[例句] America’s capacity utilization,for example,his historically high levels earlier this year,and its jobless rate(5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.(1997年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 先行词为rate,如果按照上述的介词使用规律,那么这里应该用介词at,但是根据句子意思表达的要求,上句用了介词below。
[译文] 例如,美国的就业率在今年前段时间创下了历史高水平,并且其失业率(8月份为5.6%)已降至低于大多数自然失业率的估测数字——在过去失业率低于自然失业率时,通货膨胀率已开始急剧上升。
[例句] I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago,(1998年语法)
A.about B.since C.till D,with
正确答案 D
[解析] 本题正确答案是with,既不是根据定语从句中的固定搭配,也不是根据先行词的固定搭配,而是依据句子意思表达的需要。因为本句要表达的意思是I was at school with the girl,所以D正确。
[译文] 我至今依然和二十年前的一位女同学保持着友谊。
[例句] But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:“Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eight-five kilograms.”(2000年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里选用off,它既不与先行词bridge构成固定搭配,也不与定语从句中的某个词构成固定搭配,而是完全因为句子表意的需要,off a bridge表示“从桥上掉下来”。
[译文] 但是,令人难受的是在注释中读到某一行诗描写一位土耳其军人和一位保加利亚军人在桥上厮打,结果双双从桥上坠入河中——然后发现这一行诗由两名军人坠落水中的声音和两位军人的重量构成:“噗!噗! 100和85公斤。”
[例句] How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted,(1995年第72题)
[解析] 这里选用with,它既不与先行词skill and wisdom构成固定搭配,也不与定语从句中的某个词构成固定搭配,而是完全因为句子表意的需要,这与with本身的意思密切相关,它表示行为方式或手段。
[译文] 这些预测能在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于采用的信息数量、可靠性、适应性,及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
11.11.4表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of
表示所属关系或部分与整体关系时,常用介词of,此时of要前置。这样的结构往往是“不定代词/数量词/形容词的比较级或最高级+of which/whom”,表示数量或某种特点。在介词of前面常出现的词包括:all,each,both,either,neither,none,little,few,mane,much,some,most,any,the majority,half,several,an umber,half,none,数字及最高级等。值得注意的是,这里of前面的成分都可以后移至定语从句中。
[例句] They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(2005年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 这里表示整体的是:health budgets,表示部分的是:the fastest-growing component,即从句中的 pharmaceutical costs,也就是说这个 costs是 health budgets的一部分。原从句可以改写为:of which pharmaceutical costs are the fastest-growing component,由此看来,定语从句是一个倒装句,从句主语是costs。
[译文] 他们所有人都在抱怨高涨的医疗预算,其中增长最快的部分是药品费用。
[例句] This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds,Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward,But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.(1996年英译汉)
[解析] 这里none of which相当于none of the projects,即which指projects。可以说成:of which none has immediate...。
[译文] 这种支持,如同政府支持一样,需要决定谁适合作为基金的受益人。这一决定最终取决于效益。可是在那些看不到近期效益的项目中,决定谁是受益人更加困难。
[例句] Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,______ obtaining water is not the least,(1994年语法)
A.of which B.for what C.as D.whose
正确答案 A
[解析] 这里obtaining water是众多 problems中的一种,注意这里 problems用的是复数,表明有很多问题。所以,这里表示整体的是problems,表示部分的是obtaining water。原从句可以改写为:obtaining water of which is not the least。
[译文] 生活在澳大利亚中部沙漠地区存在很多问题,其中最大的麻烦就是取水问题。
[例句] The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,______ could go penniless by next year.(1997年语法)
A.the larger one B.the larger of which
C.the largest one D.the largest of which
正确答案 B
[解析] 这里of前面用了比较级the larger,表示the larger fund。原定语从句可以改写为:of which the larger could go penniless by next yeaf。
[译文] 社会保障退休计划由两家信托基金组成,其中数额较大的那笔到下一年有可能用尽。
[例句] The company,of which Max Harrison was until recently the chairman,has made loss of three million pounds this year.
[解析] 这里of表示所属关系,因为the chairman是这个公司的。原定语从句可以改写为:the chairman of which was Max until recently。
[译文] 这家公司今年亏损达3百万英镑,直到不久前Max Harrison还是其董事长。
[例句] The total cultivated area is 13,000 acres,of which 10,000 acres are irrigated fields.
[解析] 这里显然是说在13,000英亩中有10,000英亩是需要灌溉的田地,正是部分与整体的关系。
[译文] 可耕种的土地面积总共为13,000英亩,其中10,000英亩为可灌溉粮田。
11.11.5介词与固定的介宾搭配有关关系代词前面的介词有时与固定的介宾结构有关,比如in this case,in one’s honor等。
[例句] He may be late,in which case we should wait for him.
[解析] 这里in which case由短语in this case变过来,这里which指前面整个句子:He may belated这件事。
[译文] 他可能要迟到,如果是这样,我们就应该等等他。
[例句] He was a great writer,in whose honor this bronze statue was built.
[解析] 这里in whose honor来自于in one’s honor,表示“纪念某人”。
[译文] 他是一位伟大的作家,特此设立铜像来纪念他。
11.11.6“介词+ which +to do”结构上面讨论的“介词+关系代词”这一结构还可以简化成不定式,变成“介词+which+to do”的结构。请看比较:
[例] The farmer used wood to build a house in which he could store grains.
可变为:
The farmer used wood to build a house in which to store grains.
进一步简化为:
The farmer used wood to build a house to store grains in.
在用这一结构时我们应注意以下几点:
1)若没有介词,则不能采用这一结构。
I can’t think of anybody whom to invite.*
2)有介词、关系代词,不能将介词置于句末。
The farmer used wood to build a house which to store grains in.*
3)“介词+关系代词”不能用一个关系副词来替换。
The farmer used wood to build a house where to store grains.*
真题再现
[例句] The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ______ his argument in favor of the new theory,(1995年语法)
A.which to base on B.on which to base
C.to base on which D,which to be based on
正确答案 B
[解析]本题考查的是定语从句转化为不定式的结构。这里 on which to base his argument相当于定语从句:on which he can base his argument,其中which指代sufficient grounds。
[译文] 这位教授几乎找不到充分的证据来支持他的新理论。
11.11.7关系词前面使用的其他结构或成分上面我们探讨了关系词前面介词的选择。实际上,有时应句意表达的要求,在关系词前面还可能出现其他成分。请看例句:
[例句] Language is a city,to the building of _____ every human being brought a stone.(1994-1CET-4)
A.which B.it C.that D.this
正确答案 A
[解析] 关系词which前面有to the building of这一复杂成分。我们可以将从句结构还原为:Every human being brought a stone to the building of langunge,也就是说这里的to是与动词brought搭配的。
[译文] 语言就如同一座城,每个人都在为它的建造而添砖加瓦。
此外,在关系词前面还可以带有动词不定式或分词结构。请看例句:
[例句] On the table were the remains of a splendid dinner,to procure which all the shops in town had been ransacked me day before.
[解析] 这里which指代的是splendid dinner,该句可还原为:all the shops in town had been ransacked the day be fore to procure the splendid dinner.
[译文] 桌上是吃剩下的盛宴,要准备这样的盛宴需要在前一天去城里所有的商店采购。
[例句] The land is to be possessed by him on condition that he stipulates in the contracts he will make with his tenants that they will be obliged to,reside within the years on the concessions he has granted,failing which he will regain full title to the land.
[解析] 这里which指代reside within the years on the concessions he has granted这个短语,failing which相当于说:failing to reside within the years on the concessions he has granted。
[译文] 他能够重获这片土地所有权的前提条件是:在他与承租人签订的合同中有规定,承租人必须在他的租借地上居住达一定的年限,若有违此约,他有权收回全部土地。
11.12 带有插入误的定语从句所谓带有插入语的定语从句,指在有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”,如I know,they believe,he claimed,they assume等。这些“主谓结构”多为表达个人主观观点的结构,它们紧跟在关系代词后面,不影响定语从句的原来结构,因而并非构成定语从句的主谓语。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.(2006年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 我们看到,这里定语从句的本身结构是which will be decorated...,但现在关系代词which后面紧跟了一个插入语 you may be sure,于是便有了带插入语的定语从句:which you may be sure will be decorated...。
[译文] 希尔顿正在建设其自己的饭店,你也许可以肯定该饭店将会装备有“哈姆雷特”汉堡吧、“李尔王”休息厅、“班柯”宴会厅等,该饭店将十分奢华。
(注:Hamlet系莎士比亚悲剧剧名及该剧的主人公;Lear是莎士比亚悲剧《李尔王》(Kingof Lear)中的主人公; Banquo是莎士比亚悲剧《麦克佩斯》(Macbet)中的人物,被麦克佩斯处死,后以鬼魂显灵,使麦克佩斯暴露自己的罪行。因为本文讲的是关于莎士比亚故乡Stratford-on-Avon的情况,各餐饮酒吧用莎翁剧中的人物来命名,以吸引游客。)
[例句] What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.(1998年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 定语从句本身的结构是that they are presiding over...,关系词that作介词over的宾语。但现在关系代词that后面紧跟了一个插入语businessmen assume,于是便有了带插入语的定语从句,that businessmen assume they are presiding over...。
[译文] 很难证实的是,商界人士自以为他们是在为提高生产效率而进行一场革命,但这场生产力革命是否属实则不得而知。
注意 插入语不影响定语从句本身的结构,所以,不能在这种特殊定语从句中随便添加连词,比如上一句不能改成:that businessmen assume that they are presiding over is for real,很多考生若不知道这是插入语结构,就很可能会误认为 businessmen assume that they are presiding over...是宾语从句结构,这看上去很像,但其实over是缺宾语的,从句不是一个完整结构,无法构成名词从句。类似这种错误的句子在考研改错题中曾出现过。
[例句] They pointed (A)out the damage which(B)they supposed that(C) had been done by last night’s(D)storm,(1997年改错)
正确答案 C,删去that。
[解析] 这里定语从句的本身结构应该是 which had been done by last night’s storm,修饰前面名词damage,但现在关系代词 which后面紧跟了一个插入语they sap posed,所以,此时带插入语的定语从句应该是:which they supposed had been done by last night’s storm,而不是 which they supposed that had been done by last night’s storm。
[译文] 他们指出了这些损坏,认为是由昨晚的暴风雪造成的。
我们再看其他例句:
[例句] The millionaire had a very ugly girl who I could not have dreamed many boys fell in love with.
[译文] 这个百万富翁有一个十分难看的女儿,可是让我难以想象的是,竟然有很多男孩子在追求她。
[例句] Tax cuts have been on George W Bush’s mind since he became president of the United States.One of its first acts in government was to announce cuts which he claimed would give back US$1.6 trillion to the American people over 10 years.
[译文] 实施减税是小布什上台以来一直想要推行的一项政策。他上台后的第一件事就是宣布这一政策,他声称该项措施在十年之内将会使1.6万亿美元重新回到美国人民的口袋里。
我们上面讨论的带插入语的定语从句,所插入的结构都是一个表示个人观点的“主谓结构”,但偶尔还可以有其他结构,如下面这个例句:
真题再现
[例句] The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 我们看到,这个插入语结构是一个省略形式的状语从句,when(it is)used in the casino,省去了it is,it指 Fun Card,而定语从句本身结构是,which earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities。究其原因不难发现,我们本来可以把这个省略的状语从句 when used in the casino 用在定语从句末尾:which earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities when used in the casino,但由于定语从句的谓语部分过长(earns...and enables...),造成when从句意思与 Fun Card有脱节之嫌,所以为了表意上的需要而将when从句提前。
[译文] 赌场认为他是一个好顾客,就发给他一张“乐趣卡”,当在赌场使用这张卡时,可以为他赢得餐饮积分,同时也可以使赌场追踪持卡者的赌博活动。
11.13并列定语从句所谓并列定语从句,是指两个或两个以上的定语从句通过并列连词and,but,or连接,来共同修饰同一个先行词。请看例句:
[例句] Greater expense does not always equal better gift.I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn’t need or want.I would much rather receive something that made me laugh,made me reminisce,or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
[译文] 价格昂贵的礼物并不意味着贵重,我倒希望收到的礼物很别致,或是我知道是朋友精心为我准备的,而不是那种花费很多却不是我所想、所需的。我希望的是能够让我开心,让我回味过去时光,或是适合我口味的礼物,而不是价格不菲,看完之后随手就扔到储藏室、抛在脑后的礼物。
[例句] When we honestly ask ourselves which person in our lives means the most to us,we often find that it is those who,instead of giving much advice,solutions,or cures,have chosen rather to share our pain and touch our wounds with a gentle and tender hand.The friend who can be silent with us in a moment of despair of confusion,who can stay with us in an hour of grief and bereavement,who can tolerate not knowing,not curing,not heading and face with us the reality of our powerlessness that is a friend who cares.
[译文] 当我们坦率地问自己哪种人在我们的生活中对我们最具有意义时,我们常常会发现不是那些给我们很多劝告、答案或对策的人。而是那些选择分担我们的痛苦,用温柔而亲切的手抚慰我们的创伤的人。朋友是那些在我们绝望或迷惆时与我们一起保持沉默,在我们悲伤和失去亲人时与我们一起共度时光,能宽恕我们的幼稚无知、苦无良策、心痛难复和与我们一起正视我们那些无能为力的现实的人。那样的人才是真正关心我们的朋友。
第十二章 名词从句
12.1 名词从句的本质:3种句子充当4种成分所谓名词从句,就是把完整句子当作名词来使用,使之在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来讲,名词在句中主要充当4种成分:主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样,我们可以把一个完整的句子当作名词来使用,使其在另一句中充当这4种成分,于是便有了常说的4种名词从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
问题的关键是:我们可以把何种句子当作名词来用呢?
经研究发现,相当于名词作用的句子有3类:陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。因此,名词从句可简单概括为这样一句话:名词从句就是用3种句子来分别充当务外一个句子的4种句子成分。这便构成了名词从句的本质特征。
12.1.1 引导名词从句的常用连词请看下列表格中所列的名词从句连接词及其用法特点:
名词从句的引导词
对应的句子类型
是否作成分
连词that
陈述句
that在从句中不作成分
连词whether,if
一般疑问句
whether,if 在从句中不作成分
连接副词 when,where,why,how,连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose
特殊疑问句
when,where,why,how在从句中作状语;
who,whom,what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语; which whose在从句中作定语,后面接名词连用。
我们要特别关注这些连词是否在句中充当句子成分。比如,that不能作任何成分,只起连接作用,后面要接陈述句; what一定充当从句的主语或宾语; which和whose后边都要接名词,等等。这些都是考试重点。
真题再现
[例句] Concerns were raised witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts,2001年第49题
A.what B.when C.which D.that
正确答案 D
[解析] 本题考查的是名词从句中连词的使用。从句witnesses might encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts是一个完整的陈述句,不缺任何成分,因此空格所填入的连词也不应该充当任何成分,显然只有D满足这一要求。这里that从句是一个同位语从句,其先行词是concerns,所以本来结构应该是“Concerns(that从句)were raised”,由于that从句比谓语复杂,所以将谓语部分提前,从而造成同位语从句与其先行词分隔的现象。此外要提醒的是,名词从句中的连接词that不充当从句的成分,但是定语从句关系代词that充当从句的成分。
[译文] 人们日益担心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大事实以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。
12.1.2 同位语从句通常由that引导我们通常所见的同位语从句往往是由that引导的,而很少用whether,if以及连接代词或连接副词。这是因为我们补充名词的内容时多用陈述句,而很少采用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句。
12.1.3 名词从句的“嵌套结构”
一个句子可能含有多个名词从句,形成“嵌套结构”,这样会使句子变得更复杂,遇到时要仔细分析句子结构。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] That the seas are being over fished has been known for years,What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.(2006年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里第二个句子是一个“嵌套式”主系表结构,主语是 what从句“What researchers such as Ranson Myers and Boris Worm have shown”,表语是how从句“how fast things are changing”。
[译文] 海洋正在被人们过度捕捞,多年以来这已是尽人皆知的了。研究人员(如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm)所揭示的仅仅是情况变化得多么迅速。
[例句] I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
[解析] that引导的宾语从句中同时含有what主语从句和what表语从句。
[译文] 后来我意识到,当时所说的话并非是我真正想要说的。
[例句] The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.
[解析] 在how引导的表语从句中含有what主语从句。How从句谓语是 can be put into practice,而what从句的谓语是 have learned。
[译文] 问题关键是,你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。
[例句] Prof,Lee’s book will show you ______ can be used in other contexts,(1993年语法)
A.that you have observed B,that how you have observed
C,how that you have observed D,how what you have observed
正确答案 D
[解析] 本题考查的就是多个名词从句的套用。这个句子结构类似于上面句(4)的结构,都是在how引导的从句里边嵌套了一个由what引导的主语从句。不同的是,句(4)里的how从句是一个表语从句,这里how从句是宾语从句,作show的直接宾语。
[译文] 李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把你观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。
当然,这种名词从句的“嵌套结构”里还可以带有定语从句的修饰,比如下面这个真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require,genera intelligence”.(1992年英译汉)
[解析] 这里的从句关系有些复杂,具体关系是:what从句 what we are interested in作主语;whether从句作表语;that引导宾语从句that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks,作conclude的宾语;which引导定语从句which we think require“general intelligence”,修饰tasks,这里需要注意的是,定语从句的谓语是require,而we think是插入语。关于定语从句的插入语,请参看“定语从句”一章l.12小节。
[译文] 我们对孩子们在考试中取得的分数并不感兴趣,我们感兴趣的是是否能够从他们的考试分数中作出判断:这个孩子在我们认为需要“一般智商”的练习任务中的表现将会好于还是差于其他同龄孩子。
12.2 主语从句
12.2.1 that引导的主语从句由that引导的主语从句可以直接放在句首,请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] That the seas are being over fished has been known for years.(2006年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里that从句“That the seas are being over fished”便是一个直接置于主语位置的主语从句。
[译文] 海洋正在被人们过度捕捞,多年以来这已是尽人皆知的了。
[例句] That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute,(1998年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里that从句“That the plates are moving”是一个主语从句,直接置于主语位置。
[译文] 地球板块是在漂移的,这一点毫无争议。
但是,更常见的则是it作形式主语置于句首,而that主语从句号于句末的情况。下列都是常见的主语从句句型(考研作文中的常用句型):
1)It is+过去分词+that从句:
It’s reported that...据报道...
It’s believed that…人们相信……
It is generally thought that,..人们普遍认为……
It should be noted that…应当注意……
It has been found that…现已发现……
It must be pointed out that…必须指出……
可以这样用的动词还有,say,expect,know,estimate,forecast等。
[例句] And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training,(1993年第74题)
[解析] 这里是两个that从句并列,在句中作主语,即并列的主语从句。
[译文] 许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,并认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
[例句] It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.( 1992年英译汉)
[解析] 这里是在agreed前面加了副词修饰,其他副词有:universally,normally,usually等。
[译文] 人们普遍认为,高智商的人有这样的一些特点:理解力、辨别力和逻辑推理能力强,在解决问题过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。
2) It is +形容词 +that从句:
It is clear that…显然……
It is possible that…很可能……
It is likely that…很可能……
It is natural that…很自然……
It is certain that…可以相信……
It is strange that...奇怪的是……
It is fortunate that...幸运的是……
It is necessary that...有必要……
真题再现
[例句] Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds,(2000年第72题)
[解析] 这里是that引导的并列主语从句,两个连词that都要保留,尤其是第一个that不能省去。
[译文] 再者,很显然,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又依赖于各种科技人员的努力。
3)It is +名词短语+that从句:
It is a pity that...可惜的是……
It is a fact that...事实是……
It is good news that...……真是太好了
It is a good thing that...……真是件好事
It is no wonder that...难怪……
It is a shame that...遗憾的是……;……真是太不像话了
It Is an honor that...真荣幸……
It is common knowledge that...……是常识
It is my belief that...我相信……
It is a miracle that………真是奇迹
[例句] It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune,must bein want of a wife.(《以傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)中的第一句话)
4)It+不及物动词+that从句:
It seems that...似乎……
It follows that...因此……;由此可见……
It happens that...碰巧……
It turns out that...结果证明是……
It comes about that...结果是……
5)其他结构:
It dawns upon/on sb,that...某人突然想起……
It occurs to sb,that...某人突然想起……
It makes no difference that...……无所谓
It doesn’t need to be bothered that...不必担忧……
It is of little consequence that...……无关紧要真题再现
[例句] When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become apart of a new international trend.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 注意,It occurs to sb,that这个句型在译成汉语时要用人作主语,译为“某人想到…”,但在英语里是用it作形式主语。
[译文] 当我决定放弃全日制工作的时候,怎么也没有想到我会成为一个新的国际流行趋势的一部分。
12.2.2 whether及连接代词或连接副词弓l导主语从句连词whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句一般放在句首,这不同于上面讨论的that主语从句。
真题再现
[例句] Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vine versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force,(1994年第75题)
[解析] 这里whether引导主语从句,谓语部分是 depends on the issue,of后面接的which从句作issue的同位语。
[译文] 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方面看作是驱动性的力量。
[例句] However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这个句子看起来较复杂,其实还是whether引导的主语从句,这里是两个并列主语从句,由并列连词or连接,谓语动词是is。
[译文] 不过,这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的,还是来自于3,500万年以前他们共同的祖先,依然是个未解之谜。
[例句] Whether the eyes are,the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.
[解析] 这里有两个主语从句,分别由 whether引导和that引导。
[译文] 眼睛是否是心灵的窗户,这还有争议;但无疑,眼睛在人际交往中起着重要的作用。
[例句] How well the predictions will be validated by later predominance depends upon the amount,reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted,(1995年第72题)
[解析] 这里是how引导的主语从句,how well在从句中充当状语,修饰动词 validated。
[译文] 这些预测能在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于采用的信息数量、可靠性、适应性,及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
12.3宾语从句宾语从句同样是由前面讨论过的连词引导,在这里我们就不再—一列举,而主要关注一下宾语从句在句中的不同位置关系。
12.3.1 在及物动词后作宾语
[例句] Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?(2005年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里有两个宾语从句,分别是在及物动词argued和insisted后面作宾语。这种宾语从句考生都比较熟悉。
[译文] 那些年科学家们争论说吸烟会致命,但是有些怀疑论者坚持说我们尚不能肯定这一点,对此你还有印象吗?
