Dictionary of Engineering：Dictionary.Of.Engineering.2003.2ed

McGraw-Hill
Dictionaryof
Engineering
Second
Edition
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DOI,10.1036/0071417990
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Contents
Preface,..................................................................................................................v
Staff,.......................................................................................................................vi
HowtoUsetheDictionary,............................................................................vii
FieldsandTheirScope,...................................................................................ix
PronunciationKey,............................................................................................xi
A-ZTerms,.....................................................................................................1-626
Appendix,...................................................................................................627-643
Equivalents of commonly used units for the U.S.
Customary System and the metric system,.....................................629
Conversion factors for the U.S,Customary System,
metric system,and International System,......................................630
Special constants,...................................................................................634
Electrical and magnetic units,...............................................................635
Dimensional formulas of common quantities,....................................635
Internal energy and generalized work,..................................................636
General rules of integration,..................................................................637
Schematic electronic symbols,..............................................................639
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Preface
The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than
18,000termsthatarecentraltothevariousbranchesofengineeringandrelated
fields of science,The coverage in this Second Edition is focused on building
construction,chemical engineering,civil engineering,control systems,design
engineering,electricity and electronics,engineering acoustics,industrial engi-
neering,mechanics and mechanical engineering,systems engineering,and
thermodynamics.Manynewentrieshavebeenaddedsincethepreviousedition
with others revised as necessary,Many of the terms used in engineering are
oftenfoundinspecializeddictionariesandglossaries;thisDictionary,however,
aims to provide the user with the convenience of a single,comprehensive
reference.
All of the definitions are drawn from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms,Sixth Edition (2003),Each definition is classified according to
the field with which it is primarily associated; if it is used in more than one
area,it is idenfified by the general label [ENGINEERING],The pronunciation of
each term is provided along with synonyms,acronyms,and abbreviations
where appropriate,A guide to the use of the Dictionary appears on pages vii
and viii,explaining the alphabetical organization of terms,the format of the
book,cross referencing,and how synonyms,variant spellings,abbreviations,
and similar information are handled,The Pronunciation Key is given on page
xi,The Appendix provides conversion tables for commonly used scientific
unitsaswellaslistingsofusefulmathematical,engineering,andscientificdata.
It is the editors’ hope that the Second Edition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Engineering will serve the needs of scientists,engineers,students,teachers,
librarians,and writers for high-quality information,and that it will contribute
to scientific literacy and communication.
Mark D,Licker
Publisher
v
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Staff
MarkD.Licker,Publisher—Science
ElizabethGeller,Managing Editor
JonathanWeil,Senior Staff Editor
DavidBlumel,Staff Editor
AlyssaRappaport,Staff Editor
CharlesWagner,Digital Content Manager
ReneeTaylor,Editorial Assistant
RogerKasunic,Vice President—Editing,Design,and Production
JoeFaulk,Editing Manager
FrankKotowski,Jr.,Senior Editing Supervisor
RonLane,Art Director
ThomasG.Kowalczyk,Production Manager
PamelaA.Pelton,Senior Production Supervisor
HenryF.Beechhold,Pronunciation Editor
Professor Emeritus of English
Former Chairman,Linguistics Program
The College of New Jersey
Trenton,New Jersey
vi
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HowtoUsetheDictionary
ALPHABETIZATION,The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering,
Second Edition,are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; word spacing,
hyphen,comma,solidus,andapostropheinatermareignoredinthesequenc-
ing,For example,an ordering of terms would be:
abat-vent ADP
Ablock airband
Abneylevel airblasting
FORMAT,Thebasicformatforadefiningentryprovidestheterminboldface,
the field is small capitals,and the single definition in lightface:
term [FIELD] Definition.
A field may be followed by multiple definitions,each introduced by a bold-
face number:
term [FIELD] 1,Definition,2,Definition,3,Definition.
A term may have definitions in two or more fields:
term [CIV ENG] Definition,[ENG ACOUS] Definition.
A simple cross-reference entry appears as:
term See another term.
A cross reference may also appear in combination with definitions:
term [CIV ENG] Definition,[ENG ACOUS] Definition.
CROSS REFERENCING,A cross-reference entry directs the user to the
defining entry,For example,the user looking up,access flooring” finds:
accessflooring See raised flooring.
The user then turns to the,R” terms for the definition,Cross references are
also made from variant spellings,acronyms,abbreviations,and symbols.
ARL See acceptable reliability level.
arriswise See arrisways.
at See technical atmosphere.
ALSOKNOWNAS...,etc,A definition may conclude with a mention of a
synonym of the term,a variant spelling,an abbreviation for the term,or other
vii
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such information,introduced by,Also known as,..,”,Also spelled,..,”
“Abbreviated,..,”“Symbolized,..,”“Derived from,...”When a term has
more than one definition,the positioning of any of these phrases conveys the
extent of applicability,For example:
term [CIV ENG] 1,Definition,Also known as synonym,2,Definition.
Symbolized T.
In the above arrangement,“Also known as,,,” applies only to the first defini-
tion;,Symbolized,,,” applies only to the second definition.
term [CIV ENG] 1,Definition,2,Definition,[ENG ACOUS] Definition.
Also known as synonym.
Intheabovearrangement,“Alsoknownas.,,” appliesonlytothesecondfield.
term [CIV ENG] Also known as synonym,1,Definition,2,Definition.
[ENG ACOUS] Definition.
In the above arrangement,“Also known as,,,” applies to both definitions in
the first field.
term Also known as synonym,[CIV ENG] 1,Definition,2,Definition.
[ENG ACOUS] Definition.
In the above arrangement,“Also known as,,,” applies to all definitions in
both fields.
viii
FieldsandTheirScope
buildingconstruction—The technology of assembling materials into a struc-
ture,especially one designated for occupancy.
chemical engineering—A branch of engineering which involves the design
and operation of chemical plants.
civil engineering—The planning,design,construction,and maintenance of
fixed structures and ground facilities for industry,for transportation,for use
and control of water,for occupancy,and for harbor facilities.
control systems—The study of those systems in which one or more outputs
are forced to change in a desired manner as time progresses.
design engineering—The branch of engineering concerned with the design
of a product or facility according to generally accepted uniform standards and
procedures,suchasthespecificationofalineardimension,oramanufacturing
practice,suchastheconsistentuseofaparticularsizeofscrewtofastencovers.
electricity—Thescienceofphysicalphenomenainvolvingelectricchargesand
their effects when at rest and when in motion.
electronics—The technological area involving the manipulation of voltages
and electric currents through the use of various devices for the purpose of
performing some useful action with the currents and voltages; this field is
generally divided into analog electronics,in which the signals to be manipu-
lated take the form of continuous currents or voltages,and digital electronics,
in which signals are represented by a finite set of states.
engineering—The science by which the properties of matter and the sources
of power in nature are made useful to humans in structures,machines,and
products.
engineeringacoustics—The field of acoustics that deals with the production,
detection,and control of sound by electrical devices,including the study,
design,and construction of such things as microphones,loudspeakers,sound
recorders and reproducers,and public address sytems.
industrial engineering—A branch of engineering dealing with the design,
development,andimplementationofintegratedsystemsofhumans,machines,
and information resources to provide products and services.
ix
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mechanical engineering—The branch of engineering concerned with energy
conversion,mechanics,and mechanisms and devices for diverse applications,
ranging from automotive parts through nanomachines.
mechanics—The branch of physics which seeks to formulate general rules for
predicting the behavior of a physical system under the influence of any type
of interaction with its environment.
systems engineering—The branch of engineering dealing with the design of
acomplexinterconnectionofmanyelements(asystem)tomaximizeanagreed-
upon measure of system performance.
thermodynamics—The branch of physics which seeks to derive,from a few
basic postulates,relations between properties of substances,especially those
which are affected by changes in temperature,and a description of the conver-
sion of energy from one form to another.
x
PronunciationKey
Vowels Consonants
a asinbat,that b as in bib,dribble
aˉ as in bait,crate ch as in charge,stretch
a¨ as in bother,father d as in dog,bad
e asinbet,net f as in fix,safe
eˉ as in beet,treat g as in good,signal
i asinbit,skit h as in hand,behind
ˉ as in bite,light j as in joint,digit
oˉ as in boat,note k as in cast,brick
o˙ as in bought,taut k as in Bach (used rarely)
u˙ as in book,pull l as in loud,bell
u¨ as in boot,pool m as in mild,summer
as in but,sofa nasinnew,dent
au˙ as in crowd,power n indicates nasalization of preced-
o˙i asinboil,spoil ing vowel
y? as in formula,spectacular? as in ring,single
yu¨ as in fuel,mule p as in pier,slip
rasinred,scar
Semivowels/Semiconsonants sasinsign,post
wasinwind,twin sh as in sugar,shoe
yasinyet,onion tasintimid,cat
th as in thin,breath
Stress(Accent) th as in then,breathe
vertstrokesuperior precedes syllable with primary vas in veil,weave
stress z as in zoo,cruise
zh as in beige,treasure
vertstrokeinferior precedes syllable with secondary
stress
Syllabication
H11080 Indicates syllable boundary
| precedes syllable with variable
when following syllable is
or indeterminate primary/
unstressed
secondary stress
xi
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A
reposition it if it drifts out of the acceptablea See ampere.
range,{?vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorbranch }A See ampere; angstrom.
Abrams’ law [CIV ENG] In concrete materials,A
See angstrom.
for a mixture of workable consistency theaaxis [MECH ENG] The angle that specifies the
strength of concrete is determined by the ratiorotation of a machine tool about the x axis.
of water to cement,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080br?mz vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ }{ vertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorsis }
abrasion [ENG] 1.Theremoval ofsurfacemate-abandon [ENG] To stop drilling and remove the
rial from any solid through the frictional actiondrill rig from the site of a borehole before the
ofanothersolid,aliquid,oragasorcombinationintended depth or target is reached,{?vertstrokesuperiorbanH11080
thereof,2,A surface discontinuity broughtd?n}
about by roughening or scratching,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080abate [ENG] 1.Toremovematerial,forexample,
zh?n}in carving stone,2,In metalwork,to excise or
abrasiontest [MECHENG] Themeasurementofbeatdownthesurfaceinordertocreateapattern
abrasion resistance,usually by the weighing ofor figure in low relief,{?vertstrokesuperiorbaˉt}
a material sample before and after subjecting itabatement [ENG] 1.The waste produced in cut-
to a known abrasive stress throughout a knownting a timber,stone,or metal piece to a desired
time period,or by reflectance or surface finishsize and shape,2,A decrease in the amount
comparisons,or by dimensional comparisons.of a substance or other quantity,such as atmos-
{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080zh?n test }pheric pollution,{?vertstrokesuperiorbaˉtH11080m?nt }
abrasive belt [MECH ENG] A cloth,leather,orabat-jour [BUILD] A device that is used to de-
paper band impregnated with grit and rotatedflect daylight downward as it streams through a
as an endless loop to abrade materials throughwindow,{ a¨H11080ba¨vertstrokesuperiorzhu˙r}
continuous friction,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?vbelt }abattoir [IND ENG] A building in which cattle or
abrasiveblasting [MECH ENG] The cleaning orother animals are slaughtered,{ vertstrokeinferiorabH11080?vertstrokesuperiortwa¨r}
finishing of surfaces by the use of an abrasiveabat-vent [BUILD] A series of sloping boards or
entrainedinablastofair,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?v vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }metal strips,or some similar contrivance,to
abrasive cloth [MECH ENG] Tough cloth tobreaktheforceofwindwithoutbeinganobstruc-
whosesurfaceanabrasivesuchassandoremerytionto thepassageof airor sound,asin alouver
hasbeenbondedforuseingrindingorpolishing.or chimney cowl,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨vertstrokeinferiorba¨vertstrokesuperiorva¨n}
{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?v vertstrokesuperiorklo˙th }ablatograph [ENG] An instrument that records
abrasive cone [MECH ENG] An abrasive sint-ablation by measuring the distance a snow or
ered or shaped into a solid cone to be rotatedice surface falls during the observation period.
by an arbor for abrasive machining,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080{?vertstrokesuperiorblaˉH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
v vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn}Ablock [CIV ENG] A hollow concrete masonry
abrasivedisk [MECHENG] Anabrasivesinteredblock with one end closed and the other open
or shaped into a disk to be rotated by an arborand with a web between,so that when the block
for abrasive machining,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?v vertstrokesuperiordisk }is laid in a wall two cells are produced,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉ
abrasivejetcleaning [ENG] The removal of dirtvertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
from a solid by a gas or liquid jet carrying abra-Abneylevel See clinometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080neˉ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l}
abnormal reading See abnormal time,{ abvertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080 sives to ablate the surface,{?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?v vertstrokesuperiorjet
vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }m?l vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080i? }
abnormal time [IND ENG] During a time study,abrasivemachining [MECHENG] Grinding,dril-
ling,shaping,or polishing by abrasion.an elapsed time for any element which is exces-
sively longer or shorter than the median of the {?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080?vm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }
abreast milling [MECH ENG] A milling methodelapsed times,Also known as abnormal read-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorabvertstrokeinferiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm } in which parts are placed in a row parallel to the
axisofthecuttingtoolandaremilledsimultane-abort branch [CONT SYS] A branching instruc-
tion in the program controlling a robot that ously,{?vertstrokesuperiorbrest vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? }
abreuvoir [CIV ENG] A space between stones incauses a test to be performed on whether the
tool-center point is properly positioned,and to masonry to be filled with mortar,{ abH11080ru¨vertstrokesuperiorvwa¨r}
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ABS
ABS See antilock braking system,and not proceed until there is a change in the
signal,Also known as stop and stay,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080absolute altimeter [ENG] An instrument which
employs radio,sonic,or capacitive technology s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p}
absolute temperature [THERMO] 1,The tem-to produce on its indicator the measurement of
distance from the aircraft to the terrain below,perature measurable in theory on the thermody-
namic temperature scale,2,The temperatureAlso known as terrain-clearance indicator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨talvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?H11080d?r } in Celsius degrees relative to the absolute zero
at H11002273.16H11034C (the Kelvin scale) or in Fahrenheitabsolute altitude [ENG] Altitude above the ac-
tual surface,either land or water,of a planet or degrees relative to the absolute zero at
H11002459.69H11034F (the Rankine scale),{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tnatural satellite,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?H11080tu¨d}
absoluteblocking [CIV ENG] A control arrange- vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080chu¨r}
absolute temperature scale [THERMO] A scalement for rail traffic in which a track is divided
into sections or blocks upon which a train may with which temperatures are measured relative
toabsolutezero,Alsoknownasabsolutescale.not enter until the preceding train has left.
{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080chu¨r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
absolutevolume [ENG] The total volume of theabsolute block system [CIV ENG] A block sys-
tem in which only a single railroad train is per- particles in a granular material,including both
permeableandimpermeablevoidsbutexcludingmitted within a block section during a given pe-
riod of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } spaces between particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080
yu¨m}absolute efficiency [ENG ACOUS] The ratio of
the power output of an electroacoustic trans- absoluteweighing [ENG] Determination of the
mass of a sample and expressing its value inducer,under specified conditions,to the power
output of an ideal electroacoustic transducer,units,fractions,and multiples of the mass of the
prototype of the international kilogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
absoluteexpansion [THERMO] The true expan- s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i? }
absolute zero [THERMO] The temperature ofsion of a liquid with temperature,as calculated
when the expansion of the container in which H11002273.16H11034C,or H11002459.69H11034F,or 0 K,thought to be
thetemperature atwhich molecularmotion van-thevolumeoftheliquidismeasuredistakeninto
account; in contrast with apparent expansion,ishes and a body would have no heat energy.
{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ }{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
absolute instrument [ENG] An instrument absorber [CHEM ENG] Equipment in which a
gas is absorbed by contact with a liquid.which measures a quantity (such as pressure
or temperature) in absolute units by means of [ELECTR] A material or devicethat takes up and
dissipatesradiatedenergy;maybeusedtoshieldsimple physical measurements on the instru-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt } an object from the energy,prevent reflection of
theenergy,determinethenatureoftheradiation,absolute magnetometer [ENG] An instrument
usedtomeasuretheintensityofamagneticfield or selectively transmit one or more components
of the radiation,[ENG] The surface on a solarwithout reference to other magnetic instru-
ments,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t magH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?H11080d?r } collector that absorbs the solar radiation.
[MECH ENG] 1,A device which holds liquid forabsolute manometer [ENG] 1,A gas manome-
ter whose calibration,which is the same for all the absorption of refrigerant vapor or other
vapors,2.That part of the low-pressure side ofideal gases,can be calculated from the measur-
able physical constants of the instrument,an absorption system used for absorbing refrig-
erant vapor,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rH11080b?r}2,A manometer that measures absolute pres-
sure,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080d?r} absorber capacity [CHEM ENG] During natural
gas processing,the maximum volume of the gasabsolute pressure gage [ENG] A device that
measures the pressure exerted by a fluid relative that canbe processed through anabsorber with-
out alteration of specified operating conditions.to a perfect vacuum; used to measure pressures
very close to a perfect vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rH11080b?rk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
absorberplate [ENG] Apartofa flat-platesolarvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
absolute pressure transducer [ENG] A device collector that provides a surface for absorbing
incident solar radiation,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}that responds to absolute pressure as the input
and provides a measurable output of a nature absorbingboom [CIV ENG] A device that floats
on the water and is used to stop the spread ofdifferent than but proportional to absolute pres-
sure,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r } an oil spill and aid in its removal,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rbH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiorbu¨m}absolute scale See absolute temperature scale.
{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl} absorbing well [CIV ENG] A shaft that permits
water to drain through an impermeable stratumabsolute specific gravity [MECH] The ratio of
the weight of a given volume of a substance in to a permeable stratum,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rbH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorwel }
absorption bed [CIV ENG] A sizable pit con-a vacuum at a given temperature to the weight
of an equal volume of water in a vacuum at a taining coarse aggregate about a distribution
pipesystem;absorbstheeffluentofaseptictank.given temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tsp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080?k vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080
dH11080eˉ }{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbed }
absorption column See absorption tower.absolutestop [CIV ENG] A railway signal which
indicates that the train must make a full stop {?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
2
accelerationoffreefall
absorption cycle [MECH ENG] In refrigeration,the form of falling droplets,Also known as ab-
the process whereby a circulating refrigerant,for sorption column,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
example,ammonia,is evaporated by heat from absorption trench [CIV ENG] A trench con-
an aqueous solution at elevated pressure and tainingcoarseaggregateaboutadistributiontile
subsequently reabsorbed at low pressure,dis- pipe through which septic-tank effluent may
placing the need for a compressor,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080 move beneath earth,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortrench }
sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l} absorptivity [THERMO] The ratio of the radia-
absorption dynamometer [ENG] A device for tion absorbed by a surface to the total radiation
measuring mechanical forces or power in which
incident on the surface,{?bvertstrokeinferiorso˙rpvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
the mechanical energy input is absorbed by fric-
Abt track [CIV ENG] One of the cogged rails
tion or electrical resistance,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n
used for railroad tracking in mountains and so
d?ˉnH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
arranged that the cogs are not opposite one an-
absorption-emission pyrometer [ENG] A ther-
other on any pair of rails,{ vertstrokesuperiorapt vertstrokeinferiortrak }
mometer for determining gas temperature from
abutment [CIVENG] A surface ormass provided
measurement of the radiation emitted by a cali-
to withstand thrust; for example,end supports
brated reference source before and after this ra-
of an arch or a bridge,{?vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080m?nt }
diation has passed through and been partially
abuttingjoint [DESENG] Ajointwhichconnects
absorbed by the gas,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n?vertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n
two pieces of wood in such a way that the direc-
p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
tion of the grain in one piece is angled (usually
absorptionfield [CIV ENG] Trenches containing
at 90H11034) with respect to the grain in the other.
coarse aggregate about distribution pipes per-
{?vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
mitting septic-tank effluent to seep into sur-
abuttingtenons [DESENG] Twotenonsinserted
rounding soil,Also known as disposal field.
into a common mortise from opposite sides so
{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld }
that they contact,{?vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080i?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080?nz }
absorption hygrometer Also known as chemical
ac See alternating current.
hygrometer,[ENG] An instrument with which
acceleratedaging [ENG] Hastening the deteri-
the water vapor content of the atmosphere is
oration of a product by a laboratory procedure
measured by means of the absorption of vapor
in order to determine long-range storage and
by a hygroscopic chemical,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n
use characteristics,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperioraˉjH11080i? }
h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
accelerated life test [ENG] Operation of a de-
absorptionloss [CIVENG] Thequantityofwater
vice,circuit,or system above maximum ratings
that is lost during the initial filling of a reservoir
to produce premature failure; used to estimate
because of absorption by soil and rocks.
normal operating life,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?rvertstrokeinferioraˉH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf
{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
vertstrokeinferiortest }
absorption meter [ENG] An instrument de-
acceleratedweathering [ENG] Alaboratorytest
signed to measure the amount of light transmit-
used to determine,in a short period of time,
ted through a transparent substance,using a
the resistance of a paint film or other exposed
photocell or other light detector,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080
surface to weathering,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?rvertstrokeinferioraˉH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080
sh?n vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
rH11080i? }
absorption number [ENG] A dimensionless
accelerating incentive See differential piece-rate
group used in the field of gas absorption in a
system,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?rvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i? invertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tiv}
wetted-wall column; represents the liquid side
acceleratingpotential [ELECTR] Theenergy po-
mass-transfer coefficient,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n
tentialinelectron-beamequipmentthatimparts
vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
additional speed and energy to the electrons.
absorption plant [CHEM ENG] A facility to re-
{akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?rvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i? p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080sh?l}
coverthecondensableportionofnaturalorrefin-
acceleration [MECH] The rate of change of
ery gas,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorplant }
velocity with respect to time,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
absorption process [CHEM ENG] A method in
sh?n}
which light oil is introduced into an absorption
acceleration analysis [MECH ENG] A mathe-
towersothatitabsorbsthegasolineintherising
matical technique,often done graphically,by
wet gas; the light oil is then distilled to separate
which accelerations of parts of a mechanism are
the gasoline,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
determined,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
absorption refrigeration [MECH ENG] Refriger-
acceleration-errorconstant [CONT SYS] The ra-
ation in which cooling is effected by the expan-
tio of the acceleration of a controlled variable
sion of liquid ammonia into gas and absorption
ofaservomechanismtotheactuatingerrorwhenof the gas by water; the ammonia is reused after
the actuating error is constant,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080the water evaporates,{?bvertstrokesuperiorso
˙rpH11080sh?nr?vertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt }?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
acceleration measurement [MECH] The tech-absorptionsystem [MECH ENG] A refrigeration
nique of determining the magnitude and direc-system in which the refrigerant gas in the evapo-
tion of acceleration,including translational andratoristakenupbyanabsorberandisthen,with
angular acceleration,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080the application of heat,released in a generator.
rH11080m?nt }{?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
accelerationoffreefallSee acceleration of gravity.absorptiontower [ENG] Averticaltubeinwhich
a rising gas is partially absorbed by a liquid in { akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙l}
3
accelerationofgravity
acceleration of gravity [MECH] The accelera- acceptable quality level [IND ENG] The maxi-
mum percentage of defects that has been deter-tion imparted to bodies by the attractive force
mined tolerable as a process average for a sam-of the earth; has an international standard value
pling plan during inspection or test of a product
of 980.665 cm/s
2
but varies with latitude and
withrespecttoeconomicandfunctionalrequire-
elevation,Also known as acceleration of free
ments of the item,Abbreviated AQL,{ ak
fall; apparent gravity,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n?v
|sepH11080t?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?H11080deˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?H11080deˉ }
acceptable reliability level [IND ENG] The re-
accelerationsignature [IND ENG] A printed re-
quired level of reliability for a part,system,
cord that shows the pattern of acceleration and
device,and so forth; may be expressed in a vari-
deceleration of an anatomical reference point
ety of terms,for example,number of failures
in the performance of a task,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n
allowable in 1000 hours of operating life,Ab-
vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?H11080ch?r}
breviated ARL,{ ak|sepH11080t?H11080b?lr?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?H11080deˉ
acceleration tolerance [ENG] The degree to
vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
whichpersonnelor equipmentwithstandsaccel-
acceptance criteria [IND ENG] Standards of
eration,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?rH11080?ns }
judgingtheacceptability ofmanufactureditems.
acceleration voltage [ELECTR] The voltage be-
{akvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns kr?ˉvertstrokesuperiorteˉrH11080eˉH11080? }
tween a cathode and accelerating electrode of
acceptance number [IND ENG] The maximum
an electron tube,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080t?j} allowablenumberofdefectivepiecesinasample
accelerator [MECH ENG] A device for varying of specified size,{ akvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
acceptancesampling [IND ENG] Taking a sam-the speed of an automotive vehicle by varying
ple from a batch of material to inspect for de-the supply of fuel,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
terminingwhethertheentirelotwillbeacceptedaccelerator jet [MECH ENG] The jet through
or rejected,{ akvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }which the fuel is injected into the incoming air
acceptancetest [INDENG] Atestusedtodeter-
in the carburetor of an automotive vehicle with
mineconformanceofaproducttodesignspecifi-
rapid demand for increased power output,{ ak
cations,as a basis for its acceptance,{ akvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080
vertstrokesuperiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjet }
t?ns vertstrokeinferiortest }
accelerator linkage [MECH ENG] The linkage
acceptor [CHEM ENG] A calcined carbonate
connecting the accelerator pedal of an automo-
used to absorb the carbon dioxide evolved dur-
tive vehicle to the carburetor throttle valve or
ing a coal gasification process,{ akvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?r}
fuel injection control,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
access [CIV ENG] Freedom,ability,or the legal
acceleratorpedal [MECHENG] Apedalthatop-
right to pass without obstruction from a given
erates the carburetor throttle valve or fuel injec-
point on earth to some other objective,such as
tion control of an automotive vehicle,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080
the sea or a public highway,{ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses }
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpedH11080?l}
access door [BUILD] A provision for access to
acceleratorpump [MECHENG] Asmallcylinder
concealedplumbingorotherequipmentwithout
and piston controlled by the throttle of an auto-
disturbing the wall or fixtures,{ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
motive vehicle so as to provide an enriched air-
access eye [CIV ENG] A threaded plug fitted
fuelmixtureduringacceleration,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
into bends and junctions of drain,waste,or soil
r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
pipes to provide access when a blockage occurs.
accelerogram [ENG] A record made by an ac-
See cleanout,{ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferior?ˉ }
celerograph,{ akvertstrokesuperiorselH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorgram } access flooring See raised flooring,{ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses
accelerograph [ENG] An accelerometer having vertstrokeinferiorflorH11080i? }
accesshole See manhole,{ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}provisions for recording the acceleration of a
accessory [MECHENG] Apart,subassembly,orpoint on the earth during an earthquake or for
assembly that contributes to the effectivenessrecording any other type of acceleration,{ ak
of a piece of equipment without changing its
vertstrokesuperiorselH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
basic function; may be used for testing,ad-
accelerometer [ENG] An instrument which
justing,calibrating,recording,orotherpurposes.
measures acceleration or gravitational force ca-
{akvertstrokesuperiorsesH11080?H11080reˉ }
pableofimpartingacceleration,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
access road [CIV ENG] A route,usually paved,
dH11080?r}
thatenables vehiclestoreacha designatedfacil-
accelerometry [IND ENG] The quantitative de-
ity expeditiously,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ses vertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
termination of acceleration and deceleration in
accesstunnel [CIV ENG] A tunnel provided for
the entire human body or a part of the body in
an access road,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ses vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
the performance of a task,{ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?H11080
accident-cause code [IND ENG] Sponsored by
dreˉ }
the American Standards Association,the code
accent lighting [CIV ENG] Directional lighting
that classifies accidents under eight defective
which highlights an object or attracts attention
working conditions and nine improper working
to a particular area,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sent vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉdH11080i? }
practices,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?vertstrokeinferiordent |ko˙z vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
acceptability [ENG] State or condition of meet-
accidentfrequencyrate [INDENG] Thenumber
ing minimum standards for use,as applied to of all disabling injuries per million worker-hours
methods,equipment,or consumable products,of exposure,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?vertstrokeinferiordent vertstrokesuperiorfreH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
accidentseverityrate [INDENG] Thenumberof{akvertstrokeinferiorsepH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?H11080deˉ }
4
acmescrewthread
worker-days lost as a result of disabling injuries acfm See actual cubic feet per minute.
acidblowcase See blowcase,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080kaˉs}per thousand worker-hours of exposure,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080
s?vertstrokeinferiordent s?vertstrokesuperiorverH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉt} acidcleaning [ENG] The use of circulating acid
to remove dirt,scale,or other foreign matteraccommodation [CONT SYS] Any alteration in a
robot’s motion in response to the robot’s envi- from the interior of a pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }
acidconductor [CHEM ENG] A vessel designedronment; it may be active or passive,{?vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n } for refortification of hydrolyzed acid by heating
and evaporation of water,or sometimes by dis-accordion door [BUILD] A door that folds and
unfolds like an accordion when it is opened and tillation of water under partial vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080
dk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}closed,{?vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
accordion partition [BUILD] A movable,fabric- acidegg See blowcase,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokeinferioreg }
acid gases [CHEM ENG] The hydrogen sulfidefaced partition which is fitted into an overhead
track and folds like an accordion,{?vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080eˉH11080?n and carbon dioxide found in natural and refinery
gases which,when combined with moisture,p?rvertstrokesuperiortishH11080?n}
accordionroller conveyor [MECH ENG] A con- form corrosive acids; known as sour gases when
hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are present.veyorwithaflexiblelatticedframewhichpermits
variation in length,{?vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080?rk?n{vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080?z}
aciding [ENG] A light etching of a building sur-vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
accretion [CIV ENG] Artificial buildup of land face of cast stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?dH11080i? }
acid lining [ENG] In steel production,a silica-due to the construction of a groin,breakwater,
dam,or beach fill,{?vertstrokesuperiorkreˉH11080sh?n } brick lining used in furnaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080i? }
acid number [ENG] A number derived from aaccumulated discrepancy [ENG] The sum of
the separate discrepancies which occur in the standard testindicating the acid orbase compo-
sition of lubricating oils; it in no way indicatesvarious steps of making a survey,{?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080my?
vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?dd?vertstrokesuperiorskrepH11080?nH11080seˉ } the corrosive attack of the used oil in service.
Also known as corrosion number,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?daccumulative timing [IND ENG] A time-study
method that allows direct reading of the time |n?mH11080b?r}
acidpolishing [ENG] The use of acids to polishfor each element of an operation by the use
of two stopwatches which operate alternately,a glass surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ishH11080i? }
acid process [CHEM ENG] In paper manufac-{?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080my?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i? }
accumulator [CHEM ENG] An auxiliary ram ex- ture,apulpdigestionprocessthatusesanacidic
reagent,for example,a bisulfite solution con-truderonblow-moldingequipmentusedtostore
melted material between deliveries,[ENG] taining free sulfur dioxide,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
acidrecoveryplant [CHEM ENG] In some refin-See air vessel,[MECH ENG] 1,A device,such
as a bag containing pressurized gas,which acts eries,a facility for separating sludge acid into
acid oil,tar,and weak sulfuric acid,with provi-upon hydraulic fluid in a vessel,discharging it
rapidly to give high hydraulic power,after which sion for later reconcentration,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?dr?vertstrokesuperiork?vH11080
H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorplant }the fluid is returned to the vessel with the use
of low hydraulic power,2,A device connected acid sludge [CHEM ENG] The residue left after
treating petroleum oil with sulfuric acid for theto a steam boiler to enable a uniform boiler
output to meet an irregular steam demand,3,removal of impurities,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorsl?j}
acid soot [ENG] Carbon particles that haveA chamber for storing low-side liquid refrigerant
in a refrigeration system,Also known as surge absorbedacidfumesas aby-productofcombus-
tion; hydrochloric acid absorbed on carbon par-drum; surge header,{?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080my?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
accustomization [ENG] The process of learning ticulates is frequently the cause of metal corro-
sion in incineration,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorsu˙t}the techniques of living with a minimum of dis-
comfort in an extreme or new environment,acid treatment [CHEM ENG] A refining process
inwhichunfinishedpetroleumproducts,suchas{?vertstrokeinferiork?sH11080t?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
acetate process [CHEM ENG] Acetylation of gasoline,kerosine,and diesel oil,are contacted
with sulfuric acid to improve their color,odor,cellulose (wood pulp or cotton linters) with ace-
ticacidoraceticanhydrideandsulfuricacidcata- and other properties,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
acid-waterpollution [ENG] Industrial wastewa-lyst to make cellulose acetate resin or fiber.
{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉt vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s } ters that are acidic; usually appears in effluent
from the manufacture of chemicals,batteries,acetone-benzolprocess [CHEM ENG] A dewax-
ing process in petroleum refining,with acetone artificial and natural fiber,fermentation proc-
esses (beer),and mining,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rand benzol used as solvents,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?vertstrokeinferiortoˉn vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080
zo˙l vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} p?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}
Ackerman linkage See Ackerman steering gear.acetylene cutting See oxyacetylene cutting.
{?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉn vertstrokesuperiork?tH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperiorakH11080?rH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
acme screw thread [DES ENG] A standardacetylene generator [ENG] A steel cylinder or
tank that provides for controlled mixing of cal- thread having a profile angle of 29H11034 and a flat
crest; used on power screws in such devices ascium carbide and water to generate acetylene.
{?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉn vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } automobile jacks,presses,and lead screws on
lathes,Also known as acme thread,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080meˉacetylene torch See oxyacetylene torch,{?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080
lvertstrokeinferioreˉn vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch } vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorthred }
5
acmethread
acme thread See acme screw thread,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080meˉ acoustic generator [ENG ACOUS] A transducer
vertstrokeinferiorthred } which converts electrical,mechanical,or other
acoubuoy [ENG] An acoustic listening device forms of energy into sound,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
similar to a sonobuoy,used on land to form an?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
electronic fence that will pick up sounds of en- acousticheatengine [ENG] Adevicethattrans-
emy movements and transmit them to orbiting forms heat energy first into sound energy and
aircraft or land stations,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i} then into electrical power,without the use of
acoustical ceiling [BUILD] A ceiling covered moving mechanical parts,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik |he
ˉt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080
with or built of material with special acoustical
j?n}
properties,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i? }
acoustic hologram [ENG] The phase interfer-
acousticalceilingsystem [BUILD] A system for
ence pattern,formed by acoustic beams,that is
the structural support of an acoustical ceiling;
used in acoustical holography; when light is
lightingandairdiffusersmaybeincludedaspart
made to interact with this pattern,it forms an
of the system,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
image of an object placed in one of the beams.
acousticaldoor [BUILD] A solid door with gas-
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
keting along the top and sides,and usually an
acoustichorn See horn,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
automatic door bottom,designed to reduce
acousticjamming [ENG ACOUS] The deliberate
noise transmission,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
radiationorreradiationofmechanicalorelectro-
acoustical model [CIV ENG] A model used to
acoustic signals with the objectives of obliterat-
investigate certain acoustical properties of an
ing or obscuring signals which the enemy is
auditorium or room such as sound pressure dis-
attempting to receive and of deterring enemy
tribution,sound-ray paths,and focusing effects.
weapons systems,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorjamH11080i? }
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?l}
acoustic labyrinth [ENG ACOUS] Special baffle
acoustical treatment [CIV ENG] That part of
arrangement used with a loudspeaker to prevent
building planning that is designed to provide a
cavity resonance and to reinforce bass response.
proper acoustical environment; includes the use
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorlabH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrinth }
of acoustical material,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiortreˉtH11080
acousticline [ENG ACOUS] The acoustic equiv-
m?nt }
alentof anelectricaltransmission line,involving
acousticarray [ENG ACOUS] A sound-transmit-
baffles,labyrinths,or resonators placed at the
ting or sound-receiving system whose elements
rearofaloudspeakerandarrangedtohelprepro-
are arranged to give desired directional charac-
duce the very low audio frequencies,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080
teristics,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ }
tik vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}
acousticcenter [ENG ACOUS] The center of the
acousticocean-currentmeter [ENG] An instru-
spherical sound waves radiating outward from
ment that measures current flow in rivers and
an acoustic transducer,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
oceans by transmitting acoustic pulses in oppo-
acousticclarifier [ENGACOUS] Systemofcones
sitedirectionsparalleltotheflowandmeasuring
loosely attached to the baffle of a loudspeaker
the difference in pulse travel times between
and designed to vibrate and absorb energy dur-
transmitter-receiver pairs,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080sh?n
ing sudden loud sounds to suppress these
vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
sounds,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
acoustic position reference system [ENG] An
acoustic coupler [ENG ACOUS] A device used
acoustic system used in offshore oil drilling to
between the modem of a computer terminal and
providecontinuousinformationonshipposition
astandardtelephonelinetopermittransmission
with respect to an ocean-floor acoustic beacon
of digitaldata ineither directionwithout making
transmitting an ultrasonic signal to three hy-
direct connections,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r}
drophones on the bottom of the drilling ship.
acoustic delay [ENG ACOUS] A delay which is
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n |refH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
deliberately introduced in sound reproduction
acousticradar [ENG] Use of sound waves with
by having the sound travel a certain distance
radartechniquesforremoteprobingofthelower
along a pipe before conversion into electric sig-
atmosphere,up to heights of about 5000 feet
nals,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ }
(1500 meters),for measuring wind speed and
acousticdetection [ENG] Determination of the
direction,humidity,temperature inversions,and
profile of a geologic formation,an ocean layer,
turbulence,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
or some object in the ocean by measuring the
acousticradiator [ENG ACOUS] A vibrating sur-
reflection of sound waves off the object.
face that produces sound waves,such as a loud-
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
speaker cone or a headphone diaphragm.acousticfatigue [MECH] The tendency of a ma-
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}terial,such as a metal,to lose strength after
acoustic radiometer [ENG] An instrument foracoustic stress,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg}
measuring sound intensity by determining theacousticfeedback [ENGACOUS] Thereverbera-
unidirectional steady-state pressure caused bytion of sound waves from a loudspeaker to a
the reflection or absorption of a sound wave atpreceding part of an audio system,such as to
a boundary,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiora¨H11080m?dH11080?r}the microphone,in such a manner as to rein-
acousticratio [ENG ACOUS] The ratio of the in-force,and distort,the original input,Also
tensity of sound radiated directly from a sourceknown as acoustic regeneration,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak } to the intensity of sound reverberating from the
6
activeaccommodation
walls of an enclosure,at a given point in the electronicsthatinvolvesuseofacousticwavesat
enclosure,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ } microwave frequencies (above 500 megahertz),
acousticreflexenclosure [ENGACOUS] Aloud- traveling on or in piezoelectric or other solid
speaker cabinet designed with a port to allow a substrates,Also known as pretersonics.
low-frequency contribution from the rear of the {?|ku¨sH11080toˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlek|tra¨nH11080iks }
speaker cone to be radiated forward,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080 acquisition [ENG] The process of pointing an
tik vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfleks invertstrokeinferiorkloˉH11080zh?r} antenna or a telescope so that it is properly
acoustic regeneration See acoustic feedback,orientedtoallowgatheringoftrackingorteleme-
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik reˉvertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
try data from a satellite or space probe,{ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080
acousticseal [ENGACOUS] Ajointbetweentwo
w?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
parts to provide acoustical coupling with low
acquisition and tracking radar [ENG] A radar
losses of energy,such as between an earphone
set capable of locking onto a received signal and
and the human ear,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorseˉl}
tracking the object emitting the signal; the radar
acousticsignature [ENG] Inacousticdetection,
may be airborne or on the ground,{ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080
the profile characteristic of a particular object
w?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n?n vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
or class of objects,such as a school of fish or
acre [MECH] A unit of area,equal to 43,560
a specific ocean-bottom formation,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik
square feet,or to 4046.8564224 square meters.
vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?H11080ch?r}
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080k?r}
acoustic spectrograph [ENG] A spectrograph
acrometer [ENG] Aninstrumenttomeasurethe
used with sound waves of various frequencies
density of oils,{?vertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
to study the transmission and reflection proper-
actinogram [ENG] The record of heat from a
ties of ocean thermal layers and marine life.
source,such as the sun,as detected by a re-
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
cording actinometer,{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortinH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
acousticspectrometer [ENG ACOUS] An instru-
actinograph [ENG] A recording actinometer.
mentthatmeasurestheintensitiesofthevarious
{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortinH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
frequencycomponentsofacomplexsoundwave.
actinometer [ENG] Any instrument used to
Also known as audio spectrometer,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik
measure the intensity of radiant energy,particu-
spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
larly that of the sun,{ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
acousticstraingage [ENG] Aninstrumentused
action [MECH] An integral associated with the
for measuring structural strains; consists of a
trajectory of a system in configuration space,
length of fine wire mounted so its tension varies
equal to the sum of the integrals of the general-
with strain; the wire is plucked with an electro-
ized momenta of the system over their canoni-
magnetic device,and the resulting frequency of
cally conjugate coordinates,Also known as
vibration is measured to determine the amount
phase integral,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
of strain,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
activate [ELEC] To make a cell or battery opera-
acoustic theodolite [ENG] An instrument that
tive by addition of a liquid,[ELECTR] To treat
uses sound waves to provide a continuous verti-
thefilament,cathode,ortargetofavacuumtube
calprofileofoceancurrentsataspecificlocation.
to increase electron emission,[ENG] To set
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
up conditions so that the object will function as
acoustictransducer [ENGACOUS] Adevicethat
designed or required,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉt}
convertsacousticenergytoelectricalormechan-
activated sludge [CIV ENG] A semiliquid mass
icalenergy,suchasamicrophoneorphonograph
removedfrom theliquidflowof sewageandsub-
pickup,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
jected to aeration and aerobic microbial action;
acoustic transformer [ENG ACOUS] A device,
theendproductisdarktogoldenbrown,partially
such as a horn or megaphone,for increasing the
decomposed,granular,and flocculent,and has
efficiency of sound radiation,{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik tranz
an earthy odor when fresh,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?d
vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
vertstrokesuperiorsl?j}
acoustic treatment [BUILD] The use of sound-
activated-sludge effluent [CIV ENG] The liquid
absorbing materials to give a room a desired
from the activated-sludge treatment that is fur-
degree of freedom from echo and reverberation.
ther processed by chlorination or by oxidation.
{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorsl?j vertstrokesuperiorefvertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080?nt }
acoustic-wave-based sensor [ENG] A device
activated-sludge process [CIV ENG] A sewage
that employs a surface acoustic wave,a thick-
treatment process in which the sludge in the
ness-shear-mode resonance (a resonant oscilla-
secondary stage is put into aeration tanks to
tion of a thin plate of material),or other type of
facilitate aerobic decomposition by microorgan-acousticwavetomeasurethephysicalproperties
isms; the sludge andsupernatant liquor are sep-of a thin film or liquid layer or,in combination
arated in a settling tank; the supernatant liquorwith chemically sensitive thin films,to detect
or effluent is further treated by chlorination orthepresenceandconcentrationofchemicalana-
oxidation,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorsl?j vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s}lytes,{?|ku¨H11080stik vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiorbaˉst vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
active accommodation [CONT SYS] The alter-acousticwelllogging [ENG] A ground explora-
ation of preprogrammed robotic motions by thetion method that uses a high-energy sound
integratedeffectsofsensors,controllers,andthesource and a receiver,both underground.
robotic motion itself,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv?vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080{?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
acoustoelectronics [ENGACOUS] Thebranchof sh?n}
7
activearea
activearea [ELECTR] The area of a metallic rec- activity [SYSENG] TherepresentationinaPERT
tifier thatacts as the rectifyingjunction and con- or critical-path-method network of a task that
ducts current in the forward direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv takes up both time and resources and whose
vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? } performanceisnecessaryfor thesystemtomove
active-cordmechanism [MECHENG] A slender,
from one event to the next,{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
chainlike groupingof joints and linksthat makes
activitychart [IND ENG] A tabular presentation
active and flexible winding motions under the
of a series of operations of a process plotted
control of actuators attached along its body.
against a time scale,{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv |ko˙rd vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
activity duration [SYS ENG] In critical-path-
activedetectionsystem [ENG] A guidance sys-
method terminology,the estimated amount of
temwhich emitsenergy asa meansof detection;
time required to complete an activity,{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortivH11080
for example,sonar and radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tivdi vertstrokesuperiortekH11080
dH11080eˉ d?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
activitysamplingSee work sampling,{ vertstrokeinferiorakvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080
activeearthpressure [CIV ENG] The horizontal
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }
pressure that an earth mass exerts on a wall.
actual cost [IND ENG] Cost determined by an
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperior?rth vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
allocation of cost factors recorded during pro-
activeillumination [ENG] Lighting whose direc-
duction,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }
tion,intensity,and pattern are controlled by
actual cubic feet per minute [CHEM ENG] A
commands or signals,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨mH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080
measure of the volume of gas at operating tem-
sh?n}
perature and pressure,as distinct from volume
active infrared detection system [ENG] An in-
of gas at standard temperature and pressure.
frareddetectionsysteminwhichabeamofinfra-
Abbreviated acfm,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080bik vertstrokeinferiorfeˉt
red rays is transmitted toward possible targets,
p?r vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?t}
and rays reflected from a target are detected.
actual horsepower See actual power,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?H11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorinH11080fr?vertstrokeinferiorred divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
w?l vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}active leaf [BUILD] In a door with two leaves,
actualpower [MECH ENG] The power deliveredthe leaf which carries the latching or locking
at the output shaft of a source of power,Alsomechanism,Also known as active door,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080
known as actual horsepower,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?H11080w?ltiv vertstrokesuperiorleˉf}
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r}activematerial [ELEC] 1.A fluorescentmaterial
used in screens for cathode-ray tubes,2,An actual time [IND ENG] Time taken by a worker
energy-storingmaterial,suchasleadoxide,used to perform a given task,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?H11080w?lt?ˉm}
in the plates of a storage battery,3.A material,actuate [MECH ENG] To put into motion or
such as the iron of a core or the copper of a mechanical action,as by an actuator,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080
winding,that is involved in energy conversion in ch?H11080wa
ˉt}
a circuit,4.In a battery,thechemically reactive
actuated roller switch [MECH ENG] A centrifu-
material in either of the electrodes that partici-
gal sequence-control switch that is placed in
pates in the charge and discharge reactions.
contact with a belt conveyor,immediately pre-
[ELECTR] Thematerialofthecathodeofanelec-
ceding the conveyor which it controls,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080
tron tube that emits electrons when heated.
ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorswich }
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tivm?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
actuating system [CONT SYS] An electric,hy-
active sludge [CIV ENG] A sludge rich in de-
draulic,or other system that supplies and trans-
structive bacteria used to break down raw sew-
mits energy for the operation of other mecha-
age,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsl?j}
nisms or systems,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
active solar system [MECH ENG] A solar heat-
actuator [CONT SYS] A mechanism to activate
ing or cooling system that operates by mechani-
process control equipment by use of pneumatic,
cal means,such as motors,pumps,or valves.
hydraulic,or electronic signals; for example,a
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
valve actuator for opening or closing a valve to
activesonar [ENG] A system consisting of one
control therate offluid flow,[ENGACOUS] An
or more transducers to send and receive sound,
auxiliary external electrode used to apply a
equipment for the generation and detection of
known electrostatic force to the diaphragm of a
the electrical impulses to and from the trans-
microphone for calibration purposes,Also
ducer,and a display or recorder system for the
known as electrostatic actuator,[MECH ENG]
observation of the received signals,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv
A device that produces mechanical force by
vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
means of pressurized fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
active system [ENG] In radio and radar,a sys-
adamantine drill [MECH ENG] A core drill with
tem that requires transmitting equipment,such
hardened steel shot pellets that revolve under
as a beacon or transponder,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
the rim of the rotating tube; employed in rotary
active vibration suppression [MECH ENG] The
drilling in very hard ground,{ vertstrokeinferioradH11080?vertstrokesuperiormanvertstrokeinferiorteˉn
prevention of undesirable vibration by tech-
vertstrokesuperiordril }
niques involving feedback control of the vibra-
Adam’s catalyst [CHEM ENG] Finely dividedtory motion,whereby the forces designed to re-
plantinum(IV)oxide,madebyfusinghexachloro-duce the vibration depend on the system dis-
platinic(IV) acid with NaNO
3
.{vertstrokesuperioraH11080d?mz vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080placements and velocities,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080tivv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n
s?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?n}?lH11080?st }
8
adjustablebaseanchor
adamud [ENG] A conditioning material added harmonically related frequencies,{ |adH11080?H11080div
vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}to drilling mud to obtain satisfactory cores and
adhesion [ENG] Intimate sticking together ofsamples of formations,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorm?d}
metal surfaces under compressive stresses byadapter [ENG] A device used to make electrical
formation of metallic bonds,[MECH] Theor mechanical connections between items not
force of static friction between two bodies,ororiginally intended for use together,{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080
the effects of this force,{ advertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080zh?n}t?r}
adhesional work [THERMO] The work requiredadaptive branch [CONT SYS] A branch instruc-
to separate a unit area of a surface at which two
tioninthecomputerprogramcontrollingarobot
substances are in contact,Also known as work
that may lead the robot to execute a series of
of adhesion,{ advertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080zh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
instructions,depending on external conditions.
adhesive bond [MECH] The forces such as di-
{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorbranch }
pole bonds which attract adhesives and base
adaptivecontrol [CONT SYS] A control method
materials to each other,{ advertstrokesuperiorheˉzH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }
inwhichoneormore parametersaresensedand
adhesive bonding [ENG] The fastening to-
usedtovarythefeedbackcontrolsignalsinorder
gether of two or more solids by the use of glue,
to satisfy the performance criteria,{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080tiv
cement,or other adhesive,{ advertstrokesuperiorheˉzH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndH11080
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
i? }
adaptive-control function [CONT SYS] That
adhesivestrength [ENG] Thestrength ofan ad-
level in the functional decomposition of a large-
hesive bond,usually measured as a force re-
scale control system which updates parameters
quired to separate two objects of standard
of the optimizing control function to achieve a
bonded area,by either shear or tensile stress.
best fit to current plant behavior,and updates
{advertstrokesuperiorheˉzH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
parameters of the direct control function to
adiabatic [THERMO] Referring to any change in
achieve good dynamic response of the closed-
which there is no gain or loss of heat,{ |adH11080eˉH11080
loop system,{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080tivk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
|badH11080ik }
adaptiverobot [CONT SYS] A robot that can al-
adiabatic compression [THERMO] A reduction
ter its responses according to changes in the
in volume of a substance without heat flow,in
environment,{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
or out,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
adaptive structure [ENG] A structure whose
adiabaticcooling [THERMO] Aprocessinwhich
geometricandinherentstructuralcharacteristics
the temperature of a system is reduced without
canbechangedbeneficiallyinresponsetoexter-
any heat being exchanged between the system
nal stimulation by either remote commands or
and its surroundings,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
automatic means,{?vertstrokeinferiordapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
adiabatic curing [ENG] The curing of concrete
adaptive system [SYS ENG] A system that can
or mortar under conditions in which there is no
change itself in response to changes in its envi-
loss or gain of heat,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080i? }
ronment in such a way that its performance im-
adiabaticengine [MECH ENG] A heat engine or
proves through a continuing interaction with its
thermodynamic system in which there is no gain
surroundings,{?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
or loss of heat,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
adaptometer [ENG] An instrument that meas-
adiabatic envelope [THERMO] A surface en-
ures the lowest brightness of an extended area
closing a thermodynamic system in an equilib-
that can barely be detected by the eye.
rium which can be disturbed only by long-range
{ vertstrokeinferioravertstrokeinferiordapvertstrokesuperiorta¨H11080m?dH11080?r}
forces or by motion ofpart of the envelope; intu-
addendum [DES ENG] The radial distance be-
itively,this means that no heat can flow through
tweentwoconcentriccirclesonagear,onebeing
the surface,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
that whose radius extends to the top of a gear
adiabaticexpansion [THERMO] Increase in vol-
tooth(addendumcircle)andtheotherbeingthat
ume without heat flow,in or out,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080
which will roll without slipping on a circle on a
ik ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n}
mating gear (pitch line),{?vertstrokesuperiordenH11080d?m}
adiabatic extrusion [ENG] Forming plastic ob-
addendumcircle [DESENG] Thecircleonagear
jects by energy produced by driving the plastic
passing through the tops of the teeth,{?vertstrokesuperiordenH11080
mass through an extruder without heat flow.
d?m vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik ikvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n}
adder [ELECTR] A circuit in which two or more
adiabatic process [THERMO] Any thermody-
signals are combined to give an output-signal
namic procedure which takes place in a system
amplitude that is proportional to the sum of the
without the exchange of heat with the surround-
input-signal amplitudes,Also known as adder ings,{ |adH11080e
ˉH11080?|badH11080ik pra¨H11080s?s}
circuit,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?r} adiabatic vaporization [THERMO] Vaporization
addingtape [ENG] Asurveyor’stapethatiscali- of a liquid with virtually no heat exchange be-
bratedfrom0to100byfullfeet(ormeters)inone tween it and its surroundings,{ |adH11080eˉH11080?|badH11080ik
direction,and has 1 additional foot (or meter) vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
beyond the zero end which is subdivided in adit [CIVENG] Anaccesstunnelusedforexcava-
tenths or hundredths,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉp} tion of the main tunnel,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?t}
additive synthesis [ENG ACOUS] A method of adjustablebaseanchor [BUILD] An item which
synthesizing complex tones by adding together holds a doorframe above a finished floor.
{?vertstrokesuperiorj?sH11080t?H11080b?l |baˉs vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r}an appropriate number of simple sine waves at
9
adjustableparallels
adjustable parallels [ENG] Wedge-shaped iron block that is not completely cleared,{?dvertstrokesuperiorvans
bars placed with the thin end of one on the thick vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l}
endoftheother,sothatthetopfaceoftheupper advanceslopegrouting [ENG] A grouting tech-
andthebottomfaceofthelowerremainparallel,nique in which the front of the mass of grout is
butthedistancebetweenthetwofacesisadjust- forced to move horizontally through preplaced
able; the bars can be locked in position by a aggregate,{?dvertstrokesuperiorvans vertstrokesuperiorsloˉp vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙dH11080i? }
screw to prevent shifting,{?vertstrokesuperiorj?sH11080t?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorparH11080 advanceslopemethod [ENG] Amethodofcon-
vertstrokeinferiorlelz } crete placement in which the face of the fresh
adjustable square [ENG] A try square with an
concrete,which is not vertical,moves forward
arm that is at right angles to the ruler; the posi-
as the concrete is placed,{?dvertstrokesuperiorvans vertstrokesuperiorsloˉp
tion of the arm can be changed to form an L or
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
a T,Also known as double square,{?vertstrokesuperiorj?sH11080t?H11080
adz [DES ENG] A cutting tool with a thin arched
b?l vertstrokesuperiorskwer }
blade,sharpened on the concave side,at right
adjustable wrench [ENG] A wrench with one
angles on the handle; used for rough dressing
jaw which is fixed and another which is adjust-
of timber,{ adz }
able; the size is adjusted by a knurled screw.
adz block [MECH ENG] The part of a machine
{?vertstrokesuperiorj?sH11080t?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorrench }
for wood planing that carries the cutters.
adjusting [ENG] In measurement technology,
{ vertstrokesuperioradz vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
settingorcompensatingameasuringinstrument
aeratedflow [ENG] Flowing liquid in which gas
oraweightinsuchawaythattheindicatedvalue
is dispersed as fine bubbles throughout the liq-
deviates as little as possible from the actual
uid,{ vertstrokesuperiorevertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
value,{?vertstrokesuperiorj?stH11080i? }
aeration [ENG] 1,Exposing to the action of air.
adjutage [ENG] A tube attached to a container
2,Causing air to bubble through,3,Introduc-
of liquid at an orifice to facilitate or regulate
ing air into a solution by spraying,stirring,or
outflow,{ vertstrokesuperiorajH11080?vertstrokeinferiortazh }
similar method,4,Supplying or infusing with
admittance [ELEC] A measure of how readily
air,as in sand or soil,{ evertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
alternatingcurrentwillflowinacircuit;therecip-
aeration tank [ENG] A fluid-holding tank with
rocal of impedance,it is expressed in siemens.
provisions to aerate its contents by bubbling air
{?dvertstrokesuperiormitH11080?ns }
or another gas through the liquid or by spraying
adobe construction [BUILD] Wall construction
the liquid into the air,{ evertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
with sun-dried blocks of adobe soil,{?vertstrokesuperiordoˉH11080beˉ
aerator [DES ENG] A tool having a roller
k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
equipped with hollow fins;used to remove cores
ADP See automatic data processing.
of soil from turf,[ENG] 1,One who aerates.
ADR studio [ENG ACOUS] A sound-recording
2,Equipment used for aeration,3,Any device
studio used in motion-picture and television
for supplying air or gas under pressure,as for
production to allow an actor who did not intelli-
fumigating,welding,or ventilating,[MECH
gibly recordhis or herspeech duringthe original
ENG] Equipment used to inject compressed
filming or video recording to do so by watching
air into sewage in the treatment process.
himself or herself on the screen and repeating
{ vertstrokesuperiorevertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
the original speech with lip synchronism; it is
aerial cableway See aerial tramway,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l
equipped with facilities for recreating the acous-
vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
tical liveness and background sound of the envi-
aerial photogrammetry [ENG] Use of aerial
ronment of the original dialog,Derived from
photographs to make accurate measurements in
automatic dialog replacement studio,Also
surveying and mapmaking,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorfoˉtH11080
known as postsynchronizing studio,{ |aˉ|deˉvertstrokesuperiora¨r
vertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080treˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorstu¨dH11080eˉH11080oˉ }
aerial photographic reconnaissance See aerial
adsorption system [MECH ENG] A device that
photoreconnaissance,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080?|grafH11080ik
dehumidifies air by bringing it into contact with
rivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080s?ns }
a solid adsorbing substance,{ advertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n
aerialphotography [ENG] Themakingofphoto-
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
graphs of the ground surface from an aircraft,
advance [CIV ENG] In railway engineering,a
spacecraft,or rocket,Also known as aeropho-
length of track that extends beyond the signal
tography,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?lf?vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
thatcontrolsit,[MECHENG] Toeffecttheear-
aerial photoreconnaissance [ENG] The ob-
lier occurrence of an event,for example,spark
taining of information by air photography;
advance or injection advance,{?dvertstrokesuperiorvans }
the three types are strategic,tactical,and sur-advanced programmatic risk analysis [IND
vey-cartographic photoreconnaissance,AlsoENG] A method for managing engineering pro-
known as aerial photographic reconnaissance.grams with multiple projects and strict resource
{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorrivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080s?ns }constraints which balances both technical and
aerial reconnaissance [ENG] The collection ofmanagement risks,{?d|vanst vertstrokeinferiorproˉH11080gr?|madH11080ik
information by visual,electronic,or photo-vertstrokesuperiorrisk?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?s?s}
graphic means while aloft,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorrivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080advanced sewage treatment See tertiary sewage
s?ns }treatment,{?d|vanst vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
aerial ropeway See aerial tramway,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?ladvance signal [CIV ENG] A signal in a block
system up to which a train may proceed within a vertstrokesuperiorroˉpvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
10
afterfilter
aerialspud [MECHENG] Acableformovingand aerograph [ENG] Anyself-recordinginstrument
anchoring a dredge,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsp?d} carried aloft by any means to obtain meteoro-
aerial survey [ENG] A survey utilizing photo- logical data,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080roˉvertstrokeinferiorgraf }
graphic,electronic,or other data obtained from aerometeorograph [ENG] A self-recording in-
an airborne station,Also known as aerosurvey; strument used on aircraft for the simultaneous
air survey,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080vaˉ } recordingof atmosphericpressure,temperature,
aerialtramway [MECH ENG] A system for trans- and humidity,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080rovertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
porting bulk materials that consists of one or aerometer [ENG] An instrument to ascertain
more cables supported by steel towers and is
the weight or density of air or other gases.
capable of carrying a traveling carriage from
{evertstrokesuperiorra¨H11080m?dH11080?r}
which loaded buckets can be lowered or raised.
aerophotographySeeaerialphotography,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080roˉH11080
Also known as aerial cableway; aerial ropeway.
f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorfeˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080reˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiortramvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
aerosol generator [MECH ENG] A mechanical
aeroballistics [MECH] The study of the interac-
meansofproducingasystemofdispersedphase
tion of projectiles or high-speed vehicles with
and dispersing medium,that is,an aerosol.
the atmosphere,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080roˉH11080b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks }
{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorso˙l vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
aerobic-anaerobic interface [CIV ENG] That
aerospaceengineering [ENG] Engineeringper-
point in bacterial action in the body of a sewage
taining to the design and construction of aircraft
sludge or compost heap where both aerobic and
and space vehicles and of power units,and to
anaerobic microorganisms participate,and the
the special problems of flight in both the earth’s
decomposition of the material goes no further.
atmosphere and space,as in the flight of air
{evertstrokesuperiorroˉbH11080ik vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorroˉbH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorfaˉs}
vehicles and in the launching,guidance,and
aerobic-anaerobiclagoon [CIV ENG] A pond in
control of missiles,earth satellites,and space
which the solids from a sewage plant are placed
vehicles and probes,{ |eH11080roˉ|spaˉs vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
inthelowerlayer;thesolidsarepartiallydecom-
aerospace industry [ENG] Industry concerned
posed by anaerobic bacteria,while air or oxygen
with the use of vehicles in both the earth’s at-
is bubbled through the upper layer to create an
mosphere and space,{ |eH11080roˉ|spaˉs vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?sH11080treˉ }
aerobic condition,{ evertstrokesuperiorroˉbH11080ik vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorroˉbH11080ik
aerostatic balance [ENG] An instrument for
l?vertstrokesuperiorgu¨n}
weighing air,{ |eH11080roˉ|stadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
aerobic digestion [CHEM ENG] Digestion of
aerosurvey See aerial survey,{ |eH11080roˉ|s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
matter suspended or dissolved in waste by
aerotrain [ENG] A train that is propelled by a
microorganisms under favorable conditions of
fan jet engine and floats on a cushion of low-
oxygenation,{ evertstrokesuperiorroˉbH11080ik d?vertstrokesuperiorjesH11080ch?n}
pressure air,traveling at speeds up to 267 miles
aerobic lagoon [CIV ENG] An aerated pond in
(430 kilometers) per hour,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080roˉvertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
which sewage solids are placed,and are decom-
aesthesiometer See esthesiometer,{ esvertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080
posedbyaerobicbacteria,Alsoknownasaero-
zeˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
bic pond,{ evertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080bik l?vertstrokesuperiorgu¨n}
affreightment [IND ENG] The lease of a vessel
aerobic pond See aerobic lagoon,{ e|roˉH11080bik
for the transportation of goods,{?vertstrokesuperiorfraˉtH11080m?nt }
vertstrokesuperiorpand }
Aframe [BUILD] A dwelling whose main frames
aerochlorination [CIV ENG] Treatment of sew-
are in the shape of the letter A,[ENG] Two
age with compressed air and chlorine gas to re-
polessupportedinan uprightpositionbybraces
move fatty substances,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080roˉvertstrokeinferiorklo˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
or guys and used for lifting equipment,Also
aerodrome See airport,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080roˉvertstrokeinferiordroˉm}
known as double mast,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
aerodynamicbalance [ENG] Abalanceusedfor
afterboil [MECH ENG] In an automotive engine,
the measurement of the forces exerted on the
coolant boiling after the engine has stopped be-
surfaces of instruments exposed to flowing air;
cause of the inability of the engine at rest to
frequentlyusedintestsmade onmodelsinwind
dissipate excess heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorbo˙il }
tunnels,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080roH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
afterburning [MECHENG] Combustioninanin-
aerodynamictrajectory [MECH] A trajectory or
ternal combustion engine following the maxi-
partofatrajectoryinwhichthemissileorvehicle
mum pressure of explosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080i? }
encounters sufficient air resistance to stabilize
aftercondenser [MECH ENG] A condenser in
its flight or to modify its course significantly.
the second stage of a two-stage ejector; used in
{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080roH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
steam power plants,refrigeration systems,and
aeroelasticity [MECH] The deformation of
air conditioning systems,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiordensH11080
structurallyelasticbodiesinresponsetoaerody-
r}namic loads,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080ro
ˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
aftercooler [MECH ENG] A heat exchangeraerofall mill [MECH ENG] A grinding mill of
which cools air that has been compressed; usedlargediameterwitheither lumpsofore,pebbles,
on turbocharged engines,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080?r}or steel balls as crushing bodies; the dry load is
aftercooling [MECH ENG] The cooling of a gasairswept to remove mesh material,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080roˉvertstrokeinferiorfo˙l
after its compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }vertstrokeinferiormil }
afterfilter [MECH ENG] In an air-conditioningaerofilter [CIVENG] Afilterbedforsewagetreat-
system,ahigh-efficiency filterlocated neara ter-mentconsisting ofcoarse materialand operated
minal unit,Also known as final filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080at high speed,often with recirculation,{ vertstrokesuperioreH11080
roˉvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r} t?rvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
11
afterrunning
afterrunning [MECH ENG] In an automotive en- agricultural pipe drain [CIV ENG] A system of
gine,continued operationof theengine afterthe porous or perforated pipes laid in a trench filled
ignition switch is turned off,Also known as with gravel or the like; used for draining subsoil.
dieseling; run-on,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorr?nH11080i? } { |agH11080r?|k?lH11080ch?H11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
aftertopdeadcenter [MECH ENG] Theposition agricultural robot [CONT SYS] A robot used to
of the piston after reaching the top of its stroke pickandharvestfarmproductsandfruits,{ |agH11080
in an automotive engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorta¨p vertstrokesuperiorded r?|k?lH11080ch?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r} AGV See automated guided vehicle.
agger [CIV ENG] A material used for road fill
aidedtracking [ENG] Asystemofradar-tracking
over low ground,{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080j?r}
a target signal in bearing,elevation,or range,or
aggregate bin [ENG] A structure designed for
any combination of these variables,in which the
storinganddispensingdrygranularconstruction
rate of motion of the tracking equipment is ma-
materials such as sand,crushed stone,and
chine-controlled in collaboration with an opera-
gravel;usually hasa hopperlikebottom thatfun-
tor so as to minimize tracking error,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080?d
nels the material to a gate under the structure.
vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperioragH11080r?H11080g?t vertstrokeinferiorbin }
aided-trackingmechanism [ENG] Adevicecon-
aggregateinterlock [ENG] Theprojectionofag-
sistingofamotorandvariable-speeddrivewhich
gregate particles or portions thereof from one
provides a means of setting a desired tracking
side of a joint or crack in concrete into recesses
rate into a director or other fire-control instru-
in the other side so as to effect load transfer in
ment,so that the process of tracking is carried
compression and shear,and to maintain mutual
out automatically at the set rate until it is
alignment,{ vertstrokesuperioragH11080r?H11080g?t vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
changed manually,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormekH11080
aggregateproductionscheduling [IND ENG] A
vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
type of planning at a broad level without consid-
aided-tracking ratio [ENG] The ratio between
eration of individual products and activities in
theconstantvelocityoftheaided-trackingmech-
order to develop a program of output that will
anism and the velocity of the moving target.
meet future demand under given constraints.
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
{ |agH11080riH11080g?tpr?|d?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorskejH11080?H11080li? }
aiguille [ENG] A slender form of drill used for
aggressive carbon dioxide [CHEM ENG] The
boringor drillingablasthole inrock,{ vertstrokeinferioraˉvertstrokesuperiorgweˉl}
carbon dioxide dissolved in water in excess of
aimingcircle [ENG] An instrument for measur-
the amount required to precipitate a specified
ing angles in azimuth and elevation in connec-
concentrationofcalciumionsascalciumcarbon-
tion with artillery firing and general topographic
ate; used as a measure of the corrosivity and
work; equipped with fine and coarse azimuth
scaling properties of water,{?vertstrokesuperiorgresH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080
micrometers and a magnetic needle,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉmH11080i?
b?nd?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd}
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
agilemanufacturing [INDENG] Operationsthat
aimingscrews [MECH ENG] On an automotive
can be rapidly reconfigured to satisfy changing
vehicle,spring-loadedscrewsdesignedtosecure
market demands,{ |aH11080j?l vertstrokeinferiormanH11080yu¨vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?H11080ri? }
headlightstoasupportframeandpermitaiming
aging [ELEC] Allowing a permanent magnet,
of the headlights in horizontal and vertical
capacitor,meter,or other device to remain in
planes,{ vertstrokesuperioraimH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorskru¨z}
storage for a period of time,sometimes with a
AIR See air-injection reactor,{ er }
voltage applied,until the characteristics of the
air-actuated [ENG] Powered by compressed air.
device become essentially constant,[ENG]
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?d}
1.The changing of the characteristics of a device
air-arc furnace [ENG] An arc furnace designed
dueto itsuse,2.Operationof aproductbefore
topowerwindtunnels,theairbeingsuperheated
shipment to stabilize characteristics or detect
to 20,000 K and expanded to emerge at super-
early failures,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉjH11080i? }
sonic speeds,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiora¨rk vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
agitating speed [MECH ENG] The rate of rota-
airaspiratorvalve [MECH ENG] On certain au-
tion of the drum or blades of a truck mixer or
tomotive engines,a one-way valve installed on
other device used for agitation of mixed con-
the exhaust manifold to allow air to enter the
crete,{ vertstrokesuperiorajH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
exhaustsystem;providesextraoxygentoconvert
agitating truck [MECH ENG] A vehicle carrying
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide,Also
a drum or agitator body,in which freshly mixed
known as gulp valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorasH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
concrete can be conveyed from the point of mix-
air-assist forming [ENG] A plastics thermo-
ing to that of placing,the drum being rotated
forming method in which air pressure is used tocontinuously to agitate the contents,{ vertstrokesuperiorajH11080
partially preform a sheet before it enters the?vertstrokeinferiorta
ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorer?vertstrokesuperiorsist vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? }agitator [MECH ENG] A device for keeping liq-
air-atomizingoilburner [ENG] An oil burner inuids and solids in liquids in motion by mixing,
which a stream of fuel oil is broken into very finestirring,or shaking,{ vertstrokesuperiorajH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
droplets through the action of compressed air.agitator body [MECH ENG] A truck-mounted
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperioratH11080?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferioro˙il vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080?r}drum for transporting freshly mixed concrete;
airbag [MECHENG] Anautomotivevehiclepas-rotation of internal paddles or of the drum pre-
senger safety device consisting of a passive re-vents the setting of the mixture prior to delivery.
{ vertstrokesuperiorajH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ } straintintheformofabagwhichisautomatically
12
airconditioner
inflated with gas to provide cushioned protec- air cap [MECH ENG] A device used in thermal
tion against the impact of a collision,{ vertstrokesuperiorer spraying which directs the air pattern for pur-
vertstrokeinferiorbag } poses of atomization,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorkap }
airbelt [MECH ENG] The chamber which equal- aircasing [ENG] A metal casing surrounding a
izes the pressure that is blasted into the cupola pipe or reservoir and having a space between to
at the tuyeres,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
prevent heat transmission,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorkaˉsH11080i? }
airbind [ENG] The presence of air in a conduit
aircell [ELECTR] A cell in which depolarization
or pump which impedes passage of the liquid.
at the positive electrode is accomplished chemi-
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉnd }
cally by reduction of the oxygen in the air.
airblasting [ENG] Ablastingtechniqueinwhich
[MECH ENG] A small auxiliary combustion
air at very high pressure is piped to a steel shell
chamber used to promote turbulence and im-
in a shot hole and discharged,Also known as
prove combustion in certain types of diesel en-
air breaking,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
gines,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsel }
airbleeder [MECHENG] Adevice,suchasanee-
air chamber [MECH ENG] A pressure vessel,
dle valve,for removing air from a hydraulic sys-
partially filled with air,for converting pulsating
tem,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdH11080?r}
flow to steady flow of water in a pipeline,as with
airbornecollisionwarningsystem [ENG] Asys-
a reciprocating pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
tem such as a radar set or radio receiver carried
air change [ENG] A measure of the movement
by an aircraft to warn of the danger of possible
of a given volume of air in or out of a building
collision,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
or room in a specified time period; usually ex-
t?m}
pressed in cubic feet per minute,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnj }
airborne detector [ENG] A device,transported
air check [ENG ACOUS] A recording made of a
by an aircraft,whose function is to locate or
live radio broadcast for filing purposes at the
identify an air or surface object,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn di
broadcasting facility,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorchek }
vertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
airclassifier [MECH ENG] A device to separate
airborne electronic survey control [ENG] The
particles by size through the action of a stream
airborneportionofveryaccuratepositioningsys-
of air,Also known as air elutriator,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080
tems used in controlling surveys from aircraft.
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080vaˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
air cleaner [ENG] Any of various devices de-
airborne intercept radar [ENG] Airborne radar
signed to remove particles and aerosols of spe-
used to track and ‘‘lock on’’ to another aircraft
cificsizesfromair;examplesarescreens,settling
to be intercepted or followed,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
chambers,filters,wet collectors,and electro-
t?rvertstrokeinferiorsept vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
static precipitators,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080?r}
airborne magnetometer [ENG] An airborne in-
Airco-Hoover sweetening [CHEM ENG] Remo-
strument used to measure the magnetic field of
val of mercaptans from gasoline by caustic and
the earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
water washes,then heating the dried gasoline
airborne profile recorder [ENG] An electronic
and passing it with some oxygen through a reac-
instrument that emits a pulsed-type radar signal
tor containing a slurry of diatomaceous earth
from an aircraft to measure vertical distances
impregnated with copper chloride; the oxygen
between the aircraft and the earth’s surface.
regenerates the catalyst,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorkoˉ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨vH11080?r
Abbreviated APR,Also known as terrain profile
vertstrokesuperiorsweˉtH11080ni? }
recorder (TPR),{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
aircompressor [MECHENG] Amachinethatin-
airborneradar [ENG] Radar equipment carried
creases the pressure of air by increasing its den-
by aircraft to assist in navigation by pilotage,to
sity and delivering the fluid against the con-
determine drift,and to locate weather distur-
nected system resistance on the discharge side.
bances; a very important use is locating other
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
aircraft either for avoidance or attack,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
air-compressorunloader [MECHENG] A device
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
for control of air volume flowing through an air
airbornewaste [ENG] Vapors,gases,orparticu-
compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r}
lates introduced into the atmosphere by evapo-
air-compressorvalve [MECH ENG] A device for
ration,chemical,orcombustionprocesses;afre-
controlling the flow into or out of the cylinder
quent cause of smog and an irritant to eyes and
of a compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
breathing passages,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorbo˙rn vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst }
air condenser [MECH ENG] 1,A steam con-
air-bound [ENG] Of a pipe or apparatus,con-
denser in which the heat exchange occurs
taining a pocket of air that prevents or reduces
through metal walls separating the steam from
the desired liquid flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorbau˙nd }
cooling air,Also known as air-cooled con-
air brake [MECH ENG] An energy-conversion
denser,2,A device that removes vapors,such
mechanism activated by air pressure and used
as of oil or water,from the airstream in a com-
to retard,stop,or hold a vehicle or,generally,
pressed-air line,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?nvertstrokesuperiordensH11080?r}any moving element,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorbra
ˉk}
air conditioner [MECH ENG] A mechanism pri-airbreaking See airblasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080i? }
marily for comfort cooling that lowers the tem-air-breathing [MECHENG] Ofanengineoraero-
peratureandreducesthehumidityofairinbuild-dynamic vehicle,required to take in air for the
purpose of combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i? } ings,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nH11080?r}
13
airconditioning
airconditioning [MECH ENG] The maintenance deflectingvanesdischargingsupplyairinvarious
directions and planes,and arranged to promoteof certain aspects of the environment within a
defined space to facilitate the function of that mixing of the supplied air with the air already
in the room,{ vertstrokesuperiorer divertstrokeinferiorfyu¨zH11080?r}space; aspects controlled include air tempera-
ture and motion,radiant heat level,moisture,air-distributing acoustical ceiling [BUILD] A
suspended acoustical ceiling in which the boardand concentration of pollutants such as dust,
microorganisms,and gases,Also known as cli- or tile is provided with small,evenly distributed
mechanical perforations; designed to provide amate control,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nH11080i? }
air conveyor See pneumatic conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorer desired flow of air from a pressurized plenum
above,{ vertstrokesuperiorer divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080ivertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080stiH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i? }k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
air-cooled engine [MECH ENG] An engine air diving [ENG] A type of diving in which the
diver’s breathing medium is a normal atmos-cooled directly by a stream of air without the
interposition of a liquid medium,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorku¨ld pheric mixture of oxygen and nitrogen; limited
to depths of 190 feet (58 meters),{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvH11080i? }vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
air-cooled heat exchanger [MECH ENG] A airdrain [CIV ENG] An empty space left around
the external foundation wall of a building tofinned-tube (extended-surface) heat exchanger
with hot fluids inside the tubes,and cooling prevent the earth from lying against it and caus-
ing dampness,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}air that is fan-blown (forced draft) or fan-pulled
(induceddraft)acrossthetubebank,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorku¨ld airdraulic [MECH ENG] Combining pneumatic
and hydraulic action for operation,{ vertstrokeinferiorervertstrokesuperiordro˙lH11080vertstrokeinferiorheˉt vertstrokeinferioriksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080?r}
aircooling [MECHENG] Loweringofairtemper- ik }
air drill [MECH ENG] A drill powered by com-atureforcomfort,processcontrol,orfoodpreser-
vation,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? } pressed air,{ |er vertstrokeinferiordril }
airdrying [ENG] Removingmoisturefromama-aircourse See airway,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
aircraft detection [ENG] The sensing and dis- terial by exposure to air to the extent that no
further moisture is released on contact with air;covery of the presence of aircraft; major tech-
niques include radar,acoustical,and optical important in lumber manufacture,{ |er vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080i? }
airduct See airflow duct,{ |er vertstrokeinferiord?kt }methods,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorkraft divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
aircraft impactor [ENG] An instrument carried air ejector [MECH ENG] A device that uses a
fluid jet to remove air or other gases,as from aby an aircraft for the purpose of obtaining sam-
ples of airborne particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorkraft imvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080 steam condenser,{ |er ivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}
air eliminator [MECH ENG] In a piping system,t?r}
air-cure [CHEM ENG] To vulcanize at ordinary a device used to remove air from water,steam,
or refrigerant,{ |er ivertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}room temperatures,or without the aid of heat.
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorkyu¨r} airelutriatorSeeair classifier,{ |er eˉvertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080treˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
air engine [MECH ENG] An engine in whichaircurtain [MECH ENG] A stream of high-veloc-
ity temperature-controlled air which is directed compressed air is the actuating fluid,{ |er
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}downwardacrossanopening;itexcludesinsects,
exteriordrafts,andsoforth,preventsthetransfer air entrainment [ENG] The inclusion of minute
bubbles of air in cement or concrete through theof heat across it,and permits air-conditioning
ofaspacewithanopenentrance,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiork?rtH11080?n } addition of some material during grinding or
mixingtoreducethesurfacetensionofthewater,air cushion [MECH ENG] A mechanical device
usingtrappedairtoarrestmotionwithoutshock,giving improved properties for the end product.
{ |er invertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080m?nt }{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorku˙shH11080?n}
air-cushion vehicle [MECH ENG] A transporta- airescape [DES ENG] A device that is fitted to
a pipe carrying a liquid for releasing excess air;tion device supported by low-pressure,low-
velocity air capable of traveling equally well over it contains a valve that controls air release while
preventing loss of liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorer?vertstrokeinferiorskaˉp}water,ice,marsh,or relatively level land,Also
known as ground-effect machine (GEM); hover- air-exhaust ventilator [MECH ENG] Any air-
exhaust unit used to carry away dirt particles,craft,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorku˙shH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
air-cut [ENG] Referring to the inadvertent me- odors,or fumes,{ vertstrokesuperiorer igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokesuperiorvenH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
airfield [CIV ENG] The area of an airport for thechanicalincorporationofairintoaliquidsystem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiork?t } takeoff and landing of airplanes,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorfeˉld }
air filter [ENG] A device that reduces the con-aircycle [MECHENG] Arefrigerationcyclechar-
acterized by the working fluid,air,remaining as centration of solid particles in an airstream to a
level that can be tolerated in a process or spacea gas throughout the cycle rather than being
condensedto aliquid;usedprimarily inairplane occupancy; a component of most systems in
whichairisusedforindustrialprocesses,ventila-air conditioning,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
aircylinder [MECH ENG] A cylinder in which air tion,or comfort air conditioning,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
air flotation See dissolved air flotation,{ vertstrokesuperioreris compressed by a piston,compressed air is
stored,or air drives a piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r } floˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
airflow duct [ENG] A pipe,tube,or channelair density [MECH] The mass per unit volume
of air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ } through which air moves into or out of an en-
closed space,Also known as air duct,{ vertstrokesuperiorerair diffuser [BUILD] An air distribution outlet,
usually located in the ceiling and consisting of vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiord?kt }
14
airlock
airfloworifice [ENG] Anopeningthroughwhich airhp See air horsepower.
air-injection reactor [MECH ENG] A unit in-air moves out of an enclosed space,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorfloˉ
vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s } stalled in an automotive engine which mixes
fresh air with hot exhaust gases in the exhaustairflowpipe [ENG] A tube through which air is
conveyed from one location to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorer manifold to react with any gasoline that has
escapedunburnedfromthecylinders,Abbrevi-vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
air-fuel mixture [MECH ENG] In a carbureted ated AIR,{ vertstrokesuperiorer in|jekH11080sh?nreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
air-injectionsystem [MECH ENG] A device thatgasoline engine,the charge of air and fuel that
is mixed in the appropriate ratio in the carbure- uses compressed air to inject the fuel into the
cylinder of an internal combustion engine.tor and subsequently fed into the combustion
chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiormiksH11080ch?r } Also known as thermactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorer in|jekH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}air gage [ENG] 1,A device that measures air
pressure,2,A device that compares the shape airinlet [MECH ENG] In an air-conditioning sys-
tem,a device through which air is exhaustedof a machined surface to that of a reference sur-
face by measuring the rate of passage of air be- from a room or building,{ vertstrokesuperiorer |invertstrokeinferiorlet }
air-inletvalve [MECHENG] Ina heating/air-con-tween the surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
airgap [ELECTR] 1.A gap or an equivalent filler ditioning system of a motor vehicle,a valve in
the plenum blower assembly that permits selec-of nonmagnetic material across the core of a
choke,transformer,or other magnetic device,tion of either inside or outside air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer |invertstrokeinferiorlet
vertstrokeinferiorvalv }2.Aspark gap consistingof twoelectrodes sepa-
rated by air,3,The space between the stator airknife [ENG] A device that uses a thin,flat jet
of air to remove the excess coating from freshlyand rotor in a motor or generator,[ENG]
1,The distance between two components or coated paper,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉf}
air-knifecoating [ENG] An even film of coatingparts,2,In plastic extrusion coating,the dis-
tance from the opening of the extrusion die to left on paper after treatment with an air knife.
{ vertstrokesuperiorer |n?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }the nip formed by the pressure and chill rolls.
3,The unobstructed vertical distance between air-lance [ENG] To direct a pressurized-air
stream to remove unwanted accumulations,asthe lowestopening ofa faucet(or the like)which
supplies a plumbing fixture (such as a tank or in boiler-wall cleaning,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorlans }
air leakage [MECH ENG] 1,In ductwork,airwashbowl) and the level at which the fixture will
overflow,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorgap } which escapes from a joint,coupling,and such.
2,The undesired leakage or uncontrolled pas-air grating [BUILD] A fixed metal grille on the
exterior of a building through which air is sage of air from a ventilation system,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
vertstrokeinferiorleˉkH11080?j}brought into or discharged from the building for
purposes of ventilation,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i? } airlessspraying [ENG] The spraying of paint by
means of high fluid pressure and special equip-air hammer See pneumatic hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080
r } ment,Also known as hydraulic spraying.