12.3.2在双宾动词后作直接宾语
[例句] Prof,Lee’s book will show you can be used in other contexts,(1993语法)
A.that you have observed B.that how you have observed
C.how that you have observed D how what you have observed
正确答案 D
[解析] 此题我们在前面讨论过。 这里的从句how what you have observed can be used in other contexts 充当show的直接宾语。
[译文] 李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把你观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。
12.3.3在介词后作宾语真题再现
[例句],The test of any democratic society,”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,"lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be,We won retreat in the face of any threats.”(1997年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里有两个宾语从句,一个是 how 引导的 how well it can control expression,另一个是whether 引导的 whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,两者都是用在介词in后边作宾语。
[译文] 他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏中写道:“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多好地控制言论的自由表达,而在于它是否尽可能更宽松地赋予思想自由和表达自由,但有时结果可能会大有争议或个人不悦。面对威胁,我们不会退缩。”
[例句] I will give this didionary to wants to have it,(1992语法)
A.whomever B.someone C.whoever D.anyone
正确答案 C
[解析] 考查名词从句的引导词。很多考生看到介词to,就认为应该填宾格形式的连词,因此选择A其实是错误的,因为这里介词to后面接的不是单独连词,而是由连词引导的一个宾语从句。这里的宾语从句是 wants to have it,显然从句缺主语,因此应该用主格形式的连词Whoever,故C正确。
[译文] 谁想要这本词典,我就给谁。
12.3.4宾语从句后置宾语从句出现在复合宾语结构中,即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that宾语从句”,此时的宾语从句被置于补足语后边,是一个后置的宾语从句。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from nature certain natural laws and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories,(1993年第73题)
[解析] 这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构,我们用it来指代三个并列的that宾语从句。
[译文] 你们都多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,他们用这些方法,在某种意义上说,力求从自然界找出某些自然规律,然后再根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领建立起自己的理论。
[例句] There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,do much to protect our diminishing resources.
[解析] 这里就是一个后置的宾语从句结构,我们用it来指代这个被后置的that宾语从句。
[译文] 这些与防御有关的项目会不会说明生活水平提高了,或者说会不会有利于保护我们日益减少的资源,对此有人持怀疑态度。
12.4 表语从句表语从句比较简单,通常就是将从句置于系动词,尤其是is后边,请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former,(1993年第72题)
[解析] 这里的两个 that从句都用在 is后过作表语,同时,not that...but that...是比较常见的并列形式。
[译文] 这并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的装置,因而在计量上必然更准确。
[例句] A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is howfriendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them,(1997年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里的 how从句用在 is后面作表语。
[译文] 到美国去过的人一致带回来的反应是大多数美国人是如何友善、客气和乐于助人。
[例句] Women are much too preoccupied by family,Once the marriage begins to disintegrate,they’re lost,That’s where their unhappiness springs from and that’s why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.
[解析] 这里的 where从句和 why从句用在 is后面作表语。
[译文] 妇女太专注于家庭了。一旦婚姻开始瓦解,她们就失去了方向。这就是不快乐的来源,也是为什么大多数离婚妇女都认为自己是受害者的原因。
12.5同位语从句
12.5.1“名词+that+陈述句”句型所谓同位语,就是用来补充说明名词的成分,当我们用一个完整的陈述句来补充名词时,即构成同位语从句。所以同位语从句都是位于某一名词后面,用来进一步说明该名词的内容。在形式上构成“名词+that+陈述句”的结构(前面提到,英文中同位语从句多用that引导)。
[例句] A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.(2005年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里的that从句作同位语,来补充说明先行词theory。
[译文] 一个世纪前,弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论,即梦是对我们内心深处不曾意识到的欲望与恐惧的反映。
[例句] Such behavior is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里的that从句作同位语,来补充说明先行词assumption。
[译文] 这样的行为被认为是“人之常情”,其潜台词就是其他动物不会将这种不满情绪发挥到如此地步。
更多例句:
[例句]There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability.
[译文] 有一种流行的说法,认为家庭的不稳定导致了社会的不稳定。
[例句] He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.
[译文] 他想证明他的这一理论:两个不同重量的物体将同时落地。
同位语从句也可由whether或连接代词、连接副词引导,但不常用。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry,(1999年第74题)
[解析] 这里的whether从句作同位语,来补充说明先行词 agreement。关于这个句子的其他相关分析,请参看第十一章“难句分析”。
[译文] 所谓方法是指一般历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
12.5.2“名词+其他成分+出成+陈述句”句型同位语从句可能与其所修饰的名词被其他成分隔开,形式上构成“名词+其他成分+that+陈述句”。这种被分隔开来的情形在阅读文章中很常见,遇到时一定要认真分析,以便正确理解句子意思。比如本章讨论的第一个例句:
[例句] Concems were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
[解析] 这里先行词 concerns与that同位语从句被谓语were raised隔开。
[译文] 人们日益担心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大事实以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。
[例句] Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.
[解析] 先行词news与that同位语从句被谓语部分 reached her隔开。
[译文] 在狱中挨过数月苦闷的日子后,突然一天传来噩耗:她敬爱的哥哥在反法西斯活动中被杀害。
[例句] Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as months old.
[解析] 注意此处 that引导的从句不是作 came up的宾语,因为 came up不及物,而是作evidence的同位语。
[译文] 有证据表明,六个月的婴儿就能辨别出特定的说话声音。
第十三章 That专题在英文中,that是大家再熟悉不过的词了,但它的用法可谓灵活多变,比如它可以用来引导我们在前两章讨论过的定语从句和4类名词从句等,还可以作指示代词或指示形容词。因此,当句中出现that时,很多考生常常搞不清它的用法,误解句子结构。曾有读者来信问过这样一个问题:
“Anyone who ever watched me play for the Cubs back in the 1960s and early’70s will find that last statement hard to believe.
上面划线部分是个宾语从句,但为什么后面不是完整的句子,是不是一种省略形式?”
这位读者显然是对句中that用法有误解,以为find后面接了一个由that引导的宾语从句。其实,这里that是一个指下形容词,后面接名词短语last statement,整个短语that last statement作 find宾语,而非宾语从句。短语 hard to believe作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语 that last statement。因此,整个谓语部分结构是“find+宾语(that last statement)+宾语补足语(hard to believe)”。这个谓语部分可以改写为“find it hard to believe that last statement”。这样一改写,原句结构便一目了然了,我们很容易看出that在本句中是指示形容词。这个部分在意思上也就相当于“That last statement is hard to believe”。
13.1指示形容词that
上面例句中的that就是用作指示形容词,即其后带有一个名词或名词短语。这个用法大家应该非常熟悉,在此不再赘述。
13.2指示代词that
作为指示代词的that后面不接名词,从而与上述的指示形容词that区分开来。请看例句:
真题再现
[例句] Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena,(1993年第75题)
[解析] 这里的 that是一个指示代词,指代前文出现过的名词短语 a complex train of reasoning。
另外,that后面接有一个定语从句,所以 that同时也是定语从句的先行词。
[译文] 在座的诸位中,大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动,尽管这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动复杂程度不同,但在类型上是完全一样的。
[例句] Creating a“European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to makeup the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe,(2005年第49题)
[解析] 我们看到这里其实有两个that。第一个that是定语从句的关系代词,引导定语从句来修饰 European identity。我们要讨论的是第二个that,即 that of producing...,这个that就是一个指示代词,指代前文出现过的名词choice。
[译文] 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体,要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事,这需要人们做出战略性的选择,即选择在欧洲为欧洲制作节目。
[例句] His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision,(1996年第47题)
[解析] 这里that是一个指示代词,指代前文出现过的名词 function。
[译文] 他的职责与法官的职责相似,必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
从以上例句可以看到,作指示代词的that往往都是指代前面出现过的名词(如 function),并且后面通常会带有一个定语。
13.3连词 that
用作连词的that主要引导名词从句,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。此时that在从句中不作成分,只起连接作用,这是与关系代词that最大的不同。
真题再现
[例句] That the seas are being over fished has been known for years.(2006年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里that引导一个主语从句,that在从句中不作成分。
[译文] 海洋正在被人们过度捕捞,多年以来这已是尽人皆知的了。
[例句] A woman marries a man with the ridiculous belief that she can change him;a man marries a woman with the naive idea that she will continue to be the same.
[解析] 这里 that引导了两个同位语从句,补充说明先行词 belief和 idea。
[译文] 女人在嫁给男人时,都抱有这样一个不切实际的幻想——她能够改变他;同样,男人在娶一个女人时,也会有一个很幼稚的想法——她就这样了,永远不会改变了。
13.4关系代词that
用作关系代词的that就是用来引导定语从句的,此时that一定会在从句中充当成分,如作从句的主语、宾语等。这在第一章详细讨论过,在此不再赘述。
13.5 that引导定语从句与同位语从句的区分
that引导的定语从句和同位语从句结构相似,都是用在一个名词后边。我们现在讨论一下两者的区别。
1)在同位语从句中,that不充当从句的成分,所以that后面一定要接完整的陈述句。结构是“名词+that+完整句子”。
2)在定语从句中,that一定充当句子成分,如作主语、宾语或表语。所以that后面接不完整的陈述句。结构是“名词+that+不完整句子”。
[例句] a,The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.
b,The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.
[解析] 这两句的先行词都是 the rumor,连词都是 that。但 a句中的 that在从句 he spread everywhere中充当 spread的宾语,故为定语从句。b句中的 that在从句 Tom was a thief中不作任何成分,因为从句 Tom was a thief是一个完整的句子,故为同位语从句。该从句作 the rumor的同位语,补充说明 the rumor的具体内容。
[译文] a.他到处散布的那个传言,结果证明是假的。
b.有传言说Tom是小偷,结果证明是假的。
[例句] a,The fact that we talked about is very important.
b,The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.
[解析] 在a句中,that作about的宾语,故为定语从句;在b句中,that不充当成分,故为同位语从句。
[译文] a.我们讨论的这个事实很重要。
b.他的实验取得成功,这让大家都很高兴。
真题再现
[例句] The definition also excludes the majority of factors,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(2006年英译汉)
[解析] 这里 that后边接有一个完整句子,故为同位语从句。
[译文] 这个定义还将大多数教师排除在外,尽管教书一直是许多知识分子谋生的方式。
[例句] Such behavior is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里that后边接有一个完整句子,故为同位语从句。
[译文] 这样的行为被认为是“人之常情”,其潜台词就是其他动物不会将这种不满情绪发挥到如此地步。
[例句] The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers had been demonstrating for.(1993年第3题)
[解析] 这里 that后边接有一个不完整的句子,且that在从句中要作介词for的宾语,故为定语从句。这就是为什么demand后面的从句没有用虚拟语气的原因,因为demand的同位语从句才用虚拟语气,而定语从句不用虚拟语气。
[译文] 约翰和他的拥护者们一直通过抗议游行向校方提出各种要求,但约翰宣读这些要求时,校董们在默默地听着。
13.6 that从句的并列结构在考研阅读文章中,经常会出现多个that从句并列使用的情形。请看例句:
[例句] No birth certificate is issued when a friendship is born,There is nothing tangible,There is just a feeling that your life is different and that your capacity to love and care has miraculously been enlarged without any effort on your part.
[解析] 这里两个that从句都是同位语从句,补充说明先行词 feeling。
[译文] 友谊诞生时,不会颁发出生证明,因为友谊是一种无形的感受,你的生活从此不同了,你关爱的能力不知不觉地神奇放大了。
真题再现
[例句] Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us as religion once did,Memento mori:remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里三个that从句作remember的宾语,是宾语从句。
[译文] 今天,我们的周围充斥着可以轻易得到幸福的许诺,我们需要艺术来告诉我们,正如宗教曾经告诉过我们的:记住你终将死亡,一切都会结束,幸福不会因否定这一点而到来,而是与之共存的。
[例句] Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some 10 million smokers went to early graves.(2005年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里有四个that宾语从句并列使用,需要注意的是,第一个that从句 that smoking would kill us是在及物动词 argued后面作宾语,而其他三个 that从句都是在 insisted后面作宾语。也就是说,后面三个宾语从句所表达的观点是怀疑论者的观点,而非科学家的观点。若没有理解到这一层,定会造成对整个句子的误解。最后一个that是指示形容词,后接名词 nonsense。
[译文] 那些年科学家们争论说吸烟会致命,但是有些怀疑论者坚持说我们尚不能肯定这一点,对此你还有印象吗?怀疑论者的这些观点——认为证据不确凿,科学也不能够确定;认为反对吸烟的游说议员是要破坏我们的生活方式,而政府对吸烟这件事应该置身事外——你还记得吗?很多美国人对这些谬论报买账,以致在三十年中,约有一千万烟民过早地进入了坟墓。
此外,还有 not that...but that...这样的并列结构。比如:
[例句] As Dr,Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching,the surprising thing about computers is not that they that they think less well than a man,but that they think at all.
[解析] 就如同 Samuel Johnson在不同时代说到妇女布道一样,我们对电脑的质疑不是电脑是否像我们人类那样善于思考,而是电脑究竟能否思考。
真题再现
[例句]It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former,(1993年第72题)
[译文] 这并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的装置,因而在计量上必然更准确。
[例句] Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless.(2006年完形填空)
[解析] 第一个that从句是宾语从句,作notes的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个 that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词 programs,that作从句的主语。
[译文] 波士顿环球报记者 Chris Reidy指出,只有通过全面的规划来解决无家可归者的诸多需要,形势才会有所改善。
[例句] This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50%took a loss in 1989(2005年英译汉第48题)
[解析] 第一个that从句是宾语从句,作demonstrates的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词statistics,mat作从句的主语;
第三个that从句是宾语从句,作show的宾语,that不作从句任何成分。
[译文] 仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易,这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然,统计表明80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50%。
[例句] As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfuty expressive一there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex yeas He is not arguing,as many do that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
[解析] 第一个 that从句是宾语从句,作acknowledges的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个 that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词language or dialect,that作从句的主语;
第三个 that从句是宾语从句,作arguing的宾语,that不作从句任何成分。
[译文] 作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都可以明确地表情达意——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。
[例句] is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true,Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American,But they have done more than that,They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual,It is they,not American,who have become anti-intellectual.(2006年英译汉阅读)
[解析] 第一个that从句是主语从句,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个 that从句是宾语从句,作suggest的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第三个 that从句是宾语从句,作observed的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第四个that是指示代词,代指前边的that从句it is the intellectuals who have rejected American。
[译文] 美国的知识分子在他们的社会中被拒绝,而且被认为没有价值,这是真的吗?我想指出这不是真的。当Bruckbergen神父说他观察到的是知识分子拒绝了美国时,他只说对了一部分。实际上,知识分子们做得更过分,他们已经不满足于知识分子的身份。是他们,而不是美国,变得“反知识分子”。
[例句] Dr Myers and Dr,Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account,They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the“shifting baseline.”,The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into tie past,That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels,Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.(2006年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 第一个 that从句是宾语从句,作argue的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个that是指示代词,代指前边的名词idea;
第三个that从句是表语从句,that不作从句任何成分;
第四个that是指示代词,代指前边提到的那个“观念”notion:people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past;
第五个that从句是宾语从句,作suggests的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第六个that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词 yield,that作从句的主语;
第七个that是指示代词,代指前边的50% of its original levels。
[译文] Myers和Worm博士坚持认为,他们的研究给出了正确的基线,未来的管理决策者必须给予重视。他们相信这些资料支持了目前在海洋生物学家中流行的一种观点,即“多变的基线”观点。这种观点认为人们只限于对过去相对较短时期的研究,所以没有能够觉察到大海中发生的巨大变化。这点很重要,因为理论指出,一个渔场能够获得的最高持续产量只有当目标物种的生物量是原来水平的50%时才能实现,而大部分的渔场都处于这个水平之下,这对于正常的营业是很不利的。
[例句] The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made,The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves,The president of the National Academy,Bruce Albert’s,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report“Science never has all the answers,But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”(2005年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 第一个that从句是宾语从句,作tell的直接宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个 that从句是宾语从句,作tell的另一个直接宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第三个that从句是表语从句,that不作从句任何成分;
第四个that从句是主语从句,that不作从句任何成分;
第五个that从句是定语从句,修饰先行词judgments,that作从句谓语 provide的宾语。
[译文] 最近的事情是,得到白宫支持的国家科学院的一次专家论坛告诉我们,地球周围的大气正在变暧,而问题很大程度上是人为的。信息很明确,我们应该行动起来保护自己。科学院院长 Bruce Alberes在小组提交的报告序言里加入了一个关键点:“科学不能提供所有的答案,但是确实为我们提供了关于未来的最佳指南。重要的是,我们的国家和全世界,在有关目前的行动所产生的未来后果上,应该把重要政策建立在科学所能提供的最佳判断的基础上。
[例句] In fact,when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life,it means that we must be educated in such a way that,firstly,each of us can do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability,and secondly,that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society,and that it is very bad to be unwilling to do one’s work,or to laugh at someone else’s,Only such a type of education can be called valuable to society.
[解析] 第一个that从句是宾语从句,作say的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第二个 that从句是宾语从句,作means的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第三个that是such...that搭配,是定语从句;
第四个that是such...that搭配,是定语从句;
第五个that从句是宾语从句,作realize的宾语,that不作从句任何成分;
第六个that从句是宾语从句,作realize的宾语,that不作从句任何成分。
[译文] 事实上,我们说所有的人都必须接受教育以适应生活,也就是说我们必须以这样的方式接受教育:首先,我们每一个人能做与他自己脑力体力相适应的工作;其次,我们能够认识到,对社会来说所有工作都是必要的,不愿干自己的工作或嘲笑别人的工作都是不对的。只有这样一种教育才能叫做对社会有价值的教育。
第十四章 状语从句
14.1状语从句的本质英语中的状语从句有9大类,分别可表示:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。尽管数目较多,但并不难理解。从本质L讲,状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来,以表达分甸之间特定的逻辑关系。
真题再现
[例句] George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,_____ a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal ____the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides _____ the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patient,_____they risked their death,_______you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide_____ you don’t intend their suicide.”(2002年阅读第四篇)
考生可以通过认真分析上下句之间的逻辑关系,或根据下面的译文填入合适的连词。
精品译文 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯认为,只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的,他就没有做违法的事情,即使病人用这些药物来加速死亡。“这就好比外科手术,”他说道,“我们并不把这种死亡称作他杀。因为医生并不想要杀死他们的病人,虽然他们冒了杀人的风险。如果你是医生,你可以冒病人自杀的风险,只要你没有想要他们自杀。”
这篇短文在后文还要详细讲解,在此先不公布答案(答案见4.7.4小节例句(7))。通过这个小练习我们看到,掌握引导9类状语从句的连词的用法是学习状语从句的关键。只要认识连词,就能够识别是何种状语从句,从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。基于状语从句的这种本质特征,考研英语中涉及到状语从句的考题主要是出现在Use of English“英语知识运用”中(以下按传统称之为“完形填空”),就是在两个分句之间留一空格,让考生依据上下文来判断两个分句之间的逻辑关系,从而填入能使语义连贯的连词。此外,在“英译汉”和以前的“语法选择题”、“改错题”中也会出现有关状语从句的考题。在详细阐述各状语从句的连词及其用法之前,先来看几道考研真题。
[例句] Not everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless,Estimates range any wherefrom 600,000 to 3 million,__B_ the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is increasing,(2006年第7题)
A,Now that B,Although C,Provded D Except that
[解析] 本题考查句子之间的语义关系,也就是状语从句中连词的使用,教必须先分析两个分句 the figure may vary和 analysts do agree on another matter之间的逻辑关系;前一个分句论“数字也许不同”,而后一个分句则表示“分析人士对另一件事特有共识”。显然,这两个分句之间是一种转折让步的关系,应填入Although。
[译文] 不是每个人都认同美国无家可归者的人数,估计数字从60万到300万不等。尽管数字不等,但是分析人士均认同另外一件事:无家可归者的人数正在增长。
[例句] Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs,And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders,Many others,_C___not addicted or mentally ill,simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around,(2006年第14题)
A,when B once C While D.whereas
[解析] 同上题一样,本题考的也是状语从句中连调的使用,但比上一题难度更大。这来自于两方面,一是对分句间逻辑关系的判断。要分析两个分句 14 not addicted or mentally ill(此句为省略句,相当于they are not addicted or mentally ill)和 Many others simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around之间的逻辑关系,不仅要看这两个分句,还要从更大的语篇——包括前两个句子Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs,And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders来判断。前面两句话解释了许多无家可归者流浪街头的原因:酗酒、吸毒成病和精神疾病。接下来是另外一个原因:虽然有些人既不酗酒、吸毒,也无精神疾病,但是仍然流浪街头,是因为他们缺乏必要的生存技能。所以,这里要填入一个让步转折的连词。C,While和D,whereas都有转折的意思,哪个更好呢?这就是造成本题难度加大的第二个原因:区分while和whereas。while作连词主要有四个意思:
当…时候(during the time that),时间状语从句连词;
②只要as long as),条件状语从句连词;
③尽管(although),让步状语从句连调;
④然而(whereas),表示对比。而whereas 主要就是用来表示对比.
比如,Some people like fat meat,whereas other hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉,有些人讨厌。whereas这种表示对比的用法将在下面讨论的2005年真题中得到进一步印证。综上所述,while的意思包含了whereas,但whereas并不能包含while。这里while取的是其第三个意思“尽管”。
[译文] 部分问题在于,许多无家可归的成年人酗酒或吸毒成瘾;还有大量的无家可归者患有严重的精神疾病。其他人虽然并不酗酒、吸毒,也没有精神疾病,却缺乏必需的日常生存技能。
真题再现:语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2005年第9题
[例句] Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_D__others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
A,when B.since C,for D,whereas
[解析] 本题考查的也是状语从句中连词的使用。在上一句分析过,whereas表示两者之间的对比关系,这正符合这道题中的两个分句 some people find that they can smell one type moonflower but not another和others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers之间的逻辑关系。我们也看到,出题者没有像上题那样同时给出while和 whereas两个选项,否则都可以选,而是给出了表示时间的when。
[译文] 奇怪的是,有些人发现他们能够闻到一种类型的花香但闻不到另一种,而另外一些人则对两种花香都敏感。
[例句] The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans (1997年第48题)
A,but B.while C,and D,whereas
[解析] 本题考查的是状语从句中连词的使用。细心的读者一定会发现,本题的选项和上面例句(3)中的一样,同时包含while和whereas。至于选哪个连词,我们还得先分析分句之间的逻辑语义关系。两个分句是,The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive和avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by emplopoent rules,healthcare costs and pension plans,但后一个分句是省略句,其完整形式应该是they avoid market cycles and the growing burdens...。两个分句都是在说明劳动力过剩这种现象给美国公司带来的好处——使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力,同时也避免了市场周期的冲击,以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。在选项中只有while能够表示这种关系。
[译文] 这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路,使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力,同时也避免了市场周期的冲击,以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。
从对以上考研真题的分析可知,出题者要求考生对连同while的意义和用法有一个深入而全面的掌握。由此可见,考研英语是考实力,而非“花拳绣腿”式的应试技巧。所以,考生要把握好状语从句逻辑连接词的用法和意义,增强自己的实力,这样才能真正在考试中以不变应万变。在此,我先把状语从句的连词展示给大家,其具体用法将在后边的各小节里详细阐述。
注意状语从句的引导词主要有:
副词从句种类
常用连接词
特殊连接词
时间状语从句
when while,as,before,after,since,till,until,as soon as
1.一些时间名词,the moment,the instant,the minute,the instant,the minute,the day,next time,every time
2.一些副词:instantly,immediately,directly
3.固定搭配的连词,no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when
地点状语从句
where
wherever,anywhere,everywhere
原因状语从句
because,as,for,since
seeing that,considering that,now that,given that,in that,in asmuch as,in so much as
目的状语从句
so that in order that,that
lest,for fear that,in case
in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that
结果状语从句
so...that,so that,
such...that
such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,to such an extent that
条件状语从句
if,unless
suppose,supposing,providing,provided(注意:supposed,provide不用作条件从句的连词)
on condition that,so long as,as long as
让步状语从句
although,though,even
though,even if
while(一般用在句首),as(用于倒装结构);
wh-ever,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether...or...
as adj,as+主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句
as,than
其他比较句型,the more...,the more...; just as...,so…;
A is to B what/as C is to D;no more...than;not A so much as
B/not so much A as B.
方式状语从句
as,the way
14.2时间状语认句时间状语从句的连词较多,其用法特点也各异,另外还要注意市从句的时态搭配,在此我不作赘述。下面主要针对考研中出现的各类时间连词的用法作一个简单的分析归纳。
14.2.1 before的翻译首先要说明的是,这里我不想详细讨论before的各个用法(比如它的主句和从句的时态关系),而只是分析一下它的汉译特点,因为这在考研中出现过。我们都知道,before一般译成“在…之前”。比如:
[例句] Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling,Lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.(2004年阅读第三篇)
[解析] before后边接了一个名词短语 Alan Greenspan’s admission,其后that从句为同位语从句,补充说明admission。这里before正常地翻译成“在…之前”。
[译文] 甚至在阿兰·格林斯潘宣布美国经济繁荣正在降温之前,许多上班族早已觉察到了经济疲软的迹象。
[例句] During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000 a year,lost approximately$175,000,He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20 worth of gambling.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] before后边接了一个从句,主句谓语用过去完成时态,从句谓语用一般过去时态。
[译文] 威廉先生是一位年薪收入为35,000美元的州审计员,这几年,那个赌场让他输掉了175,000美元。而在该赌场送给他一张价值20美元的赌票之前,他从未参与过赌博。
不过,有时我们为了使译文地道,需要将before的汉译做适当的调整,也就是说before不一定都要生硬、呆板地译成“在…之前”,请看下列真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of though,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(2004年第61题)
[解析]这里再来讨论其中的before的翻译技巧。在英文中,before一般接肯定形式,但翻译成汉语时,往往处理成否定的意思。从句before people realized how diverse languages could be可以译成“在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前”。如果有的考生不知道before的这种汉译特点,就会把这句翻译成“希腊人认为语言的结构与思想的过程有某种联系,这种想法源于欧洲,很久以前,人们就意识到语言是多么的丰富多彩。”
[译文] 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
[例句] Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes,And since these messages have an a gender—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.“Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex,before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里before从句虽然表示时间,但实际上引导的是一个前后对比关系:before前说治疗关节炎药品Celebrex的广告鼓动人们去“欢庆”,before后说发现这种药品会加大患心脏病的危险。前后有一种转折意味。
[译文] 我们杂志的报道往往都专注于那些面带愉快微笑的名人以及完美之家中的快乐成员。这些信息只有一个目的——诱惑我们掏钱包,正是它们使快乐这个概念显得不可靠。比如,治疗关节炎药品Celebrex的广告鼓动人们去“欢庆”,后来发现这种药品会加大患心脏病的危险。
[例句] The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.(1991年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里before从句虽然表示时间,但根据上下的文逻辑关系,我们可以将其转译成条件从句,译为“只有…才…”。
[译文] 土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的,它们只有在溶于土壤的溶液之后,才能为植物的根系所吸收。
尤其是在before从句之前接有一段时间状语,一般可以翻译成“在多长时间之后才…”。请看例句:
[例句] It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.
[解析] before前面有一个时间段a few months,如果按照英语原文的语序译成“在情况变得明朗之前,花了几个月时间进行调查”,就有股“英语腔”,不符合汉语的表达习惯,所以,此时宜把它译成“在多长时间之后才…”的结构。
[译文] 经过了几个月调查之后,情况才开始变得明朗。
[例句] In this factory,suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully considered.(1991语法)
[解析] before前面有一个时间段months,所以,宜按照上述规律来变通翻译。
[译文] 在这家工厂,一项建议往往要等上数月之后才会被考虑。
14.2.2 when的用法这里简单总结一下有when出现的历年考研真题。主要是考查when的搭配,比如hardly...when,when It comes to...等。
真题再现
[例句] __A____to speak when the audience interrupted him.(1991年语法)
A,Hardly had he begun B,No sooner had he begun
C,Not until he began D,Scarcely did he begin
[解析] 本题要求考生熟悉when表示过去时间的一个固定搭配,即hardly had something done when something did...这一倒装句型,表示“—…就…”。注意主从句的时态搭配:主句用过去完成时态,且常倒装,从句用一般过去时态。其他类似结构有:scarcely...when...no sooner...than...等。
[译文] 他刚要开始发言,观众就打断了他。
[例句] Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ___D__it comes to classroom tests.(1998年语法)
A,before B,as C,since D,when
[解析] 这题要求考生熟悉when的一个固定搭配,即 when it comes to…的结构,表示“当提到…”。
[译文] 做家庭作业当然是一个提高考试成绩的好办法,尤其是对课堂测试来说。
[例句] On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _C___I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading“Boston”.( 2000年语法)
A.which B,where C,when D,that
[解析] 这一题比上两道稍微难些,要求考生掌握when的时态搭配。在众多when的主从句时态搭配中,有这样一种:一般过去时与过去进行时搭配,短暂动词用一般过去时,如这里的noticed,而延续动词用过去进行时,如这里的 was driving。这一时态搭配表示的意义是:在一个延续动作的背景中(如was driving)突然发生了一个短暂动作。
[译文] 在一个雨天,我正驾着车往北穿越佛蒙特州。这时我突然看见一个年轻男子,手里举着牌子,上面写着“波士顿”。
[例句] In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.( 1995年第74题)
[解析] 通过这个英译汉真题,我想说明的是:when虽然是一个时间连词,但在特定的上下文中,可能会含有条件的意味,可以译成“如果”。
[译文] 一般来说,如果所需要测定的特征能很精确地界定时,测试最为有效;而如果所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果最差。
14.2.3 while后接延续性动词时间连词 while和when含义有差别,while相当于during that time(在…期间),表示某一时间段内发生的动作,因此,从句谓语动词通常是延续性动词。 When相当于 at that time(在…时刻),从句谓语动词通常是短暂动词,表示某一时刻的动作; when从句也呼用延续性动同,但往往是过去进行时态。
[例句] I was walking along the road ___B____suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.(CET-4)
A.immediately B.when C.the moment D.while
[解析] 本题考点类似于上面讨论过的2000年考研真题。这里从句的动词patted是一个短暂动作,所以不能选while。
[译文] 当时我正在路上走,突然有人从后面拍了我的肩膀。
[例句] The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoidingmarxet cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans,(1997年第48题)
A.but B.while C.and D.whereas
[解析] 这一题在前文中讨论过,动词avoid表示一个状态,是延续性动词。
[例句] 这种现象为公司开辟了一条道路,使它们既保持了自身的国际竞争力,同时也避免了市场周期的冲击,以及就业法规、医疗费用和养老金所带来的日益繁重的负担。此外,需要再次提醒的是,while除了表示时间外,还有另外三种意思:表示条件“只要”,表示对比“然而”,表示让步“尽管”,这些在前文中都提到过。
14.2.4 until的用法时间连词until的用法是:until前的主句谓语必须是延续性的,而until后的从句谓语须是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词是短暂动词,则要用否定形式,因为否定表示的是一个状态,而状态是延续的,放形成我们常说的not...until...“直到…才…”的结构。
[例句] Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.(1998年完形填空)
[解析] 动词spoke表示延续,recently是一个时间点。注意:until可以用在句首。
[译文] 直到最近,大多数历史学家仍对工业革命持批评态度。
[例句] People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery,They worked unexhausted,lived with few protections and died young.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 主句谓语动词worked是延续性的,从句谓语exhausted是短暂动词。
[译文] 早期的人们被不幸的暗示包围。他们工作到筋疲力尽,在几乎无保护的状态下生活,并且很年轻就夭折。
[例句] In 1997 he lost$21,000 to one slot machine in two days,In March 1997 he lost$72,186,He sometimes played two sbt machines at a time,all night,until the boat locked at 5 a.m,then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 主句谓语动词played 是延续性的,从句谓语locked是短暂动词。
[译文] 1997年,他两天之内在一台老虎机上输掉了21,000美元。 1997年3月,他输掉了72,186美元。他有时整夜同时在两台老虎机上赌博,直到清晨5点船只停靠码头,然后上午9点赌场开门时他又返回船上。
请注意掌握“not...until...”的四种不同句式。请看例句:
A)正常结构:
The exact time of dying was not of great importance until recently.
B)until置于句首:
Until recently the exact time of dying was not of great importance.
直到最近,死亡的确切时间才变得尤为重要。(注意翻译)
C)倒装结构:
Not until recently was the exact time of great importance.
D)强调结构:
It was not until recently that the exact time of dying was of great importance.
真题再现
[例句] As was discussed before,it was not__D__the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical,(2002年第22题)
A.affer B.by C.during D.until
[解析] 这里考的是“It was not until+时间点+that...”的强调句式,
[译文] 像先前讨论过的那样,直到19世纪,报纸在小册子、书本之后随期刊一起成为了电子媒体出现之前的主要媒体。
需要注意的是:
l)在not until倒装结构中,需要部分倒装的是主句的谓语动词,而作从句的。Not until she had arrived home,did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
2)倒装结构演化成强凋结构时,主句谓语不再使用倒装形式。
Not until she had arrived home,did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor,
14.3地点状语从句
14.3.l地点状语从句通常由where引导,并且一般放在主句后边
[例句] Stay where you are.待在原地别动。
[例句] Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.一般有工厂的地方空气污染都很严重。
[例句] A driver should slow down where there are schools.在有学校的地方,司机应缓行。
14.3.2也可由 wherever,anywhere和everywhere 引导地点状语从句
[例句] Wherever he happens to be,Clint can make himself at home,无论在什么地方,Clint总是无拘无束。
[例句] Everywhere they appeared,there whereat they appeared,there were ovations.他们不管在哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
14.4原因状语从句
14.4.l常用连词常用的连词有,because,for,as,since。现简单介绍它们的用法,如下:
1.because语气最强,只有它能用来回答why问句,其引出的往往是听话人不知道的或最感兴趣的原因。
[例句] My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful,
2.since通常置于句首,引出人们已知的、不需强调的原因,所以常译成“既然”。
[例句] Since we don’t have class tomorrow,why not go out for a picnic?
Since we are an English major,I guess you can help me with this sentence.
注意as与since的用法差不多,所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需用because强调。
As Monday is a national holiday,all government offices will be closed.
3.for表示推断的理由,是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。
[例句] It rained last night for the ground is wet this morning.
试比较,Because it rained last night,the ground is wet this morning.
真题再现
[例句]__D__they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.(2003年第37题)
A.If B,Although C,Whereas D,Because
[解析] 本题考查状语从句的连词用法,空格后面的从句是对主句的解释,构成逻辑上的“因果关系”,故D正确。
[译文] 青少年在不断调整,以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一系列新的变化和挑战,因此他们非常敏感,并且需要有自信心,而这些信心主要来自于获得成功以及自己的成绩能够被别人认可。
[例句] Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior_D__they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others,(2004年第22题)
A,before B,unless C,until D,because
[解析] 本题考查状语从句的连调用法。空格后的从句是对前面主句的解释,构成逻辑上的“因果关系”,故D正确。
[译文] 强调个人的理论认为,青少年之所以犯罪是因为他们在过去并没有因为其不轨的行为而受到相应的惩处,或者通过和其他人的交往而沾染了犯罪行为。
14.4.2用介词表示因果关系常用的介词,because of,due to,owing to。因为是介词,所以后边只能接名词,不能接从句。请比较:
[例句] We had an accident because of his carelessness.
由于他的粗心大意,我们出了车祸。
[例句] We had an accident due to his carelessness.
(注意:不能说“due to he was careless”。*)
[例句] Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.
14.4.3其他复合连词表示原因
1,in that
in that is 基本意思是“原因就在于…”,其引导的从句要放在主句后边,而且主句通常是在作比较。例如:
[例句] The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.
[译文] 这个女孩很像她妈妈,原因在于她感情也很细腻。
[例句] Britain’s press is unusual in that it is divided into two very different types of newspaper,the quality press and the popular press.
[译文] 英国报业与众不同,原因就在于它的报纸分为内容严肃的大报和通俗的,报两种截然不同的类型。
[例句] Mercury differs from other industrial metals is that it is a liquid.
[译文] 水银不同于其他工业用金属,原因就在于它是液态的。
请看下面的真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe_ C _ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.(1995语法)
A,so that B,but that C,in that D.provded that
[解析] 本题考查原因状语从句的特殊连词用法。
[译文] 氢元素是自然界的基本元素,因为它为其他元素的构成提供了基础。
[例句] Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon,hydrogen:oxygen and sometimes nitrogen,They are different__A__ their elements are arranged differently.( 1996年第46题)
A,in that B,so that C,such that D,except that
[解析] 本题考查原因状语从句的特殊连调用法。
[译文] 各种维生素的相似之处在于它们都是由一些基本元素组成的,通常是碳、氢、氧元素,也有氮元素。而它们的不同之处在于,这些元素的排列方式不同。
2,seeing (that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)
这些连词与since相近,它们都有“鉴于某个事实,考虑到…”的意思。
[例句] Seeing that it’s raining hard,we’11 have to stay here for the night.
[例句] They did the job very well,considering that they had no experience.
[例句] Given that they are inexperienced,they’ve done a good job.
[例句] Now that the semester is finished,I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
[例句] Now that you are sixteen,you can get a driver’s license.
14.5目的状语从句
14.5.1常用连词常用的连词有,so that,in order that和that。从句中常含有情态动词may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could等。请看真题例句:
[例句] Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way” so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.(2003年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 从句由so that引导,表示目的,意为“以便”。从句含有情态动词can。
[译文] 人们常引用科罗拉多州前州长Richard Lamm的话说,老年多病者“有义务死去和让位”,以便让更年轻、更健康的人们发挥他们的潜能。
真题再现
[例句] In these activities,it is important to remember that young teens have short attention spans,A variety of activities should be organized __C___participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.( 2003年第35题)
A.if only B.now that C.so that D.even if
[解析] 本题考查状语从句的连词。主句说“应该组织各种各样的活动”,从句说“参加者愿意活动多久就活动多久”。显然,这两句间的逻辑关系应该是手段与目的的关系,所以 so that“以便”正确。A是表示条件“只要”,B表示原因“既然…”,D表示让步“即使…”。
[译文] 在设计这类活动时,应记住:青少年的注意力持续时间较短。因此,活动的形式要丰富多彩,这样,他们就可按自己的意愿参与这些活动,想活动多久就活动多久,而在转而参加另一项活动时,也不会感到内疚或让伙伴失望。
14.5.2其他引导词
lest,for fear(that),in case也可引导目的状语从句,译为“以免”、“以防止”、“生怕…”,从句谓语动词一般用情态动词should,但省略。请看真题例句:
[例句] They(scientists)should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.(2003阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里目的从句的连词是lest,从句谓语用了动词原形go,尽管主语是单数misinformation,
这是因为省去了情态动词should,原句应该是:lest animal rights misinformation should go。
[译文] 他们(科学家)应该及时回复读者来信,以防止有关动物权利的误导言论不受质疑,甚至被上一层真理的外衣。
[例句] What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar.(2000年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里目的从句的连词是lest,从句谓语用了动词原形be,尽管主语是第三人称复数they,这是因为省去了情态动词should,原句应该是:lest they should be...。
[译文] 实际状况是,人们不能像从前那样轻易地、公开地完全承认他们的梦想,以免被人认为是出风头、贪婪、庸俗。
此外,我们还可用in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that等来表示目的。不过,这在历年阅读真题中尚未出现过。
14.6结果状语从句
14.6.l常用连词常用的连词有:so...that,such...that。so后边接形容词或副词,间或接分词,而such后要接名词。我们还可以用 so that,such that来引导结果状语从句。从句都要放在主句之后。请看真题例句:
[例句] He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself,but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.(1999年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句,so后面接了副调consistently。
[译文] 他一直不断地提出确定不疑的主张,以至于不仅他自己对它们深信不疑,还使得工商管理界相信它们都是真的。
[例句] Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of“tunnel method”,frequently fall victim to the“ethicist fallacy”.(1999英译汉)
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句,so后边接了过去分调blinded。
[译文] 史学家,尤其是那些因仅局限于他们自己的研究兴趣而被指责为“井蛙之见研究法”的史学家,常常成了“技术谬误”的牺牲品。
真题再现
[例句] And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage,(2001年第75题)
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句,so后边接形容词smart。
[译文] 家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
[例句] The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricsting their data.( 2004年第63题)
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句,so后边接了副词strikingly。
[译文] 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造材料。
[例句] However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.( 1996年第74题)
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句,so后边接了过去分词made。
[译文] 然而,世界就是如此,完美的理论体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
[例句] Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to__C____ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself,(2001年语法)
A.as B.which C.that D.what
[解析] 这里是so...that...引导的结果状语从句。
[译文] 在一个社会里,人们若是花费太多时间去倾听或是被动地与人交流,以至于几乎丧失了说话的意愿和技能,那么人们之间的交流就会越来越少。
偶尔我们也用so that来引导结果状语从句,这与上面12.5 小节讨论的so that引导目的状语从句不同,翻译时要注意区分。请看真题例句:
[例句] As the dome grows,it develops seed fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean,(1998阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里是so that引导的结果状语从句。
[译文] 随着这个穹隆地形的增长,它形成深深的裂缝;在少数情况下,大陆可能沿着其中一些裂缝完全断裂,这样“热点”促成了新大洋的形成。
[例句] Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War 11 to send secret messages.(2004年英译汉)
[解析] 这里是so that引导的结果状语从句,只不过插入了 in fact。
[译文] 土著美洲语言的确有很大的不同,其不同程度大到Navajo语在二战期间被美军用来传递秘密情报。
我们再来看看 such...that和such that引导的结果状语从句,这在考研真题中出现得较少。请看下列面的例句:
[例句] Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.
[解析] 这里是 such...that...引导结果状语从句,such后边接了名词a way。
[译文] 外交官的行为方式和螃蟹一样,因为无法判断他们是要向前走还是想往后退。
[例句] The sloth pays so little Mention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mould hair,Its muscles are such that it is quite incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the shortest distances and the swiftest movement if can make is as weep of its hooked arm,It is virtually dumb and its hearing is so poor that you can let off a gun within inches of it and its only response will be to turn slowly and blink.
[解析] 这里既有so...that也有such that引导的结果状语从句。such that引导结果状语从句,可能很多考生都不熟悉,下文将详细解释。
[译文] 树獭极不讲究卫生,以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔,成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处,变成毛毛虫,并以它的脏毛为食物。它的肌肉不能让它哪怕在很短的距离内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏捷的动作就是挥一挥它那弯曲的胳膊。树懒简直就是聋子,听觉能力糟糕透顶,以至于你在离它几英寸远。C距离开一枪,它唯一的反应也只不过是缓缓地扭一下头,眨眨眼。
在such that引导的结果状语从句中,such就相当于 so+形容词,比如:
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself.
[例句] The logic of scientific development is such(A) that separates(B) groups of men working(C) on the same problem in far-scattered(D) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same answer the same time.( 1998年改错)
正确答案B,改为separate。
[解析] 这里是 such that引导的结果状语从句。separate是一个形容词,修饰groups,而不是谓语动词。
[译文] 科学发展的逻辑就是如此,不同的研究人员,分散在不同的地方研究同样的问题,很可能同时得出完全一样的结论。
14.6.2结果状语从句的倒装在英文中,such/so...that引导的结果状语从句,为了强调,还可以将主句中的so或such置于句首从而构成倒装结构。
[例句] So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
[解析] 这句的正常语序为,Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
[译文] 光的传播是如此之快,以至于我们无法想象它的速度。
真题再现
[例句] So involved with their computers__D__ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
A.bacame the children B.become the children
C.had the children become D.do the children become
[解析] 这句的正常语序为,The children become so involved with their computers that leaders...。另外,这里C选项虽然也是一个倒装结构,但是时态不对,因为从句谓语是 have to一般现在时态,不可能与过去完成时态搭配。
[译文] 这些孩子们是如此迷恋于电脑,以至于计算机夏令营里的带队老师们常常要强迫他们停止玩电脑,参加体育活动和做游戏。
14.6.3其他短语连接的结果状语从句这些结构有:to the degree(that),to the extent(that),to such a degree(that),to such an extent(that)。当它们位于句首表强调时,主句需倒装。
[例句] Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably and predictably suffering,”to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse.”(2002年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里to the extent that就表示一个结果。
[译文] 安纳斯说,律师在坚持将好意的医疗行为转变为优质的关怀方面将可以起到关键作用。“大批医生似乎对病人承受的不必要和可预见的痛苦漠不关心”,以至于到了“故意虐待病人”的地步。
请看更多例句:
[例句]The bereaved mother was grieved to the degree that she couldn’t eat anything for 3 days.