{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorspraˉH11080i? }air-handlingsystem [MECH ENG] An air-condi-
tioningsysteminwhichanair-handlingunitpro- air lift [MECH ENG] 1,Equipment for lifting
slurry or dry powder through pipes by means ofvides part of the treatment of the air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
|handH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } compressedair,2,Seeair-liftpump,{ |er |lift }
air-lift hammer [MECH ENG] A gravity dropair-handling unit [MECH ENG] A packaged as-
sembly of air-conditioning components (coils,hammer used in closed die forging in which the
ram is raised to its starting point by means offilters,fan humidifier,and so forth) which pro-
vides for the treatment of air before it is distrib- an air cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
air-lift pump [MECH ENG] A device composeduted,{ vertstrokesuperiorer |handH11080li?vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
airheater See air preheater,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r } oftwopipes,oneinsidetheother,usedtoextract
water from a well; the lower end of the pipes isair-heating system See air preheater,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080
i?vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m } submerged,and air is delivered through the in-
ner pipeto forma mixture ofair andwater whichair hoist [MECH ENG] A lifting tackle or tugger
constructed with cylinders and pistons for recip- rises in the outer pipe above the water in the
well; also used to move corrosive liquids,millrocating motion and air motors for rotary
motion,all powered by compressed air,Also tailings,and sand,Also known as air lift,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
vertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }known as pneumatic hoist,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist }
airhorn [MECH ENG] In an automotive engine,air line [ENG] A fault,in the form of an elon-
gated bubble,in glass tubing,Also known asthe upper portion of the carburetor barrel
through which entering air passes in quantities hairline,[MECH ENG] A duct,hose,or pipe
thatsuppliescompressedairtoapneumatictoolcontrolled by the choke plate and the throttle
plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorho˙rn } or piece of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
air-line lubricator See line oiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080air horsepower [MECH ENG] The theoretical
(minimum) power required to deliver the speci- br?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
air lock [ENG] 1,A chamber capable of beingfied quantity of air under the specified pressure
conditions in a fan,blower,compressor,or vac- hermeticallysealedthatprovidesforpassagebe-
tween two places of different pressure,such asuum pump,Abbreviated air hp,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokesuperiorho˙rs
vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r } between an altitude chamber and the outside
15
air-lockstrip
atmosphere,orbetweentheoutsideatmosphere airportengineering [CIVENG] Theplanning,de-
sign,construction,and operation and mainte-and the work area in a tunnel or shaft being
nance of facilities providing for the landing andexcavated through soil subjected to water pres-
takeoff,loading and unloading,servicing,main-sure higher than atmospheric,Also known as
tenance,and storage of aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt enH11080lock,2,An air bubble in a pipeline which im-
j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }pedes liquid flow,3,A depression on the sur-
air preheater [MECH ENG] A device used inface of a molded plastic part that results from
steamboilerstotransferheatfromthefluegasesair trapped between the surface of the mold and
tothecombustionairbeforethelatterentersthe
the plastic,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
furnace,Also known as air heater; air-heating
air-lock strip [BUILD] The weather stripping
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorpreˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
which is fastened to the edges of each wing of
airproof See airtight,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorpru¨f}
a revolving door,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
air propeller [MECH ENG] A rotating fan for
airmeter [ENG] Adevicethatmeasurestheflow
moving air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer pr?vertstrokeinferiorpelH11080?r}
of air,or gas,expressed in volumetric or weight
airpump [MECH ENG] Adevice for removing air
units per unit time,Also known as airometer.
from an enclosed space or for adding air to an
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
enclosed space,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
air mileage indicator [ENG] An instrument on
airpuncher [ENG] A machine consisting essen-
an airplane which continuously indicates mile-
tially of a reciprocating chisel or pick,driven by
age through the air,{ |er vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080lij vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉdH11080?r}
air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorp?nH11080ch?r}
air mileage unit [ENG] A device which derives
air purge [MECH ENG] Removal of particulate
continuously and automatically the air distance
matter from air within an enclosed vessel by
flown,and feeds this information into other
means of air displacement,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorp?rj }
units,such as an air mileage indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
air-raidshelter [CIV ENG] A chamber,often un-
vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080lij vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
derground,provided with living facilities and
air-mixingplenum [MECH ENG] In an air-condi-
food,for sheltering people against air attacks.
tioning system,a chamber in which the recircu-
{ |er vertstrokeinferiorraˉd |shelH11080t?r}
lating air is mixed with air from outdoors,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
airreceiver [MECH ENG] A vessel designed for
vertstrokeinferiormiksH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉnH11080?m}
compressed-air installations that is used both
airmonitoring [CIV ENG] A practice of continu-
to store the compressed air and to permit pres-
ousairsamplingbyvariouslevelsofgovernment
sure to be equalized in the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorer rivertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080
or particular industries,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?H11080tri? }
v?r}
air motor [MECH ENG] A device in which the
air register [ENG] A device attached to an air-
pressure of confined air causes the rotation of
distributing duct for the purpose of controlling
a rotor or the movement of a piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
the discharge of air into the space to be heated,
vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
cooled,or ventilated,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorrejH11080?H11080st?r}
air nozzle [MECH ENG] In an automotive en-
air regulator [MECH ENG] A device for regulat-
gine,a device for supplying air to the air-injec-
ing airflow,as in the burner of a furnace,{ |er
tion reactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}
|regH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
airometer [ENG] 1.An apparatus for both hold-
air reheater [MECH ENG] In a heating system,
ing air and measuring the quantity of air admit-
anydevice usedto addheat tothe aircirculating
ted into it,2,See air meter,{ vertstrokeinferiorervertstrokesuperiora¨H11080m?dH11080?r}
in the system,{ |er vertstrokeinferiorreˉ|heˉdH11080?r}
air outlet [MECH ENG] In an air-conditioning
air release valve [MECH ENG] A valve,usually
system,a device at the end of a duct through
manually operated,which is used to release air
which air is supplied to a space,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorau˙tH11080l?t}
from a water pipe or fitting,{ vertstrokesuperiorer ri|leˉs vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
air-permeabilitytest [ENG] A test for the meas-
airresistance [MECH] Wind drag giving rise to
urement of the fineness of powdered materials,
forces and wear on buildings and other struc-
such as portland cement,{ |er vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080meˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?H11080
tures,{ vertstrokesuperiorer rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
deˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }
air ring [ENG] In plastics forming,a circular
airplane flare [ENG] A flare,often magnesium,
manifold which distributes an even flow of cool
that is dropped from an airplane to illuminate
air into a hollow tubular form passing through
a ground area; a small parachute decreases the
the manifold,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorri? }
rate of descent,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorplaˉn vertstrokeinferiorfler }
airsampling [ENG] The collection and analysis
airpocket [ENG] An air-filled space that is nor-
of samples of air to measure the amounts of
mally occupied by a liquid,Also known as air
various pollutants or other substances in the air,
trap,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorpa¨kH11080?t} or the air’s radioactivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }
air-pollutioncontrol [ENG] Apracticalmeansof airscoop [DESENG] Anair-ductcowlprojecting
treating polluting sources to maintain a desired from the outer surface of an aircraft or automo-
degree of air cleanliness,{ |er p?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?nk?n bile,which is designed to utilize the dynamic
vertstrokeinferiortroˉl} pressure of the airstream to maintain a flow of
airport [CIVENG] Aterminalfacilityusedforair- air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsku¨p}
craft takeoff and landing and including facilities air screw [MECH ENG] A screw propeller that
for handling passengers and cargo and for ser- operates in air,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
vicing aircraft,Also known as aerodrome,air-seasoned [ENG] Treated by exposure to air
to give a desired quality,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorseˉzH11080?nd }{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
16
airwasher
air separator [MECH ENG] A device that uses series of cycles in which they are first suspended
by a vertical current of air while they are sprayedanaircurrenttoseparateamaterialfromanother
of greater density or particles from others of with a solution of coating material,and are then
moved by the airstream into a region where theygreater size,{ |er vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?|raˉdH11080?r}
airshaft [BUILD] An open space surrounded by undergo a drying treatment,Also known as
Wurster process,{ vertstrokesuperior?rs?|spenH11080sh?ninvertstrokeinferiorkapH11080the walls of a building or buildings to provide
ventilationforwindows,Alsoknownasairwell,s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
air-suspensionsystem [MECHENG] Partsofan{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorshaft }
air shot [ENG] A shot prepared by loading automotive vehicle that are intermediate be-
tween the wheels and the frame,and support(charging) so that an air space is left in contact
with the explosive for the purpose of lessening the car body and frame by means of a cushion
of air to absorb road shock caused by passageits shattering effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsha¨t}
Airslideconveyor [MECH ENG] An air-activated of the wheels over irregularities,{ vertstrokesuperiorer s?|spenH11080
sh?n |sisH11080t?m}gravity-typeconveyor,oftheFuller Company,us-
ing low-pressure air to aerate or fluidize pulver- airsweetening [CHEM ENG] A process in which
air oroxygen is usedto oxidizelead mercaptidesized material to a degree which will permit it to
flow on a slight incline by the force of gravity,to disulfides instead of using elemental sulfur.
{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsweˉtH11080?nH11080i? }{ |ervertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉdk?n|vaˉH11080?r}
air space [ENG] An enclosed space containing airsystem [MECH ENG] A mechanical refrigera-
tion system in which air serves as the refrigerantair in a wall for thermal insulation,{ |er |spaˉs}
airspeedhead [ENG] Any instrument or device,in a cycle comprising compressor,heat ex-
changer,expander,and refrigerating core,{ vertstrokesuperiorerusually a pitot tube,mounted on an aircraft for
receivingthestaticanddynamicpressuresofthe vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
air terminal [CIV ENG] A facility providing aair used by the airspeed indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorspeˉd
vertstrokeinferiorhed } place of assembly and amenities for airline pas-
sengers and space for administrative functions.airspeed indicator [ENG] A device that com-
putes and displays the speed of an aircraft rela- [ELEC] A structure,such as a tower,that serves
as a lightning arrester,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiort?rmH11080?nH11080?l}tive to the air mass in which the aircraft is flying.
{ |ervertstrokeinferiorspeˉd vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} airthermometer [ENG] A device that measures
the temperature of an enclosed space by meansair spring [MECH ENG] A spring in which the
energy storage element is air confined in a con- of variations in the pressure or volume of air
contained in a bulb placed in the space,{ |ertainer that includes an elastomeric bellows or
diaphragm,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorspri? }th?|ma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
airtight [ENG] Notpermittingthepassageofair.air-standardcycle [THERMO] Athermodynamic
cycle in which the working fluid is considered to Also known as airproof,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiort?ˉt}
air-to-air resistance [CIV ENG] The resistancebe a perfect gas with such properties of air as a
volume of 12.4 cubic feet per pound at 14.7 provided by the wall of a building to the flow of
heat,{ |er tu¨ |er rivertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?ns }pounds per square inch (approximately 0.7756
cubic meter per kilogram at 101.36 kilopascals) air toxics See hazardous air pollutants,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
|ta¨kH11080siks }and 492H11034R and a ratio of specific heats of 1:4.
{ |er |stanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l} air trap [CIV ENG] A U-shaped pipe filled with
water that prevents the escape of foul air or gasair-standardengine [MECH ENG] A heat engine
operated in an air-standard cycle,{ |er |stanH11080 from such systems as drains and sewers,See air
pocket,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiortrap }d?rd vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
air starting valve [MECH ENG] A device that air-tube breathing apparatus [ENG] A device
consisting of a smoke helmet,mask,or mouth-admits compressed air to an air starter,{ vertstrokesuperiorer
|sta¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalv } piece supplied with fresh air by means of a flexi-
bletube,Also knownas air-supplymask,{ |erair stripping [CHEM ENG] The process of bub-
bling air through water to remove volatile or- vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraH11080p?|radH11080?s}
air-tubeclutch [MECH ENG] A clutch fitted withganicsubstancesfromthewater,{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorstripH11080i? }
air-supplymask See air-tube breathing apparatus,a tube whose inflation causes the clutch to en-
gage,and deflation,to disengage,{ vertstrokesuperiorer |tu¨b{ vertstrokesuperiorer s?|pl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiormask }
air surveillance [ENG] Systematic observation vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
airvalve [MECHENG] Avalvethatautomaticallyof the airspace by visual,electronic,or other
means,primarilyforidentifyingallaircraftinthat lets air out of or into a liquid-carrying pipe when
the internal pressure drops below atmospheric.airspace,and determining their movements.
{ vertstrokesuperiorer s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080l?ns } { vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
air vessel [ENG] 1,An enclosed volume of airairsurveillanceradar [ENG] Radar of moderate
range providing position of aircraft by azimuth whichusesthecompressibilityofairtominimize
water hammer,Also known as accumulator.and range data without elevation data; used for
air-traffic control,{ |er s?r|vaˉH11080l?ns |ravertstrokeinferiorda¨r} 2.An enclosed chamber using the compressibil-
ityofairtopromoteamoreuniformflowofwaterairsurvey See aerial survey,{ |er |s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
air-suspension encapsulation [CHEM ENG] A in a piping system,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorvesH11080?l}
airwasher [MECH ENG] 1,A device for coolingtechnique for microencapsulation of various
types of solid particles; the particles undergo a and cleaning air in which the entering warm,
17
air-waterjet
moist air is cooled below its dew point by refrig- thermometer that uses ethyl alcohol as its work-
ing substance,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorho˙lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}eratedwatersothatalthoughtheairleavesclose
alidade [ENG] 1.An instrumentfortopographicto saturation with water,it has less moisture per
surveying and mapping by the plane-tableunitvolumethanwhenitentered,2.Apparatus
method,2,Any sighting device employed fortowashparticulatesandsolubleimpuritiesfrom
angular measurement,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉd}air by passing the airstream through a liquid
aligning drift [MECH ENG] A rod or bar that isbath or spray,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorwashH11080?r}
usedforaligningpartsduringassembly,{?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080air-waterjet [ENG] A jet of mixed air and water
i?vertstrokeinferiordrift }
which leaves a nozzle at high velocity; used in
alignment [CIV ENG] In a survey for a highway,
cleaning the surfaces of concrete or rock,{ |er
railroad,or similar installation,a ground plan
|wo˙dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorjet }
that shows the horizontal direction of the route.
air-water storage tank [ENG] A water storage
[ELECTR] The process of adjusting components
tank in which the air above the water is com-
of a system for proper interrelationship,includ-
pressed,{ |er |wo˙dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
ing the adjustment of tuned circuits for proper
airway [BUILD] A passage for ventilation be-
frequency response and the time synchroniza-
tween thermal insulation and roof boards.
tion of the components of a system,[ENG]
{ vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
Placing of surveying points along a straight line.
airwell See air shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorwel }
{?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080m?nt }
Airy points [ENG] The points at which a hori-
alignment correction [ENG] A correction ap-
zontal rod is optionally supported to avoid its
plied to the measured length of a line to allow
bending,{ |erH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙ins }
fornotholdingthetapeexactlyinaverticalplane
Airystressfunction [MECH] Abiharmonicfunc-
of the line,{?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080m?nt k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}
tion of two variables whose second partial deriv-
alignment pin [DES ENG] Pin in the center of
atives givethe stress componentsof abody sub-
thebaseofanoctal,loctal,orothertubehavinga
ject to a plane strain,{ |erH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
singleverticalprojectingribthataidsincorrectly
aisleway [CIVENG] Apassageorwalkwaywithin
inserting the tube in its socket,{?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080m?nt
a factory,storage building,or shop permitting
vertstrokeinferiorpin }
the flow of inside traffic,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
alignment wire See ground wire,{?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080m?nt
Aitken dust counter [ENG] An instrument for
vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
determiningthedustcontentoftheatmosphere.
alkaliiondiode [ENG] In testing for leaks,a de-
AlsoknownasAitkennucleuscounter,{ |aˉtH11080k?n
vice which senses the presence of halogen gases
vertstrokesuperiord?st vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
by the use of positive ions of alkali metal on the
Aitken nucleus counter See Aitken dust counter.
heated diode surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
{ |aˉtH11080k?n vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
alkalinewash [CHEM ENG] The removal of im-
alarmgage [ENG] A device that actuates a sig-
purities from kerosine,used for illuminating pur-
nal either when the steam pressure in a boiler
poses,by caustic soda solution,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn
is too high or when the water level in a boiler
vertstrokeinferiorwa¨sh }
is too low,{?vertstrokesuperiorla¨rm vertstrokeinferiorgaj }
Alkarprocess [CHEM ENG] Catalytic alkylation
alarm system [ENG] A system which operates
of aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins to pro-
a warning device after the occurrence of a dan-
duce alkylaromatics; for example,production of
gerous or undesirable condition,{?vertstrokesuperiorla¨rm
ethylbenzene from benzene and ethylene.
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
{ vertstrokesuperioralvertstrokeinferiorkar vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
alarm valve [ENG] A device that sounds an
alkylatebottom [CHEMENG] Residuefromfrac-
alarmwhenwaterflowsinanautomaticsprinkler
tionation of total alkylate which boils at a higher
system,{?vertstrokesuperiorla¨rm vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
temperature than aviation gasolines,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
albedometer [ENG] An instrument used for the
k?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉt vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m}
measurement of the reflectingpower,that is,the
alkylation [CHEM ENG] A refinery process for
albedo,of a surface,{ alH11080b?vertstrokesuperiorda¨H11080m?dH11080?r}
chemically combining isoparaffin with olefin
Alberger process [CHEM ENG] A method of
hydrocarbons,{ vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
manufacturingsaltbyheatingbrineathighpres-
alle`ge [BUILD] A part of a wall which is thinner
sure and passing it to a graveler which removes
than the rest,especially the spandrel under a
calcium sulfate; the salt crystallizes as the pres-
window,{ avertstrokesuperiorlezh }
sure is reduced and thus is separated from the
Allen screw [DES ENG] A screw or bolt which
brine,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080b?rH11080g?r vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
has an axial hexagonal socket in its head,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
alcoholimeterSeealcoholometer,{ vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorho˙vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
dH11080?r} Allen wrench [DES ENG] A wrench made from
alcoholmeter See alcoholometer,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorho˙l a straight or bent hexagonal rod,used to turn
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} an Allen screw,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorrench }
alcoholometer [ENG] A device,such as a form alligator shears [ENG] A cutting tool with a
of hydrometer,that measures the quantity of an fixed lower blade and a movable upper blade
alcohol contained in a liquid,Also known as (shearing arm) that moves in an arc around a
alcoholimeter; alcoholmeter,{ vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorho˙vertstrokesuperiorla¨H11080 fulcrum pin; used mainly for shearing applica-
m?dH11080?r} tions that do not require great accuracy,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorshirz }alcohol thermometer [ENG] A liquid-in-glass
18
altitude-azimuthmounting
alligator wrench [DES ENG] A wrench having alphatron See alpha-ray vacuum gage,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
f?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}fixed jaws forming a V,with teeth on one or both
jaws,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorrench } alt See altitude.
altazimuth [ENG] An instrument equipped withallocate [IND ENG] To assign a portion of a re-
source to an activity,{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080loˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉt } both horizontal and vertical graduated circles,
for the simultaneous observation of horizontalallowable bearing value [CIV ENG] The maxi-
mum permissible pressure on foundation soil andverticaldirectionsorangles,Alsoknownas
astronomical theodolite; universal instrument.that provides adequate safety against rupture of
the soil mass or movement of the foundation { alvertstrokesuperiortazH11080?H11080m?th }
alt-azimuthmountingSeealtitude-azimuth mount-of such magnitude as to impair the structure
imposing the pressure,Also known as allow- ing,{ vertstrokeinferioralt vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiormau˙ntH11080i? }
alternate energy [ENG] Any source of energyablesoilpressure,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
allowable load [MECH] The maximum force other than fossil fuels that is used for construc-
tive purposes,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙lH11080t?rH11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }thatmaybesafelyappliedtoasolid,orispermit-
tedbyapplicableregulators,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?H11080b?lvertstrokesuperiorloˉd} alternatingcurrent [ELEC] Electric current that
reverses direction periodically,usually manyallowable soil pressure See allowable bearing
value,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r } times per second,Abbreviated ac,{ |o˙lH11080
t?rvertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080i? |k?rH11080?nt }allowable stress [MECH] The maximum force
per unit area that may be safely applied to a alternating-current welder [ENG] A welding
machine utilizing alternating current for weldingsolid,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }
allowance [DES ENG] An intentional difference purposes,{ |o˙lH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080i? |k?rH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorweldH11080?r}
alternatingstress [MECH] A stress produced inin sizes of two mating parts,allowing clearance
usually for a film of oil,for running or sliding a material by forces which are such that each
force alternately acts in opposite directions.fits,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?ns }
allowed hours See standard hour,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙d vertstrokesuperiorau˙H11080 { vertstrokesuperioro˙lH11080t?rH11080naˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorstres }
altigraph [ENG] A pressure altimeter that has a?rz }
allowed time [IND ENG] Amount of time al- recording mechanism to show the changes in
altitude,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }lowed each employee for personal needs during
a work cycle,{?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙d vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm} altimeter [ENG] An instrument which deter-
mines the altitude of an object with respect toalloyjunction [ELECTR] A junctionproduced by
alloying one or more impurity metals to a semi- a fixed level,such as sea level; there are two
common types,the aneroid altimeter and theconductor to form a p or n region,depending on
the impurity used,Also known as fused junc- radio altimeter,{ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
altimeter corrections [ENG] Corrections whichtion,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorlo˙i vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
alloy-junctiondiode [ELECTR] A junction diode must be made to the readings of a pressure al-
timeter to obtain true altitudes; involve horizon-madebyplacingapillofdopedalloyingmaterial
on a semiconductor material and heating until tal pressure gradient error and air temperature
error,{ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?rk?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nz }the molten alloy melts a portion of the semicon-
ductor,resulting in a pn junction when the dis- altimeter setting [ENG] The value of atmos-
pheric pressure to which the scale of an aneroidsolved semiconductor recrystallizes,Also
known as fused-junction diode,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorlo˙i |jkH11080 altimeter is set; after United States practice,the
pressurethatwillindicateairportelevationwhensh?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
all-translational system [CONT SYS] A simple the altimeter is 10 feet (3 meters) above the
runway (approximately cockpit height),{ alrobotic system in which there is no rotation of
the robot or its components during movements vertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }
altimeter-setting indicator [ENG] A precisionof the robot’s body,{ |o˙l vertstrokeinferiortranzvertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
t?m } aneroidbarometercalibratedtoindicatedirectly
the local altimeter setting,{ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r |sedH11080all-weather airport [CIV ENG] An airport with
facilities to permit the landing of qualified air- i?vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
altimetry [ENG] The measurement of heights incraft and aircrewmen without regard to opera-
tional weather limits,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙l |wethH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt } the atmosphere(altitude),generally byan altim-
eter,{ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?H11080treˉ }alpha [ELECTR] The ratio between the change
in collector current and the change in emitter altitude Abbreviated alt,[ENG] 1,Height,
measuredasdistancealongtheextendedearth’scurrent of a transistor,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080f? }
alphacutofffrequency [ELECTR] The frequency radius above a given datum,such as average
sea level,2,Angular displacement above theat the high end of a transistor’s range at which
current amplification drops 3 decibels below its horizon measured by an altitude curve,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d}low-frequency value,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080f?vertstrokesuperiork?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080
seˉ } altitudeazimuth [ENG] An azimuth determined
by solution of the navigational triangle with alti-alpha-ray vacuum gage [ENG] An ionization
gageinwhichtheionizationisproducedbyalpha tude,declination,and latitude given,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th }particlesemittedbyaradioactivesource,instead
ofbyelectronsemittedfromahotfilament;used altitude-azimuth mounting [ENG] A two-axis
telescope mounting in which the azimuth of thechiefly for pressures from10
H110023
to 10 torrs,Also
known as alphatron,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080yu¨m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } direction in which the telescope is pointed is
19
altitudechamber
determined by rotation about a vertical axis and of specified sizes established as a standard in
the United States,Also known as Briggs pipethe corresponding altitude is determined by ro-
tation about a horizontal axis; computer-con- thread,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorthred }
American standard screw thread [DES ENG]trolled motors must move the telescope in both
altitude and azimuth to compensate for the Screw thread whose dimensions conform to
those of a particular series of specified sizes es-earth’s rotation,Also known as alt-azimuth
mounting,{ |alH11080t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiormau˙ntH11080i? } tablished as a standard in the United States;
used for bolts,nuts,and machine screws.altitude chamber [ENG] A chamber within
which the air pressure,temperature,and so on {?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorthred }
Americansystemdrill See churn drill,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080can be adjusted to simulate conditions at differ-
entaltitudes; usedfor experimentationand test- k?n |sisH11080t?m vertstrokeinferiordril }
American Table of Distances [ENG] Publisheding,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
altitudecurve [ENG] The arc of a vertical circle data concerning the safe storage of explosives
and ammunition,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l?v vertstrokesuperiordisH11080between the horizon and a point on the celestial
sphere,measured upward from the horizon,t?nsH11080?z}
ammeter [ENG] An instrument for measuring{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
altitude datum [ENG] The arbitrary level from the magnitude of electric current flow,Also
known as electric current meter,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}which heights are reckoned,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokeinferiordadH11080
m} ammonia absorption refrigerator [MECH ENG]
An absorption-cycle refrigerator which uses am-altitude difference [ENG] The difference be-
tween computed and observed altitudes,or be- monia as the circulating refrigerant,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080
yb|sorpH11080sh?nrivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}tween precomputed and sextant altitudes.
Also known as altitude intercept; intercept,ammonia compressor [MECH ENG] A device
that decreases the volume of a quantity of gas-{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokesuperiordifH11080r?ns }
altitude intercept See altitude difference,{ vertstrokesuperioralH11080 eous ammonia by the amplification of pressure;
used in refrigeration systems,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080y?t?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorsept }
aluminize [ENG] To apply a film of aluminum k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
ammonia condenser [MECH ENG] A device into a material,such as glass,{?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨mH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉz}
AM See amplitude modulation,an ammonia refrigerating system that raises the
pressure of the ammonia gas in the evaporatingA-mast [ENG] An A-shaped arrangement of up-
rightpolesforsupportingamechanismdesigned coil,conditions the ammonia,and delivers it to
the condensing system,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080y? k?nvertstrokesuperiordensH11080to lift heavy loads,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokeinferiormast }
ambient [ENG] Surrounding; especially,of or?r}
ammonialiquor [CHEM ENG] Water solution ofpertaining to the environment about a flying air-
craftorotherbodybutundisturbedorunaffected ammonia,ammonium compounds,and impuri-
ties,obtained from destructive distillation of bi-by it,as in ambient air or ambient temperature.
{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080beˉH11080?nt } tuminous coal,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080?r}
ammonia meter [ENG] A hydrometer designedAmerican basement [BUILD] A basement lo-
cated above ground level and containing the specifically to determine the density of aqueous
ammonia solutions,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080ny?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}building’s main entrance,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080
m?nt } ammonia synthesis [CHEM ENG] Chemical
combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases atAmericanbond [CIV ENG] A bond in which ev-
ery fifth,sixth,or seventh course of a wall con- high temperature and pressure in the presence
of acatalyst to formammonia,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080sists of headers and the other courses consist
of stretchers,Also known as common bond; th?H11080s?s}
ammonia valve [ENG] A valve that is resistantScotch bond,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }
American caisson See box caisson,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080 to corrosion by ammonia,{?vertstrokesuperiormoˉnH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
ammonoxidation See ammoxidation,{ vertstrokeinferioraH11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
American filter See disk filter,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080 m?nvertstrokeinferiora¨kH11080s?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}
ammoxidation [CHEM ENG] A process in whicht?r}
Americanmeltingpoint [CHEM ENG] A temper- mixturesofpropylene,ammonia,andoxygenare
convertedinthepresenceofacatalyst,withacry-ature 3H11034F (1.7H11034C) higher than the American Soci-
ety for Testing and Materials Method D87 paraf- lonitrile as the primary product,Also known as
ammonoxidation; oxyamination,{ vertstrokeinferioramvertstrokeinferiora¨kH11080s?fin-wax melting point,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiormeltH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}
amortize [INDENG] Toreducegraduallyanobli-Americanstandardbeam [CIV ENG] A type of I
beam made of hot-rolled structural steel,gation,such as a mortgage,by periodically pay-
ing a part of the principal as well as the interest.{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}
American standard channel [CIV ENG] AC- {vertstrokesuperioramH11080?rvertstrokeinferiort?ˉz}
amount limit [IND ENG] In a test for a fixedshaped structural member made of hot-rolled
structural steel,{?vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd quantity of work,the time required to complete
the work or the total amount of work that canvertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l}
American standard pipe thread [DES ENG] be completed in an unlimited time,{?vertstrokesuperiormau˙nt
vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}Taper,straight,or dryseal pipe thread whose di-
mensions conform to those of a particular series amp See amperage; ampere,{ amp }
20
analyticalcentrifugation
ampacity [ELEC] Current-carrying capacity in telemetry,those systemsofmodulation inwhich
each component frequency f of the transmittedamperes; used as a rating for power cables.
{amvertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } intelligenceproducesapairofsidebandfrequen-
cies at carrier frequency plus f and carrier minusamperage [ELEC] The amount of electric cur-
rent in amperes,Abbreviated amp,{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080 f.{vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokeinferiormajH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
amylograph [ENG] An instrument used toprij }
ampere [ELEC] The unit of electric current in measure and record the viscosity of starch and
flour pastes and the temperature at which theythe rationalized meter-kilogram-second sys-
tem of units; defined in terms of the force gelatinize,{?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉlH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
analemma [CIV ENG] Any raised constructionof attraction between two parallel current-
carrying conductors,Abbreviated a; A; amp,which serves as a support or rest,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080
vertstrokesuperiorlemH11080? }{ vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir }
ampere-hourmeter [ENG] A device that meas- analog [ELECTR] 1,A physical variable which
remains similar to another variable insofar asures the total electric charge that passes a given
point during a given period of time,{ vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir theproportional relationshipsare thesame over
some specified range; for example,a tempera-|au˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
amperometric transducer [ENG] A transducer ture may be represented by a voltage which is
its analog,2,Pertaining to devices,data,cir-in which the concentration of a dissolved sub-
stance is determined from the electric current cuits,or systems that operate with variables
which are represented by continuously meas-produced between two electrodes immersed in
the test solution when one of the electrodes is ured voltages or other quantities,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨g}
analogoutput [CONTSYS] Transduceroutput inkept at a selected electric potential with respect
to the solution,{ amvertstrokeinferiorpirH11080?|meH11080trik tranzvertstrokesuperiorduˉH11080 which the amplitude is continuously propor-
tional to a function of the stimulus,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080s?r}
amphibious [MECH ENG] Said of vehicles or?lvertstrokeinferiora¨g vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
analogreadout [ENG] Ascaleona balancethatequipment designed to be operated or used on
either land or water,{ vertstrokeinferioramvertstrokesuperiorfibH11080eˉH11080?s } continuously indicates measurement values by
the position of an index mark,either a line oramplificationfactor [ELECTR] Inavacuumtube,
the ratio of the incremental change in plate volt- a pointer,opposite a graduated scale which is
usually marked with numbers,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨gagetoagivensmallchangeingridvoltage,under
the conditions that the plate current and all vertstrokesuperiorreˉdvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
analog signal [ELECTR] A nominally continu-other electrode voltages are held constant.
{ vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } ous electrical signal that varies in amplitude or
frequencyinresponsetochangesinsound,light,amplification noise [ELECTR] Noise generated
in the vacuum tubes,transistors,or integrated heat,position,orpressure,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨g vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l}
analogswitch [ELECTR] 1,A device that eithercircuits of an amplifier,{ vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz } transmits an analog signal without distortion or
completely blocks it,2,Any solid-state device,amplifier [ENG] A device capable of increasing
themagnitude orpowerlevelof aphysicalquan- with or without a driver,capable of bilaterally
switching voltages or current,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨gtity,such as an electric current or a hydraulic
mechanical force,that is varying with time,with- vertstrokeinferiorswich }
analog-to-digital converter [ELECTR] A deviceout distorting the wave shape of the quantity.
{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } which translates continuous analog signals into
proportionaldiscretedigitalsignals,{ |anH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨gamplifier-type meter [ENG] An electric meter
whose characteristics have been enhanced by t? |dijH11080?tH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
analog-to-frequency converter [ELECTR] Athe use of preamplification for the signal input
eventually used to actuate the meter,{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080 converter in which an analog input in some form
other than frequency is converted to a propor-pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
amplify [ENG ACOUS] To strengthen a signal by tional change in frequency,{ |anH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨gt? |freˉH11080
kw?nH11080seˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}increasing its amplitude or by raising its level.
{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉ } analog voltage [ELECTR] A voltage that varies
in a continuous fashion in accordance with theamplitude-frequency response See frequency re-
sponse,{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns } magnitude of a measured variable,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lvertstrokeinferiora¨g
vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }amplitude-modulated indicator [ENG] A gen-
eral class of radar indicators,in which the sweep analytical aerotriangulation [ENG] Analytical
phototriangulation,performed with aerialof the electron beam is deflected vertically or
horizontallyfromabaselinetoindicatetheexis- photographs,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l |erH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?
vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}tence of an echo from a target,Also known as
deflection-modulated indicator; intensity-mod- analyticalbalance [ENG] A balance with a sen-
sitivity of 0.1–0.01 milligram,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?lulated indicator,{ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d |ma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d
|inH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
analytical centrifugation [ENG] Centrifugationamplitude modulation [ELECTR] Abbreviated
AM,1,Modulation in which the aplitude of a following precipitation to separate solids from
solid-liquid suspensions; faster than filtration.wave is the characteristic varied in accordance
with the intelligence to be transmitted,2,In { vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l senvertstrokeinferiortrifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}
21
analyticalnadir-pointtriangulation
analyticalnadir-pointtriangulation [ENG] Rad- in place,[ENG] A device,such as a metal rod,
wire,or strap,for fixing one object to another,ial triangulation performed by computational
routines in which nadir points are utilized as such as specially formed metal connectors used
to fasten together timbers,masonry,or trusses.radial centers,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l |n?vertstrokeinferiordir |po˙int
vertstrokeinferiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n} [MECH ENG] 1,In steam plowing,a vehicle lo-
cated on the side of the field opposite that ofanalyticalorientation [ENG] Thecomputational
stepsrequiredtodeterminetilt,directionofprin- the engine and maintaining the tension on the
endless wire by means of a pulley,2,A devicecipal line,flight height,angular elements,and
linear elements in preparing aerial photographs for a piping system that maintains the correct
position and direction of the pipes and controlsfor rectification,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
sh?n } pipe movement occurring as a result of thermal
expansion,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r}analyticalphotogrammetry [ENG] A method of
photogrammetryinwhichsolutionsareobtained anchorage [CIV ENG] 1,An area where a vessel
anchorsormayanchorbecauseofeithersuitabil-by mathematical methods,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l
vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080treˉ } ity or designation,Also known as anchor sta-
tion,2.A device which anchors tendons to theanalyticalphotography [ENG] Photography,ei-
ther motion picture or still,accomplished to de- posttensioned concrete member,3,In preten-
sioning,adeviceusedtoanchortendonstempo-termine (by qualitative,quantitative,or any
other means) whether a particular phenomenon rarily during the hardening of the concrete.
4,See deadman,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?H11080rij }does or does not occur,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?lf?vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080
r?H11080feˉ } anchoragedeformation [CIVENG] Theshorten-
ing of tendons due to their modification or slip-analyticalphototriangulation [ENG] Aphototri-
angulation procedure in which the spatial solu- page when the prestressing force is transferred
to the anchorage device,Also known as an-tion is obtained by computational routines.
{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } chorage slip,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?H11080rij deˉvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
anchorageslipSeeanchoragedeformation,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080analytical radar prediction [ENG] Prediction
based on proven formulas,power tables,or k?H11080rij vertstrokeinferiorslip }
anchoragezone [CIVENG] 1.Inposttensioning,graphs; considers surface height,structural and
terraininformation,andcriteriaforradarreflecti- the region adjacent to the anchorage for the
tendon which is subjected to secondary stressesvity together with the aspect angle and range to
the target,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨rpr?vertstrokesuperiordikH11080 as a result of the distribution of the prestressing
force,2,In pretensioning,the region in whichsh?n}
analyticalradialtriangulation [ENG] Radial tri- transfer bond stresses are developed,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?H11080
rij vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn}angulation performed by computational rou-
tines,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortrivertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080 anchor and collar [DES ENG] A door or gate
hinge whose socket is attached to an anchorsh?n}
analytical three-point resection radial triangula- embeddedin themasonry,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r?n vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?r}
anchor block [BUILD] A block of wood,replac-tion [ENG] A method of computing the coor-
dinates of the ground principal points of over- ingabrickinawalltoprovideanailingorfasten-
ing surface,[CIV ENG] See deadman,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080lappingaerialphotographsbyresectingonthree
horizontal control points appearing in the over- k?r vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
anchorbolt [CIV ENG] A bolt used with its headlap area,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l |threˉ |po˙int reˉvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortrivertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } embedded in masonry or concrete and its
threaded part protruding to hold a structure oranalyticalultracentrifuge [ENG] An ultracentri-
fuge that uses one of three optical systems machinery in place,Also known as anchor rod.
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }(schlieren,Rayleigh,or absorption) for the accu-
rate determination of sedimentation velocity anchor buoy [ENG] One of a series of buoys
marking the limits of an anchorage,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?ror equilibrium,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080?H11080k?l |?lH11080tr?|senH11080tr?
vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j} vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
anchor charge [ENG] A procedure that allowsanalytic mechanics [MECH] The application of
differential and integral calculus to classical severalchargestobepreloadedinaseismicshot
hole; the bottom charges are fired first,and the(nonquantum) mechanics,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?lvertstrokesuperioridH11080ik mi
vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks } upper charges are helddown by anchors,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
k?r vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }analyzer [ENG] A multifunction test meter,
measuring volts,ohms,and amperes,Also anchored bulkhead [CIV ENG] A bulkhead se-
cured to anchor piles,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?rd vertstrokesuperiorb?lkvertstrokeinferiorhed }known as set analyzer,[MECH ENG] The com-
ponent of an absorption refrigeration system anchorlog [CIV ENG] A log,beam,or concrete
block buried in the earth and used to hold a guywhere the mixture of water vapor and ammonia
vapor leaving the generator meets the relatively rope firmly,Also known as deadman; ground
anchor,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}cool solution of ammonia in water entering the
generator and loses some of its vapor content,anchor nut [DES ENG] A nut in the form of a
tapped insert forced under steady pressure into{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
anchor [CIV ENG] A device connecting a struc- a hole in sheet metal,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
anchorpile [CIV ENG] A pile that is located onture to a heavy masonry or concrete object to a
metalplateortothegroundtoholdthestructure thelandsideofabulkheadorpierandanchorsit
22
angelecho
throughsuchdevicesasrods,cables,andchains,springs; an example is the Dines anemometer.
{ |aH11080n?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
anchorplate [CIVENG] Ametalorwoodenplate anemoclinometer [ENG] A type of instrument
which measures the inclination of the wind tofastened to or embedded in a support,such as
a floor,and used to hold a supporting cable the horizontal plane,{ |aH11080n?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080kl?|na¨mH11080
dH11080?r}firmly,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
anchorrod See anchor bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorra¨d} anemogram [ENG] A record made by an
anemograph,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉmH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }anchor station See anchorage,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080
sh?n} anemograph [ENG] 1,An instrument which re-
cords wind velocities,2.A recording anemom-anchor tower [CIV ENG] 1,A tower which is a
part of a crane staging or stiffleg derrick and eter,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉmH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
anemometer [ENG] A device which measuresserves as an anchor,2,A tower that supports
and anchors an overhead transmission line,air speed,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
anemoscope [ENG] An instrument for indicat-{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
anchorwall See deadman,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l } ing the direction of the wind,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉmH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
anemovane [ENG] A combined contact ane-ANDcircuit See AND gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorand vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
AND gate [ELECTR] A circuit which has two or mometer and wind vane used in the Canadian
Meteorological Service,{ |anH11080?H11080moˉ|vaˉn}more input-signal ports and which delivers an
outputonlyifandwheneveryinputsignalportis aneroid [ENG] 1,Containing no liquid or using
no liquid,2,See aneroid barometer,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?simultaneously energized,Also known as AND
circuit; passive AND gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorand vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} vertstrokeinferiorro˙id }
aneroid altimeter [ENG] An altimeter con-AND/NORgate [ELECTR] Asinglelogicelement
whose operation is equivalent to that of two taining an aneroid barometer that actuates the
indicator,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}ANDgateswithoutputsfeedingintoaNORgate.
{ |and |no˙r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} aneroid barograph [ENG] An aneroid barome-
terarrangedsothatthe deflectionoftheaneroidAND NOT gate [ELECTR] A coincidence circuit
that performs the logic operation AND NOT,capsule actuates a pen which graphs a record on
arotatingdrum,Alsoknownasaneroidograph;under which a result is true only if statement A
is true and statement B is not,Also known as barograph; barometrograph,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080
vertstrokeinferiorgraf }A AND NOT B gate,{ |and |na¨t vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
AND-OR circuit [ELECTR] Gating circuit that aneroid barometer [ENG] A barometer which
utilizes an aneroid capsule,Also known as an-produces a prescribed output condition when
several possible combined input signals are ap- eroid,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
aneroid calorimeter [ENG] A calorimeter thatplied; exhibits the characteristics of the AND
gate and the OR gate,{ |and |o˙r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t } uses a metal of high thermal conductivity as a
heat reservoir,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}AND-OR-INVERT gate [ELECTR] A logic circuit
with four inputs,a
1
,a
2
,b
1
,and b
2
,whose output aneroidcapsule [ENG] A thin,disk-shaped box
or capsule,usually metallic,partially evacuatedis 0 only if either a
1
and a
2
or b
1
and b
2
are 1.
Abbreviated A-O-I gate,{ |and |o˙rinvertstrokesuperiorv?rt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt } and sealed,held extended by a spring,which
expands and contracts with changes in atmos-Andrade’screeplaw [MECH] Alawwhichstates
that creep exhibits a transient state in which pheric or gas pressure,Also known as bellows.
{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080s?l}strain is proportional to the cube root of time
andthenasteadystateinwhichstrainispropor- aneroiddiaphragm [ENG] A thin plate,usually
metal,covering the end of an aneroid capsuletional to time,{ vertstrokesuperioranvertstrokeinferiordraˉdz vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
Andrews’s curves [THERMO] A series of iso- and moving axially as the ambient gas pressure
increases or decreases,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokesuperiordiH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram }therms for carbon dioxide,showing the depen-
denceofpressureonvolumeatvarioustempera- aneroid flowmeter [ENG] A mechanism to
measure fluid flow rate by pressure of the fluidtures,{ vertstrokesuperioranvertstrokeinferiordru¨z vertstrokeinferiork?rvz }
anechoic chamber [ENG] 1,A test room in against a bellows counterbalanced by a cali-
brated spring,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}which all surfaces are lined with a sound-ab-
sorbing material to reduce reflections of sound aneroidliquid-levelmeter [ENG] A mechanism
to measure fluid depth by pressure of the fluidto aminimum,Also known as deadroom; free-
field room,2,A room completely lined with a againstabellowswhichinturnactsonamanom-
eter or signal transmitter,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id |likH11080w?dmaterial that absorbs radio waves at a particular
frequency or over a range of frequencies; used |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
aneroidograph See aneroid barograph,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080principally at microwave frequencies,such as for
measuring radar beam cross sections,{ |anH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙idH11080?H11080graf }
aneroidvalve [MECH ENG] A valve actuated or?|koˉH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
anelasticity [MECH] Deviation from a propor- controlled by an aneroid capsule,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id
vertstrokesuperiorvalv }tional relationship between stress and strain.
{ |anH11080?H11080las|tisH11080?dH11080eˉ } angel echo [ENG] A radar echo from a region
wheretherearenovisibletargets;maybecausedanemobiagraph [ENG] A recording pressure-
tube anemometer in which the wind scale of the by insects,birds,or refractive index variations
in the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉnH11080j?l vertstrokeinferiorekH11080oˉ }float manometer is linear through the use of
23
angleback-pressurevalve
angleback-pressurevalve [MECHENG] Aback- joint between two surfaces meeting at an angle
pressure valve with its outlet opening at right of less than 180H11034.{vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?t}
angles to its inlet opening,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorbak anglefishplates [CIVENG] Plateswhichjointhe
vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv } rails and prevent the rail joint from sagging
anglebar [BUILD] Anuprightbaratthemeeting where heavy cars and locomotives are used.
of two faces of a polygonal window,bay window,Also known as angle; angle bar,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
or bow window,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} vertstrokesuperiorfishvertstrokeinferiorplaˉts }
anglebead [BUILD] A strip,usually of metal or anglefloat [ENG] A trowel having two edge sur-
wood,setatthecornerofaplasterwalltoprotect
facesbentat90H11034;usedtofinishcornersinfreshly
the corner or serve as a guide to float the plaster
poured concrete and in plastering,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
flush with it,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
angle beam [ENG] Ultrasonic waves transmit-
anglegauge [CIV ENG] A template used to set
ted for the inspection of a metallic surface at an
or check angles in building construction,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
angle measured from the beam center line to a
g?l vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
normal to the test surface,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
anglegear See angular gear,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorgeˉr}
angleblasting [ENG] Sandblasting,or the like,
angle globe valve [ENG] A globe valve having
at an angle of less that 90H11034.{vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
an angular configuration that permits it to be
angleblock [ENG] A small block of wood used
fitted at bends in pipework,{ |a?H11080g?l |gloˉb
tofastenadjacentpieces,usuallyatrightangles,
|valv }
or glued into the corner of a wooden frame to
anglehiptileSee arris hip tile,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorhip vertstrokeinferiort?ˉl}
stiffen it,Also known as glue block,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
angle iron [CIV ENG] 1,An L-shaped cleat or
g?l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
brace,2,A length of steel having a cross sec-
angleboard [DES ENG] A board whose surface
tion resembling the letter L,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
is cut at a desired angle; serves as a guide for
anglejoint [ENG] A joint between two pieces of
cutting or planing other boards at the same
lumber which results in a change in direction.
angle,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
angle bond [CIV ENG] A tie used to bond ma-
angle lacing [CIV ENG] A system of lacing in
sonry work at wall corners,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
which angle irons are used in place of bars.
angle brace [ENG] A brace across the interior
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorlaˉsH11080i? }
angle of two members that meet at an angle.
angle method of adjustment [ENG] A method
Also known as angle tie,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorbraˉs}
of adjustment of observations which determines
anglebrick [ENG] Any brick having an oblique
corrections to observed angles,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
shape to fit an oblique,salient corner,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d?v?vertstrokesuperiorj?sH11080m?nt }
g?l vertstrokeinferiorbrik }
angleofaction [MECH ENG] The angle of revo-
angleclip [CIV ENG] A short strip of angle iron
lution of either of two wheels in gear during
used to secure structural elements at right
which any particular tooth remains in contact.
angles,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorklip }
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
angle closer [ENG] A specially shaped brick
angle of advance See angular advance,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
used to close the bond at the corner of a wall.
v?dvertstrokesuperiorvans }
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorkloˉzH11080?r}
angle of approach [CIV ENG] The maximum
angle collar [DES ENG] A cast-iron pipe fitting
angleofaninclineontowhichavehiclecanmove
which has a socket at each end for joining with
from a horizontal plane without interference.
the spigot ends of two pipes that are not in
[MECH ENG] The angle that is turned through
alignment,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?r}
by either of paired wheels in gear from the first
angle-control section See crossover,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
contact between a pair of teeth until the pitch
k?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}
points of these teeth fall together,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
angledivider [DES ENG] A square for setting or
v?vertstrokesuperiorproˉch }
bisecting angles; one side is an adjustable
angleofbite See angle of nip,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉt}
hinged blade,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?ld?vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?r}
angle of departure [CIV ENG] The maximum
angledozer [MECHENG] Apower-operatedma-
angleofaninclinefromwhichavehiclecanmove
chine fitted with a blade,adjustable in height
onto a horizontal plane without interference,
and angle,for pushing,sidecasting,and spread-
such as from rear bumpers,[ELECTR] See
inglooseexcavatedmaterialasforopencastpits,
angle of radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?vdi vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080ch?r}
clearing land,or leveling runways,Also known
angleofdepression [ENG] The angle in a verti-
as angling dozer,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?lvertstrokeinferiordoˉzH11080?r}
cal plane between the horizontal and a descend-angle equation [ENG] A condition equation
ing line,Also known as depression angle; de-which expresses the relationship between the
scending vertical angle; minus angle,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?lsum of the measured angles of a closed figure
vdi vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}and the theoretical value of that sum,the un-
angleofelevation [ENG] The angle in a verticalknowns being the corrections to the observed
plane between the local horizontal and an as-directions or angles,depending on which are
cending line,as from an observer to an object;usedintheadjustment,Alsoknownastriangle
used in astronomy,surveying,and so on,Alsoequation,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?livertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
known as ascending vertical angle; elevationanglefillet [ENG] A wooden strip,triangular in
cross section,which is usedto cover the internal angle,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
24
angularadvance
angle of external friction [ENG] The angle be- anglepaddle [ENG] A hand tool used to finish
a plastered surface,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?l}tween the abscissa and the tangent of the curve
representing the relationship of shearing resist- angle plate [DES ENG] An L-shaped plate or a
platehavinganangularsection,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?lvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}ance to normal stress acting between soil and
the surface of another material,Also known as anglepost [BUILD] A railing support used at a
landing or other break in the stairs,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?langle of wall friction,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?vek vertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n} vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
angle press [MECH ENG] A hydraulic plastics-angle of fall [MECH] The vertical angle at the
level point,between the line of fall and the base molding press with both horizontal and vertical
rams; used to produce complex moldings withof the trajectory,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙l}
angle of impact [MECH] The acute angle be- deep undercuts,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorpress }
anglerafter [BUILD] Arafter,suchasahiprafter,tween the tangent to the trajectory at the point
of impact of a projectile and the plane tangent at the angle of the roof,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r}
anglesection [CIVENG] Astructuralsteelmem-tothesurfaceofthegroundortargetatthepoint
of impact,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt } ber having an L-shaped cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}angleofnip [MECH ENG] The largest angle that
will just grip a lump between the jaws,rolls,or angle-stem thermometer [ENG] A device used
to measure temperatures in oil-custody tanks;mantle and ring of a crusher,Also known as
angle of bite; nip,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiornip } the angle of the calibrated stem may be 90H11034 or
greatertothesensitiveportionofthethermome-angleofobliquitySee angle of pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
voˉvertstrokesuperiorblikH11080w?dH11080eˉ } ter,as needed to fit the tank shell contour.
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l |stem th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}angle of orientation [MECH] Of a projectile in
flight,the angle between the plane determined anglestile [BUILD] A narrow strip of wood used
toconcealthe jointbetweenawall andaverticalby the axis of the projectile and the tangent
to the trajectory (direction of motion),and the wood surface which makes an angle with the
wall,as at the edge of a corner cabinet,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080verticalplaneincludingthetangenttothetrajec-
tory,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n} g?l vertstrokeinferiorst?ˉl}
anglestructure [CIVENG] Amethod ofbuildingangle of pressure [DES ENG] The angle be-
tween the profile of a gear tooth and a radial a tower for mechanical strength in which braces
are placed at angles with respect to the verticalline at its pitch point,Also known as angle of
obliquity,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r } support rods,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
angle strut [CIV ENG] An angle-shaped struc-angle of recess [MECH ENG] The angle that is
turned through by either of two wheels in gear,tural member which is designed to carry a com-
pression load,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorstr?t}fromthecoincidenceofthe pitchpointsofapair
of teeth until the last point of contact of the angle valve [DES ENG] A manually operated
valve with its outlet opening oriented at rightteeth,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorses }
angle of repose [ENG] See angle of rest,angles to its inlet opening; used for regulating
the flow of a fluid in a pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorvalv }[MECH] The angle between the horizontal and
the plane of contact between two bodies when angle variable [MECH] The dynamical variable
wconjugate to the action variableJ,defined onlythe upper body is just about to slide over the
lower,Also known as angle of friction,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080 for periodic motion,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
anglingdozerSeeangle dozer,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gli?vertstrokeinferiordoˉzH11080?r}g?l?vri vertstrokesuperiorpoˉz}
angle of rest [ENG] The maximum slope at angstrom [MECH] A unit of length,10
H1100210
meter,
used primarily to express wavelengths of opticalwhich a heap of any loose or fragmented solid
material will stand without sliding,or will come spectra,Abbreviated A; A
,Also known as
tenthmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080str?m}to rest when poured or dumped in a pile or on
aslope,Also knownas angleof repose,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080 A
ngstro¨m compensation pyrheliometer [ENG]
ApyrheliometerconsistingoftwoidenticalMan-g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorrest }
angleofthread [DES ENG] The angle occurring ganin strips,one shaded,the other exposed to
sunlight; an electrical current is passed throughbetween the sides of a screw thread,measured
in an axial plane,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorthred } the shaded strip to raise its temperature to that
of the exposed strip,and the electric power re-angle of torsion [MECH] The angle through
which a part of an object such as a shaft or wire quired to accomplish this is a measure of the
solar radiation,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙?H11080str?mka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?nisrotatedfromitsnormalpositionwhenatorque
isapplied,Alsoknownasangleoftwist,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080 |p?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorheˉvertstrokeinferiorleˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
angular acceleration [MECH] The time rate ofg?l?v vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}
angle of twist See angle of torsion,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?vchange of angular velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?rakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}vertstrokesuperiortwist }
angleofwallfrictionSee angle of external friction,angular accelerometer [ENG] An accelerome-
ter that measures the rate of change of angular{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v |wo˙l vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
angle of wrap [DES ENG] On a band brake velocity between two objects under observation.
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?rakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}mechanism,the distance,expressed in degrees,
that the brake band wraps around the brake angular advance [MECH ENG] The amount by
which the angle between the crank of a steamflange,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorrap }
25
angularbitstalk
engine and the virtual crank radius of the eccen- change of angular displacement,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r
tric exceeds a right angle,Also known as angle v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ofadvance;angularlead,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r?dvertstrokesuperiorvans } angulator [ENG] An instrument for converting
angular bitstalk See angular bitstock,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080 angles measured on an oblique plane to their
l?r vertstrokesuperiorbitvertstrokeinferiorsto˙k} correspondingprojectionsonahorizontalplane;
angularbitstock [MECH ENG] A bitstock whose the rectoblique plotter and the photoangulator
handles are positioned to permit its use in cor- are types,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
ners and other cramped areas,Also known as aniline point [CHEM ENG] The minimum tem-
angular bitstalk,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorbitvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}
perature for a complete mixing of aniline and
angular clearance [DES ENG] The relieved
materialssuchasgasoline;usedinsomespecifi-
space located below the straight of a die,to
cations to indicate the aromatic content of oils
permit passage of blanks or slugs,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r
and to calculate approximate heat of combus-
vertstrokesuperiorklirH11080?ns }
tion,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?lH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
angular-contactbearing [MECHENG] Arolling-
animal balance [ENG] A balance designed to
contact antifriction bearing designed to carry
weigh living animals,with a readout or display
heavy thrust loads and also radial loads,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
relatively unaffected by the pulse or movements
gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
of the animal,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?H11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
angular cutter [MECH ENG] A tool-steel cutter
animal power [MECH ENG] The time rate at
used for finishing surfaces at angles greater or
which muscular work is done by a work animal,
lessthan90H11034with itsaxisofrotation,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080gy?H11080
such as a horse,bullock,or elephant,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?H11080
l?r vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
m?l vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
angular error of closure See error of closure.
anisotropicmembrane [CHEMENG] An ultrafil-
{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorkloˉzhH11080?r}
tration membrane which has a thin skin at the
angulargear [MECHENG] A gearthattransmits
separating surface and is supported by a spongy
motion between two rotating shafts that are not
sublayer of membrane material,{ |avertstrokeinferiorn?ˉH11080s?|tra¨pH11080
parallel,Also known as angle gear,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080gy?H11080
ik vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn}
l?r vertstrokesuperiorgeˉr}
anker [MECH] Aunitofcapacityequalto10U.S.
angular impulse [MECH] The integral of the
gallons (37.854 liters); used to measure liquids,
torque applied to a body over time,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080gy?H11080
especially honey,oil,vinegar,spirits,and wine.
l?r vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls }
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080k?r}
angular lead See angular advance,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r
anneal [ENG] To treat a metal,alloy,or glass
vertstrokesuperiorleˉd}
with heat and then cool to remove internal
angular length [MECH] A length expressed in
stresses and to make the material less brittle.
the unit of the length per radian or degree of a
Also known as temper,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉl}
specified wave,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorle?kth }
annealingfurnace [ENG] A furnace for anneal-
angular milling [MECH ENG] Milling surfaces
ing metals or glass,Also known as annealing
that are flat and at an angle to the axis of the
oven,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
spindle of the milling machine,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r
annealingoven See annealing furnace,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉlH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}
angularmomentum [MECH] 1,The cross prod-
annealing point [THERMO] The temperature at
uctofavectorfromaspecifiedreferencepointto
which the viscosity of a glass is 10
13.0
poises.
a particle,with the particle’s linear momentum.
Also known as annealing temperature; 13.0 tem-
Also known as momentof momentum,2.For a
perature,{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
systemofparticles,thevectorsumoftheangular
annealing temperature See annealing point.
momenta (first definition) of the particles.
{?vertstrokesuperiorneˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?rm?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m}
annual cost comparison [IND ENG] A method
angularpitch [DES ENG] The angle determined
of selecting from amongseveral alternative proj-
by the length along the pitch circle of a gear
ects or courses of action on the basis of their
between successive teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpich }
annual costs,including depreciation,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080y?H11080
angularrateSeeangularspeed,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
w?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙st k?mvertstrokeinferiorparH11080?H11080s?n}
angularshear [MECH ENG] A shear effected by
annularauger [DES ENG] A ring-shaped boring
two cutting edges inclined to each other to re-
tool which cuts an annular channel,leaving the
duce the force needed for shearing,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080
core intact,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperioro˙gH11080?r}
l?r vertstrokesuperiorsheˉr}
annular gear [DES ENG] A gear having a cylin-
angularspeed [MECH] Change of direction per
drical form,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorgir }unittime,asofatargetonaradarscreen,without
annularnozzle [DES ENG] A nozzle with a ring-regard to the direction of the rotation axis; in
shaped orifice,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}otherwords,themagnitudeoftheangularveloc-
annularsection [ENG] Theopenspacebetweenity vector,Also known as angular rate,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080
two concentric tubes,pipes,or vessels,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd}
y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}angulartravelerror [MECH] The error which is
annunciator [ENG] Asignalingapparatuswhichintroduced into a predicted angle obtained by
operates electromagnetically and serves to indi-multiplyinganinstantaneousangularvelocityby
cate visually,or visually and audibly,whether aa time of flight,{ vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
angular velocity [MECH] The time rate of current is flowing,has flowed,or has changed
26
antiresonance
direction of flow in one or more circuits,overlaid on a hard,resistant one,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080
sh?nm?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}{?vertstrokesuperiorn?nH11080seˉH11080aˉdH11080?r}
anode [ELEC] Theterminalatwhichcurrenten- anti-gsuit See g suit,{ |anH11080teˉ|jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨t}
antiknockblendingvalue [ENG] The numericaltersaprimarycellorstoragebattery;itispositive
with respect to the device,and negative with improvement by an antiknock additive to gaso-
line octane,often a greater amount than therespect to the external circuit,[ELECTR]
1,The collector of electrons in an electron tube,additive’s own octane value,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨k
vertstrokesuperiorblendH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }Also known as plate; positive electrode,2.In a
semiconductordiode,theterminaltowardwhich antiknock rating [ENG] Measurement of the
ability of an automotive gasoline to resist deto-forward current flows from the external circuit.
{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiornoˉd } nation or pinging in spark-ignited engines.
{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨k vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }anode current [ELECTR] The electron current
flowing through an electron tube from the cath- antilockbrakingsystem [MECH ENG] For vehi-
cles,a sensor-control system found in brakingode to the anode,Also known as plate current.
{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiornoˉd vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt } systems which prevents wheel lockup while
allowing the brakes to continue slowing theanomalous expansion [THERMO] An increase
in the volume of a substance that results from wheel,Abbreviated ABS,{ |anH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorla¨k vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}a decrease in its temperature,such as is dis-
played by water at temperatures between 0 and antimagnetic [ENG] Constructed so as to avoid
the influence of magnetic fields,usually by the4H11034C (32 and 39H11034F),{?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080l?sikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
anomaly finder [ENG] A computer-controlled use of nonmagnetic materials and by magnetic
shielding,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiormagvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik }data-plotting system used on ships to measure
and record seismic,gravity,magnetic,and other antinoise microphone [ENG ACOUS] Micro-
phone with characteristics which discriminategeophysical data and water depth,time,course,
and speed,{?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080d?r } against acoustic noise,{ |anH11080teˉ|no˙iz vertstrokesuperiormiH11080kr?
vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}anonymous dimensionless group 1–4 [CHEM
ENG] Four of the dimensionless groups,used antiozonant [CHEM ENG] A protective agent
which can be added to rubber during processingto solve problems in transfer processes,gas ab-
sorption in wetted-wall columns,and laminar to diminish the deteriorating effects of ozone.
{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080z?H11080n?nt }boundary-layer flow,{?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080m?sdi|menH11080
sh?nH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorgru¨p |w?nt? |fo˙r} antipercolator [MECH ENG] In an automotive
engine,a valvein thecarburetorthat isdesignedantenna circuit [ELECTR] A complete electric
circuit which includes an antenna,{ anvertstrokesuperiortenH11080? to vent vapor when the throttle plate is closed;
prevents fuel from dropping into the carburetorvertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
antenna tilt error [ENG] Angular difference be- due to unvented pressure,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080k?
vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}tween the tilt angle of a radar antenna shown
onamechanicalindicator,andtheelectricalcen- antiquing [ENG] 1.Producingarichglowonthe
surface of a leather by applying stain,wax,orter of the radar beam,{ anvertstrokesuperiortenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortilt vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
anticathode [ELECTR] Theanodeortargetofan oil,allowingittoset,andrubbingorbrushingthe
leather,2,A technique of handling wet paintx-raytube,onwhichthestreamofelectronsfrom
the cathode is focused and from which x-rays to expose parts of the undercoat,by combing,
graining,or marbling,Also known as broken-are emitted,{ |anH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
antichlor [CHEM ENG] A chemical used in the color work,{ anvertstrokesuperiorteˉkH11080i? }
antirad [CHEM ENG] An inhibitor incorporatedmanufacture of paper or textiles to remove ex-
cess chlorine or bleaching solution,{ |anH11080 into rubber during manufacturing to reduce the
degrading effects of radiation,{ |anH11080te|rad }tivertstrokesuperiorklo˙r}
anticollision radar [ENG] A radar set designed antiradar coating [ENG] A surface treatment
used to reduce the reflection of electromagneticto give warning of possible collisions during
movements of ships or aircraft,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorliH11080 wavessoastoavoidradardetection,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorraˉ
vertstrokeinferiorda¨r |koˉdH11080i? }zh?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
anticreeper [CIV ENG] A device attached to a antirattlespring [MECH ENG] In an automotive
vehicle,a spring installed to hold parts in therailroad rail to prevent it from moving in the
direction of its length,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorkreˉpH11080?r } clutches and the disk brakes together; prevents
rattling,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorradH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorspri? }antidieseling solenoid See idle-stop solenoid.
{ vertstrokeinferiorantH11080i|deˉzH11080?lH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorno˙id } anti-redeposition agent [CHEM ENG] An addi-
tiveusedinadetergent tohelppreventsoilfromantifriction [MECH] Making friction smaller in
magnitude,[MECH ENG] Employing a rolling resettling on a fabric after it has been removed
during washing,{ |anH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiordepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080contact instead of a sliding contact,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉ
vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n} j?nt }
antireflectioncoating [ENG] The application ofantifriction bearing [MECH ENG] Any bearing
having the capability of reducing friction effec- a thin film of dielectric material to a surface to
reduceitsreflectionandtoincreaseitstransmis-tively,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
antifriction material [ENG] A machine element sion of light or other electromagnetic radiation.
{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉH11080rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }made of Babbitt metal,lignum vitae,rubber,or
a combination of a soft,easily deformable metal antiresonance [ELEC] See parallel resonance.
27
antiskidplate
[ENG] The condition for which the impedance apparent gravity See acceleration of gravity.
of a given electric,acoustic,or dynamic system {?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ }
is very high,approaching infinity,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorrezH11080 apparentmotion See relative motion,{?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt
nH11080?ns } vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
antiskid plate [ENG] A sheet of metal roughed apparent source See effective center,{?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt
on both sides and placed between piled objects,vertstrokesuperiorso˙rs }
such as boxes in a freight car,to prevent sliding,apparentweight [MECH] For a body immersed
{ |anH11080teˉ|skid |plaˉt} in a fluid (such as air),the resultant of the gravi-
antismudge ring [BUILD] A frame attached
tational force and the buoyant force of the fluid
around a ceiling-mounted air diffuser,to mini-
acting on the body; equal in magnitude to the
mize the formation of rings of dirt on the ceiling.
true weight minus the weight of the displaced
{ |anH11080teˉ|sm?j vertstrokesuperiorri? }
fluid,{?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}
antitheftdevice [MECH ENG] A piece of equip-
appliance [ENG] A piece of equipment that
mentinstalledonanautomotivevehicleinorder
draws electric or other energy and produces a
to prevent or slow down theft; designs include
desired work-saving or other result,such as an
mechanicallocks onthesteeringwheel andigni-
electric heater,a radio,or an electronic range.
tion switch as well as other means of shutting
{?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns }
off the ignition system,shutting off fuel flow,or
appliance panel [ENG] In electric systems,a
sounding an alarm,{ vertstrokeinferioranH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiortheft divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
metal housing containing two or more devices
anvil [ENG] 1,The part of a machine that ab-
(such as fuses) for protection against excessive
sorbs the energy delivered by a sharp force or
current in circuits which supply portable electric
blow,2,The stationary end of a micrometer
appliances,{?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}
caliper,{ vertstrokesuperioranH11080v?l}
applied research [ENG] Research directed to-
AOQL See average outgoing quality limit.
ward using knowledge gained by basic research
aperiodic waves [ELEC] The transient current
to make things or to create situations that will
wave in a series circuit with resistance R,induc-
serve a practical or utilitarian purpose.
tance L,and capacitance C when R
2
C H11005 4L.
{?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉdrivertstrokeinferiors?rch }
{ |avertstrokeinferiorpirH11080eˉ|a¨dH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvz}
applied strategic research [ENG] Research
aperture [ELECTR] An opening through which
done to provide a basic understanding of a cur-
electrons,light,radio waves,or other radiation
rent applied project,{?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉd str?vertstrokesuperiorteˉH11080jik ri
can pass,{ vertstrokesuperiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorch?r}
vertstrokesuperiors?rch }
aperturedisk [ENG] A disk with a small round
appliedtrim [BUILD] Supplementary and sepa-
opening used in a densitometer to vary the
rate decorative strips of wood or moldings ap-
amount of light or the area to be measured.
plied to the face or sides of a frame,such as a
{ vertstrokesuperiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorch?r vertstrokeinferiordisk }
doorframe,{?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉd vertstrokesuperiortrim }
apex [ENG] In architecture or construction,the
approach [MECH ENG] The difference between
highest point,peak,or tip of any structure.
the temperature of the water leaving a cooling
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉvertstrokeinferiorpeks }
tower and the wet-bulb temperature of the sur-
apical angle [MECH] The angle between the
rounding air,{?vertstrokesuperiorproˉch }
tangents to the curve outlining the contour of a
approach signal [CIV ENG] A railway signal
projectile at its tip,{ vertstrokesuperiorapH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}
warning an engineer of a signal ahead that dis-
APIscale [CHEMENG] TheAmericanPetroleum
plays a restrictive indication,{?vertstrokesuperiorproˉch vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080
Institute hydrometer scale for the measurement
n?l}
of the specific gravity of liquids; used primarily
approach vector [CONT SYS] A vector that de-
in the American petroleum industry,{ |aˉ|peˉ|?ˉ
scribes the orientation of a robot gripper and
vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
points in the direction from which the gripper
apophorometer [ENG] An apparatus used to
approaches a workpiece,{?vertstrokesuperiorproˉch vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
identify minerals by sublimation,{ vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?H11080
apron [BUILD] 1,A board on an interior wall
f?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
beneathawindowsill,2.Theverticalrearpanel
apothecaries’ dram See dram,{?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨thH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkerH11080eˉz
of a sink attached to a wall,3,A section of a
vertstrokesuperiordram }
concrete slab extending beyond the face of a
apothecaries’ ounce See ounce,{?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨thH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkerH11080
building on adjacent ground,Also known as
eˉz vertstrokesuperiorau˙ns }
skirt; skirting,4,A vertical panel installed be-
apothecaries’ pound See pound,{?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨thH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkerH11080
hind a sink or lavatory,[CIV ENG] 1,A hard-
eˉz vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd }
surfaced area,usually paved,adjacent to a shipapparent expansion [THERMO] The expansion
or the like,used to park,load,unload,or serviceof a liquid with temperature,as measured in a
vehicles,2,A covering of a material such asgraduated container without taking into account
concrete or timber over soil to prevent erosionthe container’s expansion,{?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080
by flowing water,as at the bottom of a dam.sh?n}
3,A concrete or wooden shield that is situatedapparentforce [MECH] A force introduced in a
along the bank of a river,along a sea wall,orrelative coordinate system in order that New-
below a dam,4,In a railroad system,a bridgeton’s laws be satisfied in the system; examples
structurethatcarriestracksandishingedtolandare the Coriolis force and the centrifugal force
incorporated in gravity,{?vertstrokesuperiorpaH11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs } for connecting the deck of a railroad-car ferry
28
architecturalengineering
to the shore,[MECH ENG] A plate serving to readings obtained on that part of the arc begin-
ning at zero and extending in the direction usu-protect or cover a machine,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n}
ally considered positive are popularly said toapron conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor used
be on the arc,and those beginning at zero andfor carrying granular or lumpy material and con-
extending in the opposite direction are said to
sistingoftwostrandsofrollerchainseparatedby
be off the arc,{ a¨rk }
overlapping plates,forming the carrying surface,
arc force [MECH] The force of a plasma arc
with sides 2–6 inches (5–15 centimeters) high.
through a nozzle or opening,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rk vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?nk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
arch [CIV ENG] A structure curved and so de-
apronfeeder [MECHENG] A limited-length ver-
signedthatwhenitissubjectedtoverticalloads,
sion of apron conveyor used for controlled-rate
its two end supports exert reaction forces with
feeding of pulverized materials to a process or
inwardly directed horizontal components; com-
packaging unit,Also known as plate-belt
mon uses for the arch are as a bridge,support
feeder; plate feeder,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
for a roadway or railroad track,or part of a build-
apronflashing [BUILD] 1.Theflashing thatcov-
ing,{ a¨rch }
ers the joint between a vertical surface and a
archband [CIV ENG] Any narrow elongated sur-
sloping roof,as at the lower edge of a chimney.
face forming part of or connected with an arch.
2,The flashing that diverts water from a vertical
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorband }
surface into a gutter,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorflashH11080i? }
arch bar [BUILD] 1,A curved chimney bar.
apron lining [BUILD] The piece of boarding
2,A curved bar in a window sash,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorbar }
which covers the rough apron piece of a stair-
arch beam [CIV ENG] A curved beam,used in
case,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080i? }
construction,with a longitudinal section
apron piece [BUILD] A beam that supports a
bounded by two arcs having different radii and
landing or a series of winders in a staircase.
centers of curvature so that the beam cross sec-
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorpeˉs}
tion is larger at either end than at the center.
apron rail [BUILD] A lock rail having a raised { vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorbe
ˉm}
ornamental molding,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉl} arch brace [BUILD] A curved brace,usually
apron wall [BUILD] In an exterior wall,a panel used in pairs to support a roof frame and give
which extends downward from a windowsill to the effect of an arch,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorbraˉs}
the top of a window below,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080pr?n vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l} arch bridge [CIV ENG] A bridge having arches
as the main supports,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorbrij }AQL See acceptable quality level.
archcenter [CIVENG] Atemporary structureforaqualung [ENG] A self-contained underwater
support of the parts of a masonry or concretebreathing apparatus (scuba) of the demand or
arch during its construction,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch |senH11080t?r}open-circuit type developed by J.Y,Cousteau.
archcornerbead [BUILD] A corner bead which{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080w?vertstrokeinferiorl }
is cut on the job; used to form and reinforce the
aqueduct [CIV ENG] An artificial tube or chan-
curved portion of arch openings,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch |ko˙rH11080
nel for conveying water,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080w?vertstrokeinferiord?kt }
n?r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
arbitration [IND ENG] A semijudicial means of
archdam [CIV ENG] A damhaving a curved face
settling labor-management disputes in which
onthedownstreamside,thecurvebeingroughly
both sides agree to be bound by the decision of
a portion of a cylinder whose axis is vertical.
one or more neutral persons selected by some
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiordam }
method mutually agreed upon,{ vertstrokeinferiorarH11080b?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080
archedconstruction [BUILD] A method of con-
sh?n}
struction relyingon archesand vaultsto support
arbor [MECH ENG] 1,A cylindrical device posi-
walls and floors,{ |a¨rcht k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
tioned between the spindle and outer bearing
archgirder [CIV ENG] A normal H-section steel
of a milling machine and designed to hold a
girderbenttoacircularshape,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rchvertstrokeinferiorg?rH11080d?r}
milling cutter,2,A shaft or spindle used to
arch-gravitydam [CIV ENG] An arch dam stabi-
hold a revolving cutting tool or the work to be
lized by gravity due to great mass and breadth
cut,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080b?r}
of the base,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch |gravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
arbor collar [ENG] A cylindrical spacer that
Archimedes’ screw [MECH ENG] A device for
positions and secures a revolving cutter on an
raising water by means of a rotating broad-
arbor,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?r}
threaded screw or spirally bent tube within an
arborhole [DES ENG] A hole in a revolving cut-
inclined hollow cylinder,{ |a¨rH11080k?|meˉdvertstrokeinferioreˉz vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
terorgrindingwheelformountingitonanarbor.
arching [CIV ENG] 1.The transfer of stress from
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
a yielding part of a soil mass to adjoining less-
arbor press [MECH ENG] A machine used for
yielding or restrained parts of the mass,2,A
forcing an arbor or a mandrel into drilled or
system of arches,3.The arched part of a struc-
bored parts preparatory to turning or grinding.
ture,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rchH11080i? }
Also known as mandrel press,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorpres }
architectural acoustics [CIV ENG] The science
arbor support [ENG] A device to support the
of planning and building a structure to ensure
outer end or intermediate point of an arbor,the most advantageous flow of sound to all lis-
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080b?rs?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt } teners,{ |a¨rH11080k?|tekH11080ch?rH11080?l?vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080stiks }
arcSeeelectricarc.Thegraduatedscaleofaninstru- architecturalengineering [CIVENG] Thebranch
of engineering dealing primarily with buildingment for measuring angles,as a marine sextant;
29
architecturalmillwork
materials and components and with the design area by aerial photography having parallel over-
lapping flight lines and stereoscopic overlap be-of structural systems for buildings,in contrast
tween exposures in the line of flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?to heavy construction such as bridges,{ |a¨rH11080
vertstrokesuperiork?vH11080rij }
k?|tekH11080ch?rH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
area drain [CIV ENG] A receptacle designed to
architectural millwork [CIV ENG] Ready-made
collect surface or rain water from an open area.
millwork especially fabricated to meet the speci-
{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? |draˉn}
fications for a particular job,as distinguished
arealandfill [CIVENG] A sanitary landfill opera-
from standard or stock items or sizes,Also
tion that takes care of the solid waste of more
known as custom millwork,{ |a¨rH11080k?|tekH11080ch?rH11080?l
than one municipality in a region,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?
vertstrokesuperiormilvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
vertstrokesuperiorlandvertstrokeinferiorfil }
architectural volume [CIV ENG] The cubic con-
area light [CIV ENG] 1,A source of light with
tent of a building calculated by multiplying the
significant dimensions in two directions,such
floor area by the height,{ |a¨rH11080k?|tekH11080ch?rH11080?l
asawindoworluminousceiling,2.Alightused
vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m}
to illuminate large areas,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
architecture [ENG] 1.The artand scienceof de-
area meter [ENG] A mechanism to measure
signingbuildings,2.Theproductofthisartand
fluid flow rate through a fixed-area conduit by
science,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080k?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080ch?r}
the movement of a weighted piston or float sup-
arch press [MECH ENG] A punch press having ported by the flowing fluid; includes rotameters
an arch-shaped frame to permit operations on and piston-type meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
areaofuse [ENG] For a balance depending onwide work,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorpres }
gravitational acceleration,an area that includesarch rib [CIV ENG] One of a set of projecting
a sufficient number of locations providing amolded members subdividing the undersurface
mean value for the gravitational acceleration ofof an arch,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorrib }
the given balance,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080v vertstrokesuperioryu¨s}
archring [CIV ENG] A curved member that pro-
area survey [ENG] A survey of areas large
vides the main support of an arched structure.
enough to require loops of control,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiorri? }
|s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
archtruss [CIV ENG] A truss having the form of
areatriangulation [ENG] A system of triangula-
an arch or arches,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
tiondesignedtoprogress ineverydirectionfrom
arcofactionSeearcofcontact,{ |a¨rk?vvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
a control point,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
arcofapproach [DES ENG] In toothed gearing,
areawall [CIV ENG] A retaining wall around an
the part of the arc of contact along which the
areaway,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
flank of the driving wheel contacts the face of
areaway [CIVENG] Anopenspaceatsubsurface
the driven wheel,{ |a¨rk?v?vertstrokesuperiorproˉch }
level adjacent to a building,providing access to
arcofcontact [MECH ENG] 1,The angular dis-
and utilities for a basement,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
tance over which a gear tooth travels while it is
Argandlamp [ENG] A gas lamp having a tube-
incontactwithitsmatingtooth,Alsoknownas
shaped wick,allowing a current of air inside as
arc of action,2,The angular distance a pulley
well as outside the flame,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rvertstrokeinferiorga¨n vertstrokesuperiorlamp }
travels while in contact with a belt or rope.
argentometer [ENG] A hydrometer used to find
{ |a¨rk?v vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }
the amount of silver salt in a solution,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨rH11080
arcofrecess [DESENG] Intoothedgearing,the
j?nvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
part of the arc of contact wherein the face of the Arkansas stone [ENG] A whetstone made of
driving wheel touches the flank of the driven Arkansas stone,for sharpening edged tools.
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiorso˙ vertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}wheel,{ |a¨rk?v vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorses }
ARL See acceptable reliability level.arcometer [ENG] A device for determining the
arm [CONT SYS] A robot component consitingdensity of a liquid by measuring the apparent
of an interconnected set of links and powered
weightlossof asolidofknown massandvolume
joints that move and support the wrist socket
when it is immersed in the liquid,{ a¨rvertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080
and end effector,[ELEC] See branch,[ENG
dH11080?r}
ACOUS] See tone arm,{ a¨rm }
arcprocess [CHEM ENG] A former process that
arm conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor in the
used electric arcs for fixation (oxidation) of
form of an endless belt or chain to which are
atmosphericnitrogentomanufacturenitricacid.
attached projecting arms or shelves which carry
{ |a¨rk |pra¨sH11080?s}
the materials,{ |a¨rm k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
arcticization [ENG] The preparation of equip-
armelevator [MECH ENG] Achain elevator with
ment for operation in an environment of ex-
protruding arms to cradle fixed-shape objects,
tremely low temperatures,{ |a¨rdH11080ikvertstrokeinferior?ˉvertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
such as drums or barrels,as they are moved
arc triangulation [ENG] A system of triangula-
upward,{ |a¨rm vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉdH11080?r}
tion in which an arc of a great circle on the
armored faceplate [DES ENG] A tamper-proof
surface of the earth is followed in order to tie in
faceplate or lock front,mortised in the edge of
two distant points,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rk vertstrokeinferiortrivertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
a door to cover the lock mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080
are [MECH] A unit of area,used mainly in agri- m?rd vertstrokesuperiorfa
ˉsvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
culture,equal to 100 square meters,{ a¨r} armored front [DES ENG] A lock front used on
mortise locks that consists of two plates,theareacoverage [ENG] Complete coverage of an
30
artificialvariable
underplate and the finish plate,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080m?rd the manner of laying tiles,slates,bricks,or tim-
ber,Also known as arriswise,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?svertstrokeinferiorwaˉz}vertstrokesuperiorfr?nt }
arriswise See arrisways,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?svertstrokeinferiorw?ˉz}armor plate [BUILD] A metal plate which pro-
arrivalrate [INDENG] Themean numberof newtects the lower part of a door from kicks and
calling units arriving at a service facility per unitscratches,covering the door to a height usually
time,{?vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉH11080v?l vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}39 inches (l meter) or more,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080m?r |plaˉt}
articulateddropchute [ENG] A drop chute,forarmsolution [CONT SYS] The computation per-
a falling stream of concrete,which consists of aformed by a robot controller to calculate the
vertical succession of tapered metal cylinders,
joint positions required to achieve desired tool
so designed that the lower end of each cylinder
positions,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rm s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080sh?n}
fits into the upper end of the one below,{ a¨r
arm-toolaggregate [INDENG] Abiomechanical
vertstrokesuperiortikH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
unit comprising the arm and the tool that it
articulated leader [MECH ENG] A wheel-
holds and manipulates,{ |a¨rm |tu¨l vertstrokesuperioragH11080r?H11080g?t}
mounted transport unit with a pivotal loading
aromatization [CHEM ENG] Conversion of any
element used in earth moving,{ a¨rvertstrokesuperiortikH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080
nonaromatic hydrocarbon structure to aromatic
d vertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080?r}
hydrocarbon,particularly petroleum,{?vertstrokeinferiorroˉH11080
articulated structure [CIV ENG] A structure in
m?dH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
which relative motion is allowed to occur be-
arostat process [CHEM ENG] A process in
tween parts,usually by means of a hinged or
which aromatic molecules are saturated by cata-
sliding joint or joints,{ a¨rvertstrokesuperiortikH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080
lytic hydrogenation to produce high-quality jet
ch?r}
fuels,low-aromatic-content solvents,and high-
articulated train [ENG] A railroad train whose
purity cyclohexane from benzene,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat
cars are permanently or semipermanently con-
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
nected,{ a¨rvertstrokesuperiortikH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortraˉn}
array [ELECTR] A group of components such as
articulation [CONT SYS] The manner and ac-
antennas,reflectors,or directors arranged to
tions of joining components of a robot with con-
provideadesiredvariationofradiationtransmis-
necting parts or links that allow motion,{ a¨r
sion or reception with direction,{?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ }
vertstrokeinferiortikH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
arrayradar [ENG] Aradarincorporatingamulti-
articulation point See cut point,{ a¨rvertstrokeinferiortikH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
plicity of phased antenna elements,{?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
artificialatmosphere [CHEM ENG] A mixture of
array sonar [ENG] A sonar system incorporat-
gases used in industrial operations in place of
ing a phased array of radiating and receiving
air; classified as an active,or process,atmos-
transducers,{?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
phere,or an inactive,or protective,atmosphere.
arrester [ELEC] See lightning arrester,[ENG]
{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperioratH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir }
A wire screen at the top of an incinerator or
artificialear [ENG ACOUS] A device designed to
chimney which prevents sparksor burning mate-
duplicate the frequency response,acoustic
rial from leaving the stack,{?vertstrokesuperiorresH11080t?r}
impedance,threshold sensitivity,and relative
arrestmentdevice [ENG] A locking mechanism
perception of loudness,consisting of a special-
installed on a balance for holding one of several
microphone enclosed in a box with properties
levers in place; serves to protect the balance.
similar to those of the human ear,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080
{?vertstrokesuperiorrestH11080m?nt divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
l vertstrokesuperiorir }
arrie`re-voussure [BUILD] 1,An arch or vault in
artificial ground [ELEC] A common correction
a thick wall carrying the thickness of the wall,
for a radio-frequency electrical or electronic cir-
especially one over a door or window frame.
cuit that is not directly connected to the earth.