[例句]To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze,
[例句]To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire,
14.7条件状语从句这里只分析真实条件句,非真实条件句将在“虚拟语气”一章作详细讨论。
14.7.l常用连词最常见的引导词是if和unless。
[例句] If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?
[例句] You don’t need an umbrella unless it is raining.如果天没下雨,你就不需要带伞。
[例句] In politics,if you want someone to make a speech,ask a man; if you want something done,ask a woman.(by Margaret Thatcher)
[例句] Today if a happy smile comes to you,a happy smile that perhaps you can’t explain...it is because at that moment,I am thinking of you,and smiling too.
14.7.2 only if与if only
考研中,多次出现这两个连词的考题,考生需要熟悉它们的意思。简单来说,only if表示“只有”,而if only表示“只要”。请看真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me__D__ she could remember who last borrowed it.( 1996年语法)
A.ever since B.much as C.even though D.if only
[解析] 本题是考状语从句的连词,A表示“自从…以来”,B表示“尽管…”,C表示“即使…”,均不符合两句的逻辑关系,只有if only“只要”正确。
[译文] 借阅处的管理员答应帮我找到这本书,只要她能记得上次是谁借走的。
[例句] He Can continue to support himself and his family __A__ he produces a surplus,(2000年第42题)
A,only if B,much as C,long before D,ever since
[解析] 本题是考状语从句的连词,B表示“尽管…”,C表示“在…之前”,D表示“自从…以来”,均不符合两句的逻辑关系,只有only if“只有”正确。
[译文] 只有生产有了盈余,他才能够养活自己和家人。
[例句] On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.( 1992年第75题)
[解析] 这个句子较复杂,但是只要看懂其中的两个only if结构,整个句子的逻辑关系就不难理解了。 but前面的部分表示结论,而其后面两个 only if从句则表示得出此结论所必须达到的条件,因此,我们在翻译时,可以灵活处理这两个only if从句,将它们先总说译成“必须具备两个条件:……”,然后再分别具体译出两个条件。
[译文] 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与其他孩子相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。
[例句] If only(A) the nature of the aging process is(B) better understood,the possibility of discovering(C) a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems(D) very remote,(1994年改错)
正确答案 A,改为Unless。
[解析] if only主要有两个意思:“只要”和“要是…就好了,但愿”。通过分析主从句之间的逻辑关系,我们看到 if only在这里讲不通。主句的关键词是 remote,表示发明抗衰老药物可能性极小,从句说要对衰老过程有更好的了解,前后显然是对立关系,所以用unless连接两个分句。
[译文] 除非我们对人类衰老过程有更好的了解,否则不太可能发明一种可以抗衰老的药物。
14.7.3 must/have to do...if..,be to do结构条件从句中,有一种固定搭配,也许很多考生都没有注意过,这个结构就是,must/ have to do...if...be to do,先看真题阅读中的例句:
[例句] If ambition is to be well regarded,the rewards of ambition—wealth,distinction,control over one’s destiny一must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf,If the tradition of ambition is to have vitally,it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them.(2000年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 两个if从句中的谓语都采用了 be to do的形式( is to be,is to have),对应的主句谓语都含有情态动词 must,为什么会有这种对应呢?其实,这涉及到 be to do这个结构的意义,be to do往往表示比较强烈的感情色彩,有加强语气的意味,相当于情态动词must或should,可以翻译成“一定得…”,所以与be to do呼应的主句往往会含有情态动词 must或 will have to,这两者就构成 must/will have to do...if...be to do,表示“如果(从句)一定得怎么样,那么(主句)也必须怎么样”。
[译文] 若真的能够正确看待雄心壮志,那么它的回报——财富、荣誉、对自己命运的掌控——一定会被认为值得为之做出牺牲。如果雄心壮志的传统只是激发活力,那么人们就应该都拥有它;特别是它必须被那些本身受到尊敬的人士所重视,受过教育的人们是其中重要的一部分。
真题再现
[例句] Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ___A__avoided,(1998语法)
A is to be B to bs C,We be D,has been
[解析] 我们都知道条件从句一般要用现在时态代替将来时态,所以C不正确。正确答案是A,表示的就是上面讲过的对应关系。
[译文] 如果要避免粮食危机,就必须大力提高农业产量。
[例句] The first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of indigence is to made.( 1992年第74题)
[解析] 这个条件句里同样存在上述呼应关系,在翻译时要译出来。
[译文] 如果一定要从智力方面进行比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。
[例句] But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose area challenge.(2002年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这个条件句里同样存在上述呼应关系,在翻译时要译出来。
[译文] 但是如果一定要机器人进一步节省劳力的话,它们就必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够独立做一些决定——这些目标提出了——一个真正的挑战。
[例句] If it doesn’t rain within the next few weeks,the crops will have to be watered if they are to survive.
[解析] 这个条件句里同样存在上述的呼应关系,在翻译时要译出来。
[译文] 要是未来几星期还不下雨,想让这些农作物存活的话,就必须得浇水了。4.7.4其他引导条件从句的连词其他引导条件从句的连词有,suppose(that),supposing(that),providing/provided(that),so long as,as long as,on condition that等。
[例句] George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.’We don’t call those deaths hamates because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death,If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t Intend their suicide.”(2002年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里是as long as表示条件,引导从句。
[译文] 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯认为,只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的,他就没有做违法的事情,即使病人用这些药物来加速死亡。“这就好比外科手术,”他说道,“我们并不把这种死亡称作他杀。因为医生并不想要杀死他们的病人,虽然他们冒了杀人的风险。如果你是医生,你可以胃病人自杀的风险,只要你没有想要他们自杀。”
真题再现
[例句] You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting__A__ you don’t mind taking the night train,(1993年语法)
A.provded B.uness C.though D.until
[解析] 分析两个句子之间的逻辑关系可知,这里是表示条件关系,故 A正确。
[译文] 你可以早点去北京开会,只要你不介意坐夜班火车。
[例句] He would surely finish the job on time _D__he’s left to do it in his own way.( 2000-12 CET-4)
A,in that B,in case C,as far as D so long as
[解析] 前后句之间是条件关系。
[译文] 只要放手让他按照自己的方式去做,他一定能够准时完成这个工作的。
再看更多例句:
[例句] A man is not old as he seeking something,A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams So long as you work hard enough,an iron rod can be ground into a needle.
[译文] 只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。
[例句] Suppose nothing happens to you,suppose you live there your whole life and nothing happens,You never meet anybody,you never become anything and finally,you die one of those New York deaths and no one notices for two weeks until the smell drifts into the hallway.(lines from a movie)
14.7.5其他表示条件意味的句型
1.祈使句/ 省略句十and...=if从句十主句
[例句] Spare the rod and spoil the child.=If you spare the rod,you’ll spoil the child.孩子不打不成器。
[例句] Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back! Let us help you realize your dreams!(一个美容广告如是说)
真题再现
[例句] Talk to anyone in the drug industry,you’11 soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing __B__to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.(2000年语法)
A of B and C for D,so
[解析] 本题考查考生是否掌握其他含有条件意味的句型。
[译文] 只要找医药行业的任何人聊聊,你就会发现,自从青霉素发现以来,基因遗传学现已成为医药研究领域的热门课题。
2.祈使句/省略句+or/ or else= unless从句+主句
[例句] Give it back to me or(else) I’ll tell your parents.
= Unless you give it back to me,I’ll tell your parents,
14.8让步状语从句
14.8.l常用连词常见的引导让步状语从句的连词有:Hough,although,even though,even if,此时,主句前不可用but,但可用 yet/ still。
[例句] Although he tried hard,(yet/still) he failed,
[例句] Although didn’t know anybody at the party,I had a very good time,
[例句] The family is the essential presence-the thing that never leaves you; even if you find you have to leave it.
真题再现
[例句] Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran over(A) the fifty-minute period,but(B) none(C) of his students even objected(D) as they found his lectures both informative and interesting,(1997年改错)
正确答案 B,去掉but。
[解析] 本题考查although和but不能连用这一知识点。
[译文] 尽管格林教授上课时间常超过扣分钟,但是他的学生中没有一个人反对,因为他们觉得他的课既有趣又有收获。
[例句] Although Mr,Smith studied art(A) in Paris,but his(B) writings attracted much(C) more interest than(D) his paining.(TOEFL)
正确答案 B,去掉but。
[解析] 本题考查 although和 but不能连用这一知识点。
[译文] 尽管史密斯先生在巴黎是学习绘画艺术的,但是他的文学作品要比绘画更引人关注。
真题再现
[例句] The engineers are going through with their highway project,__A__the expenses have risen.( 1992年语法)
A.evgn though B.just becausg C.now that D.as though
[解析] 本题考查的是状语从句中连词的使用。
[译文] 尽管费用上涨了,工程师们依然继续这个公路建设项目。
[例句]__A__its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers,(1997年第44题)
A Even though B,Now that C,If only D,Provided that
[解析] 本题考查的是状语从句中连词的使用。
[译文] 尽管美国经济持续好转,但它却日益成为一个拥有大量兼职者和临时工的国家。
[例句] All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act;__C__a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.( 2004年第40题)
A,provided B,since C.although D,supposing
[解析] 本题考查的是状语从句连词的使用。
[译文] 所有这些条件都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性,虽然其中的直接因果关系尚未证实。
14.8.2表示让步转折关系的介词、副词和动词上面讨论了常见的让步状语从句连词,在英文中还可以用介词、副词甚至动词来表示让步转折关系。
1.表示让步转折关系的介词:
这些介词主要是 despite,in spite of,for all,notwithstanding。需要注意的是,上文讲到的 although,though等是连词,因此后边只能接从句(有时是省略形式的从句),而这里的介词只能接名词(短语),不能接从句。请比较:
[例句] Though he was inexperienced,he did a very good job.= Ih spite of his inexperience..,In spits of his being inexperienced,...
[例句] Although it was dangerous,...=Despite the danger,...
[例句] Though the weather was bad,...=In spite of the bad weather,...
[例句] Despite(A) fats and oils are nutritionally(B) important as(C) energy sources,medical research indicates(D) that saturated fats may contribute to hardening of the arteries.
正确答案 A,改为 Though或 Although。
[解析] 本题考查让步状语从句中连调的使用。despite是介词,不能引导从句,故要改成连词。
[译文] 尽管动物脂肪和植物油都是重要的能量来源,但是医学研究表明饱和脂肪可能会导致动脉硬化。
[例句] what he achieved in medicine,__A__he remained modest.
A,Despite B,Although C,If D,Whereas
[解析] 本题考查状语从句中连词的使用。这里 What相当于 things that,引导的是一个名词性从句,其本质上相当于一个名词短语,故此处仍需用介调。用 though只能说成,Though he achieved a lot in medicine,he remained modest.
[译文] 尽管他在医学领域取得过很多成就,但是他依然很谦虚。
[例句] __C__tired,he wouldn’t stop working.
A,Despite B.For all C,Though D,Whereas
[解析] 本题考查状语从句中连词的使用。这是一个省略的状语从句,原句是Though he was tired,he wouldn’t stop working,所以要用连词,而不是介词,故 C正确。
[译文] 尽管很累,但他依然坚持工作。
2.表示让步转折关系的副词:
这样的副词主要是however,nevertheless,nonetheless,though(可以用作副词)等。这些让步副词在考研完形填空中曾多次出现,以前常考的是考生熟悉的however和nevertheless,2005年考题中首次出现了though用作副词的情况。很多考生仅熟悉though作为连词的用法,而不知道它还可以用作副词,相当于however,表示“不过,然而”。
真题再现
[例句] The human nose is an underrated tool,Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animas,1 this is largely because,unlike animals we stand upright,This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air,missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces,In fact,5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realize it,Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million,2005年第1、5、6题
1.A.although B.as C.but D.while
5.A.anyway B.though C.instead D.therefore
6,A even if B if only C,only if D,as if
正确答案 1.C,5.B,6.A
[解析] 本题考查状语从句连词以及表示让步转折关系的副词的使用。
[译文] 人类的鼻子是一个被低估的器官。与动物相比,人类通常被认为嗅觉不灵敏,但是这主要是因为:人与动物不同,我们人类是直立行走的。这意味着,我们的鼻子仅限于察觉那些漂浮在空气中的气味,而闻不到粘在大地表层的大部分气味。但实际上,我们的嗅觉极为灵敏,即使通常没有意识到这一点。我们的鼻子能嗅出人的气味,即使这些气味被稀释到百万分之一以下的水平。
[例句] It is generally recognized,29 that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,followed by the invention of the integrated commit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,31 its impact on the media was not immediately apparent,(2002年第29、31题)
29.A.indeed B.hence C.however D.therefore
31.A.unless B.since C.lest D.although
正确答案 29.C,31.D
[解析] 本题考查状语从句连词以及表示让步转折关系的副词的使用。
[译文] 然而人们普遍认为;20世纪初计算机的出现以及后来60年代集成电路的发明极大地改变了这一过程,尽管这不会立即对媒体产生明显的影响。
[例句] This view,__A__,is generally thought to be wrong,(1998年第47题)
A.however B.meanwhile C.therefore
[解析] 本题考查表示让步转折关系的副词的使用。
[译文] 不过,一般认为这一观点是错误的。
[例句] Getting enough vitamins is essential to life,although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins,Many people,_A__,believe in being on the“safe side”and thus take extras vitamins.( 1996第50题)
A,nevertheless B.therefore C.moreover D.meanwhile
[解析] 本题考查表示让步转折关系的副词的使用。
[译文] 摄入足够多的维生素,对于我们人类来说是很重要的,尽管过多的维生素对人体来说也没有什么营养价值。不过,很多人还是坚持采取较安全的策略,仍然摄入较多的维生素。
3.表示让步转折关系的动词:admit
真题再现
[例句] Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,They 41 that in the long run Industrialization gristly raised the stranded of living for the average man,(1998第41题)
A admitted B believed C,claimed D,predicted
[解析] 本题考查表示让步转折关系的副词的使用。
[译文] 直到最近,大多数历史学家仍对工业革命持批评态度。虽然他们承认从长远来看,工业化确实在很大程度上提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。4.8.3置于句首的while一般表示“尽管…”
While位于句首,一般意为“尽管…”,引导让步状语从句。考研阅读文章中常出现While的这一用法。请看下面的真题例句:
[例句] While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the l960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.(2005年阅读第四篇)
[解析] while出现在句首,表示让步转折。
[译文] 在20世纪60年代之前,当人们伏案写作时,即使受教育不多的人也追求一种高雅的风格,而从那以后,即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口语风格。
[例句] While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-affer the mass redundancies caused by downsizing the late 80’s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance,We have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里 while作为连词,表示对比关系,比较的是在美国和在英国,人们开始过简单生活的不同理由。可以译成“不过,然而”。
[译文] 尽管在美国,这个潮流原本是经济衰退的一种反应——80年代后期经济规模的缩减造成了大量裁员——现在仍与勤俭的政纲相联系,然而在美国,至少在我认识的中产阶级急流勇退者当中,我们持有简化生活的各种不同的理由。(102) While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.(2000年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里 while作为连词表示“尽管”,注意从句是一个省略形式的状语从句,相当于说While it is often praised by…,这里it指代 Japanese education。
[译文] 虽然日本的教育常常因为重视基础知识而受到外国人士的赞扬,但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习,而不是创造性及自我表现。
[例句] while history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and provoking rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.( 1999年英译汉)
[解析] while出现在句首,表示让步转折。
[译文] 尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性,但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们开辟了更为广阔的天地,提出了新问题,也提供了解过去的有效途径。
真题再现
[例句] While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past,(1999年第71题)
[解析] while出现在句首,表示让步转折。
[译文] 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
[例句] I have excluded him because,While his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems,(2006年第48题)
[解析] 本题考查状语从句连词的翻译。这里 because原因状语从句里面又包含一个 While让步状语从句。
[译文] 我之所以把普通的科学家排除在外,是因为尽管科学家的成就可能促成道德问题的解决,但是科学家们一直以来都没有以解决道德中的实际方面问题为己任。
14.8.4 no matter wh-
No matter+ what,who,When,where,which,how可以代替 whatever,wherever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however来引导让步状语从句,表示“无论…”。请注意,这几个连词除了 however外,一般都是单独使用,而however后边通常要接形容词或副词,不单独使用。请看真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] There are over 100 night schools in the city,making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter C he does,(1998年语法)
A how B where C what D when
[解析] 本题考查让步状语从句连调的使用应慎what,充当及物动词does的宾语。
[译文] 这个城市有100多所夜校,所以任何一个在职人员不论是从事什么行业,都完全有可能接受继续教育。
[例句] NO matter what I did to the money,you still wanted it because it did not decrease in value,Many times in our lives we are dropped,crumpled,and ground into the dirt by the decisions we make and the circumstances that come our way,We feel as though we are worthless,But no matter what has happened or what will happen,you will never lose your value in God’s eyes,The worth of our lives come not in what we do or who we know but by WHO WE ARE! You are special-Don’t ever forget it!
[译文] 无论我如何对待那张钞票,你们还是想要它,因为他并没有贬值。人生路上,我们会无数次地被自己的决定或碰到的逆境击倒、欺凌,甚至碾得粉身碎骨,我们觉得自己似乎一文不值。但无论发生了什么,或将要发生什么,在上帝的眼中,你们永远不会丧失价值。生命的价值不依赖我们的所作所为,也不仰仗我们结交的人物,而是取决于我们本身!你们是独特的——永远不要忘记这一点。
[例句] But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.(2000年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这个句子原本的结构是:Our descendants may be amazed at how far from Utopia we were,…。现在因为有了连词however,amazed和however被一同提到了句首。
[译文] 但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之遥远感到多么的吃惊,他们的长相将和我们一样。
[例句] When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at,for,however fad etched and unreasonable their planktons may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.(2000年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这个句子有一定的难度。关键是要知道这里的for是表示原因的连词,引导原因状语从句。在这个for原因从句里面又套有一个however引导的让步状语从句。这个让步从句的本来结构是:their principles may seem farfetched and unreasonable today。现在因为有了连词 however,farfetched and unreasonable和 however被一同提到了句首。
[译文] 当一种新的艺术运动达到某种程度的流行时,我们最好搞清楚这个运动倡导者们的目标是什么,因为不管他们的原则规在看来是如何牵强和不合理,在将来都有可能变得稀松平常。
[例句],The test of any democratic society,”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,however imputable or irritating the results may sometimes be,We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”( 1997年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这个句子原本的结构是:the results may sometimes be disputable or irritating。现在因为有了连词 however,disputable or irritating和 however被一同提到了句首。
[译文] 他在《华尔街日报》的一个专栏中写道:“对任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多好地控制言论的自由表达,而在于它是否尽可能更宽松地赋予思想自由和表达自由,但有时结果可能会大有争议或个人不悦。面对威胁,我们不会退缩。”
看完上面的例句,细心的读者一定注意到了,在 no matter wh-这样的让步从句中,从句谓语往往会有情态动词may(或might)。这是用来加强让步语气的,相当于汉语中说“可能会多么的…”,请参看上述各例句的译文,认真体会。这种谓语常常出现在however引导的从句中,但不限于however。有时甚至把may或might省去,只剩下动词原形,请看下面的例句:
[例句] Try as he will,no man breaks wholly loose from his first love,no matter Who she be…,We’ve only one virginity to lose and where we lost it there our hearts will be!
[解析] 这个句子出自一本英文原版小说的扉页。这里 no matter who she be就相当于 no matter who she might be这样加强语气的形式。该句中Try as he will也是一个让步状语从句的结构,接下来我们就会讨论。
[译文] 不管怎么样,没有一个男人能够完完全全忘却自己的初恋,不管她是谁。因为童贞只有一次,我们永远不会忘记自己奉献出的第一次。4.8.5 as引导的倒装句表示让步
as引导的倒装句可表示让步,这一结构有:
adj.
anv.
分词 +as+主语+谓语动词
名词(无冠词)
短语
[例句] Young as he is,he is knowledgeable.(形容词)
[例句] Much as I respect him,I can not agree with him.(副词)
[例句] Again as he failed in doing this experiment,he didn’t lose his heart,(副词)
[例句] Praised as he was,he remained modest.(分词)
[例句] Child as he is,he is knowledgeable.(名词不带冠词)
[例句] Lazy a boy as he is,he is kind to help others.(注意词序,Lazy a boy)
[例句] Oldest in our workshop as he is,he works hardest.( 此时,最高级前不用the)
另外可以把动词原形置于句首,此时结构为:v.+ as十主语十助动词(may/ might,will/ would,can/could,do/does/did)。
[例句] Fail as I did,l would never stop trying.
[解析] 这里是将动词原形fail提前,其原因很简单,若是将failed提前,那么句子无法成立,我们无法说,Failed as I*。所以我们只能将原形动词 fail提前,而通过动动词 did来标明时态。
[译文] 尽管失败了,但我决不会停止尝试。
[例句] Try as he will,no man breaks wholly loose from his first love,no matter who she be....We’ve only one virginity to lose and where we lost it there our hearts will be!
[解析] 这个句子在上面分析过。这里是把动词原形提到句首,形成 Try as he will这样一个让步状语从句的结构。若动词是及物动词,其宾语也要随着动词提前。
[译文] 不管怎么样,没有一个男人能够完完全全忘却自己的初恋,不管她是谁。因为竟贞只有一次,我们永远不会忘记自己奉献出的第一次。(121)Lose money as I did,I got a lot of experience.