2,A relieving arch behind the face of a wall.
{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd }
{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorervertstrokeinferiorvu¨vertstrokesuperiorsu˙r}
artificialharbor [CIVENG] 1.Aharborprotected
arris fillet [BUILD] A triangular wooden piece
by breakwaters,2,A harbor formed by dredg-
that raises the slates of a roof against a chimney
ing,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080b?r}
or wall so that rain runs off,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?s |filH11080?t}
artificial monument [ENG] A relatively perma-
arrisgutter [BUILD] A V-shaped wooden gutter
nent object made by humans,such as an abut-
fixedtotheeavesofabuilding,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?s |g?dH11080?r}
ment or stone marker,used to identify the loca-
arris hip tile [BUILD] A special roof tile having
tion of a survey station or corner,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080
an L-shaped cross section,made to fit over the
l vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080y?H11080m?nt }
hip of a roof,Also known as hip tile,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?s
artificialnourishment [CIV ENG] The process of
vertstrokesuperiorhip vertstrokeinferiort?ˉl} replenishing a beach by artificial means,such
arris rail [CIV ENG] A rail of triangular section,as the deposition of dredged material,{ |a¨rdH11080
usually formed by slitting diagonally a strip of?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080ishH11080m?nt }
square section,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorraˉl} artificialrecharge [CIV ENG] The recharge of an
arrissing tool [ENG] A tool similar to a float,aquifier depleted by abnormally large withdraw-
but having a form suitable for rounding an edge als,by the use of injection wells and other tech-
of freshly placed concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?sH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l} niques,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
arris tile [BUILD] Any angularly shaped tile,artificial variable [IND ENG] One type of vari-
{ vertstrokesuperiorarH11080?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉl} able introduced in a linear program model in
orderto findan initialbasicfeasible solution;anarrisways [CIV ENG] Diagonally,in respect to
31
artificialvoice
artificial variable is used for equality constraints trimmed paper and board are manufactured; for
and for greater-than or equal inequality con- size AN,with N equal to any integer from 0 to
straints,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l} 10,the length of the longer side is 2
H11002(2N H11002 1)/4
artificial voice [ENG ACOUS] 1,Small loud- meters,while the length of the shorter side is
speaker mounted in a shaped baffle which is
2
H11002(2N H110011)/4
meters,with both lengths rounded off
proportioned to simulate the acoustical con-
tothenearestmillimeter,2.Ofasheetofpaper,
stants of the human head; used for calibrating
the dimensions 8.5 inches by 11 inches (216 mil-
and testing close-talking microphones,2.Syn-
limeters by 279 millimeters),{ vertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
theticspeechproducedbyamultipletonegener-
as-madedrawingSeeas-fitteddrawing,{ |az |maˉd
ator; used to produce a voice reply in some real-
vertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080i? }
time computer applications,{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l
aspect [CIV ENG] Of railway signals,what the
vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is }
engineer sees when viewing the blades or lights
artificialweathering [ENG] The controlled pro-
in their relative positions or colors,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorspekt }
ductionofchangesinmaterialsunderlaboratory
aspectangle [ENG] The angle formed between
conditions to simulate actual outdoor exposure.
the longitudinal axis of a projectile in flight and
{ |a¨rdH11080?|fishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?H11080ri? }
the axis of a radar beam,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorspekt vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
asbestos-cement cladding [BUILD] Asbestos
aspect ratio [DES ENG] 1,The ratio of frame
boardandcomponentwallsystems,directlysup-
widthtoframeheightintelevision;itis4:3inthe
ported by wall framing,forming a wall or wall
UnitedStates andBritain,2.In anyrectangular
facing,{ asvertstrokesuperiorbesH11080t?ssi|ment vertstrokesuperiorkladH11080i? }
configuration (such as the cross section of a
as-built drawing See as-fitted drawing,{ |az |bilt
rectangular duct),the ratio of the longer dimen-
vertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080i? }
sion to the shorter,[MECH ENG] In an auto-
as-builtschedule [IND ENG] The final schedule
motive vehicle,the ratio of the height of a
for a project,reflecting the actual scope,actual
tire to its width,Also known as tire profile.
completion dates,actual duration of the
{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorspekt vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }specified activities,and start dates,{ |az |bilt
asphaltcutter [MECHENG] Apowered machine|skejH11080?l}
having a rotating abrasive blade; used to sawascending branch [MECH] The portion of the
through bituminous surfacing material,{ vertstrokesuperioratrajectory between the origin and the summit on
vertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}which a projectile climbs and its altitude con-
stantly increases,{?vertstrokesuperiorsendH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbranch } asphaltheater [ENG] A piece of equipment for
ascending vertical angle See angle of elevation,raising the temperature of bitumen used in pav-
{?vertstrokesuperiorsendH11080i? |v?rdH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l} ing,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
as-fitteddrawing [ENG] A drawing as amended asphaltlevelingcourse [CIV ENG] A layer of an
after completion of an industrial facility in order asphalt-aggregate mixture of variable thickness,
to provide an accurate record of the details of
used to eliminate irregularities in contour of an
the entire installation in their final form,Also
existing surface,prior to the placement of a
known as as-built drawing; as-made drawing.
superimposed layer,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
{ |az |fidH11080?d vertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080i? }
asphalt overlay [CIV ENG] One or more layers
ash [ENG] An undesirable constituent of diesel
ofasphaltconstructiononanexistingpavement.
fuel whose quantitative measurement indicates
{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt vertstrokesuperiorovH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
degree of fuel cleanliness and freedom from
asphalt pavement [CIV ENG] A pavement con-
abrasive material,{ ash }
sisting of a surface layer of mineral aggregate,
ashcollectorSeedust chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorashk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
coated and cemented together with asphalt
ashconveyor [MECH ENG] A device that trans-
cement on supporting layers,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080
ports refuse from a furnace by fluid or mechani-
m?nt }
cal means,{ vertstrokesuperiorash k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
asphalt soil stabilization [CIV ENG] The treat-
ash dump [ENG] An opening in the floor of a
mentofnaturallyoccurringnonplasticormoder-
fireplace or firebox through which ashes are
ately plastic soil with liquid asphalt at normal
swept to an ash pit below,{ vertstrokesuperiorash vertstrokeinferiord?mp }
temperatures to improvethe load-bearing quali-
ashfurnace [ENG] Afurnacein whichmaterials
ties of the soil,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsfo˙lt |so˙il vertstrokeinferiorstaˉbH11080?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
are fritted for glassmaking,{ vertstrokesuperiorash vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
sh?n}
ashlar [CIV ENG] Masonry with an exposed side
aspiratingburner [ENG] Aburnerinwhichcom-
of square or rectangular stones,{ vertstrokesuperiorashH11080l?r}
bustion air at high velocity is drawn over an
ashlar line [BUILD] The outer line of a wall
orifice,creating a negative static pressure and
above any projecting base,{ vertstrokesuperiorashH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
thereby sucking fuel into the stream of air; the
ash pan [ENG] A metal receptacle beneath a
mixture of air and fuel is conducted into a com-
fireplace or furnace grating for collection and
bustion chamber,where the fuel is burned in
removal of ashes,{ vertstrokesuperiorash vertstrokeinferiorpan }
suspension,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}
ashpit [BUILD] Theash-collectingareabeneath
aspirationmeteorograph [ENG] An instrument
a fireplace hearth,{ vertstrokesuperiorash vertstrokeinferiorpit }
for the continuous recording of two or more me-ash pit door [ENG] A cast-iron door providing
teorological parameters,with the ventilation be-access to an ash pit for ash removal,{ vertstrokesuperiorash
ing provided by a suction fan,{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nvertstrokeinferiorpit vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
Asize [ENG] 1.One of a series of sizes to which vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
32
asynchronouscontrol
aspiration psychrometer [ENG] A psychrome- astatic governor See isochronous governor,{ aˉ
vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik g?vH11080?H11080n?r}ter in which the ventilation is provided by a suc-
tion fan,{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsivertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} astaticgravimeter [ENG] Asensitivegravimeter
designed to measure small changes in gravity.aspiration thermograph [ENG] A thermograph
in which ventilation is provided by a suction fan,{ aˉvertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik gravertstrokesuperiorvimH11080?dH11080?r}
astatic magnetometer [ENG] A magnetometer{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorth?rmH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
aspirator [ENG] Any instrument or apparatus for determining the gradient of a magnetic field
by measuring the difference in reading from twothatutilizesavacuumtodrawupgasesorgranu-
lar materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } magnetometers placed at different positions.
{aˉvertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}assaybalance [ENG] A sensitive balance used
intheassayingofgold,silver,andotherprecious astatic wattmeter [ENG] An electrodynamic
wattmeter designed to be insensitive to uniformmetals,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsaˉ vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
assembling bolt [CIV ENG] A threaded bolt for external magnetic fields,{ aˉvertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
r}holding togethertemporarily the severalparts of
a structure during riveting,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bli?vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } astatized gravimeter [ENG] A gravimeter,
sometimes referred to as unstable,where theassembly [MECH ENG] A unit containing the
component parts of a mechanism,machine,or force of gravity is maintained in an unstable
equilibrium with the restoring force,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080similar device,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }
assemblyline [INDENG] Amass-productionar- t?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzd gravertstrokesuperiorvimH11080?dH11080?r}
astern [ENG] To the rear of an aircraft,vehicle,rangement whereby the work in process is pro-
gressively transferred from one operation to the or vessel; behind; from the back,{?vertstrokesuperiorst?rn }
astragal [BUILD] 1,A small convex moldingnext until the product is assembled,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080
bleˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn } decorated with a string of beads or bead-and-
reel shapes,2,A plain bead molding,3,Aassembly-line balancing [IND ENG] Assigning
numbers of operators or machines to each oper- member,or combination of members,fixed to
one of a pair of doors or casement windows toation of an assembly line so as to meet the
required production rate with a minimum of idle cover the joint between the meeting stiles and
to close the clearance gap,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?H11080g?l}time,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nsH11080i? }
assembly machine [MECH ENG] A machine in astragal front [DES ENG] A lock front which is
shaped to fit the edge of a door with an astragala manufacturing facility thatproduces a configu-
rationofsomepracticalvaluefromdiscretecom- molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?H11080g?l |fr?nt }
astrallamp [ENG] An Argand lamp designed soponents,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
assembly method [IND ENG] The technique that its light is not prevented from reaching a
table beneath it by the flattened annular reser-used to assemble a manufactured product,such
as hand assembly,progressive line assembly,voir holding the oil,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?l vertstrokeinferiorlamp }
astroballistics [MECH] The study of phenom-and automatic assembly,{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080
d } ena arising out of the motion of a solid through
a gas at speeds high enough to cause ablation;assemblytime [ENG] 1,The elapsed time after
the application of an adhesive until its strength for example,the interaction of a meteoroid with
the atmosphere,{ |asH11080troˉH11080b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks }becomes effective,2,The time elapsed in per-
forming an assembly or subassembly operation,astrolabe [ENG] Aninstrument designedto ob-
serve the positions and measure the altitudes{?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
assets [IND ENG] All the resources,rights,and of celestial bodies,{ vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉb}
astronomicalinstruments [ENG] Specific kindsproperty owned by a person or a company; the
book value of these items as shown on the bal- of telescopes and ancillary equipment used by
astronomers to study the positions,motions,ance sheet,{ vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiorsets }
assignable cause [IND ENG] Any identifiable and composition of stars and members of the
solar system,{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080factor which causes variation in a process out-
side the predicted limits,thereby altering qual- m?ns }
astronomical theodolite See altazimuth,{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080ity,{?vertstrokesuperiors?ˉnH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙z}
assize [CIV ENG] 1,A cylindrical block of stone tr?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080k?l theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
astronomical traverse [ENG] A survey traverseforming one unit in a column,2,A layer of
stonework,{?vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz } inwhichthegeographicpositionsofthestations
are obtained from astronomical observations,Assmann psychrometer [ENG] A special form
oftheaspirationpsychrometerinwhichthether- and lengths and azimuths of lines are obtained
by computation,{ vertstrokeinferiorasH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080k?ltr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }mometricelements arewellshielded fromradia-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨svertstrokeinferiorma¨n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} asymmetric rotor [MECH ENG] A rotating ele-
ment for which the axis (center of rotation) isassumed plane coordinates [ENG] A local
plane-coordinate system set up at the conve- not centered in the element,{ |aˉH11080s?|meH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?r}nience of the surveyor,{?vertstrokesuperiorsu¨md |plaˉn
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080n?ts } asymmetric top [MECH] A system in which all
three principal moments of inertia are different.astatic galvanometer [ENG] A sensitive galva-
nometer designed to be independent of the { |aˉH11080s?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorta¨p}
asynchronouscontrol [CONT SYS] A method ofearth’s magnetic field,{ aˉvertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080
dH11080?r } control in which the time allotted for performing
33
asynchronousdevice
an operation depends on the time actually re- atomic moisture meter [ENG] An instrument
that measures the moisture content of coal in-quired for the operation,rather than on a prede-
termined fraction of a fixed machine cycle,stantaneously and continuously by bombarding
it with neutrons and measuring the neutrons{aˉvertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?sk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
asynchronous device [CONT SYS] A device in which bounce back to a detector tube after strik-
ing hydrogen atoms of water,{?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormo˙isH11080whichthespeedofoperationisnotrelatedtoany
frequencyin thesystem towhichit isconnected,ch?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
atomic power plant See nuclear power plant.{aˉvertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?sdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
asynchronous operation [ELECTR] An opera- {?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
atomization [MECH ENG] The mechanical sub-tion that is started by a completion signal from
a previous operation,proceeds at the maximum division of a bulk liquid or meltable solid,such
as certain metals,to produce drops,which varyspeed of the circuits until finished,and then
generates its own completion signal,{ aˉvertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080 in diameter depending on the process from un-
der 10 to over 1000 micrometers,{ vertstrokeinferioradH11080?H11080kr?H11080n?s vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
asynchronous timing [IND ENG] A simulation m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
atomizer [MECH ENG] A device that produces amethod for queues in which the system model
is updated at each arrival or departure,resulting mechanical subdivision of a bulk liquid,as by
spraying,sprinkling,misting,or nebulizing.in the master clock being increased by a variable
amount,{ aˉvertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
atomizer burner [MECH ENG] A liquid-fuelat See technical atmosphere.
ata [MECH] A unit of absolute pressure in the burner that atomizes the unignited fuel into a
fine spray as it enters the combustion zone.metric technical system equal to 1 technical
atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080t? }{vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r |b?rH11080n?r}
atomizermill [MECH ENG] A solids grinder,theathermalize [ENG] To make independent of
temperature or of thermal effects,{ |aˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080 product from which is a fine powder,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080
vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormil }m?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉz}
atm See atmosphere,atomizinghumidifier [MECH ENG] A humidifier
in which tiny particles of water are introducedatmidometer See atmometer,{ vertstrokeinferioratH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080
r } into a stream of air,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhyu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}atmometer [ENG] The general name for an in-
strument which measures the evaporation rate atomprobe [ENG] Aninstrumentforidentifying
a single atom or molecule on a metal surface; itof water into the atmosphere,Also known as
atmidometer; evaporation gage; evaporimeter,consists of a field ion microscope with a probe
holein itsscreenopeninginto amassspectrom-{?tvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
atmosphere [MECH] Aunitofpressureequalto eter; atoms that are removed from the specimen
bypulsedfieldevaporationflythroughtheprobe101.325 kilopascals,which is the air pressure
measured at mean sea level,Abbreviated atm,hole and are detected in the mass spectrometer.
{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}Also known as standard atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperioratH11080
m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir } attached thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
which is attached to an instrument to determineatmosphericcooler [MECHENG] Afluidscooler
that utilizes the cooling effect of ambient air its operating temperature,{?vertstrokesuperiortacht th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080
dH11080?r}surrounding the hot,fluids-filled tubes,{ |atH11080
m?|sfirH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080?r} attemperation [ENG] Theregulationofthetem-
perature of a substance,{?vertstrokeinferiortemH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}atmospheric distillation [CHEM ENG] Distilla-
tion operation conducted at atmospheric pres- attemperation of steam [MECH ENG] The con-
trolled cooling,in a steam boiler,of steam atsure,in contrast to vacuum distillation or pres-
sure distillation,{ |atH11080m?|sfirH11080ik vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080 the superheater outlet or between the primary
andsecondarystagesofthesuperheatertoregu-sh?n}
atmospheric impurity [ENG] An extraneous latethefinalsteamtemperature,{?vertstrokeinferiortemH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm}substance that is mixed as a contaminant with
the air of the atmosphere,{ |atH11080m?|sfirH11080ik im attenuate [ENG ACOUS] To weaken a signal by
reducing its level,{?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}vertstrokesuperiorpyu¨rH11080?dH11080eˉ }
atmospheric noise [ELECTR] Noise heard dur- attenuation [ELEC] The exponential decrease
with distance in the amplitude of an electricaling radio reception due to atmospheric interfer-
ence,{ |atH11080m?|sfirH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz } signal traveling along a very long uniform trans-
mission line,due to conductor and dielectricatmospheric steam curing [ENG] The steam
curing of concrete or cement products at atmo- losses,[ENG] A process by which a material
is fabricated into a thin,slender configuration,sphericpressure,usuallyata maximumambient
temperature between 100 and 200H11034F (40 and such as forming a fiber from molten glass.
{?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}95H11034C),{ |atH11080m?|sfirH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080i? }
atomic force microscope [ENG] A device for attic [BUILD] Thepartofabuildingimmediately
below the roof and entirely or partly within themapping surface atomic structure by measuring
the force acting on the tip of a sharply pointed roof framing,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080ik }
attic tank [BUILD] An open tank which is in-wire or other object that is moved over the sur-
face,{?|ta¨mH11080ik |fo˙rs vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉ|kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } stalled above the highest plumbing fixture in a
34
autogenousgrinding
buildingandwhichsupplieswatertothefixtures consisting of a plate or diaphragm that is placed
againsttheteethandtransmitssoundvibrationsby gravity,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
atticurge [BUILD] Of a doorway,having jambs to the inner ear,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
auger [DES ENG] 1,A wood-boring tool thatwhich are inclined slightly inward,so that the
opening is wider at the threshold than at the consists of a shank with spiral channels ending
in two spurs,a central tapered feed screw,andtop,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiork?rj }
attic ventilator [BUILD] A mechanical fan lo- a pair of cutting lips,2,A large augerlike tool
for boring into soil,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r}cated in the attic space of a residence; usually
moves large quantities of air at a relatively low augerbit [DESENG] aAbitshapedlikeanauger
but without a handle; used for wood boring andvelocity,{ vertstrokesuperioradH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorventH11080?lvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
attraction gripper [CONT SYS] A robot compo- for earth drilling,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
auger boring [ENG] 1,The hole drilled by thenent that uses adhesion,suction,or magnetic
forces to grasp a workpiece,{?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n use of auger equipment,2,See auger drilling.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080i? }vertstrokeinferiorgripH11080?r}
attributesampling [IND ENG] A quality-control auger conveyor See screw conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r
k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}inspectionmethodinwhichthesampledarticles
are classified only as defective or nondefective,auger drilling [ENG] A method of drilling in
which penetration is accomplished by the cut-{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorbyu¨t vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }
attributestesting [ENG] A reliability test proce- ting or gouging action of chisel-type cutting
edges forced into the substance by rotation ofdure in which the items under test are classified
according to qualitative characteristics,{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080 the auger bit,Also known as auger boring.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }tr?vertstrokeinferiorbyu¨ts vertstrokeinferiortestH11080i? }
attrition mill [MECH ENG] A machine in which auger packer [MECH ENG] A feed mechanism
that uses a continuous auger or screw inside amaterials are pulverized between two toothed
metal disks rotating in opposite directions,cylindricalsleevetofeedhard-to-flowgranulated
solids into shipping containers,such as bags or{?vertstrokesuperiortrishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormil }
Atwood machine [MECH ENG] A device com- drums,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙H11080g?r vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080?r}
auget [ENG] A priming tube,used in blasting.prising a pulley over which is passed a stretch-
free cord with a weight hanging on each end,Also spelled augette,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorzhet }
augette See auget,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorzhet }{ vertstrokesuperioratvertstrokeinferiorwu˙dm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
audible leak detector [ENG] A device used as auralization See virtual acoustics,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
sh?n}an auxiliary to the main leak detector for conver-
sion of the output signal into audible sound,autoadaptivity [CONT SYS] The ability of an ad-
vanced robot to sense the environment,accept{ |o˙dH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorleˉkdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
audio-frequencymeter [ENG] One of a number commands,andanalyzeandexecuteoperations.
{ |o˙dH11080o˙H11080vertstrokeinferior?vertstrokeinferiordapvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }of types of frequency meters usable in the audio
range; for example,a resonant-reed frequency autoclave [ENG] An airtight vessel for heating
andsometimesagitatingits contentsunderhighmeter,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
audiometer [ENG] An instrument composed of steam pressure; used for industrial processing,
sterilizing,and cooking with moist or dry heatan oscillator,amplifier,and attenuator and used
tomeasurehearingacuityforpuretones,speech,at high temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorklaˉv}
autoclave curing [ENG] Steam curing of con-and bone conduction,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
audio-modulated radiosonde [ENG] A radio- creteproducts,sand-limebrick,asbestoscement
products,hydrous calcium silicate insulationsonde with a carrier wave modulated by audio-
frequency signals whose frequency is controlled products,orcementinanautoclaveatmaximum
ambient temperatures generally between 340by the sensing elements of the instrument.
{ |o˙dH11080eˉH11080o|ma¨jH11080?H11080laˉdH11080?d |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } and 420H11034F (170 and 215H11034C),{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorklaˉv vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080
i? }audio patch bay [ENG ACOUS] Specific patch
panels provided to terminate all audio circuits autoclave molding [ENG] A method of curing
reinforced plastics that uses an autoclave withand equipment used in a channel and technical
controlfacility;thisequipmentcanalsobefound 50–100 pounds per square inch (345–690 kilo-
pascals) steam pressure to set the resin,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080in transmitting and receiving stations,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080eˉH11080
oˉ |pach vertstrokeinferiorbaˉ }oˉvertstrokeinferiorklaˉv |moˉldH11080i? }
autocorrelation [ELECTR] A technique used toaudio spectrometer See acoustic spectrometer.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080eˉH11080oˉ spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } detect cyclic activity in a complex signal,{ |o˙dH11080
oˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}audio system See sound-reproducing system.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} autofrettage [ENG] Aprocessformanufacturing
gunbarrels; prestressingthemetal increasestheaudiotaper [ENG ACOUS] A special type of po-
tentiometer used in a volume-control apparatus loadat whichitspermanent deformationoccurs.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorfredH11080ij }to compensate for the nonlinearity of human
hearing and give the impression of a linear in- autogenousgrinding [MECH ENG] The second-
arygrindingofmaterial bytumblingthematerialcrease in audibility as volume is raised,Also
known as linear taper,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080p?r } in a revolving cylinder,without balls or bars tak-
ing part in the operation,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorta¨jH11080?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080audiphone [ENG ACOUS] A device that enables
persons with certain types of deafness to hear,i? }
35
autogenoushealing
autogenoushealing [ENG] A naturalprocess of engine when the accelerator is first depressed;
the choke plate opens automatically when theclosing and filling cracks in concrete or mortar
while it is kept damp,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorta¨jH11080?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorheˉlH11080i? } engine achieves normal operating temperature.
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorchoˉk}autogenous mill See autogenous tumbling mill.
{o˙vertstrokesuperiorta¨jH11080?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiormil } automaticcontrol [CONT SYS] Control in which
regulating and switching operations are per-autogenous tumbling mill [MECH ENG] A type
of ball-mill grinder utilizing as the grinding me- formed automatically in response to predeter-
mined conditions,Also known as automaticdiumthecoarsefeed(incoming)material,Also
known as autogenous mill,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorta¨jH11080?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080 regulation,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
automaticcontrolbalance [ENG] An automaticbli?vertstrokeinferiormil }
autoignition [MECHENG] Spontaneousignition balance fitted with an accessory which deter-
mines whether a package has been filled withinof some or all of the fuel-air mixture in the com-
bustion chamber of an internal combustion en- preselected limits,Also known as check-
weigher,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }gine,Also known as spontaneous combustion.
{ |o˙dH11080oˉH11080igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n} automatic-controlblockdiagram [CONT SYS] A
diagrammatic representation of the mathemati-automanualsystem [CIV ENG] A railroad signal
system in which signals are set manually but are calrelationshipsdefiningtheflowofinformation
and energy through the automatic control sys-activated automatically to return to the danger
positionbyapassingtrain,{ |o˙dH11080oˉ|manH11080y?H11080w?l tem,in which the components of the control
system are represented as functional blocks invertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
automatedguidedvehicle [IND ENG] In a flexi- series and parallel arrangements according to
their position in the actual control system.ble manufacturing system,a driverless com-
puter-controlledvehicleequippedwithguidance { |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
automatic-control error coefficient [CONTand collision-avoidance systems and used to
transport workpieces and tools between work SYS] Three numerical quantities that are used
as a measure of the steady-state errors of anstations,Abbreviated AGV,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?|maˉdH11080?d
|g?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l } automatic control system when the system is
subjectedtoconstant,ramp,orparabolicinputs.automated guided vehicle system [CONT
SYS] A computer-controlled system that uses { |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
automatic-control frequency response [CONTpallets and other interface equipment to trans-
port workpieces to numerically controlled ma- SYS] The steady-state output of an automatic
control system for sinusoidal inputs of vary-chine tools and other equipment in a flexible
manufacturing system,moving in a predeter- ing frequency,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ ri
vertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }mined pattern to ensure automatic,accurate,
and rapid work-machine contact,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080?vertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080 automaticcontroller [CONTSYS] Aninstrument
that continuously measures the value of a vari-?d |g?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
automatic [ENG] Having a self-acting mecha- able quantity or condition and then automati-
callyactsonthe controlledequipmenttocorrectnism that performs a required act at a predeter-
mined time or in response to certain conditions,anydeviation froma desiredpreset value,Also
knownasautomaticregulator;controller,{ |o˙dH11080{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik }
automaticbalance [ENG] A balance capable of?|madH11080ik k?n|troˉlH11080?r}
automatic-control servo valve [CONT SYS] Aperforming weighing procedures without the in-
tervention of an operator,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbaH11080 mechanically or electrically actuated servo valve
controllingthedirectionandvolumeoffluidflowl?ns }
automatic batcher [MECH ENG] A batcher for in a hydraulic automatic control system,{ |o˙dH11080
|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉ vertstrokeinferiorvalv }concrete which is actuated by a single starter
switch,opens automatically at the start of the automatic-control stability [CONT SYS] The
property of an automatic control system whoseweighingoperationsofeachmaterial,andcloses
automatically when the designated weight of performance is such that the amplitude of tran-
sient oscillations decreases with time and theeach material has been reached,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080
ik vertstrokesuperiorbachH11080?r } system reaches a steady state,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlst?vertstrokeinferiorbilH11080?H11080deˉ }automaticcalibration [ENG] A process in which
an electronic device automatically performs the automaticcontrolsystem [CONTSYS] Acontrol
systemhavingoneormoreautomaticcontrollersrecalibration of a measuring range of a weighing
instrument,for example an electronic balance,connected in closed loops with one or more
processes,Also known as regulating system.{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
automaticcheck-outsystem [CONT SYS] A sys- { |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
automatic-control transient analysis [CONTtemutilizingtestequipmentcapableofautomat-
ically and simultaneously providing actions and SYS] The analysis of the behavior of the output
variable of an automatic control system as theinformation which will ultimately result in the
efficient operation of tested equipment while system changes fromone steady-state condition
to another in terms of such quantities as maxi-keeping time to a minimum,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorchekvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } mum overshoot,rise time,and response time.
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiortranH11080zh?nt?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}automaticchoke [MECH ENG] A system for en-
riching the air-fuel mixture in a cold automotive automatic coupling [MECH ENG] A device
36
automatictuningsystem
which couples rail cars when they are bumped that repeated molding cycles are possible,in-
cluding ejection,without manual assistance.together,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }automaticdataprocessing [ENG] The machine
automaticpress [MECH ENG] A press in whichperformance,with little or no human assistance,
mechanical feeding of the work is synchronizedof any of a variety of tasks involving informa-
with the press action,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpres }
tional data; examples include automatic and re-
automaticpumpingstation [CHEM ENG] An in-
sponsive reading,computation,writing,speak-
stallation on a pipeline that automatically pro-
ing,directing artillery,and the running of an
vides the proper pressure when a fluid is being
entire factory,Abbreviated ADP,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080
transported,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorp?mpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080
ik |dadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpra¨svertstrokeinferior?sH11080i? }
sh?n}
automatic dialog replacement studio See ADR
automaticranging See autoranging,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080
studio,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨grivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt
ik vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorstu¨dH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioroˉ }
automatic record changer [ENG ACOUS] An
automatic door bottom [ENG] A movable
electric phonograph that automatically plays a
plunger,in the form of a horizontal bar at the
number of records one after another,{ |o˙dH11080
bottom of a door,which drops automatically
|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080?rd vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjH11080?r}
when the door is closed,sealing the threshold
automatic regulation See automatic control.
and reducing noise transmission,Also known
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
as automatic threshold closer,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik
automatic regulator See automatic controller.
vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?m}
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
automatic drill [DES ENG] A straight brace for
automatic sampler [MECH ENG] A mechanical
bitswhoseshankcomprisesacoarse-pitchscrew
device to sample process streams (gas,liquid,
sliding in a threaded tube with a handle at the
or solid) either continuously or at preset time
end; the device is operated by pushing the han-
intervals,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
dle,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordril }
automatic screw machine [MECH ENG] A ma-
automatic fire pump [MECH ENG] A pump
chine designed to automatically produce fin-
which provides the required water pressure in a
ished parts from bar stock at high production
fire standpipe or sprinkler system; when the wa-
rates; the term is not an exact,specific machine-
ter pressure in the system drops below a prese-
tool classification,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ m?
lected value,a sensor causes the pump to start.
vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
automatic shut-off [ENG ACOUS] A switch in
automatic flushing system [CIV ENG] A water
some tape recorders which automatically stops
tanksystemwhichprovidesautomaticallyforthe
the machine when the tape ends or breaks.
periodic flushing of urinals or other plumbing
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsh?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
fixtures,or of pipes having too small a slope to
automaticslips [ENG] Apneumaticorhydraulic
drain effectively,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfl?shH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
device for setting and removing slips automati-
t?m}
cally,Alsoknownaspowerslips,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080
automatic ignition [ENG] A device that lights
ik vertstrokesuperiorslips }
the fuel in a gas burner when the gas-control
automatic stoker [MECH ENG] A device that
valve is turned on,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n}
supplies fuel to a boiler furnace by mechanical
automatic indexing [CONT SYS] The procedure
means,Also known as mechanical stoker.
for determining the orientation and position of
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorstoˉkH11080?r}
a workpiece with respect to an automatically
automatic test equipment [ENG] Test equip-
controlled machine,such as a robot manipula-
ment that makes two or more tests in sequence
tor,that is to perform an operation on it,{ |o˙dH11080
without manual intervention; it usually stops
|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeksH11080i? }
whenthe firstout-of-tolerancevalue isdetected.
automaticlevelcontrol [ELECTR] A circuit that
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortest ivertstrokeinferiorkwipH11080m?nt }
keeps the output of a radio transmitter,tape
automatic threshold closer See automatic door
recorder,or other device essentially constant,
bottom,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiorkloˉzH11080?r}
even in the presence of large changes in the
automatictimeswitch [ENG] Combination of a
input amplitude,Abbreviated ALC,[MECH
switch with an electric or spring-wound clock,
ENG] In an automotive vehicle,a system in
arranged to turn an apparatus on and off at pre-
which two air-chamber shock absorbers in the
determined times,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorswich }
rear are fed compressed air by an electric com-
automatic track shift [ENG ACOUS] A system
pressor; pressure in the air chambers is deter-
used with multiple-track magnetic tape record-
mined automatically by sensors to maintain the
ers to index the tape head,after one track is
vehicle at a predetermined height regardless of
played,to the correct position for the start of
load,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
the next track,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortrak vertstrokeinferiorshift }
automatic microfiller [ENG] A device used to automatictuningsystem [CONTSYS] Anelectri-
place microfilm in jackets at relatively high cal,mechanical,or electromechanical system
speeds,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormiH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?r} that tunes a radio receiver or transmitter auto-
automaticmold [ENG] Amoldused ininjection matically to a predetermined frequency when a
button or lever is pressed,a knob turned,oror compression molding of plastic objects so
37
automatic-typebelt-tensioningdevice
a telephone-type dial operated,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik automotiveframe [ENG] The basic structure of
vertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} all automotive vehicles,except tractors,which
automatic-type belt-tensioning device [MECH is supported by the suspension and upon which
ENG] Any device which maintains a predeter- or attached to which are the power plant,trans-
mined tension in a conveyor belt,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080
mission,clutch,and body or seat for the driver.
ik vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorbelt |tenH11080sh?nH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfraˉm}
automatic volume compressor See volume com-
automotiveignitionsystem [MECH ENG] A de-
pressor,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mk?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}
vice in an automotive vehicle which initiates the
automaticvolumeexpanderSee volume expander.
chemical reaction between fuel and air in the
{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mikvertstrokeinferiorspandH11080?r}
cylinder charge,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080ivig vertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
automatic wet-pipe sprinkler system [ENG] A
t?m}
sprinkler system,all of whose parts are filled
automotive steering [MECH ENG] Mechanical
with water at sufficient pressure to provide an
means by which a driver controls the course of a
immediate continuous discharge if the system
movingautomobile,bus,truck,ortractor,{ |o˙dH11080
is activated,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik |wet |p?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorspri?kH11080l?r
|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
automotive suspension [MECH ENG] The
automatic zero setting [ENG] A system for au-
springs and related parts intermediate between
tomaticcorrectionofzero-pointdriftsorforcom-
the wheels and frame of an automotive vehicle
pensation of soiling of load receivers on a bal-
thatsupporttheframeonthewheelsandabsorb
ance by means of a special accessory compo-
roadshockcausedbypassage ofthewheelsover
nent,{ |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }
irregularities,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080ivs?svertstrokesuperiorpenH11080ch?n}
automation [ENG] 1,The use of technology to
automotivetransmission [MECH ENG] A device
easehuman labororextendthe mentalorphysi-
for providing different gear or drive ratios be-
calcapabilitiesofhumans,2.Themechanisms,
tweentheengineanddrivewheelsofanautomo-
machines,and systems that save or eliminate
tive vehicle,a principal function being to enablelabor,orimitateactionstypicallyassociatedwith
thevehicletoacceleratefromrestthroughawidehuman beings,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
speed range while the engine operates within itsautomechanism [CONT SYS] A machine or
most effective range,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080ivtranzother device that operates automatically or un-
vertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}der control of a servomechanism,{ |o˙dH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiormekH11080
vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m} automotive vehicle [MECH ENG] A self-pro-
automobile [MECH ENG] A four-wheeled,track- pelledvehicleormachineforlandtransportation
less,self-propelled vehicle for land transporta- of people or commodities or for moving materi-
tion of as many as eight people,Also known als,such as a passenger car,bus,truck,motorcy-
as car,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorbeˉl} cle,tractor,airplane,motorboat,or earthmover.
automobile chassis [MECH ENG] The automo-
{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
bileframe,togetherwiththewheels,powertrain,
autonomousrobot [ENG] A robot that not only
brakes,engine,and steering system,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?H11080
can maintain its own stability as it moves,but
m?vertstrokesuperiorbeˉl vertstrokesuperiorchasH11080eˉ }
also can plan its movements,{ o˙|ta¨nH11080?H11080m?s
automotiveairconditioning [MECHENG] Asys-
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
tem for maintaining comfort of occupants of
autonomous vehicle [ENG] A vehicle that is
automobiles,buses,and trucks,limited to air
able to plan its path and to execute its plan
cooling,air heating,ventilation,and occasion-
withouthumanintervention,{ o˙|ta¨nH11080?H11080m?s vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080
ally dehumidification,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorer k?n
H11080k?l}
vertstrokeinferiordishH11080?nH11080i? }
autopatrol [MECH ENG] A self-powered blade
automotivebody [ENG] An enclosure mounted
grader,Also known as motor grader,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉH11080
on and attached to the frame of an automotive
p?vertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
vehicle,to contain passengers and luggage,or
autoradar plot See chart comparison unit,{ |o˙dH11080
inthecaseofcommercialvehiclesthecommodi-
oˉ|raˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorpla¨t}
ties being carried,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
autoradiography [ENG] A technique for de-
automotivebrake [MECH ENG] A friction mech-
tecting radioactivity in a specimen by producing
anism that slows or stops the rotation of the
an image on a photographic film or plate,Also
wheels of an automotive vehicle,so that tire
known as radioautography,{ |o˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨gH11080
traction slows or stops the vehicle,{ |o˙dH11080
r?H11080feˉ }
vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
autorail [MECH ENG] A self-propelled vehicle
automotive engine [MECH ENG] The fuel-con-
having both flange wheels and pneumatic tires
suming machine that provides the motive power
to permit operation on both rails and roadways.
for automobiles,airplanes,tractors,buses,and
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
motorcycles and is carried in the vehicle,{ |o˙dH11080
autoranging [ENG] Automatic switching of a
|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
multirange meter from its lowest to the next
automotive engineering [MECH ENG] The
higher range,with the switching process re-branchofmechanicalengineeringconcernedpri-
peated until a range is reached for which themarily with the special problems of land trans-
full-scale value is not exceeded,Also known asportation by a four-wheeled,trackless,automo-
tive vehicle,{ |o˙dH11080?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } automatic ranging,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? }
38
avalanchenoise
autoreducing tachymeter [ENG] A class of ta- availability [SYS ENG] The probability that a
system is operating satisfactorily at any point inchymeter by which horizontal and height dis-
tances are read simultaneously,{ |o˙dH11080oˉH11080ri|du¨sH11080 time,excluding times when the system is under
repair,{?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉlH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?H11080deˉ }i? t?vertstrokesuperiorkimH11080?dH11080?r}
autorotation [MECH] 1.Rotation aboutany axis availability ratio [IND ENG] The ratio of the
amount of time a system is actually available forof a body that is symmetrical and exposed to a
uniform airstream and maintained only by aero- use to the amount of time it is supposed to be
available,{?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉlH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }dynamic moments,2,Rotation of a stalled
symmetrical airfoil parallel to the direction of available draft [MECH ENG] The usable differ-
ential pressure in the combustion air in a fur-the wind,{ |o˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
autosled [MECH ENG] A propeller-driven ma- nace,used to sustain combustion of fuel or to
transport products of combustion,{?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉlH11080?H11080chine equipped with runners and wheels and
adaptable to use on snow,ice,or bare roads,b?l vertstrokesuperiordraft }
availableenergy [MECHENG] Energywhichcan{ vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorsled }
autostability [CONT SYS] The ability of a device in principle be converted to mechanical work.
{?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉlH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }(such as a servomechanism) to hold a steady
position,eitherbyvirtueofitsshapeandpropor- available heat [MECH ENG] The heat per unit
massofaworkingsubstancethatcouldbetrans-tions,or by control by a servomechanism.
{ |o˙dH11080oˉH11080st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } formedintoworkinanengineunderidealcondi-
tions for a given amount of heat per unit massauxanometer [ENG] An instrument used to de-
tect and measure plant growth rate,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙gH11080 furnished to the working substance,{?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉlH11080?H11080
b?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}z?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
auxiliary dead latch [DES ENG] A supplemen- availablemotionsinventory [IND ENG] A list of
all motions available to a human for performingtary latch in a lock which automatically dead-
locksthemainlatchboltwhenthedoorisclosed,a specific task,{?|vaˉlH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?nz vertstrokesuperiorinH11080ven
vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ }Also known as auxiliary latch bolt; deadlocking
latchbolt;triggerbolt,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorlach } avalanche [ELECTR] 1,The cumulative process
in which an electron or other charged particleauxiliarylatchbolt See auxiliary dead latch,{ o˙g
vertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorlach vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } acceleratedbyastrongelectricfieldcollideswith
andionizesgasmolecules,therebyreleasingnewauxiliary power plant [MECH ENG] Ancillary
equipment,such as pumps,fans,and soot blow- electrons which in turn have more collisions,so
thatthedischargeisthusself-maintained,Alsoers,used with the main boiler,turbine,engine,
waterwheel,or generator of a power-generating known as avalanche effect; cascade; cumulative
ionization; electron avalanche; Townsend ava-station,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
auxiliary rafter [BUILD] A member strengthen- lanche; Townsend ionization,2,Cumulative
multiplication of carriers in a semiconductor asing the principal rafter in a truss,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ
vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080t?r } a result of avalanche breakdown,Also known
as avalanche effect,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch }auxiliary reinforcement [CIV ENG] In a pre-
stressed structural member,any reinforcement avalanche breakdown [ELECTR] Nondestruc-
tive breakdown in a semiconductor diode whenin addition to that whose function is pre-
stressing,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080m?nt } the electric field across the barrier region is
strong enough so that current carriers collideauxiliaryrimlock [DES ENG] A secondary or ex-
tra lock that is surface-mounted on a door to withvalenceelectronstoproduceionizationand
cumulative multiplication of carriers,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080provide additional security,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorrim
vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}?vertstrokeinferiorlanch vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
avalanche diode [ELECTR] A semiconductorauxiliary rope-fastening device [MECH ENG] A
device attached to an elevator car,to a counter- breakdown diode,usually made of silicon,in
which avalanche breakdown occurs across theweight,or to the overhead dead-end rope-hitch
support,that automatically supports the car or entirepnjunctionandvoltagedropisthenessen-
tially constant and independent of current; thecounterweight in case the fastening for the wire
rope (cable) fails,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiorfasH11080?nH11080i? two most important types are IMPATT and TRA-
PATT diodes,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
auxiliary thermometer [ENG] A mercury-in- avalanche effect See avalanche,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch
ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }glass thermometer attached to the stem of a
reversing thermometer and read at the same avalanche impedance [ELECTR] The complex
ratioofthereversevoltageofadevicethatunder-time as the reversing thermometer so that the
correction to the reading of the latter,resulting goes avalanche breakdown to the reverse cur-
rent,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }from change in temperature since reversal,can
be computed,{ o˙gvertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?H11080reˉ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} avalanche-inducedmigration [ELECTR] A tech-
nique of forming interconnections in a field-pro-auxograph [ENG] An automatic device that re-
cords changes in the volume of a body,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙kH11080 grammable logic array by applying appropriate
voltages for shortingselected base-emitter junc-s?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
auxometer [ENG] An instrument that measures tions,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch in|du¨sd vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
avalanche noise [ELECTR] 1,A junction phe-the magnification of a lens system,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙kvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080
dH11080?r } nomenon in a semiconductor in which carriers
39
avalancheoscillator
in a high-voltage gradient develop sufficient en- and a downstream hole for the static pressure
ergy to dislodge additional carriers through reference,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rijH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpeˉvertstrokeinferiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
physical impact; this agitation creates ragged aviationmethod [ENG] Determinationofknock-
current flows which are indicated by noise,limiting power,under lean-mixture conditions,
2,The noise produced when a junction diode is of fuels used in spark-ignition aircraft engines.
operated at the onset of avalanche breakdown,{ vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080veˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d}
{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz } avionics [ENG] The design and production of
avalanche oscillator [ELECTR] An oscillator airborne electrical and electronic devices; term
thatusesanavalanchediodeasanegativeresist-
is derived from aviation electronics,{ vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080
ancetoachieveone-stepconversionfromdirect-
veˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080iks }
current to microwave outputs in the gigahertz
avogram [MECH] A unit of mass,equal to 1
range,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch |a¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
gram divided by the Avogadro number,{ vertstrokesuperioraH11080
avalanchephotodiode [ELECTR] A photodiode
v?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
operated in the avalanche breakdown region to
avoidabledelay [IND ENG] An interruption un-
achieve internal photocurrent multiplication,
derthecontroloftheoperatorduringthenormal
thereby providing rapid light-controlled switch-
operating time,{?vertstrokesuperiorvo˙idH11080?H11080b?ldivertstrokesuperiorlaˉ }
ing operation,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
avoirdupois pound See pound,{ vertstrokeinferioravH11080?rdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙iz
avalancheprotector [MECH ENG] Guard plates
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd }
installed on an excavator to prevent loose mate-
avoirdupoisweight [MECH] Thesystemofunits
rialfromslidingintothewheelsortracks,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080
which has been commonly used in English-
vertstrokeinferiorlanch pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
speakingcountriesformeasurementofthemass
avalanchetransistor [ELECTR] Atransistorthat
of any substance except precious stones,pre-
utilizes avalanche breakdown to produce chain
ciousmetals,anddrugs;itisbasedonthepound
generation of charge-carrying hole-electron
(approximately 453.6 grams) and includes the
pairs,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
shortton(2000pounds),longton(2240pounds),
avalanche voltage [ELECTR] The reverse volt-
ounce (one-sixteenth pound),and dram (one-
age required to cause avalanche breakdown in
sixteenth ounce),{ vertstrokeinferioravH11080?rdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙iz vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}
a pn semiconductor junction,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch
awl [DESENG] Apointtoolwithashortwooden
vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
handle used to mark surfaces and to make small
average acoustic output [ENG ACOUS] Vibra-
holes,as in leather or wood,{ o˙l}
tory energy output of a transducer measured by
awningwindow [BUILD] Awindowconsistingof
a radiation pressure balance; expressed in terms
aseriesofverticallyarranged,top-hingedrectan-
of watts per unit area of the transducer face.
gular sections; designed to admit air while ex-
{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rij?vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080stik vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
cluding rain,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorwinH11080doˉ }
averagenoisefigure [ELECTR] Ratio in a trans-
ax [DES ENG] An implement consisting of a
ducer of total output noise power to the portion
heavymetalwedge-shapedheadwithoneortwo
thereofattributabletothermalnoiseintheinput
cutting edges and a relatively long wooden han-
termination,the total noise being summed over
dle; used for chopping wood and felling trees.
frequencies from zero to infinity,and the noise
{ aks }
temperature of the input termination being
axed brick [ENG] A brick,shaped with an ax,
standard (290 K),{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rij vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz vertstrokeinferiorfigH11080y?r}
that has not been trimmed,Also known as
average outgoing quality limit [IND ENG] The
rough-axed brick,{ |akst |brik }
average quality of all lots that pass quality in-
axhammer [DES ENG] An ax having one cutting
spection,expressed in terms of percent defec-
edge and one hammer face,{ vertstrokesuperioraksvertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
tive,Abbreviated AOQL,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rij vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorgoˉH11080i?
axialfan [MECHENG] Afanwhosehousingcon-
vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
finesthegasflowtothedirectionalongtherotat-
average power output [ELECTR] Radio-fre-
ing shaft at both the inlet and outlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080
quency power,in an audio-modulation transmit-
l vertstrokesuperiorfan }
ter,deliveredtothetransmitteroutputterminals,
axial-flow compressor [MECH ENG] A fluid
averaged over a modulation cycle,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rij
compressor that accelerates the fluid in a direc-
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
tion generally parallel to the rotating shaft.
average sample number [IND ENG] An antici-
{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
pated number of pieces that must be inspected
axial-flowpump [MECHENG] Apumphavingan
to determine the acceptability of a particular lot.
axial-flow or propeller-type impeller; used when
{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rij |samH11080p?l vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
maximum capacity and minimum head are de-averaging [CONT SYS] The reduction of noise
sired,Also known as propeller pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080received by a robot sensor by screening it over
seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }a period of time,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080 rijH11080i? }
axial force diagram [CIV ENG] In statics,aaveragingdevice [ENG] A device for obtaining
graphical representation of the axial load actingthe arithmetic mean of a number of readings,as
at each section of a structural member,plottedon a bubble sextant,{ vertstrokesuperioravH11080rijH11080i? divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
to scale and with proper sign as an ordinate ataveraging pitot tube [ENG] A flowmeter that
each point of the member and along a referenceconsists of a rod extending across a pipe with
line representing the length of the member.several interconnected upstream holes,which
simulate an array of pitot tubes across the pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l |fo˙rs vertstrokeinferiordiH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
40
azimuthline
axial hydraulic thrust [MECH ENG] In single- the axis lies along the axis,Also known as axis
of twist,{ |akH11080s?s?v vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}stage and multistage pumps,the summation of
unbalanced impeller forces acting in the axial axisoftwistSeeaxisoftorsion,{ |akH11080s?s?vvertstrokesuperiortwist }
axle [MECH ENG] A supporting member thatdirection,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?lh?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorthr?st }
axial lead [ELEC] A wire lead extending from carries a wheel and either rotates with the wheel
to transmit mechanical power to or from it,orthe end along the axis of a resistor,capacitor,or
other component,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorleˉd } allowsthewheeltorotatefreelyonit,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}
axle box [ENG] A bushing through which anaxial load [MECH] A force with its resultant
passing through the centroid of a particular sec- axle passes in the hub of a wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l
vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }tion and being perpendicular to the plane of the
section,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉd} axle ratio [MECH ENG] In an automotive vehi-
cle,the ratio of the speed in revolutions peraxialmodulus [MECH] Theratioofasimpleten-
sion stress applied to a material to the resulting minute of the drive shaft to that of the drive
wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }strain parallel to the tension when the sides of
the sample are restricted so that there is no axometer [ENG] An instrument that locates the
optical axis of a lens,particularly a lens used inlateraldeformation,Alsoknown asmodulusof
simple longitudinal extension,{ |akH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080 eyeglasses,{ akvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
azel mounting See altazimuth mounting,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?l?H11080l?s}
axialmoment ofinertia [MECH] For any object vertstrokeinferiormau˙ntH11080i? }
azeotropic distillation [CHEM ENG] A processrotatingaboutanaxis,thesumofitscomponent
masses times the square of the distance to the by which a liquid mixture is separated into pure
components with the help of an additional sub-axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt?vin vertstrokesuperior?rH11080sh? }
axialnozzle [MECHENG] Aninletoroutletcon- stance or solvent,{ |aˉzH11080eˉH11080avertstrokeinferiortroˉH11080pik vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
sh?n}nection installed in the head of a shell-and-tube
exchanger and aligned normal to the plane in azimuth [ENG] In directional drilling,the direc-
tion ofthe faceof thedeviation tool withrespectwhich the tube lies,{ |akH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
axial rake [MECH ENG] The angle between the to magnetic north,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th }
azimuth-adjustmentsliderule [ENG] A circularface of a blade of a milling cutter or reamer and
a line parallel to its axis of rotation,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080 slide rule by which a known angular correction
for fire at one elevation can be changed to the?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉk}
axial relief [MECH ENG] The relief behind the proper correction for any other elevation,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080
H11080m?th?|j?sH11080m?nt vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}end cutting edge of a milling cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080
lrivertstrokesuperiorleˉf} azimuthalignment [ENG ACOUS] The condition
whereby the center lines of the playback- andaxial runout [MECH ENG] The total amount,
along the axis of rotation,by which the rotation recording-head gaps are exactly perpendicular
to the magnetic tape and parallel to each other.of a cutting tool deviates from a plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080
seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorr?nvertstrokeinferiorau˙t} {vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th avertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080m?nt }
azimuthangle [ENG] An angle in triangulationaxial-type mass flowmeter [ENG] An instru-
ment in which fluid in a pipe is made to rotate or in traverse through which the computation of
azimuth is carried,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}at a constant speed by a motor-driven impeller,
and the torque required by a second,stationary azimuth bar See azimuth instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080
m?th vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}impeller to straighten the flow again is a direct
measurementofmassflow,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiormas azimuthcircle [DESENG] Aringcalibratedfrom
0 to 360H11034 over a compass,compass repeater,vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
axis [MECH] A line about which a body rotates,radar plan position indicator,direction finder,
and so on,which provides means for observing{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
axis of freedom [DES ENG] An axis in a gyro compass bearings and azimuths,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}about which a gimbal provides a degree of free-
dom,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s?vfreˉdH11080?m} azimuth dial [ENG] Any horizontal circle dial
that reads azimuth,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiord?ˉl}axisofrotation [MECH] A straight line passing
through the points of a rotating rigid body that azimuth error [ENG] An error in the indicated
azimuth of a target detected by radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080remain stationary,while the other points of the
body move in circles about the axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?sm?th vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
azimuth indicator [ENG] An approach-radar?vroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
axisofsighting [ENG] A line taken through the scope which displays azimuth information.
{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}sightsofagun,orthroughtheopticalcenterand
centers of curvature of lenses in any telescopic azimuth instrument [ENG] An instrument for
measuring azimuths,particularly a device whichinstrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s?v vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdH11080i? }
axis of symmetry [MECH] An imaginary line fits over a central pivot in the glass cover of a
magneticcompass,Alsoknownasazimuthbar;about which a geometrical figure is symmetric.
Alsoknown assymmetryaxis,{ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s?v vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080 bearing bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
azimuthline [ENG] Aradiallinefromtheprinci-?H11080treˉ }
axis of torsion [MECH] An axis parallel to the pal point,isocenter,or nadir point of a photo-
graph,representing the direction to a similargenerators of a cylinder undergoing torsion,lo-
cated so that the displacement of any point on point of an adjacent photograph in the same
41
azimuthmarker
flight line; used extensively in radial triangula- is always at the top of the scope regardless of
vehicle orientation,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th |staH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzdtion,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
azimuthmarker [ENG] 1,A scale encircling the vertstrokesuperiorplan p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
azimuth transfer [ENG] Connecting,with aplanpositionindicatorscopeofaradaronwhich
the azimuth of a target from the radar may be straight line,the nadir points of two vertical
photographs selected from overlapping flights.measured,2,Any of the reference limits in-
serted electronically at 10 or 15H11034 intervals which { vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorf?r}
azimuth traverse [ENG] A survey traverse inextend radially from the relative position of the
radar on an off-center plan position indicator which the direction of the measured course is
determined by azimuth and verified by back azi-scope,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080k?r}
azimuth scale [ENG] A graduated angle-mea- muth,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th tr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
Azusa [ENG] A continuous-wave,high-accu-suring deviceon instruments,guncarriages,and
so forth that indicates azimuth,{ vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th racy,phase-comparison,single-station tracking
systemoperatingatC-bandandgivingtwodirec-vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
azimuth-stabilized plan position indicator tion cosines and slant range which can be used
to determine space position and velocity of a[ENG] A north-upward plan position indicator
(PPI),aradarscope,which is stabilizedby a gyro- vehicle (usually a rocket or a missile).
{?vertstrokesuperiorzu¨sH11080? }compass so that either true or magnetic north
42
B
plate or strap which is screwed to the face ofbackacter See backhoe,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
a shutter or door,Also known as flap hinge.backband [BUILD] A piece of millwork used
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorflap vertstrokeinferiorhinj }around a rectangular window or door casing as
backflow [CIV ENG] The flow of water or othera cover for the gap between the casing and the
liquids,mixtures,or substances into the distrib-wall or as a decorative feature,Also known as
uting pipes of a potable supply of water frombackbend,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorband }
any other than its intended source,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }backbend [BUILD] 1,At the outer edge of a
backflow connection [CIV ENG] Any arrange-metal door or window frame,the face which re-
ment of pipes,plumbing fixtures,drains,and soturns to the wall surface,2,See backband.
forth,in which backflow can occur,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorbend }
k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n}backbias [ELECTR] 1.Degenerative or regener-
backflow preventer See vacuum breaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakative voltage which is fed back to circuits before
vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ privertstrokesuperiorvenH11080t?r}its originating point; usuallyapplied to a control
backflow valve See backwater valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorfloˉanode of a tube or other device,2.Voltage ap-
vertstrokeinferiorvalv }plied to a grid of a tube (or tubes) or electrode
backfurrow [CIV ENG] In an excavation proce-of another device to reduce a condition which
dure,the first cut made on undisturbed land.has been upset by some external cause,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080oˉ }vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080?s}
backgearing [MECH ENG] The technique of us-backboxing See backlining,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak |ba¨kH11080si? }
inggears onmachinetoolsto obtainanincreasebackbreak See overbreak,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
in the number of speed changes that can beback check [DES ENG] In a hydraulic door
gotten with cone belt drives,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorgirH11080i? }closer,a mechanism that slows the speed with
backgrounddiscrimination [ENG] Theabilityofwhich a door may be opened,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorchek }
a measuring instrument,circuit,or other devicebackdigger See backhoe,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak|digH11080?r}
to distinguish signal from background noise.back-draftdamper [MECH ENG] A damper with
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nd disvertstrokeinferiorkrimH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}bladesactuated bygravity,permittingair topass
backgroundnoise [ENG] Theundesiredsignalsthrough them in one direction only,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
that are always present in an electronic or othervertstrokeinferiordraft vertstrokesuperiordamH11080p?r}
system,independent of whether or not the de-back edging [ENG] Cutting through a glazed
sired signal is present,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }ceramic pipe by first chipping through the glaze
backgroundreturns [ENG] 1.Signalsonaradararound the outside and then chipping the pipe
screen from objects which are of no interest.itself,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorejH11080i? }
2,See clutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nd rivertstrokesuperiort?rnz }backend See thrust yoke,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorend }
background signal [ENG] The output of a leakbackfill [CIV ENG] Earth refilling a trench or an
detector caused by residual gas to which theexcavation around a building,bridge abutment,
detector element reacts,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080and the like,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorfil }
n?l}back fillet [BUILD] The return of the margin of
back gutter [BUILD] A gutter installed on thea groin,doorjamb,or window jamb when it proj-
uphill side of a chimney on a sloping roof toects beyond a wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?t}
backfire [CIV ENG] A fire that is started in order divert water around the chimney,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorg?dH11080
r}to burn against and cut off a spreading fire.
[ELECTR] See arcback,[ENG] Momentary back hearth [BUILD] That part of the hearth
(or floor) which is contained within the fireplacebackwardburningofflameintothetipofatorch.
Also known as flashback,[MECH ENG] In an itself,Also known as inner hearth,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
vertstrokeinferiorha¨rth }internal combustion engine,an improperly
timed explosion of the fuel mixture in a cylinder,backhoe [MECH ENG] An excavator fitted with
ahingedarmtowhichisrigidlyattachedabucketespecially one occurring during the period that
the exhaust or intake valve is open and resulting that is drawn toward the machine in operation.
Alsoknownasbackacter;backdigger;dragshovel;in a loud detonation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉr}
backflaphinge [DES ENG] A hinge having a flat pullshovel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorhoˉ }
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
backing
backing [CIVENG] 1.Theunexposed,roughma- backlog [IND ENG] 1,An accumulation of or-
ders promising future work and profit,2,Ansonry surface of a wall that is faced with finer
accumulation of unprocessed materials or un-work,2,The earth backfill of a retaining wall.
performed tasks,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorla¨g}[ELECTR] Flexiblematerial,usuallycelluloseac-
back mixing [CHEM ENG] The tendency of re-etate or polyester,used on magnetic tape as the
acted chemicals to intermingle with unreactedcarrier for the oxide coating,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i? }
feed in reactors,such as stirred tanks,packedbackingboard [BUILD] In a suspended acousti-
towers,and baffled tanks,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiormikH11080si? }calceiling,aflat sheetof gypsumboard towhich
backnailing [BUILD] Nailingthepliesofabuilt-
acoustical tile is attached by adhesive or me-
up roof to the substrate to prevent slippage.
chanical means,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiornaˉlH11080i? }
backingbrick [CIVENG] Arelativelylow-quality
backnut [DESENG] 1.A threaded nut,one side
brick used behind face brick or other masonry.
of which is dished to retain a grommet; used in
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbrik }
forming a watertight pipe joint,2,A locking
backing off [ENG] Removing excessive body
nut on the shank of a pipe fitting,tap,or valve.
metal from badly worn bits,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i? |o˙f}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
backing plate [ENG] A plate used to support
back off [ENG] 1,To unscrew or disconnect.
thehardwareforthecavityusedinplasticsinjec-
2,To withdraw the drill bit from a borehole.
tion molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
3,To withdraw a cutting tool or grinding wheel
backingpump [MECHENG] A vacuumpump,in
from contact with the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferioro˙f}
a vacuum system using two pumps in tandem,
backorder [INDENG] 1.Anorderheldforfuture
which works directly to the atmosphere and re-
completion,2,A new order placed for pre-
duces the pressure to an intermediate value,
viously unavailable materials of an old order.
usually between 100 and 0.1 pascals,Also
{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?r}
known as fore pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
backplastering [BUILD] A coat of plaster ap-
backingring [ENG] A strip of metal attached at
plied to the back side of lath,opposite the fin-
a pipe joint at the root of a weld to prevent
ished surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorplasH11080tri? }
spatter and to ensure the integrity of the weld.
backplate [BUILD] A plate,usually metal or
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
wood,which serves as a backing for a structural
backing space [ENG] Space between a fore
member,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
pump and a diffusion pump in a leak-testing
backplate lamp holder [DES ENG] A lamp
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
holder,integrally mounted on a plate,which is
backing-space technique [ENG] Testing for
designed for screwing to a flat surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
leaks by connecting a leak detector to the back-
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt vertstrokesuperiorlamp vertstrokeinferiorhoˉlH11080d?r}
ing space,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiortekvertstrokesuperiorneˉk}
backpressure [MECH] Pressure due to a force
backingup [CIV ENG] In masonry,the laying of
that is operating in a direction opposite to that
backing brick,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080i? |?p}
being considered,such as that of a fluid flow.
backjamb See backlining,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorjam }
[MECH ENG] Resistance transferred from rock
backjoint [CIV ENG] In masonry,a rabbet such
into the drill stem when the bit is being fed at
asthatmadeontheinnersideofachimneypiece
a faster rate than the bit can cut,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
to receive a slip,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
backlash [DES ENG] The amount by which the
back-pressure-relief port [ENG] In a plastics
toothspaceofagearexceedsthetooththickness
extrusion die,an opening for the release of ex-
of the mating gear along the pitch circles.
cess material,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?rrivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
[ELECTR] A small reverse current in a rectifier
backrake [DESENG] Anangleonasingle-point
tube caused by the motion of positive ions pro-
turning tool measured between the plane of the
duced in the gas by the impact of thermoelec-
tool face and the reference plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorraˉk}
trons,[ENG] 1.Relativemotionofmechanical
back-run process [CHEM ENG] A process for
parts caused by looseness,2,The difference
manufacturing water gas in which part of the run
between the actual values of a quantity when a
is made down,by passing steam through the
dial controlling this quantity is brought to a
superheater,thence up through the carburetor,
given position by a clockwise rotation and when
down through the generator,and direct to the
it is brought to the same position by a counter-
scrubbers,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorr?n vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
clockwise rotation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorlash }
backsaw [DES ENG] A fine-tooth saw with its
backlining [BUILD] 1,A thin strip which lines a
upper edge stiffened by a metal rib to ensure
window casing,next to the wall and opposite straight cuts,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorso
˙ }
the pulley stile,and provides a smooth surface backscatter gage [ENG] A radar instrument
for the working of the weighted sash,Also used to measure the radiation scattered at 180H11034
knownasbackboxing;backjamb,2.Thatpiece to the direction of the incident wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak
of framing forming the back recess for boxing |skadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaj }
shutters,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080i? } backscatteringthicknessgage [ENG] A device
backlintel [BUILD] A lintel which supports the that uses a radioactive source for measuring the
backing of a masonry wall,as opposed to the thicknessofmaterials,suchascoatings,inwhich
lintel supporting the facing material,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak the source and the instrument measuring the
radiation are mounted on the same side of thevertstrokeinferiorlinH11080t?l}
44
bagtrap
material,the backscattered radiation thus being (sewer) side of a trap to protect the trap against
siphonage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorvent }measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak|skadH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
backward-bladed aerodynamic fan [MECHbackset [BUILD] The horizontal distance from
ENG] A fan that consists of several streamlinedthe face of a lock or latch to the center of the
blades mounted in a revolving casing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080keyhole,knob,or lock cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorset }
w?rd vertstrokeinferiorblaˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorerH11080oˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorfan }backsight [ENG] 1,A sight on a previously es-
backward pass [IND ENG] The calculation oftablishedsurveypointorline,2.Readingalev-
late finishtimes (dates) for alluncompleted net-eling rod in its unchanged position after moving
work activities for a specific project by sub-
the leveling instrument to a different location.
tracting durations of uncompleted activities
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt}
from the scheduled finish time of the final activ-
backsightmethod [ENG] 1,A plane-table trav-
ity,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiorpas }
ersing method in which the table orientation
backwash [CHEM ENG] 1,In an ion-exchange
produces the alignment of the alidade on an
resin system,an upward flow of water through
established map line,the table being rotated
a resin bed that cleans and reclassifies the resin
until the line of sight is coincident with the cor-
particles after exhaustion,2,See blowback.
responding ground line,2.Sighting two pieces
{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorwa¨sh }
of equipment directly at each other in order to
backwatervalve [ENG] A type of check valve in
orient and synchronize one with the other in
a drainage pipe; reversal of flow causes the valve
azimuth and elevation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d}
to close,thereby cutting off flow,Also known
backsiphonage [CIV ENG] The flowing back of
as backflow valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
used,contaminated,or polluted water from a
badger [DES ENG] See badger plane,[ENG]
plumbing fixture or vessel into the pipe which
A tool used inside a pipe or culvert to remove
feeds it; caused by reduced pressure in the pipe.
any excess mortar or deposits,{ vertstrokesuperiorbajH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbak |s?ˉH11080f?nH11080ij }
badger plane [DES ENG] A hand plane whose
backsolution [CONTSYS] Thecalculationofthe
mouth is cut obliquely from side to side,so that
tool-coordinated positions that correspond to
the plane can work close up to a corner,Also
specified robotic joint positions,{ vertstrokesuperiorbak s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080
known as badger,{ vertstrokesuperiorbajH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
sh?n}
baffle [ELEC] Devicefordeflectingoilorgasina
backspace [MECH ENG] To move a typewriter
circuitbreaker,[ELECTR] Anauxiliarymember
carriage back one space by depressing a back-
in a gas tube used,for example,to control the
space key,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
flowofmercuryparticles ordeionizethemercury
backstay [ENG] 1,A supporting cable that pre-
following conduction,[ENG] A plate that reg-
vents a more or less vertical object from falling
ulates the flow of a fluid,as in a steam-boiler
forward,2,A spring used to keep together the
flueoragasolinemuffler,[ENGACOUS] Acab-
cutting edges of purchase shears,3.A rod that
inet or partition used with a loudspeaker to re-
runs from either end of a carriage’s rear axle to
duceinteractionbetweensoundwavesproduced
the reach,4,A leather strip that covers and
simultaneously by the two surfaces of the dia-
strengthens a shoe’s back seam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorstaˉ }
phragm,{ vertstrokesuperiorbafH11080?l}
back sweetening [CHEM ENG] The controlled
bag [ENG] 1.A flexible cover used in bag mold-
addition of commercial-grade mercaptans to a
ing,2,A container made of paper,plastic,or
petroleum stock having excess free sulfur in or-
cloth without rigid walls to transport or store
der to reduce free sulfur by forming a disulfide.
material,{ bag }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbak vertstrokeinferiorsweˉtH11080?nH11080i? }
bagfilter [ENG] Filteringapparatuswithporous
backup [BUILD] That part of a masonry wall be-
clothorfeltbagsthroughwhichdust-ladengases
hind the exterior facing,[CIV ENG] Overflow
are sent,leaving the dust on the inner surfaces
in a drain or piping system,due to stoppage.
of the bags,{ vertstrokesuperiorbag vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
[ENG] 1,An item under development intended
baghouse [ENG] Thelargechamberorroomfor
to perform the same general functions that an-
holdingbagfiltersusedtofiltergasstreamsfrom
other item also under development performs.
a furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorbagvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
2.Acompressiblematerialusedbehindasealant
bagmolding [ENG] A method of molding plas-
to reduce its depth and to support the sealant
tic or plywood-plastic combinations into curved
against sag or indentation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferior?p}
shapes,in which fluid pressure acting through
backupstrip [BUILD] Awoodstripwhichisfixed
a flexible cover,or bag,presses the material to
at the corner of a partition or wall to provide a
be molded against a rigid die,{ vertstrokesuperiorbag vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
nailing surface for ends of lath,Also known as Bagnoldnumber [ENG] A dimensionless num-
lathing board,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorstrip } ber used in saltation studies,{ vertstrokesuperiorbagH11080n?ld
backup system [SYS ENG] A system,normally vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
redundantbutkeptavailabletoreplaceasystem bag plug [ENG] An inflatable drain stopper,
whichmayfailinoperation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} located at the lowest point of a piping system,
backup tong [ENG] A heavy device used on a that acts to seal a pipe when inflated,{ vertstrokesuperiorbag
drill pipe to loosen the tool joints,{ vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
vertstrokeinferiorta¨ng } bag trap [ENG] An S-shaped trap in which the
back vent [CIV ENG] An individual vent for a vertical inlet and outlet pipes are in alignment.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbag vertstrokeinferiortrap }plumbing fixture located on the downstream
45
baguette
baguette See bead molding,{ bavertstrokesuperiorget } of a permanent magnet and surrounded by coils
carrying the audio-frequency current; variationsbail [ENG] A loop of heavy wire snap-fitted
aroundtwoormorepartsofaconnectororother in audio-frequency current cause corresponding
changes in armature magnetism and corres-device to hold the parts together,{ baˉl}
bailer [ENG] A long,cylindrical vessel fitted ponding movements of the armature with re-
spect to the poles of the permanent magnet.with a bail at the upper end and a flap or tongue
valve at the lower extremity; used to remove { vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokesuperiora¨rmH11080?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
balanced construction [BUILD] A plywood orwater,sand,and mud- or cuttings-laden fluids
from aborehole,Also known asbailing bucket,sandwich-panel construction which has an odd
number of plies laminated together so that the{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080?r}
Baileybridge [CIV ENG] A lattice bridge built of constructionisidenticalonbothsidesofaplane
through the center of the panel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nstinterchangeablepanelsconnectedatthecorners
with steel pins,permitting rapid construction; k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
balanceddesign [ENG] A winding pattern useddeveloped in Britain about 1942 as a military
bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbrij } infabricatingfilament-woundreinforcedplastics
that renders the stresses in all the filamentsBaileymeter [ENG] A flowmeter consisting of a
helical quarter-turn vane which operates a equal,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
balanced door [BUILD] A door equipped withcounter to record the total weight of granular
material flowing through vertical or near-vertical double-pivotedhardwarewhichispartiallycoun-
terbalanced toprovide easier operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080ducts,spouts,or pipes,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
bailing [ENG] Removal of the cuttings from a?nst vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
balanced draft [ENG] The maintenance of awell during cable-tool drilling,or of the liquid
from a well,by means of a bailer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080i? } constant draft in a furnace by monitoring both
the incoming air and products of combustion.bailingbucket See bailer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}
bailing drum [ENG] A reel for winding bailing { vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokesuperiordraft }
balanced earthwork [CIV ENG] Cut-and-fillline,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordr?m}
bailingline [ENG] Acableattachedtothebailer work in which the amount of fill equals the
amount of material excavated,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nstof a derrick; it is passed over a sheave at the top
of the derrick and spooled on a reel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080 vertstrokesuperior?rthvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
balanced line [ELEC] A transmission line con-i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
bakedfinish [ENG] Apaint orvarnish finishob- sisting of two conductors capable of being oper-
ated so that the voltages of the two conductorstained by baking,usually at temperatures above
150H11034F (65H11034C),thereby developing a tough,dura- at any transverse plane are equal in magnitude
and opposite in polarity with respect to ground.ble film,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉkt vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish }
bakeout [ENG] The degassing of surfaces of a [IND ENG] A production line for which the time
cycles of the operators are made approximatelyvacuum system by heating during the pumping
process,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉkvertstrokeinferiorau˙t } equal so that the work flows at a desired steady
rate from one operator to the next,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080baker bell dolphin [CIV ENG] A dolphin con-
sisting of a heavy bell-shaped cap pivoted on a?nst vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
balanced method [ENG] Method of measure-groupofpiles;ablowfromashipwilltiltthebell,
thus absorbing energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉkH11080?r |bel vertstrokeinferiorda¨lH11080f?n } ment in which the reading is taken at zero; it
may be a visual or audible reading,and in thebaking [ENG] The use of heat on fresh paint
films to speed the evaporation of thinners and latter case the null is the no-sound setting.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst |methH11080?d}to promote the reaction of binder components
soastoformahardpolymericfilm,Alsoknown balanced reinforcement [CIV ENG] An amount
and distribution of steel reinforcement in a flex-as stoving,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉkH11080i? }
balance [ELEC] The state of an electrical net- ural reinforced concrete member such that the
allowable tensile stress in the steel and the al-work when it is adjusted so that voltage in one
branch induces or causes no current in another lowable compressive stress in the concrete are
attained simultaneously,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?nbranch,[ENG] An instrument for measuring
mass or weight,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns } vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080sm?nt }
balanced sash [BUILD] In a double-hung win-balancearm [BUILD] On a projected window,a
sidesupportingarmwhichisconstructedsothat dow,a sash which opens by being raised or low-
ered and which is balanced with counterweightsthe center of gravity of the sash is not changed
appreciablywhenthewindowisopened,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080 or pretensioned springs so that little force is
required to move the sash,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokeinferiorsash }?ns vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
balancebar See balance beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} balancedstep [BUILD] One of a series of wind-
ers arranged so that the width of each winderbalancebeam [CIVENG] Alongbeam,attached
to a gate (or drawbridge,and such) so as to tread (at the narrow end) is almost equal to the
treadwidthinthestraightportionoftheadjacentcounterbalance the weight of the gate during
opening or closing,Also knownas balance bar,stair flight,Also known as dancing step; danc-
ing winder,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokeinferiorstep }{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
balanced armature unit [ENG ACOUS] Driving balancedvalve [ENG] Avalvehavingequalfluid
pressure in both the opening and closing direc-unit used in magnetic loudspeakers,consisting
of an iron armature pivoted between the poles tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nst vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
46
ball-floatliquid-levelmeter
balance method See null method,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns appliedforce betweentworacesto crushmateri-
als,such as coal,to fine consistency,AlsovertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
known as ball-bearing pulverizer,{ |bo˙l?n |raˉsbalancepipe [ENG] A pipe in a compressed-air
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}piping system that is used to displace trapped
ball-and-ringmethodSeering-and-balltest,{ |bo˙lair so that the condensate can flow freely into
n vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}the trap,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉpe }
ball-and-socket joint [MECH ENG] A joint inbalance tool [MECH ENG] A tool designed for
which a member ending in a ball is joined totaking the first cuts when the external surface of
a member ending in a socket so that relative
a piece in a lathe is being machined; it is sup-
movement is permitted within a certain angle in
ported in the tool holder at an unvarying angle.
all planes passing through a line,Also known
{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
as ball joint,{ |bo˙l?n vertstrokesuperiorsa¨kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
balance wheel [MECH ENG] 1,A wheel which
ball-and-trunnion joint [MECH ENG] A joint in
governs or stabilizes the movement of a mecha-
which a universal joint and a slip joint are com-
nism,2,See flywheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
bined in a single assembly,{ |bo˙l?n vertstrokesuperiortr?nH11080
balancing a survey [ENG] Distributing correc-
y?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
tions through any traverse to eliminate the error
ballast [CIV ENG] Crushed stone used in a rail-
of closure and to obtain an adjusted position for
road bed to support the ties,hold the track in
each traverse station,Also known as traverse
line,and help drainage,[ELEC] A circuit ele-
adjustment,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nsH11080ivertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
ment that serves to limit an electric current or
balancing delay [IND ENG] In motion study,
to provide a starting voltage,as in certain types
idleness of one hand while the other is active to
of lamps,such as in fluorescent ceiling fixtures.
catch up,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nsH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?st }
balancing plug cock See balancing valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080
ball bearing [MECH ENG] An antifriction bear-
nsH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
ing permitting free motion between moving and
balancing valve [ENG] A valve used in a pipe
fixed parts by means of balls confined between
for controlling fluid flow; not usually used to
outer and inner rings,{ vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
shutofftheflow,Alsoknownasbalancingplug
ball-bearing hinge [MECH ENG] A hinge which
cock,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
isequippedwithballbearingsbetweenthehinge
balconet [BUILD] A pseudobalcony; a low orna-
knuckles in order to reduce friction,{ vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080
mental railing at a window,projecting only
i?vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
slightly beyond the threshold or sill,{ |balH11080
ball-bearingpulverizerSee ball-and-race-type pul-
k?|net }
verizer,{ vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
balcony [BUILD] A deck which projects from a
ball bonding [ENG] The making of electrical
building wall above ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080k?H11080neˉ }
connections in which a flame is used to cut a
balcony outlet [BUILD] In a vertical rainwater
wire,themolten endofwhichsolidifies asaball,
pipe that passes through an exterior balcony,a
which is pressed against the bonding pad on an
fitting which provides an inlet for the drainage
integrated circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
of rainwater from the balcony,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080k?H11080neˉ
ball breaker [ENG] 1,A steel or iron ball that
|au˙tvertstrokeinferiorlet }
is hoisted by a derrick and allowed to fall on
bale [IND ENG] 1,A large package of material,
blocks of waste stone to break them or to swing
pressed tightly together,tied with rope,wire,or
against old buildings to demolish them,Also
hoops and usually covered with wrapping.
known as skull cracker; wrecking ball,2,A cor-
2,The amount of material in a bale; sometimes
ing and sampling device consisting of a hollow
used as a unit of measure,as 500 pounds (227
glass ball,3 to 5 inches (7.5 to 12.5 centimeters)
kilograms) of cotton in the United States.
in diameter,held in a frame attached to the trig-
{baˉl}
ger line above the triggering weight of the corer;
baler [MECH ENG] A machine which takes large
used to indicate contact between corer and bot-
quantities ofraw orfinished materialsand binds
tom,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l |braˉkH11080?r}
them with rope or metal straps or wires into a
ballbushing [MECHENG] Atype ofball bearing
large package,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080?r}
that allows motion of the shaft in its axial direc-
baling [CIV ENG] A technique used to convert
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorbu˙shH11080i? }
loose refuse into heavy blocks by compaction;
ball catch [DES ENG] A door fastener having a
the blocks are then burned and are buried in
contained metal ball which is under pressure
sanitary landfill,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉlH11080i? }
from a spring; the ball engages a striking plate
balk [BUILD] A squared timber used in building and keeps the door from opening until force is
construction,[CIV ENG] A low ridge of earth applied,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo
˙l vertstrokeinferiorkach }
that marks a boundary line,{ bo˙k} ball check valve [ENG] A valve having a ball
balking [IND ENG] The refusal of a customer to held by a spring against a seat; used to permit
enter a queue for some reason,such as insuffi- flow in one direction only,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
cient waiting room,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙kH11080i? } ballfloat [MECHENG] A floating device,usually
ball [MECH ENG] In fine grinding,one of the approximately spherical,which is used to oper-
crushing bodies used in a ball mill,{ bo˙l} ate a ball valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
ball-and-race-type pulverizer [MECH ENG] A ball-floatliquid-levelmeter [ENG] A floatwhich
rises and falls with liquid level,actuating agrinding machine in which balls rotate under an
47
ballgrinder
pointer adjacent to a calibrated scale in order ballistic measurement [MECH] Any measure-
ment in which an impulse is applied to a deviceto measurethe level ofa liquidin a tankor other
container,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt |likH11080w?d |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } such as the bob of a ballistic pendulum,or the
moving part of a ballistic galvanometer,and theballgrinder See ball mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorgrindH11080?r}
ballhead [MECH ENG] That part of the governor subsequent motion of the device is used to de-
terminethemagnitudeoftheimpulse,and,fromwhich contains flyweights whose force is bal-
anced,at least in part,by the force of compres- this magnitude,the quantity to be measured.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }sion of a speeder spring,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙lvertstrokeinferiorhed }
Ballinghydrometer [ENG] Atypeofsaccharom- ballistic pendulum [ENG] A device which uses
the deflection of a suspended weight to deter-eterused todeterminethedensity ofsugarsolu-
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙lH11080i? h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } mine the momentum of a projectile,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080
tik vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}ballistic body [ENG] A body free to move,be-
have,and be modified in appearance,contour,ballistics [MECH] Branch of applied mechanics
which deals with the motion and behavior char-or texture by ambient conditions,substances,or
forces,such as by the pressure of gases in a gun,acteristics of missiles,that is,projectiles,
bombs,rockets,guided missiles,and so forth,by rifling in a barrel,by gravity,by temperature,
or by air particles,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ } and of accompanying phenomena,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080
tiks }ballistic coefficient [MECH] The numerical
measure of the ability of a missile to overcome ballisticseparator [CIVENG] Adevicethattakes
out noncompostable material like stones,glass,airresistance;dependentuponthemass,diame-
ter,and form factor,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt } metal,and rubber,from solid waste by passing
the waste over a rotor that has impellers to flingballistic conditions [MECH] Conditions which
affect the motion of a projectile in the bore and the material in the air; the lighter organic (com-
postable) material travels a shorter distancethroughtheatmosphere,includingmuzzleveloc-
ity,weight ofprojectile,sizeand shapeofprojec- than the heavier (noncompostable) material.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}tile,rotation of the earth,density of the air,tem-
perature or elasticity of the air,and the wind,ballistics of penetration [MECH] That part of
terminal ballistics which treats of the motion of{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik k?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?ns }
ballistic curve [MECH] The curve described by a projectile as it forces its way into targets of
solid or semisolid substances,such as earth,the path of a bullet,a bomb,or other projectile
as determined by the ballistic conditions,by the concrete,or steel,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks?vpen H11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080
sh?n}propulsive force,and by gravity,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik
vertstrokesuperiork?rv} ballistic table [MECH] Compilation of ballistic
data from which trajectory elements such asballistic deflection [MECH] The deflection of a
missile due to its ballistic characteristics,angle of fall,range to summit,time of flight,and
ordinate at any time,can be obtained,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n}
ballistic density [MECH] A representation of tik vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080b?l}
ballistictemperature [MECH] That temperaturethe atmospheric density encountered by a pro-
jectile in flight,expressed as a percentage of (inH11034F)which,whenregardedasasurfacetemper-
ature and used in conjunction with the lapsethe density according to the standard artillery
atmosphere,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ } rate of the standard artillery atmosphere,would
produce the same effect on a projectile as theballistic efficiency [MECH] 1,The ability of a
projectile to overcome the resistance of the air; actual temperature distribution encountered by
the projectile in flight,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080depends chiefly on the weight,diameter,and
shape of the projectile,2,The external effi- ch?r}
ballistic trajectory [MECH] The trajectory fol-ciencyofarocketorotherjetengineofamissile.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } lowed by a body being acted upon only by gravi-
tational forces and resistance of the mediumballistic entry [MECH] Movement of a ballistic
body from without to within a planetary atmos- through which it passes,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?H11080
reˉ }phere,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080treˉ }
ballistic instrument [ENG] Any instrument,ballistic uniformity [MECH] The capability of a
propellant,whenfiredunderidenticalconditionssuch as a ballistic galvanometer or a ballistic
pendulum,that measures an impact or sudden from round to round,to impart uniform muzzle
velocity and produce similar interior ballisticpulse of energy,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
ballisticlimit [MECH] The minimum velocity at results,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?dH11080eˉ }
ballistic vehicle [ENG] A nonlifting vehicle; awhich a particular armor-piercing projectile is
expected to consistently and completely pene- vehicle that follows a ballistic trajectory.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}trate armor plate of given thickness and physical
properties at a specified angle of obliquity,ballistic wave [MECH] An audible disturbance
caused by compression of air ahead of a missile{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t}
ballisticmagnetometer [ENG] A magnetometer in flight,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv}
ballisticwind [MECH] Thatconstantwindwhichdesigned to employ the transient voltage in-
duced in a coil when either the magnetized sam- would produce the same effect upon the trajec-
tory of a projectile as the actual wind encoun-ple or coil are moved relative to each other.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r } tered in flight,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorwind }
48
bandwheel
ballmill [MECH ENG] A pulverizer that consists frictional force is applied by increasing the ten-
of a horizontal rotating cylinder,up to three di- sion in a flexible band to tighten it around the
ameters in length,containing a charge of tum- drum,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorbra
ˉk}
bling or cascading steel balls,pebbles,or rods.
bandchain [ENG] A steel or Invar tape,gradua-
Also known as ball grinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiormil }
ted in feet and at least 100 feet (30.5 meters)
balloonframing [CIV ENG] Framing for a build-
long,used for accurate surveying,{ vertstrokesuperiorband
ing in which each stud is one piece from roof to
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
foundation,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨n vertstrokeinferiorframH11080i? }
band clamp [DES ENG] A two-piece metal
balloting [MECH] A tossing or bounding move-
clamp,secured by bolts at both ends; used to
ment of a projectile,withinthe limits of the bore
hold riser pipes,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorklamp }
diameter,while moving through the bore under
band clutch [MECH ENG] A friction clutch in
the influence of the propellant gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080
which a steel band,lined with fabric,contracts
dH11080i? }
onto the clutch rim,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
ball-peenhammer [ENG] A hammer with a ball
bandcourse See band,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
at one end of the head; used in riveting and
banding [DES ENG] A strip of fabric which is
forming metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙lvertstrokeinferiorpeˉn vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
used for bands,hydIn a glacier,a structure of
ballpendulumtest [ENG] A test for measuring
alternate ice layers of different textures and
thestrengthofexplosives;consistsofmeasuring
appearance,{ vertstrokesuperiorbandH11080i? }the swing of a pendulum produced by the explo-
bandmolding See band,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }sion of a weighed charge of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l
vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokeinferiortest } band-pass [ELECTR] A range,in hertz or kilo-
ballrace [DES ENG] A track,channel,or groove hertz,expressing thedifference betweenthe lim-
in which ball bearings turn,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorraˉs} iting frequencies at which a desired fraction
ball screw [MECH ENG] An element used to (usually half power) of the maximum output is
convert rotation to longitudinal motion,con-
obtained,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas }
sisting of a threaded rod linked to a threaded
band-passamplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier de-
nut by ball bearings constrained to roll in the
signed to pass a definite band of frequencies
space formed by the threads,in order to reduce
withessentiallyuniformresponse,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas
friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
|amH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
balltest [CIV ENG] In a drain,a test for freedom
band-pass filter [ELECTR] An electric filter
from obstruction and for circularity in which a
which transmits more or less uniformly in a cer-
ball (less than the diameter of the drain by a
tain band,outside of which the frequency com-
specified amount) is rolled through the drain.
ponents are attenuated,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiortest }
band-pass response [ELECTR] Response char-
ball-up [ENG] 1,During a drilling operation,
acteristics in which a definite band of frequen-
collection by a portion of the drilling equipment
cies is transmitted uniformly,Also known as
of a mass of viscous consolidated material.
flat top response,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns }
2.Failure of an anchor to hold on a soft bottom,
band-passsystem [ENGACOUS] Aloudspeaker
by pulling out with a large ball of mud attached.
system,often used for subwoofers,in which the
{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferior?p}
speaker is mounted inside an enclosure on a
ballvalve [MECHENG] Avalveinwhichthefluid
shelf that divides the enclosure into two parts,
flow is regulated by a ball moving relative to a
and oneor bothparts arecoupled to theoutsidespherical socket as a result of fluid pressure and
by a vent; the frequency response of the systemthe weight of the ball,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
baluster [BUILD] Apostwhichsupportsahand- is that of a fourth-order band-pass filter (one
railandenclosestheopensectionsofastairway,vent) or an asymmetrical sixth-order band-pass
{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?H11080st?r} filter (two vents),{ vertstrokesuperiorbandvertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
balustrade [BUILD] The railing assembly of a
band-rejectionfilter See band-stop filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorband
stairway consisting of the handrail,balusters,
rivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
and usually a bottom rail,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstraˉd}
band saw [MECH ENG] A power-operated
band [BUILD] Any horizontal flat member or
woodworking saw consisting basically of a flexi-
molding or group ofmoldings projecting slightly
ble band of steel having teeth on one edge,run-
from a wall plane and usually marking a division
ning over two vertical pulleys,and operated
in the wall,Also known as band course; band
under tension,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
molding,[DES ENG] A strip or cord crossing
band selector [ELECTR] A switch that selects
the back of a book to which the sections are
anyofthebandsinwhichareceiver,signalgener-
sewn,{ band }
ator,or transmitter is designed to operate and
bandage [BUILD] A strap,band,ring,or chain
usually has two or more sections to make the
placed around a structure to secure and hold its
requiredchangesinalltuningcircuitssimultane-
parts together,as around the springing of a
ously,Also known as band switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorband
dome,[ELEC] Rubber ribbon about 4 inches
s?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
(10 centimeters) wide for temporarily protecting
bandwheel [MECHENG] Inadrillingoperation,a telephone or coaxial splice from moisture.
a large wheel that transmits power from the en-{ vertstrokesuperiorbanH11080dij }
band brake [MECH ENG] A brake in which the gine to the walking beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
49
bang-bangcontrol
bang-bang control [CONT SYS] A type of auto- barefacedtenon [ENG] Atenonhavingashoul-
der cut on one side only,{ vertstrokesuperiorbervertstrokeinferiorfaˉst |tenH11080?n}matic control system in which the applied con-
bare tube [ENG] In a heat exchanger,a tubetrol signals assume either their maximum or
whoseinnerandoutersurfacesarebothsmooth.minimum values,{ |ba? |ba? k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
{ |ber vertstrokesuperiortu¨b}bang-bang-offcontrolSeebang-zero-bang control.
bargeboard See vergeboard,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rjvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }{ |ba? |ba?vertstrokesuperioro˙fk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
bargecouple [BUILD] 1.One of two rafters thatbang-bang robot [CONT SYS] A simple robot
support that part of a gable roof which projectsthatcanmakeonlytwotypesofmotions,{ |ba?
beyond the gable wall,2,One of the rafters
|ba?vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
(under the barge course) which serve as grounds
bang-zero-bang control [CONT SYS] A type of
for the vergeboards and carry the plastering or
control in which the control values are at their
boarding of the soffits,Also known as barge
maximum,zero,or minimum,Also known as
rafter,{ ba¨rj vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?l}
bang-bang-off control,{ |ba?vertstrokeinferiorzirH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorba?
barge course [BUILD] 1,The coping of a wall,
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
formed by a course of bricks set on edge,2,In
banister [BUILD] A handrail for a staircase.
a tiled roof,the part of the tiling which projects
{ vertstrokesuperiorbanH11080?H11080st?r}
beyond the principal rafters where there is a
bank [CIV ENG] See embankment,[ELEC] 1.
gable,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rj vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
A number of similar electrical devices,such as
bargerafter See barge couple,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rj vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r}
resistors,connected together for use as a single
bargespike See boat spike,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rj vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉk}
device,2.Anassemblageoffixedcontactsover
bargestone [BUILD] One of the stones,gener-
which one or more wipers or brushes move in
ally projecting,which form the sloping top of a
ordertoestablishelectrical connectionsinauto-
gable built of masonry,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rj vertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}
matic switching,[ENG] A pipework installa-
barhole [ENG] A small-diameter hole made in
tion in which the pipes are set parallel to each
the ground along the route of a gas pipe in a
other in proximity,[IND ENG] The amount of
bar test survey,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
material allowed to accumulate at a point on a
Bari-Sol process [CHEM ENG] Removal of
production line where it is not employed or
waxes from liquid hydrocarbons by extraction
worked upon,to permit reasonable fluctuations
of the wax with a mixed ethylene dichloride-
in line speed before and after the point,Also
benzene solvent,followed by separation from
known as float,{ ba?k}
the hydrocarbon in a centrifuge,{ |ba¨rH11080eˉ |sa¨l
banker [ENG] The bench or table upon which
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
bricklayers and stonemasons prepare and shape
barjoist [BUILD] Asmallsteeltrusswithwireor
their material,{ vertstrokesuperiorba?H11080k?r}
rod web lacing used for roof and floor supports.
bank material [CIV ENG] Soil or rock in place
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorjo˙ist }
before excavation or blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorba?km?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080
barker [DES ENG] See bark spud,[ENG] A
eˉH11080?l}
machine,used mainly in pulp mills,which re-
bankmeasure [CIV ENG] The volume of a given
moves the bark from logs,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rH11080k?r}
portion ofsoil or rockas measured inits original
barkometer [CHEM ENG] A hydrometer cali-
position before excavation,{ vertstrokesuperiorba?k vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?r}
brated to test the strength of tanning liquors
bar [MECH] A unit of pressure equal to 10
5
pas-
used in tanning leather,{ ba¨rvertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
cals,or 10
5
newtons per square meter,or 10
6
bark spud [DES ENG] A tool which peels off
dynes per square centimeter,{ ba¨r}
bark,Also known as barker,{ vertstrokesuperiorbark vertstrokeinferiorsp?d}
Ba′ra′ny chair [ENG] A chair in which a person
bar linkage [MECH ENG] A set of bars joined
is revolved to test his susceptibility to vertigo.
togetheratpivotsbymeansofpinsorequivalent
{b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨nH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorcher }
devices;usedtotransmitpowerandinformation.
barbbolt [DESENG] Abolthavingjaggededges
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
to prevent its being withdrawn from the object
Barlow’s equation [MECH] A formula,t H11005
into which it is driven,Also known as rag bolt.