[解析] 这里不把 lost,而是把“动词原形 lose+宾语 money”提前,即动词与其宾语同时提到句首。
[译文] 尽管我费了很多钱,但是我获得了很多经验。
最后注意的是,这里的 as可以替换为 that或 though,尽管这样较少用,但不可以用 although。
真题再现
[例句]Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true,(1998年75题)
[解析] 我们看到,这里作者用 though代替as来表示让步。
[译文] 宇宙膨胀理论虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上可信的推论。许多天体物理学家十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
[例句] Much although(A) I have traveled,I have never seen anyone to equal(B) her in thoroughness,whatever(C) the job(D),(1998年改错)
正确答案 A,改为 Much as。
[解析] 本题考查的就是as引导的让步从句。我们看到,这里用although代替as是错误的。
[译文] 尽管我游历甚广,但我还从没有见过一个像她这样不论对什么工作都如此细致认真的人。
[例句] __D__he does get annoyed with her sometimes,(1992年语法)
A,Although much he likes her B.Much a though he likes her
C,As he likes her much D.Much as he likes her
[解析] 本题考查的就是 as引导的让步从句。我们看到,这里不选B而选 D,显然是因为不能用although代替as。
[译文] 尽管他很喜欢她,但是有时也冲对她发火。
14.8.6 as/so+形容词+ as+主调结构,放在句首,表示让步这一表示让步的结构,在到目前为止的考研英语中尚未出现过,不过,我还是希望各位考生掌握,以防万一,如出现在考研翻译或阅读理解中。
[例句] As much as John hates to do it,he must stay at home and study tonight.
[译文] 约翰不愿意,但他今晚还是得待在家里学习。
[例句] As amusing and perceptive as graffiti(涂鸦) may sometimes be,it has by no means women livers approval.
[译文] 尽管涂鸦有时可以供人消遣并发人深思,但它决不会赢得普遍认同。
[例句] As important as your obligation as a doctor,a lawyer or a business leader will be,you are a human being first,and those human connections with spouses,with children,with friends are the most important investments you will ever make,At the end of your life; you are never regret not having passed one more test,winning one more verdict,closing one more deal,You will regret time not spent with a husband,a child,a mend or a parent,Our success as a society depends not on what happens in the White House but on what happens inside your house.
[译文] 尽管你们将来或许要成为一名医生、一位律师或是一个商人并要肩负重任,但首先你是一个平凡的人。因此,你与自己的配偶、孩子、朋友等之间的亲情或友情是最为重要的。在你临终前,让你感到后悔的不会是因为没有多做一次医学测试、没能多打赢一场官司或没有多做成一笔生意,而是后悔没有多花时间陪你的丈夫、孩子、朋友或是父母。社会的发展进步依赖于每一个家庭,而不是白宫。
[例句] As important as qualifications are,and you won’t get to an interview without the qualifications,the most thing in fad is the carder and how a person presents himself at interview,I find it very difficult to define exactly the sort of personal am looking for;but when I meet someone I can tell whether they are the sort of person that I would like to appoint or whether they are not.
[译文] 在求职过程中,资历固然很重要,因为若没有很好的资历,你是得不到面试机会的。但事实上,最重要的是你的个性以及在面谈中你是如何展现自己的。有时很难确切地说我需要何种类型的人才,但是在面谈过程中,我能够判断出他们是否是我所需要的人才。
14.8.7 be的倒装句表示让步我们先来看例句:
[例句] All substances,be they gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms.
[解析] 这个句子原本的结构是,All substances,whether they may be gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms,即相当于whether引导的让步从句,译成“不论…还是…”。把whether省去后,将be动词提到句首。
[译文] 一切物质,不论气态、液态还是固态,都是由原子构成的。
真题再现
[例句] Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,they__A__ Christian,Islamic,Buddhist; Jewish,and so on,(2001年语法)
A be B,being C,were D,are
[解析] 本题考查的就是be的倒装句表示让步。
[译文] 我们所使用的“教派”一词指所有的团体,不管他们是基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教还是犹太教等。
[例句] The business of each day,__B___ selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly,(1992年语法)
A,it being B be it C was it D it was
[解析] 本题考查的就是 be的倒装句表示让步。
[译文] 每天的生意,不论是售货还是运货,都进展得很顺利。
14.9比较状语从句
14.9.l连词as
在这里我只讨论 as引导的比较状语从句,关于 as的其他用法,请参见 as专题。as引导比较状语从句,基本结构是as...as,这里前一个as是到词,而后一个as才是比较状语从句的连词。具体用法如下:
1.结构,as+形容词或副词+as”
[例句] Eyes are as eloquent as lips(are).
[例句] An adult human must take eight steps to go as far as a giraffe does in one stride.
真题再现
[例句] Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often___A__,if not better than; an actual performance.(1996年语法)
A as good as B as good C good D,good as
[解析] 这里 as good as是一个完整结构,不能省去as,原句相当于:I find records are often as good as an actual performance,if they are not better than it,由此可见,if not better than是一个省略句。
[译文] 你喜欢听唱片吗?我发现唱片的音响效果与现场演出效果一样好,甚至可能更好。
2.结构,as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as”
此结构中,前一个as作为副词来修饰一个形容词,而这个形容词同时又修饰一个名词。使用时要特别注意“形容调置于不定冠词之前”这一特点。请看例句:
[例句] Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social,economic,and cultural development as the growth of electronics.
[解析] 若没有 as修饰 great,原本的结构是 a great impact,但现在将其置于 as...as结构中,则冠词和形容词的位置要互换,因此成了 as great an impact as。另外要注意的是,整个句子是一个倒装句,正常语序为,At technological development has rarely had as great an impact on...as the growth of electronics.
[译文] 很少有一项科技发展能像电子技术的发展这样,对我们的社会、经济、文化等诸多方面产生如此重要的影响。
[例句] Americans tend to think from small to large,Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.
[解析] 若没有as修饰 simple,原本结构是:a simple example,但现在将其置于as...as结构中,则冠词和形容词的位置要互换,因此成了 as simple an example as,译成“像这样的一个简单例子”。另外:这里as...as结构并不是引导一个比较状语从句,举这个例子主要是为了说明“as+形容调+ a(n)+可数名词单数+as”这一结构。
[译文] 美国人思维喜欢由具体到一般。我们举一个写信封地址的简单例子吧。
真题再现
[例句] is function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in subgroups manners possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.(2006年第47题)
[解析] 这个句子的难点在于 revealing…his decision这一部分。难点有二:一是 in as obvious a manner as possible 这一怪异的结构; 一是 revealing的宾语 the course of reasoning which led him to his decision后置了。介列短语 in as obvious a manner as possible是 in an obvious manner和 as...as possible两个结构的叠加。原本的 in an obvious manner修饰动词revealing,作方式状语,可译成“以很明了的方式”。然后,按照上述as...as的用法特点,在in an obvious manner这个介词短语上加上 as...as possible结构来修饰obvious,此时不定冠词要放在 obvious后边,于是便有了:in as obvious a manner as possible,译成以尽可能明了的方式”。另外,这里as...as结构并不是引导一个比较状语从句,举这个例子主要是为了说明“as+形容词+ a(n)+可数名词单数+as”这一结构。
[译文] 他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
[例句] While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past,(1999年第71题)
[解析] 虽然标题中提到的结构是“as+形容词+ a(n)+可数名词单数+as”,但这里形容词若是数量形容词,如 many,则其中的名词就得用复数。本句就是一例,as many definitions...as...。
[例句] 乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重视过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。3.在否定句中,第一个as可用so代替(139) No other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the United States does.(注意:此句为否定句,否定词 no置于句首)
[例句] Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.( 2005年第46题)
[解析] 这里有了否定词never,所以后面可用 so。关于此句中的 so much...as结构,请参看“As专题”。
[译文] 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
当然,也可以不改为so,仍然用as,我们来看2006年考研第36题选项A:
[例句] Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music,4.为了保持句子平衡,从句还可以用倒装结构此时结构是,as...as+助动词+主语,请看例句:
[例句] Small as it is,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
[解析] 这里 as are all other animals on the earth就是一个倒装结构,主语是 all other animals on the earth。另外,这里as much...as...表示的是“在同等程度上”,翻译时可以处理成“和…一样”。关于这个用法,请参看“As专题”。
[译文] 尽管蚂蚁很小,但是它同地球上任何其他生物一样,都是一种动物。
[例句] The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as its soils and the water__A__ of its fakes,rivers and oceans.
A are B,do C,is D has
[解析] 这里主语是复数名词短语its soils and the water of lets lakes,never and oceans,所以谓语动词当然要用are。
[译文] 地球周围的大气层,就如同地球上的泥土及地球上湖泊、河流、海洋中的水一样,都是地球的组成部分。
[例句] The computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as day the Industrial Revolution.
[解析] 这里 as did the Industrial Revolution就是一个倒装结构。
[例句]计算机革命对于我们人类社会的改变之深刻就如同当时的工业革命。
14.9.2连词 thank.可比性问题
1.可比性问题,即指应是同类事物之间才能比较,如,he和I。不同类的事物是无法比较的。
[例句] He is taller than I(am).
[例句] The weather of the South is wetter than the North.*
[解析] 这是典型的错误句子,因为 The weather of the South和 the North是两个截然不同的事物,无法进行比较。只有“南方的天气”和“北方的天气”才能比较。故原句应该为:The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North.(为避免重复,用that代替the weather)
真题再现
[例句] Young readers,more often than not(A),find the novels of(B) Dickens far more(C) exciting than Thackeray(D),(1992年改错)
正确答案 D,改为Thackeray’s。
[解析] 这里比较对象是两个作家的小说,所以我们要用Thackeray’s,相当于Thackeray’s novels。
[译文]年轻的读者多半觉得Dickens的小说要比Thackeray的小说有趣得多。
2.比较形式问题在有than的比较句子里,主句中必须有比较级形式出现。
[例句] There are few electronic applications to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities__B__ than robots( 1998-6 CET-4)
A likely B,more likely C most likely D much likely
[解析] 本题考查的是比较级形式问题。more与后面的than构成结构上的搭配,故B正确。
[译文]很少有一项电子技术的应用能够像机器人这样,引起了人们对未来就业机会的恐慌。
真题再现
[例句] On the whole(A),ambitious students are much likely(B) to succeed in their studies than are those(C) with little(D) ambition.( 1996年改错)
正确答案 B,改为 more likely。
[解析] 这个句子里有than,那么前面就应该有比较级形式与其构成结构上的呼应,所以把much likely改为 more likely。
[译文] 一般来讲,一个有远大抱负的学生比那些胸无大志的学生更可能取得学业上的成功。
[例句] In the long run(A),however,this hurry(B) to shed full-time staff may(C) more harmful to industry as(D) it is to the workforce.( 2000年改错)
正确答案 D,改为than。
[解析] 此题与上一题相反,这里是有比较级形式more,但其后面没有than来引导,所以,我们把as改为连调than。
[例句] 不过,从长远角度来看,这样匆忙辞退全职员工,对公司的打击比对员工本身还要大。
3.为了保持句子平衡,从句还可以用全部或部分倒装此时的结构是:than+助动词+主语。请看例句:
[例句] On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
[解析] 这是上面讨论过的考研改错句子,这里 than are those with little ambition就是一个倒装结构,其中主语是 those with little ambition。
[例句] The air inside a house or office building often has higher concentrations of contaminants __A__heavily polluted outside air.
A.than does B.more C.as some that are D,like of
[解析] 答案选 A,这里就是一个倒装结构,句子主语是 heavily polluted outside air。
[译文] 室内或写字楼里的空气,往往比室外严重污染的空气污染物含量还要高。
更多例句:
[例句] Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics“have higher rates of intermarriage than do US-born whites and blacks.”(2006年阅读第一篇)
[例句] In addition,far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their job than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.(2000年阅读第四篇)
[例句] The surface conditions on the planet Mars are more like the Earth’s than are those of any other planet in the solar system.
[例句] Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because,as marine animals,they tended to live in environments less soonest to erosion.
[例句] With the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic boom that followed it,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than did their predecessors during the Depression.
14.9.3表示倍数比较的三种句型除了用than,as来对两个事物进行比较外,我们还可以用times,twice等词来说明两事物之间的倍数关系。在英文中,表示两事物倍数关系的比较,可用以下三种句型(以three times为例):
1.“倍数+比较级”结构,A is three times bigger(或其他形容词比较级 )than B.
2.“倍数+as...as”结构,A is three times as big(或其他形容词原级) as B.
3.“倍数+名词”结构,A is three times the size(或其他形容词对应的名词形式) of B.
请看下列各真题例句:
[例句] When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight time larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(2000年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里是“倍数+比较级”结构。
[译文] 美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时,它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.(2003年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里是“倍数+比较级”结构。
[译文] 联营铁路对这样的“跑不掉”的发货人所收取的运货比有另一条铁路来竞争这笔生意时的收费高出百分之二十到三十。
[例句] There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.(2000年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里是“倍数+as...as”结构。
[译文] 每出生100名女婴,就会出生105名男婴,但这个比例在他们成年时下降为基本持平,在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍。
我们再来看2006年考研第32题选项B:
[例句] There are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.
[解析] 这里是“倍数+as...as”结构。
[译文] 如今的渔场数量仅是15年前的一半。
[例句] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costs have risen since l997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.( 2005年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 这里是“倍数+名词”结构。
[译文] 加拿大医疗信息协会的资料表明,自1997年以来,处方药费用的增长速度是整个医疗费用增长速度的两倍。
真题再现
[例句] Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year __B__than automobile accidents.( 2005年第46题)
A.seven more times B.seven times more
C,over seven times D.seven times
[解析] 此题考查的就是倍数比较关系的表达。根据我上面说到的“倍数+比较级”结构,这里的倍数 seven times NIK放在比sa的前面,故 seven times more正确,其他的表达,如 seven times,over seven times均不符合上面提到的句型。
[译文] 吸烟对个人健康是如此有危害,以至于每年因吸烟而死亡的人数是交通事故的七倍多。
[例句] Americans eat ___A__as they actually need every day(1998 CET-4)
A.twice as much protein B.twice protein as much twice
C.twice protein as much D.protein as twice much
[解析] 此题考查的就是倍数比较关系的表达。根据上面说到的“倍数+as...s”结构句型,这里的倍数 twice应该放在 as...as前边,故 twice as much protein正确,其他的表达均不符合上面的这个句型。
[译文] 美国人每天摄入蛋白质的量是他们实际所需要的两倍。
真题再现
[例句] The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon__D__ was half,(1996年语法)
A.of last year’s B.those of last year’s
C.of those of last year D.that of last year’s
[解析] 此题考查的是倍数比较关系的表达。适用的句型是上面说到的“倍数+名词”结构句型。此题难点在于比较对象的判断。比较对象是“今年报名参力。马拉松比赛的人数”与“去年报名参力。马拉蚣比赛的人数”。这里的名词是临number of registered participants,但为了避免重复,可以用that来指代。所以D正确。
[译文] 今年报名参加马拉松比赛的人数是去年的一半。
[例句] And since l991,productivity has increased by about 2% a year,which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average.(1998年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里是“倍数+名词”结构。不过在倍数前面加了修饰语more than。
[译文] 从1991年以来,生产力的增长每年约 2%,这是 1978~1987年的平均增长速度的两倍多。
[例句] As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s,to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.( 1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 本题和上一句的相似之处在于都是“倍数+名词”结构,即后面接名词短语(如the 1978-1987 average,the 1960s growth figure),并且都有修饰语 more than。但上一句是倍数(twice)比较,而这里是分数(two thirds)比较。
[译文] 结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在对世纪对年代降到18.5%——只是20世纪60年代增长率的2/3强一点,比西部其他州的增长率低得多。
14.9.4“the more…,the more…”句型表示比较这个句型考生一般比较熟悉,翻译起来也不难,在考研阅读理解中出现过。具体用法如下:
1.从结构上来看,这个句型前半部分是从句,后半部分是主句,即“the+比较级(从句),the+比较级(主句)”;
2.翻译成汉语时一般是按正常语序光泽从句,后译主句;
3值得提醒的是,这里比较级部分都在各自分句中充当一定的成分,换句话说,相当于是将分句某个成分变为比较级之后提到了句首。
请看下列例句:
[例句] The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you’re going to be.(2001年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里比较级the more foreign capital在从句中作have的宾语,而the better off则作be的表语。
[译文] 你拥有用以建设第三浪潮基础设施(目前即电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,你就将越富裕。
[例句] Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.(2005年阅读’七选五”)
[解析]注意这里省去了be动词,原句可改写为:the higher the potential consumers are,the higher the likelihood of a better price is。
[译文] 基本经济学原理表明,潜在的客户越多,获得更优惠价格的可能性就越大。
更多例句:
[例句] The nearer it is drawn to the surface of the earth,the more a body weighs.
[译文]一个物体离地球表面越近,重量就越重。
[例句] The more we help others,the more we receive in return,We advance ourselves as we help others.
[译文] 帮助别人越多,我们获得的回报也越多。帮助了别人,提升了自己。
[例句] Friends are lights in winter,the older the friend,the brighter the light.
[译文] 朋友犹如冬日里的暖阳,愈久弥珍。
[例句] The higher you climb the ladder,the more you get into administrative or executive work,the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
[译文] 你的职位越高,你担任的行政管理工作权限越大,你就越是要注意在单位内部的管理能力,这比技术能力和专业知识更重要。
[例句] The better a man’s self-image,the better friends he is likely to choose,hence the better the relationship,and hence his self-esteem is enhanced,The worse a man’s self -image,the more likely he is to choose jerks for friends,hence the relationship is likely to go bad,and his self-images further lowered because of this failure,So the lesson is obvious,You cannot depend on others for your sense of seaworthy,It must come from within you.
[译文] 一个人的自我形象越好,他所交的朋友也会越好,因此这样的友谊就会越浓厚,从而也就增强了他的自信心。反之,一个人自我形象越差,所交的朋友也会越差,这样的友谊很可能会变质,这种人际交往的失败进而会导致自我形象贬低。因此,道理很简单,自我价值的提升不在别人而在自己。4.9.5,(just)as...,so...”结构表示类比
此句型的用法特点是:
1.基本意思是’正如…,所以…”;
2.第二个分句可用料装结构。
我们来看真题例句:
[例句] Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents,so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).(1998年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里含有just as...so结构。
[译文] 正如以前的理论解释了大陆的移动,“热点”理论可能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。
真题再现
[例句] Just as the soil is apart of the earth,_C__the atmosphere.( 1995年语法)
A.as it is B.the same is C.so is D.and so is
[解析]本题考查 just as...so结构。
[译文] 正如土壤是地球的组成部分一样,大气层同样是地球的组成部分。
更多例句:
[例句] As you sow,so will you reap/so you will reap.
[译文] 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
[例句] ust as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun,so no lies can cover up the fact.
[译文] 鸟云遮不住太阳,谎言掩盖不了事实。
[例句] Just as food nourishes the body,so do books enrich the mind.
[译文] 食物滋养身体,书本丰富心灵。
[例句] As it is the mark of great minds to say many things in a few words,so it is the mark of little minds to use many words to say nothing.
[译文] 大智者寥寥数语,即能达意;寡智者口若悬河,仍言之无物。
[例句] As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds,so is the mind by exercising it with different studies.
[译文]土壤困播种不同的种子而改良,智力通过各科的学习来提高。
[例句] Just as they must put aside their prejudices,___B__we must be prepared to accept their good faith.
A,thus B,so C,as D.like
14.9.6“no more…than”表示比较在考研英语中,no more...than这一句型出现过多次,如旧题型的语法选择题和近年来的阅读理解与英译汉中。若是不熟悉这个结构,考生很难理解和翻译。该句型用法特点如下:
1.从结构上来看,no more...than有个变体形式是 not...any more than ;
2.从功能上来看,这个句型往往表示的是两个事物之间的类比关系,即用than后边的事物来作比,阐明than前边主句所要表达的观点;
3.从意思上来看,这个结构的基本意思是“同…一样不…”。既然是类比关系,翻译时就要表达出来,这时有两种选择:先泽主句后译than引导的从句——“…不能…,就如同(than从句)…不能…一样”;或者先译than引导的从句后译主句——“正如(than从句)…不能…,所以,…同样不能…”;
4.特别注意的是,than后面句子为肯定形式,但要译成否定意义。
我们只要把握住上述四个用法特点,就不难理解这个句型了。请看下列例句:
真题再现
[例句] But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.(2006年第49题)
[解析] 本题考查的是 no more...than的变体句型 not...any more than。这个句型用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系,由上下文我们知道这里类比的对象是 intellectual(就是his指代对象)和businessman,用 businessman的行为特点作比,就是为了要说明 intellectual的行为特点。我们看到,从句里谓语 is expected是肯定形式,但翻译时一定要译成否定的“不能指望”,这是由该句型的特点决定的。下面的译文采用了先译主句后译从句的译法。
[译文] 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
[例句] There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,__D__they can limit how much water you drink,(1993年语法)
A.much more than B.no more than C.no less than D.any more than
[解析] 本题考查的是 no more...than的变体句型 not...any more than,注意这里否定词用了 no(reason)相当于 not的强调形式,所以本句的基本框架是,There is no..,any more than...。
同样,这里是表示两个事物之间的类比关系,类比的对象是vitamin和 water。从句中谓语can limit是肯定形式,但翻译时一定要译成否定的“不能限制”,这是由该句型的特点决定的。下面的译文采用了先译从句后译主句的译法。
[译文]正如他们没有理由限制你每天喝多少水一样,他们也绝没有理由限制你维生素的摄入量。
[例句] The heart is intelligent than the stomach,__D___for they are both controlled by the brain,(1994年语法)
A.not so B.not much C.much more D.no more
[解析] 本题考查的是 no more...than句型。注意这里是单纯表示比较关系而不是类比关系,其比较的对象是 heart和stomach,可以简单地译成“A与 B同样不…”。
[译文] 心脏和胃同样都不具有智慧,因为它们都要受大脑控制。
[例句] Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new。 but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education,Mr,Mcwhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.( 2005阅读第四篇)
[解析] 本句所含的就是 no more...than的句型。注意这里是单纯表示比较关系而不是类比关系,比较的对象是whom和case-endings,可以简单地译成“A与B同样不…”。
[例句] 指责纵容的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事,但这不仅仅是对教育质量下降的又一种批评。McWhorter先生的专业专门研究语言的历史与变迁,他认为像“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很正常的,如同古英语中格的消失一样,我们不必为此感到遗憾。
更多经典例句:
[例句] As a jazz lover,I find it refreshing that many Chinese pop stars are beginning to be influenced by jazz,and are including jazzy rhythms and harmonies in their songs,However,incorporating jazz elements into pop music does not make it jazz,any more than putting chili pepper into a MacDonald’s hamburger turn’s it into Sichuan cuisine.
[解析] 本题所含的是 no more...than的变体句型 not...any more than。这里用来表示两个事物间的类比关系——把音乐和食物来作类比。从句里谓语turns是肯定形式,但翻译时一定要译成否定意义的“不能变为”,这是由这个句型特点决定的。下面的译文采用了先译主句后译从句的译法。
[译文] 作为一个爵士乐迷点发现很多中国流行歌手开始受到爵士乐的影响,正在把爵士乐的节奏与和声运用到他们的歌曲当中,这让我感到很新鲜。然而,把爵士乐的成分搀进流行乐,并不能将流行音乐变成爵士乐,就像把辣椒放过麦当劳的汉堡包,也变不成川菜一样。
[例句] A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.
傻瓜看不到自己的愚蠢,就像他看不到自己的耳朵一样。
[例句] Unmerited praise is no more honor than deserved blame is.
不该得到的表扬和应该受批评一样不光彩。
14.9.7“not...so much as...”表示比较在考研英语中,no...so much as...这一句型也曾多次出现,该句型用法特点如下:
l.从结构上来看,not...so much as...可以有两种结构,not A so much as B或者 not so much A as B;
2.从意思上来看,该句型的基本含义为“与其说A倒不如说B”,或“是B,而不是A”。但在实际语境中其翻译非常灵活;
3.A和B是两个被比较的平行结构,如:同为介词短语,动词不定式,名词短语或其他平行结构。我们只要把握住上述三个用法特点,就不难理解这个句型了。请看下列真题例句,
真题再现
[例句] Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools,(1994年第71题)
[解析] 本题考查的就是 not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个介词短语;through the insights of great men of genius和 because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools,在这里作状语,修饰谓语 moves forward。
[译文] 他们说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
[例句] It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ___D___that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.( 2000年语法)
A Father B.so C,than D.as
[解析] 本题考查的就是 not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个that从句:that I disliked her和that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business,在这里作表语。
[译文] 并不是因为我不喜欢她,而是因为我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。
[例句] It was not so much the many blows(A) he received for(B) the lack of(C) fighting spirit that had to his losing(D) the game,(1992改错)
正确答案 B,改为as。
[解析] 这题有一定的迷惑性,因为在英文中的确有 for the lack of这一固定搭配,意为“由于缺乏…”。但本题考查的实际是 not so much A as B这一比较句型,其平行结构是两个名词短语:the many blows he received和the lack of fighting spirit,在这里作表语。该句基本框架结构是,It was...that led to his losing the game,是一个强调句型,被强调的部分是表示一个原因,说明是什么原因导致他比赛失利。
[译文] 导致他比赛失利的真正原因不是由于他遭受打击,而是因为他缺乏斗志。
[例句] The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.(1995年改错题)
[解析] 本句含有 not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个名词短语:a leisurely lifestyle和 a busy lifestyle,在这里作 reflect的宾语。
[译文] 美国人所渴望的种种便利设施,与其说是反映了一种闲暇的生活方式,倒不如说是反映了一种忙碌的生活方式,正是因为忙碌,所以每分钟都很宝贵而不容浪费。
[例句] For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s,down shitting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables,and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 本句含有 not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个名词短语,a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables,and asking turning into one和a personal recognition of your limitations,在这里作表语。
[译文] 对于我们这一代在80年代被敦促要搏击生活的女性来说,在90年代中期过着节奏放慢的生活,与其说是对神秘的美好生活的追求——自己种有机蔬菜,冒险进入一个仙境——倒不如说我们认识到了自己的局限。
更多精品例句:
[例句] The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning
[解析]被比较的是动词不定式短语:to teach you thing和to teach you the art for learning。
[译文]教育的作用不在于教会你多少东西,而在于教会你学习的技巧。(196) The trumpet player was certainly loud,but I was not bothered by his loudness so much as by his lack of talent.
[解析] 被比较的是介调短语:by his loudness和 by his lack of talent。
[译文] 这个吹喇叭的人,声音吹得够大,但让我厌烦的不是他声音大,而是他根本就缺乏演奏天赋。
[例句] The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.
[译文] 人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处,而在于你心向何方。
[例句] We both agreed that our marriage had taken a marked decline in the romance department,And it wasn’t a lack of sex that concerned us so much as the lack of conversation,Conversation,in fact,has always been our aphrodisiac.
[译文] 我们俩都承认,我们的婚姻在浪漫这方面已大打折扣了,这倒不是因为缺少性生活,而是因为缺少交流。事实上,保持交谈曾一直是我们感情的催化剂。
[例句] He does not respect learning and prefers“sport”,The problem set for society is not the virtue ofthe type so much as its adequacy for its function.
[译文] 他不重视学习,只喜欢“消遣”。社会要回答的问题并不是这类人有无美德,而是他能否胜任其职务。
14.10方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式,其引导词有:as,like,as if,as though,the way等。请看例句:
[例句] When in Rome,do as the Romans do,入乡随俗。
[例句] Work like you don’t need money,love like you’ve never been hurt,and dance like nobody’s watching.
[例句] Do as I say,not as I do.(=Follow my advice,but don’t follow my example.)
[例句] Do it the way you were taught.
[例句] He looks as though/ as if he is an actor.
[例句] Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes __B__protect the toes of most other vertebrates.
A,class B as claws C,as claws to D.so do claws
[解析] 这里 as claws protect the toes of most other vertebrates作状语,表示方式,修饰主句谓语部分protect the ends of human fingers and toes。
[译文]手指甲和脚趾甲能够保护我们的手指和脚趾,同样脊椎动物的爪子可以保护它们的脚趾。
有关as引导的方式状语从句,详细内容清参看下篇“As专题”中。
第十五章 There be句型
There be句型,在英语中表示“在什么地方或什么时间有什么事物”,一般结构为“there be + (地点或时间状语)”。
There在这种句型中作引导词,没有实义,常弱读。Be为谓语动词,be后面的名词是主语,be要与主语在数上一致,并与后面的时间状语在时态上一致。
15.1 There be结构中的主语具有非限定性
(1)一般情况下,主语不能用the,this,these,those等限定性的词语修饰,如:我们可以说There is a man in my room,而不能说There is the man in my room.
(2)一般也不用“all+名词”或every作主语,只有在回答问题时才可用everything等词表示“有所有”。
(3)主语为形容词最高级修饰时,可以用there be句型。
There was the best runner taking part in this match.
15.2 There be结构的否定形式
There be结构变否定式时,在be后加not(any) 或no;变疑问句时,将be提前,句子其余部分不变。
There are many ships in the river.
否定:There are no ships in the river.
一般疑问句:Are there many ships in the river?
肯定回答:Yes,there are.
否定回答:No,there aren’t.
特殊疑问句:What’s there in the river?
15.3 There be句型中be的各种时态
There is going to/will be a meeting this evening.(一般将来时)
There has been much discussion about the case.(现在完成时)
There might still be some vacant seats in the rear.(情态动词)
There had been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded.(过去完成时)
15.4 There be句型中主语的修饰成分前面已讲,there be句型一般结构为“there be+名词+(地点或时间状语)”,其中主语可以有一些修饰语。
There is a car ready for you.(形容词短语)
There are some people waiting for you in your office.(-ing分词短语)
There was a young woman dressed in green.(-ed分词短语)
There’s nothing to be ashamed of.(不定式短语)
There are five young ladies all in green standing at the door.(介词短语,-ing分词短语)
There was an electronic computer which was made by a company in Shanghai.(定语从句)
15.5 There be句型的几种特殊结构
(1)谓语动词不用动词be,而用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be等,主要用于描写事物。
There seems to be much hope of his beating his opponent.
There happened to be nobody in the room.
There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for.
类似的一些用法有“there be+形容词+to be”的结构,这种句型的形容词常见的有certain,bound,likely,sure等。
There’s sure to be some rain tonight.
There are bound to be obstacle to get over.
还有一些类似这种用法的固定的句型:there is said to be(据说有);there is believed(据相信有)等。
There is expected to be an official report recently.
There is believed to be a desire in both countries to avoid conflicts.
There are thought to be great losses in this earthquake.
这些句子相当于people believe/expect/think there to be的意思。
(2)谓语动词不用be,而用一些不及物动词,这些不及物动词一般表示“静止存在,有”,如exist,stand,remain等;表示突然“出现”,如spring up,appear,emerge,arrive,enter等。这些词必须用作不及物动词,给人一种“静止存在,有”的感觉,或“突然出现”的感觉,若培养这种语感要多多体会下面的例句。
There lives a family of eight in the town.
There suddenly rushed into the cave a group of soldiers,guns in hands.
There stands the Monument of the People’s Heroes at the center of the square.
There remains nothing more to be done.
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed in black.
15.6 There be结构作状语和介宾
There be结构也可用作状语和介宾、取消句子独立性,这时be变为being。
There being nothing to be done,they have to go back home.
No one had told him anything about there being a beautiful story about the lake.
We are surprised at there being so many people standing around indifferently.
第十六章As专题在英文中,as的用法非常复杂,单as的使用规则就可以写成一本书。不过,出于篇幅和必要性的考虑,笔者在这里仅就as的常见用法,尤其是在历年考研真题中出现过的用法,做一专门的归纳和总结,以飨读者。很多用法是我们在前面各章节中讨论过的,这里再提,是为了让大家对as的用法有一个宏观上的把握。
我们先来看看在2006年考研真题中出现的有关as的两道“英译汉”考题。
真题再现
[例句] His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision,(2006年第47题)
[例句] I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.( 2006年第46题)
注意 在英文中,as有四个词性:介词(prep.)、关系代词(relative pron.)、副词(adv.)和连词(conj.),了解as的这四个词性有助于我们理解as的各种复杂的用法,因为不同词性决定了不同的用法。
16.1 as用作介词我们先来讨论as作为介词的用法。
16.1.1动词+as
用作介词的as,常常与一些动词搭配使用,比如:define...as...(把…定义为…),view...as...(把…看作…),see...as...(把…看作…),regard...as...(把…当作…),think of...as…(把…看作…),refer to...as…(把…称作…),use...as...(把…用作…),classify...as...(把…划归为…),等等。
真题再现
[例句] I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems,(2006年第46题)
[解析] 这个句子的关键部分就是两个as结构:define...as...和elected...as....。前一个as结构我们很容易理解,而后一个as结构则较难。既然我们知道elected...as...这样的结构,那么就应该能够判断出这里 elected的宾语移位了,于是就可以跳过 as短语往后找 elected的宾语。显然这里as his primp duty and pleasure in life是一个完整的介词短语,构成一个意群,而其后的 the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems这个名词短语才是动词 elected的宾语,被后置了。从以上分析可以看到,熟练掌握 as短语结构对于分析此句的结构是何等重要。上面那位读者问:“as...as之间的名词和一个定语从句,这里as...as应该理解为什么呢?”显然是没有看出as与动词define和elected的搭配关系,误以为这里的as...as是我们比较熟悉的比较状语从句结构,其实不是。
[译文] 我把他(知识分子)定义为这样的人:他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为自己人生的主要责任和乐趣。
[例句] Tyler defined culture as“...that complex whole which includes belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (2003年第64题)
[解析] 这里同样出现了 define...as...结构。
[译文] 泰勒把文化定义为:“……一个复杂整体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术。道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”
[例句] It is worrisome that society is medical zing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will,Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality as disorders akin to physical disabilities.(2006年阅读“七选五”)
[解析] 这一句我们在第一章“定语从句”1.5.l小节例句(33)中讨论过,主要分析的是What的用法。这里我们来分析明结构。本句中有三个as搭配:define...as...,explained...as...,reclassifying...as...。先来看看这三个动词相应的宾语及位置关系。动词define的宾语是what引导的从句what earlier,steer generations explained as weakness of will,这个宾语被后置了; explained的宾语是 what,所以,原本的结构是,explained (what) as weakness of will,这个宾语被前置了; reclassifying的宾语也是一个由what引导的从句 what once were considered character flaws or moral failings,这个宾语没有被后置。我们看到这三个动词的宾语位置关系都不一样。关于这个句子更详细的分析,读者可参看第一章“定语从句”1.5.l小节。
[译文] 令人焦虑的是:社会正在将越来越多的行为问题医学化,常常把以前严厉的前辈们解释为意志薄弱的行为定义为“上瘾”。由于社会受到科学(或所谓的科学)的推动,我们的社会正在重新把过去所谓的性格缺陷或道德缺失划为与生理缺陷相关的个人疾病。
[例句] Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now viewas a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.(2004年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里 as结构是 view...as...,view的宾语是关系代词 which,它又指代前面的先行词stock-market swings,在翻译时,我们要把这个名词短语重复译出。
[译文] 许多消费者似乎已经受到了股市波动的影响,投资者将股市波动看作持续增长的一个必要条件。
[例句] Strafford president George Friedman says he see the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s dream.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里as结构是:sees,as...,意为“把…看作…”。
[译文] Strait ford公司总裁George Friedman说,他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布的互动增强型工具,它是间谍头子的梦想。把动词变成被动结构:
这种“动词+as”的结构也常常用于被动结构中,请看下列真题例句:
真题再现
[例句] pecialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific no wedge.(2001年阅读第一篇)
[例句] Native American languages are indeed different; so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War’ll to send secret messages.(2004年阅读“七选五”)
[例句] Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege.(2004年阅读第四篇)
[例句] The organization is deep into a bug self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.(2001年阅读第三篇)
[例句] Downshifting-also known in America as,voluntary simplicity”-has,ironically,even bred a new area of what might be termed ant consumerism.(2001年阅读第五篇)
[例句] This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals-the average scientist for one
把动词名词化:
[例句] The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.“By the third generation,the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a“graveyard” for languages.( 2006年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 我们可以说,describe...as...,而这里是把动词 describe名词化了,所以有:the desideration of Amerce as...。
[译文] 移民的孩子们趋于使用双语,并且精通英语。“到了第三代,他们原来的语言在大多数移民家庭中消失。”因此,人们把美国描写成为语言的“坟场”。
as接形容词:
细心的读者也许会发现,以上例句中,as后边都是接名词或名词短语。其实,as后边也可以接一个形容词。
[例句] But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seem happiness as insipid,phony or,worst of all,boring as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里as结构是:seeing...as...,意为“把…看作…”。As后边接了形容词insipid,phony,boring三个形容词,作宾语 happiness的补足语。第二个as是连词,引导一个时间状语从句。
[译文] 但是,在19世纪的某个时期,更多的艺术家开始将艺术视为索然无味\矫揉造作或是糟糕至极的无聊东西,我们可以从华兹华斯的计仙颂》到波德莱尔的《恶之花冲看出这一变化。
16.1.2 as单独使用我们上面讨论的是,as的使用往往与句中某个动词形成搭配关系。此外,as也可以单独使用,意为’作为…,当作”。
真题再现
[例句] He must use this surplus in three ways,as seed for sowing,as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.(2000年完形填空)
[解析] 这里三个as用法相同,都是表示“作为…”。
[译文] 他以这样三种方式来使用这些剩余粮食:留作播种用;留作备天荒灾年之用;留作出售,以便更换农具和购买化肥以滋养土地。
[例句] The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities....Theist,28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual cosines every week; with$3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed photography as the web’s most profitable business.(2006年阅读“七选五”)(18)As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.(2001年阅读第一篇)(19) As an industry,biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it unsocial impact by 2020.(2001年语法)
16.1.3 as用作后置定语
as用在名词后面,作后置定语,在意义上相当于所修饰名词的同位语。
真题再现
[例句] Three weeks later,he got his first notification of an opening.“I struck gold:” says Reedman,who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.(2004年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里 as引导的介词短语as in-house counsel for a company修饰 position,具体说明这个职位的名称。
[译文] 三周后,他收到了第一份职位通知。“我找到金矿了”,雷德曼说。他用电子邮件把自己的简历发给了那位老板,由此得到了该公司内部顾问的职位。(21)In an odd way,however,It is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal....As a result,the support for ambition as a healthy impulse; a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young,is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.(2000年阅读第五篇)
[解析] 这里as引导的介词短语“as all ideal”和“as a healthy impulse”是修饰ambition的。
[译文] 然而奇怪的是,正是这些受过教育的人们宣称他们已经放弃将雄心壮志作为理想。……其结果是,雄心壮志作为一种健康的冲动,一种受人尊重并扎根于年轻人心中的品德,其支持度也许低于美国以往的任何时期。
[例句] Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely yean ignored by yestorlans and pyllosophers of science.(1994年第73题)
[解析] 这里 as引导的介词短语 as a source of fundamental innovation修饰tools and technology,以说明 tools and technology的性质。
[译文] 多年以来,工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
16.2 as用作副词在大家熟悉的as...as结构中,前一个as是副词,其后常接形容词或另外的副词;而后一个as是连词,可以省去。
[例句] This book is pretty difficult,That one is as difficult.
[解析] 这里的 as就是一个副词,修饰形容词 difficult。
[译文] 这本书比较难,那本同样很难。
再比如,美国人侵伊拉克前夕,国际社会普遍反对美国企图抛开联合国,搞单边行动,直接攻打伊拉克。英国《卫报》(The Guardian)也对本国民众进行了民意调查,其中有这样一段话:
[例句] Dan has no doubts that the world would be better without Saddam Hussein,But he’s just as certain that America doesn’t have the right to overthrow the Iraqi leader,America is acting as if it were God,but it’s up to the Iraqi people to get rid of him.
[解析] 这里的as就是一个副词,修饰形容词certain。
[译文] 丹相信,如果没有萨达姆,这个世界会美好得多。但他同样确信的是,美国无权推翻伊拉克的领导人,而应该由伊拉克人民自己来处置他。可是美国现在却扮演着上帝一样的角色。
16.3 as用作关系代词,引导定语从句关于as引导定语从句的详细用法,请参见第一章“定语从句”1.6小节。我们这里只是简单举例回顾一下。as引导的定语从句位置灵活,主要是用于句首,但也可以用在句中或句末。
as从句用在句首:
[例句] As is generally accepted,economical growth is determhed by the smooth development of production,(1995年语法)
[例句] As can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition,(1999年语法)
[例句] As Edward Zlotkowski,director of community serve are at Bentley College in Massachusetts,puts it,“There has to be coordination of programs,What’s needed is a package deal.”(2006年完形填空)
[例句] As is true of any damped society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships,(1997年阅读第一篇)
[例句] As Dr,Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching,the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man,but that they think at all.
as从句用在句中:
[例句] Strattord-on-Avon,as we all know has only one industry--William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.(2006年阅读第二篇)
[例句] There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,say,a,disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.( 1998年阅读第二篇)
[例句] There is,as has been saltpeter a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.
as从句用在句末:
[例句] The world’s three top central bankers(Greenspan,Duisenberg and Hnyaml) are all close to the top of the alphabet,even if one of them rally uses Japanese characters,As are the world’s five richest men(Gales,Buffett,Allen,Ellison and Albrecht).(20O4年阅读第二篇)
16.4 as用作连词
as用作连词,可以引导各种状语从句,我们在前面“状语从句”一章都已讨论过。这里,我将它们归纳在一起,供大家参考。
16.4.1 as引导时间从句
as引导时间从句,一般译成’随着…”,或“一边…一边…”。
[例句] __C_industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees,Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming.
A For B,Because C,As D,Since(1997年第42题)
[解析] 这里as引导从句表示时间。
[译文] 正当一些工业巨头,像通用汽车公司和IBM公司都试图通过裁员来谋求生存之时,总部设在威斯康星州密尔沃基市的劳务公司Manpower却兴旺起来。
更多真题例句:
[例句] The arrow fell into the river as the boat was drifting on the water.The soldier tried to retrieve it.
[例句] Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions,but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell.(2000年阅读第四篇)
[例句] Shortlists for job interviews,election ballot papers,lists of conference speakers and attendees:all tend to be drawn up alphabetically,and their recounts lose interest as they plough through them(2004年阅读第二篇)
[例句] As the Inter net becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the Interest of business to universalize access-after all,the more people online the more potential customers inners are.(2001年阅读第二篇)
[例句] Consumers seem only concerned;not panicked,and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects,even as they do some modest belt-tightening.(2004年阅读第三篇)
[例句] As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions:and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.(2002年阅读“七选五”)
16.4.2 as引导原因从句真题再现
[例句] If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties,With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.(2002年阅读第一篇)
[解析] 这里as表示原因。
[译文] 如果你是你们谈话对象的一部分,你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可以对餐厅那难以下咽的食物和总裁在选择领带方面糟糕的品味品头论足。对于其他听众,你就不能试图插入这种幽默,因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有上。此微辞。
[例句] We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages,(2006年第62题)
[解析] 这里的as表示原因。
[译文] 我们之所以要感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
[例句] From car dealerships to Gap outlets,sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.(2004年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里的as表示原因。
[译文] 从汽车经销商到服饰专卖店,由于顾客缩减了开支,几个月来销售额一直走低。
16.4.3 as引导方式从句1.as引导方式状语从句在英文中,as引导的方式状语从句,是用来修饰句子谓语部分的。请看例句:
[例句]Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:they“look at an oxalic being as a savage looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”(2000年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里as a savage looks at a ship作状语,表示方式,修饰主句谓语部分 look at an of garnisheeing。
[译文] 达尔文有句话是描写那些不懂得进化论的人们的:他们“看待一种生物就像野蛮人看待船,把它视为他们完全不能理解的东西”。
[例句] Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us as religion once did,Memento mori,remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying!his but in living with it.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里 religion once did作状语,表示方式,修饰主句谓语部分 need art to tell us。
[译文] 今天,我们的周围充斥着可以轻易得到幸福的许诺,我们需要艺术来告诉我们,正如宗教曾经告诉我们的:记住你终将死亡,一切都会结束,幸福不会因否定这一点而到来,而是与之共存的。
真题再现
[例句] But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rues of conduct in business,During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman takes his ethics,(2006年第49题)
[解析] 这里as the businessman takes his ethics 作状语,表示万式,修饰主句谓语部分take his code for granted。
[译文] 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。在其生命的大部分时间里,他将把自己的道德准则视为理所当然的事情,如同商人把道德准则视为理所当然的事情一样。
[例句] As used in this context,the word“challenging” means“demanding”,The author is fairly skilled at word diction.