DP/2S,used in computing the strength of cylin-
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rb vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
ders subject to internal pressures,where t is the
bar bending [CIV ENG] In reinforced concrete
thickness of the cylinder ininches,Dthe outside
construction,the process of bending reinforcing
diameter in inches,Pthepressure in pounds per
bars to various shapes,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorbenH11080di? }
squareinch,andStheallowabletensilestrength
barchair See bar support,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorcher }
in pounds per square inch,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rvertstrokeinferiorloˉzivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080
bar clamp [DES ENG] A clamping device con-
zh?n}
sisting of a long bar with adjustable clamping barnacle [ENG] A nodelike deposit that occurs
jaws; used in carpentry,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorklamp } on the surface of a heat exchanger tube or an
bare board [ELECTR] A printed circuit board evaporatingdeviceandhas asemigranularouter
with conductors but no electronic components,shell bonded to the fouled surface,enclosing a
{ |ber vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd } slurry of putrefying organisms,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rH11080n?H11080k?l}
bareboat charter [IND ENG] An agreement to barodynamics [MECH] The mechanics of heavy
charter a ship without its crew or stores; the fee structures which may collapse under their own
for its use for a predetermined period of time is weight,{ vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?H11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
based on the price per ton of cargo handled,barogram [ENG] The record ofan aneroid baro-
graph,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }{ vertstrokesuperiorbervertstrokeinferiorboˉt vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rdH11080?r}
50
barrelroof
barograph See aneroid barograph,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } barothermogram [ENG] The record made by a
barothermograph,{ |barH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgram }barometer [ENG] An absolute pressure gage
specifically designed to measure atmospheric barothermograph [ENG] An instrument which
automaticallyrecordspressureandtemperature.pressure,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
barometric [ENG] Pertaining to a barometer or { |barH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
barothermohygrogram [ENG] The record madeto the results obtained by using a barometer.
{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik } by a barothermohygrograph,{ |barH11080oˉ|th?rH11080
moˉvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokeinferior gram }barometric altimeter See pressure altimeter.
{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r} barothermohygrograph [ENG] An instrument
that produces graphs of atmospheric pressure,barometric condenser [MECH ENG] A contact
condenser that uses a long,vertical pipe into temperature,and humidity on a single sheet of
paper,{ |barH11080oˉ|th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }which the condensate and cooling liquid flow to
accomplish their removal by the pressure cre- barotropicphenomenon [THERMO] Thesinking
of a vapor beneath the surface of a liquid whenated at the lower end of the pipe,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080
rik k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r } the vapor phase has the greater density,{ vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080
vertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080ik f?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?vertstrokeinferiorna¨n}barometric draft regulator [MECH ENG] A
damper usually installed in the breeching be- barpost [CIV ENG] One of the posts driven into
the ground to form the sides of a field gate.tween a boiler and chimney; permits air to enter
the breeching automatically as required,to { vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
barrage [CIV ENG] An artificial dam which in-maintainaconstantoverfiredraftinthecombus-
tion chamber,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik vertstrokesuperiordraft regH11080y? creases the depth of water of a river or water-
course,or diverts it intoa channel for navigationvertstrokesuperiorlaˉdH11080?r}
barometricelevation [ENG] An elevation above or irrigation,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨zh }
barrage-type spillway [CIV ENG] A passage formean sea level estimated from the difference
in atmospheric pressure between the point in surplus water with sluice gates across the width
of the entrance,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨zh vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }question and an elevation of known value.
{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik elH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n} barred-and-braced gate [CIV ENG] A gate with
a diagonal brace to reinforce the horizontalbarometricfuse [ENG] A fuse that functions as
a result of change in the pressure exerted by the timbers,{ |ba¨rd?n |braˉst vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
barredgate [CIV ENG] A gate with one or moresurrounding air,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
barometric hypsometry [ENG] The determina- horizontal timber rails,{ |ba¨rd vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
barrel [DES ENG] 1,A container having a circu-tionofelevationsbymeansofeithermercurialor
aneroid barometers,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik hipvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?H11080 lar lateral cross section that is largest in the
middle,and ends that are flat; often made oftreˉ }
barometricleveling [ENG] Themeasurementof staves held together by hoops,2,A piece of
small pipe inserted in the end of a cartridge toapproximate elevation differences in surveying
with the aid of a barometer; used especially for carrythesquibtothepowder,3.Thatportionof
apipehavingaconstantboreandwallthickness.large areas,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080rik vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lH11080i? }
barometric switch See baroswitch,{ barH11080?vertstrokesuperiormetH11080 [MECH] Abbreviated bbl,1,The unit of liquid
volumeequal to31.5gallons (approximately119rik vertstrokesuperiorswich }
barometrograph See aneroid barograph,{ barH11080 liters),2,The unit of liquid volume for petro-
leum equal to 42 gallons (approximately 158?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
barometry [ENG] The study of the measure- liters),3,The unit of dry volume equal to 105
quarts (approximately 116 liters),4,A unit ofment of atmospheric pressure,with particular
reference to ascertaining and correcting the weight that varies in size according to the com-
modity being weighed,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l}errors of the different types of barometer.
{b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?H11080treˉ } barrelbolt [DES ENG] A door bolt which moves
ina cylindricalcasing; notdriven bya key,Alsobaromil [MECH] Theunitoflengthusedingrad-
uating a mercury barometer in the centimeter- known as tower bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
barrel compressor [MECH ENG] A centrifugalgram-second system,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiormil }
baroscope [ENG] An apparatus which demon- compressor having a barrel-shaped housing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lk?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}stratesthe equalityoftheweight ofairdisplaced
by an object and its loss of weight in air,barreldrain [CIV ENG] Any drain which is cylin-
drical,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
barostat [ENG] A mechanism which maintains barrel-etch reactor [ENG] A type of plasma
reactor in which the specimens to be etched areconstant pressure inside a chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080
vertstrokeinferiorstat } placed in a quartz support stand and a plasma
is generated that diffuses and contacts them.baroswitch [ENG] 1,A pressure-operated
switching device used in a radiosonde which de- { |barH11080?l |ech reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
barrel fitting [DES ENG] A short length oftermines whether temperature,humidity,or ref-
erence signals will be transmitted,2,Any threaded connecting pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }
barrelhead [DES ENG] The flat end of a barrel.switch operated by a change in barometric pres-
sure,Also known as barometric switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorhed }
barrelroof [BUILD] 1,A roof of semicylindrical{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorswich }
51
barrelspercalendarday
section; capable of spanning long distances par- to the bottom rail of a sash,for raising or low-
ering it,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokesuperiorsash vertstrokeinferiorlift }allel to the axis of the cylinder,2,See barrel
bar screen [MECH ENG] A sieve with parallelvault,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
steel bars for separating small from large piecesbarrels per calendar day [CHEM ENG] A unit
of crushed rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}measuring the average rate of oil processing in
barstrainer [DES ENG] A screening device con-a petroleum refinery,with allowances for down-
sisting of a bar or a number or parallel bars;time over a period of time,Abbreviated BCD.
used to prevent objects from entering a drain.{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lz p?r |kalH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorda
ˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorstraˉnH11080?r}
barrelsperday [CHEM ENG] A unit measuring
barsupport [CIVENG] A device usedto support
the rate at which petroleum is produced at
or hold steel reinforcing bars in proper position
the refinery,Abbreviated BD; bpd,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lz
before or during the placement of concrete.
p?r vertstrokesuperiordaˉ }
Also known as bar chair,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rs?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt }
barrelspermonth [CHEM ENG] A unit measur-
bartestsurvey [ENG] Aleakagesurveyinwhich
ing the rate at which petroleum is produced at
bar holes are driven or bored at regular intervals
the refinery,Abbreviated BM; bpm,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lz
along the way of an underground gas pipe and
p?r vertstrokesuperiorm?nth }
the atmosphere in the holes is tested with a
barrelsperstreamday [CHEMENG] Ameasure-
combustible gas detector or such,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiortest
ment used to denote rate of oil or oil-product
vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
flow while a fluid-processing unit is in continu-
Barthplan [IND ENG] A wage incentive plan in-
ous operation,Abbreviated BSD,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?lz
tended for a low task and for all efficiency points
p?r |streˉm vertstrokeinferiordaˉ }
anddefinedas:earningH11005rateperhourH11003square
barrenliquor [CHEM ENG] Liquid (liquor) from
root of the product (hours standard H11003 hours
filter-cake washing in which there is little or no
actual),{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨rth vertstrokeinferiorplan }
recovery value; for example,barren cyanide
bar turret lathe [MECH ENG] A turret lathe in
liquorfromwashingofgoldcakeslimes,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080
whichthebarstockisslidthroughtheheadstock
n |likH11080?r}
and collet on line with the turning axis of the
barricade [ENG] Structure composed essen-
latheandheldfirmlybytheclosedcollet,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r
tially of concrete,earth,metal,or wood,or any
vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
combination thereof,and so constructed as to
bar-typegrating [CIVENG] Anopengridassem-
reduceor confinetheblasteffect andfragmenta-
bly of metal bars in which the bearing bars (run-
tion of an explosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉd}
ning in one direction) arespaced by rigid attach-
barricade shield [ENG] A type of movable
ment to crossbars,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080i? }
shield made of a material designed to absorb
barycentricenergy [MECH] Theenergyofasys-
ionizing radiation,for protection from radiation.
tem in its center-of-mass frame,{ vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉd vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
trik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
barrier capacitance [ELECTR] The capacitance
barye [MECH] Thepressureunitofthecentime-
that exists between the p-type and n-type semi-
ter-gram-second system of physical units; equal
conductor materials in a semiconductorpnjunc-
to 1 dyne per square centimeter (0.001 millibar).
tion that is reverse-biased so that it does not
Also known as microbar,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaH11080reˉ }
conduct,Alsoknownasdepletion-layercapaci-
basaltunnel [ENG] A water supply tunnel con-
tance; junction capacitance,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?rk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080
structed along the basal water table,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080s?l
dH11080?ns }
vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l}
barriercurb [CIVENG] Acurbwithverticalsides
bascule [ENG] Astructurethatrotatesaboutan
high enough to keep vehicles from crossing it.
axis,as a seesaw,with a counterbalance (for the
{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiork?rb }
weight of the structure) at one end,{ vertstrokesuperiorbavertstrokeinferiorsku¨l}
barrier layer See depletion layer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080
bascule bridge [CIV ENG] A movable bridge
r}
consisting primarily of a cantilever span ex-
barrierseparation [CHEM ENG] The separation
tendingacross achannel; itrotates abouta hori-
of a two-component gaseous mixture by selec-
zontal axis parallel with the waterway.
tive diffusion of one component through a sepa-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbavertstrokeinferiorsku¨l vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
rative barrier (microporous metal or nonporous
bascule leaf [CIV ENG] The span of a bascule
polymeric),{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r sepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorbavertstrokeinferiorsku¨l vertstrokeinferiorleˉf}
barrier shield [ENG] A wall or enclosure made
base [CHEMENG] The primary substance in so-
of a material designed to absorb ionizing radia-
lution in crude oil,and remaining after distilla-
tion,shielding the operator from an area where tion,[ELECTR] 1.Theregionthatliesbetween
radioactive material is being used or processed an emitter and a collector of a transistor and
by remote-control equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r intowhichminoritycarriersareinjected,2.The
vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld } part of an electron tube that has the pins,leads,
barrow See handbarrow; wheelbarrow,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaH11080roˉ } orotherterminalstowhichexternalconnections
barrow run [CIV ENG] A temporary pathway of are made either directly or through a socket.
wood planks or sheets to provide a smooth ac- 3.The plastic,ceramic,or other insulating board
cess for wheeled materials-handling carriers on that supports a printed wiring pattern,[ENG]
a building site,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaH11080roˉ vertstrokeinferiorr?n} Foundation or part upon which an object or in-
strument rests,{ baˉs}barsashlift [BUILD] A type of handle,attached
52
basicelement
baseanchor [BUILD] The metal piece attached energy-absorbing materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?|laˉdH11080
to the base of a doorframe for the purpose of?rz }
securing the frame to the floor,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r} base line Abbreviated BL,[ELECTR] The line
baseapparatus [ENG] Any apparatus designed traced on amplitude-modulated indicators
foruseinmeasuring withaccuracyandprecision which corresponds to the power level of the
the length of a base line in triangulation,or the weakestechodetectedbytheradar;itisretraced
length of a line in first- or second-order traverse,with every pulse transmitted by the radar but
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorradH11080?s} appears as a nearly continuous display on the
base bias [ELECTR] The direct voltage that is
scope,[ENG] 1,A surveyed line,established
applied to the majority-carrier contact (base) of
with more than usual care,to which surveys are
a transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080?s}
referred for coordination and correlation,2,A
base block [BUILD] 1,A block of any material,
cardinal line extending east and west along the
generally with little or no ornament,forming the
astronomic parallel passing through the initial
lowest member of a base,or itself fulfilling the
point,along which standard township,section,
functions of a base,as a member applied to the
and quarter-section corners are established.
footof adoor orto windowtrim,2.Arectangu-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
lar block at the base of a casing or column which
base-line check See ground check,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn
the baseboard abuts,3,See skirting block.
vertstrokeinferiorchek }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
basement [BUILD] A building story which is
baseboard [BUILD] A finish board covering
whollyorlessthanhalfbelowground;itisgener-
the interior wall at the junction of the wall and
ally used for living space,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080m?nt }
the floor,Also known as skirt; skirting.
basementwall [BUILD] Afoundationwallwhich
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
enclosesausableareaunderabuilding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080
baseboard heater [BUILD] Heating elements
m?nt vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
installedinpanelsalongthebaseboardofawall.
basemolding [BUILD] Moldingusedtotrimthe
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
upper edge of interior baseboard,Also known
baseboard radiator [CIV ENG] A heating unit
as base cap,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
which is located at the lower portion of a wall
basenet [ENG] A system,insurveying,ofquad-
andtowhichheatis suppliedbyhotwater,warm
rilateralsandtrianglesthatincludeandarequite
air,steam,or electricity,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉ
close to a base line in a triangulation system.
vertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs |net }
basecap See base molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorkap }
basepin See pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorpin }
basecircle [DES ENG] The circle on a gear such
base plate [DES ENG] The part of a theodolite
that each tooth-profile curve is an involute of it.
which carries the lower ends of the three foot
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
screws and attaches the theodolite to the tripod
basecorrection [ENG] Theadjustmentmadeto
for surveying,[ENG] A metal plate that pro-
reduce measurements taken in field exploration
vides support or a foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
to express them with reference to the base sta-
basepressure [MECH] Apressureusedasaref-
tion values,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsk?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}
erence base,for example,atmospheric pressure.
basecourse [BUILD] The lowest course or first
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs |preshH11080?r}
course of a wall,[CIV ENG] The first layer of
base screed [ENG] A metal screed with ex-
material laid down in construction of a pave-
panded or short perforated flanges that serves
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
as a dividing strip between plaster and cement
base elbow [DES ENG] A cast-iron pipe elbow
and acts as a guide to indicate proper thickness
having a baseplate or flange which is cast on it
of cement or plaster,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorskreˉd}
and by which it is supported,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs |elvertstrokeinferiorboˉ }
base sheet [BUILD] Saturated or coated felt
baseelectrode [ELECTR] An ohmic or majority
sheeting which is laid as the first ply in a built-
carrier contact to the base region of a transistor.
up roofing membrane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorsheˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
base shoe [BUILD] A molding at the base of a
baseflashing [BUILD] 1,The flashing provided
baseboard,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
by upturned edges of a watertight membrane on
base shoe corner [BUILD] A molding piece or
a roof,2.Any metal or composition flashing at
blockappliedinthecornerofaroomtoeliminate
thejoint betweenaroofingsurface andavertical
theneedformiteringthebaseshoe,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs |shu¨
surface,such as a wall or parapet,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080n?r}
vertstrokeinferiorflashH11080i? }
basestation [ENG] The point from which a sur-base isolators [CIV ENG] Components placed
vey begins,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}within a building (not always at the base) which
basetee [DESENG] Apipeteewithaconnectedare relatively flexible in the lateral direction,yet
baseplate for supporting it,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorteˉ }can sustain the vertical load,When an earth-
base tile [BUILD] The lowest course of tiles inquake causes ground motions,base isolators
a tiled wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiort?ˉl}allowthestructuretorespondmuchmoreslowly
basetime See normal element time; normal time.than it would without them,resulting in lower
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}seismic demand on the structure,Isolators may
basicelementSeeelementalmotion,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080sikvertstrokesuperiorelH11080be laminated steel with high-quality rubber
pads,sometimes incorporating lead or other?H11080m?nt }
53
basicfeasiblesolution
basicfeasiblesolution [IND ENG] A basic solu- bastard thread [DES ENG] A screw thread that
tion to a linear program model in which all the does not match any standard threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080
variables are nonnegative,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080sik |feˉzH11080?H11080b?l t?rd vertstrokeinferiorthred }
s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n} bastardtuckpointing [BUILD] Animitationtuck
basic grasp [IND ENG] Any one of the funda- pointing in which the external face is parallel to
mentalmeansoftakingholdofanobject,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080 thewall,butprojectsslightlyandcastsashadow.
sik |grasp } Alsoknownasbastardpointing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080t?rd |t?k
basic motion [IND ENG] A single,complete vertstrokeinferiorpo
˙intH11080i? }
movement of a body member; determined by
bat bolt [DES ENG] A bolt whose butt or tang
motion studies,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080sik vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
is bashed or jagged,{ vertstrokesuperiorbat vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
basicmotion-timestudy [IND ENG] A system of
batch [ENG] 1,The quantity of material re-
predetermined motion-time standards for basic
quired for or produced by one operation.
motions,Abbreviated BMT study,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080sik
2.An amountof materialsubjected tosome unit
vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
chemical process or physical mixing process to
basicsolution [IND ENG] A solution to a linear
make the final product substantially uniform.
program model,consisting of m equations in n
{ bach }
variables,obtained by solving for m variables in
batchbox [ENG] A container of known volume
terms of the remaining (n H11002 m) variables and
used to measure and mix the constituents of a
setting the (n H11002 m) variables equal to zero.
batch of concrete,plaster,or mortar,to ensure
{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉH11080sik s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}
proper proportions,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
basic truss [MECH] A framework of bars ar-
batch distillation [CHEM ENG] Distillation
ranged so that for any given loading of the bars
where the entire batch of liquid feed is placed
the forces on the bars are uniquely determined
into the still at the beginning of the operation,
by the laws of statics,{ |baˉsH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortr?s}
in contrast to continuous distillation,where liq-
basin [CIVENG] 1.Adockemployingfloodgates
uid is fed continuously into the still,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach
to keep water level constant during tidal varia-
disH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
tions,2,A harbor for small craft,[DES ENG]
batched water [ENG] The mixing water added
An open-top vessel with relatively low sloping
to a concrete or mortar mixture before or during
sides for holding liquids,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080?n}
the initial stages of mixing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbacht vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
basket [DES ENG] A lightweight container with
batcher [MECH ENG] A machine in which the
perforations,[MECH ENG] A type of single-
ingredients of concrete are measured and com-
tubecorebarrelmadefromthin-walltubingwith
bined into batches before being discharged to
the lower end notched into points,which is in-
the concrete mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbachH11080?r}
tended to pick up a sample of granular or plastic
batching [ENG] Weighing or measuring the vol-
rock material by bending in on striking the bot-
ume of the ingredients of a batch of concrete or
tom of the borehole or solid layer; may be used
mortar,and then introducing these ingredients
to recover an article dropped into a borehole.
into a mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbachH11080i? }
Also known as basket barrel; basket tube; saw-
batch manufacturing [IND ENG] The manufac-
tooth barrel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080k?t}
ture of parts in discrete runs or lots,generally
basketstrainer [CHEM ENG] A porous-sided or
interspersed with other production procedures.
screen-covered vessel used toscreen solid parti-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i? }
cles out of liquid or gas streams,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080k?t
batch mixer [MECH ENG] A machine which
vertstrokeinferiorstraˉnH11080?r}
mixesconcrete ormortarinbatches,asopposed
basketsub [ENG] A fishing tool run above a bit
to a continuous mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
or a mill to recover small nondrillable pieces of
batch plant [ENG] An operating installation of
metal or debris in the well,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiors?b}
equipment including batchers and mixers as re-
basket-weave [BUILD] A checkerboard pattern
quired for batching or for batching and mixing
of bricks,flat or on edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorweˉv}
concrete materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiorplant }
bass reflex baffle [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker
batch process [ENG] A process that is not in
baffle having an opening of such size that bass
continuous or mass production; operations are
frequencies from the rear of the loudspeaker
carried out with discrete quantities of material
emerge to reinforce those radiated directly for-
or a limited number of items,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
ward,{ |bas vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfleks vertstrokeinferiorbafH11080?l}
batch production See series production,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach
bass trap [ENG ACOUS] Any device used in a
pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
sound-recording studio to absorb sound at fre-
batch reactor [CHEM ENG] A chemical reactorquencies less than about 100 hertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorba
ˉs
in which the reactants and catalyst are intro-vertstrokeinferiortrap }
duced in the desired quantities and the vesselbassy [ENG ACOUS] Pertaining to sound repro-
is thenclosed to the deliveryof additional mate-duction that overemphasizes low-frequency
rial,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}notes,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080eˉ }
batch rectification [CHEM ENG] Batch distilla-bastard-cut file [DES ENG] A file that has
tion in which the boiled-off vapor is re-con-coarser teeth than a rough-cut file,{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080t?rd
densed into liquid form and refluxed back into|k?t vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
the still to make contact with the rising vapors.bastard pointing See bastard tuck pointing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbasH11080t?rd vertstrokeinferiorpo˙intH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
54
bayonetsocket
batch treatment [CHEM ENG] A corrosion con- battenplate [CIV ENG] A rectangular plate used
to connecttwo parallel structuralsteel memberstrol procedure in which chemical corrosion in-
hibitors are injected into the lines of a produc- by riveting or welding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
battenroll [BUILD] In metal roofing,a roll jointtion system,{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
batch-typefurnace [MECHENG] Afurnaceused formed over a triangular-shaped wood piece.
Also known as conical roll,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}for heat treatment of materials,with or without
direct firing; loading and unloading operations batten seam [BUILD] A seam in metal roofing
which is formed around a wood strip,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080are carried out through a single door or slot.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbach vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}?n vertstrokeinferiorseˉm}
batter [CIV ENG] A uniformly steep slope in abathometer [ENG] A mechanism which meas-
ures depths in water,{ b?vertstrokesuperiortha¨mH11080?dH11080?r } retaining wall or pier; inclination is expressed
as 1 foot horizontally per vertical unit (in feet).bathtubcurve [INDENG] An equipment failure-
ratecurvewithaninitialsharplydecliningfailure { vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r}
batter board [CIV ENG] Horizontal boardsrate,followed by a prolonged constant-average
failure rate,after which the failure rate again nailed to corner posts located just outside the
corners of a proposed building to assist in theincreases sharply,{ vertstrokesuperiorbathvertstrokeinferiort?b vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
bathyclinograph [ENG] A mechanism which accurate layout of foundation and excavation
lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }measures vertical currents in the deep sea.
{ |bathH11080?|kl?ˉnH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } batterbrace [CIV ENG] A diagonal brace which
reinforces one end of a truss,Also known asbathyconductograph [ENG] A device to meas-
ure the electrical conductivity of sea water at batter post,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉs}
batter level [ENG] A device for measuring thevarious depths from a moving ship,{ |bathH11080?H11080
k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } inclination of a slope,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
batterpile [CIV ENG] A pile driven at an inclina-bathygram [ENG] A graph recording the meas-
urements of sonic sounding instruments,tion to the vertical to provide resistance to hori-
zontal forces,Also known as brace pile; spur{ vertstrokesuperiorbathH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
bathymetry [ENG] The science of measuring pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
batterpost [CIV ENG] 1,A post at one side of aocean depths in order to determine the sea floor
topography,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorthimH11080?H11080treˉ } gatewayoratacornerofabuildingforprotection
against vehicles,2,See batter brace,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080bathythermogram [ENG] The record that is
made by a bathythermograph,{ |bathH11080?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
batterstick [CIV ENG] A tapered board which ism?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
bathythermograph [ENG] A device for ob- hung vertically and used to test the batter of a
wall surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstik }taining a record of temperature against depth
(actually,pressure) in the ocean from a ship battery [CHEM ENG] A series of distillation col-
umns or other processing equipment operatedunderway,Abbreviated BT,Also known as
bathythermosphere,{ |bathH11080?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } as a single unit,[ELEC] A direct-current volt-
age source made up of one or more units thatbathythermosphere See bathythermograph.
{ |bathH11080?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir } convert chemical,thermal,nuclear,or solar en-
ergy into electrical energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }bating [CHEM ENG] Cleaning of depilated
leather hides by the action of tryptic enzymes,batterylimits [CHEM ENG] An area in a refinery
or chemical plant encompassing a processing{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉdH11080i? }
batted work [ENG] A hand-dressed stone sur- unit or battery of units along with their related
utilities and services,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?ts }facescoredfromtoptobottominnarrowparallel
strokes(usually8–10perinchor20–25percenti- batting tool [ENG] A mason’s chisel usually
3–4
1
/
2
inches (7.6–11.4 centimeters) wide,usedmeter)byuseofabattingtool,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?dvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
batten [BUILD] 1,A sawed timber strip of spe- to dress stone to a striated surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}cificdimension-usually7inches(18centimeters)
broad,less than 4 inches (10 centimeters) thick,bauxitetreating [CHEM ENG] A catalytic petro-
leum process in which a vaporized petroleumand more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) long-used for
outside walls of houses,flooring,and such,fraction is passed through beds of bauxite; con-
versionofmanydifferentsulfurcompounds,par-2,A strip of wood nailed across a door or other
structuremadeofparallelboardstostrengthenit ticularlymercaptansintohydrogensulfide,takes
place,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080i? }andpreventwarping,3,Seefurring,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080?n}
battendoor [BUILD] A wooddoorwithoutstiles baxis [MECH ENG] The angle that specifies the
rotation of a machine tool about the y axis.which is constructed of vertical boards held to-
gether by horizontal battens on the back side,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
bay [ENG] A housing used for equipment.Also known as ledged door,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080?n vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
battened column [CIV ENG] A column con- { baˉ }
bayonet coupling [DES ENG] A coupling insisting of two longitudinal shafts,rigidly con-
nected to each other by batten plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080 which two or more pins extend out from a plug
and engage in grooves in the side of a socket.?nd vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
battened wall [BUILD] A wall to which battens { |baˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiornet |k?pH11080li? }
bayonet socket [DES ENG] A socket,havinghave been affixed,Also known as strapped
wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorbatH11080?nd vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l } J-shaped slots on opposite sides,into which a
55
bayonet-tubeexchanger
bayonet base or coupling is inserted against a beadmolding [BUILD] A small,convex molding
springandrotateduntilitspinsareseatedfirmly of semicircular or greater profile,Also known
in the slots,{ |baˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiornet |sa¨kH11080?t} as baguette,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080di? }
bayonet-tube exchanger [MECH ENG] A dual- beadplane See beading plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
tube apparatus with heating (or cooling) fluid beakingjoint [BUILD] A joint formed by several
flowingintotheinnertubeandoutoftheannular heading joints occurring in one continuous line;
space between the inner and outer tubes; can especially used in connection with the laying of
be inserted into tanks or other process vessels floor planks,{ vertstrokesuperiorbe
ˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
to heat or cool the liquid contents,{ |baˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiornet
beam [CIV ENG] A body,with one dimension
vertstrokeinferiortu¨b iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080?r}
large compared with the other dimensions,
B-Bfraction [CHEM ENG] A mixture of butanes
whose function is to carry lateral loads (perpen-
and butenes distilled from a solution of light
dicular to the large dimension) and bending
liquid hydrocarbons,{ |beˉ|beˉ |frakH11080sh?n}
movements,{ beˉm}
bbl See barrel.
beam-and-girder construction [BUILD] A sys-
BCD See barrels per calendar day.
tem of floor construction in which the load is
BD See barrels per day.
distributed by slabs to spaced beams and gird-
BDC See bottom dead center.
ers,{ |beˉm?n vertstrokesuperiorg?rH11080d?rk?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
bdft See board-foot.
beam-and-slab floor [BUILD] A floor system in
beacontracking [ENG] Thetrackingofamoving
which a concrete floor slab is supported by rein-
object by means of signals emitted from a trans-
forced concrete beams,{ |beˉm?n |slab vertstrokeinferiorflo˙r}
mitter or transponder within or attached to the
Beamanstadiaarc [ENG] An attachment to an
object,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉH11080k?n vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? }
alidade consisting of a stadia arc on the outer
bead [DES ENG] A projecting rim or band.
edge of the visual vertical arc; enables the ob-
{beˉd}
server to determine the difference in elevation
bead and butt [BUILD] Framed work in which
of the instrument and stadia rod without em-
the panel is flush with the framing and has a
ploying vertical angles,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉH11080m?n vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080?
bead run on two edges in the direction of the
vertstrokeinferiora¨rk }
grain; the ends are left plain,Also known as
beam bearing plate [CIV ENG] A foundation
bead butt; bead butt work,{ |beˉd?n vertstrokesuperiorb?t}
plate (usually of metal) placed beneath the end
bead-and-flushpanelSeebeadflushpanel,{ |beˉd
of a beam,at its point of support,to distribute
n vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}
the end load at the point,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
beadandquirkSee quirk bead,{ |beˉd?n vertstrokesuperiorkw?rk }
beamblocking [BUILD] 1.Boxing-inorcovering
bead and reel [BUILD] A semiround convex
a joist,beam,or girder to give the appearance
molding decorated with a pattern of disks alter-
of a larger beam,2,Strips of wood used to
nating with round or elongated beads,Also
create a false beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorbla¨kH11080i? }
known as reel and bead,{ |beˉd?n vertstrokesuperiorreˉl}
beam bolster [CIV ENG] A rod which provides
beadbutt See bead and butt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd vertstrokeinferiorb?t}
support for steel reinforcement in formwork for
bead,butt,and square [BUILD] Framed work
a reinforced concrete beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorboˉlH11080st?r}
similar to bead and butt but having the panels
beambox See wall box,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
flush on the beaded face only,and showing
beam brick [BUILD] A face brick which is used
square reveals on the other,{ |beˉd vertstrokeinferiorb?t?n
to bond to a poured-in-place concrete lintel.
vertstrokesuperiorskwaˉr}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorbrik }
bead butt work See bead and butt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd vertstrokeinferiorb?t
beam bridge [CIV ENG] A fixed structure con-
vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
sisting of a series of steel or concrete beams
beaded molding [BUILD] A molding or cornice
placedparalleltotrafficandsupportingtheroad-
bearing a cast plaster string of beads,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080
way directly on their top flanges,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
d |moˉlH11080di? }
beam clip [ENG] A device for attaching a pipe
beaded tube end [MECH ENG] The exposed
hanger to its associated structural beam when
portion of a rolled tube which is rounded back
it is undesirable to weld the pipe hanger to sup-
against the sheet in which the tube is rolled.
porting structural steelwork,Also known as
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorend }
girder clamp; girder clip,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorklip }
beadflushpanel [BUILD] A panel which is flush
beam column [CIV ENG] A structural member
with the surrounding framing and finished with
subjected simultaneously to axial load and
a flush bead on all edges of the panel,Also
bending moments produced by lateral forces or
known as bead-and-flush panel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdvertstrokeinferiorfl?sh
eccentricity of the longitudinal load,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉmvertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}
vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}beading [BUILD] Collectively,the bead mold-
beam-deflection amplifier [MECH ENG] A jet-ings used in ornamenting a given surface.
interaction fluidic device in which the direction{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080i? }
of asupply jet isvaried byflow from oneor morebeading plane [DES ENG] A plane having a
control jets which are oriented at approximatelycurved cutting edge for shaping beads in wood.
90H11034 to the supply jet,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉmdivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperioramH11080Also known as bead plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}bead-jointed [ENG] Of a carpentry joint,having
beamfill [BUILD] Masonry,brickwork,orcementa bead along the edge of one piece to make the
joint less conspicuous,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd vertstrokeinferiorjo˙inH11080t?d } fill,usually between joists or horizontal beams
56
bed
at their supports; provides increased fire resist- used for bearing determination,Also known as
mechanical bearing cursor,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080s?r}ance,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorfil }
bearing distance [CIV ENG] The length of abeam form [CIV ENG] A form which gives the
beam between its bearing supports,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?necessary shape,suppport,and finish to a con-
vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?ns }crete beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
bearingpartition [BUILD] Apartitionwhichsup-beamhouse [CHEM ENG] A place where the ini-
ports a vertical load,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? p?rvertstrokesuperiortishH11080?n}tial wet operations of tanning,involving soaking
bearingpile [ENG] A vertical post or pile whichin water and solutions of alkali,are carried
carries the weight of a foundation,transmitting
out,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉmvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
the load of a structure to the bedrock or subsoil
beam pattern See directivity pattern,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm
without detrimental settlement,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn }
bearing plate [CIV ENG] A flat steel plate used
beampocket [CIVENG] 1.Inaverticalstructural
under the end of a wall-bearing beam to distrib-
member,an opening to receive a beam,2,An
utetheloadoverabroaderarea,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
opening inthe formfor acolumn or girderwhere
bearing pressure [MECH] Load on a bearing
the form for an intersecting beam is framed.
surfacedividedbyitsarea,Alsoknownasbear-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorpa¨kH11080?t}
ing stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
beam splice [CIV ENG] A connection between
bearingstrain [MECH] Thedeformationofbear-
two lengths of a beam or girder; may be shear
ing parts subjected to a load,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
or moment connections,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorspl?ˉs}
bearing strength [MECH] The maximum load
beam spread [ENG] The angle of divergence
that a column,wall,footing,or joint will sustain
from the central axis of an electromagnetic or
at failure,divided by the effective bearing area.
acoustic beam as it travels through a material.
{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstrenkth }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorspred }
bearing stress See bearing pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?
Beams servoed rotational method [ENG] A
vertstrokeinferiorstres }
method of measuring the gravitational constant
bearingtest [ENG] Atestofthebearingcapacit-
bydeterminingtheinertialreactionofatorsional
ies of pile foundations,such as a field loading
pendulum to the angular acceleration of a rotat-
test of anindividual pile; a laboratorytest of soil
ing table that is required to cancel the attraction
samples for bearing capacities,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortest }
of the pendulum to two large masses,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉmz
bearing wall [CIV ENG] A wall capable of sup-
vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvoˉdroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
porting an imposed load,Also known as struc-
beam test [CIV ENG] A test of the flexural
tural wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
strength (modulus of rupture) of concrete from
bear trap gate [CIV ENG] A type of crest gate
measurements on a standard reinforced con-
with an upstream leaf and a downstream leaf
crete beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiortest }
whichrestinahorizontalposition,oneleafover-
bean [ENG] A restriction,such as a nipple,
lapping the other,when the gate is lowered.
which is placed in a pipe to reduce the rate of
{ vertstrokesuperiorber vertstrokeinferiortrap vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
fluid flow,{ beˉn}
beater [ENG] 1,A tool for packing in material
bearer [CIV ENG] Any horizontal beam,joist,or
to fill a blasthole containing a charge of powder.
member which supports a load,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080?r}
2,A laborer who shovels or dumps asbestos
bearing [CIVENG] Thatportionofabeam,truss,
fibers and sprays them with water in order to
or other structural member which rests on the
prepare them for the beating,[MECH ENG] A
supports,[MECH ENG] A machine part that
machine that cuts or beats paper stock.
supports another part which rotates,slides,or
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080?r}
oscillates in or on it,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
beatermill See hammer mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormil }
bearingbar [BUILD] A wrought-iron bar placed
beating [ENG] A process that reduces asbestos
on masonry to provide a level support for floor
fibers to pulp for making asbestos paper.
joists,[CIV ENG] A load-carrying bar which
{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080i? }
supports a grating and which extends in the di-
Beattie and Bridgman equation [THERMO] An
rectionofthegratingspan,[ENG] Seeazimuth
equation that relates the pressure,volume,and
instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
temperature of a real gas to the gas constant.
bearingcap [DES ENG] A device designed to fit
{ |beˉdH11080eˉ?n |brijH11080m?nivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
around a bearing to support or immobilize it.
beat tone [ENG ACOUS] Musical tone due to
{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkap }
beats,producedbytheheterodyningoftwohigh-
bearing capacity [MECH] Load per unit area
frequency wave trains,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉt vertstrokeinferiortoˉn}
which can be safely supported by the ground,be?che [MECH ENG] A pneumatic forge hammer
{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } havinganair-operatedramandanair-compress-
bearing circle [ENG] A ring designed to fit ing cylinder integral with the frame,{ besh }
snugly over a compass or compass repeater,and Beckmann thermometer [ENG] A sensitive
providedwithvanesforobservingcompassbear- thermometer with an adjustable range so that
ings,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l} small differences in temperature can be meas-
bearingcursor [ENG] Of a radar set,the radial ured,{ vertstrokesuperiorbekH11080ma¨n thervertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
line inscribed on a transparent disk which can bed [CIV ENG] 1,In masonry and bricklaying,
be rotated manually about an axis coincident the side of a masonry unit on which the unit lies
in the course of the wall; the underside whenwith the center of the plan position indicator;
57
Bedauxplan
the unit is placed horizontally,2,The layer of vacuum,holding gases,or covering objects.
Also known as bell glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorbel vertstrokeinferiorja¨r}mortar on which a masonry unit is set,[MECH
bell-jartesting [ENG] A leak testing method inENG] The part of a machine having precisely
whichavesselisfilledwithtracergasandplacedmachined ways or bearing surfaces which sup-
in a vacuum chamber; leaks are evidenced byport or align other machine parts,{ bed }
gas drawn into the vacuum chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorbel vertstrokeinferiorja¨rBedaux plan [IND ENG] A wage incentive plan
vertstrokeinferiortesH11080ti? }in which work is standardized into man-minute
bell-joint clamp [ENG] A clamp applied to aunits called bedaux (B); 60 B per hour is 100%
bell-and-spigot joint to prevent leakage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbel
productivity,and earnings are based on work
vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int vertstrokeinferiorklamp }
units per length of time,{ b?vertstrokesuperiordoˉ vertstrokeinferiorplan }
Bellman’sprincipleofoptimality [INDENG] The
bedding [CIV ENG] 1,Mortar,putty,or other
principle that an optimal sequence of decisions
substance used to secure a firm and even bear-
in a multistage decision process problem has
ing,such as putty laid in the rabbet of a window
the property that whatever the initial state and
frame,or mortar used to lay bricks,2,A base
decisionsare,theremainingdecisionsmustcon-
which is prepared in soil or concrete for laying
stitute an optimal policy with regard to the state
masonry or concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorbedH11080i? }
resulting from the first decisions,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080m?nz
beddingcourse [CIVENG] Thefirstlayerofmor-
vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080t?vertstrokesuperiormalH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tar at the bottom of masonry,{ vertstrokesuperiorbedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
bellmouth [DES ENG] A flared mouth on a pipe
bedding dot [BUILD] A small spot of plaster
openingorotherorifice,[ENG] Adefectwhich
built out to the face of a finished wall or ceiling;
occurs during metal drilling in which a twist drill
serves as a screed for leveling and plumbing in
produces a hole that is not a perfect circle.
the application of plaster,{ vertstrokesuperiorbedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorda¨t}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbel vertstrokeinferiormau˙th }
bedjoint [CIVENG] 1.A horizontal layerof mor-
bellows [ENG] 1,A mechanism that expands
tar on which masonry units are laid,2,One of
and contracts,or has a rising and falling top,to
the radial joints in an arch,{ vertstrokesuperiorbed vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
suck in air through a valve and blow it out
bedmolding [BUILD] 1,The lowest member of
throughatube,2.Anyofseveraltypesofenclo-
a band of moldings,2,Any molding under a
sures which have accordionlike walls,allowing
projection,suchasbetweeneavesandsidewalls.
onetovarythevolume,3,Seeaneroidcapsule.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbed vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080di? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080oˉz}
beehive oven [ENG] An arched oven that car-
bellows expansion joint [DES ENG] In a run of
bonizes coal into coke by using the heat of com-
piping,a joint formed with a flexible metal bel-
bustion of gases that are formed,and of a small
lows which compress or stretch to compensate
part of the coke that is formed,with no recovery
for linear expansion or contraction of the run of
of by-products,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉv vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}
piping,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080oˉzikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
beetle See rammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉdH11080?l}
bellows gage [ENG] A device for measuring
behavioral dynamics [IND ENG] 1,The behav-
pressureinwhichthepressureonabellows,with
ioral operating characteristics of individuals and
the end plate attached to a spring,causes a
groups in terms of how these people are condi-
measurable movement of the plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080oˉz
tioned by their working environments,2,The
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
interactions between individuals or groups in
bellowsgasmeter [ENG] A device for measur-
the workplace,{ bivertstrokesuperiorhaˉH11080vy?H11080r?ld?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
ing the total volume of a continuous gas flow
Belfast truss [CIV ENG] A bowstring beam for
streaminwhichthemotionoftwobellows,alter-
large spans,having the upper member bent and
nately filled with and exhausted of the gas,actu-
the lower member horizontal; constructed en-
ates a register,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080oˉz |gas vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
tirely of timber components,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelvertstrokeinferiorfast vertstrokesuperiortr?s}
bellows seal [MECH ENG] A boiler seal in the
bell [ENG] 1,A hollow metallic cylinder closed
form of a bellows which prevents leakage of air
at one end and flared at the other; it is used
or gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelH11080oˉz vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
as a fixed-pitch musical instrument or signaling
bell-typemanometer [ENG] A differential pres-
deviceandissetvibratingbyaclapperortongue
sure gage in which one pressure input is fed into
which strikes the lip,2,See bell tap,{ bel }
an inverted cuplike container floating in liquid,
bell-and-spigot joint [ENG] A pipe joint in
and theother pressureinput pressesdown upon
whichapipe endinginabell-like shapeisjoined
the top of the container so that its level in the
to a pipe ending in a spigotlike shape,{ |bel
liquid is the measure of differential pressure.
n vertstrokesuperiorspikH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbelvertstrokeinferiort?ˉpm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
bellcap [CHEM ENG] A hemispherical or trian- belt [CIV ENG] In brickwork,a projecting row
gular metal casting used on distillation-column (or rows) of bricks,or an inserted row made of a
trays to force upflowing vapors to bubble different kind of brick,[MECH ENG] A flexible
through layers of downcoming liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorbel band usedto connect pulleys orto convey mate-
vertstrokeinferiorkap } rials bytransmitting motionand power,{ belt }
belledcaisson [CIV ENG] A type of drilled cais- belt conveyor [MECH ENG] A heavy-duty con-
son with a flared bottom,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeld vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n} veyor consisting essentially of a head or drive
bellglass See bell jar,{ vertstrokesuperiorbel vertstrokeinferiorglas } pulley,a take-up pulley,a level or inclined end-
bell jar [ENG] A bell-shaped vessel,usually less belt made of canvas,rubber,or metal,and
carrying and return idlers,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}made of glass,which is used for enclosing a
58
bendingbrake
beltcourse See string course,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs } whose elevation above or below an adopted da-
tum—for example,sea level—is known,Ab-belt drive [MECH ENG] The transmission of
breviated BM,[IND ENG] A standard of meas-power between shafts by means of a belt con-
urement possessing sufficient identifiable char-necting pulleys on the shafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiordr?
ˉv}
acteristics common to the individual units of a
belted-biastireSeebias-beltedtire,{ |belH11080t?d vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080
population to facilitate economical and efficient
s vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
comparison of attributes for units selected from
belt feeder [MECH ENG] A short belt conveyor
a sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenchvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
used to transfer granulated or powdered solids
benchmark index [IND ENG] In manufacturing
from a storage or supply point to an end-use
andmining,anindexdesignedtoreflectchanges
point;forexample,fromabinhoppertoachemi-
in output occurring between census years.
cal reactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbenchvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
belt guard [MECH ENG] A cover designed to
benchmarkjob [IND ENG] A job that can be re-
protect a belt as well as the pulleys it connects.
latedorcompared tootherjobsin termsofcom-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }
mon characteristics and considered an accept-
belthighway See beltway,{ |belt vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
able gauge for other jobs without the need of
belt sander [MECH ENG] A portable sanding
direct measurements,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenchvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk vertstrokeinferiorja¨b}
tool having a power-driven abrasive-coated con-
bench photometer [ENG] A device which uses
tinuous belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorsanH11080d?r}
an optical bench with the two light sources to
beltshifter [MECHENG] Adevicewithfingerlike
becomparedmountedoneateachend;thecom-
projections used to shift a belt from one pulley
parison between the two illuminations is made
to another or to replace a belt which has slipped
by a device moved along the bench until match-
off a pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorshifH11080t?r}
ing brightnesses appear,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080
belt slip [MECH ENG] The difference in speed
dH11080?r}
between the driving drum and belt conveyor.
benchplane [DES ENG] A plane used primarily
{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorslip }
in benchwork on flat surfaces,such as a block
belttightener [MECH ENG] In a belt drive,a de-
plane or jack plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
vice that takes up the slack in a belt that has
bench sander [MECH ENG] A stationary power
become stretched and permanently lengthened.
sander,usually mounted on a table or stand,
{ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉtH11080n?r}
which is equipped with a rotating abrasive disk
beltway [CIV ENG] A highway that encircles an
or belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorsanH11080d?r}
urban area along its perimeter,Also known as
bench-scaletesting [ENG] Testingofmaterials,
belt highway; ring road,{ vertstrokesuperiorbeltvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } methods,orchemicalprocessesonasmallscale,
bench assembly [ENG] A technique of fitting such as on a laboratory worktable,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench
andjoiningpartsusingabenchasaworksurface,vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl vertstrokesuperiortesH11080ti? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbench?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ } benchstop [ENG] A bench hook which is used
benchcheck [INDENG] Aworkshoporservicing to fasten work in place,often by means of a
screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}bay check which includes the typical check or
benchtable [BUILD] A projecting course of ma-actual functional test of an item to ascertain
sonry at the foot of an interior wall or around awhatistobedonetoreturntheitemtoaservice-
column; generally wide enough to form a seat.
able condition or ascertain the item’s temporary
{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}
or permanent disposition,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorchek }
bench vise [ENG] An ordinary vise fixed to a
benchdog [ENG] A wood or metal peg,placed
workbench,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
in a slot or hole at the end of a bench; used to
benchwork [ENG] Any work performed at a
keep a workpiece from slipping,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiordo˙g}
workbench rather than on machines or in the
bench hook [ENG] Any device used on a car-
field,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenchvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
penter’s benchto keepwork frommoving toward
bend [DES ENG] 1,The characteristic of an ob-
therearofthebench,Alsoknownassidehook.
ject,such as a machine part,that is curved.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
2,A section of pipe that is curved,3,A knot
benching [CIVENG] 1.Concretelaidontheside
formedbyaropefastenedtoanobjectoranother
slopes of drainage channels where the slopes
rope,{ bend }
are interrupted by manholes,and so forth.
bendallowance [DES ENG] Length of the arc of
2,Concrete laid on sloping sites as a safeguard
the neutral axis between the tangent points of
againstsliding,3.Concretelaidalongthesides
a bend in any material,{ vertstrokesuperiorbend?vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080?ns }
of a pipeline to provide additional support.
bender See bending machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080d?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbenchH11080i? }
bending [ENG] 1,The forming of a metal part,
bench lathe [MECH ENG] A small engine or
by pressure,into a curved or angular shape,or
toolroom lathe suitable for attachment to a
the stretching or flanging of it along a curved
workbench; bed length usually does not exceed
path,2,The forming of a wooden member to
6 feet (1.8 meters) and workpieces are generally a desired shape by pressure after it has been
small,{ vertstrokesuperiorbench vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth } softened or plasticized by heat and moisture.
benchmark [ENG] A relatively permanent natu- { vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di? }
bending brake [MECH ENG] A press brake forral or artificial object bearing a marked point
59
bendingiron
making sharply angular linear bends in sheet dewaxing process in which a mixture of the sol-
vent and oil containing wax is cooled until themetal,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
wax solidifies and is then removed by filtration.bending iron [ENG] A tool used to straighten
{ vertstrokesuperiorbenvertstrokeinferiorzo˙l vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?vertstrokeinferiortoˉn vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}or to expand flexible pipe,especially lead pipe.
Bergiusprocess [CHEMENG] Treatmentofcar-{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
bonaceous matter,such as coal or cellulosicbending machine [MECH ENG] A machine for
materials,with hydrogen at elevated pressuresbending a metal or wooden part by pressure.
and temperatures in the presence of a catalyst,Also known as bender,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di? m?vertstrokeinferiorshe
ˉn}
to form an oil similar to crude petroleum,Also
bending moment [MECH] Algebraic sum of all
known as coal hydrogenation,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080geˉH11080?s
moments located between a cross section and
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
one end of a structural member; a bending mo-
Berlsaddle [CHEMENG] Atypeofcolumnpack-
ment that bends the beam convex downward is
ing used in distillation columns,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rl vertstrokeinferiorsadH11080
positive,and one that bends it convex upward
l}
is negative,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }
berm [CIV ENG] A horizontal ledge cut between
bending-moment diagram [MECH] A diagram
the foot and top of an embankment to stabilize
showing the bending moment at every point
theslopebyinterceptingslidingearth,{ b?rm }
along the length of a beam plotted as an ordi-
Bernoulli-Euler law [MECH] A law stating that
nate,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di? |moˉH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
the curvature of a beam is proportional to the
bending schedule [CIV ENG] A chart showing
bending moment,{ bervertstrokeinferiornu¨H11080leˉ |o˙ilH11080?r |lo˙ }
the shapes and dimensions of every reinforcing
Berthelotmethod [THERMO] A method of mea-
barandthenumberofbarsrequiredonaparticu-
suring the latent heat of vaporization of a liquid
lar job for the construction of a reinforced con-
that involves determining the temperature rise
crete structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorskejH11080?l}
of a water bath that encloses a tube in which a
bending stress [MECH] An internal tensile or
given amount of vapor is condensed,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080
compressive longitudinal stress developed in a
t?vertstrokeinferiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
beam in response to curvature induced by an
Berthondynamometer [ENG] Aninstrumentfor
external load,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
measuring the diameters of small objects,con-
Bendix-Weiss universal joint [MECH ENG] A
sisting of two metal straightedges inclined at a
universaljointthatprovidesforconstantangular
small angle and rigidly joined together; a scale
velocity of the driven shaft by transmitting the
on one of the straightedges is used to read the
torque through a set of four balls lying in the
diameters of objects inserted between them.
plane that contains the bisector of,and is per-
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rvertstrokeinferiortha¨n vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pendicular to,the plane of the angle between
beryllium detector [ENG] An instrument de-
theshafts,{ |benvertstrokeinferiordiks |w?ˉsvertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?lvertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
signed to detect and analyze for beryllium by
bendradius [DES ENG] The radius correspond-
gamma-ray activation analysis,Also known as
ing to the curvature of a bent specimen or part,
berylometer,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorrilH11080eˉH11080?mdivertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
as measured at the inside surface of the bend.
berylometerSee beryllium detector,{ vertstrokeinferiorberH11080?vertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorbend vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s}
dH11080?r}
bendwheel [MECH ENG] A wheel used to inter-
bestcommercialpractice [ENG] A manufactur-
rupt and change the normal path of travel of
ing standard for a process vessel which has not
theconveyingordrivingmedium;mostgenerally
been designed according to standard codes,
used to effect a change in direction of conveyor
such as the American Society of Mechanical
travel from inclined to horizontal or a similar
Engineers Boiler Code,{ vertstrokeinferiorbest k?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080sh?l
change,{ vertstrokesuperiorbend vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
vertstrokesuperiorprakH11080t?s}
Benioff extensometer [ENG] A linear strain-
beta [ELECTR] The current gain of a transistor
meter for measuring the change in distance be-
that is connected as a grounded-emitter ampli-
tween two reference points separated by 60–90
fier,expressed as the ratio of change in collector
feet (20–30 meters) or more; used to observe
current to resulting change in base current,the
earth tides,{ vertstrokesuperiorbenH11080eˉH11080o˙f vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokeinferiorstenvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
collector voltage being constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉdH11080? }
bent [CIV ENG] A framework support transverse
beta-cutoff frequency [ELECTR] The frequency
to the length of a structure,{ bent }
atwhichthecurrentamplificationofanamplifier
bent bar [CIV ENG] A longitudinal reinforcing
transistor drops to 3 decibels below its value at
bar which is bent to pass from one face of a
1 kilohertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiork?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
structural member to the other face,{ vertstrokesuperiorbent
Bethell process See full-cell process,{ vertstrokesuperiorbethH11080?l
vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
bent-tube boiler [MECH ENG] A water-tube Betterton-Krollprocess [CHEMENG] Amethod
steam boiler in which the tubes terminate in for obtaining pure bismuth from softened and
upper and lower steam-and-water drums,Also desilverized lead,{ |bedH11080?rH11080t?n |kroˉl vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
known as drum-type boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorbent vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080 Bettireciprocaltheorem [MECH] A theorem in
r} the mathematical theory of elasticity which
bentwood [ENG] Wood formed to shape by states that if an elastic body is subjected to two
bending,rather than by carving or machining,systems of surface and body forces,then the
{ vertstrokesuperiorbentvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d} work that would be done by the first system
acting through the displacements resulting frombenzol-acetoneprocess [CHEMENG] Asolvent
60
bifilarelectrometer
the second system equals the work that would bias distortion [ELECTR] Distortion resulting
from the operation on a nonlinear portion of thebedonebythesecondsystemactingthroughthe
displacements resulting from the first system,characteristic curve of a vacuum tube or other
device,due to improper biasing,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s dis{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉtH11080teˉ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
Betti’smethod [MECH] A method of finding the vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}
bias-ply tire [ENG] A motor-vehicle pneumaticsolution of the equations of equilibrium of an
elastic body whose surface displacements are tire that has crossed layers of ply cord set diago-
nally to the center line of the tread,{ |b?ˉH11080?sspecified; it uses the fact that the dilatation is
a harmonic function to reduce the problem to vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
biasvoltage [ELECTR] A voltage applied or de-the Dirichlet problem,{ vertstrokesuperiorbaˉtH11080teˉz vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
Betz momentum theory [MECH ENG] A theory velopedbetweentwoelectrodesasabias,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080
s vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }of windmill performance that considers the de-
celeration in the air traversing the windmill disk,biaxial stress [MECH] The condition in which
there are three mutually perpendicular principal{ vertstrokesuperiorbets m?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
bevel [DES ENG] 1.The angle between one line stresses; two act in the same plane and one is
zero,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorstress }or surface and another line or surface,or the
horizontal,when this angle is not a right angle,Biazziprocess [CHEM ENG] A continuous-flow
process for the nitration of glycerin to nitroglyc-2,A sloping surface or line,{ vertstrokesuperiorbevH11080?l}
beveledcloserSeekingcloser,{ |bevH11080?ldvertstrokesuperiorkloˉH11080z?r } erin; also used to produce glycol dinitrate and
diethylene glycol nitrate,{ beˉvertstrokesuperioratH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}bevel gear [MECH ENG] One of a pair of gears
usedto connecttwoshaftswhose axesintersect,bibbcock See bibcock,{ vertstrokesuperiorbib vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
bibcock [DES ENG] A faucet or stopcock whose{ vertstrokesuperiorbevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorgir }
beveling See chamfering,{ vertstrokesuperiorbevH11080?H11080li? } nozzle is bent downward,Also spelled bibb
cock,{ vertstrokesuperiorbibvertstrokeinferiorka¨k}bezel [DES ENG] 1,A grooved rim used to hold
a transparent glass or plastic window or lens for bicable tramway [MECH ENG] A tramway con-
sisting of two stationary cables on which thea meter,tuning dial,or some other indicating
device,2,A sloping face on a cutting tool,wheeled carriages travel,and an endless rope,
which propels the carriages,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l{ vertstrokesuperiorbezH11080?l}
B-Hmeter [ENG] A device used to measure the vertstrokesuperiortramvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
BiCMOS technology [ELECTR] An integratedintrinsic hysteresis loop of a sample of magnetic
material,{ |beˉ|aˉch vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } circuittechnologythatcombinesbipolartransis-
tors and CMOS devices on the same chip.bhp See boiler horsepower; brake horsepower.
bias [ELEC] 1,A direct-current voltage used on { |b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiormo˙s tekvertstrokeinferiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
bicycle [MECH ENG] A human-powered landsignaling or telegraph relays or electromagnets
to secure desired time spacing of transitions vehicle with two wheels,one behind the other,
usually propelled by the action of the rider’s feetfrom marking to spacing,2,The restraint of
a relay armature by spring tension to secure a on the pedals,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorsikH11080?l}
bid [ENG] An estimate of costs for specifieddesiredtimespacingof transitionsfrommarking
to spacing,3,The effect on teleprinter signals construction,equipment,or services proposed
to a customer company by one or more supplierproduced by the electrical characteristics of the
line and equipment,4,The force applied to a or contractor companies,{ bid }
bidirectional [ENG] Being directionally respon-relay to hold it in a given position.
[ELECTR] 1,A direct-current voltage applied to sive to inputs in opposite directions,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080
d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l}a transistor control electrode to establish the
desired operating point,2,See grid bias,bidirectional microphone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
crophone that responds equally well to sounds{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s}
bias-belted tire [ENG] A motor-vehicle pneu- reachingitfromthefrontandrear,corresponding
to sound incidences of 0 and 180H11034.{vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080matic tire constructed with a belt of textile cord,
steel,or fiber glass around the tire underneath sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
Bierbaum scratch hardness test [ENG] A testthe tread and on top of the ply cords,and laid
at an acute angle to the center line of the tread,forthehardnessofasolidsamplebymicroscopic
measurement of the width of scratch made by aAlso known as belted-bias tire,{ |b?ˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorbelH11080
t?d vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr } diamond point under preset pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorbir
vertstrokeinferiorbau˙m |skrach vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiortest }bias compensation [ENG ACOUS] The applica-
tionofanoutward-directedtensiontothepickup biface tool [DES ENG] A tool,as an ax,made
from a coil flattened on both sides to form aarmofarecordplayertocounteractthetendency
of the arm to slide toward the center,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s V-shaped cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfaˉs vertstrokesuperiortu¨l}
bifacial [DES ENG] Of a tool,having both sidesvertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
biascurrent [ELECTR] 1.An alternating electric alike,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorfaˉH11080sh?l}
bifilarelectrometer [ENG] An electrostatic volt-current above about 40,000 hertz added to the
audio current being recorded on magnetic tape meter in which two conducting quartz fibers,
stretched by a small weight or spring,are sepa-toreducedistortion,2.Anelectriccurrentflow-
ing through the base-emitter junction of a tran- rated by their attraction in opposite directions
toward two plate electrodes carrying the voltagesistor and adjusted to set the operating point of
the transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt } to be measured,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorfiH11080l?riH11080lekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
61
bifilarmicrometer
bifilarmicrometer See filar micrometer,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorfiH11080l?r course and the wearing course of a pavement.
m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
bifilar suspension [ENG] The suspension of a binderlessbriquetting [ENG] Thebriquettingof
body from two parallel threads,wires,or strips,coal by the application of pressure without the
{b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorfiH11080l?rs?svertstrokesuperiorpenH11080sh?n} addition of a binder,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080d?rH11080l?s brivertstrokesuperiorkedH11080i? }
bilateraltolerance [DES ENG] The amount that binding post [ELEC] A manually turned screw
the size of a machine part is allowed to vary terminal used for making electrical connections.
above or below a basic dimension; for example,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorpo
ˉst }
3.650 H11006 0.003 centimeters indicates a tolerance
bind-seize See freeze,{ |b?ˉnd |seˉz}
of H11006 0.003 centimeter,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080
biochemical profile [IND ENG] Data recorded
r?ns }
by both electromyographic and biomechanical
bilgeblock [CIV ENG] A wooden support under
meansduringtheperformanceofatasktoevalu-
the turn of a ship’s bilge in dry dock,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilj
atechangesinthefunctionalcapacityofaworker
vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
resulting from modifications in human-equip-
bill [DES ENG] One blade of a pair of scissors.
ment interfaces,{ |b?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
{ bil }
biocontrol system [CONT SYS] A mechanical
billet [ENG] In a hydraulic extrusion press,a
system that is controlled by biological signals,
large cylindrical cake of plastic material placed
for example,a prosthesis controlled by muscle
within the pressing chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?t}
activity,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080oˉH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
bimetallicstrip [ENG] Astripformedoftwodis-
bioengineering [ENG] The application of engi-
similar metals welded together; different tem-
neering knowledge to the fields of medicine and
perature coefficients of expansion of the metals
biology,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
causethestriptobendorcurlwhenthetempera-
biofilter [ENG] An emission control device that
ture changes,{ |b?ˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiortalH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
uses microorganisms to destroy volatile organic
bimetallic thermometer [ENG] A temperature-
compoundsandhazardousairpollutants,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080
measuring instrument in which the differential
oˉvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
thermal expansion of thin,dissimilar metals,
bioinstrumentation [ENG] The use of instru-
bonded together into a narrow strip and coiled
ments attached to animals and man to record
into the shape of a helix or spiral,is used to
biological parameters such as breathing rate,
actuate a pointer,Also known as differential
pulse rate,body temperature,or oxygen in the
thermometer,{ |b?ˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiortalH11080ik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
blood,{ |b?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
bin [ENG] An enclosed space,box,or frame for
biomedicalengineering [ENG] The application
the storage of bulk substance,{ bin }
of engineering technology to the solution of
binary component [ELECTR] An electronic
medical problems; examples are the develop-
component that can be in either of two condi-
ment of prostheses such as artificial valves for
tions at any given time,Also known as binary
the heart,various types of sensors for the blind,
device,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt }
and automated artificial limbs,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiormedH11080?H11080
binary counter See binary scaler,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ
k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
bionics [ENG] The study of systems,particu-
binary device See binary component,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ
larly electronic systems,which function after the
divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
manner of living systems,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080iks }
binary encoder [ELECTR] An encoder that
biopak [ENG] A container for housing a living
changes angular,linear,or other forms of input
organism in a habitable environment and for
data into binary coded output characters.
recording biological functions during space
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ envertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080?r}
flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorpak }
binary logic [ELECTR] An assembly of digital
biosolid [CIV ENG] A recyclable,primarily or-
logic elements which operate with two distinct
ganic solid material produced by wastewater
states,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
treatment processes,{ |b?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨lH11080?d}
binary scaler [ELECTR] A scaler that produces
biostabilizer [CIV ENG] A component in mecha-
one output pulse for every two input pulses.
nized composting systems; consists of a drum
Also known as binary counter; scale-of-two cir-
in which moistened solid waste is comminuted
cuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ |skaˉH11080l?r}
and tumbled for about 5 days until the aeration
binary separation [CHEM ENG] Separation by
and biodegradation turns the waste into a fine
distillation or solvent extraction of a fully misci-
dark compost,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorstaˉbH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉzH11080?r}
ble liquid mixture of two chemical compounds.
biotechnicalrobot [CONT SYS] A robot that re-{ vertstrokesuperiorb?
ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ sepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
quiresthepresenceofahumanoperatorinorderbinary signal [ELECTR] A voltage or current
to function,{ |b?ˉH11080oˉ|tekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}which carries information by varying between
biotelemetry [ENG] The use of telemetry tech-two possible values,corresponding to 0 and 1
niques,especiallyradiowaves,tostudybehaviorin the binary system,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l}
and physiology of living things,{ |b?ˉH11080oˉH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlemH11080binary system [ENG] Any system containing
H11080treˉ }two principal components,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
Biot-Fourier equation [THERMO] An equationt?m}
for heat conduction which states that the ratebindercourse [CIV ENG] Coarse aggregate with
a bituminous binder between the foundation of change of temperature at any point divided
62
blackbodyradiation
by the thermal diffusivity equals the Laplacian bistablecircuit [ELECTR] A circuit with two sta-
ble states such that the transition between theof the temperature,{ |byoˉ |fu¨rH11080yaˉ ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
statescannotbeaccomplishedbyself-triggering.biotron [ENG] A test chamber used for biologi-
{ |b?ˉ|staˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorsarH11080k?t}calresearchwithinwhichtheenvironmentalcon-
bistableunit [ENG] A physical element that canditions can be completely controlled,thus
be made to assume either of two stable states; aallowing observations of the effect of variations
binary cell is an example,{ |b?ˉ|staˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t}in environment on living organisms,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080
bistaticradar [ENG] Radar system in which the?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
receiver is some distance from the transmitter,
bipolar amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier capa-
with separate antennas for each,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik
ble of supplying a pair of output signals corres-
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
ponding to the positive or negative polarity of
bit [DES ENG] 1,A machine part for drilling or
the input signal,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
boring,2.The cutting plate of a plane,3.The
bipolarcircuit [ELECTR] A logic circuit in which
blade of a cutting tool such as an ax,4,A re-
zeros and ones are treated in a symmetric or
movable tooth of a saw,5,Any cutting device
bipolar manner,rather than by the presence or
which is attached to or part of a drill rod or drill
absence of a signal; for example,a balanced
string to bore or penetrate rocks,{ bit }
arrangement in a square-loop-ferrite magnetic
bit blank [DES ENG] A steel bit in which dia-
circuit,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
monds or other cutting media may be inset by
bipolar electrode [ELEC] Electrode,without
hand peening or attached by a mechanical proc-
metallic connection with the current supply,one
ess such as casting,sintering,or brazing,Also
faceofwhichactsasanodesurfaceandtheoppo-
known as bit shank; blank; blank bit; shank.
site face as a cathode surface when an electric
{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiorbla?k}
current is passed through a cell,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r
bitbreaker [DES ENG] A heavy plate that fits in
ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
a rotary table for holding the drill bit while it is
bipolar integrated circuit [ELECTR] An inte-
being inserted or broken out of the drill stem.
grated circuit in which the principal element is
{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r}
the bipolar junction transistor,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
bitcone See roller cone bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}
t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
bitdrag [DES ENG] A rotary-drilling bit that has
bipolar junction transistor [ELECTR] A bipolar
serrated teeth,Also known as drag bit.
transistor that is composed entirely of one type
{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiordrag }
of semiconductor,silicon,Abbreviated BJT.
bite [ENG] In glazing,the length of overlap of
Also known as silicon homojunction,{ |b?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉlH11080
the inner edge of a frame over the edge of the
r vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
glass,{ b?ˉt}
bipolar magnetic driving unit [ENG ACOUS]
bit matrix [ENG] The material,usually pow-
Headphoneorloudspeakerunithavingtwomag-
dered and fused tungsten carbide,into which
netic poles acting directly on a flexible iron
diamondsaresetinthemanufactureofdiamond
diaphragm,{ b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordrivH11080i?vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080
bits,{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks }
n?t}
bitrochantericwidth [INDENG] Ameasurement
bipolarspindeviceSeemagneticswitch,{ |b?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080
corresponding to hip breadth that is used in
l?r vertstrokesuperiorspin divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
seating design,{ vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorkan|terH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwidth }
bipolarspinswitchSeemagnetic switch,{ |b?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080
bitshank See bit blank,{ vertstrokesuperiorbit vertstrokeinferiorsha?k}
l?r vertstrokesuperiorspin vertstrokeinferiorswich }
bittern [CHEM ENG] Concentrated sea water or
bipolar transistor [ELECTR] A transistor that
brine containing the bromides and magnesium
uses both positive and negative charge carriers.
and calcium salts left in solution after sodium
{b?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r tranzvertstrokesuperiorisH11080t?r}
chloride has been removed by crystallization.
birdcagedwire [ENG] Wire rope whose strands
{ vertstrokesuperiorbidH11080?rn }
have been distorted into the shape of a birdcage
bituminous distributor [MECH ENG] A tank
by a sudden release of a load during a hoisting
truck having a perforated spray bar and used
operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rdvertstrokeinferiorkaˉjd vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
for pumping hot bituminous material onto the
Birkeland-Eyde process [CHEM ENG] An arc
surface of a road or driveway,{ b?ˉ|tu¨mH11080?H11080n?s
process of nitrogen fixation in which air passes
disvertstrokesuperiortribH11080y?dH11080?r}
through an alternating-current arc flattened by
bivane [ENG] A double-jointed vane which
a magnetic field to form about 1% nitric oxide.
measures vertical as well as horizontal wind di-
{ |b?rkH11080l?nd |?ˉH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
rection,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorvaˉn}
Birmingham wiregage [DES ENG] A system of blackbody [THERMO] An ideal body which
standardsizesofbrasswire,telegraphwire,steel would absorb all incident radiation and reflect
tubing,seamless tubing,sheet springsteel,strip none,Also known as hohlraum; ideal radiator.
steel,and steel plates,bands,and hoops,Ab- { vertstrokesuperiorblak|ba¨dH11080eˉ }
breviated BWG,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080mi?H11080?m vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} blackbodyradiation [THERMO] Theemissionof
birth-deathprocess [IND ENG] A simple queu- radiant energy which would take place from a
ing model in which units to be served arrive blackbody at a fixed temperature; it takes place
(birth) and depart (death) in a completely ran- at a rate expressedby the Stefan-Boltzmann law,
dom manner,{ |b?rth |deth vertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s} with a spectral energy distribution described by
Planck’s equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorblak|ba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080deˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}biscuit See preform,{ vertstrokesuperiorbisH11080k?t}
63
blackbodytemperature
blackbodytemperature [THERMO] The temper- ofadouble-actionpowerpress;itisusuallyoper-
ated by toggles or cams,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla?kvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉd}atureofablackbodythatemitsthesameamount
blanking [ENG] 1,The closing off of flowof heat radiation per unit area as a given object;
through a liquid-containing process pipe by themeasured by a total radiation pyrometer,Also
insertion of solid disks at joints or unions; usedknown as brightness temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorblak|ba¨dH11080
during maintenance and repair work as a safetyeˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
precaution,Also known as blinding,2,Cut-blackbox [ENG] Any component,usually elec-
ting of plastic or metal sheets into shapes bytronic and having known input and output,that
striking with a punch,Also known as die cut-
can be readily inserted into or removed from a
ting,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla?kH11080i? }
specific place in a larger system without knowl-
blast [ENG] The setting off of a heavy explosive
edge of the component’s detailed internal struc-
charge,{ blast }
ture,{ vertstrokesuperiorblak vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
blast burner [ENG] A burner in which a con-
black-bulbthermometer [ENG] A thermometer
trolled burst of air or oxygen under pressure is
whose sensitive element has been made to ap-
supplied to the illuminating gas used,Also
proximate a blackbody by covering it with lamp-
known as blast lamp,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
black,{ vertstrokesuperiorblak vertstrokeinferiorb?lb th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
blast cleaning [ENG] Any cleaning process in
blacksmoke [ENG] Asmokethathasmanypar-
which an abrasive is directed at high velocity
ticulatesinitfrominefficientcombustion;comes
toward the surface being cleaned,for example,
from burning fossil fuel,either coal or oil.
sand blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080i? }
{ |blak vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk}
blast ditching [CIV ENG] The use of explosives
black-surface enclosure [THERMO] An enclo-
to aid in ditch excavation,such as for laying
sure for which the interior surfaces of the walls
pipelines,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiordichH11080i? }
possess the radiation characteristics of a black-
blaster [ENG] A device for detonating an explo-
body,{ vertstrokesuperiorblak vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?sinvertstrokesuperiorklozhH11080?r}
sive charge; usually consists of a machine by
blacktoppaver [MECH ENG] A construction ve-
whichanoperator,bypressingdownwardoroth-
hicle that spreads a specified thickness of bitu-
erwisemovingahandleofthedevice,maygener-
minous mixture over a prepared surface.
ate a powerful transient electric current which is
{ vertstrokesuperiorblakvertstrokeinferiorta¨p vertstrokeinferiorpaˉvH11080?r}
transmitted to an electric blasting cap,Also
bladderpress [MECHENG] Amachinewhichsi-
known as blasting machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080t?r}
multaneously molds and cures (vulcanizes) a
blastfreezer [ENG] An upright freezer in which
pneumatic tire,{ vertstrokesuperiorbladH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpres }
very cold air circulated by blowers is used for
blade [ELEC] A flat moving conductor in a
rapid freezing of food,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080z?r}
switch,[ENG] 1,A broad,flat arm of a fan,
blast heater [MECH ENG] A heater that has a
turbine,or propeller,2,The broad,flat surface
set of heat-transfer coils through which air is
ofabulldozerorsnowplowbywhichthematerial
forced by a fan operating at a relatively high
is moved,3.The part of a cutting tool,such as
velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
a saw,that cuts,{ blaˉd}
blasthole [ENG] 1,A hole that takes a heavy
bladed-surfaceaerator [CIV ENG] A bladed,ro-
charge of explosive,2.The hole through which
tating component of a water treatment plant;
water enters in the bottom of a pump stock.
usedtoinfuseairintothewater,{ vertstrokesuperiorbladH11080?dvertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorblastvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
f?s vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
blasthole drilling [ENG] Drilling to produce a
Blakejaw crusher [MECH ENG] A crusher with
seriesofholesforplacementofblastingcharges.
onefixed jawplateandone pivotedatthe topso
{ vertstrokesuperiorblastvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
astogivethegreatestmovementonthesmallest
blasting [ENG] 1,Cleaning materials by a blast
lump,{ vertstrokesuperiorblaˉk vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r}
of air that blows small abrasive particles against
blank [DES ENG] See bit blank,[ELECTR] To
the surface,2,The act of detonating an explo-
cut off the electron beam of a television picture
sive,{ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080ti? }
tube,camera tube,or cathode-ray oscilloscope
blastingcap [ENG] Acoppershellclosedatone
tube during the process of retrace by applying a
end and containing a charge of detonating com-
rectangular pulse voltage to the grid or cathode
pound,which is ignited by electric current or
during each retrace interval,Also known as
the spark of a fuse; used for detonating high
beam blank,[ENG] 1,The result of the final
explosives,{ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiorkap }
cutting operation on a natural crystal,2,See
blastingfuse [ENG] A core of gunpowder in the
blind,{ bla?k}
center of jute,yarn,and so on for igniting an
blankbit See bit blank,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla?k vertstrokeinferiorbit } explosive charge in a shothole,{ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080ti?
blanket gas [CHEM ENG] A gas phase intro- vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨z}
duced into a vessel above a liquid phase to pre- blasting machine See blaster,{ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080ti?
vent contamination of the liquid,reduce hazard mavertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
of detonation,or to exert pressure on the liquid,blastingmat [ENG] Aheavy,flexible,tear-resist-
Also known as cushion gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla?H11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorgas } ant covering that is spread over the surface dur-
blank flange [DES ENG] A solid disk used to ing blasting to contain earth fragments.
close off or seal a companion flange,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla?k { vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormat }
vertstrokesuperiorflanj } blast lamp See blast burner; blowtorch,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast
vertstrokeinferiorlamp }blankholderslide [MECH ENG] The outer slide
64
blockandtackle
blast wall [ENG] A heavy wall used to isolate an added component (for example,tetraethyl-
lead,isooctane,and aromatics) to affect the oc-buildings or areas whichcontain highly combus-
tane rating of a base gasoline stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorblenH11080tible or explosive materials or to protect a build-
di?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }ing or area from blast damage when exposed to
blendstock See blending stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorblendvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}explosions,{ vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorwo
˙l}
blend stop [BUILD] A thin wood strip fastened
Blearseffect [ENG] The dependence of the sig-
to the exterior vertical edge of the pulley stile
nal from an ionization gage on the geometry
or jamb to hold the sash in position,{ vertstrokesuperiorblend
of the system being measured when an organic
vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
vapor is present in the vacuum; the effect can
blind [ENG] A solid disk inserted at a pipe joint
falsify measurement results by up to an order of
or union to prevent the flow of fluids through
magnitude,{ vertstrokesuperiorblirz ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
the pipe; used during maintenance and repair
bleed [ENG] To let a fluid,such as air or liquid
work as a safety precaution,Also known as
oxygen,escapeundercontrolledconditionsfrom
blank,{ bl?ˉnd }
a pipe,tank,or the like through a valve or out-
blind controller system [CONT SYS] A process
let,{ bleˉd}
control arrangement that separates the in-plant
bleeder [ELECTR] A high resistance connected
measuring points (for example,pressure,tem-
across the dc output of a high-voltage power
perature,and flow rate) and control points (for
supplywhichservestodischargethefiltercapac-
example,a valve actuator) from the recorder or
itors after the power supply has been turned
indicator at the central control panel,{ |bl?ˉnd
off,and to provide a stabilizing load,[ENG] A
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
connection located at a low place in an air line
blinddrilling [ENG] Drillinginwhichthedrilling
or a gasoline container so that,by means of a
fluid is not returned to the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?ˉnd
small valve,the condensed water or other liquid
vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
can be drained or bled off from the line or con-
blind flange [DES ENG] A flange used to close
tainer without discharging the air or gas.
the end of a pipe,{ |bl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorflanj }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdH11080?r}
blindfloor See subfloor,{ |bl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r}
bleeder turbine [MECH ENG] A multistage tur-
blind hole [DES ENG] A hole which does not
binewheresteamisextracted(bled)atpressures
pass completely through a workpiece,[ENG]
intermediate between throttle and exhaust,for
Atypeofboreholethatdoesnothavethedrilling
processorfeedwaterheatingpurposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdH11080
mud or other circulating medium carry the cut-
r vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}
tings to the surface,{ |bl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl}
bleeding [CHEM ENG] The undesirable move-
blinding [ENG] 1,A thin layer of lean concrete,
mentofcertaincomponents ofaplasticmaterial
finegravel,orsand thatis appliedto asurface to
to the surface of a finished article,Also known
smooth over voids in order to provide a cleaner,
as migration,[ENG] Natural separation of a
drier,or moredurablefinish,2.A layerofsmall
liquid from a liquid-solid or semisolid mixture;
rock chips applied over the surface of a freshly
forexample,separationofoilfromastoredlubri-
tarred road,3,See blanking,{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?ˉnH11080di? }
cating grease,or water from freshly poured con-
blind joint [ENG] A joint which is not visible
crete,Also known as bleedout,{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdH11080i? }
from any angle,{ |bl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorjoint }
bleeding cycle [MECH ENG] A steam cycle in
blind nipple [MECH ENG] A short piece of pip-
which steam is drawn from the turbine at one
ing or tubing having one end closed off; com-
or more stages and used to heat the feedwater.
monly used in boiler construction,{ |bl?ˉnd
Also known as regenerative cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiornipH11080?l}
vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
blind spot [ENG] An area on a filter screen
bleedout See bleeding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉdvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
where no filtering occurs,Also known as dead
bleedvalve [ENG] Asmall-flowvalveconnected
area,{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?ˉnd vertstrokeinferiorspa¨t}
toafluidprocessvesselorlineforthepurposeof
blink [MECH] A unit of time equal to 10
H110025
day
bleeding off small quantities of contained fluid.
or to 0.864 second,{ bli?k}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbleˉd vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
blister [ENG] A raised area on the surface of a
blendeddata [ENG] Q point that is the combi-
metallic or plastic object caused by the pressure
nation of scan data and track data to form a
of gases developed while the surface was in a
vector,{ |blenH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiordadH11080? }
partly molten state,or by diffusion of high-pres-
blendingproblem [IND ENG] A linear program-
sure gases from an inner surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorblisH11080t?r}
ming problem in which it is required to find the
blistering [ENG] The appearance of enclosed or
least costly mix of ingredients which yields the
broken macroscopic cavities in a body or in a
desired product characteristics,{ vertstrokesuperiorblenH11080di?
glaze or other coating during firing,{ vertstrokesuperiorblisH11080t?H11080
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
ri? }
blending stock [CHEM ENG] Any substance
block [DES ENG] 1,A metal or wood case en-
used for compounding gasoline,including natu- closing one or more pulleys; has a hook with
ralgasoline,catalyticallyreformedproducts,and which it can be attached to an object,2,See
additives,Also known as blendstock,{ vertstrokesuperiorblenH11080 cylinder block,{ bla¨k}
di?vertstrokeinferiorsta¨k} blockandfallSeeblockandtackle,{ |bla¨k?n vertstrokesuperiorfo˙l}
block and tackle [MECH ENG] Combination ofblendingvalue [ENG] Measure of the ability of
65
blockbrake
a rope or other flexible material and indepen- the presence of trains,engines,or cars,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k
vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}dentlyrotatingfrictionlesspulleys,Alsoknown
as block and fall,{ vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k?n vertstrokesuperiortakH11080?l} block system [CIV ENG] A railroad system for
controllingtrainmovementsbyusingsignalsbe-block brake [MECH ENG] A brake which con-
sists of a block or shoe of wood bearing upon tween block posts,that is,the structures that
contain theinstruments indicatingthe positionsan iron or steel wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
block diagram [ENG] A diagram in which the of trains,conditions within block sections,and
control levers for signals and other functions.essential units of any system are drawn in the
form of rectangles or blocks and their relation { vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
blood bank [ENG] A place for storing wholeto each other is indicated by appropriate con-
necting lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram } blood or plasma under refrigeration,{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?d
vertstrokeinferiorba?k}blocked operation [CHEM ENG] The use of a
single chemical or refinery process unit alter- bloom [ENG] 1.Fluorescence in lubricating oils
or a cloudy surface on varnished or enamelednately in more than one operation; for example,
a catalytic reactor will first produce a chemical surfaces,2,To apply an antireflection coating
to glass,{ blu¨m}product and then will be blocked from the main
process stream during catalyst regeneration,blotter [ENG] A disk of compressible material
used between a grinding wheel and its flanges{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kt a¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
blockedresistance [ENG ACOUS] Resistance of to avoid concentrated stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨dH11080?r}
blotter press [CHEM ENG] A plate-and-framean audio-frequency transducer when its moving
elements are blocked so they cannot move; rep- filterinwhichthefiltermediumisblottingpaper.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpress }resents the resistance due only to electrical
losses,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kt rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns } blowback [CHEM ENG] 1,A continuous stream
ofliquidorgasbledthroughairlinesfrominstru-blocker-typeforging [ENG] Atypeofforgingfor
designs involving the use of large radii and draft ments and to the process line being monitored;
prevents process fluid from backing up and con-angles,smooth contours,and generous allow-
ances,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080ji? } tacting the instrument,2,Reverse flow of fluid
through a filter medium to remove caked solids.block hole [ENG] A small hole drilled into a
rock or boulder into which an anchor bolt or a Also known as backwash,[MECH ENG] See
blowdown,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorbak }small charge or explosive may be placed; used
in quarries for breaking large blocks of stone or blowby [MECH ENG] Leaking of fluid between a
cylinder and its piston during operation.boulders,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
blockhouse [ENG] 1,A reinforced concrete { vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉ }
blowcase [CHEM ENG] A cylindrical or spheri-structure,oftenbuiltundergroundorhalf-under-
ground,and sometimes dome-shaped,to pro- cal corrosion- and pressure-resistant container
from which acid is forced by compressed air tovide protection against blast,heat,or explosion
during rocket launchings or related activities,the agitator; used in manufacture of acids but
largely superseded by centrifugal pumps,Alsoand usually housing electronic equipment used
in launching the rocket,2,The activity that known as acid blowcase; acid egg,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉs}
blowdown [CHEM ENG] Removal of liquids orgoes on in such a structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
blocking [ELECTR] 1,Applying a high negative solids from a process vessel or storage vessel or
alinebytheuseofpressure,[MECHENG] Thebias to the grid of an electron tube to reduce its
anodecurrenttozero,2.Overloadingareceiver difference between the pressure at which the
safety valve opens and the closing pressure.by an unwanted signal so that the automatic
gain control reduces the response to a desired Also known as blowback,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
blowdownline [CHEM ENG] A large conduit tosignal,3,Distortion occurring in a resistance-
capacitance-coupled electron tube amplifier receive and confine fluids forced by pressure
from process vessels,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}stage when grid current flows in the following
tube,[ENG] Undesiredadhesionbetweenlay- blowdownstack [CHEMENG] Averticalstackor
chimney into which the contents of a chemicalers of plastic materials in contact during storage
or use,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080i? } or petroleumprocess unit areemptied incase of
an operational emergency,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorstak }blocking capacitor See coupling capacitor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080i? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r} blower [MECHENG] Afanwhichoperateswhere
the resistance to gas flow is predominantlyblocking layer See depletion layer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080
r } downstream of the fan,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080?r}
blowing [CHEM ENG] The introduction of com-block plane [DES ENG] A small type of hand
plane,designed for cutting across the grain of pressed air near the bottom of a tank or other
container in order to agitate the liquid therein.the wood and for planing end grains,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn} [ENG] See blow molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080i? }
blowing pressure [ENG] Pressure of the air orblocksection [CIV ENG] In a railroad system,a
specific length of track that is controlled by stop other gases used to inflate the parison in blow
molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}signals,{ vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}
block signal system [CONT SYS] An automatic blowingstill [CHEM ENG] A still or process col-
umninwhichblownoroxidizedasphaltismade.railroad traffic control system in which the track
is sectionalized into electrical circuits to detect { vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstil }
66
bodycone
blow-liftinggripper [CONTSYS] Arobotcompo- knives,for mixing clay and water into slip.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?nH11080j?r}nent that uses compressed air to lift objects.
blunging [ENG] The mixing or suspending of{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉ |liftH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgripH11080?r}
ceramic material in liquid by agitation,to formblow molding [ENG] A method of fabricating
slip,{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?nH11080ji? }hollowplasticobjects,suchasbottles,byforcing
bluntfile [DES ENG] A file whose edges are par-a parison into a mold cavity and shaping by
allel,{ |bl?nt |f?ˉl}internal air pressure,Also known as blowing.
blunting [DES ENG] Slightly rounding a cutting{ vertstrokesuperiorblo
ˉ vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080di? }
edge to reduce the probability of edge chipping.
blownglass [ENG] Glassware formed by blow-
{ vertstrokesuperiorbl?nH11080ti? }
ing air into a ball of liquefied glass until it
BM See barrels per month; benchmark.
reaches the desired shape,{ |bloˉn vertstrokesuperiorglas }
BMT See basic motion-time study.
blown tubing [ENG] A flexible thermoplastic
BMX bicycle [MECH ENG] A small,extremely
film tube made by applying pressure inside a
strong,type of bicycle,having generally 20-inch
molten extruded plastic tube to expand it prior
(500-millimeter) wheels,large-cleat (knobbly)
to cooling and winding flat onto rolls,{ |bloˉn
tires,upright but not high-rise handlebars,and
vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080bi? }
a seat positioned more towards the rear wheel
blowoff valves [MECH ENG] Valves in boiler
than on a conventional bicycle,and used for
piping which facilitate removal of solid matter
stunt riding and tricks,{ vertstrokeinferiorbeˉvertstrokeinferioremvertstrokeinferioreks vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorsikH11080?l}
present in the boiler water,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorvalvz }
boarddrophammer [MECHENG] Atypeofdrop
blowout [ELEC] The melting of an electric fuse
hammer in which the ram is attached to wooden
because of excessive current,[ENG] 1,The
boards which slide between two rollers; after the
bursting of a container (such as a tube pipe,
ram falls freely on the forging,it is raised by
pneumatic tire,or dam) by the pressure of the
friction between the rotating rollers,Also
contained fluid,2,The rupture left by such
known as board hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080
bursting,3,The abrupt escape of air from the
r}
working chamber of a pneumatic caisson.
board-foot [ENG] Unit of volume in measuring
{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
lumber; equals 144 cubic inches (2360 cubic
blowpipe [ENG] 1.Along,straighttube,usedin
centimeters),or the volume of a board 1 foot
glassblowing,onwhichmoltenglassisgathered
square and 1 inch thick,Abbreviated bd-ft.
andworked,2.Asmall,tapered,andfrequently
{ |bo˙rdvertstrokesuperiorfu˙t}
curved tube that leads a jet,usually of air,into
board hammer See board drop hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd
a flame to concentrate and direct it; used in
vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
flametestsinanalyticalchemistryandinbrazing
boarding [ENG] 1,A batch of boards,2,Cov-
and soldering of fine work,3,See blowtorch.
ering with boards,{ vertstrokesuperiorborH11080di? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
boardmeasure [ENG] Measurement of lumber
blowpit See blowtank,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorpit }
in board-feet,Abbreviated bm,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd
blow pressure [ENG] Air pressure required for
vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?r}
plastics blow molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
boast [ENG] 1.Toshapestoneorcurvefurniture
blowrate [ENG] Thespeed ofthe cycleat which
roughly in preparation for finer work later on.
airoraninertgasisappliedintermittentlyduring
2.Tofinishthefaceofabuildingstonebycutting
the forming procedure of blow molding.
a series of parallel grooves,{ boˉst }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
boaster See boasting chisel,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉH11080st?r}
blowtank [CHEM ENG] A tank or pit,used in
boastingchisel [DES ENG] A broad chisel used
papermaking,into which the contents of a di-
in boasting stone,Also known as boaster.
gester are blown upon completion of a cook.
{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉsH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
Also known as blowpit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorta?k}
boatspike [DESENG] Along,squarespikeused
blowtorch [ENG] A small,portable blast burner
inconstructionwithheavytimbers,Alsoknown
which operates either by having air or oxygen
as barge spike,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉt vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉk}
and gaseous fuel delivered through tubes or by
Bobillier’slaw [MECH] The law that,in general
having a fuel tank which is pressured by a hand
plane rigid motion,when aand b are the respec-
pump,Also known as blast lamp; blowpipe.
tive centers of curvature of points A and B,the
{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
angle between Aa and the tangent to the cen-
blowup [CIV ENG] The localized buckling or
trode of rotation (pole tangent) and the angle
breaking of a rigid pavement caused by excess
between Bb and a line from the centrode to the
pressure along its length,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferior?p} intersection of AB and ab (collineation axis) are
blowupratio [ENG] 1,In blow molding of plas- equal and opposite,{ bo
ˉvertstrokesuperiorbilH11080yaˉz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
tics,the ratio of the diameter of the mold cavity body [MECH ENG] The part of a drill which runs
tothe diameterof theparison,2.In blowntub- from the outer corners of the cutting lips to the
ing,the ratio of the diameter of the finished shank or neck,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
product to the diameter of the die,{ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉvertstrokeinferior?p body centrode [MECH] The path traced by the
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } instantaneous center of a rotating body relative
blunger [ENG] 1,A large spatula-shaped to the body,{ |ba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
wooden implement used to mix clay with water,bodycone [MECH] Theconeinarigidbodythat
is swept out by the body’s instantaneous axis2,A vat,containing a rotating shaft with fixed
67
bodyforce
duringPoinsotmotion,Alsoknownaspolhode boiler economizer [MECH ENG] A component
of a steam-generating unit that transfers heatcone,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}
body force [MECH] An external force,such as from the products of combustion after they have
passedthroughthesteam-generatingandsuper-gravity,whichactsonallpartsofabody,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs } heating sections to the feedwater,which it re-
ceives from the boiler feed pump and deliversbody-loadaggregate [IND ENG] A biomechani-
cal unit that comprises the combined weight of to the steam-generating section of the boiler.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiormizH11080?r}the load being manipulated and the body seg-
ments involved in the task,{ |ba¨dH11080eˉ |loˉd vertstrokesuperioraH11080 boilerefficiency [MECH ENG] The ratio of heat
absorbed in steam to the heat supplied in fuel,gr?H11080g?t}
body motion [IND ENG] Motion of parts of a usually measured in percent,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080
nH11080seˉ }human body requiring a change of posture or
weight distribution,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n} boiler feedwater [MECH ENG] Water supplied
to a steam-generating unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdbodyrotation [CONT SYS] An axis of motion of
a pick-and-place robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080sh?n} vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
boiler feedwater regulation [MECH ENG] Ad-bogie Alsospelledbogey;bogy,[ENG] 1.Asup-
portingandaligningwheelorrollerontheinside dition of water to the steam-generating unit at
a rate commensurate with the removal of steamof an endless track,2,A low truck or cart of
solid build,3,A truck or axle to which wheels from the unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r regH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
sh?n}are fixed,which supports arailroad car,the lead-
ing end of a locomotive,or the end of a vehicle boilerfurnace [MECH ENG] An enclosed space
provided for the combustion of fuel to generate(such as a gun carriage) and which is allowed to
swivel under it,4,A railroad car or locomotive steam in a boiler,Also known as steam-gener-
ating furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}supported by a bogie,[MECH ENG] The drive-
wheel assembly and supporting frame compris- boilerheatbalance [MECHENG] Ameansofac-
counting for the thermal energy entering aing the four rear wheels of a six-wheel truck,
mounted so that they can self-adjust to sharp steam-generatingsysteminterms ofitsultimate
useful heat absorption or thermal loss,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080curves and irregularities in the road,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉH11080geˉ }
boiler [MECH ENG] A water heater for generat-?r vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
boiler horsepower [MECH ENG] A measure-ing steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
boiler air heater [MECH ENG] A component of ment of water evaporation rate; 1 boiler horse-
power equals the evaporation per hour of 34
1
/
2
a steam-generating unit that transfers heat from
the products of combustion after they have pounds(15.7kilograms)ofwaterat212H11034F(100H11034C)
into steam at 212H11034F,Abbreviated bhp,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080passedthroughthesteam-generatingandsuper-
heating sections to combustion air,which recy-?r vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
boiler hydrostatic test [MECH ENG] A proce-cles heat to the furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
boiler casing [MECH ENG] The gas-tight struc- dure that employs water under pressure,in a
new boiler before use or in old equipment afterturesurroundingthecomponentpartsofasteam
generator,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkaˉsH11080i? } major alterations and repairs,to test the boiler’s
ability to withstand about 1
1
/
2
times the designboiler circulation [MECH ENG] Circulation of
water and steam in a boiler,which is required pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortest }
boilerlayup [MECHENG] Asignificantlengthofto prevent overheating of the heat-absorbing
surfaces; may be provided naturally by gravita- timeduringwhichaboilerisinoperativeinorder
to allow for repairs or preventive maintenance.tional forces,mechanically by pumps,or by a
combination of both methods,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rs?rH11080 { vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080?p}
boilersetting [MECHENG] Thesupportingsteelky?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
boiler cleaning [ENG] A mechanical or chemi- and gastight enclosure for a steam generator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }cal process for removal of grease,scale,and
other deposits from steam boiler surfaces,boilerstorage [MECHENG] Asteam-generating
unit that,when out of service,may be stored wet{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080i? }
boilercode [MECHENG] Acode,establishedby (filled with water) or dry (filled with protective
gas),{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080ij }professional societies and administrative units,
which contains the basic rules for the safe de- boiler superheater [MECH ENG] A boiler com-
ponent,consisting of tubular elements,in whichsign,construction,and materials for steam-gen-
erating units,such as the American Society of heatisaddedtohigh-pressuresteamtoincrease
its temperature and enthalpy,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r |su¨H11080Mechanical Engineers code,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
boiler controls [MECH ENG] Either manual or p?rvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
boiler trim [MECH ENG] Piping or tubing closeautomaticdeviceswhichmaintaindesiredboiler
operating conditions with respect to variables toorattachedtoaboilerforconnectingcontrols,
gages,or other instrumentation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rsuch as feedwater flow,firing rate,and steam
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlz } vertstrokeinferiortrim }
boiler tube [MECH ENG] One of the tubes in aboiler draft [MECH ENG] The difference be-
tween atmospheric pressure and some lower boiler that carry water (water-tube boiler) to be
heated by the high-temperature gaseous prod-pressure existing in the furnace or gas passages
of a steam-generating unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordraft } ucts of combustion or that carry combustion
68
Bond’slaw
products (fire-tube boiler) to heat the boiler wa- bomb calorimeter [ENG] A calorimeter de-
signed with a strong-walled container con-ter that surrounds them,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
structed of a corrosion-resistant alloy,called theboilerwalls [MECH ENG] The refractory walls of
bomb,immersed in about 2.5 liters of water inthe boiler furnace,usually cooled by circulating
ametalcontainer;thesample,usuallyanorganic
waterandcapableofwithstandinghightempera-
compound,is ignited by electricity,and the heat
tures and pressures,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorwo˙lz }
generated is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨m kalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080
boiler water [MECH ENG] Water in the steam-
r}
generating section of a boiler unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r
bombproof [ENG] Referringtoshelter,building,
vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
or other installation resistant or impervious to
boil-off [THERMO] The vaporization of a liquid,
the effects of bomb explosions,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨mvertstrokeinferiorpru¨f}
such as liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen,as its
bombshelter [CIVENG] Abomb-proofstructure
temperaturereachesitsboilingpointundercon-
for protection of people,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨m vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080t?r}
ditions of exposure,as in the tank of a rocket
bomb test [ENG] A leak-testing technique in
being readied for launch,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
which the vessel to be tested is immersed in a
bollard [CIV ENG] A heavy post on a dock or
pressurized fluid which will be driven through
ship used in mooring ships,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨lH11080?rd }
any leaks present,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨m vertstrokeinferiortest }
bolograph [ENG] Any graphical record made by
bond [CIV ENG] A piece of building material
a bolometer; in particular,a graph formed by
that serves to unite or bond,such as an arrange-
directing a pencil of light reflected from the gal-
ment of masonry units,[ELEC] The connec-
vanometer of the bolometer at a moving photo-
tion made by bonding electrically,[ENG] 1,A
graphic film,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
wire rope that fixes loads to a crane hook.
bolometer [ENG] An instrument that measures
2,Adhesion between cement or concrete and
the energy of electromagnetic radiation in cer-
masonry or reinforcement,{ ba¨nd }
tain wavelength regions by utilizing the change
Bond and Wang theory [MECH ENG] A theory
in resistance of a thin conductor caused by the of crushing and grinding from which the energy,
heating effect of the radiation,Also known as in horsepower-hours,required to crush a short
thermal detector,{ b?vertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r} ton of material isderived,{ |ba¨nd?n vertstrokesuperiorwa?vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080
bolster [ENG] A plate for maintaining a fixed?H11080reˉ }
space between stacked heat exchangers or heat- bond course [BUILD] A course of headers to
bondthefacingmasonrytothebackingmasonry.exchanger shells,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080st?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }bolster plate [MECH ENG] A plate fixed on the
bonded strain gage [ENG] A strain gage inbed of a power press to locate and support the
which the resistance element is a fine wire,usu-die assembly,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080st?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
ally in zigzag form,embedded in an insulatingbolt [DES ENG] A rod,usually of metal,with a
backing material,such as impregnated paper or
square,round,or hexagonal head at one end
plastic,which is cemented to the pressure-sens-
and a screw thread on the other,used to fasten
ing element,{ |ba¨nH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
objects together,{ boˉlt }
bonded transducer [ENG] A transducer which
bolt blank [DES ENG] A threadless bolt with a
employs a bonded strain gage for sensing pres-
head that can be threaded for specific applica-
sure,{ |ba¨nH11080d?d tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
tions,Also known as screw blank,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt
bonder See bondstone,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nH11080d?r}
vertstrokeinferiorbla?k}
bond header [BUILD] In masonry,a stone that
boltedjoint [ENG] The assembly of two or more
extends the full thickness of the wall,Also
parts by a threaded bolt and nut or by a screw
known as throughstone,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd vertstrokeinferiorhedH11080?r}
that passes through one member and threads
bonding [ELEC] The use of low-resistance ma-
into another,{ |boˉlH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
terial to connect electrically a chassis,metal
boltedrailcrossing [CIVENG] Acrossingwhose
shieldcans,cableshieldingbraid,andothersup-
running surfaces are made of rolled rail and
posedly equipotential points to eliminate unde-
whosepartsarejoinedwithbolts,{ |boˉlH11080t?dvertstrokeinferiorraˉl
sirable electrical interactionresulting from high-
vertstrokesuperiorkro˙sH11080i? }
impedancepathsbetweenthem,[ENG] 1.The
bolting [ENG] A fastening system using screw-
fasteningtogetheroftwocomponentsofadevice
threaded devices such as nuts,bolts,or studs.
by means of adhesives,as in anchoring the cop-
{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080ti? }
per foil of printed wiring to an insulating base-
boltsleeve [DES ENG] A tube designed to sur-
board,2,See cladding,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nH11080di? }
round a bolt in a concrete wall to prevent the
bonding strength [MECH] Structural effective-
concrete from adhering to the bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt
ness of adhesives,welds,solders,glues,or of
vertstrokeinferiorsleˉv}
the chemical bond formed between the metallic
Boltzmannengine [THERMO] An ideal thermo-
and ceramic components of a cermet,when sub-
dynamic engine that utilizes blackbody radia-
jected to stress loading,for example,shear,ten-
tion; used to derive the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
sion,or compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉltsH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n} Bond’s law [MECH ENG] A statement that re-
bomb ballistics [MECH] The special branch of lates the work required for the crushing of solid
ballistics concerned with bombs dropped from materials (for example,rocks and ore) to the
product size and surface area and the lengthsaircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨mb?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks }
69
Bond’sthirdtheory
of cracks formed,Also known as Bond’s third radio-frequency amplifier that amplifies and re-
broadcasts a received television or communica-theory,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nz vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ }
tion radio carrier frequency for reception by theBond’sthirdtheorySeeBond’slaw,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nz vertstrokeinferiorth?rd
general public,[MECH ENG] A compressorvertstrokesuperiorthe
ˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
that is used as the first stage in a cascade refrig-
bondstone [BUILD] A stone joining the coping
erating system,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?r}
above a gable to the wall,[CIV ENG] A ma-
booster brake [MECH ENG] An auxiliary air
sonry stone set with its longest dimension per-
chamber,operatedfromtheintakemanifoldvac-
pendicular to the wall face to bind the wall to-
uum,and connected to the regular brake pedal,
gether,Also known as bonder,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}
so that less pedal pressure is required for brak-
bond strength [ENG] The amount of adhesion
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
between bonded surfaces measured in terms of
booster ejector [MECH ENG] A nozzle-shaped
thestressrequiredtoseparatealayerofmaterial
apparatusfromwhichahigh-velocityjetofsteam
from the base to which it is bonded,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd
is discharged to produce a continuous-flow vac-
vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
uum for process equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?reˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080
bond timber [BUILD] A section of wood built
t?r}
horizontally into a brick or stone wall in order
boosterfan [MECH ENG] A fan used to increase
to strengthen it or to hold it together during
either the total pressure or the volume of flow.
construction,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd vertstrokeinferiortimH11080b?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorfan }
boom [ENG] 1.A row of joined floating timbers
boosterpump [MECH ENG] A machine used to
that extend across a river or enclose an area
increase pressure in a water or compressed-air
of water for the purpose of keeping saw logs
pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
together,2,A temporary floating barrier
boosterstations [ENG] Booster pumps or com-
launched on a body ofwater to contain material,
pressorslocatedatintervalsalongaliquid-prod-
for example,an oil spill,3,A structure con-
ucts or gas pipeline to boost the pressure of
sisting of joined floating logs placed in a stream the flowing fluid to keep it moving toward its
to retard the flow,[MECH ENG] A movable destination,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨sH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?nz }
steel arm installed on certain types of cranes or bootjack [ENG] A fishing tool used in drilling
derrickstosupporthoistinglinesthatmustcarry wells,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨tvertstrokeinferiorjak }
loads,{ bu¨m} bootstrap [ENG] A technique or device de-
signed to bring itself into a desired state byboom cat [MECH ENG] A tractor supporting a
means of its own action,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨tvertstrokeinferiorstrap }boom and used in laying pipe,{ bu¨m vertstrokeinferiorkat }
bootstrap circuit [ELECTR] A single-stage am-boom dog [MECH ENG] A ratchet device in-
plifier in which the output load is connectedstalled on a crane to prevent the boom of the
between the negative end of the anode supplycrane from being lowered but permitting it to be
and the cathode,while signal voltage is applied
raised,Also known as boom ratchet,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨m
between grid and cathode; a change in grid volt-
vertstrokeinferiordo˙g}
agechangestheinputsignalvoltagewithrespect
boomer [ENG] A device used to tighten chains
to ground by an amount equal to the output
on pipe or other equipment loaded on a truck
signal voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨tvertstrokeinferiorstrap vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
to make the cargo secure,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨mH11080?r}
bootstrap driver [ELECTR] Electronic circuit
boomerangsedimentcorer [ENG] Adevice,de-
usedtoproduceasquarepulsetodrivethemod-
signedfornighttimerecoveryofasedimentcore,
ulator tube; the duration of the square pulse is
which automatically returns to the surface after
determined by a pulse-forming line,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨t
taking the sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨H11080m?vertstrokeinferiorra?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?H11080m?nt
vertstrokeinferiorstrap vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉvH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}
bootstrap integrator [ELECTR] A bootstrap
boomratchet See boom dog,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨m vertstrokeinferiorrachH11080?t}
sawtooth generator in which an integrating am-
boom stop [MECH ENG] A steel projection on
plifier is used in the circuit,Also known as
a crane that will be struck by the boom if it is
Miller generator,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨tvertstrokeinferiorstrap vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}
raised or lowered too great a distance.
bootstrapping [ELECTR] A technique for lifting
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨m vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
a generator circuit above ground by a voltage
Boordsynthesis [CHEM ENG] A method of pro-
valuederivedfromitsownoutputsignal,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨t
ducing alpha olefins by the reduction of alpha
vertstrokeinferiorstrapH11080i? }
bromo ethers with zinc,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd vertstrokeinferiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}
bootstrap sawtooth generator [ELECTR] A cir-
boost [ELECTR] To augment in relative inten-
cuitcapableofgeneratingahighlylinearpositive
sity,as to boost the bass response in an audio
sawtooth waveform through the use of boot-
system,[ENG] To bring about a more potent
strapping,{ |bu¨tvertstrokeinferiorstrap |so˙vertstrokeinferiortu¨th vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
explosion of the main charge of an explosive by
bore [DES ENG] Inside diameter of a pipe or
using an additional charge to set it off,{ bu¨st }
tube,[MECH ENG] 1,The diameter of a pis-
booster [ELEC] A small generator inserted in
ton-cylinder mechanism as found in reciprocat-
seriesorparallelwithalargergeneratortomain-
ing engines,pumps,and compressors,2,To
tain normal voltage output under heavy loads,penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool,3,To
[ELECTR] 1,A separate radio-frequency ampli- machine a workpiece to increase the size of an
fier connected between an antenna and a tele- existing hole in it,{ bo˙r}
borehole See drill hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}vision receiver to amplify weak signals,2,A
70
boundary
boreholebit See noncoring bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiorbit } bottle centrifuge [ENG] A centrifuge in which
the mixture to be separated is poured into smallborehole logging [ENG] The technique of in-
vestigating and recording the character of the bottles or test tubes; they are then placed in a
rotor assembly which is spun rapidly,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?lformation penetrated by a drill hole in mineral
exploration and exploitation work,Also known vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j}
bottleneck assignment problem [IND ENG] Aas drill-hole logging,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
boreholesurvey [ENG] Alsoknownasdrill-hole linear programming problem in which it is re-
quired to assign machines to jobs (or vice versa)survey,1,Determining the course of and the
target point reached by a borehole,using an so that the efficiency of the least efficient opera-
tion is maximized,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferiornek?vertstrokesuperiors?ˉnH11080m?ntazimuth-and-dip recording apparatus small
enough to be lowered into a borehole,2,The vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
bottle thermometer [ENG] A thermoelectricrecord of the information thereby obtained.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080vaˉ } thermometer used for measuring air tempera-
ture; the name is derived from the fact that theborer [MECH ENG] An apparatus used to bore
openings into the earth up to about 8 feet (2.4 referencethermocoupleisplacedinaninsulated
bottle,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}meters) in diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080?r}
borescope [ENG] A straight-tube telescope us- bottom blow [ENG] A type of plastics blow
molding machine in which air is injected intoing a mirror or prism,used to visually inspect a
cylindrical cavity,such as the cannon bore of the parison from the bottom of the mold.
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorbloˉ }artillery weapons for defects of manufacture and
erosion caused by firing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiorskoˉp} bottom chord [CIV ENG] Any of the bottom
series of truss members parallel to the roadwayboresighting [ENG] Initial alignment of a direc-
tional microwave or radar antenna system by of a bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorko˙rd }
bottom dead center [MECH ENG] The positionusing an optical procedure or a fixed target at a
known location,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080i? } of the crank of a vertical reciprocating engine,
compressor,or pump when the piston is at theboringbar [MECHENG] Arigidtoolholderused
to machine internal surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } end of its downstroke,Abbreviated BDC.
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorded vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}boringlog See drill log,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
boring machine [MECH ENG] A machine tool bottomdump [ENG] A constructionwagon with
movable gates in the bottom to allow verticaldesignedto machineinternalworksuch ascylin-
ders,holes in castings,and dies; types are hori- discharge of its contents,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiord?mp }
bottomedhole [ENG] Acompletedborehole,orzontal,vertical,jig,and single,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i? m?
vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn } a borehole in which drilling operations have
been discontinued,{ |ba¨dH11080?md vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl}boringmill [MECH ENG] A boring machine tool
used particularly for large workpieces; types are bottom flow [ENG] A molding apparatus that
forms hollow plastic articles by injecting thehorizontal and vertical,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormil }
borrow [CIV ENG] Earth material such as sand blowing air at the bottom of the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080
m vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }and gravel that is taken from one location to be
used as fill at another,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨H11080roˉ } bottoming drill [DES ENG] A flat-ended twist
drill designed to convert a cone at the bottomborrowpit [CIV ENG] An excavation dug to pro-
vide material (borrow) for fill elsewhere,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨H11080 of a drilled hole into a cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?mH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiordril }roˉ vertstrokeinferiorpit }
bortbit See diamond bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorpit } bottoms [CHEM ENG] Residual fractions that
remain at the bottom of a fractionating towerBosch fuel injection pump [MECH ENG] A
pump in the fuel injection system of an internal following distillation of the lighter components.
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?mz }combustion engine,whose pump plunger and
barrel are a very close lapped fit to minimize bottomsampler [ENG] Any instrument used to
obtain a sample from the bottom of a body ofleakage,{ |bo˙sh vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨linvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
Boschmeteringsystem [MECH ENG] A system water,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}
bottom tap [DES ENG] A tap with a chamfer 1havinga helicalgrooveinthe plungerwhichcov-
ers or uncovers openings in the barrel of the to 1
1
/
2
threads in length,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiortap }
boulder buster [ENG] A heavy,pyramidal- orpump; most usually applied in diesel engine
fuel-injection systems,{ |bo˙sh vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080 conical-point steel tool which may be attached
to the bottom end of a string of drill rods andt?m}
boss [DES ENG] Protuberance on a cast metal used to break,by impact,a boulder encountered
in a borehole,Also known as boulder cracker.or plastic part to add strength,facilitate assem-
bly,provide for fastenings,or so forth,{ bo˙s} {vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorb?sH11080t?r}
boulder cracker See boulder buster,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉlH11080d?rBoston ridge [BUILD] A method of applying
shingles to the ridge of a house by which the vertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080?r}
bounce table [MECH ENG] A testing deviceshingles alternate in overlap from one side of
the ridge to the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙sH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorrij } which subjects devices and components to im-
pacts such as might be encountered in acciden-bottle [ENG] A container made from pipe or
plate with drawn,forged,or spun end closures,tal dropping,{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙ns vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}
boundary [ELECTR] An interface between p-and used for storing or transporting gas.
{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?l } and n-type semiconductor materials,at which
71
boundaryfriction
donor and acceptor concentrations are equal,four or two wheels; transports soil,in addition
to spreading and leveling it,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉl vertstrokeinferiorskraˉpH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ }
Bow’s notation [MECH] A graphical method ofboundaryfriction [MECH] Frictionbetweensur-
representing coplanar forces and stresses,usingfaces that are neither completely dry nor com-
alphabetical letters,in the solution of stressespletely separated by a lubricant,{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ
or in determining the resultant of a system ofvertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
concurrent forces,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉznoˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}boundary lubrication [ENG] A lubricating con-
bowstringbeam [CIV ENG] A steel,concrete,orditionthatisacombinationofsolid-to-solidsur-
timber beam or girder shaped in the form of a
face contact and liquid-film shear,{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ
bow and string; the string resists the horizontal
vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
forces caused by loads on the arch,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉ
boundary monument [ENG] A material object
vertstrokeinferiorstri?vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
placed on or near a boundary line to preserve
box [DES ENG] See boxing,[ENG] A protec-
and identify the location of the boundary line
tive covering or housing,{ ba¨ks }
on the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080y?H11080m?nt }
boxbeam See box girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
boundary survey [ENG] A survey made to es-
box caisson [CIV ENG] A floating steel or con-
tablish or to reestablish a boundary line on the
crete box with an open top which will be filled
ground or to obtain data for constructing a map
andsunkatafoundationsiteinariverorseaway.
or plat showing a boundary line,{ vertstrokesuperiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ
Also known as American caisson; stranded cais-
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080vaˉ }
son,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
bound vector [MECH] A vector whose line of
boxcar [ENG] A railroad car with a flat roof and
application and point of application are both
vertical sides,usually with sliding doors,which
prescribed,in addition to its direction.
carries freight that needs to be protected from
{ |bau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r}
weather and theft,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ksvertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
Bourdon pressure gage [ENG] A mechanical
box-coking test [ENG] A laboratory test which
pressure-measuringinstrumentemployingasits
forecasts the quality of coke producible in com-
sensing element a curved or twisted metal tube,
mercialpractice;usesaspeciallydesignedsheet-
flattened in cross section and closed,Also
steel box containing about 60 pounds (27 kilo-
known as Bourdon tube,{ |bu˙rH11080d?n vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r
grams) of coal in a commercial coke oven.
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
{ |ba¨ks |koˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortest }
BourdontubeSeeBourdon pressure gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙rH11080
box girder [CIV ENG] A hollow girder or beam
d?n vertstrokesuperiortu¨b}
withasquareorrectangularcrosssection,Also
Boussinesqequation [ENG] A relation used to
known as box beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorg?rH11080d?r}
calculate the influence of a concentrated load
box-girderbridge [CIV ENG] A fixed bridge con-
on the backfill behind a retaining wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨H11080
sisting ofsteel girdersfabricated bywelding four
sivertstrokesuperiornesk ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080sh?n}
plates into a box section,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorg?rH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
Boussinesq’sproblem [MECH] The problem of
box header boiler [MECH ENG] A horizontal
determining the stresses and strains in an infi-
boiler with a front header and rear inclined rect-
niteelasticbody,initiallyoccupyingallthespace
angular header connected by tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks
on one side of an infinite plane,and indented
vertstrokeinferiorhedH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
by a rigid punch having the form of a surface of
boxing [DES ENG] The threaded nut for the
revolution with axis of revolution perpendicular
screw of a mounted auger drill,Also known as
to the plane,Also known as Cerruti’s problem.
box,[ENG] Amethodofsecuringshaftssolely
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨H11080sivertstrokesuperiornesks vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
by slabs and wooden pegs,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ksH11080i? }
Bowden cable [MECH ENG] A wire made of
boxingshutter [BUILD] Awindow shutterwhich
spring steel which is enclosed in a helical casing
can be folded into a boxlike enclosure or recess
and used to transmit longitudinal motions over
at the side of the window frame,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ksH11080i?
distances,particularly around corners,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉdH11080
vertstrokeinferiorsh?dH11080?r}
n vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
box piles [CIV ENG] Pile foundations made by
bowl classifier [CHEM ENG] A shallow bowl
welding together two sections of steel sheet pil-
with a concave bottom so that a liquid-solid
ing or combinations of beams,channels,and
suspensioncanbefedtothecenter;coarseparti-
plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉlz }
cles fall to the bottom,where they are raked to
boxplot [IND ENG] In quality control,a graph
a central discharge point,and liquid and fine
summarizing the distribution,central value,and
particles overflow the edges and are collected.
variabilityofasetofdatavalues;usedtoidentify
{ |boˉl |klasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r} problems (or potential problems) that affect
bowlmill See bowl-mill pulverizer,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉl vertstrokeinferiormil } the quality of processes and products.
bowl-millpulverizer [MECH ENG] A type of pul- { vertstrokesuperiorba¨ksvertstrokeinferiorpla¨t}
verizer which directly feeds a coal-fired furnace,box wrench [ENG] A closed-end wrench de-
in which springs press pivoted stationary rolls signed to fit a variety of sizes and shapes of bolt
against a rotating bowl grinding ring,crushing heads and nuts,{ vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorrench }
the coal between them,Also known as a bowl Boyle’stemperature [THERMO] Foragivengas,
mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorboˉl vertstrokeinferiormil vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorrizH11080?r} the temperature at which the virial coefficient
bowl scraper [MECH ENG] A towed steel bowl B in the equation of state Pv H11005 RT[1 H11001 (B/v) H11001
(C/v
2
) H11001 H11080H11080H11080] vanishes,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilz vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}hung within a fabricated steel frame,running on
72
branchtransmittance
bpd See barrels per day,brake [MECH ENG] A machine element for
bpm See barrels per month,applying friction to a moving surface to slow it
brace [DES ENG] A cranklike device used for (and often,the containing vehicle or device)
turningabit,[ENG] Adiagonallyplacedstruc- down or bring it to rest,{ braˉk}
tural member that withstands tension and com- brake band [MECH ENG] The contracting ele-
pression,and often stiffens a structure against ment of the band brake,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorband }
wind,{ braˉs} brakeblock [MECH ENG] A portion of the band
brace and bit [DES ENG] A small hand tool to brake lining,shaped to conform to the curvature
which is attached a metal- or wood-boring bit.
of the band and attached to it with countersunk
{ |braˉs?n vertstrokesuperiorbit }
screws,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
braced framing [CIV ENG] Framing a building
brake drum [MECH ENG] A rotating cylinder
with post and braces for stiffness,{ |braˉst
attached to a rotating part of machinery,which
vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i? }
the brake band or brake shoe presses against.
braced-ribarch [CIV ENG] A type of steel arch,
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiordr?m}
usually used in bridge construction,which has
brakehorsepower [MECH ENG] The power de-
asystemofdiagonalbracing,{ |braˉst |ribvertstrokesuperiora¨rch }
veloped by an engine as measured by the force
brace head [ENG] A cross handle attached at
applied to a friction brake or by an absorption
the top of a column of drill rods by means of
dynamometer applied to the shaft or flywheel.
which the rods and attached bit are turned after
Abbreviated bhp,{ |braˉk vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
each drop in chop-and-wash operations while
brake line [MECH ENG] One of the pipes or
sinking a borehole through overburden,Also
hoses that connect the master cylinder and the
known as brace key,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉs vertstrokeinferiorhed }
wheel cylinders in a hydraulic brake system.
bracekey See brace head,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉs vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
bracepile See batter pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉs vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
brakelining [MECH ENG] A covering,riveted or
brachiating motion [CONT SYS] A type of ro-
molded to the brake shoe or brake band,which
botic motion that employs legs or other equip-
presses against the rotating brake drum; made
ment to help the manipulator move in its work-
of either fabric or molded asbestos material.
ing environment,{ |braˉH11080keˉvertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorlinH11080i? }
brachiating robot [CONT SYS] A robot that is
brake mean-effective pressure [MECH ENG]
capable of moving over the surface of an object.
Applied to reciprocating piston machinery,the
{ |braˉH11080keˉvertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
average pressure on the piston during the power
brachistochrone [MECH] The curve along
stroke,derived from the measurement of brake
which a smooth-sliding particle,under the influ-
power output,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk |meˉnivertstrokesuperiorfekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
ence of gravity alone,will fall from one point to
brakeshoe [MECH ENG] The renewable friction
another in the minimum time,{ br?vertstrokesuperiorkisH11080t?
element of a shoe brake,Also known as shoe.
vertstrokeinferiorkroˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
bracing [ENG] Theactorprocessofstrengthen-
brakethermalefficiency [MECH ENG] The ratio
ing or making rigid,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080i? }
of brake power output to power input,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk
bracket [BUILD] A vertical board to support the
vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
tread of a stair,[CIV ENG] A projecting sup-
branch [ELEC] A portion of a network con-
port,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrakH11080?t}
sisting of one or more two-terminal elements in
brad [DES ENG] A small finishing nail whose
series,Alsoknownasarm,[ENG] Inapiping
body either is of uniform thickness or is ta-
system,a pipe that originates in or discharges
pered,{ brad }
into another pipe,Also known as branch
bradding [ENG] A distortion of a bit tooth
line,{ branch }
caused by the application of excessive weight,
branch-and-bound technique [IND ENG] A
causing the tooth to become dull so that its
technique in nonlinear programming in which
softer inner portion caves over the harder case
all sets of feasible solutions are divided into
area,{ vertstrokesuperiorbradH11080i? }
subsets,and those having bounds inferior to
Braggspectrometer [ENG] Aninstrumentforx-
others are rejected,{ |branch?n |bau˙nd
ray analysis of crystal structure and measuring
tekvertstrokesuperiorneˉk}
wavelengths of x-rays and gamma rays,in which
branch gain See branch transmittance.
a homogeneous beam of x-rays is directed on
{ vertstrokesuperiorbranch vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn}
the known face of a crystal and the reflected
branchline [CIVENG] A secondary line ina rail-
beam is detected in a suitably placed ionization
road system that connects to the main line.chamber,Also known as crystal spectrometer;
[ENG] See branch,{ vertstrokesuperiorbranch vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}crystal-diffractionspectrometer;ionizationspec-
branch sewer [CIV ENG] A part of a sewer sys-trometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrag spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
tem that is larger in diameter than the lateralbraiding [ENG] Weaving fibers into a hollow
sewer system; receives sewage from both housecylindrical shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉdH11080i? }
connections and lateral sewers,{ |branch |su¨H11080brainstorming [IND ENG] A procedure used to
r}find a solution for a problem by collecting all
branch transmittance [CONT SYS] The amplifi-the ideas,without regard for feasibility,which
cation of current or voltage in a branch of anoccur from a group of people meeting together.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rmH11080i? } electrical network; used in the representation of
73
brandy
such a network by a signal-flow graph,Also breaker cam [MECH ENG] A rotating,engine-
drivendeviceintheignitionsystemofaninternalknownasbranchgain,{ |branchtransvertstrokesuperiormitH11080?ns }
brandy [CHEM ENG] A potable alcoholic bever- combustion engine which causes the breaker
points to open,leading to a rapid fall in theage distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice,
usually after the aging of the wine in wooden primary current,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorkam }
breaker plate [ENG] In plastics die forming,acasks; cognac is a brandy distilled from wines
made from grapes from the Cognac region of perforated plate at the end of an extruder head;
often used to support a screen to keep foreignFrance,{ vertstrokesuperiorbranH11080deˉ }
Brayton cycle [THERMO] A thermodynamic cy- particles out of the die,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
break-even analysis [IND ENG] Determinationcle consisting of two constant-pressure proc-
esses interspersed with two constant-entropy of the break-even point,{ braˉvertstrokesuperiorkeˉH11080v?n?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080
s?s}processes,Also known as complete-expansion
diesel cycle; Joule cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉtH11080?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l} break-evenpoint [IND ENG] The point at which
a company neither makes a profit nor suffers abrazedshanktool [MECH ENG] A metal cutting
tool made of a material different from the shank loss from the operations of the business,and at
whichtotalcostsareequaltototalsalesvolume.to which it is brazed,{ |braˉzd vertstrokesuperiorsha?k vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
breaching [MECH ENG] The space between the { braˉvertstrokesuperiorkeˉH11080v?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
break frequency [CONT SYS] The frequency atend of the tubing and the jacket of a hot-water
or steam boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉchH11080i? } which a graph of the logarithm of the amplitude
of the frequency response versus the logarithmbreadboardmodel [ENG] Uncased assembly of
an instrument or otherpiece of equipment,such of the frequency has an abrupt change in slope.
Also known as corner frequency; knee frequency.as a radio set,having its parts laid out on a flat
surfaceandconnectedtogethertopermitacheck { vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
breaking load [MECH] The stress which,whenor demonstration of its operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbredvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd
vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?l } steadily applied to a structural member,is just
sufficient to break or rupture it,Also known asbreakaway wrist [CONT SYS] A robotic wrist
that has a safety feature that guarantees its pro- ultimate load,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
breaking pin device [ENG] A device designedtection fromdamage if toomuch forceis exerted
on the wrist or end effector,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorrist } to relieve pressure resulting from inlet static
pressure by the fracture of a loaded part of abreak-bulk cargo [IND ENG] Miscellaneous
goodspackedinboxes,bales,crates,cases,bags,pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpin divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
breakingstrength [MECH] Theabilityofamate-cartons,barrels,ordrums;mayalsoincludelum-
ber,motor vehicles,pipe,steel,and machinery,rial to resist breaking or rupture from a tension
force,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }{ |braˉk |b?lk vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080go }
breakdown [ELEC] A large,usually abrupt rise breakingstress [MECH] The stress required to
fracturea materialwhetherby compression,ten-in electric current in the presence of a small
increase in voltage; can occur in a confined gas sion,or shear,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
breakout [ELEC] A joint at which one or morebetween two electrodes,a gas tube,the atmos-
phere (as lightning),an electrical insulator,and conductors are brought out from a multiconduc-
tor cable,[ENG] Failure or collapse of a bore-a reverse-biased semiconductor diode,Also
known as electrical breakdown,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n } hole wall due to stress anisotropy,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉvertstrokeinferiorkau˙t}
breakoutschedule [IND ENG] A schedule for abreakdown diode [ELEC] A semiconductor di-
ode in which the reverse-voltage breakdown construction job site,generally in the form of a
bar chart,that communicates detailed day-to-mechanism is based either on the Zener effect
or the avalanche effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd } dayactivities toall workinglevelson theproject.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorskejH11080?l}breakdownimpedance [ELECTR] Ofasemicon-
ductor,thesmall-signalimpedanceataspecified breakover [ELECTR] In a silicon controlled rec-
tifier or related device,a transition into forwarddirect current in the breakdown region,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk
vertstrokeinferiordau˙nimvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns } conduction caused by the application of an ex-
cessively high anode voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉvertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080v?r}breakdown potential See breakdown voltage.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙np?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080sh?l} breakover voltage [ELECTR] The positive
anodevoltage atwhichasilicon controlledrecti-breakdown region [ELECTR] Of a semiconduc-
tor diode,the entire region of the volt-ampere fier switches into the conductive state with gate
circuit open,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉvertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lH11080tij }characteristic beyond the initiation of break-
down for increasing magnitude of bias,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk breakpoint [CHEM ENG] See breakthrough.
[INDENG] Inatimestudy,theendofanelementvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080j?n}
breakdown voltage [ELEC] 1,The voltage in a work cycle and the point at which a reading
is made,Also known as end point; readingmeasured at a specified current in the electrical
breakdown region of a semiconductor diode,point,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
breakthrough [CHEM ENG] 1,A localized breakAlso known as Zener voltage,2,The voltage at
whichanelectricalbreakdownoccursinadielec- in a filter cake or precoat that permits fluid to
pass through without being filtered,Alsotric,3.The voltageat whichan electricalbreak-
down occurs in a gas,Also known as break- known as breakpoint,2,In an ion-exchange
system,the first appearance of unadsorbed ionsdown potential; sparking potential; sparking
voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lH11080tij } of thetype which depletethe activity ofthe resin
74
bridgevibration
bed;thisindicatesthatthebedmustberegener- window and the masonry into which the frame
has been set,{ |brik |moˉldH11080i? }ated,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiorthru¨ }
brickseat [BUILD] Aledgeonafootingorawallbreakwater [CIV ENG] A wall built into the sea
forsupportingacourseofmasonry,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrikvertstrokeinferiorseˉt}to protect a shore area,harbor,anchorage,or
bridge [CIV ENG] A structure erected to spanbasinfromtheactionofwaves,{ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
natural or artificial obstacles,such as rivers,breastboards [CIV ENG] Timber planks used to
highways,or railroads,and supporting a foot-support the tunnel face when excavation is in
path or roadway for pedestrian,highway,or rail-loose soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrest vertstrokeinferiorbo
˙rdz }
roadtraffic,[ELEC] 1.Anelectricalinstrument
breast drill [DES ENG] A small,portable hand
havingfourormorebranches,bymeansofwhich
drill customarily used by handsetters to drill the
one or more of the electrical constants of an
holes in bit blanks in which diamonds are to be
unknown component may be measured,2,An
set; it includes a plate that is pressed against
electrical shunt path,{ brij }
the worker’s breast,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrest vertstrokeinferiordril }
bridgeabutment [CIV ENG] The end foundation
breasting dolphin [CIV ENG] A pile or other
upon which the bridge superstructure rests.
structure against which a moored ship rests.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij?vertstrokeinferiorb?tH11080m?nt }
{ |brestH11080i? |da¨lH11080f?n}
bridge bearing [CIV ENG] The support at a
breastwall [CIV ENG] A low wall built to retain
bridgepiercarryingtheweightofthebridge;may
the face of a natural bank of earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrest
be fixed or seated on expansion rollers,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij
vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
breather pipe [MECH ENG] A pipe that opens
bridge cable [CIV ENG] Cable from which a
into a container for ventilation,as in a crankcase
roadway or truss is suspended in a suspension
or oil tank,Also known as crankcase breather.
bridge; may be of pencil-thick wires laid parallel
{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉH11080th?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
or strands of wire wound spirally,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokeinferiorkaH11080
breath-holddiving [ENG] A form of diving with-
b?l}
out the use of any artificial breathing mixtures.
bridge crane [MECH ENG] A hoisting machine
{ vertstrokesuperiorbreth vertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiordivH11080i? }
in which the hoisting apparatus is carried by a
breathing [ENG] 1,Opening and closing of a
bridgelike structure spanning the area over
plastics mold in orderto let gases escape during
which the crane operates,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
molding,Also known as degassing,2,Move-
bridge foundation [CIV ENG] The piers and
mentofgas,vapors,orairinandoutofastorage-
abutments of a bridge,on which the superstruc-
tankventlineasaresultofliquidexpansionsand
ture rests,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}
contractions induced by temperature changes.
bridge hybrid See hybrid junction,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i? }
br?d}
breathing apparatus [ENG] An appliance that
bridge limiter [ELECTR] A device employed in
enables a person to function in irrespirable or
analog computers to keep the value of a variable
poisonous gases or fluids; contains a supply of
within specified limits,{ |brij |limH11080?dH11080?r}
oxygenandaregeneratorwhichremovesthecar-
bridge magnetic amplifier [ELECTR] A mag-
bon dioxide exhaled,{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i? apH11080?vertstrokesuperiorradH11080?s}
neticamplifierinwhicheachofthegatewindings
breathing bag [ENG] A component of a sem-
is connected in series with an arm of a bridge
iclosed-circuit breathing apparatus that mixes
rectifier;therectifiersprovideself-saturationand
the gases to provide low breathing resistance.
direct-current output,{ |brij magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperioramH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbag }
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
breathing line [CIV ENG] A level of 5 feet (1.5
bridgeoscillator [ELECTR] Anoscillatorusinga
meters)abovethefloor;suggestedtemperatures
balanced bridge circuit as the feedback network.
for various occupancies of rooms and other
{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij a¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉdH11080?r}
chambers are usually given at this level.
bridge pier [CIV ENG] The main support for a
{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
bridge,upon which the bridge superstructure
breeching [MECH ENG] A duct through which
rests; constructed of masonry,steel,timber,or
theproductsofcombustionaretransportedfrom
concrete founded on firm ground below river
thefurnacetothestack;usuallyappliedinsteam
mud,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokeinferiorpir }
boilers,{ vertstrokesuperiorbreˉH11080chi? }
bridge rectifier [ELECTR] A full-wave rectifier
Brennan monorail car [MECH ENG] A type of
with four elements connected as a bridge circuit
car balanced on a single rail so that when the
with direct voltage obtained from one pair of
car starts to tip,a force automatically applied at
opposite junctions when alternating voltage is
the axle end is converted gyroscopically into a applied to the other pair,{ |brij vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?
ˉH11080?r}
strongrightingmomentwhichforcesthecarback bridge trolley [MECH ENG] Either of the
into a position of lateral equilibrium,{ |brenH11080 wheeled attachments at the ends of the bridge
n vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉl vertstrokeinferiorka¨r} of an overhead traveling crane,permitting the
Brewster process [CHEM ENG] Concentration bridge to move backward and forward on ele-
of dilute acetic acid by use of an extraction sol- vated tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokeinferiortra¨lH11080eˉ }
vent (for example,isopropyl ether),followed by bridge vibration [MECH] Mechanical vibration
distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbru¨H11080st?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} of a bridge superstructure due to natural and
brick molding [BUILD] A wooden molding ap- human-produced excitations,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrij v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080
sh?n}plied to the gap between the frame of a door or
75
bridgewall
bridgewall [MECHENG] A wall in afurnace over or alloys,to facilitate handling during grinding,
which the products of combustion flow,polishing,and microscopic examination,{ bri
{ vertstrokesuperiorbrijvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l} vertstrokesuperiorkedH11080i? }
bridging amplifier [ELECTR] Amplifier with an brisanceindex [ENG] Theratioofanexplosive’s
input impedance sufficiently high so that its in-
power to shatter a weight of graded sand as
put may be bridged across a circuit without sub-
compared to the weight of sand shattered by
stantially affecting the signal level of the circuit
TNT,{ br?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ns |invertstrokeinferiordeks }
across which it is bridged,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrijH11080i?vertstrokeinferioramH11080
British imperial pound [MECH] The British
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
standard of mass,of which a standard is pre-
bridgingconnection [ELECTR] Parallel connec-
served by the government,{ vertstrokesuperiorbridH11080ish imvertstrokesuperiorpirH11080eˉH11080
tionbymeansofwhichsomeofthesignalenergy
l vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd }
in a circuit may be withdrawn frequently,with
Britishthermalunit [THERMO] AbbreviatedBtu.
imperceptible effect on the normal operation of
1.Aunitofheatenergy equaltotheheatneeded
the circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrijH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080sh?n}
to raise the temperature of 1 pound of air-free
bridging loss [ELECTR] Loss resulting from
water from 60H11034 to 61H11034F at a constant pressure of
bridging an impedance across a transmission
1 standard atmosphere; it is found experimen-
system; quantitatively,the ratio of the signal
tally to be equal to 1054.5 joules,Also known
powerdeliveredtothatpartofthesystemfollow-
as sixty degrees Fahrenheit British thermal unit
ing the bridging point,and measured before the
(Btu
60/61
),2.A unit of heat energy that is equal
bridging,to the signal power delivered to the
to 1/180 of the heat needed to raise 1 pound of
same part after the bridging,{ vertstrokesuperiorbrijH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
air-free water from 32H11034F(0H11034C) to 212H11034F (100H11034C) at
bridle [ENG] A pumping unit cable that is
a constant pressure of 1 standard atmosphere;
looped over the horse head and then connected
it is found experimentally to be equal to 1055.79
to the carrier bar; supports the polished-rod
joules,Also known as mean British thermal
clamp,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ˉdH11080?l}
unit (Btu
mean
),3,A unit of heat energy whosebridled-cupanemometer [ENG] A combination
magnitude is such that 1 British thermal unitcup anemometer and pressure-plate anemome-
per pound equals 2326 joules per kilogram; itter,consistingofanarrayofcupsaboutavertical
is equal to exactly 1055.05585262 joules,Alsoaxis of rotation,the free rotation of which is
knownasinternationaltableBritishthermalunitrestricted by a spring arrangement; by adjust-
mentoftheforceconstantofthespring,anangu- (Btu
IT
),{ vertstrokesuperiorbridH11080ish vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
lar displacement can be obtained which is pro- brittleness [MECH] That property of a material
portional to wind velocity,{ |br?ˉdH11080?ld |k?panH11080 manifested by fracture without appreciable prior
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} plastic deformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbridH11080?lH11080n?s}
Briggsequalizer [ENG] Abreathingdevicecon- brittletemperature [THERMO] The temperature
sisting of head harness,mouthpiece,nose clip,
point below which a material,especially metal,
corrugated breathing tube,an equalizing device,
is brittle; that is,the critical normal stress for
120 feet (37 meters) of reinforced air tubes,and
fractureisreachedbeforethecriticalshearstress
a strainer and spike,{ |brigz vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
for plastic deformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbridH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080
Briggs pipe thread See American standard pipe
ch?r}
thread,{ |brigz vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorthred }
Brix degree [CHEM ENG] A unit of the Brix
brightness temperature See blackbody tempera-
scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorbriks d?vertstrokeinferiorgreˉ }
ture,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ˉtH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
Brixscale [CHEM ENG] A hydrometer scale for
brine cooler [MECH ENG] The unit for cooling
sugar solutions indicating the percentage by
brine in a refrigeration system; the brine usually
weight of sugar in the solution at a specified
flows through tubes or pipes surrounded by
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorbriks vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
evaporating refrigerant,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080?r}
broach [MECH ENG] A multiple-tooth,barlike
Brinell number [ENG] A hardness rating ob-
cutting tool; the teeth are shaped to give a de-
tained from the Brinell test; expressed in kilo-
siredsurfaceorcontour,andcuttingresultsfrom
grams per square millimeter,{ br?vertstrokesuperiornel vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080
each tooth projecting farther than the preceding
b?r}
one,{ broˉch }
Brinelltest [ENG] A test to determine the hard-
broaching [ENG] 1.Therestorationofthediam-
nessofamaterial,inwhichasteelball1centime-
eter of a borehole by reaming,2,The breaking
ter in diameter is pressed into the material with
down of the walls between two contiguous drill
a standard force (usually 3000 kilograms); the
holes,[MECH ENG] The machine-shaping of
spherical surface area of indentation is meas-
metal or plastic by pushing or pulling a broach
ured and divided into the load; the results are
across a surface or through an existing hole in
expressed as Brinell number,{ br?vertstrokesuperiornel vertstrokeinferiortest }
a workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorbroˉchH11080i? }
briquetting [ENG] 1,The process of binding to-
broachingbit See reaming bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbroˉchH11080i? bit }
gether pulverized minerals,such as coal dust,
broken-colorwork See antiquing,{ |broˉH11080k?n |k?lH11080
into briquets under pressure,often with the aid
r vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }of a binder,such as asphalt,2,A process or
bromine test [CHEM ENG] A laboratory test inmethod of mounting mineral ore,rock,or metal
which the unsaturated hydrocarbons present infragments in an embedding or casting material,
suchasnaturalorartificialresins,waxes,metals,a crude oil are determined by mixing a sample
76
bucket-ladderdredge
with bromine; the lower the rate of bromine ab- action toexchange the vapor bubblesflowing up
the column,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkap vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}sorption,the more paraffinic the test sample.
bubble-cap tray See bubble tray,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l |kap{ vertstrokesuperiorbroˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉn vertstrokeinferiortest }
vertstrokeinferiortraˉ }brominevalue [CHEM ENG] An expression rep-
bubblemoldcooling [ENG] Inplasticsinjectionresenting the number of centigrams of bromine
molding,cooling by means of a continuous liq-absorbed by 1 gram of oil under test conditions;
uid stream flowing into a cavity equipped withan indication of the degree of unsaturation of a
an outlet at the end opposite the inlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080given oil,{ vertstrokesuperiorbro
ˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉn vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
l vertstrokeinferiormoˉld vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080li? }
brooming [CIV ENG] A method of finishing uni-
bubble test [ENG] Measurement of the largest
formconcrete surfaces,such asthetops ofpave-
opening in the mesh of a filter screen; deter-
ment slabs or floor slabs,by dragging a broom
mined by the pressure needed to force air or gas
over the surface to produce a grooved texture.
through the screen while it is submerged in a
{ vertstrokesuperiorbru¨H11080mi? }
liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortest }
brownacid [CHEM ENG] Oil-soluble petroleum
bubbletower [CHEMENG] Aplatetowerusedin
sulfonate found in sludge following sulfuric acid
distillation,with plates containing bubble caps.
treatment of petroleum products,{ |brau˙n
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
|asH11080?d}
bubble tray [CHEM ENG] A perforated,circular
brown smoke [ENG] Smoke with less particu-
plateplacedwithinadistillationtoweratspecific
lates than black smoke; comes from burning fos-
places to collect the fractions of petroleum pro-
sil fuel,usually fuel oil,{ |brau˙n |smoˉk}
duced in fractional distillation,Also known as
Brunton See Brunton compass,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ntH11080?n}
bubble-cap tray,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortraˉ }
Bruntoncompass [ENG] A compact field com-
bubble-tray column [CHEM ENG] A fractionat-
pass,with sights and reflector attached,used for
ingcolumnwhoseplatesareformedfrombubble
geologicalmappingandsurveying,Alsoknown
caps,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortraˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
as Brunton; Brunton pocket transit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ntH11080?n
bubble tube [ENG] The glass tube in a spirit
vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?s}
level containing the liquid and bubble,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080
Brunton pocket transit See Brunton compass.
l vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?ntH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpa¨kH11080?t vertstrokesuperiortranH11080z?t}
buck [BUILD] The frame into which the finished
brush [ELEC] A conductive metal or carbon
door fits,{ b?k}
blockusedtomakeslidingelectricalcontactwith
bucket [ENG] 1,A cup on the rim of a Pelton
a moving part,{ br?sh }
wheel against which water impinges,2,A re-
brush hopper [IND ENG] A rotating brush that
versed curve at the toe of a spillway to deflect
wipes quantities of eyelets,rivets,and other
the water horizontally and reduce erosiveness.
small special parts past shaped openings in a
3,A container on a lift pump or chain pump.
chute,{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?sh vertstrokeinferiorha¨pH11080?r}
4,A container on some bulk-handling equip-
brush rake [MECH ENG] A device with heavy-
ment,such as a bucket elevator,bucket dredge,
duty tines that is fixed to the front of a tractor
or bucket conveyor,5,A water outlet in a tur-
or other prime mover for use in land clearing.
bine,6,See calyx,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t}
{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?sh vertstrokeinferiorraˉk}
bucketcarrierSeebucket conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080
brush-shiftingmotor [ENG] A category of alter-
eˉH11080?r}
nating-currentmotorinwhichthebrushcontacts
bucket conveyor [MECH ENG] A continuous
shifttomodifyoperatingspeedandpowerfactor.
bulk conveyor constructed of a series of buckets
{ vertstrokesuperiorbr?sh vertstrokeinferiorshifH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
attached to one or two strands of chain or in
BSD See barrels per stream day.
some instances to a belt,Also called bucket
Bsize [ENG] 1.One of a seriesof sizes to which
carrier,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?tk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
trimmed paper and board are manufactured; for
bucketdredge [MECHENG] A floating mechan-
size BN,with N equal to any integer from 0 to
ical excavator equipped with a bucket elevator.
10,the length of the shorter side is 2
H11002N/2
meters,
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiordrej }
and the length of the longer side is 2
(1H11002N)/2
me-
bucketelevator [MECHENG] Abucketconveyor
ters,withbothlengthsroundedofftothenearest
operating on a steep incline or vertical path.
millimeter,2,Of a sheet of paper,the dimen-
Also known as elevating conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t |elH11080
sions 11 inches by 17 inches (279 millimeters by
vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
432 millimeters),{ vertstrokesuperiorbeˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
bucket excavator [MECH ENG] An elevating
BT See bathythermograph.
scraper,that is,one that does the work of a
Btu See British thermal unit,conventional scraper but has a bucket elevator
bu See bushel,mounted in front of the bowl,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t |ekH11080
bubble cap [CHEM ENG] A metal cap covering sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
a hole in the plate within a distillation tower; bucket ladder See bucket-ladder dredge,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080
designed to permit vapors to rise from below?t vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}
the plate,pass through the cap,and make con- bucket-ladder dredge [MECH ENG] A dredge
tact with liquid on the plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkap } whose digging mechanism consists of a lad-
bubble-cap plate [CHEM ENG] One of the de- derlike truss on the periphery of which is
vicesinlarge-diameterfractionaldistillationcol- attached an endless chain riding on sprocket
wheels and carrying attached buckets,Alsoumns that are designed to produce a bubbling
77
bucket-ladderexcavator
known as bucket ladder; bucket-line dredge; buffing wheel [DES ENG] A flexible wheel with
a surface of fine abrasive particles for buffingladder-bucket dredge; ladder dredge,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t
vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordrej } operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?fH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
bug [ELECTR] 1,A semiautomatic code-send-bucket-ladder excavator See trench excavator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?H11080vaˉdH11080?r } ing telegraph key in which movement of a lever
to one side produces a series of correctly spacedbucket-line dredge See bucket-ladder dredge.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiordrej } dots and movement to the other side produces
asingle dash,2.An electroniclistening device,bucketloader [MECH ENG] A form of portable,
self-feeding,inclined bucket elevator for loading generallyconcealed,usedforcommercialormil-
itary espionage,[ENG] 1,A defect or imper-bulk materials into cars,trucks,or other con-
veyors,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?r } fection present in a piece of equipment,2,See
bullet,{ b?g}buckettemperature [ENG] The surface temper-
ature of ocean water as measured by a bucket buggy See concrete buggy,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?gH11080eˉ }
buhrstonemill [MECH ENG] A mill for grindingthermometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t |temH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
bucket thermometer [ENG] A thermometer or pulverizing grain in which a flat siliceous rock
(buhrstone),generally of cellular quartz,rotatesmounted in a bucket and used to measure the
temperature ofwater drawn into thebucket from against a stationary stone of the same material.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn vertstrokeinferiormil }the surface of the ocean,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?tth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080
dH11080?r} build [ELECTR] To increase in received signal
strength,{ bild }bucket-wheelexcavator [MECH ENG] A contin-
uous digging machine used extensively in large- building [CIV ENG] A fixed structure for human
occupancy and use,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080di? }scale stripping and mining,Abbreviated BWE.
Also known as rotary excavator,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorweˉl building-block approach [IND ENG] A tech-
nique for development of a set of standard datavertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
Buckingham’s equations [MECH ENG] by creating fixed groups or modules of work ele-
ments that may be added together to obtainEquations which give the durability of gears and
the dynamic loads to which they are subjected time values for elements and entire operations.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbildH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k?vertstrokeinferiorproˉch }in terms of their dimensions,hardness,surface
endurance,and composition,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080i?H11080?mz buildingcode [CIV ENG] Local building laws to
promote safe practices in the design and con-ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz }
buckleplate [CIV ENG] A steel floor plate which struction of a building,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
buildingdock [CIV ENG] A type of graving dockis slightly arched to increase rigidity,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?l
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt } orbasin,usuallybuiltofconcrete,inwhichships
are constructed and then floated out throughBuckley gage [ENG] A device that measures
very low gas pressures by sensing the amount a caisson gate after flooding the dock,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
di?vertstrokeinferiorda¨k}of ionization produced in the gas by a predeter-
mined electric current,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} building envelope [CIV ENG] The interior,en-
closed space of a building,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080di?vertstrokesuperiorenH11080buckling [ENG] Wrinkling or warping of fibers
in a composite material,[MECH] Bending of v?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
building footprint See footprint,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080di?a sheet,plate,or column supporting a compres-
sive load,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080li? } vertstrokeinferiorfu˙tvertstrokeinferiorprint }
building line [CIV ENG] A designated line be-buckling stress [MECH] Force exerted by the
crippling load,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorstres } yond which a building cannot extend,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
di?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}buckstay [MECH ENG] A structural support for
a furnace wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?kvertstrokeinferiorstaˉ } buildup index See fire-danger meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorbilvertstrokeinferiord?p
vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }buffer [ELEC] An electric circuit or component
that prevents undesirable electrical interac- built-inbeamSeefixed-endbeam,{ |biltvertstrokeinferiorin vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}
built-upbeam [ENG] A structural steel membertion between two circuits or components.
[ELECTR] 1.An isolating circuit in an electronic that is fabricated by welding or riveting rather
than being rolled,{ vertstrokesuperiorbiltvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}computer used to prevent the action of a driven
circuit from affecting the corresponding driving built-upedge [ENG] Chip material adhering to
the tool face adjacent to a cutting edge duringcircuit,2,See buffer amplifier,[ENG] A de-
vice,apparatus,or piece of material designed to cutting,{ vertstrokesuperiorbiltvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokesuperiorej }
built-uproof [BUILD] A roof constructed of sev-reduce mechanical shock due to impact.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?fH11080?r } eral layers of felt and asphalt,{ vertstrokesuperiorbiltvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}
bulb angle [DES ENG] A steel angle iron en-buffered FET logic [ELECTR] A logic gate con-
figurationusedwithgallium-arsenidefield-effect larged to a bulbous thickening at one end.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lb vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}transistors operating in the depletion mode,in
which the level shifting required to make the bulge forming [ENG] A process by which con-
tours are formed on the sides of tubular work-input and output voltage levels compatible is
achievedwithSchottkybarrierdiodes,Abbrevi- pieces by exerting pressure inside the tube to
force expansion into a die clamped around theated BFL,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?fH11080?rd |ef|eˉ|teˉ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
buffing [ENG] The smoothing and brightening exterior,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lj vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
bulk cargo [IND ENG] Cargo which is loadedof a surface by an abrasive compound pressed
against it by a soft wheel or belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?fH11080i? } into a ship’s hold without being boxed,bagged,
78
Bulygennumber
or hand stowed,or is transported in large tank and other unique properties that depend on the
semiconductor and doping materials used.spaces,{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiorgoˉ }
bulk density [ENG] The mass of powdered or { |b?lk |foˉH11080doˉH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r}
bulkresistor [ELECTR] An integrated-circuit re-granulated solid material per unit of volume.
{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ } sistor in which the n-type epitaxial layer of a
semiconducting substrate is used as a noncriti-bulk diode [ELECTR] A semiconductor micro-
wave diode that uses the bulk effect,such as cal high-value resistor; the spacing between the
attached terminals and the sheet resistivity ofGunn diodes and diodes operating in limited
space-charge-accumulation modes,{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ the material together determine the resistance
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}vertstrokeinferioroˉd}
bulk effect [ELECTR] An effect that occurs bulk strain [MECH] The ratio of the change in
the volume of a body that occurs when the bodywithin the entire bulk of a semiconductor mate-
rial rather than in a localized region or junction,is placed under pressure,to the original volume
of the body,{ vertstrokesuperiorbalk vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk ivertstrokesuperiorfekt }
bulk-effect device [ELECTR] A semiconductor bulkstrength [MECH] Thestrengthperunitvol-
ume of a solid,{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }device that depends on a bulk effect,as in Gunn
and avalanche devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk ivertstrokesuperiorfekt divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs} bulk transport [MECH ENG] Conveying,
hoisting,or elevating systems for movement ofbulk factor [ENG] The ratio of the volume of
loose powdered or granulated solids to the vol- solids such as grain,sand,gravel,coal,or wood
chips,{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }ume of an equal weight of the material after
consolidation into a voidless solid,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk bulldozer [MECH ENG] A wheeled or crawler
tractor equipped with a reinforced,curved steelvertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
bulk-handling machine [MECH ENG] Any of a plate mounted in front,perpendicular to the
ground,for pushing excavated materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙ldiversified group of materials-handling ma-
chines designed for handling unpackaged,di- vertstrokeinferiordoˉzH11080?r}
bullet [ENG] 1,A conical-nosed cylindricalvided materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk vertstrokeinferiorhandH11080li? m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
bulkhead line [CIV ENG] The farthest offshore weight,attached to a wire rope or line,either
notched or seated to engage and attach itself toline to which a structure may be constructed
without interfering with navigation,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lk the upper end of a wire line core barrel or other
retrievable or retractable device that has beenvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
bulkheadwharf [CIV ENG] A bulkhead that may placed in a borehole,Also known as bug; go-
devil;overshot,2.Ascraper withself-adjustingbeusedasawharfbyadditionofmooringappur-
tenances,paving,and cargo-handling facilities,spring blades,inserted in a pipeline and carried
forwardbythefluidpressure,clearingawayaccu-{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lkvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorwo˙rf }
bulking value [CHEM ENG] The relative ability mulations or debris from the walls of a pipe.
Also known as go-devil,3,A bullet-shapedof a pigment or other substance to increase the
volume of paint,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?lH11080ki?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ } weight or small explosive charge dropped to ex-
plode a charge of nitroglycerin placed in a bore-bulkinsulation [ENG] A type of insulation that
retards the flow of heat by the interposition of hole,Also known as go-devil,4,An electric
lamp covered by a conical metal case,usually atmany air spaces and,in most cases,by opacity
to radiant heat,{ |b?lk inH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } theendofaflexiblemetalshaft,5,Seetorpedo.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙lH11080?t}bulk material [IND ENG] Material purchased in
uniform lots and in quantity for distribution as bulletdrop [MECH] Theverticaldropofabullet.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙lH11080?t vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}required for a project,{ |b?lk m?|tirH11080eˉH11080?l}
bulkmicromachining [ENG] A set of processes bull gear [DES ENG] A bull wheel with gear
teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙l vertstrokeinferiorgir }that enable the three-dimensional sculpting of
single-crystal silicon to make small structures bulling bar [ENG] A bar for ramming clay into
cracks containing blasting charges which arethat serve as components of microsensors.
{ |b?lk vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? } about to be exploded,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
bullnose [BUILD] A rounded external angle,asbulk modulus See bulk modulus of elasticity.
{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s } one used at window returns and doorframes.
{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙l vertstrokeinferiornoˉz}bulkmodulusofelasticity [MECH] The ratio of
the compressive or tensile force applied to a bull-nosebit See wedge bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙l vertstrokeinferiornoˉz vertstrokeinferiorbit }
bull-nose plane [DES ENG] A small rabbetsubstance per unit surface area to the change in
volume of the substance per unit volume,Also plane used to smooth or shape joints or other
places that cannot be reached by larger planes.known as bulk modulus; compression modulus;
hydrostatic modulus; modulus of compression; { |bu˙l vertstrokeinferiornoˉz vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn}
bull wheel [MECH ENG] 1,The main wheel ormodulus of volume elasticity,{ |b?lk vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080vertstrokeinferiorH11080l?s
vivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ } gear of a machine,which is usually the largest
and strongest,2,A cylinder which has a ropebulk rheology [MECH] The branch of rheology
wherein study of the behavior of matter neglects woundaboutitforliftingorhauling,3.Awheel
attached to the base of a derrick boom whicheffects due to the surface of a system,{ |b?lk
reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ } swings the derrick in a vertical plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙l
vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}bulk photoconductor [ELECTR] A photocon-
ductor having high power-handling capability Bulygen number [THERMO] A dimensionless
79
bumpcontact
number used in the study of heat transfer during arrays are designed for telemetering,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙i
evaporation,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu¨lH11080?H11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r} vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
bump contact [ELECTR] A large-area contact burden [ELEC] The amount of power drawn
used for alloying directly to the substrate of a from the circuit connecting the secondary termi-
transistor for mounting or interconnecting pur- nals of an instrument transformer,usually ex-
poses,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?mp vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt } pressed in volt-amperes,[ENG] 1,The dis-
bumper [ENG] 1,A metal bar attached to one tancefromadrillholetothemoreorlessvertical
orbothendsofapoweredtransportationvehicle,surface of rock that has already been exposed
especially an automobile,to prevent damage to
by blasting or excavating,2.The volume of the
thebody,2.Inadrillingoperation,thesupport-
rock to be removed by blasting in a drill hole.
ing stay between the main foundation sill and
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rdH11080?n}
the engine block,3,In drilling,a fishing tool
burglar alarm [ENG] An alarm in which inter-
for loosening jammed cable tools,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?mH11080p?r}
ruption of electric current to a relay,caused,for
bumping See chugging,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?mH11080pi? }
example,by the breaking of a metallic tape
bund [CIV ENG] An embankment or embanked
placed at an entrance to a building,deenergizes
thoroughfare along a body of water; the term is
therelayandcausestherelaycontactstooperate
used particularly for such structures in the Far
the alarm indicator,Also known as intrusion
East,{ b?nd }
alarm,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080gl?r?|la¨rm }
bundling machine [MECH ENG] A device that
buried set-point method [CONT SYS] A proce-
automatically accumulates cans,cartons,or
dure for guiding a robot manipulator along a
glass containersfor semiautomaticor automatic
template,in which low-gain servomechanisms
loading or for shipping cartons by assembling
apply a force along the edge of the template,
the packages into units of predetermined count
while the manipulator’s tool is parallel to,and
and pattern which are then machine-wrapped
buried below,the template surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorberH11080eˉd
in paper,film paperboard,or corrugated board.
vertstrokesuperiorsetvertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ndH11080li? m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
burn [ENG] To consume fuel,{ b?rn }
bund wall [ENG] A retaining wall designed to
burncut See parallel cut,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rn vertstrokeinferiork?t}
containthecontentsofatankorastoragevessel
burner [CHEM ENG] A furnace where sulfur or
in the event of a rupture or other emergency.
sulfide ore are burned to produce sulfur dioxide
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?nd vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
and other gases,[ENG] 1,The part of a fluid-
bunker [CIV ENG] A bin,often elevated,that is
burning device at which the flame is produced.
divided into compartments for storing material
2,Any burning device used to soften old paint
suchascoalorsand,[MECHENG] Aspaceina
to aid in its removal,3.A worker who operates
refrigerator designed to hold a cooling element.
akiln whichburnsbrick ortile,4.A workerwho
{ vertstrokesuperiorbH11080k?r}
alters the properties of a mineral substance by
bunkering [ENG] Storage of solid or liquid fuel
burning,5,A worker who uses a flame-cutting
incontainersfromwhichthefuelcanbecontinu-
torch to cut metals,[MECH ENG] A unit of a
ously or intermittently withdrawn to feed a fur-
steam boiler which mixes and directs the flow
nace,internal combustion engine,or fuel tank,
of fuel and air so as to ensure rapid ignition and
for example,coal bunkering and fuel-oil bunker-
complete combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbH11080k?rH11080i? }
burnerwindbox [ENG] A chamber surrounding
bunny suit [ENG] Protective clothing worn by
a burner,under positive air pressure,for proper
an individual who works in a clean room to pre-
distribution and discharge of secondary air.
ventcontaminationof equipmentandmaterials.