[解析] 这里 as引导的是一个方式状语从句,且是一个省略的形式,其完整结构应为“As it is used in this context"。
[译文],challenging”一词用在这样一个上下文中,意为“demanding”。由此可见,作者是很善于措辞的。
[例句] Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on,(2001年语法)
[解析] 这里 as we use the word作状语,表示方式,修饰主句谓语部分 refers to all religious institutions。
[译文] 我们所使用的“教派”一词指所有的团体,不管他们是基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教还是犹太教等。
真题再现
[例句],In short”,a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(1994年第72题)
[解析] 这里 as we call it是一个方式状语从句。这个结构类似于上述 as we use the word,很多考生将其误认为是as引导的定语从句。二者的重大区别是:as引导的方式状语从句必然是一个完整句子,as在从句中不充当成分;而as引导的定语从句,as后接的必然是一个不完整的句子,因为as需要在从句中作成分。 比如 Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry—William Shakespeare,这是 2006年阅读第二篇中的一个句子,这里 as we all know就是一个定语从句,as作 know的宾语,指代 Straford-on-AVon has only one industry—William Shakespeare,这个句子也可以这么说,As we all know,Stratford-on-Avon has only one industry-William Shakespeare。
[译文] 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简而言之,我们所谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
[例句] New forms of thought as well as new selects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.( 1996年第75题)
[解析]这里 as引导万式状语从句,as they have相当于 as they have arisen。
[译文]同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,并给完美以新的标准。
as引导方式状语从句可倒装
as引导方式状语从句,可以采用倒装结构,该结构一般为:as+助动词+主语。这里as往往是代替被省略的谓语部分。
[例句] Some Asian nations and regions reiterated their opposition to a war,as did many of their citizens who worry Bush has already given up on popes for a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
[解析] 这里 as从句的主语是 many of their citizens,被后置,故是一个倒装结构,相当于as many of their citizens..,reiterated opposition to a war。
[译文] 一些亚洲国家和地区重申,他们反对战争的立场,他们的许多公民也持同样立场,因为他们担心小布什已经放弃了和平解决这一危机的希望。
[例句] To determine the consequences of seep deficit,researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.“We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit,performance suffers:”says Dr,David.“Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”
[解析] 这里 as从句的主语是abilities,被后置,故是一个倒装结构,相当于 as abilities to make decision and to concentrate are weakened。
[译文] 为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果,研究人员让受试者接受了一系列心理测试以及能力测试,包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足,能力测试就会受到影响”,大卫医生说,“短期记忆能力会下降,决策力和集中力同样也会减弱”。
as特殊用法:用于否定结构我们都知道,as一般翻译成“正如…”。但是,as还有一种比较特殊的用法,就是用于否定结构中,此时,as就不能译成“正如…”。 as用于否定结构,有两种句式,先来看第一种,as前面的句子是否定,as句子本身是肯定。
[例句] As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English; can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.(2005年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里主句用了否定 is not arguing,而 as从句用了肯定 as many do,此时 as无法译成“正如…”,相反,要译成“不像…”。
[译文] 作为一名语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括非标准的语言,如黑人英语,都可以明确地表情达意——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。他并没有像许多人那样,认为因为我们说不好话,就不会正确地思考了。
[例句] Pure iron cannot be hardened by heating and cooling,as B,because iron lacks the necessary carbon.(1999-10-13 TOEFL)
A.steel it can B.can steel C.with steel can D.so can steel
[解析] 这里主句用了否定cannot,而as从句用了肯定can。此时as无法译成“正如…”,相反,要译成“不像…”。另外,从句主语显然是steel,被后置,故是我们上面“2”中讨论过的倒装结构。
[译文] 纯铁是无法通过反复受热和遇冷来硬化,这点不像钢,因为铁缺乏必要的碳元素。
[例句] Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture,as did some of his contemporaries,here commended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America.
[解析]首先,这里虽然没有否定词not,但是far from表示否定,而从句用了肯定did。其次,这里从句也是一个倒装结构,主语是 some of his contemporanes。
[译文] 他并没有像同时代人那样提倡与美国文化完全分离,而是主张一种文化多元主义,由此艺术家们可以丰富美国文化。
还有另外一种结构:as前面句子是肯定,as句子本身否定。
[例句] A sob rolled up in me,I flung up my hands and cried as I never had in my life.
[解析]主句用了肯定cried,而as从句用了否定never had。此时as无法译成“正如…”,而要转译为“但,然而”。
[译文]此时我非常想哭,于是我就用双手捂住脸,大声哭起来,而我以前从未这样哭过。
更多例句:
[例句] She described the scene as no other people described it.
[译文] 她这样描写这个场景,而没有其他人会这样描写。
[例句] He could love the child as he did not love Charles.
[译文] 他可以爱上这个孩子,然而他却不爱查尔斯。
[例句] John had taken to that young woman at he did to few people.
[译文] 约翰深爱着这个年轻女子,而他很少这样爱一个人。
16.4.4 as引导让步从句关于as引导让步从句,我们在4.8.5和4.8.6小节已经讨论过,这里仅举例简单回顾一下。
[例句] There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae,In addition,difficult as it is to believe,there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
[解析] 这里是“形容词+as+主谓”表示让步,详见4.8.5小节。
[译文] 还有一些沙漠昆虫以不活动的幼虫形态来存活。此外,尽管难以置信,但确有一种沙漠鱼能够以不活动的卵的形式来抵挡干旱,存活好几年。
[例句] In the 1950s,the pioneers of artificial intelligence(AI) predicted that,by the end of this century,comp-utters would be conversing with us set work and robots would be performing out housework.
But as useful as computers are,they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior,Never mind something as complex as conversation,the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object,the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.
[解析] 这里 as useful as computers are从句是“as+形容词+ as+主谓”结构,表示让步。另外,这里something as complex as conversation是 as…as引导的一个形容词短语,用作后置定语,修饰something。
[译文] 在20世纪50年代,人工智能的先锋们预言,在本世纪末,计算机将可以与我们人类进行工作上的交流,机器人可以替我们做家务。但是,尽管计算机很有用,但它们离那些早期人们所设想的可以从事稍稍类似于人的活动的计算机还很遥远,更不用说像语言交流这么复杂的活动了。功能最强大的计算机想要辨别一个物体的形状都非常困难,而这对一个10个月大的婴儿来说,却是轻而易举的。
16.4.5 as引导比较从句:as much as结构
as much as结构看似简单,其实不然。我们先来看一个读者的提问:
“The ‘failed’ experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately’ works’.请问 as…as中放的除了形容词外就是副词,那么本句中的 as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately ‘works’如何解释?”
要回答这个问题,我们首先得弄清楚这里的 as much…as结构。很多读者看到 as much as时,很可能将其翻译为“和…一样多”,其实不然。英语里 as much as往往是表示两个事物之间程度的比较,表示“在同等程度上”,在翻译时要灵活处理。请看例句:
[例句] Small as it is,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
[解析] 这里 as much…as...表示的是“在同等程度上”,翻译是可以处理成“和…一样”。另外,这里 as are all other animals on the earth是一个倒装结构,主语是 all other animals on the earth。
[译文] 尽管蚂蚁很小,但是它同地球上任何其他动物一样,都是一种生命。
[例句] The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans.
[解析] 这里 as much…as…表示的是“在同等程度上”,翻译时可以处理成“如同…一样”。另外,同上一句一样,这里as are its soils and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans是一个倒装结构,主语是复数名词短语 its soils and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans,所以谓语动词用are。
[译文]地球周围的大气层,就如同地球上的泥土及湖泊、河流、海洋中的水一样,都是地球的组成部分。
现在我们再来看那位读者问到的句子:
[例句] The“failed” experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiment that ultimately“works".
[解析]首先,这个句子和上面第(61)句子的结构非常类似,都有as much a part...as这样结构。这里 as much...as同样是表示程度的。此句中 as much a part as的结构为“as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as”,请看“状语从句”一章4.9.l小节第2点内容。
[译文]失败了的实验,与那些最终成功了的实验一样,都是整个实验过程的组成部分(同样重要)。
下面再来看有关 as much as结构的考研真题。
真题再现
[例句] Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe,(2005年第46题)
[解析] 首先,因为有否定词never,所以我们可以用so来代替 as,于是本句出现了so much...as的结构。这里比较的对象是时间,一个是 before(以前);一个是 in the recent events in Europe(在欧洲近来发生的事件中)。本句要说明 television在这两个不同时间所起的作用大小不同。具体来说,强调的是television在欧洲近来发生的事件中所体规出的connect different peoples and nations(连接不同民族和国家)方面的作用,是以往任何时候都没有的。因此,我们可以转译为“作用之大,前所未有”。
[译文] 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之———在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
[例句] Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ____B____it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age,(1994年语法)
A,as long as B,as much as C,as soon as D,as well as
[解析] 这里的 as much as同样表示程度,说明地球气候变暖的程度在两个不同长度的时期内是一样的。
[译文] 科学家们一致认为,地球气候在未来50~100年内的变暖幅度将与它自大冰期以来2万年间的变化幅度一样。
[例句] The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.( 2000年改错)
[解析] The ideal listener enjoys it as much as the composer does at the moment he composes,这里does代替 enjoys,表示对音乐的“欣赏”。 as much as同样表示同等程度上。
[译文]一个真正懂音乐的听众,应该是在听音乐时既可置身于音乐其中,又可游离于音乐之外,他对音乐的欣赏程度,几乎等同于作曲家本人在创作该曲子时的欣赏程度。
16.4.6 as引导比较从句:not so much …as…结构在考研英语中,这个结构曾多次出现,详细内容可参加4.9.7小节。我们这里仅举几例进行说明。
[例句] Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools,(1994年第71题)
[译文] 他们说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如税源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
真题再现
[例句] It wasn’t so much that I disliked her _D___that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business,(2000年语法)
A,rather B.so C.than D.as
[译文] 并不是因为我不喜欢她,而是因为我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。
[例句] 1992年改错
[真题] It was not so much __B__the many blows he received for the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
A that B as C although D however
[译文] 导致他比赛失利的真正原因,不是由于他遭受到的打击,而是因为他缺乏斗志。
[例句] The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates___B__ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
A.and B.as C.but D.or (1997年语法)
[译文] 导致人口快速增长的主要原因并不是出生率的增长,而是由于医疗保健水平的提高使死亡率下降了。
[例句] The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
[译文] 海洋,与其说是分隔了我们的大陆,倒不如说是联系了整个大陆。
16.5有关as的结构我们简单总结一下常见的as固定搭配。
1.as well:也
[例句] Yet the result may be worse qualifications,because they get less individual attention,as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.(2004年阅读第二篇)
[例句] These days the Net,which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.(2003年阅读第一篇)
[例句] A national council reports these findings,Though unemployed longer when seeking work,older women job-hunt harder,hold a job longer with less absenteeism,perform as well or better,are more reliable,and are more wiling to learn than men or younger women,as a whole:作为一个整体
[例句] The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortuning fortunes,still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.(2003年阅读第三篇)
[例句] Besides,the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and,when it becomes wide-spread,on the music-culture as a whole.
2.as yet:迄今,到目前为止
[例句] However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is as yet,an unanswered question.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[译文] 不过,这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的,还是来自于3500万年前他们共同的祖先,依旧是一个未解之谜。
[例句] This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(2004年阅读第一篇)
请做下列综合练习,注意判断各句中as的意义和用法。
[例句] We must apologize for the delay in delivering these cabinets,As I said in my letter of 24 February,this is as a result of problems at our supplier’s factory,As these problems are completely beyond our control,I should like to point out that we are not able to refund your payment,I enclose a copy of our Terms of Sale for your reference.
[例句] It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer,Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.(2000年阅读第一篇)
[例句] By the late 1970s,neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just,mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.…Evidence from brain imaging supports this view,The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake,says Dr,Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh(2005年阅读第三篇)
[例句] In contrast; our image of the astronomical universe; or even of earth’s geological history,can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out,If we define the“security” of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes,then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure; the physical science as the least secure,and again the biological
sciences as somewhere in between,Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically limited sample of it and its record-keeping is trivia as compared with the rich records of the social systems or even the limited records of biological systems,Records of the astronomical universe,despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago,are limited in the extreme.
[例句] Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one,Indeed if he has a reputation for sacking,you might even be outraged.Such behavior is regarded as,all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance,But a study by SarahBrosnan and Frans de Wail of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it all too monkey,as well....However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question....Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[解析] We must apologize for the delay in delivering these cabinets,As(as引导定语从句) I said in my letter of 24 February,this is as(固定搭配)a result of problems at our supplier’s factory,As(引导原因从句)these problems are completely beyond our control,I should like to point out that we are not able to refund your payment,I enclose a copy of our Terms of Sale for your reference.
[例句] It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as(as引导时间从句)other countries grew richer.Just as(as用作副词)inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.(2000年阅读第一篇)
[例句] By the late l970s,neurologists had switched to thinking of them as(think of...as...搭配)just“mental noise”the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.…Evidence from brain imaging supports this view,The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as(as...as...比较从句)it is when fully awake,says Dr,Eric No zinger at the University of Pittsburgh.(2005年阅读第三篇)
[例句] In contrast,our image of the astronomical universe,or even of earth’s geological history,can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as(as引导时间从句)new data comes in and new theories are worked out,If we define the“security” of our image of various parts of the total system as(do fine...as...搭配)the probability of their suffering significant changes,then we would reverse the order of hardness and seems social sciences as(see...as...搭配) me most secure,the physical science as(see...as...搭配) the least secure,and again the biological sciences as(see...as...搭配)somewhere in between.Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically limited sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with(as compared with搭配) the rich records of the social systems,or even the limited remoras of biological systems.Records of the astronomical universe,despite the fact that we see distant things as(as引导定语从句)they were long ago,are limited in the extreme.
[真题] Everybody loves a fat pay rise,Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one,Indeed,If he has a reputation for sacking,you might even be outraged,Such behavior is regarded as(regard...as...搭配)“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance,But a study by Sarah Bronson and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it all too monkey,as well.(as well搭配)...However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems form the common once story that the species had 35 million years(as yet搭配)an unanswered question....Animals usually show their feelings openly as (as引导方式状语从句)humans do.(2005年阅读第一篇)
第十七章 Than专题有关than的结构在历年考研英语中都会出现,尤其是在“英译汉”和“完形填空”中。比如,在2006年考研英稻“英译汉”中,第49题和第50题连续出现两个含有than结构的句子翻译,其重要性可见一斑。
真题再现
[例句] But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expended to dedicate his energies to an expiration of rules of conduct in business.(2006年第49题)
[例句] They may teach very well,and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.(2006年第50题)
17.l在more than结构的理解与翻译
17.1.l more...than...引导比较状语从句的转译关于than引导的比较状语从句,在4.9.2 小节已经详细讨论过,现在来看看它的翻译问题。more...than...最基本的意思就是“比…多”或“比…更加…”,但在具体语境中,我们常常需要认真措辞,进行转译。
真题再现
[例句] There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term them there is on how to interpret or classify them,1992(年第71题)
[解析] 这是一个典型的 than引导的比较状语从句。但若按字面译成“有更多的一致意见在这个词所指的不同表现方面,较少的一致意见对这些表现如何解释或分类”,则显得比较生硬,故这里需要转译。
[译文] 对智力这个词所指的不同表现人们意见比较一致,而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。
这里只是给大家提一个醒,在考研“英译汉”中,遇到than时要考虑转泽,而不一定要直译。具体如何转译,则需要具体句子具体分析,没有一定之现。
17.1.2 more than表示“不仅仅是…”
上面讨论的是分开用的 more...than...有时需要转译。接下来,我们分析 more than的翻译问题。在很多句子中,more than不能按字面意思翻译成“比…多”,而是要引申转译为“不仅仅是’域“不只是”。此时more than后边往往接一个动词,比如我们上面提到的第(2)句 more than earn。
[例句] They may teach very well,and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment,(2006年第50题)
[解析] 这里 more than后接动词earn,此时 more than一般都理解成“不仅仅是”。
[译文] 他们(知识分子)可能很会教书,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。
[例句] In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.(CET-4)
[解析] 这里more than后边接动词 attend。
[译文] 在一天当中,学生们不只是上上课而已。
[例句] Teachers do much more than impart knowledge,They are forces in young lives.
[解析]这句话是小布什总统的夫人Laura Bush说的。这里more than后接动词impart。
老师不只是授业解惑,他们还是年轻生命的力量源泉。
除了动词之外,more than后边接名词,也可理解成“不仅仅是”。
[例句] Because of its intimacy,radio is usually more than just a medium,it is company.(2001年语法)
[解析] 这里 more than后边接名词 medium,译成“不只是一个媒体”。
[译文] 收音机与我们的生活息息相关,所以它不只是媒体,更是我们的伙伴。
[例句] For example,when an American uses the word“friend”,the cultural implications of the word maybe quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture,It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.( 1997年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里 more than后边接名词 enceinte,理解成“不只是一次邂逅”。
[译文] 例如,当一个美国人使用“朋友”一词时,该词所含的文化意义也许会与它在游客的语言和文化中的含义相去甚远。区别礼貌的习俗和个人兴趣不能单凭一次公共汽车上的短暂相遇。
[例句] In the first year or so of Web business,most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market,More recently,as the Web proved to be more than a fashion,companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another,(1999年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里more than后接名词 fashion,理解成“不只是一种时尚”。
[译文] 在网络商务的初期,商务活动主要围绕消费者市场的开发。近来,网络已经超越一种时尚的概念,因此公司之间开始相互做起了商品和服务的交易。
[例句] But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain,The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.(2006年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里more than 后接名词 pleasure,理解成“不只是没有痛苦的快乐”。
[译文] 但是,我们所忘记的——我们的经济依赖于我们所忘记的——是幸福并不仅是没有痛苦的快乐。事实上,带来最大快乐的事情往往潜含着给我们带来损失和失望的最大可能。
17.1.3“more than+形容词”表示“非常”
在英文中,more than后进可以接一个形容词,这时more than本身相当于一个程度副词,用来修饰形容词,可理解为“十分,非常”。
真题再现
[例句] The USA remains more than capable of holding lraq down,while confronting North Korea and lran—its next main targets.
[解析] 这里more than后边添加了形容词capable,more than修饰这个capable,表示“十分有能力,完全有能力”。
[译文] 美国在推翻伊拉克的同时,完全还有实力可以与下两个打击目标一朝鲜和伊朗来对抗。
[例句] I would be more than ready to help you.
[译文] 我十分愿意帮助你。
18.1.4“more than+数字”表示“多于…”
在英文中,“more than+数字”往往表示“多于…”,对于这个用法,我相信大家应该比较熟悉,其反义词是less than。这时 than并不是表示比较用法,这不同于上述 6.1.1中的than。
真题再现
[例句] There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful,Multinational corporation accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982,Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.(2001年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里more than接了数字25%,表示“超过25%”,而less than 20%则表示“不到 20%”。
[译文]无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。在1982年,跨国公司只占国际贸易不到20%的份额,现如今,这个数字已经超过25%,并且还在迅速上升。
在 more than前边还可以加程度修饰语,比如 a little,little等。请看例句:
[例句] The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied,92002年第63题0
[解析] 这里 more than前边添加了a little来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
[例句] As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the l970s,to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the l960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.(1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里 more than前边添加了little来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代降到18.5%——只是20世纪60年代增长率的三分之二强一点,比西部其他州的增长率低得多。
此外,我们还可以添加no来修饰 more than,构成“no more than+数字”这一结构,表m“仅仅,只有”。请看例句:
[例句] Abraham Lincoln received no more than six months of formal education.
[解析] 这里more than前边添加了no来修饰,表示程度大小。
[译文] 亚伯拉罕·林肯仅仅接受过六个月的正规教育。
请注意这里 no more than与下文 6.3 小节讨论的 no more than句型和下文 6.2 小节讨论的 nothing more than的意义和用法不同,请注意比较。
17.2 nothing more than 结构的理解与翻译在上面 6.1.2 小节中,我们看到 more than可以表示“不仅仅是…”,而这里在 more than前面加了否定词 nothing,表示“只不过是…”,类似于nothing but短语。
真题再现
[例句] The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is_ D __
an anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
A,everything except B,anything but
C,no less than D,nothing more than (2001年语法)
[解析] 本题考查考生对 nothing more than的理解和掌握。
[译文] 每位电视观众总会觉得,在众多形形色色的观众当中,自己只不过是无足轻重的一小分子。
[例句] There are always concerns that traditional dances performed in a theater are nothing more than a spectacle.
[解析] nothing more than表示“仅仅是”,相当于 nothing but。
[译文] 人们总是担心,传统的舞蹈仅仅是很壮观而已。
我们看到这里 nothing more than和上述 no more than的区别是:前者后面通常接名词,比如 a spectacle,这正好与nothing相呼应;而 no more than后面接数字,表示“仅仅是多少数目”。此时的 no more than与我们接下来讨论的 no more than用法和意义都不同。
17.3 no more than/not any more than结构的理解与翻译关于 no more...than...或 not...any more than...这个结构的意义与用法,已在 4.9.6 小节详细讨论过了,故不再赘述,仅举两例回顾一下。
真题再现
[例句]But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business,(2006年第49题)
[解析] 本题考查的就是 no more...than的变体句型 not...any more than。这个句型就是用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系的,由上下文可知这里类比的对象是intellectual(就是his指代对象)和businessman。 用businessman的行为特点作比,就是为了说明intellectual的行为特点。从句谓语 is expected是肯定形式,但翻译时一定要译成否定“不能指望”,这是由这个句型的特点决定的。下面的译文采用了先译主句后译从句的译法。
[译文] 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
[例句] Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new,but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education,Mr,McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.(2005阅读第四篇)
[解析] 本句所含的就是 no more...than句型。注意这里是单纯表示比较关系而不是类比关系,比较的对象是whom和 case-endings,可以简单地译成“A与 B同样不…”。
[译文] 指责纵容的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事,但是这还不仅仅是对教育质量下降的又一种批评。又一种批评。McWhorter先生的专业就是专门研究语言的历史与变迁,他认为像“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很正常的,如同古英语中格的消失一样,我们不必为此感到遗憾。
对于这句话,我看到有下列这样的译文:
“Mr,McWhorter的学术研究领域是语言史及其变迁,例如,他认为“whom(谁)这个词在语言中的逐渐消失纯属自然现象,它不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人惋惜。”这里黑体部分译文“它不会比古英语词尾格的消失更令人惋惜”,其实还是误解了no...more than这个句型的意义,这个译文与该句型所要表达的“如同古英语中格的消失一样,我们不必为此感到遗憾”还是有出入的。
下面再举两例,请考生认真体会该句型的用法与意义。
[例句] Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
[译文] 诚然,科学是建立在事实基础之上的,正如房屋是用砖块砌成的;但是简单的事实罗列不能称为科学,就如同砖块的堆砌不能成为房屋一样。
[例句] The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.