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r vertstrokesuperiorwindvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?nH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨t}
burnettize [ENG] To saturate fabric or wood
Bunsenburner [ENG] A type of gas burner with
with a solution of zinc chloride under pressure
an adjustable air supply,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?nH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}
to keep it from decaying,{ b?rvertstrokesuperiornedvertstrokeinferior?ˉz}
Bunsen ice calorimeter [ENG] Apparatus to
burn-in [ELECTR] Operation of electronic com-
gage heat released during the melting of a com-
ponentsbeforetheyareappliedinordertostabi-
pound by measuring the increase in volume of
lize their characteristics and reveal defects.
thesurroundingice-watersolutioncausedbythe
[ENG] See freeze,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rn vertstrokeinferiorin }
melting of the ice,Also known as ice calorime-
burning [ENG] The firing of clay products
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?nH11080s?n vertstrokesuperior?ˉs kalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
placed in a kiln,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080ni? }
buoy [ENG] An anchored or moored floating
burning index See fire-danger meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080ni?
object,otherthanalightship,intendedasanaid
|invertstrokeinferiordeks }to navigation,to attach or suspend measuring
burningpoint [ENG] The lowest temperature atinstruments,or to mark the position of some-
which a volatile oil in an open vessel will con-thing beneath the water,{ bo˙i}
tinue to burn when ignited by a flame held closebuoyancy-type density transmitter [ENG] An
to its surface; used to test safety of kerosine andinstrument which records the specific gravity of
other illuminating oils,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080ni?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }a flowing stream of a liquid or gas,using the
burningquality [ENG] Rated performance for aprinciple of hydrostatic weighing,{ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080?nH11080seˉ
burning oil as determined by specified ASTMvertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ tranzvertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r}
(American Society for Testing and Materials)buoysensor [ENG ACOUS] A hydrophone used
as a sensor in buoy projects; some hydrophone tests,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080ni?vertstrokeinferiorkwalH11080?dH11080eˉ }
80
button
burning-qualityindex [ENG] Predictionofburn- in the form of a bearing,that lines a support for
ing performance of furnace and heater oils; de- a shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙shH11080i? }
rived from ASTM (American Society for Testing Butamerprocess [CHEMENG] Amethodofiso-
and Materials) distillation,API (American Petro- merizing normal butane into isobutane in the
leum Institute) gravity,paraffinicity,and volatil-
presence of hydrogen and a solid,noble-metal
ity,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080ni? |kwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
catalyst; used to prepare raw material in a gaso-
burnish [ENG] To polish or make shiny.
line alkylation process,{ vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨dH11080?H11080m?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080nish }
s}
burnisher [ENG] A tool with a hard,smooth
butane dehydrogenation [CHEM ENG] A proc-
rounded edge or surface; used for finishing the
ess to remove hydrogen from butane to produce
edges of scraper blades,for smoothing or pol-
butene or butadiene,{ vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉndeˉvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080
ishing plastic or metal surfaces,or for other ap-
j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
plications requiring manipulation by rubbing.
butanevapor-phaseisomerization [CHEM ENG]
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?H11080sh?r}
A process to isomerize normal butane into iso-
burnout [ELEC] Failureofadeviceduetoexces-
butane in the presence of aluminum chloride
siveheatproducedbyexcessivecurrent,[ENG]
catalyst and hydrogen chloride promoter.
An instance of a device or a part overheating so
{ vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorfaˉz?ˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨mH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
as to result in destruction or damage.
butt [BUILD] Thebottomorcoveredgeofashin-
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
gle,[DES ENG] The enlarged and squared-off
Burnside boring machine [MECH ENG] A ma-
end of a connecting rod or similar link in a
chine for boring in all types of ground with the
machine,{ b?t}
feature of controlling water immediately if it is
butterfly damper See butterfly valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉ
tapped,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rnvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i? m?vertstrokesuperiorsh?n}
vertstrokeinferiordamH11080p?r}
bursting strength [MECH] A measure of the
butterflynut See wing nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
ability of a material to withstand pressure with-
butterflyvalve [ENG] Avalvethatutilizesaturn-out rupture; it is the hydraulic pressure required
able disk element to regulate flow in a pipe orto burst a vessel of given thickness,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080
duct system,such as a hydraulic turbine or asti?vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
ventilating system,Also known as butterflyburst pressure [MECH] The maximum inside
damper,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorvalv }pressure that a process vessel can safely with-
stand,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rst vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r} Butterworth filter [ELECTR] An electric filter
burton [MECHENG] Asmallhoistingtacklewith whose pass band (graph of transmission versus
two blocks,usually a single block and a double frequency) has a maximally flat shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080
block,with a hook block in the running part of?rvertstrokeinferiorw?rth vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
the rope,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?rtH11080?n} Butterworth head [MECH ENG] A mechanical
bus [ELEC] 1.A set of two or more electric con-
hose head with revolving nozzles; used to wash
ductors that serve as common connections be-
down shipboard storage tanks,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?r
tween load circuits and each of the polarities (in
vertstrokeinferiorw?rth vertstrokeinferiorhed }
direct-currentsystems)orphases(inalternating-
butt fusion [ENG] The joining of two pieces of
current systems) of the source of electric power.
plastic or metal pipes or sheets by heating the
2,Seebusbar,[ELECTR] One or more conduc-
ends until they are molten and then pressing
tors in a computer along which information is
them together to form a homogeneous bond.
transmitted from any of several sources to any
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?t vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
of several destinations,[ENG] A motor vehi-
buttgage [ENG] Atoolusedtomarktheoutline
cle for carrying a large number of passengers.
for the hinges on a door,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?t vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
{b?s}
buttjoint [ELEC] A connection formed by plac-
bus cable [ELECTR] An electrical conductor
ing the ends of two conductors together and
thatcanbeattachedtoabustoextenditoutside
joining them by welding,brazing,or soldering.
the computer housing or join it to another bus
[ENG] A joint in which the parts to be joined
within the same computer,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?s vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
arefastenedendtoendoredgetoedgewithone
bushel [MECH] Abbreviated bu,1,A unit of
or more cover plates (or other strengthening)
volume (dry measure) used in the United States,
generally used to accomplish the joining.
equal to 2150.42 cubic inches or approximately
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?t vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
35.239 liters,2,A unit of volume (liquid and
buttocklines [ENG] The lines of intersection of
dry measure) used in Britain,equal to 2219.36
thesurfaceofanaircraftoritsfloat,orofthehull
cubic inches or 8 imperial gallons (approxi-
of a ship,with its longitudinal vertical planes.
mately 36.369 liters),{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙shH11080?l}
Also known as buttocks,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?k vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnz }
bush hammer [MECH ENG] A hand-held or
buttocks See buttock lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?dH11080?ks }
power-driven hammer that has a serrated face
button [ELECTR] 1,A small,round piece of
containing pyramid-shaped points and is used
metal alloyed to the base wafer of an alloy-junc-
to dress a concrete or stone surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorbu˙sh
tion transistor,Also known as dot,2,ThevertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
container that holds the carbon granules of abushing [DES ENG] See nipple,[ELEC] See
carbonmicrophone,Alsoknownascarbonbut-sleeve,[MECHENG] Aremovablepieceofsoft
metal or graphite-filled sintered metal,usually ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080?n}
81
buttonbit
button bit [DES ENG] A drilling bit made with BWG See Birmingham wire gage.
BX cable [ELEC] Insulated wires in flexiblebutton-shapedtungstencarbideinserts,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080
metal tubing used for bringing electric power to?n vertstrokeinferiorbit }
electronic equipment,{ |beˉ|eks |kaˉH11080b?l}buttondie [DESENG] Amatingmember,usually
bypass [CIV ENG] A road which carries traffic
replaceable,for a piercing punch,Also known
around a congested district or temporary ob-
as die bushing,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080?n vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
struction,[ELEC] A shunt path around some
buttonhead [DES ENG] A screw,bolt,or rivet
element or elements of a circuit,[ENG] An al-
with a hemispherical head,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorhed }
ternating,usuallysmaller,diversionaryflowpath
buttress [CIV ENG] A pier constructed at right
in a fluid dynamic system to avoid some device,
angles to a restraining wall on the side opposite
fixture,or obstruction,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpas }
totherestrainedmaterial;increasesthestrength
bypasschannel [CIV ENG] 1.A channel built to
and thrust resistance of the wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?H11080tr?s}
carry excess water from a stream,Also known
buttress dam [CIV ENG] A concrete dam con-
as flood relief channel; floodway,2,A channel
structed as a series of buttresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?H11080tr?s
constructedto divertwater froma mainchannel.
vertstrokeinferiordam }
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
buttress thread [DES ENG] A screw thread
bypass filter [ELECTR] Filter which provides a
whoseforward faceis perpendicularto thescrew
low-attenuation path around some other equip-
axis and whose back face is at an angle to the
ment,such as a carrier frequency filter used to
axis,so that the thread is both efficient in trans-
bypass a physical telephone repeater station.
mitting power and strong,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?H11080tr?s vertstrokeinferiorthred }
{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
buzz [CONT SYS] See dither,[ELECTR] The
bypassvalve [ENG] Avalvethatopenstodirect
condition of a combinatorial circuit with feed-
fluid elsewhere when a pressure limit is ex-
back that has undergone a transition,caused by ceeded,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?
ˉvertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
the inputs,from an unstable state to a new state by-product [ENG] Aproductfromamanufactur-
that is also unstable,{ b?z} ing process that is not considered the principal
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpra¨dH11080?kt }BWE See bucket-wheel excavator.
82
C
is driven by a stationary engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lc See calorie.
|raˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }C See capacitance; capacitor; coulomb.
cable release [ENG] A wire plunger to actuateC
2
See command and control,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ }
the shutter of a camera,thus avoiding undesir-C
3
See command,control,and communications.
able camera movement,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lrivertstrokesuperiorleˉs}{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ }
cable-stayed bridge [CIV ENG] A modificationcab [ENG] In a locomotive,truck,tractor,or
of the cantilever bridge consisting of girders orhoisting apparatus,a compartment for the oper-
trusses cantilevered both ways from a centralator,{ kab }
towerandsupportedbyinclinedcablesattached
cabinet file [DES ENG] A coarse-toothed file
to the tower at top or sometimes at several
withflatandconvexfacesusedforwoodworking.
levels,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorstaˉd vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkabH11080?H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
cable-system drill See churn drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l |sisH11080
cabinethardware [DES ENG] Parts for the final
t?m vertstrokeinferiordril }
trim of a cabinet,such as fastening hinges,
cable-tooldrilling [ENG] Adrillingprocedurein
drawer pulls,and knobs,{ vertstrokesuperiorkabH11080?H11080n?t |ha¨rd
which a sharply pointed bit attached to a cable
vertstrokeinferiorwer }
is repeatedly picked up and dropped on the bot-
cabinet saw [DES ENG] A short saw,one edge
tom of the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l |tu¨l vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
used for ripping,the other for crosscutting.
cable vault [CIV ENG] A manhole containing
{ vertstrokesuperiorkabH11080?H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
electrical cables,[ELEC] Vault in which the
cabinet scraper [DES ENG] A steel tool with a
outside plant cables are spliced to the tipping
contoured edge used to remove irregularities on
cables,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lt }
a wood surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorkabH11080?H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorskraˉpH11080?r}
cableway [MECH ENG] A transporting system
cable [DES ENG] A stranded,ropelike assembly
consisting of a cable extended between two or
of wire or fiber,[ELEC] Strands of insulated
morepointsonwhichcarsarepropelledtotrans-
electrical conductors laid together,usually
port bulk materials for construction operations.
aroundacentralcore,andsurroundedbyaheavy
{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
insulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l}
cableway carriage [MECH ENG] A trolley that
cablebuoy [ENG] Abuoy usedto markone end
runs on main load cables stretched between two
of a submarine underwater cable during time of
or more towers,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080ij }
installation or repair,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
caboose [ENG] A car on a freight train,often
cable conveyor [MECH ENG] A powered con-
the last car,usually for use by the train crew.
veyorinwhichatrolleyrunsonaflexible,torque-
{k?vertstrokesuperiorbu¨s}
transmitting cable that has helical threads.
cabsignal [ENG] A signal in a locomotive that
{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
informs the engine operator about conditions
cable drilling [ENG] Rock drilling in which the
affecting train movement,{ vertstrokesuperiorkab vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l}
rock is penetrated by percussion,at the bottom
cadastral survey [CIV ENG] A survey made to
of the hole,of a bit suspended from a wire line
establish property lines,{ k?vertstrokesuperiordasH11080tr?l}
and given motion by a beam pivoted at the cen-
cage [MECH ENG] A frame for maintaining uni-
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
form separation between the balls or rollers in
cableduct [ENG] A pipe,either earthenware or
a bearing,Also known as separator,{ kaˉj}
concrete,through which prestressing wires or cagemill [MECH ENG] Pulverizer used to disin-
electric cable are pulled,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiord?kt } tegrateclay,presscake,asbestos,packing-house
cable-laid [DES ENG] Consisting of three ropes by-products,and various tough,gummy,high-
with a left-hand twist,each rope having three moisture-content or low-melting-point materi-
twisted strands,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorlaˉd} als,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉj vertstrokeinferiormil }
cableman [ENG] A person who installs,repairs,cairn [ENG] An artificial mound of rocks,
or otherwise works with cables,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lH11080m?n} stones,ormasonry,usuallyconicalorpyramidal,
cablerailway [MECH ENG] An inclined track on whosepurposeistodesignateortoaidinidenti-
which rail cars travel,with the cars fixed to an fying a point of surveying or of cadastral impor-
tance,{ kern }endlesssteel-wireropeatequalspaces;therope
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
caisson
caisson [CIVENG] 1.A watertight,cylindrical or orjawsthatcanbeadjustedformeasuringlinear
rectangular chamber used in underwater con- dimensions,thickness,or diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080
struction to protect workers from water pressure p?r}
and soil collapse,2,A float used to raise a calipergage [DES ENG] An instrument,such as
sunken vessel,3,See dry-dock caisson,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉ a micrometer,of fixed size for calipering,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080
vertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}?H11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
caisson foundation [CIV ENG] A shaft of con- calk See caulk,{ ko˙k}
crete placed under a building column or wall Callendar and Barnes’ continuous-flow calori-
and extending down to hardpan or rock,Also
meter [ENG] A calorimeter in which the heat
known as pier foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n fou˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080
to be measured is absorbed by water flowing
sh?n}
through a tube at a constant rate,and the quan-
caking [ENG] Changingofapowder intoasolid
tity of heat is determined by the rate of flow
mass by heat,pressure,or water,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉkH11080i? }
andthetemperaturedifferencebetweenwaterat
cal See calorie.
endsofthetube,{ |kalH11080?nH11080d?r?nvertstrokesuperiorba¨rnzk?nvertstrokesuperiortinH11080
Cal See kilocalorie.
y?H11080w?s vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ kalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
calandria [CHEM ENG] One of the tubes
Callendar’scompensatedairthermometer[ENG]
through which the heating fluid circulates in an
A type of constant-pressure gas thermometer in
evaporator,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080dreˉH11080? }
which errors resulting from temperature differ-
calandriaevaporatorSeeshort-tubeverticalevapo-
ences between the thermometer bulb and the
rator,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080dreˉH11080? ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
connecting tubes and manometer used to main-
calcimeter [ENG] An instrument for estimating
tainconstantpressureareeliminatedbythecon-
the amount of lime in soils,{ kalvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
figuration of the connecting tubes,{ |kalH11080?nH11080
calcination [CHEM ENG] A process in which a
d?rz |ka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorer th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
material is heated to a temperature below its
Callendar’sequation [THERMO] 1.An equation
melting point to effect a thermal decomposition
of state for steam whose temperature is well
oraphasetransition otherthanmelting,{ vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080
above the boiling point at the existing pressure,
s?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
but is less than the critical temperature,(VH11002b)
calcine [ENG] 1,To heat to a high temperature
H11005 (RT/p) H11002 (a/T
n
),where V is the volume,R is
without fusing,as to heat unformed ceramic
the gas constant,T is the temperature,p is the
materials in a kiln,or to heat ores,precipitates,
pressure,n equals 10/3,and a and b are con-
concentrates,or residues so that hydrates,car-
stants,2,A very accurate equation relating
bonates,or other compounds are decomposed
temperature and resistance of platinum,ac-
and the volatile materialis expelled,2.To heat
cording to which the temperature is the sum of
under oxidizing conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalvertstrokeinferiors?ˉn}
a linear function of the resistance of platinum
calciningfurnace [ENG] A heating device,such
anda smallcorrection term,whichis aquadratic
as a vertical-shaft kiln,that raises the tempera-
function of temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?nH11080d?rz ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080
ture(butnottothemeltingpoint)ofasubstance
zh?n}
such as limestone to make lime,Also known
Callendar’sthermometer See platinum resistance
as calciner,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalvertstrokeinferiorsinH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
thermometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?nH11080d?rz th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
calefaction [ENG] 1,Warming,2,The condi-
calorie [THERMO] Abbreviated cal; often desig-
tion of being warmed,{ |kalH11080?|fakH11080sh?n}
nated c,1,A unit of heat energy,equal to
calender [ENG] 1,To pass a material between
4.1868 joules,Also known as International
rollers or plates to thin it into sheets or to make
Table calorie (IT calorie),2,A unit of energy,
it smooth and glossy,2,The machine which
equal to the heat required to raise the tempera-
performs this operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?nH11080d?r}
ture of 1 gram of water from 14.5H11034 to 15.5H11034Cat
calibratingtank [ENG] A tank having known ca-
a constant pressure of 1 standard atmosphere;
pacity used to check the volumetric accuracy of
equal to 4.1855 H11006 0.0005 joules,Also known
liquid delivery by positive-displacement meters.
as fifteen-degrees calorie; gram-calorie (g-cal);
Also known as meter-proving tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080
small calorie,3,A unit of heat energy equal
vertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
to 4.184 joules; used in thermochemistry,Also
calibration curve [ENG] A plot of calibration
known as thermochemical calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }
data,giving the correct value for each indicated
calorificvalue [ENG] Quantity of heat liberated
reading of a meter or control dial,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080
on the complete combustion of a unit weight or
sh?n vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
unit volume of fuel,{ |kalH11080?|rifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ }
calibration markers [ENG] On a radar display,
calorifier [ENG] A device that heats fluids byelectronically generated marks which provide
circulating them over heating coils,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlo˙rH11080numericalvaluesforthenavigationalparameters
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}such as bearing,distance,height,or time.
calorimeter [ENG] An apparatus for measuring{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080k?rz }
heatquantities generatedinoremitted bymate-California polymerization [CHEM ENG] A poly-
rials in processes such as chemical reactions,merization process for converting C
3
H11002C
4
olefins
changes of state,or formation of solutions.tomotorfuelbyutilizingacatalystofphosphoric
{ vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}acid on quartz chips,{ |kalH11080?|fo˙rH11080ny? p?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080
calorimetrictest [ENG] Theuseofacalorimeterr?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
caliper [DES ENG] An instrument with two legs todeterminethethermochemicalcharacteristics
84
cantilever
of propellants and explosives; properties nor- cam profile [DES ENG] The shape of the con-
toured cam surface by means of which motionmally determined are heat of combustion,heat
ofexplosion,heatofformation,andheatofreac- is communicated to the follower,Also known
as pitch line,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}tion,{ k?|lo˙rH11080?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiortest }
calorimetry [ENG] The measurement of the camshaft [MECHENG] Arotatingshafttowhich
a cam is attached,{ vertstrokesuperiorkamvertstrokeinferiorshaft }quantity of heat involved in various processes,
such as chemical reactions,changes of state,can [DESENG] Acylindricalmetalvesselorcon-
tainer,usually with an open top or a removableandformationsofsolutions,orinthedetermina-
tion of the heat capacities of substances; funda- cover,{ kan }
canal [CIV ENG] An artificial open waterwaymental unit of measurement is the joule or the
calorie (4.184 joules),{ kalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?H11080treˉ } used for transportation,waterpower,or irriga-
tion,[DES ENG] A groove on the underside ofcalyx [ENG] A steel tube that is a guide rod and
is also used to catch cuttings from a drill rod,a corona,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornal }
canalization [ENG] Any system of distributionAlso known as bucket; sludge barrel; sludge
bucket,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorliks } canals or conduits for water,gas,electricity,or
steam,{ vertstrokeinferiorkanH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}calyx drill [ENG] A rotary core drill with hard-
ened steel shot for cutting rock,Also known as cancellation circuit [ELECTR] A circuit used in
providing moving-target indication on a planshot drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorliks vertstrokeinferiordril }
cam [MECHENG] Aplateorcylinderwhichcom- position indicator scope; cancels constant-
amplitude fixed-target pulses by subtraction ofmunicates motion to a follower by means of its
edge or a groove cut in its surface,{ kam } successive pulse trains,{ kanH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
k?t}camacceleration [MECHENG] Theacceleration
of the cam follower,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam akH11080selH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n} canister See charcoal canister,{ vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorst?r}
canned motor [MECH ENG] A motor enclosedcamber [DES ENG] Deviation from a straight
line; the term is applied to a convex,edgewise within a casing along with the driven element
(that is,a pump) so that the motor bearingssweep or curve,or to the increase in diameter
at the center of rolled materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorkamH11080b?r } are lubricated by the same liquid that is being
pumped,{ |kand vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r}camberangle [MECHENG] Theinclinationfrom
theverticalofthesteerablewheelsofanautomo- canned pump [MECH ENG] A watertight pump
that can operate under water,{ |kand vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }bile,{ vertstrokesuperiorkamH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
camcutter [MECHENG] Asemiautomaticorau- cannibalize [ENG] To remove parts from one
pieceofequipmentandusethemtoreplacelike,tomatic machine that produces the cam contour
byswingingtheworkasitrevolves;usesamaster defective parts in a similar piece of equipment
in order to keep the latter operational,{ vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080cam in contact with a roller,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
camdwell [DESENG] Thatpart ofacamsurface?H11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉz}
canonical equations of motion See Hamilton’sbetween the opening and closing acceleration
sections,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiordwel } equations of motion,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080k?livertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080
zh?nz?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}cam engine [MECH ENG] A piston engine in
which a cam-and-roller mechanism seems to canonical form [CONT SYS] A specific type of
dynamical system representation in which theconvertreciprocatingmotion intorotarymotion.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n } associated matrices possess specific row-col-
umn structures,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }camera study See memomotion study,{ vertstrokesuperiorkamH11080r?
vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ } canonicallyconjugatevariables [MECH] Agen-
eralized coordinate and its conjugate momen-camfollower [MECH ENG] The output link of a
cam mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r } tum,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080kleˉ |kanH11080j?H11080g?t vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lz }
canonical momentum See conjugate momentum.cam mechanism [MECH ENG] A mechanical
linkage whose purpose is to produce,by means { k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080k?lm?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m}
canonical transformation [MECH] A transfor-of a contoured cam surface,a prescribed motion
of the output link,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m } mationwhichoccursamongthecoordinatesand
momenta describing the state of a classical dy-camnose [MECHENG] Thehigh pointofacam,
which in a reciprocating engine holds valves namical system and which leaves the form of
Hamilton’s equations of motion unchanged.open or closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiornoˉz}
campawl [MECH ENG] A pawl which prevents a Also known as contact transformation.
{k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}wheelfromturninginonedirectionbyawedging
action,while permitting it to rotate in the other cant file [DES ENG] A fine-tapered file with a
triangularcrosssection,usedforsharpeningsawdirection,{ vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorpo˙l}
Campbell-Stokes recorder [ENG] A sunshine teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiorkant vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
cant hook [DES ENG] A lever with a hooklikerecorder in which the time scale is supplied by
the motion of the sun and which has a spherical attachment at one end,used in lumbering.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkant vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}lens that burns an image of the sun upon a
specially prepared card,{ |kamH11080?l |stoˉks ri cantilever [ENG] 1.Abeam ormembersecurely
fixed at one end and hanging free at the othervertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
campceiling [BUILD] Aceiling thatis flatin the end,2,In particular,in an atomic force micro-
scope a very small beam that has a tip attachedcenterportionandslopingatthesides,{ vertstrokesuperiorkamp
vertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080li? } toitsfreeend;thedeflectionofthebeamisused
85
cantileverbridge
to measure the force acting on the tip,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080 the antenna-ground capacitance and sets off the
lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r} alarm,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns |
˙
pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?dinvertstrokesuperiortru¨H11080zh?n
cantileverbridge [CIV ENG] A fixed bridge con- divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
sistingoftwospansprojectingtowardeachother capacitance standard See standard capacitor.
and joined at their ends by a suspended simple
{k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }
span,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r |brij }
capacitive coupling [ELEC] Use of a capacitor
cantilever footing [CIV ENG] A footing used to
to transfer energy from one circuit to another.
carry a load from two columns,with one column
{k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
and one end of the footing placed against a
capacitive electrometer [ENG] An instrument
building line or exterior wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r
for measuring small voltages; the voltage is ap-
vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }
plied to the plates of a capacitor when they are
cantilever retaining wall [CIV ENG] A type of
close together,then the voltage source is re-
wall formed of three cantilever beams,stem,toe
moved and the plates are separated,increasing
projection,and heelprojection,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r
the potential difference between them to a mea-
rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080i? wo˙l}
surable value,Also known as condensing elec-
cantileverspring [MECHENG] Aflatspringsup-
trometer,{ k?|pasH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ported at one end and holding a load at or near
capacitivepressuretransducer [ENG] A meas-
the other end,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorspri? }
urement device in which variations in pressure
cantilevervibration [MECH] Transverse oscilla-
upon a capacitive element proportionately
tory motion of a body fixed at one end,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080
change the element’s capacitive rating and thus
lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?rv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
thestrengthofthemeasuredelectricsignalfrom
canting [MECH] Displacing the free end of a
the device,{ k?|pasH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080
beam which is fixed at one end by subjecting it
s?r}
to a sideways force which is just short of that
capacitor [ELEC] A device which consists es-
required to cause fracture,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080i? }
sentially of two conductors (such as parallelcantingstrip See water table,{ vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
metal plates) insulated from each other by acant strip [BUILD] 1,A strip placed along the
dielectric and which introduces capacitance intoangle between a wall and a roof so that the
a circuit,stores electrical energy,blocks the flowroofing will not bend sharply,2,A strip placed
ofdirectcurrent,andpermitstheflowofalternat-under the edge of the lowest row of tiles on a
roof to give them the same slope as the other ingcurrent toadegreedependent onthecapaci-
tiles,{ vertstrokesuperiorkant vertstrokeinferiorstrip } tor’scapacitanceandthecurrentfrequency.Sym-
cap [ENG] A detonating or blasting cap,bolized C,Also known as condenser; electric
{ kap } condenser,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
capacitance [ELEC] The ratio of the charge on capacitorbank [ELEC] A number of capacitors
oneof theconductorsofa capacitor(therebeing
connected in series or in parallel,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080
an equal and opposite charge on the other con-
r vertstrokeinferiorba?k}
ductor) to the potential difference between the
capacitorcolorcode [ELEC] Amethodofmark-
conductors,Symbolized C,Formerly known as
ing the value on a capacitor by means of dots
capacity,[ENG] In a closed feedwater heater,
or bands of colors as specified in the Electronic
the volume of water required for proper opera-
Industry Association color code,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r
tionofthedraincontrolvalve,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns }
vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
capacitancealtimeter [ENG] Anabsolutealtim-
capacitor hydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A capaci-
eter which determines height of an aircraft
tor microphone that responds to waterborne
aboveground by measuring the variations in ca-
sound waves,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
pacitance between two conductors on the air-
capacitor loudspeaker See electrostatic loud-
craft when the ground is near enough to act as
speaker,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
athirdconductor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?nsalvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
capacitor microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
capacitance bridge [ELEC] A bridge for com-
phone consisting essentially of a flexible metal
paring two capacitances,such as a Schering
diaphragm and a rigid metal plate that together
bridge,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
form a two-plate air capacitor; sound waves set
capacitancelevelindicator [ENG] A level indi-
the diaphragm in vibration,producing capaci-
cator in which the material being monitored
tance variations that are converted into audio-
serves as the dielectric of a capacitor formed by
frequency signals by a suitable amplifier circuit.
ametaltankandaninsulatedelectrodemounted
Also known as condenser microphone; electro-
vertically in the tank,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080t?ns |levH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
static microphone,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
capacitor pickup [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph
capacitance meter [ENG] An instrument used
pickup in which movements of the stylus in a
to measure capacitance values of capacitors or
record groove cause variations in the capaci-
of circuits containing capacitance,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080
tance of the pickup,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorpikH11080?p}
t?ns vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
capacity See capacitance,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }capacitance-operatedintrusiondetector [ENG]
capacity correction [ENG] The correction ap-A boundary alarm system in which the approach
plied to a mercury barometer with a nonadjust-of an intruder to an antenna wire encircling the
protected area a few feet above ground changes able cistern in order to compensate for the
86
carbonburningrate
change in the level of the cistern as the atmos- long-term additions or improvements and
pheric pressure changes,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080 charged to a capital assets account,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?tH11080
sh?n}?likvertstrokesuperiorspenH11080diH11080ch?r}
capacity factor [IND ENG] The ratio of average cappedfuse [ENG] A length of safety fuse with
actualusetotheavailablecapacityofanappara- the cap or detonator crimped on before it is
tus or industrial plant to store,process,treat,taken to the place of use,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapt vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
manufacture,or produce,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080 capping [ENG] Preparation of a capped fuse.
t?r} { vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080i? }
cap crimper [ENG] A tool resembling a pliers
cap screw [DES ENG] A screw which passes
that is used to press the open end of a blasting
through a clear hole in the part to be joined,
cap onto the safety fuse before placing the cap
screws into a threaded hole in the other part,
in the primer,{ vertstrokesuperiorkap vertstrokeinferiorkrimH11080p?r}
and has a head which holds the parts together.
capechisel [DES ENG] A chisel that tapers to a
{ vertstrokesuperiorkap vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
flat,narrow cutting end; used to cut flat grooves.
capstan [ENG] A shaft which pulls magnetic
{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉp vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
tape through a machine at constant speed.
cape foot [MECH] A unit of length equal to
{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080st?n}
1.033 feet or to 0.3148584 meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉp vertstrokeinferiorfu˙t}
capstan nut [DES ENG] A nut whose edge has
capillarity correction [ENG] As applied to a
several holes,in one of which a bar can be in-
mercury barometer,that part of the instrument
serted for turning it,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080st?n vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
correction which is required by the shape of the
capstanscrew [DES ENG] A screw whose head
meniscus of the mercury,{ vertstrokeinferiorkapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ
has several radial holes,in one of which a bar
k?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
canbeinsertedforturningit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080st?n vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
capillarycollector [ENG] Aninstrument forcol-
capsule [ENG] A boxlike component or unit,
lecting liquid water from the atmosphere; the
often sealed,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080s?l}
collectingheadisfabricatedofaporousmaterial
captive fastener [DES ENG] A screw-type fas-
havingaporesizeoftheorderof30micrometers;
tener that does not drop out after it has been
thepressuredifferenceacrossthewater-airinter-
unscrewed,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfasH11080?nH11080?r}
face prevents air from entering the capillary sys-
captive test [ENG] A hold-down test of a pro-
tem while allowing free flow of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080
pulsion subsystem,rocket engine,or motor.
vertstrokeinferiorlerH11080eˉ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiortest }
capillary drying [ENG] Progressive removal of
capturearea [ENG ACOUS] The effective area of
moisture from a porous solid mass by surface
the receiving surface of a hydrophone,or the
evaporation followed by capillary movement of
available power of the acoustic energy divided
more moisture to the drying surface from the
by its equivalent plane-wave intensity,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080
moist inner region,until the surface and core
ch?r vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
stabilize at the same moisture concentration.
capturing [ENG] Theuseofatorquertorestrain
{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080i? }
the spin axis of a gyro to a specified position
capillary electrometer [ENG] An electrometer
relative to the spin reference axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080ch?H11080
designedtomeasureasmallpotentialdifference
ri? }
between mercury and an electrolytic solution in
car See automobile,{ ka¨r}
a capillary tube by measuring the effect of this
Carathe′odory’sprinciple [THERMO] Anexpres-
potential difference on the surface tension be-
sionofthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhich
tween the liquids,Also known as Lippmann
saysthatintheneighborhoodofanyequilibrium
electrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?vertstrokeinferior lerH11080eˉ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
state of a system,there are states which are not
capillary fitting [ENG] A pipe fitting having a
accessible by a reversible or irreversible adia-
socket-type end so that when the fitting is sol-
batic process,Also known as principle of inac-
dered to a pipe end,the solder flows by capillar-
cessibility,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiordo˙rH11080eˉz vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
ity along the annular space between the pipe
carbidetool [DES ENG] A cutting tool made of
exterior and the socket within it,forming a tight
tungsten,titanium,or tantalum carbides,having
fit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlerH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }
high heat and wear resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉd vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
capillarytube [ENG] A tube sufficiently fine so
carbometer [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuring
that capillary attraction of a liquid into the tube
the carbon content of steel by measuring mag-
is significant,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlerH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
neticproperties ofthesteelin aknownmagnetic
capillaryviscometer [ENG] A long,narrow tube
field,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiorba¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thatisusedtomeasurethelaminarflowoffluids.
carbonation [CHEM ENG] The process by which{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlerH11080e
ˉ visvertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
a fluid,especially a beverage,is impregnatedcapitalamountfactor [INDENG] Anyof20com-
with carbon dioxide,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}mon compound interest formulas used to calcu-
carbon bit [DES ENG] A diamond bit in whichlate the equivalent uniform annual cost of all
the cutting medium is inset carbon,{ |ka¨rH11080cash flows,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?tH11080?l?vertstrokesuperiormau˙nt vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
b?n |bit }capitalbudgeting [INDENG] Planning the most
carbonburningrate [CHEM ENG] The weight ofeffective use of resources to obtain the highest
carbon burned per unit time from the catalytic-possible level of sustained profits,{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080?tH11080?l
cracking catalyst in the regenerator,{ |ka¨rH11080b?nvertstrokesuperiorb?jH11080?dH11080i? }
capitalexpenditure [IND ENG] Money spent for vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
87
carboncanister
carbon canister See charcoal canister,{ |ka¨rH11080b?n expansive cooling and evaporation of gasoline.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorredH11080?r vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080si? }vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080st?r}
card [ELECTR] A printed circuit board or othercarbondioxidefireextinguisher [CHEMENG] A
arrangement of miniaturized components thattype of chemical fire extinguisher in which the
can be plugged into a computer or peripheralextinguishing agent is liquid carbon dioxide,
device,{ ka¨rd }stored under 800–900 pounds per square inch
Cardanjoint See Hooke’s joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiordan vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }(5.5–6.2 megapascals) at normal room tempera-
Cardan motion [MECH ENG] The straight-lineture,{ |ka¨rH11080b?nd?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrikvertstrokesuperiorsti?H11080gwishH11080?r}
path followed by a moving centrode in a four-
carbonhydrophone [ENGACOUS] Acarbonmi-
bar centrode linkage,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiordan vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
crophone that responds to waterborne sound
Cardanshaft [MECHENG] Ashaftwithauniver-
waves,{ |ka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
sal joint at its end to accommodate a varying
carbon knock [MECH ENG] Premature ignition
shaft angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiordan vertstrokeinferiorshaft }
resulting in knocking or pinging in an internal
Cardan’s suspension [DES ENG] An arrange-
combustion engine caused when the accumula-
ment of rings in which a heavy body is mounted
tionof carbonproducesoverheatingin thecylin-
so that the body is fixed at one point; generally
der,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokeinferiorna¨k}
used in a gyroscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiordanz s?svertstrokesuperiorpenH11080sh?n}
carbon microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
card-edge connector [ELEC] A connector that
phone in which a flexible diaphragm moves in
mates with printed-wiring leads running to the
response to sound waves and applies a varying
edge of a printed circuit board on one or both
pressure to a container filled with carbon gran-
sides,Also known as edgeboard connector.
ules,causing the resistance of the microphone
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rd vertstrokeinferiorej k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r}
tovarycorrespondingly,{ |ka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
cardioid microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
carbon-pile pressure transducer [ENG] A
phone having a heart-shaped,or cardioid,re-
measurement device in which variations in pres-
sponse pattern,so it has nearly uniform re-
sure upon a conductive carbon core proportion-
sponse fora range ofabout 180H11034inone direction
ately change the core’s electrical resistance,and
and minimum response in the opposite direc-
thus the strength of the measured electric signal
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioro˙id vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
from the device,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranz
cardioid pattern [ENG] Heart-shaped pattern
vertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
obtained as the response or radiation character-
carbon residue [CHEM ENG] The quantity of
istic of certain directional antennas,or as the
carbon produced from a lubricating oil heated
responsecharacteristic ofcertaintypes ofmicro-
ina closedcontainerunder standardconditions.
phones,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioro˙id vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn }
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiordu¨ }
cardkeyaccess [ENG] A physical security sys-
carbon-residuetest [CHEMENG] Adestructive-
tem in which doors are unlocked by placing a
distillationmethodforestimationofcarbonresi-
badgethatcontainsmagneticallycodedinforma-
dues in fuels and lubricating oils,Also known
tion in proximity to a reading device; some sys-
as Conradson carbon test,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiordu¨
tems also require the typing of this information
vertstrokeinferiortest }
on a keyboard,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rd vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses }
carbonresistancethermometer [ENG] Ahighly
car dump [MECH ENG] Any one of several de-
sensitive resistance thermometer for measuring
vices for unloading industrial or railroad cars by
temperatures in the range 0.05–20 K; capable of
rotating or tilting the car,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨r vertstrokeinferiord?mp }
measuring temperature changes of the order
car-following theory [ENG] A mathematical
10
H110025
degree,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?nri|zisH11080t?ns th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080
model of the interactions between motor vehi-
dH11080?r}
cles in terms of relative speed,absolute speed,
carbon transducer [ENG] A transducer con-
and separation,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiorfa¨lH11080?H11080wi?vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
sisting of carbon granules in contact with a fixed
cargoboom [MECHENG] Alongsparextending
electrode and a movable electrode,so that mo-
from the mast of a derrick to support or guide
tion of the movable electrode varies the resist-
objects lifted or suspended,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080goˉ vertstrokeinferiorbu¨m}
ance of the granules,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
cargo mill [IND ENG] A sawmill equipped with
carburetion [CHEM ENG] The process of en-
dockssotheproductcan beloadeddirectlyonto
riching a gas by adding volatile carbon com-
ships,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080goˉ vertstrokeinferiormil }
pounds,such as hydrocarbons,to it,as in the
cargo winch [MECH ENG] A motor-driven
manufacture of carbureted water gas,[MECH
hoistingmachineforcargohavingadrumaround
ENG] The process of mixing fuel with air in a
which a chain or rope winds as the load is lifted.
carburetor,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n} { vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080go
ˉ vertstrokeinferiorwinch }
carburetor [CHEM ENG] An apparatus for va- carillon [ENG] A musical instrument played
porizing,cracking,andenriching oilsintheman- from a keyboard with two or more full chromatic
ufacture of carbureted water gas,[MECH octaves of fine bells shaped for homogeneity of
ENG] A device that makes and controls the pro- timbre,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨n}
portions and quantity of fuel-air mixture fed to Carnot-Clausius equation [THERMO] For any
a spark-ignition internal combustion engine,system executing a closed cycle of reversible
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorredH11080?r} changes,the integral over the cycle of the infini-
carburetoricing [MECH ENG] The formation of tesimalamountofheattransferredtothesystem
divided by its temperature equals 0,Alsoice in an engine carburetor as a consequence of
88
cascade
known as Clausius theorem,{ ka¨r|noˉt vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080 carrierpipe [ENG] Pipeusedtocarryorconduct
fluids,as contrasted with an exterior protective?sivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
Carnot cycle [THERMO] A hypothetical cycle or casing pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
carrousel [INDENG] Inanassembly-lineopera-consistingoffourreversibleprocessesinsucces-
sion:anisothermalexpansionandheataddition,tion,a conveyor that moves objects in a com-
plete circuit on a horizontal plane,{ kaH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorsel }anisentropicexpansion,anisothermalcompres-
sion and heat rejection process,and an isen- carrying capacity [ELEC] The maximum
amount of current or power that can be safelytropic compression,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoˉ vertstrokeinferiorsiH11080k?l}
Carnotefficiency [THERMO] The efficiency of a handled by a wire or other component,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080
eˉH11080i? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }Carnot engine receiving heat at a temperature
absolute T
1
and giving it up at a lower tempera- carry-over [CHEM ENG] Unwanted liquid or
solid material carried by the overhead effluentture absolute T
2; equal to (T
1
H11002 T
2
)/T
1
.{ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoˉ
ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } from a fractionating column,absorber,or reac-
tion vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}Carnot engine [MECH ENG] An ideal,friction-
less engine which operates in a Carnot cycle,car shaker [MECH ENG] A device consisting of
a heavy yoke on an open-top car’s sides that{ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
Carnot number [THERMO] A property of two actively vibrates and rapidly discharges a load,
such as coal,gravel,or sand,when an unbal-heat sinks,equal to the Carnot efficiency of an
engine operating between them,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoˉ anced pulley attached to theyoke is rotated fast.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨r vertstrokeinferiorshaˉkH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
Carnot’s theorem [THERMO] 1,The theorem carstop [ENG] An appliance used to arrest the
movement of a mine or railroad car,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rthat all Carnot engines operating between two
giventemperatureshavethesameefficiency,and vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
Cartesian-coordinaterobot [CONTSYS] Arobotno cyclic heat engine operating between two
given temperatures is more efficient than a Car- having orthogonal,sliding joints and supported
by a nonrotary base as the axis,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiorteˉH11080zh?nnot engine,2,The theorem that any system
hastwoproperties,thethermodynamictempera- koˉ|o˙rdH11080?nH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
Cartesiandivermanostat [ENG] Preset,on-off-ture T and the entropy S,such that the amount
of heat exchanged in an infinitesimal reversible control manometer arrangement by which a
specified low pressure (high vacuum) is main-processisgivenbydQH11005TdS;thethermodynamic
temperature is a strictly increasing function of tained via the rise or submergence of a margin-
ally buoyant float within a liquid mercury reser-the empirical temperature measured on an arbi-
trary scale,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoz vertstrokesuperiorthirH11080?m } voir,{ ka¨rvertstrokesuperiorteˉH11080zhan |d?ˉvH11080?r vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
cartridge [ENG] Acylindrical,waterproof,papercarousel [MECH ENG] A rotating transport sys-
tem that transfers and presents workpieces for shell filled with high explosive and closed at
bothends;usedinblasting,[ENGACOUS] Seeloading and unloading by a robot or other ma-
chine,{ vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsel } phonograph pickup; tape cartridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080trij }
cartridgefilter [ENG] Afilterfortheclarificationcarpenter’s level [DES ENG] A bar,usually of
aluminum or wood,containing a spirit level,of process liquids containing small amounts of
solids; turgid liquid flows between thin metal{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080p?nH11080t?rz vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
car retarder [ENG] A device located along the disks,assembled in a vertical stack,to openings
inacentralshaftsupportingthedisks,andsolidstrack to reduce or control the velocity of railroad
or mine cars,{ |ka¨rrivertstrokesuperiorta¨rdH11080?r } are trapped between the disks,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080trij vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080
t?r}carriage [ENG] 1.A device that moves in a pre-
determined path in a machine and carries some cartridge starter [MECH ENG] An explosive
device which,when placed in an engine and det-otherpart,suchasarecorderhead,2.Amecha-
nism designed to hold a paper in the active por- onated,moves a piston,thereby starting the
engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080trij vertstrokeinferiorsta¨rdH11080?r}tion of a printing or typing device,for example,
atypewriter carriage,[MECHENG] Astructure car tunnel kiln [ENG] A long kiln with the fire
located near the midpoint; ceramic ware is firedon an industrial truck or stacker that supports
forks or other attached equipment and travels byloadingitontocarswhicharepushedthrough
the kiln,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨r vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkil }vertically within the mast,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080ij }
carriage bolt [DES ENG] A round-head type of Casale process [CHEM ENG] A process that
employspromotedironoxidecatalystforsynthe-bolt with a square neck,used with a nut as a
through bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } sis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
{k?vertstrokeinferiorsa¨lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}carriage stop [MECH ENG] A device added to
the outer way of a lathe bed for accurately spac- cascade [ELEC] An electric-power circuit ar-
rangement in which circuit breakers of reduceding grooves,turning multiple diameters and
lengths,and cutting off pieces of specified thick- interruptingratingsareusedinthebranches,the
circuitbreakersbeingassistedintheirprotectionness,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
carrier [MECH ENG] Any machine for trans- function by other circuit breakers which operate
almost instantaneously,Also known as backupporting materials or people,{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r}
carrier line [ELEC] Any transmission line used arrangement,[ELECTR] See avalanche.
[ENG] An arrangement of separation devices,for multiple-channel carrier communication.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn } such as isotope separators,connected in series
89
cascadecompensation
sothattheymultiplytheeffectofeachindividual bodies breaks clear and falls to the top of the
crop load,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdH11080i? }device,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd}
cascading drain [MECH ENG] A flow of watercascade compensation [CONT SYS] Compen-
into the closed shell of a feedwater heater fromsation in which the compensator is placed in
a water source maintained at a higher pressure.series with the forward transfer function,Also
{kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiordraˉn}knownasseriescompensation;tandemcompen-
case [ENG] An item designed to hold a specificsation,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
item in a fixed position by virtue of conformingcascadecontrol [CONT SYS] An automatic con-
dimensions or attachments; the item which it
trol system in which various control units are
contains is complete in itself for removal and
linked in sequence,each control unit regulating
use outside the container,{ kaˉs}
the operation of the next control unit in line.
case bay [BUILD] A division of a roof or floor,
{kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
consisting of two principal rafters and the joists
cascade cooler [CHEM ENG] Fluid-cooling de-
between them,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉs vertstrokeinferiorbaˉ }
vice through which the fluid flows in a series of
casementwindow [BUILD] Awindowhingedon
horizontal tubes,one above the other; cooling
the side that opens to the outside,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉsH11080m?nt
water from a trough drips over each tube,then
vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080doˉ }
to a drain,Also known as serpentine cooler;
casing [BUILD] A finishing member around the
trickle cooler,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080l?r}
opening of a door or window,[DES ENG] The
cascaded [ENG] Of a series of elements or de-
outer portion of a tire assembly consisting of
vices,arranged so that the output of one feeds
fabric or cord to which rubber is vulcanized.
directly into the input of another,as a series of
[MECH ENG] A fire-resistant covering used to
dynodes or a series of airfoils,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdH11080?d}
protect part or all of a steam generating unit.
cascade impactor [ENG] A low-speed im-
{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsi? }
paction device for use in sampling both solid
casingnail [DES ENG] A nail about half a gage
and liquid atmospheric suspensoids; consists of
thinner than a common wire nail of the same
four pairs of jets (each of progressively smaller
length,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsi?vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
size) and sampling plates working in series and
casing shoe [ENG] A ring with a cutting edge
designed so that each plate collects particles of
on the bottom of a well casing,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsi?vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
one size range,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉdimvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080t?r}
cassette [ENG] Alight-tightcontainerdesigned
cascade limiter [ELECTR] A limiter circuit that
to hold photographic film or plates,[ENG
uses two vacuum tubes in series to give im-
ACOUS] A small,compact container that holds
proved limiter operation for both weak and
a magnetic tape and can be readily inserted into
strong signals in a frequency-modulation re-
a matching tape recorder for recording or play-
ceiver,Also known as double limiter,{ ka
back; the tape passes from one hub within the
vertstrokesuperiorskaˉd vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
container to the other hub,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorset }
cascade mixer-settler [CHEM ENG] Series of
cast [ENG] 1,To form a liquid or plastic sub-
liquid-holding vessels with stirrers,each con-
stance into a fixed shape by letting it cool in the
nected to an unstirred vessel in which solids or
mold,2.Any object which is formed by placing
heavy immiscible liquids settle out of suspen-
a castable substance in a mold or form and
sion;lightliquidmovesthroughthemixer-settler
allowing it to solidify,Also known as casting.
units,counterflowing to heavy material,in such
{ kast }
amannerthatfreshliquidcontactstreatedheavy
Castaing-Slodzian mass analyzer See direct-
material,and spent (used) liquid contacts fresh
imaging mass analyzer,{ |kasH11080ta? |sloˉH11080zh?n
(untreated) heavy material,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd |mikH11080s?r
vertstrokeinferiormas vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
|setH11080l?r}
castellatedbit [DES ENG] 1,A long-tooth,saw-
cascadepulverizer [MECHENG] A formoftum-
tooth bit,2,A diamond-set coring bit with a
bling pulverizer that uses large lumps to do the
few large diamonds or hard metal cutting points
pulverizing,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
set in the face of each of several upstanding
cascadesystem [MECHENG] Acombination of
prongsseparatedfromeachotherbydeepwater-
two or more refrigeration systems connected in
ways,Also known as padded bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkasH11080
series to produce extremely low temperatures,
t?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbit }
with the evaporator of one machine used to cool
castellatednut [DES ENG] A type of hexagonal
the condenser of another,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
nut with a cylindrical portion above through
cascadetray [CHEMENG] Afractionatingappa-
which slots are cut so that a cotter pin or safety
ratus that consists of a series of parallel troughs wire can hold it in place,{ vertstrokesuperiorkasH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorla
ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorn?t}
arranged in stairstep fashion,{ kavertstrokesuperiorskaˉd vertstrokeinferiortraˉ } caster [ENG] 1,The inclination of the kingpin
cascading [ELEC] An effect in which a failure or its equivalent in automotive steering,which
of an electrical power system causes this system is positive if the kingpin inclines forward,nega-
to draw excessive amounts of power from power tiveifitinclinesbackward,andzeroifitisvertical
systems which are interconnected with it,caus- as viewed along the axis of the front wheels.
ing them to fail,and these systems cause adja- 2,A wheel which is free to swivel about an axis
cent systems to fail in a similar manner,and so at right angles to the axis of the wheel,used to
forth,[MECHENG] An effect in ball-mill rotat- support trucks,machinery,or furniture,{ vertstrokesuperiorkasH11080
t?r}ing devices when the upper level of crushing
90
catforming
cast-filmextrusionSeechill-roll extrusion,{ |kast catalyticpolymerization [CHEMENG] Polymeri-
|film ikvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n} zation of monomers to form high-molecular-
Castigliano’sprinciple See Castigliano’s theorem,weight molecules in the presence of catalysts.
{ vertstrokeinferiorkasH11080tilvertstrokesuperiorya¨H11080noˉz vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l} { |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik p?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorza
ˉH11080sh?n}
Castigliano’s theorem [MECH] The theorem
catalyticreforming [CHEMENG] Rearrangingof
that the component in a given direction of the
hydrocarbon molecules in a gasoline boiling-
deflection ofthe point of applicationof an exter-
range feedstock to form hydrocarbons having a
nalforceonanelasticbodyisequaltothepartial
higher antiknock quality,Abbreviated CR.
derivative of the work of deformation with re-
{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik reˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
specttothecomponentoftheforceinthatdirec-
cat-and-mouse engine [MECH ENG] A type of
tion,Also known as Castigliano’s principle.
rotary engine,typified by the Tschudi engine,
{ vertstrokeinferiorkasH11080tilvertstrokesuperiorya¨H11080noˉz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
which is an analog of the reciprocating piston
casting See cast,{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i? }
engine,exceptthatthepistonstravelinacircular
casting area [ENG] In plastics injection mold-
motion,Also known as scissor engine,{ |kat
ing,the moldable area of a thermoplastic mate-
n vertstrokesuperiormau˙s vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
rial for a given thickness and under given condi-
cataracting [MECH ENG] A motion of the
tions of molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
crushed bodies in a ball mill in which some,
casting strain [MECH] Any strain that results
leaving the top of the crop load,fall with impact
from the cooling of a casting,causing casting
to the toe of the load,{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrakH11080ti? }
stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
catastrophic failure [ENG] 1,A sudden failure
castingstress [MECH] Anystressthatdevelops
withoutwarning,asopposedtodegradationfail-
in a casting due to geometry and casting shrink-
ure,2,A failure whose occurrence can prevent
age,{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
the satisfactory performance of an entire assem-
Castnercell [CHEM ENG] A type of mercury cell
bly or system,{ vertstrokeinferiorkadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorstra¨fH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r}
used in the commercial production of chlorine
catch [DES ENG] A device used for fastening a
and sodium,{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorsel }
doororgateandusuallyoperatedmanuallyfrom
Castner process [CHEM ENG] A process used
only one side,for example,a latch,{ kach }
industrially to make high-test sodium cyanide
catch basin [CIV ENG] 1,A basin at the point
by reacting sodium,glowed charcoal,and dry
where a street gutter empties into a sewer,built
ammonia gas to form sodamide,which is con-
to catch matter that would not easily pass
verted to cyanamide immediately; the cyana-
through the sewer,2,A well or reservoir into
mide is converted to cyanide with charcoal.
which surface water may drain off,{ vertstrokesuperiorkach{ vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorpra
¨sH11080?s}
vertstrokeinferiorbaˉH11080s?n}cast setting See mechanical setting,{ vertstrokesuperiorkast
catching diode [ELECTR] Diode connected tovertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }
act as a short circuit when its anode becomescatalyst stripping [CHEM ENG] Introduction of
positive; the diode then prevents the voltage ofsteam to remove hydrocarbons retained on the
catalyst;thesteamisintroducedwherethespent a circuit terminal from rising above the diode
catalyst leaves the reactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?lH11080?st vertstrokeinferiorstripH11080 cathode voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorkachH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
i? } catchwater [CIVENG] A ditch forcatching water
catalytic activity [CHEM ENG] The ratio of the
on sloping land,{ vertstrokesuperiorkachvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
space velocity of a catalyst being tested,to the
cat cracker [CHEM ENG] A refinery unit where
space velocity required for a standard catalyst
catalytic cracking is done,{ vertstrokesuperiorkat vertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080?r}
togivethesameconversionasthecatalystunder
catenary suspension [ENG] Holding a flexible
test,{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik akvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
wire or chain aloft by its end points; the wire or
catalytic converter [CHEM ENG] A device that
chain takes the shape of a catenary,{ vertstrokesuperiorkatH11080
is fitted to the exhaust system of an automotive
vertstrokeinferiornerH11080eˉ s?svertstrokesuperiorpenH11080sh?n}
vehicle and contains a catalyst capable of con-
caterpillar [MECH ENG] A vehicle,such as a
verting potentially polluting exhaust gases into
tractor or army tank,which runs on two endless
harmless or less harmful products,{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080
belts,one on each side,consisting of flat treads
ik k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
and kept in motion by toothed driving wheels.
catalytic cracker See catalytic cracking unit.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpilH11080?r}
{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080?r}
caterpillar chain [DES ENG] A short,endless
catalytic cracking [CHEM ENG] Conversion of
chain on which dogs (grippers) or teeth are ar-
high-boiling hydrocarbons into lower-boiling
ranged to mesh with a conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpilH11080
types by a catalyst,{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
r vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
catalyticcrackingunit [CHEM ENG] A unit in a
caterpillar gate [CIV ENG] A steel gate carried
petroleum refinery in which a catalyst is used to
on crawler tracks that is used to control water
carryoutcrackingofhydrocarbons,Alsoknown
flow through a spillway,{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
as catalytic cracker,{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080
catforming [CHEM ENG] A naphtha-reformingn?t}
process with a catalyst of platinum-silica-alu-catalytic hydrogenation [CHEM ENG] Hydro-
mina which results in very high hydrogen purity.genating by means of catalysts such as nickel or
palladium,{ |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorkatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
91
cathetometer
cathetometer [ENG] An instrument for measur- causticization [CHEM ENG] A process for con-
verting an alkaline carbonate into lime,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙sH11080ing small differences in height,for example,be-
t?H11080s?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}tween two columns of mercury,{ vertstrokeinferiorkathH11080?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080
caustictreater [CHEMENG] Avesselcontaining?dH11080?r}
a strong alkali through which solutions are
cathode [ELEC] The terminal at which current
passed for removal of undesirable substances,
leaves a primary cell or storage battery; it is
for example,sulfides,mercaptans,or acids.
negative with respect to the device,and posi-
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙H11080stik vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080?r}
tive with respect to the external circuit.
cautiouscontrol [CONT SYS] A control law for a
[ELECTR] 1,The primary source of electrons in
stochasticadaptivecontrolsystemwhichhedges
an electron tube; in directly heated tubes the
and uses lower gain when the estimates are un-
filament is the cathode,and in indirectly heated
certain,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙H11080sh?sk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
tubes a coated metal cathode surrounds a
cave [ENG] Apitortunnelunderaglassfurnace
heater,Designated K,Also known as negative
for collecting ashes or raking the fire,{ kaˉv}
electrode,2,The terminal of a semiconductor
Cavendish balance [ENG] An instrument for
diode that is negative with respect to the other
determiningtheconstantofgravitation,inwhich
terminal when the diode is biased in the forward
one measures the displacement of two small
direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
spheres of mass m,which are connected by a
cathodeefficiency [CHEMENG] Theproportion
light rod suspendedin the middle bya thin wire,
ofcurrentusedforcompletionofagivenprocess
caused by bringing two large spheres of mass M
at the cathode,{ vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉdivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
near them,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?nH11080dish vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
cathode-raytube [ELECTR] An electron tube in
cavings See slough,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvH11080i?z}
which a beam of electrons can be focused to a
cavitation [ENG] Pitting of a solid surface such
small area and varied in position and intensity
as metal or concrete,{ vertstrokeinferiorkavH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
on a surface,Abbreviated CRT,Originally
cavitation resistance inducer [MECH ENG] In
known as Braun tube; also known as electron- liquid flows through rotating machinery,an axial
ray tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd |raˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b} flow pump with high-solidity blades that is used
cathodic inhibitor [CHEM ENG] A compound,in front of a main pump in order to increase the
such as calcium bicarbonate or sodium phos- inlet head and thereby prevent cavitation in the
phate,whichisdepositedonametalsurfaceina downstream impeller,{ vertstrokeinferiorkavH11080?|taˉH11080sh?nrivertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
t?ns invertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}thinfilmthatoperatesatthecathodestoprovide
cavityfrequencymeter [ENG] Adevicethatem-physical protection over the entire surface
ploys a cavity resonator to measure microwaveagainstcorrosiveattackinaconductingmedium.
frequencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}{k?vertstrokesuperiortha¨dH11080ik invertstrokesuperiorhibH11080?dH11080?r}
cavity impedance [ELECTR] The impedance ofcatwalk [ENG] A narrow,raised platform or
the cavity of a microwave tube which appears
pathwayusedforpassagetootherwiseinaccessi-
across the gap between the cathode and the
ble areas,such as a raised walkway on a ship
anode,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }
permitting fore and aft passage when the main
cavity magnetron [ELECTR] A magnetron hav-
deck is awash,a walkway on the roof of a freight
ing a number of resonant cavities forming the
car,or a walkway along a vehicular bridge.
anode; used as a microwave oscillator,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorkatvertstrokeinferiorwo˙k}
dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiormagH11080n?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
caul [ENG] A sheet of metal or other material
cavity radiator [THERMO] A heated enclosure
that is heated and used to equalize pressure
with a small opening which allows some radia-
during fabricating plywood,shaping surface
tion to escape or enter; the escaping radiation
veneer,and hot-pressing composite materials.
approximates that of a blackbody,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ
{ko˙l}
vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
caulk [ENG] To make a seam or point airtight,
cavityresonance [ENGACOUS] Thenaturalres-
watertight,or steamtight by driving in caulking
onant vibration of a loudspeaker baffle; if in the
compound,dry pack,lead wool,or other mate-
audio range,it is evident as unpleasant empha-
rial,Also spelled calk,{ ko˙k}
sisofsoundsatthatfrequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080
caulking iron [DES ENG] A tool for applying
nH11080?ns }
caulking to a seam,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙kH11080i?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
cavity wall [BUILD] A wall constructed in two
causality [MECH] In classical mechanics,the
separate thicknesses with an air space between;
principle that the specification of the dynamical
provides thermal insulation,Also known as
variables of a system at a given time,and of the
hollow wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
external forces acting on the system,completely
caxis [MECH ENG] The angle that specifies the
determines the values of dynamical variables at
rotationofamachinetoolaboutthezaxis,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ
later times,Also known as determinism,{ ko˙
vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
vertstrokesuperiorzalH11080?dH11080eˉ }
CCD See charge-coupled device.
causalsystem [CONT SYS] A system whose re-
Cchart [INDENG] Aquality-controlchartshow-
sponse to an input does not depend on values ing number of defects in subgroups of constant
of the input at later times,Also known as non- size; gives information concerning quality level,
anticipatory system; physical system,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙H11080z?l its variability,and evidence of assignable causes
of variation,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
92
centerofforce
CCRprocessSeecycliccatalyticreformingprocess,cement injector See cement gun,{ sivertstrokesuperiorment in
vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}{ vertstrokeinferiorseˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉvertstrokesuperiora¨r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
cementkiln [ENG] A kiln used to fire cement toCD-4sound See compatible discrete four-channel
less than complete melting,{ sivertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokeinferiorkil }sound,{ |seˉ|de vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiorsau˙nd }
cement mill [MECH ENG] A mill for grindingceiling [BUILD] The covering made of plaster,
rock to a powder for cement,{ sivertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokeinferiormil }boards,or other material that constitutes the
cement pump [MECH ENG] A piston deviceoverhead surface in a room,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080li? }
used to move concrete through pipes,{ siceilinglight [ENG] A type of cloud-height indi-
vertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
cator which uses a searchlight to project verti-
cementsilo [ENG] A silo used to store dry,bulk
cally a narrow beam of light onto a cloud base.
cement,{ sivertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokesuperiors?ˉvertstrokeinferiorloˉ }
Also known as ceiling projector,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
cement valve [MECH ENG] A ball-,flapper-,or
ceiling projector See ceiling light,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080li?
clack-type valve placed at the bottom of a string
pr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}
of casing,through which cement is pumped,so
ceilometer [ENG] An automatic-recording
that when pumping ceases,the valve closes and
cloud-height indicator,{ seˉvertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
prevents return of cement into the casing,{ si
cell [ELEC] A single unit of a battery,[IND
vertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
ENG] A manufacturing unit consisting of a
centare See centiare,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiorta¨r}
group of work stations and their interconnecting
center [IND ENG] A manufacturing unit con-
materials-transport mechanisms and storage
taining a number of interconnected cells.
buffers,{ sel }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
cellular cofferdam [CIV ENG] A cofferdam con-
center-bearing swing bridge [CIV ENG] A type
sisting of interlocking steel-sheet piling driven
of swing bridge that has a single large bearing
as a series of interconnecting cells; cells may
on a pier,called the pivot pier,in the waterway.
be of circular type or of straight-wall diaphragm
{ senH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
type; space between lines of pilings is filled with
center drill [ENG] A two-fluted tool consisting
sand,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorko˙fH11080?rvertstrokeinferiordam }
of a twist drill with a 60H11034 countersink; used to
cellular horn See multicellular horn,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080y?H11080l?r
drill countersink center holes in a workpiece to
vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
be mounted between centers for turning or
cellular manufacturing [IND ENG] A type of
grinding,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiordril }
manufacturing in which equipment is organized
center gage [DES ENG] A gage used to check
into groups or cells according to function and
angles; for example,the angles of cutting tool
intermachine relationships,{ |selH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiormanH11080
points or screw threads,or the angular position
vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i? }
of cutting tools,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
cellular striation [ENG] Stratum of cells inside
center-gated mold [ENG] A plastics injection
a cellular-plastic object that differs noticeably
mold with the filling orifice interconnected to
from the cell structure of the remainder of the
the nozzle and the center of the cavity area.
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080y?H11080l?r str?ˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
celo [MECH] A unit of acceleration equal to the
centering [CIV ENG] A curved,temporary sup-
acceleration of a body whose velocity changes
port for an arch or dome during a casting or
uniformly by 1 foot (0.3048 meter) per second in
laying operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?H11080ri? }
1 second,{ vertstrokesuperiorseH11080loˉ }
centeringmachine [MECH ENG] A machine for
Celsiusdegree [THERMO] Unit of temperature
drilling and countersinking work to be turned on
interval or difference equal to the kelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080
a lathe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?H11080ri? mavertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
seˉH11080?sdivertstrokesuperiorgreˉ }
centerless grinder [MECH ENG] A cylindrical
Celsius temperature scale [THERMO] Temper-
metal-grinding machine that carries the work on
ature scale in which the temperature H9052
c
in de-
asupport orblade betweentwo abrasivewheels.
grees Celsius (H11034C) is related to the temperature
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?rH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorgrinH11080d?r}
T
k
in kelvinsbythe formulaH9052
c
H11005T
k
H11002273.15;the
centerline [ENG] A line that represents an axis
freezing point of water at standard atmospheric
of symmetry on a plane figure such as a plan for
pressureisverynearly0H11034Candthecorresponding
a structure or a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
boiling point is very nearly 100H11034C,Formerly
center of attraction [MECH] A point toward
known as centigrade temperature scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080
which a force on a body or particle (such as
seH11080?s vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
gravitational or electrostatic force) is always di-
cementation [ENG] 1,Plugging a cavity or drill
rected; the magnitude of the force depends only
hole with cement,Also known as dental work,on the distance of the body or particle from this
2,Consolidation of loose sediments or sand by point,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
injection of a chemical agent or binder,{ vertstrokeinferiorseˉ centerofbuoyancy [MECH] The point through
vertstrokeinferiormenvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n} which acts the resultant force exerted on a body
cementgun [MECH ENG] 1,A machine for mix- by a static fluid in which it is submerged or
ing,wetting,and applying refractory mortars to floating;located atthe centroidof displacedvol-
hot furnace walls,Also known as cement injec- ume,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080?nH11080seˉ }
tor,2,A mechanical device for the application center of force [MECH] The point toward or
of cement or mortar to the walls or roofs of mine from which a central force acts,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v
vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }openings or building walls,{ sivertstrokesuperiorment vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
93
centerofgravity
centerofgravity [MECH] A fixed point in a ma- CHU; (more correctly) CHU
mean
.{vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉd
vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}terial body through which the resultant force of
centigradetemperaturescaleSeeCelsiustempera-gravitational attractionacts,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080
ture scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉd vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}?dH11080eˉ }
centigram [MECH] Unit of mass equal to 0.01centerofinertia See center of mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v
gram or 10
H110025
kilogram,Abbreviated cg.ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }centerofmass [MECH] That point of a material
centihg See centimeter of mercury,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortig orbodyorsystemofbodieswhichmovesasthough
|sentH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉchvertstrokesuperiorjeˉ }
the system’s total mass existed at the point and
centiliter [MECH] Aunitofvolumeequalto0.01
all external forces were applied at the point.
liter or to 10
H110025
cubic meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r}
Also known as center of inertia; centroid.
centimeter [MECH] A unit of length equal to
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiormas }
0.01 meter,Abbreviated cm,{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
center-of-mass coordinate system [MECH] A
r}
reference frame which moves with the velocity
centimeter of mercury [MECH] A unit of pres-
of the center of mass,so that the center of mass
sure equal to the pressure that would support a
isatrestinthissystem,andthetotalmomentum
column of mercury 1 centimeter high,having a
of the system is zero,Also known as center
density of 13.5951 grams per cubic centimeter,
of momentum coordinate system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v
when the acceleration of gravity is equal to its
vertstrokesuperiormas koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
standard value (980.665 centimeters per second
center-of-momentum coordinatesystem See cen-
persecond);itisequalto1333.22387415pascals;
ter-of-mass coordinate system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v
it differs from the dekatorr by less than 1 part
m?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?mkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
in 7,000,000,Abbreviated cmHg,Also known
centerofoscillation [MECH] Point in a physical
as centihg,{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ }
pendulum,on the line through the point of sus-
central control [SYS ENG] Control exercised
pension and the center of mass,which moves
over an extensive and complicated system from
as if all the mass of the pendulum were concen-
a single center,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
trated there,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
centralforce [MECH] A force whose line of ac-
center of percussion [MECH] If a rigid body,
tion is always directed toward a fixed point; the
free to move in a plane,is struck a blow at a
force may attract or repel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
point O,and the line of force is perpendicular
centralgear [MECH ENG] The gear on the cen-
to the line from O to the center of mass,then
tral axis of a planetary gear train,about which a
the initial motion of the body is a rotation about
pinion rotates,Also known as sun gear.
the center of percussion relative to O; it can be
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorgir }
shown to coincide with the center of oscillation
central heating [CIV ENG] The use of a single
relative to O.{vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?vp?rvertstrokesuperiork?shH11080?n}
steamorhot-waterheatingplanttoserveagroup
center of suspension [MECH] The intersection
of buildings,facilities,or even a complete com-
oftheaxisofrotationofapendulumwithaplane
munity through a system of distribution pipes.
perpendicular to the axis that passes through
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
the center of mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?vs?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n}
centralizedtrafficcontrol [CIV ENG] Control of
centeroftwist [MECH] Apointonalineparallel
train movements by signal indications given by
to the axis of a beam through which any trans-
a train director at a central control point,Ab-
verse force must be applied to avoid twisting of
breviated CTC,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
the section,Also known as shear center.
central orbit [MECH] The path followed by a
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiortwist }
body moving under the action of a central force.
centerplug [DESENG] Asmalldiamond-setcir-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?l vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?t}
cularplug,designedtobeinsertedintotheannu-
centrifugal [MECH] Acting or moving in a direc-
lar opening in a core bit,thus converting it to a
tion away from the axis of rotation or the center
noncoring bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
of a circle along which a body is moving,{ vertstrokeinferiorsen
centerpunch [DESENG] Atoolsimilartoaprick
vertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l}
punch but having the point ground to an angle
centrifugal atomizer [MECH ENG] Device that
of about 90H11034; used to enlarge prick-punch marks
atomizes liquids with a spinning disk; liquid is
or holes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorp?nch }
fed onto the center of the disk,and the whirling
center square [DES ENG] A straight edge with
motion (3000 to 50,000 revolutions per minute)
a sliding square; used to locate the center of a
forces the liquid outward in thin sheets to cause
circle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorskwer } atomization,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?
ˉzH11080?r}
centiare [MECH] Unit of area equal to 1 square centrifugalbarrier [MECH] Asteeprise,located
meter,Also spelled centare,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiora¨r} aroundthecenterofforce,intheeffectivepoten-
centibar [MECH] A unit of pressure equal to tial governing the radial motion of a particle of
0.01 bar or to 1000 pascals,{ vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} nonvanishing angular momentum in a central
centigrade heat unit [THERMO] A unit of heat force field,which results from the centrifugal
energy,equal to 0.01 of the quantity of heat forceandpreventstheparticlefromreachingthe
needed to raise 1 pound of air-free water from center of force,or causes its Schro¨dinger wave
0 to 100H11034C at a constant pressure of 1 standard function to vanish there in a quantum-mechani-
cal system,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r}atmosphere;equalto1900.44joules.Symbolized
94
centrifuge
centrifugal brake [MECH ENG] A safety device into a rapidly rotating basket,where the solids
are retained on a porous screen and the liquidonahoistdrumthatappliesthebrakeifthedrum
speed is greater than a set limit,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080 isforcedoutofthecakebythecentrifugalaction.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}g?l vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
centrifugalcasting [ENG] A method for casting centrifugal force [MECH] 1,An outward
pseudo-force,in a reference frame that is rotat-metals or forming thermoplastic resins in which
the molten material solidifies in and conforms ing with respect to an inertial reference frame,
which is equal and opposite to the centripetalto the shape of the inner surface of a heated,
rapidly rotating container,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l force that must act on a particle stationary in
the rotating frame,2,The reaction force to avertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i? }
centrifugal clarification [MECH ENG] The re- centripetal force,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
centrifugal governor [MECH ENG] A governormoval of solids from a liquid by centrifugal ac-
tion which decreases the settling time of the whose flyweights respond to centrifugal force to
sense speed,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorg?vH11080?H11080n?r}particlesfromhourstominutes,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l
vertstrokeinferiorklarH11080iH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n} centrifugal molecular still [CHEM ENG] A de-
vice used for molecular distillation; material iscentrifugalclassification [MECHENG] Atypeof
centrifugal clarification purposely designed to fed to the center of a hot,rapidly rotating cone
housed in a chamber at a high vacuum; centrifu-settle out only the large particles (rather than all
particles)inaliquid byreducingthecentrifuging gal force spreads the material rapidly over the
hot surface,where the evaporable material goestime,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
centrifugal classifier [MECH ENG] A machine off as a vapor to the condenser,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l
m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstil }that separates particles into size groups by cen-
trifugal force,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r} centrifugalmoment [MECH] The product of the
magnitude of centrifugal force acting on a bodycentrifugal clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch oper-
ated by centrifugal force from the speed of rota- and the distance to the center of rotation.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }tion of a shaft,as when heavy expanding friction
shoes act on the internal surface of a rim clutch,centrifugal pump [MECH ENG] A machine for
moving a liquid,such as water,by accelerating itor a flyball-type mechanism is used to activate
clutching surfaces on cones and disks,{ vertstrokeinferiorsen radially outward in an impeller to a surrounding
volute casing,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }vertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }
centrifugal collector [MECH ENG] Device used centrifugalsedimentation [CHEMENG] Remov-
ing solids from liquids by causing particles totoseparateparticulatematterof0.1–1000micro-
metersfromanairstream;sometypesaresimple settle through the liquid radially toward or away
from the center of rotation (depending on thecyclones,high-efficiency cyclones,and impel-
lers,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?lkavertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r } solid-liquid relative densities) by use of a centri-
fuge,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}centrifugal compressor [MECH ENG] A ma-
chine in which a gas or vapor is compressed by centrifugalseparation [MECHENG] Thesepara-
tion of two immiscible liquids in a centrifugeradial acceleration in an impeller with a sur-
roundingcasing,andcanbearrangedmultistage within a much shorter period of time than could
be accomplished solely by gravity,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080for high ratios of compression,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l
k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r} g?l vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
centrifugal settler [CHEM ENG] Spinning con-centrifugal discharge elevator [MECH ENG] A
high-speedbucketelevatorfromwhichfree-flow- tainerthatseparatessolidparticlesfromliquids;
centrifugal force causes suspended solids toing materials are discharged by centrifugal force
at the top of the loop,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcharj movetowardorawayfromthecenterofrotation,
thusconcentratingtheminoneareaforremoval.vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
centrifugal extractor [CHEM ENG] A device for { vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080l?r}
centrifugal switch [MECH ENG] A switchseparatingcomponentsofaliquidsolution,con-
sisting of a series of perforated concentric rings opened or closed by centrifugal force; used on
some induction motors to open the startingin a cylindrical drum that rotates at 2000–5000
revolutions per minute around a cylindrical windingwhenthemotorhasalmostreachedsyn-
chronous speed,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorswich }shaft; liquids enter and leave through the shaft;
theyflowradiallyandconcurrentlyintherotating centrifugaltachometer [MECH ENG] An instru-
mentwhichmeasurestheinstantaneousangulardrum,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?likvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
centrifugalfan [MECHENG] Amachineformov- speed of a shaft by measuring the centrifugal
force on a mass rotating with it,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?ling a gas,such as air,by accelerating it radially
outward in an impeller to a surrounding casing,t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
centrifuge [MECH ENG] 1,A rotating device forgenerally of scroll shape,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorfan }
centrifugal filter [ENG] An adaptation of the separating liquids of different specific gravities
or for separating suspended colloidal particles,centrifugal settler; centrifugal action of a spin-
ning container segregates heavy and light mate- such as clay particlesin an aqueous suspension,
accordingtoparticle-sizefractionsbycentrifugalrials but heavy materials escape through nozzles
as a thick slurry,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortrifH11080iH11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r } force,2,A large motor-driven apparatus with
a long arm,at the end of which human andcentrifugal filtration [MECH ENG] The removal
of a liquid from a slurry by introducing the slurry animal subjects or equipment can be revolved
95
centrifugerefining
and rotated at various speeds to simulate the incandescent from the gas flame,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik
prolonged accelerations encountered in rockets vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt }
and spacecraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j} ceramics [ENG] The art and science of making
centrifugerefining [CHEMENG] Theuseofcen- ceramic products,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080iks }
trifuges for liquids processing,such as separa- ceramic tool [DES ENG] A cutting tool made
tion of solids or immiscible droplets from liquid from metallic oxides,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
carriers,or for liquid-liquid solvent extraction,ceramictransducerSeeelectrostrictiontransducer.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨jrivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? } {s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
centripetal [MECH] Acting or moving in a direc-
ceraunograph [ENG] An instrument that de-
tion toward the axis of rotation or the center of a
tects radio waves generated by lightning dis-
circlealongwhichabodyismoving,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortripH11080
charges and records their occurrence.
dH11080?l}
{s?vertstrokesuperiorro˙nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
centripetal acceleration [MECH] The radial
Cermak-Spirekfurnace [ENG] Anautomaticre-
component of the acceleration of a particle or
verberatory furnace of rectangular form divided
object moving around a circle,which can be
into two sections by a wall; used for roasting
shown to be directed toward the center of the
zinc and quicksilver ores,{ |s?rvertstrokeinferiormak |spirH11080ek
circle,Also known as radial acceleration.
vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortripH11080?dH11080?likvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
cermet resistor [ELEC] A metal-glaze resistor,
centripetal force [MECH] The radial force re-
consisting of a mixture of finely powdered pre-
quired to keep a particle or object moving in a
cious metals and insulating materials fired onto
circular path,which can be shown to be directed
a ceramic substrate,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiormet rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
toward the center of the circle,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenvertstrokesuperiortripH11080?dH11080
Cerruti’s problem See Boussinesq’s problem.
l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
{severtstrokesuperiorru¨H11080deˉz vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
centrobaric [MECH] 1,Pertaining to the center
certainty equivalence control [CONT SYS] An
of gravity,or to some method of locating it.
optimal control law for a stochastic adaptive
2,Possessing a center of gravity,{ |senH11080troˉ
control system which is obtained by solving the
|barH11080ik }
controlprobleminthecaseofknownparameters
centrode [MECH] Thepathtracedbytheinstan-
and substituting the known parameters with
taneous center of a plane figure when it under-
their estimates,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rtH11080?nH11080teˉ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?ns
goes plane motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
centroid See center of mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortro˙id }
cesium magnetometer [ENG] A magnetometer
centroid of asymptotes [CONT SYS] The inter-
that uses a cesium atomic-beam resonator as a
section of asymptotes in a root-locus diagram.
frequency standard in a circuit that detects very
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortro˙id?v vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?mvertstrokeinferiortoˉdH11080eˉz}
small variations in magnetic fields,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080zeˉH11080?m
cepstrum vocoder [ENG ACOUS] A digital de-
vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vice for reproducing speech in which samples
cesspit See cesspool,{ vertstrokesuperiorsesvertstrokeinferiorpit }
of the cepstrum of speech,together with pitch
cesspool [CIV ENG] An underground tank for
information,are transmitted to the receiver,and
raw sewage collection; used where there is no
are then converted into an impulse response
sewage system,Also known as cesspit.
that is convolved with an impulse train gener-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsesvertstrokeinferiorpu¨l}
ated from the pitch information,{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080tr?m
cetaneindex [CHEMENG] Anempiricalmethod
vertstrokesuperiorvoˉ|koˉdH11080?r}
for finding the cetane number of a fuel based on
ceramiccapacitor [ELEC] Acapacitorwhosedi-
API gravity and the mid boiling point.
electric is a ceramic material such as steatite or
{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
barium titanate,the composition of which can
cetanenumber [CHEM ENG] The percentage by
be varied to give a wide range of temperature
volumeofcetane(cetanenumber100)inablend
coefficients,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
with H9251-methylnaphthalene (cetane number 0);
ceramic cartridge [ENG ACOUS] A device con-
indicates the ability of a fuel to ignite quickly
taining a piezoelectric ceramic element,used in
after being injected into the cylinder of an
phonograph pickups and microphones.
engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
{s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080trij }
CFIA See component-failure-impact analysis.
ceramic earphones See crystal headphones.
cfs See cusec.
{s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorirvertstrokeinferiorfoˉnz }
cg See centigram.
ceramic glaze [ENG] A glossy finish on a clay
chain [CIV ENG] See engineer’s chain; Gunter’s
body obtained by spraying with metallic oxides,
chain,[DES ENG] 1,A flexible series of metalchemicals,and clays and firing at high tempera-
links or rings fitted into one another; used forture,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorgla
ˉz}
supporting,restraining,dragging,or lifting ob-ceramic microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
jects or transmitting power,2,A mesh of rodsphone using a ceramic cartridge,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik
or plates connected together,used to conveyvertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
objects or transmit power,{ chaˉn}ceramic pickup [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph
chainbelt [DES ENG] Belt of flat links to trans-pickup using a ceramic cartridge,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080ik
mit power,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorbelt }vertstrokesuperiorpikH11080?p}
chainblock [MECHENG] Atacklewhichusesanceramicradiant [ENG] Abaked-claycomponent
of a gas heating unit which radiates heat when endless chain rather than a rope,often operated
96
channelingmachine
fromanoverheadtracktoliftheavyweightsespe- 1.30927 cubic meters,2,A unit of volume,for-
merly used for measuring solid substances incially in workshops,Also known as chain fall;
the United States,equal to 36 bushels,or ap-chain hoist,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
proximately 1.26861 cubic meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorcho˙lH11080chainbond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond formed
dr?n}with a chain or bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
chamber [CIV ENG] The space in a canal lockchain conveyor [MECH ENG] A machine for
between the upper and lower gates,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080movingmaterialsthatcarriestheproductonone
b?r}or two endless linked chains with crossbars;
chamberkiln [ENG] A kilnconsistingofaseries
allows smaller parts to be added as the work
of adjacent chambers in a ring or oval through
passes,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
whichthefiremoves,takingseveraldaystomake
chaincourse [CIV ENG] A course of stone held
a circuit; waste gas from the fire preheats ware
together by iron cramps,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
in chambers toward which the fire is moving,
chain drive [MECH ENG] A flexible device for
while combustion air is preheated by ware in
powertransmission,hoisting,orconveying,con-
chambers already fired,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorkil }
sisting of an endless chain whose links mesh
chamber process [CHEM ENG] An obsolete
with toothed wheels fastened to the driving and
method of manufacturing sulfuric acid in which
driven shafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
sulfur dioxide,air,and steam are reacted in a
chainfall See chain block,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorfo˙l}
leadchamberwithoxidesofnitrogenasthecata-
chain-floatliquid-levelgage [ENG] Floatdevice
lyst,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
to measure the level of liquid in a vessel; the
chamber test [ENG] A fire test developed spe-
float,suspended from a counterweighted chain
cifically for floor coverings that measures the
draped over a toothed sprocket,rises or falls
speedanddistanceofthespreadofflamesunder
with the liquid level,and the chain movement
specified conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiortest }
turnsthesprockettopositionacalibrateddepth-
chamfer [ENG] To bevel a sharp edge on a ma-
indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn |floˉt vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
chined part,{ vertstrokesuperiorchamH11080f?r}
chain gear [MECH ENG] A gear that transmits
chamferangle [DES ENG] The angle that a bev-
motion from one wheel to another by means of
eled surface makes with one of the original sur-
a chain,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorgir }
faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorchamH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
chaingratestoker [MECHENG] Awide,endless
chamfering [MECH ENG] Machining operations
chain used to feed,carry,and burn a noncoking
to produce a beveled edge,Also known as bev-
coal in a furnace,control the air for combustion,
eling,{ vertstrokesuperiorchamH11080f?H11080ri? }
and discharge the ash,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorgraˉt vertstrokeinferiorstoˉkH11080?r}
chamferplane [DES ENG] A plane for chamfer-
chainhoist See chain block,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist }
ing edges of woodwork,{ vertstrokesuperiorchamH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
chaining [CIV ENG] In land surveying,measur-
change gear [MECH ENG] A gear used to
ing distance by means of a chain or tape.
change the speed of a driven shaft while the
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnH11080i? }
speed of the driving remains constant.
chainpump [MECHENG] Apumpcontainingan
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnj vertstrokeinferiorgir }
endlesschain thatisfittedat intervalswithdisks
changingbag [ENG] An enclosure of lightproof
and moves through a pipe and raises sludge.
material used for operations such as loading of
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
film holders in daylight,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbag }
chain radar system [ENG] A number of radar
channel [CHEM ENG] In percolation filtration,a
stations located at various sites on a missile
portion of the clay bed where there is a prepon-
range to enable complete radar coverage during
derance of flow,[CIV ENG] A natural or artifi-
a missile flight; the stations are linked by data
cial waterway connecting two bodies of water or
and communication lines for target acquisition,
containing moving water,[ELECTR] 1,A path
target positioning,or data-recording purposes.
for a signal,as an audio amplifier may have sev-
{ |chaˉn vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
eral input channels,2,The main current path
chainriveting [ENG] Riveting consisting of riv-
between the source and drain electrodes in a
etsonebehindtheotherinrowsalongtheseam.
field-effecttransistororothersemiconductorde-
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorrivH11080?dH11080i? }
vice,[ENG] The forming of cavities in a gear
chain saw [MECH ENG] A gasoline-powered
lubricant at low temperatures because of con-
saw for felling and bucking timber,operated by
gealing,{ vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l}
one person; has cutting teeth inserted in a
channeler See channeling machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?lH11080
sprocket chain that moves rapidly around the
r}
edge of an oval-shaped blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorso˙ } channel FET microphone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
chaintongs [DES ENG] A tool for turning pipe,crophone in which a membrane is used as the
using a chain to encircle and grasp the pipe,gate to a field-effect transistor (FET) located just
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorta¨?z} below it,and motion of the membrane modu-
chainvise [DES ENG] A vise in which the work lates the current between the source and drain
is encircled and held tightly by a chain,of the transistor,{ |chanH11080?l |fet vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn or
{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs} |ef|eˉ|teˉ }
chaldron [MECH] 1,A unit of volume in com- channeling machine [MECH ENG] An electri-
mon use in the United Kingdom,equal to 36 cally powered machine that operates by a chip-
pingactionofthreetofivechiselswhiletravelingbushels,or 288 gallons,or approximately
97
channeliron
back and forth on a track; used for primary sepa- electric charge,quantity of electricity,2,To
ration from the rock ledge in marble,limestone,convert electrical energy to chemical energy in
and soft sandstone quarries,Also known as asecondarybattery,3.Tofeedelectricalenergy
channeler,{ vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?lH11080i? m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn} to a capacitor or other device that can store it.
channeliron [DES ENG] A metal strip or beam [ENG] 1,A unit of an explosive,either by itself
with a U-shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn } or contained in a bomb,projectile,mine,or the
channel process [CHEM ENG] A carbon-black like,or used as the propellant for a bullet or
processinwhichironchannelbeamsareusedas projectile,2.To load a borehole with an explo-
depositing surfacesfor carbon black,{ vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l
sive,3,The material or part to be heated by
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
induction or dielectric heating,4,The meas-
chaos See chaotic behavior,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiora¨s}
urement or weight of material,either liquid,pre-
chaoticbehavior [MECH] The behaviorofasys-
formed,or powder,used to load a mold at one
tem whose final state depends so sensitively on
timeduringonecycleinthemanufactureofplas-
the system’s precise initial state that the behav-
tics or metal,[MECH ENG] 1,In refrigeration,
ior is in effect unpredictable and cannot be dis-
thequantityofrefrigerantcontainedinasystem.
tinguished from a random process,even though
2.Tointroducetherefrigerantintoarefrigeration
itisstrictlydeterminateinamathematicalsense.
system,{ cha¨rj }
Also known as chaos,{ kaˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080ik bivertstrokesuperiorhaˉH11080vy?r}
chargecollector [ELEC] The structure within a
Chapman-Jouguet plane [MECH] A hypotheti-
battery electrode that provides a path for the
cal,infinite plane,behind the initial shock front,
electric current to or from the active material.
in which it is variously assumed that reaction
Also known as current collector,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj
(and energy release) has effectively been com-
k?vertstrokeinferiorlekH11080t?r}
pleted,thatreactionproductgaseshavereached
charge conservation See conservation of charge.
thermodynamic equilibrium,and that reaction
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
gases,streaming backward out of the detona-
charge-coupled device [ELECTR] A semicon-
tion,have reached such a condition that a for-
ductor device wherein minority charge is stored
ward-moving sound wave located at this precise
in aspatially defined depletionregion (potential
plane would remain a fixed distance behind the
well) at the surface of a semiconductor and is
initial shock,{ |chapH11080m?n zhu¨|gwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
moved about the surface by transferring this
characteristic [ELECTR] A graph showing how
charge to similar adjacent wells,Abbreviated
the voltage or current between two terminals of
CCD,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj |k?pH11080?ld divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
an electronic device varies with the voltage or
charge-coupled image sensor [ELECTR] A de-
current between two other terminals,{ vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080
vice in which charges are introduced when light
t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tik }
from a scene is focused on the surface of the
characteristiclength [MECH] A convenient ref-
device; image points are accessed sequentially
erence length (usually constant) of a given con-
to produce a television-type output signal.
figuration,such as overall length of an aircraft,
Also known as solid-state image sensor.
the maximum diameter or radius of a body of
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj |k?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
revolution,ora chord orspan of alifting surface.
chargedensity [ELEC] The charge per unit area
{ vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorle?kth }
on a surface or per unit volume in space.
characterization factor [CHEM ENG] A number
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
which expresses the variations in physical prop-
charge-massratio [ELEC] The ratio of the elec-
erties with change in character of the paraffinic
tric charge of a particle to its mass,{ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj
stock; ranges from 12.5 for paraffinic stocks to
vertstrokeinferiormas vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
10.0forthehighlyaromaticstocks,Alsoknown
charge quantization [ELEC] The principle that
as Watson factor,{ vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080
the electric charge of an object must equal an
t?r}
integral multiple of a universal basic charge.
charcoal canister [MECH ENG] In an evapora-
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorkwanH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
tive control system,a container filled with acti-
charge-transfer device [ELECTR] A semicon-
vated charcoal that traps gasoline vapors emit-
ductor device that depends upon movements of
ted by the fuel system,Also known as canister;
stored charges between predetermined loca-
carbon canister,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rvertstrokeinferiorkoˉl vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorst?r}
tions,as in charge-coupled and charge-injection
charcoal test [CHEM ENG] A determination of
devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
the natural gasoline content of natural gas by
chargingcurrent [ELEC] The current that flows
adsorbingthegasolineonactivatedcharcoaland
into a capacitor when a voltage is first applied.then recovering it by distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rvertstrokeinferiorko
ˉl
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rH11080ji?vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt }vertstrokeinferiortest }
charging pump [CHEM ENG] Pump that pro-charge [ELEC] 1.Abasicpropertyofelementary
vides pressurized fluid flow for the input of an-particles of matter; the charge of an object may
other unit,such as to a triplex pump that re-be a positive or negative number or zero; only
quires positive pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rH11080ji?vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }integral multiples of the proton charge occur,
chartcomparisonunit [ENG] A device that per-and the charge of a body is the algebraic sum
mits simultaneous viewing of a radar plan posi-of the charges of its constituents; the value of
tion indicator display and a navigation chart sothe charge may be inferred from the Coulomb
force between charged objects,Also known as that one appears superimposed on the other.
98
chemicalengineering
Alsoknownasautoradarplot,{ vertstrokesuperiorchartk?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080 chattering [CONT SYS] A mode of operation of
a relay-type control system in which the relay?H11080s?n vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
chartdatum See datum plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt vertstrokeinferiordadH11080?m } switches back and forth infinitely fast,{ vertstrokesuperiorchadH11080
H11080ri? }chartdesk [ENG] A flat surface on which charts
are spread out,usually with storage space for Chattock gage [ENG] A form of micromano-
meter in which observation of the interface be-charts and other navigating equipment below
the plotting surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt vertstrokeinferiordesk } tween two immiscible liquids is used to deter-
mine when the pressure to be measured haschartrecorder [ENG] A recorder in which a de-
pendent variable is plotted against an indepen- been balanced by the pressure head resulting
from tilting of the entire apparatus,{ vertstrokesuperiorchadH11080dent variable by an ink-filled pen moving on
plain paper,a heated stylus on heat-sensitive?k vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
check [ENG] A device attached to something inpaper,a light beam or electron beam on photo-
sensitive paper,or an electrode on electrosensi- order to limit the movement,such as a door
check,{ chek }tive paper,The plot may be linear or curvilinear
on a strip chart recorder,or polar on a circular check dam [CIV ENG] A low,fixed structure,
constructed of timber,loose rock,masonry,orchart recorder,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
charttable [ENG] A flat surface on which charts concrete,to control water flow in an erodable
channel or irrigation canal,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiordam }are spread out,particularly one without storage
space below the plotting surface,as in aircraft checkerboard regenerator [ENG] An open-
checkerwork arrangement of firebrick in a high-and VPR (virtual PPI reflectoscope) equipment.
{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l } temperature chamber that absorbs heat during
a batch processing cycle,then releases it to pre-chase [BUILD] A vertical passage for ducts,
pipes,or wires in a building,[DES ENG] A se- heatfreshcombustionairduringthedowncycle;
used,for example,in the steel industry withries of cuts,each having a path that follows the
path of the cut before it; an example is a screw open-hearth and heat-treating furnaces.
{ vertstrokesuperiorchekH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd rivertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}thread,[ENG] 1,The main body of the mold
which contains the molding cavity or cavities,checker plate [ENG] A type of slip-resistant
floor plate with a distinctive raised pattern that2,The enclosure used to shrink-fit parts of a
mold cavity in place to prevent spreading or dis- is used for walkways and platforms,{ vertstrokesuperiorchekH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}tortion,ortoencloseanassemblyoftwoormore
parts of a split-cavity block,3,To straighten checkers [ENG] Open brickwork in a checker-
board regenerator allowing for the passage ofand clean threads on screws or pipes,{ chaˉs}
chasemortise [DESENG] Amortisewithaslop- hot,spent gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorchekH11080?rz }
check fillet [BUILD] A curb set into a roof toing edge from bottom to surface so that a tenon
can be inserted when the outside clearance is divert or control the flow of rainwater,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek
vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?t}small,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉs vertstrokeinferiormo˙rdH11080?s}
chaser [ENG] A thread-cutting tool with many checkout [ENG] A sequence of actions to test
orexamineathingastoitsreadinessforincorpo-teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉsH11080?r}
chase ring [MECH ENG] In hobbing,the ring rationintoanewphaseofuseorastotheperfor-
mance of its intended function,{ vertstrokesuperiorchekvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}which restrains the blank from spreading during
hob sinking,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉs vertstrokeinferiorri? } check rail [BUILD] A rail,thicker than the win-
dow,that spans the opening between the topchasing tool [DES ENG] A hammer or chisel
used to decorate metal surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorchaˉsH11080i? and bottom sash; usually beveled and rabbeted.
See guardrail,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
chassis [ENG] 1,A frame on which the body of checkstop [BUILD] A narrow length of wood or
metal that is installed to hold a sliding elementan automobile or airplane is mounted,2,A
frame for mounting the working parts of a radio in place,such as the lower part of a sash of a
double-hung window,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}or other electronic device,{ vertstrokesuperiorchasH11080eˉ }
chassis ground [ELEC] A connection made to checkstudy [IND ENG] A review of a job or op-
eration in part or in its entirety to evaluate thethe metal chassis on which the components of
a circuit are mounted,to serve as a common validity of a standard time,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
checkvalve [MECHENG] Adeviceforautomati-return path to the power source,{ vertstrokesuperiorchasH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nd } cally limiting flow in a piping system to a single
direction,Also known as nonreturn valve.chassispunch [DES ENG] A hand tool used to
make round or square holes in sheet metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorchek vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
cheesebox still [CHEM ENG] One of the first{ vertstrokesuperiorchasH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?nch }
chatter [ELEC] Prolonged undesirable opening types of vertical cylindrical stills designed with
a vapor dome,{ vertstrokesuperiorcheˉzvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiorstil }and closing of electric contacts,as on a relay.
Alsoknownascontactchatter,[ENG] Anirreg- cheese head [DES ENG] A raised cylindrical
head on a screw or bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorcheˉz vertstrokeinferiorhed }ular alternating motion of the parts of a relief
valve due to the application of pressure where chemicalengineering [ENG] Thatbranchofen-
gineering serving those industries that chemi-contact is made between the valve disk and the
seat,[ENG ACOUS] Vibration of a disk-re- cally convert basic raw materials into a variety
of products,and dealing with the design andcorder cutting stylus in a direction other than
that in which it is driven,{ vertstrokesuperiorchadH11080?r } operation of plants and equipment to perform
99
chemicalfilmdielectric
such work; all products are formed in chemical or liquid enclosed within the device responds to
processes involving chemical reactions carried heat by a volume change (rising or falling of
out under a wide range of conditions and fre- mercury column) or by a pressure change (open-
quently accompanied by changes in physical ing or closing of spiral coil),{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l
state or form,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
chemical film dielectric [ELEC] An extremely chemurgy [CHEM ENG] A branch of chemistry
thin layer of material on one or both electrodes concerned with the profitable utilization of or-
of an electrolytic capacitor,which conducts elec- ganicraw materials,especially agriculturalprod-
tricity in only one direction and thereby consti-
ucts,for nonfood purposes such as for paints
tutes the insulating element of the capacitor.
and varnishes,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeH11080m?rH11080jeˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik }
cherrypicker [MECH ENG] Any of several small
chemical fire extinguisher [CHEM ENG] Any of
traveling cranes,especially one used to hoist
three types of fire extinguishers (vaporizing liq-
a passenger on the end of a boom,{ vertstrokesuperiorcherH11080eˉ
uid,carbon dioxide,and dry chemical) which
vertstrokeinferiorpikH11080?r}
expel chemicals in solid,liquid,or gaseous form
Chicago boom [MECH ENG] A hoisting device
to blanket or smother a fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr
that is supported onthe structure being erected.
ikvertstrokesuperiorsti?H11080gwishH11080?r}
{sh?vertstrokesuperiorka¨H11080goˉ vertstrokeinferiorbu¨m}
chemical force microscope [ENG] A modifica-
Chicago caisson [CIV ENG] A cofferdam about
tion of the atomic force microscope in which an
4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter lined with planks
organic monolayer on the probe tip that termi-
and sunk in medium-stiff clays to hard ground
nates with specific chemical functional groups
for pier foundations,Also known as open-well
issensitivetospecificmolecularinteractionsbe-
caisson,{ sh?vertstrokesuperiorka¨H11080goˉ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
tween these groups and those on the sample
Child-Langmuirequation See Child’s law.
surface,{ |kemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
Child-Langmuir-SchottkyequationSeeChild’slaw.
chemical hygrometer See absorption hygrometer.
{ |ch?ˉld |la?H11080myu¨r vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tvertstrokeinferiorkeˉ ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?lh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
Child’slaw [ELECTR] A law stating that the cur-
chemical ion pump [CHEM ENG] A vacuum
rent in a thermionic diode varies directly with
pump whosepumping action is basedon evapo-
the three-halves power of anode voltage and in-
ration of a metal whose vapor then reacts with
versely with the square of the distance between
the chemically active molecules in the gas to be
the electrodes,provided the operating condi-
evacuated,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
tions are such that the current is limited only by
chemically sensitive field-effect transistor
the space charge,Also known as Child-Lang-
[ELECTR] A field-effect transistor in which the
muir equation; Child-Langmuir-Schottky equa-
ordinary gate electrode is replaced by a chemi-
tion; Langmuir-Child equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?ˉldz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
cally sensitive membrane so that the gain of
Chile mill [MECH ENG] A crushing mill having
the transistor depends on the concentration of
vertical rollers running in a circular enclosure
chemical substances,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080ikH11080leˉ |senH11080s?dH11080iv
with a stone or iron base or die,Also known
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld i|fekt tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
as edge runner,{ vertstrokesuperiorchilH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormil }
chemicalprocessindustry [CHEM ENG] An in-
chiller [CHEM ENG] Oil-refining apparatus in
dustryinwhichtherawmaterialsundergochem-
which the temperature of paraffin distillates is
ical conversion during their processing into fin-
loweredpreparatorytofilteringoutthesolidwax
ished products,as well as (or instead of) the
components,{ vertstrokesuperiorchilH11080?r}
physicalconversionscommontoindustryingen-
chill roll [ENG] A cored roll used in chill-roll
eral; includes the traditional chemical,petro-
extrusion of plastics,{ vertstrokesuperiorchil vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
leum,and petrochemical industries,{ |kemH11080iH11080
chill-roll extrusion [ENG] Method of extruding
k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?H11080streˉ }
plastic film in which the film is cooled while
chemical pulping [CHEM ENG] Separation of
beingdrawnaroundtwo ormorehighlypolished
wood fiber for paper pulp by chemical treatment
chill rolls,inside of which there is cooling water.
ofwoodchipstodissolvetheligninthatcements
Also known as cast-film extrusion,{ vertstrokesuperiorchil vertstrokeinferiorroˉl
the fibers together,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080i? }
ekvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n}
chemical reactor [CHEM ENG] Vessel,tube,
chimney [BUILD] A vertical,hollow structure of
pipe,or other container within which a chemical
masonry,steel,or concrete,built to convey gas-
reaction is made to take place; may be batch or
eous products of combustion from a building.
continuous,open or packed,and can use ther-
[ELECTR] A pipelike enclosure that is placed
mal,catalytic,or irradiation actuation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080
over a heat sink to improve natural upward con-iH11080k?lre
ˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
vectionofheatandtherebyincreasethedissipat-chemical similitude [CHEM ENG] A procedure
ing ability of the sink,{ vertstrokesuperiorchimvertstrokeinferiorneˉ }used to ensure satisfactory operation of a full-
chimney apron [BUILD] A flashing made of ascale chemical process by comparison with pilot
nonferrous metal,such as copper,that is builtplant data,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?ls?vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d}
into the masonry of the chimney and the roofingchemicalsterilization [ENG] The use of bacteri-
materialattheplacewheretheroofispenetratedcidalchemicalstosterilizesolutions,air,orsolid
by the chimney,{ vertstrokesuperiorchimH11080neˉ vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080pr?n}surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsterH11080?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
chimney bar [BUILD] A wrought-iron or steelchemical thermometer [ENG] A filled-system
temperature-measurement device in which gas lintel which is supported by the sidewalls and
100
chop-typefeeder
carriesthe masonryabovethe fireplaceopening,edge,as seen from the end of the drill,Also
known as web angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorej vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}Also known as turning bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorchimvertstrokeinferiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
chimneycap [CIV ENG] A rotary device fitted to chisel-toothsaw [DES ENG] A circular saw with
chisel-shaped cutting edges,{ vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l vertstrokesuperiortu¨tha chimney and moved by the wind so that the
chimney is turned away from the wind to permit vertstrokesuperiorso˙ }
Chladni’s figures [MECH] Figures produced bythe escape of smoke while rain or snow is pre-
vented from entering the chimney,{ vertstrokesuperiorchimH11080neˉ sprinkling sand or similar material on a horizon-
tal plate and then vibrating the plate while hold-vertstrokeinferiorkap }
chimneycore [MECH ENG] The inner section of ing it rigid at its center or along its periphery;
indicatethenodallinesofvibration,{ vertstrokesuperiorkladvertstrokeinferiorneˉza double-walled chimney which is separated
from the outer section by an air space,vertstrokeinferiorfigH11080y?rz }
chloralkali [CHEM ENG] Either of the products{ vertstrokesuperiorchimvertstrokeinferiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorko˙r}
chip [ELECTR] 1,The shaped and processed of the industrial electrolysis of sodium chloride,
that is,sodium hydroxide or chlorine.semiconductor die that is mounted on a sub-
strate to form a transistor,diode,or other semi- { klo˙rvertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉ }
chloralkali process [CHEM ENG] An industrialconductordevice,2.Anintegratedmicrocircuit
performingasignificantnumberoffunctionsand chemical process based on the electrolysis of
sodium chloride for the production of sodiumconstituting a subsystem,Also known as mi-
crochip,{ chip } hydroxide and chlorine,{ vertstrokeinferiorklo˙rvertstrokesuperioralH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080
s?s}chipbreaker [DESENG] An irregularityorchan-
nel cut into the face of a lathe tool behind the chlorinator [CHEM ENG] The apparatus used in
chlorinating,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}cutting edge to cause removed stock to break
into small chips or curls,{ vertstrokesuperiorchip vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r} choke [ELEC] Aninductanceusedinacircuitto
presentahighimpedancetofrequenciesaboveachipcap [DESENG] A plate or cap onthe upper
part of the cutting iron of a carpenter’s plane specified frequency range without appreciably
limiting the flow of direct current,Also knowndesigned to give the tool rigidity and also to
break up the wood shavings,{ vertstrokesuperiorchip vertstrokeinferiorkap } as choke coil,[MECH ENG] To increase the
fuel feed to an internal combustion enginechip capacitor [ELECTR] A single-layer or
multilayer monolithic capacitor constructed in through the action of a choke valve,See choke
valve,{ choˉk}chip form,with metallized terminations to facili-
tatedirect bondingonhybrid integratedcircuits,chokecoil See choke,{ vertstrokesuperiorchoˉk vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
choked neck [DES ENG] Container neck which{ vertstrokesuperiorchip k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
chiplog [ENG] Aline,markedatintervals(com- has a narrowed or constricted opening.
{ |choˉkt vertstrokesuperiornek }monly 50 feetor 15 meters),that ispaid out over
the stern of a moving ship and is pulled out by choke valve [MECH ENG] A valve which sup-
plies the higher suction necessary to give thea drag (the chip),to determine the ship’s speed.
{ vertstrokesuperiorchip vertstrokeinferiorla¨g } excessfuelfeedrequiredforstartingacoldinter-
nal combustion engine,Also known as choke.chipper [ENG] A tool such as a chipping ham-
mer used for chipping,[MECH ENG] A ma- { vertstrokesuperiorchoˉk vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
chopper [ENG] Any knife,axe,or mechanicalchine with revolving knives for reducing large
pieces of wood to chips,{ vertstrokesuperiorchipH11080?r } device for chopping or cutting an object into
segments,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pH11080?r}chipping hammer [ENG] A hand or pneumatic
hammer with chisel-shaped or pointed faces chopper amplifier [ELECTR] A carrier amplifier
in which the direct-current input is filtered by aused to remove rust and scale from metal sur-
faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorchipH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r } low-pass filter,then converted into a square-
wave alternating-current signal by either one orchipresistor [ELECTR] Athick-filmresistorcon-
structed in chip form,with metallized termina- two choppers,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pH11080?r vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
chopper-stabilizedamplifier [ELECTR] Adirect-tions to facilitate direct bonding on hybrid inte-
grated circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorchip rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } current amplifier in which a direct-coupled am-
plifier is in parallel with a chopper amplifier.chirp radar [ENG] Radar in which a swept-fre-
quency signal is transmitted,received from a { |cha¨pH11080?r |staˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
choppertransistor [ELECTR] A bipolar or field-target,then compressed in time to give a narrow
pulse called the chirp signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?rp vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r } effect transistor operated as a repetitive ‘‘on/off’’
switch to produce square-wave modulation ofchisel [DES ENG] A tool for working the surface
of various materials,consisting of a metal bar an input signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pH11080?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
chopping [ELECTR] The removal,by electronicwith a sharp edge at one end and often driven
by a mallet,{ vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l } means,of one or both extremities of a wave at
a predetermined level,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pH11080i? }chiselbit See chopping bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbit }
chiselbond [ENG] A thermocompression bond chopping bit [MECH ENG] A steel bit with a
chisel-shaped cutting edge,attached to a stringin which a contact wire is attached to a contact
pad on a semiconductor chip by applying pres- of drill rods to break up,by impact,boulders,
hardpan,and a lost core in a drill hole,Alsosure with a chisel-shaped tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l
vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd } known as chisel bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbit }
chop-typefeeder [MECH ENG] Device for semi-chisel-edge angle [DES ENG] The angle in-
cluded between the chisel edge and the cutting continuous feed of solid materials to a process
101
chord
unit,with intermittent opening and closing of a of tools tipped with a blunt-edge chisel bit sus-
pended from a flexible cable,to which a recipro-hopper gate (bottom closure) by a control arm
catingmotionisimpartedbyitssuspensionfromactuated by an eccentric cam,{ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨pvertstrokeinferiort?ˉp
an oscillating beam or sheave,causing the bitvertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
toberaisedanddropped,AlsoknownasAmer-chord [CIV ENG] The top or bottom,generally
ican system drill; cable-system drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?rnhorizontal member of a truss,{ ko˙rd }
vertstrokeinferiordril }chordal thickness [DES ENG] The tangential
churn shot drill [MECH ENG] A boring rig withthickness of a tooth on a circular gear,as meas-
both churn and shot drillings,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?rn vertstrokeinferiorsha¨t
ured along a chord of the pitch circle,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080
vertstrokeinferiordril }
l vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080n?s}
chute [ENG] A conduit for conveying free-flow-
chrome tanning [CHEM ENG] Tanning treat-
ing materials at high velocity to lower levels.
ment of animal skin with chromium salts.
{ shu¨t}
{ |kroˉm vertstrokesuperiortanH11080i? }
chute spillway [CIV ENG] A spillway in which
chromoradiometer [ENG] A radiation meter
the water flow passes over a crest into a sloping,
that uses a substance whose color changes with
lined,open channel; used for earth and rock-fill
x-ray dosage,{ |kroˉH11080moˉH11080vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
dams,{ |shu¨t vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
chronocyclegraph [IND ENG] A device used in
C
3
I See command,control,communications,and
micromotion studies to record a complete work
intelligence,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ vertstrokesuperior?ˉ }
cyclebytakingstillpictureswithlongexposures,
cinetheodolite [ENG] A surveying theodolite in
the motion paths being traced by small electric
which 35-millimeter motion picture cameras
lamps fastened to the worker’s hands or fingers;
with lenses of 60- to 240-inch (1.5- to 6.1-meter)
timeisobtainedbyinterruptingthelightcircuits
focallengtharesubstitutedforthesurveyor’seye
with acontrolled frequency whichproduces dots
and telescope; used for precise time-correlated
on the film,{ vertstrokeinferiorkra¨nH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080kl?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
observation of distant airplanes,missiles,and
chronograph [ENG] An instrument used to reg-
artificial satellites,{ |sinH11080?H11080theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
ister the time of an event or graphically record
Cipolletti weir [CIV ENG] Trapezoidal weir in
time intervals such as the duration of an event.
which the sides of the notch slope are one hori-
{ vertstrokesuperiorkra¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
zontal to four vertical; used to measure water
chronometricdata [ENG] Data in which the de-
flow in open channels,especially streams and
sired quantity is the time of occurrence of an
rivers,{ chipH11080?vertstrokesuperiorledH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorwer }
event or the time interval between two or more
circle shear [MECH ENG] A shearing machine
events,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiordadH11080? }
thatcutscirculardisksfromametalsheetrolling
chronometric radiosonde [ENG] A radiosonde
between the cutting wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsheˉr}
whosecarrierwaveisswitchedonandoffinsuch
circuit See electric circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
a manner that the interval of time between the
circuit analyzer See volt-ohm-milliammeter.
transmission of signals is a function of the mag-
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
nitude of the meteorological elements being
circuitboard See printed circuit board,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t
measured,{ |kra¨nH11080?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
chronometric tachometer [ENG] A tachometer
circuit breaker [ELEC] An electromagnetic de-
which repeatedly counts the revolutions during
vice that opens a circuit automatically when the
a fixed interval of time and presents the average
current exceeds a predetermined value,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
speed during the last timed interval,{ |kra¨nH11080
k?t vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r}
|meH11080trik t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
circuit conditioning [ELECTR] Test,analysis,
chronothermometer [ENG] A thermometer
engineering,and installation actions to upgrade
consisting of a clock mechanism whose speed
acommunicationscircuittomeetanoperational
isafunctionoftemperature;automaticallycalcu-
requirement;includesthereductionofnoise,the
lates the mean temperature,{ |kra¨nH11080oˉH11080
equalization of phase and level stability and fre-
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
quency response,and the correction of imped-
CHU See centigrade heat unit.
ance discontinuities,but does not include nor-
CHU
mean
See centigrade heat unit.
mal maintenance and repair activities,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
chuck [DESENG] Adeviceforholdingacompo-
k?tk?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?H11080ni? }
nent of an instrument rigid,usually by means
circuit diagram [ELEC] A drawing,using stan-
of adjustable jaws or set screws,such as the
dardized symbols,of the arrangement and inter-
workpiece in a metalworking or woodworking
connections of the conductors and components
machine,orthestylusorneedleofaphonograph of an electrical or electronic device or installa-
pickup,{ ch?k} tion,Also known as schematic circuit diagram;
chucking [MECH ENG] The grasping of an out- wiring diagram,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
size workpiece in a chuck or jawed device in a circuit element See component,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t |elH11080?H11080
lathe,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?kH11080i? } m?nt }
chucking machine [MECH ENG] A lathe or circuit interrupter [ELEC] A device in a circuit
grinderinwhichtheoutsizeworkpieceisgrasped breaker to remove energy from an arc in order
inachuckorjaweddevice,{ vertstrokesuperiorch?kH11080i? m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn} to extinguish it,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorr?pH11080t?r}
churndrill [MECHENG] Portable drilling equip- circuitloading [ELEC] Power drawn from a cir-
cuit by an electric measuring instrument,whichment,with drilling performed by a heavy string
102
clampingplate
may alter appreciably the quantity being meas- circularspike [ENG] A metal timber connector
fitted with a circular series of sharp teeth thatured,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080i? }
circuit protection [ELECTR] Provision for auto- dig into the wood,preventing lateral motion,as
a bolt is tightened through the wood and thematically preventing excess or dangerous tem-
peratures in a conductor and limiting the spike,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉk}
circular velocity [MECH] At any specific dis-amount of energy liberated when an electrical
failure occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?tpr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n } tance from the primary,the orbital velocity re-
quired to maintain a constant-radius orbit.circuitry [ELEC] The complete combination of
circuitsusedinan electricalorelectronicsystem { vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?rv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
circulating fluid [ENG] A fluid pumped into aor piece of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?H11080treˉ }
circuittesting [ELEC] The testing of electric cir- boreholethroughthedrillstem,theflowofwhich
cools the bit and transports the cuttings out ofcuits to determine and locate an open circuit,
or a short circuit or leakage,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiortesH11080ti? } the borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d}
circulating pump [CHEM ENG] Pump used tocircuit theory [ELEC] The mathematical analy-
sis of conditions and relationships in an electric circulate process liquid out of and back into a
process system,as in the circulation of distilla-circuit,Also known as electric circuit theory.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ } tioncolumnbottomsthroughanexternalheater,
or the circulation of storage tank bottoms to mixcircular burner [ENG] A fuel burner having a
round opening,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080?r } tank contents,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
circulatingsystem [CHEMENG] Fluidsystemincircular channel [ENG] Continuous-length
opening with circular cross section through which the process fluid is taken from and
pumped back into the system,as in the circula-which liquid or gas can be made to flow,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l } tion of distillation column bottoms through an
external heater,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}circular-chart recorder [ENG] Graphic pen-
and-ink recorder where measured values are circulation area [BUILD] The area required for
humantraffic inabuilding,includingpermanentdrawn onto a rotating circular chart by the back-
ward and forward movement of a pivoted pen corridors,stairways,elevators,escalators,and
lobbies,{ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080ky?H11080vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }actuated by the input signal (such as tempera-
ture,pressure,flow,or force) froman instrument circumferentor [ENG] A horizontal compass
used in surveying that has arms diametricallytransmitter,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
circular cutter [MECH ENG] A rotating blade placed with vertical slit sights in them.
{s?rvertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorrenH11080t?r}with a square or knife edge used to slit or shear
metal,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r} cirmil See circular mil.
cistern [CIV ENG] A tank for storing water orcircular form tool [DES ENG] A round or disk-
shaped tool with the cutting edge on the periph- other liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?rn }
cisternbarometer [ENG] A pressure-measuringery,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
circularinch [MECH] The area of a circle 1 inch device in which pressure is read by the liquid
rise in a vertical,closed-top tube as a result of(25.4 millimeters) in diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r
vertstrokesuperiorinch } system pressure on a liquid reservoir (cistern)
into which the bottom,open end of the tube iscircularmil [MECH] A unit equal to the area of
a circle whose diameter is 1 mil (0.001 inch); immersed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?rn b?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?dH11080?r}
civil engineering [ENG] The planning,design,usedchieflyinspecifyingcross-sectionalareasof
round conductors,Abbreviated cir mil,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080 construction,and maintenance of fixed struc-
turesand groundfacilities forindustry,transpor-ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiormil }
circularmotion [MECH] 1,Motion of a particle tation,use and control of water,or occupancy.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?lenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }in a circular path,2,Motion of a rigid body in
which all its particles move in circles about a cladding [ENG] Process of covering one mate-
rial with another and bonding them togethercommon axis,fixed with respect to the body,
with a common angular velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r under high pressure and temperature,Also
known as bonding,{ vertstrokesuperiorkladH11080i? }vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
circularpitch [DES ENG] The linear measure in clamp [DES ENG] A tool for binding or pressing
two or more parts together,by holding theminches along the pitch circle of a gear between
corresponding points of adjacent teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080 firmly in their relative positions,See clamping
circuit,{ klamp }ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpich }
circular plane [DES ENG] A plane that can be clamping coupling [MECH ENG] A coupling
with a split cylindrical element which clampsadjusted for convex or concave surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn } the shaft ends together by direct compression,
through bolts or rings,and by the wedge actioncircularsaw [MECH ENG] Any of several power
tools for cutting wood or metal,having a thin of conical sections; not considered a permanent
part of the shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorklampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }steel disk with a toothed edge that rotates on a
spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorso˙ } clamping gripper [CONT SYS] A robot element
that uses two-link movements,parallel-jawcircular scanning [ENG] Radar scanning in
which the direction of maximum radiation de- movements,and combination movements to
grasp and handle objects,{ vertstrokesuperiorklampH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}scribes a right circular cone,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r
vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i? } clampingplate [ENG] A plate on a mold which
103
clampingpressure
attaches the mold to a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorklampH11080i? by adding alkaline solutions of calcium hydrox-
ide so that the acid carbonates are converted tovertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
normal carbonates,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨rk vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}clamping pressure [ENG] In injection and
clasp [DESENG] Areleasablecatchwhichholdstransfer-molding of plastics,the pressure ap-
two or more objects together,{ klasp }plied to keep the mold closed in opposition to
clasplock [DES ENG] A spring lock with a self-the fluid pressure of the molding material.
locking feature,{ vertstrokesuperiorklasp vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}{ vertstrokesuperiorklampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
clasp nut [DES ENG] A split nut that clasps aclamp screw [DES ENG] A screw that holds a
screw when closed around it,{ vertstrokesuperiorklasp vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
part by forcing it against another part.
class Apush-pull sound track [ENG ACOUS]
{ vertstrokesuperiorklamp vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
Two single photographic sound tracks side by
clamp-screw sextant [ENG] A marine sextant
side,the transmission of one being 180H11034 out of
havingaclampscrewforcontrollingtheposition
phase with the transmission of the other; both
of the tangent screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorklamp vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorseksH11080t?nt }
positive and negative halves of the sound wave
clamshell bucket [MECH ENG] A two-sided
are linearly recorded on each of the two tracks.
bucket used in a type of excavator to dig in a
{ vertstrokeinferiorklas vertstrokesuperioraˉ |pu˙sh |pu˙l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙n vertstrokeinferiortrak }
vertical direction; the bucket is dropped while
class B push-pull sound track [ENG ACOUS]
its leaves are open anddigs as they close,Also
Two photographic sound tracksside by side,one
known as clamshell grab,{ vertstrokesuperiorklamvertstrokeinferiorshel vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}
of which carries the positive half of the signal
clamshell grab See clamshell bucket,{ vertstrokesuperiorklam
only,and the other the negative half; during the
vertstrokeinferiorshel vertstrokeinferiorgrab }
inoperative half-cycle,each track transmits little
clamshellsnapper [MECH ENG] A marine sedi-
or no light,{ vertstrokeinferiorklas vertstrokesuperiorbeˉ |pu˙sh |pu˙l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙n vertstrokeinferiortrak }
ment sampler consisting of snapper jaws and
classical mechanics [MECH] Mechanics based
a footlike projection which,upon striking the
on Newton’s laws of motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?H11080k?l
bottom,causes a spring mechanism to close the
m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
jaws,thus trapping a sediment sample.
classification [ENG] 1.Sorting out or categoriz-
{ vertstrokesuperiorklamvertstrokeinferiorshel vertstrokeinferiorsnapH11080?r}
ingof particlesorobjectsby establishedcriteria,
Clapeyron-Clausius equation See Clausius-
such as size,function,or color,2.Stratification
Clapeyron equation,{ klaH11080paˉH11080roˉn |kloˉzH11080eˉH11080?s
of a mixture of various-sized particles (that is,
ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
sandandgravel),withthelargerparticlesmigrat-
ClapeyronequationSee Clausius-Clapeyron equa-
ing to the bottom,See grading,{ vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080
tion,{ klaH11080paˉH11080roˉnivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
sh?n}
Clapeyron’stheorem [MECH] Thetheoremthat
classification track [CIV ENG] A railroad track
the strain energy of a deformed body is equal
used to separate cars from a train according to
to one-half the sum over three perpendicular
destination,{ vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortrak }
directionsofthedisplacementcomponenttimes
classificationyard [CIV ENG] Arailroad yard for
the corresponding force component,including
separating trains according to car destination.
deforming loads and body forces,but not the six
{ vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }
constraining forces required to hold the body in
classifier [MECH ENG] Any apparatus for sepa-
equilibrium,{ klaH11080paˉH11080roˉnz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
rating mixtures of materials into their constit-
clapper box [MECH ENG] A hinged device that
uents according to size and density,{ vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080
permits a reciprocating cutting tool (as in a
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
planer or shaper) to clear the work on the return
Claudeprocess [CHEM ENG] A process of am-
stroke,{ vertstrokesuperiorklapH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
moniasynthesiswhichuseshighoperatingpres-
clarification [CHEM ENG] The removal of small
sures and a train of converters,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙d vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080
amounts (usually less than 0.2%) of fine particu-
s}
late solids from liquids (such as drinking water)
clausius [THERMO] A unit of entropy equal to
by methods such as gravity sedimentation,cen-
the increase in entropy associated with the ab-
trifugal sedimentation,filtration,and magnetic
sorption of 1000 international table calories of
separation,{ vertstrokeinferiorklarH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
heat at a temperature of 1 K,or to 4186.8 joules
clarifier [ENG] A device for filtering a liquid.
per kelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
Clausius-Clapeyron equation [THERMO] An
clarifyingagent See fining,{ vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080j?nt }
equation governing phase transitions of a sub-
clarifyingcentrifuge [MECH ENG] A device that
stance,dp/dTH11005H9004H/(TH9004V),in which pis the pres-
clears liquid of foreign matter by centrifugation.
sure,T is the temperature at which the phase
{ vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j} transition occurs,H9004H is the change in heat con-
clarifyingfilter [ENG] Any filter,such as a sand tent (enthalpy),and H9004V is the change in volume
filter or a cartridge filter,used to purify liquids during the transition,Also known as Cla-
with a low solid-liquid ratio; in some instances peyron-Clausius equation; Clapeyron equation.
color may be removed as well,{ vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080i? { klo˙zH11080eˉH11080?s klaH11080paˉvertstrokeinferiorroˉnivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r} Clausius-Dickel column See thermogravitational
clarity [CHEM ENG] Measure of the amount of column,{ |klo˙zH11080eˉH11080?s |dikH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
opaquesuspendedsolidsinaliquid,determined Clausius equation [THERMO] An equation of
by visual or optical methods,{ vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?dH11080eˉ } state in reference to gases which applies a cor-
rection to the van der Waals equation:Clark process [CHEM ENG] Softening of water
104
clearancevolume
{P H11001 (n
2
a/[T(V H11001 c)
2
])} (V H11002 nb) H11005 nRT,of granular clay,and certain olefins are polymer-
ized to gums and absorbed by the clay,{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ
r?vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080i? }where P is the pressure,T the temperature,V
clay regeneration [CHEM ENG] Cleaningthe volume of the gas,n the number of moles
coarse-grained absorbent clays for reuse in per-inthe gas,Rthegas constant,adepends onlyon
colation processes by deoiling them with naph-temperature,bisaconstant,andcisafunctionof
tha,steaming out excess naphtha,and roastinga and b.{vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080?sivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
in a stream of air to remove carbonaceous mat-Clausius inequality [THERMO] The principle
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ riH11080jenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}that for any system executing a cyclical process,
cleaningeye See cleanout,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferior?ˉ }the integral over the cycle of the infinitesimal
cleaninglane [ENG] A space that is located be-amountofheattransferredtothesystemdivided
tweenadjacentrowsoftubesinaheatexchangerby its temperature is equal to or less than zero.
and allows passage of a cleaning device.Also known as Clausius theorem; inequality of
{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉn}Clausius,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080?sinH11080ivertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ }
cleaningturbine [MECH ENG] A tool for clean-Clausius law [THERMO] The law that an ideal
ing the interior surfaces of heat exchangers andgas’s specific heat at constant volume does not
boiler tubes; consists of a drive motor,a flexibledepend on the temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
drivecableorhose,andaheadthatisanarrange-Clausius number [THERMO] A dimensionless
ment of blades,modified drill bits,or brushes.number used in the study of heat conduction in
{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}forced fluid flow,equal to V
3
LH9267/kH9004T,where V is
cleanout [ENG] A pipe fitting containing a re-thefluidvelocity,H9267isitsdensity,Lisacharacter-
movableplugthatprovidesaccessforinspectionistic dimension,k is the thermal conductivity,
or cleaning of the pipe run,Also known as ac-and H9004T is the temperature difference,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080
cess eye; cleaning eye,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}eˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
Clausius’ statement [THERMO] A formulation cleanoutaugerSeecleanout jet auger,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t
vertstrokeinferioro˙gH11080?r}of the second law of thermodynamics,stating it
is not possible that,at the end of a cycle of cleanoutdoor [ENG] An opening in the side of
a tank usually at ground level and covered by achanges,heathasbeentransferredfromacolder
to a hotter body without producing some other plate to provide access for removal of sediments
from the bottom of the tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080eˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorstaˉtH11080m?nt }
ClausiustheoremSeeClausiusinequality,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙zH11080 cleanout jet auger [ENG] An auger equipped
with water-jet orifices designed to clean out col-eˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorthirH11080?m}
Claus method [CHEM ENG] Industrial method lected material inside a driven pipe or casing
before taking soil samples from strata below theof obtaining sulfur by a partial oxidation of gas-
eous hydrogen sulfide in the air to give water bottom of the casing,Also known as cleanout
auger,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokesuperiorjet vertstrokeinferioro˙gH11080?r}and sulfur,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙s vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
claw [DES ENG] A fork for removing nails or clean room [ENG] A room in which elaborate
precautions are employed to reduce dust parti-spikes,{ klo˙ }
clawbar See ripping bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } cles and other contaminants in the air,as re-
quired for assembly of delicate equipment.clawclutch [MECH ENG] A clutch consisting of
claws that interlock when pushed together,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉn vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
cleantrack [ENG ACOUS] A sound track having{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙ vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
claw coupling [MECH ENG] A loose coupling no leakage from other tracks,{ |kleˉn |trak }
cleanup [ELECTR] Gradual disappearance ofhaving projections or claws cast on each face
which engage in corresponding notches in the gases from an electron tube during operation,
due to absorption by getter material or the tubeoppositefaces;usedinsituationsinwhichshafts
require instant connection,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙ vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? } structure,[ENG] The time required for a leak-
testingsystemtoreduceits signaloutputto37%claw hammer [DES ENG] A woodworking ham-
mer with a flat working surface and a claw to of the signal transmitted at the instant when
tracer gases enter the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorkleˉvertstrokeinferiorn?p}pull nails,{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙ vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
clay atmometer [ENG] An atmometer con- clearance [ENG] Unobstructed space required
for occasional removal of parts of equipment.sisting of a porous porcelain container con-
nected to a calibrated reservoir filled with dis- [MECH ENG] 1.In a piston-and-cylinder mecha-
nism,the space at the end of the cylinder whentilled water; evaporation is determined by the
depletion of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ atvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } the piston is at dead-center position toward the
end of the cylinder,2,The ratio of the volumeclaybitA bit designed for use on a clay barrel,See
mud auger,{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ vertstrokeinferiorbit } of this space to the piston displacement during
a stroke,{ vertstrokesuperiorklirH11080?ns }claydigger [MECH ENG] A power-driven,hand-
held spade for digging hard soil or soft rock,clearance angle [MECH ENG] The angle be-
tween a plane containing the end surface of a{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ vertstrokeinferiordigH11080?r}
claypress [ENG] Apressusedtoremoveexcess cutting tool and a plane passing through the
cutting edge in the direction of cutting motion.water from a pottery-clay slurry,{ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ vertstrokeinferiorpres }
clayrefining [CHEMENG] Atreatingprocessfor { vertstrokesuperiorklirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
clearancevolume [MECH ENG] The volume re-vaporized gasoline or other light petroleum
product; the material is passed through a bed maining between piston and cylinder when the
105
clearoctane
piston is at top dead center,{ vertstrokesuperiorklirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorva¨lH11080 sighting tube surmounted by a graduated verti-
cal arc with an attached level bubble; used iny?m}
meteorology to measure cloud height at night,clearoctane [ENG] Theoctanenumberofapar-
in conjunction with a ceiling light,and in ord-ticular gasoline before it has been blended with
nance for boresighting,Also known as Abneyantiknock additives,{ vertstrokesuperiorklir vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉn}
level,2,A device for measuring the amount ofcleat [CIV ENG] A strip of wood,metal,or other
roll aboard ship,{ kl?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}materialfastenedacrosssomething toserveasa
clip [DES ENG] A device that fastens by grip-batten or to provide strength or support,[DES
ping,clasping,or hooking one part to another.
ENG] A fitting having two horizontally proj-
{ klip }
ecting horns around which a rope may be made
clipbond [CIV ENG] A bond in which the inner
fast,{ kleˉt}
edge of face brick is cut off so that bricks laid
cleet See cleat,{ kleˉt}
diagonal to a wall can be joined to those laid
clevis [DES ENG] A U-shaped metal fitting with
parallel to it,{ vertstrokesuperiorklip vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
holes in the open ends to receive a bolt or pin;
clip lead [ELEC] A short piece of flexible wire
used for attaching or suspending parts.
with an alligator clip or similar temporary con-
{ vertstrokesuperiorklevH11080?s}
nector at one or both ends,{ vertstrokesuperiorklip vertstrokeinferiorleˉd}
clevispin [DES ENG] A fastener with a head at
clipper See limiter,{ vertstrokesuperiorklipH11080?r}
one end,used to join the ends of a clevis.
clipper diode [ELECTR] A bidirectional break-
{ vertstrokesuperiorklevH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorpin }
down diode that clips signal voltage peaks of
click [ENG ACOUS] A perforation in a sound
either polarity when they exceed a predeter-
track which produces a clicking sound when
mined amplitude,{ vertstrokesuperiorklipH11080?r vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
passed over the projector sound head,{ klik }
clipper-limiter [ELECTR] A device whose output
click filter [ELECTR] A capacitor connected
is a function of the instantaneous input ampli-
across a switch,relay,or key to lengthen the
tude for a range of values lying between two
decaytimefromtheclosedtotheopencondition
predetermined limits but is approximately con-
when the device is opened or closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorklik
stant,at another level,for input values above
vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
the range,{ |klipH11080?r |limH11080?dH11080?r}
click track [ENG ACOUS] A sound track con-
clivvy See clevis,{ vertstrokesuperiorklivH11080eˉ }
taining a series of clicks,which may be spaced
clo [ENG] The amount of insulation which will
regularly (uniform click track) or irregularly (vari-
maintain normal skin temperature of the human
able click track),{ vertstrokesuperiorklik vertstrokeinferiortrak }
body when heat production is 50 kilogram-calo-
climate control See air conditioning,{ vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉH11080m?t
ries per meter squared per hour,air temperature
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
is 70H11034F (21H11034C),and the air is still,{ kloˉ }
climbing crane [MECH ENG] A crane used on
clock [ELECTR] A source of accurately timed
top of a high-rise construction that ascends with
pulses,usedforsynchronizationinadigitalcom-
the building as work progresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉmH11080i?
puter or as a time base in a transmission sys-
vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
tem,{ kla¨k}
climbingirons [DES ENG] Spikes attached to a
clock control system [CONT SYS] A system in
steel framework worn on shoes to climb wooden
which a timing device is used to generate the
utility poles and trees,{ vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rnz }
control function,Also known as time-con-
clinical thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
trolled system,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨kk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
used to accurately determine the temperature of
clock drive [ENG] The mechanism that causes
the human body; the most common type is a
anequatorialtelescopetorevolveaboutitspolar
mercury-in-glassthermometer,inwhichthemer-
axis so that it keeps the same star in its field of
cury expands from a bulb into a capillary tube
view,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
past a constriction that prevents the mercury
clocked flip-flop [ELECTR] A flip-flop circuit
from receding back into the bulb,so that the
that is set and reset at specific times by adding
thermometer registers the maximum tempera-
clock pulses to the input so that the circuit is
ture attained,{ vertstrokesuperiorklinH11080?H11080k?lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
triggered only if both trigger and clock pulses
clinkerbuilding [DES ENG] A method of build-
are present simultaneously,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨kt vertstrokesuperiorflipvertstrokeinferiorfla¨p}
ing ships and boilers in which the edge of the
clockedlogic [ELECTR] A logic circuit in which
wooden planks or steel plates used for the out-
the switching action is controlled by repetitive
side covering overlap the edge of the plank or
pulses from a clock,{ |kla¨kt |la¨jH11080ik }
plate next to it; clinched nails fasten the planks
clock frequency [ELECTR] The master fre-
together,and rivets fasten the steel plates,quency of the periodic pulses that schedule the
{ vertstrokesuperiorkli?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiorbilH11080di? } operation of a digital computer,Also known as
clinograph [ENG] A type of directional survey- clock rate; clock speed,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
inginstrumentthatrecordsphotographicallythe clockmotor See timing motor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
direction and magnitude of deviations from the clock oscillator [ELECTR] An oscillator that
vertical ofa borehole,well,or shaft;the informa- controls an electronic clock,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?
tion is obtained by the instrument in one trip vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
into and out of the well,{ vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } clockrate See clock frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
clinometer [ENG] 1,A hand-held surveying de- clockspeed See clock frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorkla¨k vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
close-control radar [ENG] Ground radar usedvice for measuring vertical angles; consists of a
106
cloudtest
with radio to position an aircraft over a target and can therefore attain a state of thermody-
namicequilibrium,Alsoknownasisolatedsys-that is normally difficult to locate or is invisible
tem,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}to the pilot,{ |kloˉsk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
close nipple [ENG] A short length of pipe thatclose-coupled pump [MECH ENG] Pump with
is completely threaded,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉs vertstrokesuperiornipH11080?l}built-in electric motor (sometimes a steam tur-
close-off rating [MECH ENG] 1,The maximum
bine),with the motor drive and pump impeller
allowable pressure drop to which a valve can be
on the same shaft,{ |kloˉs |k?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
subjected at commercial shutoff,2,The maxi-
closed-belt conveyor [MECH ENG] Solids-
mum allowable pressure drop between the out-
conveying devicewith zipperlike teeththat mesh
let of a three-way valve and either of the two
toformaclosedtubewrappedsnuglyaroundthe
inlets,or between the inlet and either of the two
conveyed material; used with fragile materials.
outlets,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉz vertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉzd |belt k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
closer [CIV ENG] 1,In masonry work,the last
closedcycle [THERMO] Athermodynamiccycle
brick or other masonry component that is laid
inwhichthethermodynamicfluiddoesnotenter
in a horizontal course,Also known as closure.
or leave the system,but is used over and over
2.Astonecoursethatextendsfromonewindow-
again,{ vertstrokeinferiorkloˉzd vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l}
sill to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉH11080z?r}
closed-cycleturbine [MECHENG] Agasturbine
close-talking microphone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
in which essentially all the working medium is
crophone designed for use close to the mouth,
continuously recycled,and heat is transferred
sonoisefrommoredistantpointsissuppressed.
through the walls of a closed heater to the cycle.
Also known as noise-canceling microphone.
{ |kloˉzd |s?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉs vertstrokeinferiorto˙kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
closed fireroom system [MECH ENG] A fire-
closing line [MECH] The vector required to
roomsysteminwhichcombustionairissupplied
completea polygonconsistingofa setofvectors
via forced draft resulting from positive air pres-
whose sum is zero (such as the forces acting on
sure in the fireroom,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorru¨m vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
a body in equilibrium),{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
closed loop [CONT SYS] A family of automatic
closingmachine [ENG] Amachineformanufac-
control units linked together with a process to
turing wire rope by braiding wire into strands,
form an endless chain; the effects of control ac-
andstrandsintorope,Alsoknownasstranding
tion are constantly measured so that if the con-
machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉzH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
trolled quantity departs from the norm,the con-
closing pressure [MECH ENG] The amount of
trol units act to bring it back,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p}
static inlet pressure in a safety relief valve when
closed-loop control system See feedback control
the valve disk has a zero lift above the seat.
system,{ |kloˉzd |lu¨pk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
closed-loop telemetrysystem [ENG] 1,A tele-
closure See closer,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉH11080zh?r}
metry system which is also used as the display
clothwheel [DES ENG] A polishing wheel made
portion of a remote-control system,2,A sys-
of sections of cloth glued or sewn together.
tem used to check out test vehicle or telemetry
{ vertstrokesuperiorklo˙th vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
performance without radiation of radio-fre-
cloud-detectionradar [ENG] A type of weather
quency energy,{ |kloˉzd |lu¨pt?vertstrokesuperiorlemH11080?H11080treˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
radar designed specifically for the detection of
t?m}
clouds (rather than precipitation),{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d
closednozzle [MECHENG] Afuel nozzlehaving
divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
a built-in valve interposed between the fuel sup-
cloud-drop sampler [ENG] An instrument for
ply and combustion chamber,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
collecting cloud particles,consisting of a sam-
closed pair [MECH] A pair of bodies that are
pling plate or cylinder and a shutter,which is so
subject to constraints which prevent any relative
arranged that the sampling surface is exposed
motion between them,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorper }
to the cloud for a predetermined length of time;
closed respiratory gas system [ENG] A self-
the sampling surface is covered with a material
containedsystemwithinasealedcabin,capsule,
which either captures the cloud particles or
or spacecraft that will provide adequate oxygen
leaves an impression characteristic of the im-
forbreathing,maintainadequatecabinpressure,
pinging elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d vertstrokeinferiordra¨p vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
andabsorbtheexhaledcarbondioxideandwater
cloud-height indicator [ENG] General term for
vapor,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorresH11080pr?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
an instrument which measures the height of
closed shop [IND ENG] An establishment per-
cloud bases,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
mitting only union members to be employed.
cloud mirror See mirror nephoscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d
{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p}
vertstrokeinferiormirH11080?r}
closed steam [ENG] Steam that flows through
cloud point [CHEM ENG] The temperature at
a heating coil or annulus so that there is no
which paraffin wax or other solid substance be-
direct contact between the steam and the mate-
gins to separate from a solution of petroleum
rial being heated,{ |kloˉzd vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm} oil; a cloudy appearance is seen in the oil at this
closed system [ENG] A system for water han- point,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
dling that does not permit air to enter,[THER- cloudtest [CHEMENG] AnAmericanSocietyfor
MO] Asystemwhichisisolatedsothatitcannot Testing and Materials method for determining
thecloudpointofpetroleumoil,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d vertstrokeinferiortest }exchange matter or energy with its surroundings
107
cloutnail
clout nail [DES ENG] A nail with a large,thin,direction andat the samespeed asthat required
to track an original target,{ koˉst }flat head used in building,{ vertstrokesuperiorklau˙t vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
cloverleaf [CIV ENG] A highway intersection re- coastalberm See berm,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉsH11080t?l vertstrokesuperiorb?rm }
coastalengineering [CIV ENG] A branch of civilsembling a clover leaf and designed to allow
movement and interchange of traffic without engineering pertaining to the study of the action
of the seas on shorelines and to the design ofdirect crossings and left turns,{ vertstrokesuperiorkloˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorleˉf}
clusec [MECH ENG] A unit of power used to structurestoprotectagainstthisaction,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉsH11080
t?lenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }measure the power of evacuation of a vacuum
pump,equal to the power associated with a leak coathangerdie [ENG] A plastics-sheet slot die
shaped like a coat hanger on the inside,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉtrate of 1 centiliter per second at a pressure of
1 millitorr,or to approximately 1.33322 H11003 10
H110026
vertstrokeinferiorha?H11080?r vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
coaxial [MECH] Sharing the same axes.watt,{ |klu¨|sek }
cluster [ENG] 1.Apyrotechnicsignalconsisting [MECH ENG] Mounted on independent concen-
tric shafts,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l}of a group of stars or fireballs,2,A grouping
of rocket motors fastened together,{ vertstrokesuperiorkl?sH11080t?r} coaxial speaker [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker
system comprising two,or less commonly three,clutch [MECH ENG] A machine element for the
connectionanddisconnectionofshaftsinequip- speaker units mounted on substantially the
sameaxisinanintegratedmechanicalassembly,ment drives,especially while running,{ kl?ch }
cm See centimeter,with an acoustic-radiation-controlling structure.
{koˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorspeˉkH11080?r}cmHg See centimeter of mercury.
CMOSdevice [ELECTR] A device formed by the coaxialwavemeter [ENG] A device for measur-
ingfrequenciesaboveabout100megahertz,con-combination of a PMOS (p-type-channel metal
oxide semiconductor device) with an NMOS sisting of a rigid metal cylinder that has an inner
conductor along its central axis,and a sliding(n-type-channel metal oxide semiconductor
device),Derived from complementary metal disk that shorts the inner conductor and the
cylinder,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}oxide semiconductor device,{ vertstrokesuperiorsevertstrokeinferiormo˙sdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
CNC See computer numerical control,cobaltglance See cobaltite,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙lt vertstrokesuperiorglans }
cobalt-molybdate desulfurization [CHEM ENG]coach screw [DES ENG] A large,square-
headed,wooden screw used to join heavy tim- A process for desulfurization of petroleum by
using cobalt molybdate as a catalyst,{ |koˉbers,Also known as lag bolt; lag screw.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉch vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ } vertstrokeinferiorbo˙lt m?|libvertstrokeinferiordaˉtdeˉvertstrokeinferiors?lH11080f?H11080rivertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
cock [ENG] Anymechanismwhichstarts,stops,coak [DES ENG] 1.A projection from the end of
a piece of wood or timber that is designed to fit or regulates the flow of liquid,such as a valve,
faucet,or tap,{ ka¨k}into a hole in another piece so that they can be
joined to form a continuous unit,2,A dowel CoddingtonshapefactorSeeshapefactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨dH11080
i?H11080t?n vertstrokesuperiorshaˉp vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}or hardwood pin that joins overlapping tim-
bers,{ koˉk} codedmask [ENG] Apatternoftungstenblocks
that absorb gamma-ray photons in a gamma-raycoalescent pack [CHEM ENG] High-surface-
area packing to consolidate liquid droplets for telescope,andarearrangedsothatanastronom-
ical gamma-ray source projects on a position-gravity separation from a second phase (for ex-
ample,gas or immiscible liquid); packing must sensitive detector a pattern that is characteristic
ofthedirectionofarrivalofthephotons,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080be wettable by the droplet phase; Berl saddles,
Raschig rings,knitted wire mesh,excelsior,and?d vertstrokeinferiormask }
code-sendingradiosonde [ENG] A radiosondesimilarmaterialsareused,{ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlesH11080?ntvertstrokesuperiorpak }
coalescer [CHEM ENG] Mechanical process which transmits the indications of the meteoro-
logical sensing elements in the form of a codevessel with wettable,high-surface area packing
on which liquid droplets consolidate for gravity consisting of combinations of dots and dashes.
Alsoknownas code-typeradiosonde;contractedseparation from a second phase (for example,
gas or immiscible liquid),{ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlesH11080?r } code sonde,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉd vertstrokeinferiorsendH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
code-type radiosonde See code-sending radio-coal gasification [CHEM ENG] The conversion
of coal,char,or coke to a gaseous product by sonde,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉd vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
codistor [ELECTR] A multijunction semicon-reaction with air,oxygen,steam,carbon dioxide,
or mixtures of these,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉl vertstrokeinferiorgasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n } ductordevicewhichprovidesnoiserejectionand
voltage regulation functions,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?r}coal hydrogenation See Bergius process,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉl
vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n} coefficient of capacitance [ELEC] One of the
coefficients which appears in the linear equa-coal liquefaction [CHEM ENG] The conversion
of coal (with the exception of anthracite) to pe- tions giving the charges on a set of conductors
in terms of the potentials of the conductors; atroleum-likehydrocarbonliquids,whichareused
asrefineryfeedstocksforthemanufactureofgas- coefficient is equal to the ratio of the charge on
a given conductor to the potential of the sameoline,heating oil,diesel fuel,jet fuel,turbine
fuel,fuel oil,and petrochemicals,{ |koˉl likH11080 conductor when the potentials of all the other
conductors are 0,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?H11080w?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080sh?n}
coast [ENG] A memory feature on a radar t?ns }
coefficient of compressibility [MECH] The de-which,when activated,causes the range and
angle systems to continue to move in the same crease in volume per unit volume of a substance
108
cog
resulting from a unit increase in pressure; it is as restitution coefficient,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v
thereciprocalof thebulkmodulus,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080 vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080sh?n}
nt?vk?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } coefficient of rigidity See modulus of elasticity in
coefficientofconductivity See thermal conductiv- shear,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vr?vertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ity,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ } coefficient of rolling friction [MECH] The ratio
coefficientofcubicalexpansion [THERMO] The of the frictional force,parallel to the surface of
increment in volume of a unit volume of solid,contact,opposing the motion of a body rolling
liquid,or gas for a rise of temperature of 1H11034 at over another,to the force,normal to the surface
constant pressure,Also known as coefficient
of contact,with which the bodies press against
of expansion; coefficient of thermal expansion;
eachother,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
coefficient of volumetric expansion; expansion
coefficient of sliding friction [MECH] The ratio
coefficient; expansivity,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v
of the frictional force,parallel to the surface of
vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨bH11080?H11080k?likvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
contact,opposing the motion of a body sliding
coefficient of elasticity See modulus of elasticity.
over another,to the force,normal to the surface
{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
of contact,with which the bodies press against
coefficientofexpansion See coefficient of cubical
each other,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080
expansion,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vik vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
sh?n}
coefficient of friction [MECH] The ratio of the
coefficientofstaticfriction [MECH] The ratioof
frictional force between two bodies in contact,
the maximum possible frictional force,parallel
parallel to the surface of contact,to the force,
to the surface of contact,which acts to prevent
normal to the surface of contact,with which the
two bodies in contact,and at rest with respect
bodies press against each other,Also known
to each other,from sliding or rolling over each
as friction coefficient,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080
other,to the force,normal to the surface of con-
sh?n}
tact,with which the bodies press against each
coefficientoffrictionofrestSeecoefficientofstatic
other,Also known as coefficient of friction of
friction,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorrest }
rest,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
coefficientofinduction [ELEC] Oneof thecoef-
coefficient of strain [MECH] For a substance
ficients which appears in the linear equations
undergoing a one-dimensional strain,the ratio
givingthechargesonasetofconductorsinterms
ofthedistancealongthestrainaxisbetweentwo
of the potentials of the conductors; a coefficient
points in the body,to the distance between the
is equal to the ratio of the charge on a given
same points when the body is undeformed.
conductortothepotentialonanotherconductor,
{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
when the potentials of all the other conductors
coefficient of superficial expansion [THERMO]
equal 0,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vin vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
The increment in area of a solid surface per unit
coefficient of kinetic friction [MECH] The ratio
of area for a rise in temperature of 1H11034at constant
of the frictional force,parallel to the surface of
pressure,Also known as superficial expansiv-
contact,that opposes the motion of a body
ity,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?likvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080
which is sliding or rolling over another,to the
ch?n}
force,normal to the surface of contact,with
coefficientofthermalexpansionSee coefficient of
which the bodies press against each other.
cubical expansion,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vk?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
coefficient of linear expansion [THERMO] The
coefficientofvolumetricexpansionSeecoefficient
increment of length of a solid in a unit of length
of cubical expansion,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v |va¨lH11080
for a rise in temperature of 1H11034 at constant pres-
y?|meH11080trik ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n}
sure,Also known as linear expansivity,{ |koˉH11080
coelostat [ENG] A device consisting of a clock-
vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
work-drivenmirrorthatenablesafixedtelescope
coefficient of performance [THERMO] In a re-
to continuously keep the same region of the sky
frigeration cycle,the ratio of the heat energy
in its field of view,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
extracted by the heat engine at the low tempera-
coercimeter [ENG] An instrument that meas-
ture to the work supplied to operate the cycle;
ures the magnetic intensity of a natural magnet
when used as a heating device,it is the ratio of
or electromagnet,{ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉvertstrokeinferior?rvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
the heat delivered in the high-temperature coils
coextrusion [ENG] Extrusion-forming of plastic
to the work supplied,{ |koˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v
ormetalproductsinwhichtwoormorecompati-
p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns }
blefeedmaterialsareusedinphysicaladmixture
coefficientofpotential [ELEC] One of the coef-
through the same extrusion die,{ |koˉvertstrokeinferiorikvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080ficients which appears in the linear equations
zh?n}giving the potentials of a set of conductors in
cofferdam [CIV ENG] A temporary damliketerms of the charges on the conductors,{ |koˉH11080
structure constructed around an excavation to?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?vp?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}
exclude water,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙H11080f?rvertstrokeinferiordam }coefficient of restitution [MECH] The constant
cofferedceiling [BUILD] An ornamental ceilinge,which is the ratio of the relative velocity of
constructed of panels that are sunken or re-two elastic spheres after direct impact to that
cessed,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙H11080f?rd vertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i? }before impact; e can vary from 0 to 1,with 1
cog [DES ENG] A tooth on the edge of a wheel.equivalent to an elastic collision and 0 equiva-
lent to a perfectly elastic collision,Also known [ELEC] A fluctuation in the torque delivered by
109
cogbelt
amotorwhenitrunsatlowspeed,duetoelectro- approximately 5/8 inch (16 millimeters).
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉk vertstrokeinferiorbreˉz}mechanical effects,Also known as torque rip-
ple,{ ka¨g} cokedrum [CHEM ENG] A vessel in which coke
is produced,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉk vertstrokeinferiordr?m}cogbelt [MECH ENG] A flexible device used for
timing and for slip-free power transmission,cokeknocker [MECHENG] Amechanicaldevice
used to break loose coke within a drum or tower.{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨g vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
cogeneration [MECH ENG] The simultaneous { vertstrokesuperiorkoˉk vertstrokeinferiorna¨kH11080?r}
coke number [CHEM ENG] A number used toon-sitegenerationofelectricenergyandprocess
steam or heat from the same plant,{ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉvertstrokeinferiorjenH11080 report the results of the Ramsbottom carbon
residue test,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉk vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
coggedbelt See timing belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨gd vertstrokeinferiorbelt } coke oven [CHEM ENG] A retort in which coal
is converted to coke by carbonization,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉkcograilway [CIV ENG] A steep railway that em-
ploys a cograil that meshes with a cogwheel on vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}
coke-oven regenerator [CHEM ENG] Arrange-the locomotive to ensure traction,{ |ka¨g
vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } ment of refractory blocks in the flue system of a
cokeoventorecoverwasteheatfromhot,exitingcogwheel [DESENG] Awheelwithteetharound
its edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨gvertstrokeinferiorweˉl } combustion gases; the blocks,in turn,release
heat to warm,incoming fuel gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉk vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?ncoherent moving-target indicator [ENG] A ra-
dar system in which the Doppler frequency of rivertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
coker [CHEMENG] Theprocessingunitinwhichthe target echo is compared to a local reference
frequency generated by a coherent oscillator,coking occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉkH11080?r}
coking [CHEM ENG] 1,Destructive distillation{koˉvertstrokesuperiorhirH11080?nt |mu¨vH11080i? |ta¨rH11080g?t vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
coherent noise [ENG] Noise that affects all of coal to make coke 2.A process for thermally
converting the heavy residual bottoms of crudetracks across a magnetictape equally and simul-
taneously,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorhirH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz } oil entirely to lower-boiling petroleum products
and by-product petroleum coke,{ vertstrokesuperiorkokH11080i? }cohesive strength [MECH] 1,Strength corres-
ponding to cohesive forces between atoms,cokingstill [CHEM ENG] A still in which coking
isdone;usually,itisabatchstill,{ vertstrokesuperiorkokH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstil }2.Hypothetically,the stress causing tensile frac-
ture without plastic deformation,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080siv Colburn j factor equation [THERMO] Dimen-
sionless heat-transfer equation to calculate thevertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
coil [CONT SYS] Any discrete and logical result natural convection movement of heat from verti-
cal surfaces or horizontal cylinders to fluidsthat can be transmitted as output by a program-
mable controller,{ ko˙il } (gases or liquids) flowing past these surfaces.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkolH11080b?rn vertstrokesuperiorjaˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?rivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}coilspring [DES ENG] A helical or spiral spring,
such as one of the helical springs used over Colburn method [CHEM ENG] Graphical
method,andequationstocalculatethetheoreti-the front wheels in an automotive suspension.
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙il vertstrokeinferiorspri? } cal number of plates (trays) needed to separate
light and heavy liquids in a distillation column.coil winder [ENG] A manual or motor-driven
mechanism for winding coils individually or in { vertstrokesuperiorkoˉlH11080b?rn vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
cold-air machine [MECH ENG] A refrigerationgroups,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙il vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉnH11080d?r}
coincidence amplifier [ELECTR] An electronic system in which air serves as the refrigerant in
a cycle of adiabatic compression,cooling to am-circuitthatamplifiesonlythatportionofasignal
present when an enabling or controlling signal bient temperature,and adiabatic expansion to
refrigeration temperature; the air is customarilyissimultaneouslyapplied,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?H11080d?nsvertstrokeinferioramH11080
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } reused in a closed superatmospheric pressure
system,Also known as dense-air system.coincidencecircuit [ELECTR] A circuit that pro-
ducesaspecifiedoutputpulseonlywhenaspec- { vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld |er m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
cold-chamber die casting [ENG] A die-castingified number or combination of two or more
input terminals receives pulses within an as- process in which molten metal is ladled either
manually or mechanically into a relatively coldsigned time interval,Also known as coinci-
dence counter; coincidence gate,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?H11080 cylinderfromwhichitisforcedintothediecavity.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkastH11080i? }d?ns vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
coincidence correction See dead-time correction,cold chisel [DES ENG] A chisel specifically de-
signed to cut or chip cold metal; made of spe-{koˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?H11080d?ns k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}
coincidence counter See coincidence circuit,cially tempered tool steel machined into various
cutting edges,Also known as cold cutter.{koˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?H11080d?ns vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
coincidencegateSeecoincidence circuit,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080 { vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
coldcure [CHEM ENG] Vulcanization of rubbers?H11080d?ns vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
coinjectionmolding [ENG] A technique used in at nonelevated temperatures with a solution of
a sulfur compound,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorkyu˙r}polymerprocessingwherebytwoormoremateri-
als are simultaneously injected into the cavity coldcutter See cold chisel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
cold differential test pressure [ENG] The inletof a mold,Also known as sandwich molding.
{ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? } pressure of a pressure-relief valve at which the
valve is set to open during testing,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiordifH11080coke breeze [MECH ENG] Undersized coke
screenings passing through a screen opening of?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
110
collectorcurrent
cold flow [MECH] Creep in polymer plastics,tocondensevaporspassingthroughit;usedwith
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ } diffusion pumps and to keep vapors from enter-
cold joint [ENG] A soldered connection which ing a McLeod gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiortrap }
wasinadequatelyheated,withtheresultthatthe collapse [ENG] Contractionofplasticcontainer
wire is held in place by rosin flux,not solder,walls during cooling; produces permanent in-
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int } dentation,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlaps }
cold lime-soda process [CHEM ENG] A water- collapse properties [MECH] Strength and di-
softening process in which water is treated with mensional attributes of piping,tubing,or proc-
hydrated lime (sometimes in combination with
ess vessels,related to the ability to resist col-
soda ash),which reacts with dissolved calcium
lapse from exterior pressure or internal vacuum.
andmagnesiumcompoundstoformprecipitates
{k?vertstrokesuperiorlaps vertstrokeinferiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉz}
that can be removed as sludge,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld |l?ˉm |soˉH11080
collapsingpressure [MECH] The minimum ex-
d?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
ternal pressure which causes a thin-walled body
cold molding [ENG] Shaping of an unheated
or structure to collapse,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlapH11080si?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
compoundinamoldunderpressure,followedby
collar [DESENG] Aringplacedaroundanobject
heating the article to cure it,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
to restrict its motion,hold it in place,or cover
cold plasma [CHEM ENG] Low-energy ionized
an opening,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?r}
gas,{ |koˉld vertstrokesuperiorplazH11080m? }
collarbeam [BUILD] A tie beam in a roof truss
cold plate [MECH ENG] An aluminum or other
connecting the rafters well above the wall plate.
plate containing internal tubing through which
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
a liquid coolant is forced,to absorb heat trans-
collar bearing [MECH ENG] A bearing that re-
ferred to the plate by transistors and other com-
siststheaxialforceofacollaronarotatingshaft.
ponents mounted on it,Also known as liquid-
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
cooled dissipator,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
collaredhole [ENG] A started hole drilled suffi-
cold saw [MECH ENG] 1,Any saw for cutting
ciently deep to confine the drill bit and prevent
cold metal,as opposed to a hot saw,2,A disk
slippageofthebitfromnormalposition,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080
made of soft steel or iron which rotates at a
rd vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
speedsuchthatapointonitsedgehasatangen-
collect [DES ENG] A sleeve or flange that can
tial velocity of about 15,000 feet per minute (75
be tightened about a rotating shaft to halt mo-
meters per second),and which grinds metal by
tion,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekt }
friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
collective bargaining [IND ENG] The negotia-
cold settling [CHEM ENG] A process that re-
tion for mutual agreement in the settlement of
moves wax from high-viscosity stocks,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld
a labor contract between an employer or his
vertstrokeinferiorsetH11080li? }
representativesandalaborunionoritsrepresen-
cold slug [ENG] The first material to enter an
tatives,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorba¨rH11080g?nH11080i? }
injection mold in plastics manufacturing.
collector [ELECTR] 1,A semiconductive region
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorsl?g}
through which a primary flow of charge carriers
cold-slugwell [ENG] The area ina plastic injec-
leaves the base of a transistor; the electrode or
tion mold which receives the cold slug from the
terminal connected to this region is also called
sprue opening,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorsl?g vertstrokesuperiorwel }
thecollector,2.Anelectrodethatcollectselec-
cold-spot hygrometer See dew-point hygrometer.
trons or ions which have completed their func-
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorspa¨th?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
tionswithinanelectrontube;acollectorreceives
cold storage [ENG] The storage of perishables
electrons after they have done useful work,
at low temperatures produced by refrigeration,
whereas an anode receives electrons whose use-
usually above freezing,to increase storage life.
ful work is to be done outside the tube,Also
{ |koˉld vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij }
known as electron collector,[ENG] A class of
cold-storage locker plant [ENG] A plant with
instruments employed to determine the electric
many rental steel lockers,each with a capacity
potential at a point in the atmosphere,and ulti-
of about 6 cubic feet (0.17 cubic meter) and gen-
mately the atmospheric electric field; all collec-
erally for food storage by an individual family,
tors consist of some device for rapidly bringing
placed in refrigerated rooms,at about 0H11034F
a conductor to the same potential as the air
(H1100218H11034C),{ |koˉld vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij vertstrokesuperiorla¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
immediately surrounding it,plus some form of
cold stress [MECH] Forces tending to deform
electrometer for measuring the difference in po-
steel,cement,and other materials,resulting
tential between the equilibrated collector and
from low temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiorstres }
the earth itself; collectors differ widely in theircold stretch [ENG] A pulling operation on ex-
speed of response to atmospheric potentialtrudedplasticfilamentsinwhichlittleornoheat
changes,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}is used; improves tensile properties,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld
collectorcapacitance [ELECTR] The depletion-vertstrokeinferiorstrech }
layer capacitance associated with the collectorcold test [CHEM ENG] A test to determine the
junction of a transistor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?rk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080temperature at which clouding or coagulation is
ns }firstvisibleinasampleofoil,asthetemperature
collector current [ELECTR] The direct currentof the sample is reduced,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉld vertstrokeinferiortest }
that passes through the collector of a transistor.cold trap [MECH ENG] A tube whose walls are
cooled with liquid nitrogen or some other liquid { k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt }
111
collectorcutoff
collector cutoff [ELECTR] The reverse satura- the type of material carried by a pipe; for exam-
ple,dangerous materials,protective materials,tion current of the collector-base junction.
extra valuable materials,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}{k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiork?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
colorcoder See matrix,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080?r}collector junction [ELECTR] A semiconductor
colordecoder See matrix,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?rdeˉvertstrokesuperiorkodH11080?r}
junction located between the base and collector
color Doppler flow imaging scanner [ENG] A
electrodes of a transistor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080
device that obtains B-mode images and Doppler
sh?n}
blood flow data simultaneously,and superim-
collector modulation [ELECTR] Amplitude
poses a color Doppler image on the gray-scale
modulation in which the modulator varies the
B-mode image,{ |k?lH11080?r |da¨pH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ijH11080i?
collector voltage of a transistor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
color emissivity See monochromatic emissivity.
collector resistance [ELECTR] The back resist-
{ |k?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferioreH11080mivertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ance of the collector-base diode of a transistor.
colorencoder See matrix,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?renvertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080?r}
{k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?rrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
column See tower,[ENG] A vertical shaft de-
collector voltage [ELECTR] The direct-current
signed to bear axial loads in compression.
voltage,obtained from a power supply,that is
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
appliedbetweenthebaseandcollectorofatran-
column crane [MECH ENG] A jib crane whose
sistor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lH11080tij }
boom pivots about a post attached to a building
collet [DES ENG] A split,coned sleeve to hold
column,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
small,circular tools or work in the nose of a
column drill [MECH ENG] A tunnel rock drill
lathe or other type of machine,[ENG] 1,The
supported by a vertical steel column,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080
glass neck remaining on a bottle after it is taken
m vertstrokeinferiordril }
off the glass-blowing iron,2,Pieces of glass,
columnsplice [CIV ENG] A connection between
ordinarily discarded,that are added to a batch
twolengths ofacompression member(column);
of glass,Also spelled cullet,{ ka¨lH11080?t} an erection device rather than a stress-carrying
collimationerror [ENG] 1.Angularerrorinmag- element,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorspl?ˉs}
nitudeanddirectionbetweentwonominallypar- comb See drag,{ koˉm}
allel lines of sight,2,Specifically,the angle by combinationchuck [DES ENG] A chuck used in
which the line of sight of a radar differs from a lathe whose jaws either move independently
or simultaneously,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |ch?k}what it should be,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
combinationcollar [DES ENG] A collar that hascollimation tower [ENG] Tower on which a vi-
left-hand threads at one end and right-handsual and a radio target are mounted to check
threadsattheother,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |ka¨lH11080?r}the electrical axis of an antenna,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
combinationcycleSeemixedcycle,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortau
˙H11080?r}
sh?n |sikH11080?l}
collision-avoidance radar [ENG] Radar equip-
combination lock [ENG] A lock that can be
ment utilized in a collision-avoidance system.
opened only when its dial has been set to the
{k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n?vertstrokesuperiorvo˙idH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
proper combination of symbols,in the proper
collision-avoidance system [ENG] Electronic
sequence,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |la¨k}
devices and equipment used by a pilot to per-
combination pliers [DES ENG] Pliers that can
form the functions of conflict detection and
be used either for holding objects or for cutting
avoidance,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n?vertstrokesuperiorvo˙idH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
and bending wire,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?rz }
collisionblasting [ENG] The blasting out of dif-
combination saw [MECH ENG] A saw made in
ferent sections of rocks against each other.
various tooth arrangement combinations suit-
{k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
able for ripping and crosscut mitering,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
colloider [CIV ENG] A device that removes col-
b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |so˙ }
loids from sewage,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorloˉidH11080?r}
combination square [DES ENG] A square head
colloidmill [MECH ENG] A grinding mill for the
andsteelrulethatwhenusedtogetherhaveboth
making of very fine dispersions of liquids or sol-
a45H11034 and 90H11034 face to allow the testing of the
ids by breaking down particles in an emulsion
accuracy of two surfaces intended to have these
or paste,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨lvertstrokeinferioro˙id vertstrokeinferiormil }
angles,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |skwer }
color-barcode [IND ENG] A code that uses one
combination unit [CHEM ENG] A processing
or more different colors of bars in combination
unit that combines more than one process,such
with black bars and white spaces,to increase
as straight-run distillation together with selec-
the density of binary coding of data printed on
tive cracking,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t}
merchandise tags or directly on products for in-
combination wrench [DES ENG] A wrench that
ventory control and other purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r
is an open-end wrench at one end and a socket
vertstrokeinferiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
wrench atthe other,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080b?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n |rench }
color code [ELEC] A system of colors used to
combinedflexure [MECH] Theflexureofabeam
indicate the electrical value of a component or
underacombinationoftransverseandlongitudi-
to identify terminals and leads,[ENG] 1,Any nal loads,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?
ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?r}
system of colors used for purposes of identifica- combined footing [CIV ENG] A footing,either
tion,such as to identify dangerous areas of a rectangularortrapezoidal,thatsupportstwocol-
umns,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }factory,2,A system of colors used to identify
112
command,control,communications,andintelligence
combinedsewers [CIV ENG] A drainage system combustion turbine See gas turbine,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080
that receives both surface runoff and sewage,ch?n vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉn}
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?rz } combustor [MECHENG] Thecombustioncham-
combined stresses [MECH] Bending or twist- ber togetherwith burners,igniters,and injection
ing stresses in a structural member combined devices in a gas turbine or jet engine,{ k?m
withdirecttensionorcompression,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080t?r}
vertstrokesuperiorstresH11080?z} come-along [DES ENG] A device for gripping
combing [BUILD] In roofing,the topmost row and effectively shortening a length of cable,wire
of shingles which project above the ridge line.
rope,or chain by means of two jaws which close
[ENG] 1,Using a comb or stiff bristle brush to
when one pulls on a ring,See puller,{ vertstrokesuperiork?m
create a pattern by pulling through freshly ap-
vertstrokeinferiorlo˙? }
plied paint,2,Scraping or smoothing a soft
comfortchart [ENG] A diagram showing curves
stone surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉmH11080i? }
of relative humidity and effective temperature
combnephoscope [ENG] A direct-vision neph-
superimposed upon rectangular coordinates of
oscope constructed with a comb (a crosspiece
wet-bulbtemperatureanddry-bulbtemperature.
containing equispaced vertical rods) attached to
{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
the end of a column 8–10 feet (2.4–3 meters)
comfort control [ENG] Control of temperature,
long and supported on a mounting that is free
humidity,flow,and composition of air by using
to rotate about its vertical axis; in use,the comb
heating and air-conditioning systems,ventila-
is turned so that the cloud appears to move
tors,or other systems to increase the comfort of
parallel to the tips of the vertical rods,{ |koˉm
people in an enclosure,{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
|nefH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
comfort curve [ENG] A line drawn on a graph
combplate [MECH ENG] The toothed portion of
of air temperature versus some function of hu-
the stationary threshold plate that is set into
midity (usually wet-bulb temperature or relative
bothendsofanescalatorormovingsidewalkand
humidity) to show the varying conditions under
meshes with the grooved surface of the moving
which the average sedentary person feels the
steps or treadway,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉmvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
samedegreeofcomfort;acurveofconstantcom-
combustibleloss [ENG] Thermal loss resulting
fort,{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
from incomplete combustion of fuel,{ k?m
comfort standard See comfort zone,{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt
vertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080t?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }
combustion chamber [ENG] Any chamber in
comfort temperature [MECH ENG] Any one of
which a fuel such as oil,coal,or kerosine is
the indexes in which air temperatures have been
burned to provide heat,[MECH ENG] The
adjustedtorepresenthumancomfortordiscom-
space at the head end of an internal combustion
fort under prevailing conditions of temperature,
engine cylinder where most of the combustion
humidity,radiation,andwind,{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt vertstrokeinferiortemH11080
takes place,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
pr?H11080ch?r}
combustion-chambervolume [MECH ENG] The
comfortzone [ENG] The ranges of indoor tem-
volume of the combustion chamber when the
perature,humidity,and air movement,under
piston is at top dead center,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n
which most persons enjoy mental and physical
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorva¨lH11080y?m}
well-being,Also known as comfort standard.
combustiondeposit [ENG] Alayerofashonthe
{ vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080f?rt vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn}
heat-exchange surfaces of a combustion cham-
command [CONTSYS] Anindependentsignalin
ber,resulting from the burning of a fuel.
a feedback control system,from which the de-
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?nd?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t}
pendent signals are controlled in a predeter-
combustion engine [MECH ENG] An engine
mined manner,{ k?vertstrokesuperiormand }
that operates by the energy of combustion of a
command and control [SYS ENG] The process
fuel,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
of military commanders and civilian managers
combustion engineering [MECH ENG] The de-
identifying,prioritizing,and achieving strategic
sign of combustion furnaces for a given perfor-
and tactical objectives by exercising authority
mance and thermal efficiency,involving study of
and direction over human and material re-
the heat liberated in the combustion process,
sources by utilizing a variety of computer-based
the amount of heat absorbed by heat elements,
and computer-controlled systems,many driven
and heat-transfer rates,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?nenH11080
by decision-theoretic methods,tools,and tech-
j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
niques,Abbreviated C
2
.{k?vertstrokesuperiormand?nk?n
combustion furnace [ENG] A furnace whose
vertstrokesuperiortroˉl}sourceofheatistheenergyreleasedintheoxida-
command,control,and communications [SYStion of fossil fuel,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
ENG] A version of command and control incombustionknock See engine knock,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080
which the role of communications equipment isch?n vertstrokeinferiorna¨k}
emphasized,Abbreviated C
3
.{k?vertstrokesuperiormandcombustionshock [ENG] Shock resulting from
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl?nk?vertstrokeinferiormyu¨H11080nevertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nz }abnormal burning of fuel in an internal combus-
command,control,communications,and intelli-tionengine,causedbypreignitionorfuel-airdet-
gence [SYS ENG] A version of command andonation; or in a diesel engine,the uncontrolled
control in which the roles of communicationsburning of fuel accumulated in the combustion
chamber,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorsha¨k } equipment and intelligence are emphasized.