[译文] 一个民族的伟大不能由其人口数而定,正像一个人的伟大不能由其高矮决定一样。
17.4 no less than/nothing less than 结构的理解与翻译在6.l.4小节我们讨论了no more than表了“仅仅,只有”,而这里的no less than相当于no more than的反义短语,表示“不少于…”,后边也是接数字。同理,在6.2小节讨论的nothing more than 的反义短语为nothing less than,表示“不亚于…,相当的…”。
真题再现
[例句] This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989,(2005年第48题)
[解析] no less than字面意思是“不少于”,这里为了强调我们可以转译成“多达”。
[译文] 这一点就足以证明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实——在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在1989年亏损。
再比如对考研作文的字数要求是这样的:
[例句] Write your letter with no less than 100 words,Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2,Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.(2005年的Directions)
[例句] Our reenactment promises to be nothing than spectacular.
[译文] 我们的再次表演将是相当壮观的。
17.5 Rainer than vs,other than 结构的理解与翻译在考研英语中,多次出现 rather than和other than的辨别问题。比如:
真题再现
[例句] We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_______ in a personal one.
A.rather than B.other than C.better than D.less than (1995年语法)
真题再现
[真题] Publication of the letter came two days attar Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament,
A.better than B.othgr than C.rather than D.sooner than(2001年第42题)
现在将详细区分这两个短语的意义和用法。
l.首先,从意义上来看,“other than...”相当于“different from...”,意思是“不同于…,除了…以外其他的…”。“rather than…”意思是“而不是…”,表示否定 than后边的事物。
2.其次,从用法结构来看,“A rather than B”,这里 A和 B都是表示两个并列的成分。而如果“Another than B”,则往往是B属于A中的一种元素或一部分。简单地说,rather than连接的 A和 B两个成分是并列关系,other than连接的 A和 B两个成分是所属关系。
[例句]a,The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals.
b,The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from water rather than from animals.
[解析] 请比较 a,b两句。在a句中,animals是作为能提供能量的一种来源(a source),所以animals属于energy source的一种,即表示所属关系,因此用了other than来连接。在b句中,两个介词短语 from water和from animals显然是表示两种不同的能量来源,是并列关系,所以用 rather than来连接。
[译文] a.水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能。
b.水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能,而是水能。
[例句] All parts of the building other then the windows are in good conditions.
[解析] 显然,这里 windows是 all parts of the building的一个部分,即表示所属关系,所以用other than来连接。
[译文] 这间房子除了窗户外,其他的都完好无损。
现在来看下面两道真题:
真题再现
[例句] We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style__A__ in a personal one.
A,rather than B,other than
C,better than D,1ess than(1995年语法)
[解析] 这里is a formal style与 in a personal one显然是表示并列关系的两个成分,这里是并列的介词短语,表达的是两种不同风格的写作方式。故用raher than来连接。
[译文] 在学校里,老师教我们,商业信函应该采用正式的文体来写,而不是用私人化的风格来写。
[例句] Publication of the letter came two days lord Levine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges__C__to Parliament.
A.better than B.other than
C.rather than D.sooner than (2001年第42题)
[解析] to judges 与to Parliament显然是表示并列关系的两个成分,是并列的介词短语,表达的是权力归属于两种不同的机构。故用rather than来连接。
[译文] 大法官Irvine说,对欧洲立法中所包含的关于个人隐私监探权的解释,将留给法官,而不是议会。这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天,信被公之于世。
在上面的例句中,rather than连接的并列成分都是并列的介词短语,比如 from water和 from animals; to judges和to Parliament等。下面请看rather than连接的其他并列结构,以便更全面了解rather than的用法。
17.5.1并列的名词:
真题再现
[例句] Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computerswith in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell-television,and digital age will have arrived,(2001年第72题)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的名“workmates”和“tools。
[译文] 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来到了。
17.5.2 并列谓语动词:
真题再现
[例句] As a result,I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.(2001年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的谓语动词“narrow”和“widen”。
[译文] 因此,我相信数字化差异在未来的几年将会缩小,而不是扩大。
18.5.3 并列的分词短语:
真题再现
[例句] To see an animal in pain is enough,for most,to engage sympathy,When that happens,it is not a mistake:it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at,(1997年第75题)
[解析] 这里 rather than连接的是两个并列过去分词“encouraged”和“laughed at”。
[译文] 大多数人看到动物受苦足以产生同情。这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应受到鼓励,而不是遭到嘲弄。并列的从句:
[例句] In her writing,she often dealt with her own personality as it was rather than as others defined it.
[解析]这里 rather than连接的是两个并列的方式状语从句“as it was”和“as others defined it”。
[译文] 在她的作品里,她往往是真实地描述自己的性格,而不是像别人杜撰的那样。
再来看有关other than的例句:
[例句] Technically,any substance other than food that alters our body or mental functioning is a drug.
Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal
chemical taken by drug addicts.They don’t realize that familiar substances such alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.(1997年阅读第三篇)
[解析] 这里substance和food的关系是,food属于一种substance,即表示所属关系。所以,这里用other than来连接。
[译文] 从技术上来讲,除食品外,任何改变我们身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。许多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅指某种药品或吸毒成德者使用的非法化学物质。他们没有意识到诸如烟、酒之类的熟悉物质也属药物。
请用 rather than或 other than填空:
[例句] Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography light in their photographs.
[例句] Research and technological advances in scientific photography may ultimately enable a doctor to discover a patient’s problem with pictures______ with blood and tissue samples.
[例句] Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources_____ the imperatives of the contemporary world.(199年英译汉)
[例句] Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun______ around the Earth,(1994年英译汉)
[例句] She never speaks to me______ to ask for something.
[例句] No animals_____ monkeys can develop such emotions.(2005年阅读第一篇)
[例句] The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything its peoples,their cultures and national identities.(2005年“英译汉”)
[答案] other than,rather than,rather than,rather than,other than,other than,other than
17.6 than引导定语从句关于than引导定语从句时的用法,在1.7小节已详细讨论过,在此仅举几例回顾一下。
真题再现
[例句] The project requires more labor than___A_____.(1992年语法)
A.has been put in B.have been put in C.being put in D.to be put in
[解析] 这里than作从句主语,指代先行词labor,故谓语要用单数has。
[译文] 这个工程项目需要投入更多的劳动力。
[例句] There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than__A____ in the public mindtoday,(1995年语法)
A.exists B.exist C.existing D.existed
[解析] 这里than作从句主语,指代先行词anxiety,故谓语要用单数exists。
[译文]人们不应该像如今这样担心患上癌症。
第十八章 长难句的读写和翻译对于中国学生来说,当句子是按自然的逻辑顺序表达时,理解起来并不困难。而一旦这种自然顺序被大乱了,读起来就会感到不习惯,尤其是遇到从句套从句的复杂结构时,更感到茫然。这时为了能快速把握句子的核心思想,就要掌握几个关键技巧。当然,在实际的阅读过程中,下列技巧并不是截然分割开的,考生要学会综合运用。
18.1 认清句中的并列平行结构在阅读英语难句时,对很多句子的误译是因为没有理清句子内部的并列关系。所以,当遇到像and,but,or这样的并列连词时,考生首先想到的应是搞清楚它们连接的并列成分是什么,如果并列关系搞错了,那么句子理解一定会出错。
真题再现
[例句] There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry,(1999年第74题)
[解析] 本句有一个并列连词or,所以一定要先判断由它引导的并列结构关系—这里or后面的to the research…是与前面的to the concepts还是to historical work并列呢?根据上下问的逻辑意思和句子本身的结构,能够判断出它是与to the concepts并列,所以这里to the research相当于refer to the research而不是peculiar to the research。而形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general修饰名词concepts,形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry修饰名词techniques。这两个形容词短语都是后置修饰语。
[译文] 所谓方法是指一般历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。
[例句] It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.(1999年第75题)
[解析] 这里并列连词and后面的介词to可以给考生很好的提示,表明and引导的两个并列结构是:to traditional historians…和to social science historians…。
[译文] 这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派:前者认为历史只是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
[例句] Not getting enough sleep can harm your mood,memory,ability to learn and concentrate,and job performance,and shorten your life,It can even kill you and others if you fall asleep while driving or operating machinery.
[解析] 这里三个and的并列关系也较复杂。第一个and是连接learn和concentrate两个动词,用在名词ability后面,构成一个名词短语,与名词mood,memory和job performance构成并列关系。第二个and则连接这些名词,构成一个大的名词短语,作句子谓语harm的宾语。因此,and concentrate并不是与harm并列构成句子谓语。第三个and引导动词shorten,才与harm构成并谓语。所以原句大的结构是:…can harm…and shorten…。
[译文] 睡眠不足会破坏情绪、损害记忆、降低学习能力、分散注意力、影响工作。更有甚者,会缩短你的寿命。如果你在开车或操作机器时睡着了,就可能伤害自己及他人的生命。
[例句] Youngsters should also be wanted to never approach a dog they do not know or tease or play roughly with a dog,and to curl into a ball with their head covered on the ground if knocked down by a dog.
[解析] 这里or和and的并列关系也很容易弄错。Or tease or play与动词approach并列,而不是与know并列。所以句子逻辑关系是never approach,or never tease,or never play,而不是与know并列。所以句子逻辑关系是never approach,or never tease,or never play,而不是not know,or not tease,or not play。And连接to never approach和to curl这一并列结构。
[译文] 还应该提醒青少年,不要接近不认识的狗,不要欺负狗,与狗玩耍时动作不能粗野;如果被狗扑倒在地,就把身体蜷曲成一团,抱住头躺在地上。
18.2 关注名词从句的连词对于复杂的名词从句,尤其是含有多个“嵌套结构”的名词从句,一定要弄清楚各个不同层次的从句之间的逻辑关系。这种情况下,往往需要借助名词从句的连词要帮助断句。
真题再现
[例句] But for many,the fact that poor people are able to t support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory,(2000-6 CET-4)
[解析] 这句结构与上句类似,the fact that后面的同位语从句谓语是are able to support,主句谓语是is。
[译文] 但是穷人们在没有政府救济的情况下,生活照样过得很好,对很多人来说,这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
[例句] That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.
[解析] 第一眼就看到这里的that,然后再往后看就知道这个that不是代词,而是连词,引导一个主语从句,于是此时就可以在心里告诉自己,一定要找到两套谓语。这里从句谓语是will act…and thus avoid…,而主句谓语是is commonly recognized。所以,关注名词从句的连词非常有助于理清句子逻辑结构,从而快速理解句子意思。
[译文] 每一个大公司的行为都会考虑到自身的需求,这样就不会使其商品售价高于其竞争对手。自由市场经济理论的倡导者普遍认识到这一点。
[例句] The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spreading of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered.
[解析] whether引导一个从句,作介词of的宾语,修饰question。所以,此句后面必然有一个从句谓语和一个主句谓语。Caused是分词作后置定语,causes是whether从句的谓语,remains是主句谓语。
[译文] 喷洒杀虫剂造成的植物繁殖能力下降,是否真是会引起有花植物整体种群数量减少,这个问题人们目前尚无法回答。
[例句] Those who can take leisurely what the people of the world are busy about can be busy about what the people of the world take leisurely.
[解析] 这个句子结构有些复杂,但只要抓住其中的两个what宾语从句,即可分清它们的逻辑关系。前一个what从句作take的宾语,后一个what从句作about的宾语。主句谓语是can be。
[译文] 那些能把世人们忙碌奔波的俗事抛开的人才会忙碌于世人们都忽略的东西。
18.3 正确分析定语从句关系词所指的先行词内容对于定语从句,最重要的是要搞清楚它所修饰的对象,即先行词。紧靠关系词的成分不一定是先行词。定语从句的先行词可以是关系词前面的某一个单词、短语或整个句子。要依据定语从句的逻辑意思在主句中寻找先行词。定语从句与主句之间还存在状语关系,比如原因、目的、让步、假设等关系,这种情况在非限制性定语从句中尤为常见。
[例句] He bought a picture of the house that many people thought to be a replica.
[解析] 这里的先行词是picture,作从句谓语thought的宾语,即thought the picture to be a replica,表示“认为这幅画是复制品”。
[译文] 他买了一张那房子的画,许多人认为那是件仿制品。
[例句] What should doctors say,for example,to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who,though he feels in perfect health,is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months?
[解析] 这里who引导的定语从句的先行词是man,从句与先行词被长长的分句短语coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family分隔开。
[译文] 比如,一个46岁的男子,在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查时,尽管他自我感觉健康良好,但医生却发现他患有某种癌症,不超过6个月就将死去。这 时,医生该怎么对他讲呢?
[例句] Speech has to be triggered and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child’s crying,smiling,and responds to them.
[解析] 这里where引导的定语从句修饰的先行词是interaction,即where指代这个interaction,翻译时需要重复这个名词。
[译文] 语言需要培养的,而这有得需要母亲和孩子之间的互动作用,在这种互动过程中,母亲可以从孩子的哭笑中捕捉到一些信息和信号,并且给予他们反馈。
[例句] We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.
[解析] whose引导非限制性定语从句,在翻译时可以处理成一个原因状语从句。
[译文] 我们知道,由于猫的眼睛能够比人的眼睛吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜里也能够看得很清楚。
18.4 熟记各种状语从句的逻辑关系连接词
[例句] While Entin viewed the study’s findings as positive,he wondered how beneficial owning a cat or dog really was in reducing owners’ blood pressure.
[解析] 要熟记各种状语从句连词的翻译,这在第四章已详细总结过。比如while用在句首,往往都是表示让步关系,译成“尽管...”。
[译文] 尽管恩廷认为研究结果是积极的,但是他仍然想知道饲养一只猫或狗的主人在降低血压方面究竟能够获益多大。
[例句] Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan said that while differences remained among various parties on how to solve the Iraqi crisis,the majority of countries in the world stand for a political solution and the opposition to war is prevailing.
[解析] 在that从句中有一个while引导的让步从句。
[译文] 中国外交部长唐家璇说,尽管各方在解决伊拉克危机这一问题上仍存有分歧,但世界上大多数国家主张政治谈判解决危机,普遍反对战争。
18.5 熟悉分词结构的用法分词在句中主要充当定语或状语,其作用相当于一个定语从句或状语从句。因此,分词也是一种重要的连词成句的手段。以下两点是分词用法的核心:
分词短语作定语要后置,相当于一个定语从句。
分词短语作状语有两种结构:分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致;独立分词结构。这相当于一个状语从句。
[例句] There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
[解析] 分词giving所修饰的名词是remark,二者被长长的后置定语in a book by an Englishman that I read recently隔开。
[译文] 我最近看过一本书,它是由一个英国人写的,我还记得书里有一句十分有趣的话,作者认为这句话说明了美国人为什么是这种性格。
[例句] Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
[解析] 现在分词opening作后置定语,修饰world;过去分词built作后置定语,修饰system。
[译文] 美国海军为跟踪潜在敌舰,花了数十年时间而建立起来的全球海底监听系统,在冷战结束后已经部分开放了。追踪蓝鲸仅仅是这一令人激动的海底新世界向民用科学家开放的一个例子。
[例句] Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful,I applied,fearing as I did so,that without a degree and with no experience in teaching,my chances of getting the job were slim.
[解析] 这个句子里使用了很多分词短语作状语,使得句子结构显得有些凌乱。该句的基本结构是:I applied,fearing…that…my chances…were slim,即表示“我申请的时候,很害怕我的机会渺茫”。
[译文] 我因为手头很拮据,同时也想干点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但同时我也担心,自己一无学历,二无教学经验,得到这份工作的几率真是微乎其微。
18.6 熟练掌握英文的固定介词搭配以及of的语义结构关系介词是英语里很重要的一个连词成句的纽带,因此在分析复杂句子结构时,要特别注意它的穿针引线作用。介词往往能够提供很好的线索来帮助理清句子结构。
真题再现
[例句] This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms,of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.(2001年阅读第四篇)
[解析] 这里有两个介词over,与名词concern构成固定搭配,表示“对...担忧”。因此原句基本结构是:…concerns over A and B。抓住了介词over,也有助于看清and连接的并列关系,而不至于误认为over the role,of national businessmen,over the ultimate stability这三者是并列关系。Over A这个短语里有两个of短语并列:oa smaller economic firms和of national businessmen。它们是跟在role后面的,可译成“小型企业、民族资本的作用”。
[译文] 这个现象造成人们对小型企业、民族资本的作用的严重忧虑,也造成了人们对世界经济的最终稳定的忧虑。
[例句] Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
[解析] 这个句子有三点需要搞清楚。首先,要知道这个句子是一个倒装结构:Coincident with…has been a growing appreciation…,其中appreciation是主语。其次,要弄清楚to the health…中的to是与哪个词构成逻辑语义联系。它是与前面的名词importance构成呼应,即the importance of…to the health…,即“对...健康的重要意义”。最后,要知道the number of species in a particular ecosystem的作用是充当同位语,解释biological diversity这个概念。
[译文] 人们对物种及其栖息地正加速丧失表示担忧,与此同时,人们一直越来越意识到生物多样性(即在一个特定生态系统中物种的总数)对于地球乃至我们人类健康的重要意义。
[例句] In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.
[解析] 本句逻辑结构应该是:In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected。Upon和名词influence构成搭配。
[译文] 在工业时代,工厂对于工人的生理和心理的影响被完全忽略了。
[例句] I was scared of leaving the protective bubble of this place for places unknown,during uncertain economic times,And I was scared of squandering the incredible gift of my Stanford experience on pursuits that weren’t commensurate with expectations I,and others had of me,I was scared of not doing it all,of making irrevocable mistakes.
[译文] 在经济不稳定的年代,我害怕离开这里的保护伞到未知的地方去;我害怕把斯坦福大学的经理这笔了不起的财富,浪费在自己和别人对我的期望不相称的追求上。我害怕的并不是去做所有的这些事情,而是害怕会犯下一些不可挽回的错误。
下面请看英语中最常用的介词of的理解与翻译。介词of可以表示很多逻辑关系,最常见的是表示所有关系,译成“...的”。除此之外,of还可以表示其他语义关系。在这里只讨论of表示的“同位关系”,因为这在考研中常常出现。
真题再现
[例句]Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999年第72题)
[解析] 这里关键是要理解the validity of history as an intellectual discipline这个短语的逻辑关系。应该先译短语history as an intellectual discipline短语,即“历史作为一门学科”,而不是短语the validity of history。这个句子的逻辑关系是:[the validity of (history as an intellectual discipline)]。Of表示的是同位语关系,即“历史作为一门学科的合理性”,而不是所有关系,即“历史的合理性”。
[译文] 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部意见不一,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
[例句] Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.(1997年阅读第二篇)
[解析] 这里关键是要正确理解the old tradition of hospitality to strangers这个短语的逻辑关系。应该先译hospitality to strangers这个短语,即“对陌生人热情招待”,而不是the old tradition of hospitality这个短语。所以,这个句子逻辑关系是:[the old tradition of (hospitality to strangers)]。这里的of表示的是同位语关系,即“对陌生人热情款待的老传统”,而不是所有关系,即“热情款待的老传统”。
[译文]但对陌生人热情款待的老传统在美国仍很兴盛,尤其是在远离旅游热线的那些小市镇。
[例句]Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.(1998年阅读第四篇)
[解析]这里的of 表示同位关系,说明是一幅什么样的picture,即“国家形成越来越多的地方性竞争”这样一个情形。原句可以改写为:the picture that a nation is developing more and more…这样一个同位语从句。
[译文]1980年的人口普查显示,随着东北部和中西部人口发展几乎停滞,国家形成越来越多的地方性竞争。
18.7 注意句中代词的所指内容英语中为了避免名词重复,所以多用代词。而汉语是不怕名词重复的,所以往往少用代词。这种语言及思维习惯上的差异会造成理解和翻译上的困难。尤其是当语义功能相对较弱但语法作用较为突出的it/they极其变格形式their频繁出现时,务必仔细揣摩和认真推敲其所指代的名词内容。若将代词“乱点鸳鸯谱”,则一定会造成对句子的误解。建议考生以后在句子中遇到代词,一定要将其指代内容弄清楚,然后再着手理解句子的其他内容。很多时候,对一个句子的不理解,就是因为对其中的代词指代搞不清楚,云里雾里,最终导致句子误解。
真题再现
[例句] We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004年第62题)
[解析] 本题难点在于弄清楚句中两个them的指代内容。根据上下文可知,该句前一句提到了两位人类学家兼语言学家Franz Boas和Edward Sapir,这里的them就是指这两位先驱。第二个them是指前面的名词these languages。
[译文] 我们之所以要感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
[例句] Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.(2004年第65题)
[解析] 这个句子的难点是要明确its的指代内容。Its与关系代词which指代内容应该是一样的,而which指linguistic determinism,所以its指的就是linguistic determinism。整个短语意思是“语言决定论这个观点的极端形成或表述”。
[译文] Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
[例句] Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.(2000年第75题)
[解析] 代词themselves指代名词短语mass migration movements。
[译文] 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
[例句] There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
[解析] them 和they指的是cars,而不是monitors或robots。有的考生误认为是指robots,将句子误译为“机器人将会控制电视聊天的显示,如果他们冒犯了具有污染控制器的汽车,汽车将会让他们失去功能。”
[译文] 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停驶。