113
commanddestruct
Abbreviated C
3
I,{ k?vertstrokesuperiormand k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlk?vertstrokeinferiormyu¨H11080 common-mode gain [ELECTR] The ratio of the
output voltage of a differential amplifier to then?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nz?ninvertstrokesuperiortelH11080?H11080j?ns }
command destruct [CONT SYS] A command common-mode input voltage,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd
vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn}control system that destroys a flightborne test
rocketoraguidedmissile,actuatedbythesafety common-mode input capacitance [ELECTR]
Theequivalentcapacitanceofbothinvertingandofficer whenever the vehicle’s performance indi-
cates a safety hazard,{ k?vertstrokesuperiormand divertstrokesuperiorstr?kt } noninverting inputs of an operational amplifier
with respect to ground,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorpu˙tcommandguidance [ENG] A type of electronic
guidance of guided missiles or other guided air- k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?ns }
common-modeinputimpedance [ELECTR] Thecraft wherein signals or pulses sent out by an
operatorcausetheguidedobjecttoflyadirected open-loop input impedance of both inverting
andnoninvertinginputsofanoperationalampli-path,Also known as command control.
{k?vertstrokesuperiormand vertstrokeinferiorg?ˉdH11080?ns } fier with respect to ground,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorin
vertstrokeinferiorpu˙timvertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?ns }commercial diesel cycle See mixed cycle.
{k?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080sh?l vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l} common-mode input resistance [ELECTR] The
equivalent resistance of both inverting and non-commercialharbor [CIVENG] Aharborinwhich
docksareprovidedwithcargo-handlingfacilities,inverting inputs of an operational amplifier with
respect to ground or reference,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd{k?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080sh?l vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080b?r}
comminution [MECH ENG] Breaking up or vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorpu˙trivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
common-mode rejection [ELECTR] The abilitygrinding into small fragments,Also known as
pulverization,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080?vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080sh?n } of an amplifier to cancel a common-mode signal
while responding to an out-of-phase signal.comminutor [MECH ENG] A machine that
breaks up solids,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?vertstrokeinferiornu¨dH11080?r } Also known as in-phase rejection,{ |ka¨mH11080?n
vertstrokeinferiormoˉdrivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n}common-baseconnectionSeegrounded-basecon-
nection,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n} common-moderejectionratio [ELECTR] Thera-
tio of the gain of an amplifier for difference sig-common-base feedback oscillator [ELECTR] A
bipolar transistoramplifier witha common-base nals between the input terminals,to the gain for
the average or common-mode signal compo-connection and a positive feedback network
between the collector (output) and the emitter nent,Abbreviated CMRR,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉdri
vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }(input),{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
common bond See American bond,{ |ka¨mH11080?n common-mode signal [ELECTR] A signal ap-
plied equally to both ungrounded inputs of a|ba¨nd }
common carrier [IND ENG] A company recog- balanced amplifierstage or otherdifferential de-
vice,Also known as in-phase signal,{ |ka¨mH11080nized by an appropriate regulatory agency as
having a vested interest in furnishing communi-?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080nal }
common-mode voltage [ELECTR] A voltagecations services or in transporting commodities
or people,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r } that appears in common at both input terminals
of a device with respect to the output referencecommon-collector connection See grounded-col-
lector connection,{ |ka¨mH11080?nk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?rk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080 (usually ground),{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
common rafter [BUILD] A rafter which extendssh?n}
common-drainamplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier from the plate of the roof to the ridge board
at right angles to both members,and to whichusing a field-effect transistor so that the input
signal is injected between gate and drain,while roofing is attached,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080t?r}
common-rail injection [MECH ENG] A type ofthe output is taken between the source and
drain,Alsoknownassource-followeramplifier,diesel engine fuel-injection system in which one
rail maintains the fuel at a specified pressure{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiordraˉn vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
common-emitterconnectionSeegrounded-emitter while feed lines run from the rail to each fuel
injector,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?n |raˉlinvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n}connection,{ |ka¨mH11080?nivertstrokesuperiormidH11080?rk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n}
common-gate amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier common return [ELECTR] A return conductor
that serves two or more circuits,{ |ka¨mH11080?nusing a field-effect transistor in which the gate
is common to both the input circuit and the rivertstrokesuperiort?rn }
common wall [BUILD] A wall that is shared byoutput circuit,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
common joist [BUILD] An ordinary floor beam two dwelling units,{ |ka¨mH11080?n |wo˙l}
communications [ENG] The science and tech-to which floor boards are attached,{ |ka¨mH11080?n
|jo˙ist } nology by which information is collected from
an originating source,transformed into electriccommon labor [IND ENG] Unskilled workers.
{ |ka¨mH11080?n |laˉH11080b?r } currentsorfields,transmittedoverelectricalnet-
worksorspacetoanotherpoint,andreconvertedcommon mode [ELECTR] Having signals that
are identical in amplitude and phase at both into a form suitable for interpretation by a re-
ceiver,{ k?vertstrokeinferiormyu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nz }inputs,as in a differential operational amplifier.
{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd} compaction [ENG] Increasing thedry density of
a granular material,particularly soil,by meanscommon-mode error [ELECTR] The error volt-
age that exists at the output terminals of an such as impact or by rolling the surface layers.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080sh?n}operational amplifier due to the common-mode
voltage at the input,{ |ka¨mH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r} compactor [MECH ENG] 1,Machine designed
114
compensatingnetwork
to consolidate earth and paving materials by aligning the compass box on an azimuth mark.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?s vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}kneading,weight,vibration,orimpact,tosustain
loads greaterthan those sustained inan uncom- compass roof [BUILD] A roof in which each
truss is in the form of an arch,{ |ka¨mH11080p?s |ru¨f}pacted state,2,A machine that compresses
solidwastematerialforconvenienceindisposal,compasssaw [DES ENG] A handsaw which has
a handle with several attachable thin,tapering{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080t?r}
companionflange [DESENG] Apipeflangethat blades of varying widths,making it suitable for
a variety of work,such as cutting circles andcan be bolted to a similar flange on another
pipe,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpanH11080y?n vertstrokeinferiorflanj } curves,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?s vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
compatibility [SYS ENG] The ability of a newcomparative rabal [ENG] A rabal observation
(thatis,aradiosondeballoontrackedbytheodo- system to serve users of an old system.
{k?mvertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?H11080deˉ }lite) taken simultaneously with the usual rawin
observation(trackingbyradarorradiodirection- compatibility conditions [MECH] A set of six
differential relations between the strain compo-finder),to provide a rough check on the align-
ment and operating accuracy of the electronic nents of an elastic solid which must be satisfied
in order for these components to correspond totracking equipment,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorbal }
comparator [CONT SYS] A device which detects a continuous and single-valued displacement of
the solid,{ k?mvertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiordishH11080?nz }the value of the quantity to be controlled by a
feedbackcontrolsystemand comparesitcontin- compatible discrete four-channel sound [ENG
ACOUS] A sound system in which a separateuously with the desired value of that quantity.
[ENG] A device used to inspect a gaged part for channel is maintained from each of the four sets
of microphones at the recording studio or otherdeviation from a specified dimension,by me-
chanical,electrical,pneumatic,oropticalmeans,input location to the four sets of loudspeakers
thatserveastheoutputofthesystem,Abbrevi-{k?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080?r}
comparator circuit [ELECTR] An electronic cir- ated CD-4 sound,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?H11080b?l disvertstrokesuperiorkreˉt |fo˙r
|chanH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd }cuit that produces an output voltage or current
whenevertwoinputlevelssimultaneouslysatisfy compatible monolithic integrated circuit
[ELECTR] Device in which passive componentspredetermined amplitude requirements; may be
linear (continuous) or digital (discrete),{ k?m are deposited by thin-film techniques on top of
a basic silicon-substrate circuit containing thevertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
comparatormethod [THERMO] Amethodofde- active components and some passive parts.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlithH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?dtermining the coefficient of linear expansion of
a substance in which one measures the distance vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
compensated neutron logging [ENG] Neutronthat each of two traveling microscopes must be
moved in order to remain centered on scratches wellloggingusingonesourceandtwodetectors;
the apparent limestone porosity is calculated byon a rod-shaped specimen when the tempera-
ture of the specimen is raised by a measured computer from the ratio of the count rate of one
detector to that of the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080amount,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
compartment mill [MECH ENG] A multisection?d |nu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
compensated pendulum [DES ENG] A pendu-pulverizing device divided by perforated parti-
tions,with preliminary grinding at one end in a lum made of two materials with different coeffi-
cientsofexpansionsothatthedistancebetweenshort ball-mill operation,and finish grinding at
the discharge end in a longer tube-mill opera- the pointof suspension and centerof oscillation
remains nearly constant when the temperaturetion,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨rtH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiormil }
compass [ENG] An instrument for indicating a changes,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
compensated semiconductor [ELECTR] Semi-horizontal reference direction relative to the
earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?s } conductor in which one type of impurity or im-
perfection (for example,donor) partially cancelscompassbowl [ENG] That part of a compass in
which the compass card is mounted,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080 theelectricaleffectsontheothertypeofimpurity
or imperfection (for example,acceptor).p?s vertstrokeinferiorboˉl}
compasscard [DESENG] Thepartofacompass { vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}
compensated volume control See loudness con-on which the direction graduations are placed,
it is usually in the form of a thin disk or annulus trol,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
compensatingleads [ENG] Apairofwires,sim-graduated in degrees,clockwise from 0H11034 at the
reference direction to 360H11034,and sometimes also ilar to the working leads of a resistance ther-
mometer or thermocouple,which are run along-in compass points,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?s vertstrokeinferiorka¨rd }
compasscardaxis [DES ENG] The line joining sidetheworkingleadsandareconnectedinsuch
a way that they balance the effects of tempera-0H11034and180H11034onacompasscard,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?svertstrokeinferiorka¨rd
vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s } ture changes in the working leads,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080
p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorleˉdz }compass declinometer [ENG] An instrument
used for magnetic distribution surveys; employs compensating network [CONT SYS] A network
used in a low-energy-level method for suppres-a thin compass needle 6 inches (15 centimeters)
long,supported on a sapphire bearing and steel sionofexcessiveoscillationsinacontrolsystem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }pivot of high quality; peep sights serve for
115
compensation
compensation [CONT SYS] Introduction of ad- Ae
st
,where A is a constant and t is time,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨m
vertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }ditional equipment into a control system in or-
der to reshape its root locus so as to improve compleximpedanceSee electrical impedance; im-
pedance,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpleks imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }system performance,Also known as stabiliza-
tion,[ELECTR] The modification of the ampli- complexpermittivity [ELEC] A property of a di-
electric,equaltoH9280
0
(C/C
0
),whereCisthecomplextude-frequency response of an amplifier to
broaden the bandwidth or to make the response capacitance ofa capacitor in whichthe dielectric
is the insulating material when the capacitor ismore nearly uniform over the existing band-
width,Alsoknownasfrequencycompensation,connected to a sinusoidal voltage source,and
C
0
is the vacuum capacitance of the capacitor.{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
compensation signals [ENG] In telemetry,sig- { vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
complexreflector [ENG] Astructureorgroupofnals recorded on a tape,along with the data and
in the same track as the data,used during the structures having many radar-reflecting surfaces
facing in different directions,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpleksplaybackofdatato correctelectricallytheeffects
of tape-speed errors,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080 rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?r}
complex relative attenuation [ELECTR] The ra-n?lz }
compensator [CONT SYS] A device introduced tio of the peak output voltage,in complex nota-
tion,of an electric filter to the output voltage atintoafeedbackcontrolsystemtoimproveperfor-
mance and achieve stability,Also known as the frequency being considered,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpleks
|relH11080?dH11080iv?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}filter,[ELECTR] A component that offsets
an error or other undesired effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?n complextarget [ENG] A radar target composed
of a number of reflecting surfaces that,in thevertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?r}
complementary [ELECTR] Having pnp and npn aggregate,aresmallerinalldimensionsthanthe
resolution capabilities of the radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨morp-andn-channel semiconductor elements on
or within the same integrated-circuit substrate vertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080g?t}
compliance [MECH] The displacement of a lin-or working together in the same functional am-
plifier state,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080treˉ } ear mechanical system under a unit force.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns }complementary constant-current logic [ELECTR]
A type of large-scale integration used in digital compliance constant [MECH] Any one of the
coefficients of the relations in the generalizedintegrated circuits and characterized by high
density and very fast switching times,Abbrevi- Hooke’s law used to express strain components
as linear functions of the stress components.ated CCCL; C
3
L,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?|menH11080treˉ |ka¨nH11080st?nt
|k?H11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik } Also known as elastic constant,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }complementary logic switch [ELECTR] A com-
plementary transistor pair which has a common compliant substrate [ELECTR] A semiconduc-
tor substrate into which an artificially formedinput and interconnections such that one tran-
sistor is on when the other is off,and vice versa,interface is introduced near the surface which
makes the substrate more readily deformable{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080treˉ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorswich }
complementary metal oxide semiconductor de- and allows it to support a defect-free semicon-
ductor film of essentially any lattice constant,vice See CMOS device,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?|menH11080treˉ
|medH11080?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?rdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs } with dislocations forming in the substrate in-
stead of in the film,Also known as sacrificialcomplementary symmetry [ELECTR] A circuit
usingbothpnpandnpntransistorsinasymmetri- compliant substrate,{ k?m|pl?ˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstraˉt}
component [ELEC] Any electric device,such ascal arrangement that permits push-pull opera-
tion without an input transformer or other form a coil,resistor,capacitor,generator,line,or elec-
tron tube,having distinct electrical characteris-of phase inverter,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080treˉ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?H11080
treˉ } tics and having terminals at which it may be
connectedtoothercomponentstoformacircuit.complementarytransistors [ELECTR] Two tran-
sistors of opposite conductivity (pnp and npn) Also known as circuit element; element.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt }inthesamefunctionalunit,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080pl?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080treˉ
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?rs } component distillation [CHEM ENG] A distilla-
tion process in which a fraction that cannot nor-complete-expansion diesel cycle See Brayton cy-
cle,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpleˉtikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiorsiH11080k?l } mally be separated by distillation is removed by
forming an azeotropic mixture,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?ntcomplete lubrication [ENG] Lubrication taking
place when rubbing surfaces are separated by a disH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
component-failure-impact analysis [SYS ENG]fluid film,and frictional losses are due solely to
the internal fluid friction in the film,Also A study that attempts to predict the conse-
quences of failures of the major componentsknown as viscous lubrication,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpleˉt vertstrokeinferiorlu¨bH11080
r?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n } ofasystem,AbbreviatedCFIA,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt
|faˉlH11080y?r vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}complex frequency [ENG] A complex number
used to characterize exponential and damped composite [ENG ACOUS] A re-recording con-
sisting of at least two elements,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t}sinusoidal motion in the same way that an ordi-
nary frequency characterizes simple harmonic composite beam [CIV ENG] A structural mem-
ber composed of two or more dissimilar materi-motion; designated by the constant s corres-
pondingtoamotionwhoseamplitudeisgivenby als joined together to act as a unit in which the
116
compression
resulting system is stronger than the sum of its compounding [MECH ENG] The series placing
of cylinders in an engine (such as steam) forparts,An example in civil structures is the steel-
concrete composite beam in which a steel wide- greater ratios of expansion and consequent im-
proved engine economy,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙ndH11080i? }flange shape (I or W shape) is attached to a
concrete floor slab,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm} compound lever [MECH ENG] A train of levers
in which motion or force is transmitted from thecomposite column [CIV ENG] A concrete col-
umn having a structural-steel or cast-iron core arm of one lever to that of the next,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨m
vertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?r}with a maximum core area of 20,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t
vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m} compound rest [MECH ENG] A principal com-
ponent of a lathe consisting of a base and ancomposite filter [ELECTR] A filter constructed
by linking filters of different kinds in series,upper part dovetailed together; the base is grad-
uated in degrees and can be swiveled to any{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
composite I-beam bridge [CIV ENG] A beam angle; the upper part includes the tool post and
tool holder,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorrest }bridgeinwhichtheconcreteroadwayismechan-
ically bonded to the I beams by means of shear compoundscrew [DESENG] Ascrewhavingdif-
ferent or opposite pitches on opposite ends ofconnectors,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperior?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
composite macromechanics [ENG] The study the shank,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
compregnate [ENG] Compression of materialsof composite material behavior wherein the ma-
terial is presumed homogeneous and the effects into a dense,hard substance with the aid of
heat,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpregvertstrokeinferiornaˉt}of the constituent materials are detected only as
averaged apparent properties of the composite,compressadensityfunction [MECH] A function
used in the acoustic levitation technique to de-{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t |makH11080roˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
composite material See composite,{ k?m|pa¨zH11080?t termine either the density or the adiabatic com-
pressibilityofasubmicroliterdropletsuspendedm?|tirH11080eˉH11080?l}
compositemicromechanics [ENG] Thestudyof in another liquid,if the other property is known.
{k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}composite material behavior wherein the con-
stituent materials are studied on a microscopic compressedair [MECH] Airwhosedensityisin-
creased by subjecting it to a pressure greaterscale with specific properties being assigned to
each constituent; the interaction of the constit- than atmospheric pressure,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorprest vertstrokesuperiorer }
compressed-air diving [ENG] Any form of div-uent materials is used to determine the proper-
ties of the composite,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t |mikH11080roˉH11080 ing in which air is supplied under high pressure
to prevent lung collapse,{ k?m|prest |erm?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
composite pile [CIV ENG] A pile in which the vertstrokesuperiordivH11080i? }
compressed-air loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] Aupper and lower portions consist of different
types of piles,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl } loudspeakerhavinganelectricallyactuatedvalve
that modulates a stream of compressed air.composite sampler [ENG] A hydrometer cylin-
der equipped with sample cocks at regular inter- { k?m|prest |er vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
compressed-airpower [MECH ENG] The powervals along its vertical height; used to take repre-
sentative (vertical composite) samples of oil delivered by the pressure of compressed air as
it expands,utilized in tools such as drills,infrom storage tanks,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
compositetruss [CIV ENG] A truss having com- hoists,grinders,riveters,diggers,pile drivers,
motors,locomotives,and in mine ventilatingpressive members and tension members.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?t vertstrokesuperiortr?s } systems,{ k?m|prest |er vertstrokesuperiorpau˙rH11080?r}
compressibility [MECH] The property of a sub-composition [MECH] The determination of a
force whose effect is the same as that of two stance capable of being reduced in volume by
applicationofpressure;quantitively,therecipro-or more given forces acting simultaneously; all
forces are considered acting at the same point,calofthebulkmodulus,{ k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
compressibility factor [THERMO] The product{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
composition diagram [CHEM ENG] Graphical of the pressure and the volume of a gas,divided
by the product of the temperature of the gas andplots to show the solvent-solute concentration
relationships during various stages of extraction the gas constant; this factor may be inserted in
the ideal gas law to take into account the depar-operations (leaching,or solid-liquid extraction;
andliquid-liquidextraction),{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n ture oftrue gasesfrom idealgas behavior,Also
known as deviation factor; gas-deviation factor;vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
composition-of-velocitieslaw [MECH] Alawre- supercompressibility factor,{ k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}lating the velocities of an object in two refer-
ences frames which are moving relative to each compressible fluid flow [CHEM ENG] Gas flow
when the pressure drop due to the flow of a gasother with a specified velocity,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
n?vv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ } throughasystemislargeenough,comparedwith
the inlet pressure,to cause a 10% or greatercompound angle [ENG] The angle formed by
two mitered angles,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l } decrease in gas density,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080
d vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }compound engine [MECH ENG] A multicylin-
der-type displacement engine,using steam,air,compression [ELECTR] 1,Reduction of the ef-
fective gainof adevice at onelevel ofsignal withor hot gas,where expansion proceeds succes-
sively (sequentially),{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n } respect to the gain at a lower level of signal,so
117
compressioncoupling
that weak signal components will not be lost buildup),cooling the liquid by heat exchange,
in background and strong signals will not over- then releasing pressure to allow the liquid to
load the system,2,See compression ratio,vaporize(withresultantabsorptionoflatentheat
[MECH] Reductioninthevolumeofasubstance of vaporization and a refrigerative effect).
due to pressure; for example in building,the {k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?nrivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
type of stress which causes shortening of the compression release [MECH ENG] Release of
fibers of a wooden member,[MECH ENG] See compressed gas resulting from incomplete clo-
compression ratio,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n} sure of intake or exhaust valves,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
compressioncoupling [MECHENG] 1.Ameans
nrivertstrokesuperiorleˉs}
of connecting two perfectly aligned shafts in
compression ring [MECH ENG] A ring located
which a slotted tapered sleeve is placed over
at the upper part of a piston to hold the burning
the junction and two flanges are drawn over the
fuel charge above the piston in the combustion
sleeve so that they automatically center the
chamber,thuspreventingblowby,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
shafts and provide sufficient contact pressure to
n vertstrokeinferiorri? }
transmit medium loads,2,A type of tubing
compression spring [ENG] A spring,usually a
fitting,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
coil spring,which resists a force tending to com-
compression cup [ENG] A cup from which lu-
press it,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorspri? }
bricant is forced to a bearing by compression.
compression strength [MECH] Property of a
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiork?p}
material to resist rupture under compression.
compressionfailure [ENG] Bucklingorcollapse
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
caused by compression,as of a steel or concrete
compressionstroke [MECH ENG] The phase of
column or of wood fibers,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n
a positive displacement engine or compressor
vertstrokeinferiorfaˉlH11080y?r}
in which the motion of the piston compresses
compressionfitting [ENG] Aleak-resistantpipe
the fluid trapped in the cylinder,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
joint designed with a tight-fitting sleeve that ex-
n vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
erts a large inward pressure on the exterior of
compression test [ENG] A test to determine
the pipe,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }
compressionstrength,usuallyappliedtomateri-
compression gage [ENG] An instrument that
alsofhighcompressionbutlowtensilestrength,
measures pressures greater than atmospheric
in whichthe specimen is subjectedto increasing
pressure,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
compressive forces until failure occurs.
compression ignition [MECH ENG] Ignition
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
produced by compression of the air in a cylinder
compressive member [CIV ENG] A structural
of an internal combustion engine before fuel is
member subject to tension,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080iv
admitted,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?nigvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n}
vertstrokesuperiormemH11080b?r}
compression-ignition engine See diesel engine.
compressive strength [MECH] The maximum
{k?m|preshH11080?nig|nishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
compressive stress a material can withstand
compression member [ENG] A beam or other
without failure,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
structural member which is subject to compres-
compressive stress [MECH] A stress which
sive stress,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormemH11080b?r}
causesanelasticbodytoshorteninthedirection
compressionmodulusSeebulkmodulusofelastic-
of the applied force,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorstres }
ity,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
compressor [ELECTR] The part of a compandor
compression mold [ENG] A mold for plastics
that is used to compress the intensity range of
which is open when the material is introduced
signals at the transmitting or recording end of
and which shapes the material by heat and by
a circuit,[MECH ENG] A machine used for in-
thepressure ofclosing,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
creasing the pressure of a gas or vapor,Also
compressionpressure [MECH ENG] That pres-
known as compression machine,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080
sure developed in a reciprocating piston engine
r}
at the end of the compression stroke without
compressorblade [MECH ENG] The vane com-
combustion of fuel,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
ponents of a centrifugal or axial-flow,air or gas
compression process [CHEM ENG] The recov-
compressor,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd}
ery of natural gasoline from gas containing a
compressor station [MECH ENG] A permanent
high proportion of hydrocarbons,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
facility which increases the pressure on gas to
n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
move it in transmission lines or into storage.
compression ratio [ELECTR] The ratio of the
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
gain of a device at a low power level to the
compressor valve [MECH ENG] Avalveinagain at some higher level,usually expressed in
compressor,usually automatic,which operatesdecibels,Also known as compression.
by pressure difference (less than 5 pounds per[MECH ENG] The ratio in internal combustion
square inch or 35 kilopascals) on the two sidesengines between the volume displaced by the
of a movable,single-loaded member and whichpiston plus the clearance space,to the volume
hasnomechanicallinkagewiththemovingpartsof the clearance space,Also known as com-
of the compressor mechanism,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?rpression,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorvalv }compression refrigeration [MECH ENG] The
compromisejoint [CIV ENG] 1,A joint bar usedcooling of a gaseous refrigerant by first com-
pressing it to liquid form (with resultant heat for joining rails of different height or section.
118
concretecaissonsinking
2,A rail that has different joint drillings from numerical control,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?rnu¨vertstrokesuperiormerH11080iH11080k?l
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}thatofthesamesection,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080pr?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉz vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
compromise rail [CIV ENG] A short rail having computer part programming [CONT SYS] The
use of computers to program numerical controldifferent sectionsat theends tocorrespond with
therailendstobejoined,thusprovidingatransi- systems,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }
concatenation [ELEC] A method of speed con-tion between rails of different sections,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080
pr?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉz vertstrokeinferiorraˉl } trol of induction motors in which the rotors of
two wound-rotor motors are mechanically cou-computationalnumericalcontrolSeecomputernu-
merical control,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080py?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lnu¨vertstrokesuperiormerH11080 pledtogetherandthestatorofthesecondmotor
is supplied with power from the rotor slip rings?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
computed path control [CONT SYS] A control of the first motor,[ENG ACOUS] The linking
together of phonemes to produce meaningfulsystem designed to follow a path calculated to
be the optimal one to achieve a desired result,sounds,{ k?nvertstrokeinferiorkatH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
concave bit [DES ENG] A type of tungsten car-{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?d |path k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
computer-aideddesign [CONT SYS] The use of bidedrillbithavingaconcavecuttingedge;used
for percussive boring,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkaˉv vertstrokeinferiorbit }computers in converting the initial idea for a
productintoadetailedengineeringdesign.Com- concentratedload [MECH] Aforce thatis negli-
gible because of a small contact area; a beamputer models and graphics replace the sketches
and engineering drawings traditionally used to supported on a girder represents a concentrated
load on the girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080s?nvertstrokeinferiortraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}visualize products and communicate design in-
formation,Abbreviated CAD,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r concentrator [ELECTR] Buffer switch (analog or
digital) which reduces the number of trunks re-vertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?dd?vertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
computer-aided engineering [ENG] The use of quired,[ENG] 1,An apparatus used to con-
centrate materials,2,A plant where materialscomputer-based tools to assist in solution of
engineering problems,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?d are concentrated,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080s?nvertstrokeinferiortraˉdH11080?r}
concentric groove See locked groove,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
computer-aided manufacturing [CONT SYS] trik vertstrokesuperiorgru¨v}
concentric locating [DES ENG] The process ofThe use of computers in converting engineering
designsintofinishedproducts.Computersassist making the axis of a tooling device coincide with
the axis of the workpiece,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorloˉmanagers,manufacturing engineers,and pro-
ductionworkersbyautomatingmanyproduction vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? }
concentric orifice plate [DES ENG] A fluid-me-tasks,such as developing process plans,order-
ing and tracking materials,and monitoring pro- ter orifice plate whose edges have a circular
shape and whose center coincides with the cen-ductionschedules,aswellascontrollingthema-
chines,industrial robots,test equipment,and ter of the pipe,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080trik vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
concentric reducer [ENG] A threaded or butt-systems that move and store materials in the
factory,AbbreviatedCAM,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080 welded pipe fitting whose ends are of different
sizes but are concentric about a common axis.?d vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?H11080ri? }
computer control [CONT SYS] Process control { k?nvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080trik rivertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
concentric tube column [CHEM ENG] A care-in which the process variables are fed into a
computerandtheoutputofthecomputerisused fullyinsulateddistillationapparatuswhichisca-
pableofveryhighseparatingpower,andinwhichto control the process,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
computer-controlled system [CONT SYS] A the outer vapor-rising annulus of the column is
concentric around an inner,bottom-dischargingfeedback control system in which a computer
operates on both the input signal and the feed- reflux return,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080trik |tu¨b |ka¨lH11080?m}
concretebeam [CIV ENG] A structural memberback signal to effect control,{ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉld vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } of reinforced concrete,placed horizontally over
openings to carry loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}computer-integrated manufacturing [IND ENG]
A computer-automated system in which individ- concretebridge [CIVENG] Abridgeconstructed
of prestressed or reinforced concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?ualengineering,production,marketing,andsup-
port functions of a manufacturing enterprise are vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
concrete bucket [ENG] A container with mov-organized; functional areas suchas design,anal-
ysis,planning,purchasing,cost accounting,in- able gates at the bottom that is attached to
power cranes or cables to transport concrete.ventory control,and distribution are linked
through the computer with factory floor func- { vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}
concrete buggy [ENG] A cart which carries uptions such as materials handling and manage-
ment,providing direct control and monitoring to 6 cubic feet (0.17 cubic meter) of concrete
from the mixer or hopper to the forms,Alsoof all process operations,Abbreviated CIM.
{k?mvertstrokesuperiorpyu¨dH11080?r |intH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i? } known as buggy; concrete cart,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt
vertstrokeinferiorb?gH11080eˉ }computernumericalcontrol [CONT SYS] A con-
trol system in which numerical values corres- concrete caisson sinking [CIV ENG] A shaft-
sinkingmethodsimilartocaissonsinkingexceptponding to desired tool or control positions are
generated by a computer,Abbreviated CNC,that reinforced concrete rings are used and an
airtightworkingchamberisnotadopted,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?Alsoknownas computationalnumericalcontrol;
soft-wired numerical control; stored-program vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n vertstrokeinferiorsi?kH11080i? }
119
concretecart
concrete cart See concrete buggy,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt charge on a capacitor conductor,[MECH] An
increase in density,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}vertstrokeinferiorka¨rt }
condenser [ELEC] Seecapacitor,[MECH ENG]concretechute [ENG] A long metal trough with
A heat-transfer device that reduces a thermody-rounded bottom and open ends used for con-
namic fluid from its vapor phase to its liquidveying concrete to a lower elevation,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?
phase,such as in a vapor-compression refrigera-vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
tionplant orin acondensingsteam powerplant.concretecolumn [CIVENG] Avertical structural
{k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r}membermadeofreinforcedorunreinforcedcon-
condenser-discharge anemometer [ENG] A
crete,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
contact anemometer connected to an electrical
concretedam [CIV ENG] A dam that is built of
circuitwhichissoarrangedthattheaveragewind
concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiordam }
speed is indicated,{ k?n|denH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj anH11080
concrete mixer [MECH ENG] A machine with a
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
rotating drum in which the components of con-
condensermicrophoneSeecapacitor microphone.
crete are mixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
{k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
concrete nail [DES ENG] A hardened-steel nail
condensertransducerSeeelectrostatictransducer.
that has a flat countersunk head and a tapered
{k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r vertstrokeinferiortranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
point and is used for nailing various materials
condenser tubes [MECH ENG] Metal tubes
to concrete or masonry,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiornaˉl}
used in a heat-transfer device,with condenser
concretepile [CIV ENG] A reinforced pile made
vapor as the heat source and flowing liquid such
of concrete,either precast and driven into the
as water as the receiver,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r vertstrokeinferiortu¨bs }
ground,or cast in place in a hole bored into the
condensingelectrometerSee capacitive electrom-
ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl}
eter,{ k?n|densH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
concrete pipe [CIV ENG] A porous pipe made
condensing engine [MECH ENG] A steam en-
of concrete and used principally for subsoil
gine in which the steam exhausts from the cylin-
drainage; diameters over 15 inches (38 centime-
der toa vacuumspace,wherethe steam islique-
ters) are usually reinforced,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp}
fied,{ k?n|densH11080i? |enH11080j?n}
concrete pump [MECH ENG] A device which
conditionally periodic motion [MECH] Motion
drives concrete to the placing position through
of a system in which each of the coordinates
a pipeline of 6-inch (15-centimeter) diameter or
undergoessimpleperiodicmotion,buttheasso-
more,usingaspecialtypeofreciprocatingpump.
ciated frequencies are not all rational fractions
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
of each other so that the complete motion is not
concreteslab [CIV ENG] A flat,reinforced-con-
simply periodic,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nH11080?lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpirH11080eˉ|adH11080ik
crete structural member,relatively sizable in
vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n}
length and width,but shallow in depth; used for
conditionally stable circuit [ELECTR] A circuit
floors,roofs,and bridge decks,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt
which is stable for certain values of input signal
vertstrokesuperiorslab }
and gain,and unstable for other values.
concretevibrator [MECH ENG] Vibrating device
{k?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nH11080?lH11080eˉ |staˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
used to achieve proper consolidation of con-
conductance [ELEC] The real part of the admit-
crete; the three types are internal,surface,and
tance of a circuit; when the impedance contains
form vibrators,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r}
no reactance,as in a direct-current circuit,it is
concurrent engineering [ENG] The simultane-
the reciprocal of resistance,and is thus a meas-
ous design of products and related processes,
ureoftheabilityofthecircuittoconductelectric-
including all product life-cycle aspects such as
ity,Also known as electrical conductance,Des-
manufacturing,assembly,test,support,dis-
ignated G,[THERMO] See thermal conduc-
posal,and recycling,{ k?n|k?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080
tance,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }
i? }
conduction [ELEC] The passage of electric
concussion [ENG] Shock waves in the air
charge,whichcanoccurbyavarietyofprocesses,
caused by an explosion underground or at the
such as the passage of electrons or ionized
surface or by a heavy blow directly to the ground
atoms,Also known as electrical conduction.
surface during excavation,quarrying,or blasting
{k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
operations,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiork?shH11080?n}
conduction cooling [ELECTR] Cooling of elec-
condensateflash [CHEM ENG] Partial evapora-
tronic components by carrying heat from the de-
tion(flash)ofhotcondensedliquidbyastepwise
vice through a thermally conducting material to
reduction in system pressure,the hot vapor sup-
a large piece of metal with cooling fins.
plying heat to a cooler evaporator step (stage),{k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉt vertstrokeinferiorflash } conduction pump [ENG] A pump in which liq-
condensate strainer [MECH ENG] A screen uid metal or some other conductive liquid is
used to remove solid particles from the conden- moved through a pipe by sending a current
satepriortoitsbeing pumpedbacktotheboiler,across the liquid and applying a magnetic field
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉt vertstrokeinferiorstraˉnH11080?r} at right angles to current flow,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n
condensate well [MECH ENG] A chamber into vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
whichcondensedvaporfallsforconvenientaccu- conductive coupling [ELEC] Electric connec-
mulationprior toremoval,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉt vertstrokeinferiorwel } tion of two electric circuits by their sharing the
same resistor,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }condensation [ELEC] An increase of electric
120
confinement
conductive interference [ELECTR] Interference the wedging action of mating conical surfaces to
transmit friction torque,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }to electronic equipment that orginates in power
linessupplyingtheequipment,andisconducted cone crusher [MECH ENG] A machine that re-
ducesthesizeofmaterialssuchasrockbycrush-to the equipment and coupled through the
power supply transformer,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiorinH11080 ing in the tapered space between a truncated
revolving cone and an outer chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉnt?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns }
conductivity [ELEC] Theratiooftheelectriccur- vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r}
conehead rivet [DES ENG] A rivet with a headrent density to the electric field in a material.
Also known as electrical conductivity; specific shaped like a truncated cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉnvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080
t}conductance,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
conductivity bridge [ELEC] A modified Kelvin conekey [DES ENG] A taper saddle key placed
on a shaft to adapt it to a pulley with a too-largebridge for measuring very low resistances.
{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbrij } hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
coneloudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeakerconductivitycell [ELEC] Aglassvesselwithtwo
electrodes at a definite distance apart and filled employing a magnetic driving unit that is me-
chanically coupled to a paper or fiber cone.withasolutionwhoseconductivityistobemeas-
ured,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsel } Also known as cone speaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokesuperiorlau˙d
vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}conductivity modulation [ELECTR] Of a semi-
conductor,the variation of the conductivity of a cone mandrel [DES ENG] A mandrel in which
the diameter can be changed by moving conicalsemiconductor through variation of the charge
carrier density,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080 sleeves,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiormanH11080dr?l}
cone nozzle [DES ENG] A cone-shaped nozzlesh?n}
conductivity modulation transistor [ELECTR] that disperses fluid in an atomized mist,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn
vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}Transistor in which the active properties are de-
rived from minority carrier modulation of the cone of friction [MECH] A cone in which the
resultantforceexertedbyoneflathorizontalsur-bulkresistivityofthesemiconductor,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?k
vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } face on another must be located when both sur-
facesareatrest,asdeterminedbythecoefficientconductometer [ENG] An instrument designed
to measure thermal conductivity; in particular,of static friction,{ |koˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
conepulley See step pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }one that compares the rates at which different
rods transmit heat,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r} cone rock bit [MECH ENG] A rotary drill with
two hardened knurled cones which cut the rockconductor [ELEC] A wire,cable,or other body
or medium that is suitable for carrying electric as they roll,Also known as roller bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn
vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorbit }current,Also known as electric conductor.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r} cone-rooftank [ENG] Liquids-storagetankwith
flattened conical roof to allow a vapor reservoirconductor pipe [BUILD] A metal pipe through
whichwaterisdrainedfromtheroof,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080 at the top for filling operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorru¨f
vertstrokeinferiorta?k}t?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
conduit [ELEC] Solid or flexible metal or other cone speaker See cone loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn
vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}tubingthroughwhichinsulatedelectricwiresare
run,[ENG] Any channel or pipe for conduct- cone valve [CIV ENG] A divergent valve whose
cone-shaped head in a fixed cylinder spreadsing the flow of water or other fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080d?H11080
w?t } water around the wide,downstream end of the
cone in spillways of dams or hydroelectric facili-cone [ENG ACOUS] The cone-shaped paper or
fiber diaphragm of a loudspeaker,{ koˉn } ties,Also known as Howell-Bunger valve.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorvalv }conebearing [MECH ENG] A cone-shaped jour-
nalbearingrunninginacorrespondinglytapered confidence level [IND ENG] The probability in
acceptancesamplingthatthequalityofacceptedsleeve,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
cone-bottom tank [ENG] Liquids-storage tank lots manufactured will be better than the re-
jectable quality level (RQL); 90% level indicateswithdownward-pointingconicalbottomtofacili-
tate drainage of bottom,as of water or sludge,that accepted lots will be better than the RQL
90 times in 100,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080f?H11080d?ns vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
conebrake [MECHENG] Atypeoffrictionbrake configuration [ELEC] A group of components
interconnected to perform adesired circuit func-whose rubbing parts are cone-shaped,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn
vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk } tion,[MECH] Thepositionsofalltheparticles
in a system,[SYS ENG] A group of machinescone classifier [MECH ENG] Inverted-cone de-
vice for the separation of heavy particulates interconnected and programmed to operate as
a system,{ k?nvertstrokeinferiorfigH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}(suchassand,ore,or othermineralmatter)from
a liquid stream; feed enters the top of the cone,confined flow [ENG] The flow of any fluid (liq-
uidorgas)throughacontinuouscontainer(proc-heavy particles settle to the bottom where they
can be withdrawn,and liquid overflows the top ess vessel) or conduit (piping or tubing).
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }edge,carrying the smaller particles or those of
lower gravity over the rim; used in the mining confinement [ENG] Physical restriction,or de-
greeofsuchrestriction,topassageofdetonationand chemical industries,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉn vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
cone clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch which uses wave or reaction zone,for example,that of a
121
confiningliquid
resistant container which holds an explosive conservationofareas [MECH] A principle gov-
erning the motion of a body moving under thecharge,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080m?nt }
confining liquid [CHEM ENG] A liquid seal action of a central force,according to which a
line joining the body with the center of force(most often mercury or sodium sulfate brine)
that is displaced during the no-loss transfer of sweeps out equal areas in equal times,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080
s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?z}a gas sample from one container to another.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlikH11080w?d} conservation of charge [ELEC] A law which
statesthatthetotalcharge ofanisolatedsystemcongruentmeltingpoint [THERMO] A point on
a temperature composition plot of a nonstoi- is constant; no violation of this law has been
discovered,Also known as charge conserva-chiometric compound at which the one solid
phase and one liquid phase are adjacent,tion,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
conservationofmomentum [MECH] Theprinci-{k?nvertstrokesuperiorgru¨H11080?nt vertstrokesuperiormeltH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
conical ball mill [MECH ENG] A cone-shaped ple that,when a system of masses is subject
only to internal forces that masses of the systemtumbling pulverizer in which the steel balls are
classified,with the larger balls at the feed end exertononeanother,thetotalvectormomentum
of the system is constant; no violation of thiswhere larger lumps are crushed,and the smaller
balls at the discharge end where the material is principle has been found,Also known as mo-
mentum conservation,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n?vfiner,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiormil }
conical bearing [MECH ENG] An antifriction m?vertstrokesuperiorm?nH11080t?m}
conservativeforcefield [MECH] A field of forcebearing employing tapered rollers,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? } in which the work done on a particle in moving
it from one point to another depends only onconicalpendulum [MECH] A weight suspended
from a cord or light rod and made to rotate in the particle’s initial and final positions.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?H11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld }a horizontal circle about a vertical axis with a
constant angular velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080 conservativeproperty [THERMO] A property of
a system whose value remains constant duringl?m}
conicalrefiner [MECH ENG] In paper manufac- a series of events,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?H11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }
console [ENG] 1,A main control desk for elec-ture,a cone-shaped continuous refiner having
two sets of bars mounted on the rotating plug tronic equipment,as at a radar station,radio or
televisionstation,orairportcontroltower,Alsoand fixed shell for beating unmodified cellulose
fibers,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080?r } known as control desk,2,A large cabinet for a
radio ortelevision receiver,standing onthe floorconicalroll See batten roll,{ |ka¨nH11080?H11080k?l |roˉl}
coniscope See koniscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } rather than on a table,3,A grouping of con-
trols,indicators,and similar items contained inconjugatemomentum [MECH] Ifq
j
(jH110051,2,...)
aregeneralizedcoordinatesofaclassicaldynam- a specially designed model cabinet for floor
mounting; constitutes an operator’s permanentical system,andLis its Lagrangian,the momen-
tumconjugatetoq
j
isp
j
H11005H11128L/H11128q
j
,Alsoknownas working position,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorsoˉl}
consolute temperature [THERMO] The uppercanonical momentum; generalized momentum.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080j?H11080g?tm?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m } temperature of immiscibility for a two-compo-
nent liquid system,Also known as upper con-connecting rod [MECH ENG] Any straight link
thattransmitsmotionor powerfromonelinkage solute temperature; upper critical solution tem-
perature,{ vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}toanother withinamechanism,especiallylinear
to rotary motion,as in a reciprocating engine or constant-amplitude recording [ENG ACOUS] A
sound-recording method in which all frequen-compressor,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornektH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
connector [ELECTR] A switch,or relay group cies having the same intensity are recorded at
the same amplitude,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨dsystem,which finds the telephone line being
called as a result of digits being dialed; it also rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? }
constant-distance sphere [ENG ACOUS] Thecauses interrupted ringing voltage to be placed
on the called line or of returning a busy tone to relative response of a sonar projector to varia-
tions in acoustic intensity,or intensity per unitthe calling party if the line is busy,[ENG]
1,A detachable device for connecting electrical band,over the surface of a sphere concentric
with its center,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorsfir }conductors,2.Ametalpartforjoiningtimbers.
3,A symbol on a flowchart indicating that the constant element [IND ENG] Under a specified
set of conditions,an element for which theflow jumps to a different location on the chart.
{k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r } standard time allowance should always be the
same,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }Conradson carbon test See carbon-residue test.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080r?dH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokeinferiortest } constant-force spring [MECH ENG] A spring
which has a constant restoring force,regardlessconservation of angular momentum [MECH]
The principle that,when a physical system is of displacement,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt |fo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorspri? }
constant-headmeter [ENG] A flow meter whichsubject only to internal forces that bodies in the
system exert on each other,the total angular maintains a constant pressure differential but
variestheorificeareawithflow,suchasarotame-momentumofthesystemremainsconstant,pro-
videdthatbothspinandorbitalangularmomen- ter or piston meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
constant-loadbalance [ENG] Aninstrumentfortum are taken into account,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n
v vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?rm?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m } measuring weight or mass which consists of a
122
contactcondenser
single pan (together with a set of weights that a design plan for material and equipment into
a project ready for operation,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?ncan be suspended from a counterpoised beam)
that has a constant load (200 grams for the mi- vertstrokeinferiorko˙st }
construction engineering [CIV ENG] A special-crobalance),{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt|loˉd vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
constant-load support [ENG] A spring-loaded ized branch of civil engineering concerned with
theplanning,execution,andcontrolofconstruc-support designed to maintain a constant and
balanced load on a pipe in the event of vertical tion operations for projects such as highways,
dams,utility lines,and buildings,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080movement,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt |loˉds?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt }
constantofgravitation See gravitational constant,sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
construction equipment [MECH ENG] Heavy{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt?vgrav H11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
constant of motion [MECH] A dynamical vari- power machines which perform specific con-
struction or demolition functions,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ableofasystemwhichremainsconstantintime.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n} sh?nivertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt }
construction joint [CIV ENG] A vertical or hori-constant-pressure combustion [MECH ENG]
Combustion occurring without a pressure zontal surface in reinforced concrete where con-
creting was stopped and continued later.change,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt |preshH11080?rk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n}
constant-pressure gas thermometer [ENG] A{k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
construction survey [CIV ENG] A survey thatthermometer in which the volume occupied by
a given mass of gas at a constant pressure is gives locations for construction work.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }used to determine the temperature,{ |ka¨nH11080
st?nt |preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorgas th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} construction wrench [DES ENG] An open-end
wrench with a long handle; the handle is used toconstant-speed drive [MECH ENG] A mecha-
nism transmitting motion from one shaft to an- align matching rivet or bolt holes,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorrench }other that does not allow the velocity ratio of
the shafts to be varied,or allows it to be varied consumer’srisk [INDENG] The probability that
a lot whose quality equals the poorest qualityonly in steps,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt |speˉd vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
constant-velocity recording [ENG ACOUS] A that a consumer is willing to tolerate in an indi-
vidual lot will be accepted by a sampling plan.sound-recording method in which,for input sig-
nals of a givenamplitude,the resulting recorded { k?nvertstrokesuperiorsu¨mH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorrisk }
contact [ELEC] See electric contact,[ENG]amplitude is inversely proportional to the fre-
quency; the velocity of the cutting stylus is then Initial detection of an aircraft,ship,submarine,
or other object on a radarscope or other de-constant for all input frequencies having that
given amplitude,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ ri tecting equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }
contactadsorption [CHEM ENG] Process for re-vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? }
constant-velocityuniversaljoint [MECHENG] A moval of minor constituents from fluids by stir-
ring in direct contact with powdered or granu-universal joint that transmits constant angular
velocityfromthedrivingtothedrivenshaft,such latedadsorbents,orbypassingthefluidthrough
fixed-position adsorbent beds (activated carbonas the Bendix-Weiss universal joint,{ |ka¨nH11080
st?nt v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int } orion-exchange resin);usedto decolorizepetro-
leum lubricating oils and to remove solventconstant-volume gas thermometer See gas ther-
mometer,{ |ka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorgas th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080 vapors from air,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt advertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}
contactaerator [CIV ENG] A tank in which sew-?dH11080?r}
constrainedmechanism [MECHENG] Amecha- age that is settled on a bed of stone,cement-
asbestos,or othersurfaces istreated byaerationnism in which all members move only in pre-
scribed paths,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉnd vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m } with compressed air,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
contact anemometer [ENG] An anemometerconstraint [ENG] Anything that restricts the
transverse contraction which normally occurs in which actuates an electrical contact at a rate
dependent upon the wind speed,Also knowna solid under longitudinal tension,[MECH] A
restriction on the natural degrees of freedom as contact-cup anemometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt anH11080
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}of a system; the number of constraints is the
difference between the number of natural de- contactbed [CIV ENG] A bed of coarse material
such as coke,used to purify sewage,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨ngrees of freedom and the number of actual de-
grees of freedom,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉnt } vertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorbed }
contact catalysis [CHEM ENG] Process ofconstruction [DES ENG] The number of strands
in a wire rope and the number of wires in a change in the structure of gas molecules ad-
sorbed onto solid surfaces; the basis of manystrand; expressed as two numbers separated by
a multiplication sign,[ENG] 1,Putting parts industrial processes,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt k?vertstrokesuperiortalH11080?H11080s?s}
contact ceiling [BUILD] A ceiling in which thetogether to form an integrated object,2,The
manner in which something is put together,lath and construction are in direct contact,with-
out use of furring or runner channels,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨n{k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
construction area [BUILD] The area of exterior vertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorseˉlH11080i? }
contact condenser [MECH ENG] A device inwalls and permanent interior walls and parti-
tions,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? } which a vapor,such as steam,is brought into
direct contact with a cooling liquid,such asconstructioncost [INDENG] Thetotalcosts,di-
rect and indirect,associated with transforming water,and is condensed by giving up its latent
123
contact-cupanemometer
heattotheliquid,Alsoknownasdirect-contact ohms between the contacts of a relay,switch,or
other device when the contacts are touchingcondenser,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r}
contact-cupanemometerSeecontactanemometer,each other,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
contactsensor [ENG] A device that senses me-{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiork?panH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
contactelectricity [ELEC] An electric charge at chanical contact and gives out signals when it
does so,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}the surface of contact of two different materials.
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortrisH11080?dH11080eˉ } contactthermography [ENG] Amethodofmea-
suring surface temperature in which a thin layercontactelectromotive force See contact potential
difference,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt i|lekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfoˉrs } of luminescent material is spread on the surface
of an object and is excited by ultraviolet radia-contact filtration [CHEM ENG] A process in
whichfinelydividedadsorbentclayismixedwith tion in a darkened room; the brightness of the
coating indicates the surface temperature.oil to remove color bodies and to improve the
oil’s stability,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
contact time [ENG] The length of time a sub-contact gear ratio See contact ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt
vertstrokeinferiorgir vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } stance is held in direct contact with a treating
agent,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}contact grasp [IND ENG] A basic grasp that is
used to push an object over a surface,such as container [IND ENG] A portable compartment
of standard,uniform size,used to hold cargo forusing the index finger to push a coin over a flat
surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorgrasp } air,sea,or ground transport,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080n?r}
container car [ENG] A railroad car designedcontact-initiated discharge machining [MECH
ENG] An electromachining process in which the specifically to hold containers,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080n?r
vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}discharge is initiated by allowing the tool and
workpiece to come into contact,after which the containerization [INDENG] Thepracticeofplac-
ingcargoinlargecontainerssuchastrucktrailerstool is withdrawn and an arc forms,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt
|nishH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?d |disvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉnH11080i? } tofacilitateloadingonandoffshipsandrailroad
flat cars,{ k?nvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080n?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}contact inspection [ENG] A method by which
an ultrasonic search unit scans a test piece in containment [ENG] An enclosed space or facil-
ity to contain and prevent the escape of hazard-direct contact with a thin layer of couplant for
transmission between the search unit and entry ous material,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080m?nt }
continous-typefurnace [MECH ENG] A furnacesurface,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt invertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n}
contact microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro- used for heat treatment of materials,with or
without direct firing; pieces are loaded throughphonedesignedtopickupmechanicalvibrations
directly and convert them into corresponding onedoor,progresscontinuouslythroughthefur-
nace,and are discharged from another door.electric currents or voltages,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} {k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
continuity [CIV ENG] Joining of structural mem-contactor [CHEM ENG] A vessel designed to
bring two or more substances into contact,bers to each other,such as floors to beams,and
beams to beams and to columns,so they bend[ELEC] A heavy-duty relay used to control elec-
tric power circuits,Also known as electric con- together and strengthen each other when
loaded,Also known as fixity,[ELEC] Conti-tactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakH11080t?r}
contactor control system [CONT SYS] A feed- nuous effective contact of all components of an
electric circuit to give it high conductance byback control system in which the control signal
is a discontinuous function of the sensed error providing low resistance,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨ntH11080?nvertstrokesuperioru¨H11080?dH11080eˉ }
continuityofstate [THERMO] Propertyofatran-andmay thereforeassumeoneof alimitednum-
ber of discrete values,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakH11080t?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl sition between two states of matter,as between
gas and liquid,during which there are no abruptvertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
contactpotential See contact potential difference,changes in physical properties,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨ntH11080?nvertstrokesuperioru¨H11080
dH11080eˉ?v vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt}{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}
contactpotentialdifference [ELEC] The poten- continuitytest [ELEC] An electrical test used to
determine thepresence and location ofa brokential difference that exists across the space be-
tween two electrically connected materials,connection,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨ntH11080?nvertstrokesuperioru¨H11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }
continuous beam [CIV ENG] 1,A beam restingAlso known as contact electromotive force; con-
tact potential; Volta effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080 uponseveralsupports,whichmaybeinthesame
horizontal plane,2,A beam having severalch?l vertstrokesuperiordifH11080r?ns }
contact process [CHEM ENG] Catalytic manu- spans in one straight line; generally has at least
three supports,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}facture of sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide and
oxygen,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} continuous brake [MECH ENG] A train brake
that operates on all cars but is controlled fromcontactratio [DES ENG] The ratio of the length
of the path of contact of two gears to the base a single point,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
continuous bridge [CIV ENG] A fixed bridgepitch,equal to approximately the average num-
ber of pairs of teeth in contact,Also known as supported at three or more points and capable
of resisting bending and shearing forces at allcontact gear ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
contact rectifier See metallic rectifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt sections throughout its length,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080
w?s vertstrokesuperiorbrij }vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
contact resistance [ELEC] The resistance in continuous bucket elevator [MECH ENG] A
124
contractioncrack
bucket elevator on an endless chain or belt,of products,such as chemicals or paper,involv-
ing a sequence of processes performed by a se-{k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |b?kH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
ries of machines receiving the materials throughcontinuous bucket excavator [MECH ENG] A
a closed channel of flow,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?sbucketexcavatorwithacontinuousbucketeleva-
pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}tor mounted in front of the bowl,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080
continuous-rail frog [ENG] A metal fitting thatw?s |b?kH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
holdscontinuousweldedrailsectionstorailroadcontinuouscontactcoking [CHEMENG] Ather-
ties,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |raˉl vertstrokesuperiorfra¨g}mal conversion process using the mass-flow lift
continuousrating [ENG] Theratingofacompo-
principletogivecontinuouscokecirculation;oil-
nent or equipment which defines the substan-
wettedparticlesofcokemovedownwardintothe
tiallyconstantconditionswhichcanbetolerated
reactorinwhichcracking,coking,anddryingtake
for an indefinite time without significant reduc-
place; pelleted coke,gas,gasoline,and gas oil
tion of service life,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }
are products of the process,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s
continuous recorder [ENG] A recorder whose
|ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokesuperiorkoˉkH11080i? }
record sheet is a continuous strip or web rather
continuouscontrol [CONT SYS] Automatic con-
than individual sheets,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?sri
trolinwhichthecontrolledquantityismeasured
vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
continuously and corrections are a continuous
continuoussystem [CONTSYS] Asystemwhose
function of the deviation,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s
inputs and outputs are capable of changing at
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
anyinstantoftime,Alsoknownascontinuous-
continuous countercurrent leaching [CHEM
time signal system,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
ENG] Process of leaching by the use of continu-
continuoustask [IND ENG] A task that requires
ous equipment in which the solid and liquid are
a continuously changing response by a worker
both moved mechanically,and by the use of a
to a continuously changing stimulus,{ k?n|tinH11080
series ofleach tanksand thecountercurrent flow
y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiortask }
of solvent through the tanks in reverse order to
continuous-time signal system See continuous
the flow of solid,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |kau˙ntH11080?r|k?rH11080
system,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |t?ˉm vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
nt vertstrokesuperiorleˉchH11080i? }
continuous tube process [ENG] Plastics blow-
continuousdistillation [CHEMENG] Separation
molding process that uses a continuous extru-
by boiling of a liquid mixture with different com-
sion of plastic tubing as feed to a series of blow
ponentboilingpoints;feedisintroducedcontin-
molds as they clamp in sequence,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080
uously,with continuous removal of overhead
w?s |tu¨b vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
]vapors and high-boiling bottoms liquids.
continuous-wave Doppler radar See continuous-
{k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
wave radar,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |waˉv vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉ
continuousdryer [ENG] An apparatus in which
vertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
drying is accomplished by passing wet material
continuous-wave radar [ENG] A radar system
through without interruption,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s
in which a transmitter sends out a continuous
vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080?r}
flowofradioenergy;thetargetreradiatesasmall
continuous equilibrium vaporization See equilib-
fraction of this energy to a separate receiving
rium flash vaporization,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080
antenna,Also known as continuous-wave
kw?|libH11080reˉH11080?mvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
Doppler radar,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |waˉv vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
continuous-flow conveyor [MECH ENG] A to-
continuous work [IND ENG] A sustained and
tally enclosed,continuous-belt conveyor pulled
uninterrupted work activity,for example,exer-
transversely through a mass of granular,pow-
tion of a muscular force,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s
dered or small-lump material fed from an over-
vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
head hopper,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s |floˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
contouring temperature recorder [ENG] A de-
continuous footing [CIV ENG] A footing that
vice that records data from temperature sensors
supports a wall,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }
towed behind a ship and then plots the vertical
continuous industry [IND ENG] An industry in
distribution of isotherms on a continuous basis.
which raw material is subjected to successive
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙rH11080i?vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?rrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
operations,turning it into a finished product.
contour machining [MECH ENG] Machining of
{k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?sH11080treˉ }
an irregular surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙rm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }
continuous kiln [ENG] 1,A long kiln through
contour turning [MECH ENG] Making a three-
which ware travels on a moving device,such as
dimensional reproductionof the shape ofa tem-
a conveyor,2,A kiln through which the fire
plate by controlling the cutting tool with a fol-
travels progressively,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorkiln } lower that moves over the surface of a template.
continuousmixer [MECHENG] Amixerinwhich { vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙r vertstrokeinferiort?rnH11080i? }
materials are introduced,mixed,and discharged contracted code sonde See code-sending radio-
inacontinuousflow,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?svertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r} sonde,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?d |koˉd vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
continuousoperation [ENG] A process that op- contraction [MECH] The action or process of
erates on a continuous flow (materials or time) becoming smaller or pressed together,as a gas
basis,in contrast to batch,intermittent,or se- on cooling,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
quenced operations,{ k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?sa¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080 contractioncrack [ENG] A crack resulting from
sh?n} restriction of metal in a mold while contracting.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkrak }continuousproduction [IND ENG] Manufacture
125
contractionjoint
contractionjoint [CIV ENG] A break designed in or machine being controlled,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080
m?nt }a structure to allow for drying and temperature
shrinkage of concrete,brickwork,or masonry,control hierarchy See hierarchical control.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080?rvertstrokeinferiora¨rH11080keˉ }thereby preventing the formation of cracks.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int } control joint [CIV ENG] An expansion joint in
masonry to allow movement due to expansioncontraflexure point [CIV ENG] The point in a
structure where bending occurs in opposite and contraction,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
controllability [CONT SYS] Property of a systemdirections,{ |ka¨nH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?r vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
contrapropagating ultrasonic flowmeter [ENG] for which,given any initial state and any desired
state,there exists a time interval and an inputAn instrument for determining the velocity of a
fluid flow from the difference between the times signal which brings the system from the initial
state to the desired state during the time inter-required for high-frequency sound to travel be-
tween two transducers in opposite directions val,{ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉlH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
controllable-pitch propeller [MECH ENG] Analong a path having a component parallel to
the flow,{ |ka¨nH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080p?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperior?lH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nH11080ik aircraft or ship propeller in which the pitch of
the blades can be changed while the propellervertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
contrarotatingpropellers [MECHENG] Apairof is in motion; five types used for aircraft are two-
position,variable-pitch,constant-speed,feath-propellers on concentric shafts,turning in oppo-
site directions,{ |ka¨nH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?rz } ering,and reversible-pitch,Abbreviated CP
propeller,{ k?n|troˉlH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpich pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}contrarotation [ENG] Rotation in the direction
opposite to another rotation,{ |ka¨nH11080tr?H11080roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080 controlledavalanchedevice [ELECTR] A semi-
conductor device that has rigidly specified maxi-sh?n}
control [CONT SYS] A means or device to direct mumandminimumavalanchevoltagecharacter-
istics and is able to operate and absorb momen-and regulate a process or sequence of events.
[ELECTR] An input element of a cryotron,tary power surges in this avalanche region
indefinitely without damage,{ k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperioravH11080{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
controlaccuracy [CONTSYS] The degreeofcor-?vertstrokeinferiorlanch divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
controlled avalanche rectifier [ELECTR] A sili-respondence between the ultimately controlled
variableandtheidealvalueinafeedbackcontrol conrectifierinwhichcarefullycontrolled,nonde-
structive internal avalanche breakdown acrosssystem,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorakH11080y?H11080r?H11080seˉ }
control agent [CHEM ENG] In process auto- the entire junction area protects the junction
surface,thereby eliminating local heating thatmatic-control work,material or energy within a
process system of which the manipulated (con- would impair or destroy the reverse blocking
ability of the rectifier,{ k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanchtrolled) variable is a condition or characteristic.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080j?nt } vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
controlled avalanche transit-time triodecontrolboard [ELEC] A panel at which one can
make circuit changes,as in lighting a theater,[ELECTR] A solid-state microwave device that
uses a combination of IMPATT diode and npn[ENG] A panel in which meters and other indi-
cating instruments display the condition of a bipolar transistor technologies; avalanche and
drift zones are located between the basesystem,and dials,switches,and other devices
areusedtomodifycircuitstocontrolthesystem,and collector regions,Abbreviated CATT.
{k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch |tranzH11080?t vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}Also known as control panel; panel board.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd } controlledmedium [CHEM ENG] In process au-
tomatic-control work,material within a processcontrol chart [IND ENG] A statistical tool used
to detect excessive process variability due to system in which a variable (for example,concen-
tration) is controlled,{ k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?m}specific assignable causes that can be corrected.
It serves to determine whether a process is in a controlledparameter [ENG] In the formulation
of an optimization problem,one of the parame-state of statistical control,that is,the extent of
variation of the output of the process does not ters whose values determine the value of the
criterion parameter,{ k?n|troˉld p?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?dH11080?r}exceedthatwhichisexpectedbasedonthenatu-
ral statistical variability of the process,controlledvariable [CONTSYS] Inprocessauto-
matic-control work,that quantity or condition of{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
control circuit [ELEC] A circuit that controls a controlled system that is directly measured or
controlled,{ k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}some function of a machine,device,or piece
of equipment,[ELECTR] The circuit that feeds controllerSeeautomaticcontroller,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
controller-structure interaction [CONT SYS]the control winding of a magnetic amplifier.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t } Feedback of an active control algorithm in the
process of model reduction; this occurs throughcontrol diagram See flow chart,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiorgram } observation spillover and control spillover.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?rinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}controlecho [ENG] In an ultrasonic inspection
system,consistent reflection from a surface,controllimits [ELECTR] In radar evaluation,up-
per and lower control limits are established atsuch as a back reflection,which provides a refer-
ence signal,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorekH11080oˉ } those performance figures within which it is ex-
pected that 95% of quality-control samples willcontrol element [CONT SYS] The portion of a
feedbackcontrolsystemthat actsontheprocess fall when the radar is performing normally.
126
coolingcorrection
[IND ENG] In statistical quality control,the lim- gases by convection,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080
sh?n}itsofacceptabilityplacedoncontrolcharts;parts
convective current See convection current.outside the limits are defective,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080div vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt }vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?ts }
convector [ENG] A heat-emitting unit for thecontrolling magnet [ENG] An auxiliary magnet
heating of room air; it has a heating elementused with a galvanometer to cancel the effect of
surrounded by a cabinet-type enclosure withthe earth’s magnetic field,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080 i?vertstrokeinferiormagH11080
openings below and above for entrance andn?t}
egress of air,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r}
control panel [ENG] See control board; panel.
convectron [ENG] An instrument for indicating
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}
deviation fromthe vertical which isbased on the
control room [ENG] A room from which space
principle that the convection from a heated wire
flights are directed,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
depends strongly on its inclination; it consists
controlsignal [CONT SYS] Thesignal applied to
ofa Y-shapedtube,eachofwhose armscontains
the device that makes corrective changes in a
a wire forming part of a bridge circuit.
controlled process or machine,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
n?l}
conventional current [ELEC] The concept of
control spillover [CONT SYS] The excitation by
current as the transfer of positive charge,so that
anactivecontrolsystemofmodesofmotionthat
its direction of flow is opposite to that of elec-
have been omitted from the control algorithm
trons which are negatively charged,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvenH11080
in the process of model reduction,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl
ch?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt }
vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
convergent die [ENG] A die having internal
controlspring [DES ENG] A spring designed so
channels which converge,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080j?nt vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
that its torque cancels that of the instrument of
convergent-divergentnozzle [DES ENG] A noz-
whichitisapart,foralldeflectionsofthepointer.
zle in which supersonic velocities are attained;
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorspri? }
has a divergent portion downstream of the con-
controlsystem [ENG] A system in which one or
tracting section,Also known as supersonic
more outputs are forced to change in a desired
nozzle,{ k?n|v?rH11080j?nt d?|v?rH11080j?nt vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
manner as time progresses,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
conversion [CHEM ENG] The chemical change
t?m}
fromreactantstoproductsinanindustrialchem-
control-system feedback [CONT SYS] A signal
ical process,Also known as chemical conver-
obtained by comparing the output of a control
sion,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n}
system with the input,which is used to diminish
convertedwaterSeeproduct water,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?d
the difference between them,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r}
t?m vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
conveyor [MECH ENG] Any materials-handling
control track [ENG ACOUS] A supplementary
machine designed to move individual articles
soundtrack,usuallycontainingtone signalsthat
suchassolidsorfree-flowingbulkmaterialsover
controlthereproductionofthesoundtrack,such
a horizontal,inclined,declined,or vertical path
as by changing feed levels to loudspeakers in a
of travel with continuous motion,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
theater to achieve stereophonic effects.
conveyor belt balance [ENG] A balance used
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiortrak }
for weighing unpackaged,loose,continuously
control valve [ENG] A valve which controls
transported material on a conveyor belt by
pressure,volume,or flow direction in a fluid
weighing the load being moved and measuring
transmission system,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
the belt speed,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
control variable [CONT SYS] One of the input
cooled-tube pyrometer [ENG] A thermometer
variables of a control system,such as motor
for high-temperature flowing gases that uses a
torque or the opening of a valve,which can be
liquid-cooled tube inserted in the flowing gas;
varieddirectlybytheoperatortomaximizesome
gas temperature is deduced from the law of con-
measure of performance of the system.
vective heat transfer to the outside of the tube
{k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
and from measurement of the mass flow rate
convection coefficient See film coefficient.
and temperature rise of the cooling liquid.
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨ld vertstrokeinferiortu¨bp?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
convectioncooling [ENG] Heat transfer by nat-
cooler nail [DES ENG] A thin,cement-coated
ural,upwardflowofhotairfromthedevicebeing
wire nail,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
cooled,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }
cooling channel [ENG] A channel in the body
convection current [ELECTR] The time rate at of mold through which a cooling liquid is circu-
which the electric charges of an electron stream lated,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
are transported through a given surface,coolingcoil [MECH ENG] A coiled arrangement
{k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt } of pipeor tubingfor thetransfer of heatbetween
convection oven [ENG] An oven containing a two fluids,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
fan that continuously circulates hot air around coolingcorrection [THERMO] A correction that
the food being prepared,{ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferior?vH11080 must be employed in calorimetry to allow for
n} heat transfer between a body and its surround-
convection section [ENG] That portion of the ings,Also known as radiation correction.
{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}furnace inwhich tubes receive heatfrom the flue
127
coolingcurve
cooling curve [THERMO] A curve obtained by coolometer [ENG] An instrument which meas-
plotting time against temperature for a solid- ures the cooling power of the air,consisting of
liquid mixture cooling under constant condi- a metal cylinder electrically heated to maintain
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?rv} a constant temperature; the electrical heating
coolingdegreeday [MECHENG] Aunit foresti- power required is taken as a measure of the air’s
matingthe energyneededforcooling abuilding; cooling power,{ ku¨vertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
one unit is given for each degree Fahrenheit that cooperative system [ENG] A missile guidance
the daily mean temperature exceeds 75H11034F (24H11034C),systemthatrequirestransmissionofinformation
{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? divertstrokesuperiorgreˉ vertstrokeinferiordaˉ }
from a remote ground station to a missile in
coolingfin [MECH ENG] The extended element
flight,processing of the information by the mis-
of a heat-transfer device that effectively in-
sile-borneequipment,and retransmissionofthe
creases the surface area,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfin }
processed data to the originating or other re-
coolingfixture [ENG] A wooden or metal block
mote ground stations,as in azusa and dovap.
used to hold the shape or dimensional accuracy
{koˉvertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
of a molding until it cools enough to retain its
coordinated-axis control [CONT SYS] Robotic
shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfiksH11080ch?r}
control in which the robot axes reach their end
cooling load [MECH ENG] The total amount of
points simultaneously,thus giving the robot’s
heatenergythatmustberemovedfromasystem
motion a smooth appearance,{ koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080
by a cooling mechanism in a unit time,equal to
d |akH11080s?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
the rate at which heat is generated by people,
coordinating holes [DES ENG] Holes in two
machinery,and processes,plus the net flow of
parts of an assembly which form a single contin-
heat into the system not associated with the
uous hole when the parts are joined,{ koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080
cooling machinery,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhoˉlz }
cooling method [THERMO] A method of de-
cope chisel [DES ENG] A chisel used to cut
termining the specific heat of a liquid in which
grooves in metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉp vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
the times taken by the liquid and an equal vol-
coping [BUILD] A covering course on a wall.
ume of water in an identical vessel to cool
[MECH ENG] Shaping stone or other nonmetal-
throughthesamerange oftemperaturearecom-
lic substance with a grinding wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉpH11080i? }
pared,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
copingsaw [DES ENG] A type of handsaw that
coolingpond [CHEM ENG] Outdoor depression
has a narrow blade,usually about 1/8 inch
into which hot process water is pumped for pur-
(3 millimeters) wide,held taut by a U-shaped
posesofcoolingbyevaporation,convection,and
frame equipped with a handle; used for shaping
radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }
and cutout work,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
cooling power [MECH ENG] A parameter de-
coplanarforces [MECH] Forcesthatactinasin-
vised to measure the air’s cooling effect upon a
gleplane;thustheforcesareparalleltotheplane
human body; it is determined by the amount of
and their points of application are in the plane.
heat required by a device to maintain the device
{koˉvertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rsH11080?z}
at a constant temperature (usually 34H11034C); the
copper dish gum [CHEM ENG] The milligrams
entire system should be made to correspond,as
of gum found in 100 milliliters of gasoline when
closelyaspossible,totheexternalheatexchange
evaporatedundercontrolledconditions inapol-
mechanism of the human body,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?
ished copper dish,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordish vertstrokesuperiorg?m}
vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
copperloss [ELEC] Powerlossinawindingdue
cooling-power anemometer [ENG] Any ane-
to current flow through the resistance of the
mometeroperatingontheprinciplethattheheat
copper conductors,Also known as I
2
R loss.
transfer to air from an object at an elevated tem-
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
perature is a function of airspeed,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?
copper-strip corrosion [ENG] A qualitative
vertstrokeinferiorpau˙ranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
methodofdeterminingthecorrosivityofapetro-
cooling process [ENG] Physical operation in
leum product by observing its effect on a strip
which heat is removed from process fluids or
of polished copper suspended or placed in the
solids; may be by evaporation of liquids,expan-
product,Also known as copper strip test.
sion of gases,radiation or heat exchange to a
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstrip kivertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080zh?n}
cooler fluid stream,and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080
copper-strip test See copper-strip corrosion.
s}
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorstrip vertstrokeinferiortest }
cooling range [MECH ENG] The difference in
coppersweetening [CHEMENG] Thoserefining
temperaturebetween thehot waterentering and
processes using cupric chloride to oxidize mer-the cold water leaving a cooling tower,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080
captans in petroleum,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsweˉtH11080?nH11080i? }i?vertstrokeinferiorra
ˉnj }
corbinotron [ENG] The combination of a cor-cooling stress [MECH] Stress resulting from
bino disk,made of high-mobility semiconductorunevencontractionduringcoolingofmetalsand
material,and a coil arranged to produce a mag-ceramics due to uneven temperature distribu-
netic field perpendicular to the disk,{ ko˙rvertstrokesuperiorbeˉH11080tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
n?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}coolingtower [ENG] Atowerlikedeviceinwhich
cordage [ENG] Number of cords of lumber peratmosphericaircirculatesandcoolswarmwater,
given area,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080ij }generally by direct contact (evaporation).
{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r} cordfoot [ENG] A stack of wood measuring 16
128
coronacurrent
cubic feet (approximately 0.45307 cubic meter),earth,caused by the Coriolis force; an object
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rd |fu¨t} moving horizontally is deflected to the right in
cordtire [DESENG] Apneumatictiremadewith the Northern Hemisphere,to the left in the
cords running parallel tothe tread,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rd vertstrokeinferiort?ˉr} Southern,2,The effect of the Coriolis force in
core [ELECTR] Seemagnetic core,[ENG] The any rotating system,{ ko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?sivertstrokesuperiorfekt }
inner material of a wall,column,veneered door,Coriolis force [MECH] A velocity-dependent
or similar structure,{ ko˙r} pseudoforce in a reference frame which is rotat-
corearray [ELECTR] Arectangular gridarrange- ing with respect to an inertial reference frame;
ment of magnetic cores,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ }
it is equal and opposite to the product of the
core bank [ELECTR] A stack of core arrays and
mass of the particle on which the force acts and
associated electronics,the stack containing a
its Coriolis acceleration,{ ko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
specific number of core arrays,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorba?k}
Coriolis-typemassflowmeter [ENG] An instru-
core barrel [DES ENG] A hollow cylinder
ment which determines mass flow rate from the
attached to a specially designed bit; used to
torque on a ribbed disk that is rotated at con-
obtain a continuous section of the rocks pene-
stant speed when fluid is made to enter at the
trated in drilling,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?l}
center of the disk and is accelerated radially.
core bit [DES ENG] The hollow,cylindrical cut-
{ko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp |mas vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
ting part of a core drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
Corliss valve [MECH ENG] An oscillating type
core catcher See split-ring core lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r
of valve gear with a trip mechanism for the ad-
vertstrokeinferiorkachH11080?r}
mission and exhaust of steam to and from an
core cutterhead [ENG] The cutting element in
engine cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
a core barrel unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorhed }
corner bead [BUILD] 1,Any vertical molding
core drill [MECH ENG] A mechanism designed
used to protect the external angle of the inter-
to rotate and to cause an annular-shaped rock-
sectingsurfaces,2.Astripofformedgalvanized
cuttingbittopenetraterockformations,produce
iron,sometimes combined with a strip of metal
cylindrical cores of the formations penetrated,
lath,placed on corners to reinforce them before
and lift such cores to the surface,where they
plastering,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
may be collected and examined,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiordril }
cornerchisel [DES ENG] A chisel with two cut-
core flow [ENG] A pattern of powder flow oc-
ting edges at right angles,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
curring inhoppers that is characterizedby a cen-
cornereffect [ELECTR] Thedepartureofthefre-
tral core of flowing powder with the powder near
quency-responsecurveofaband-passfilterfrom
the hopper walls remaining stationary,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r
a perfect rectangular shape,so that the corners
vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
of the rectangle are rounded,[ENG] In ultra-
core gripper See split-ring core lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r
sonic testing,reflection of an ultrasonic beam
vertstrokeinferiorgripH11080?r}
directed perpendicularto the intersectionof two
coreless-typeinductionheater [ENG] A device
surfaces 90H11034 apart,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?rivertstrokesuperiorfekt }
inwhichachargeisheateddirectlybyinduction,
cornerfrequency See break frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r
with no magnetic core material linking the
vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
charge,Also known as coreless-type induction
corner head [BUILD] A metal molding that is
furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉpinvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
built into plaster in corners to prevent plaster
corelifter See split-ring core lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080t?r}
from accidentally breaking off,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorhed }
core logic [ELECTR] Logic performed in ferrite
corneringtool [DES ENG] A cutting tool with a
coresthatserveasinputstodiodeandtransistor
curved edge,used to round off sharp corners.
circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik }
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
corer [ENG] Aninstrumentusedtoobtaincylin-
cornerite [BUILD] Acornerreinforcementforin-
drical samples of geological materials or ocean
terior plastering,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt}
sediments,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080?r}
cornerjoint [ENG] AnL-shaped jointformed by
core stack [ELECTR] A number of core arrays,
two members positioned perpendicular to each
next to one another and treated as a unit.
other,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorstak }
cornerload test [ENG] A test to determine
corewall See cutoff wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
whether the display of an analytical balance is
coringreel See sand reel,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorreˉl}
affectedbytheloaddistributionontheweighing
Coriolis acceleration [MECH] 1,An accelera-
pan,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?rvertstrokeinferiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiortest }
tion which,when added to the acceleration of
cornerstone [BUILD] An inscribed stone laid at
anobjectrelativetoarotatingcoordinatesystem
the corner of a building,usually at a ceremony.and to its centripetal acceleration,gives the ac-
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?rvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}celerationof theobjectrelativeto afixedcoordi-
cornicebrake [MECH ENG] A machine used tonate system,2.A vector whichis equal in mag-
bend sheet metal into different forms,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080nitude and opposite in direction to that of the
n?s vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}first definition,{ ko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?sikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
corona See corona discharge,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080n? }Coriolis deflection See Coriolis effect,{ ko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
coronacurrent [ELEC] The current of electricityl?sdivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n}
equivalent to the rate of charge transferred toCoriolis effect [MECH] Also known as Coriolis
the air from an object experiencing corona dis-deflection,1,The deflection relative to the
earth’s surface of any object moving above the charge,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080n? |k?rH11080?nt }
129
coronadischarge
corona discharge [ELEC] A discharge of elec- involves determination of the quantitative rela-
tionship between the electrical potential gener-tricity appearing as a bluish-purple glow on the
surface of and adjacent to a conductor when the ated by muscular activity and the resultant
movement; used in developing a design for avoltage gradient exceeds a certain critical value;
due to ionization of the surrounding air by the workplace that minimizes fatigue,{ k?|relH11080?dH11080iv
k?vertstrokeinferiorneˉzH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }high voltage,Also known as aurora; corona;
electric corona,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj } corrosion coupon See coupon,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080zh?n
vertstrokeinferiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorpa¨n}correctionchamber [ENG] A closable cavity in
aweightonananalyticalbalance;holdsmaterial corrosion number See acid number,{ k?|roˉH11080zh?n
vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}to adjust weight to nominal value,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r} corrosive product [CHEM ENG] In petroleum
refining,a product that contains a quantity ofcorrection time [CONT SYS] The time required
for the controlled variable to reach and stay corrosion-inducing compounds in excess of the
limits specified for products classified as sweet.within a predetermined band about the control
point following any change of the independent { k?vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080siv vertstrokesuperiorpra¨dH11080?kt }
corrugatedbar [DES ENG] Steel bar with trans-variable or operating condition in a control sys-
tem,Also known as settling time,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080 verseridges;usedinreinforcedconcrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorba¨r}sh?n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
correctiveaction [CONT SYS] The act of varying corrugated fastener [DES ENG] A thin corru-
gated strip of steel that can be hammered into athemanipulatedprocessvariable bythecontrol-
ling means in order to modify overall process woodjointtofastenit,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?dvertstrokesuperiorfasH11080n?r}
corrugating [DES ENG] Forming straight,paral-operating conditions,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
corrective maintenance [ENG] A procedure of lel,alternate ridges and grooves in sheet metal,
cardboard,or other material,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080i? }repairing components or equipment as neces-
sary either by on-site repair or by replacing indi- cosmic-raytelescope [ENG] Any device for de-
tecting and determining the directions of eithervidual elements in order to keep the system in
proper operating condition,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080tivmaˉntH11080 cosmic-rayprimaryprotonsandheavier-element
nuclei,or the products produced when these?nH11080?ns }
corrective operation See remedial operation,particles interact with the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨zH11080
mik vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}{k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080tiva¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
corrector [ENG] A magnet,piece of soft iron,or cosolvent [CHEM ENG] During chemical proc-
essing,a second solvent added to the originaldevice used in the adjustment or compensation
of a magnetic compass,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?r } solvent,generally in small concentrations,to
formamixturethathasgreatlyenhancedsolventcorrelatedorientationtrackingandrange See co-
tar,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080in powers due to synergism,{ koˉvertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt }
cost accounting [IND ENG] The branch of ac-vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj }
correlationdetection [ENG] Amethodofdetec- counting in which one records,analyzes,and
summarizescostsofmaterial,labor,andburden,tionofaircraftorspacevehiclesinwhichasignal
is compared,point to point,with an internally and compares these actual costs with predeter-
mined budgets and standards,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙stgenerated reference,Also known as cross-cor-
relation detection,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?ndivertstrokesuperiortekH11080?vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080i? }
costanalysis [IND ENG] Analysis of the factorssh?n}
correlationdirectionfinder [ENG] Satellite sta- contributing tothe costsof operatinga business
andofthecostswhichwillresultfromalternativetion separated from a radar to receive jamming
signals; by correlating the signals received from procedures,and of their effects on profits.
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙st?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}severalsuchstations,rangeandazimuthofmany
jammers may be obtained,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n cost control See industrial cost control,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙st
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080?r}
correlation tracking and triangulation See cotat,costengineering [IND ENG] A branch of indus-
trialengineeringconcernedwithcostestimation,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080in tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
correlationtrackingsystem [ENG] Atrajectory- cost control,business planning and manage-
ment,profitabilityanalysis,andprojectmanage-measuring system utilizing correlation tech-
niques where signals derived from the same ment,planning,and scheduling,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙st vertstrokeinferiorenH11080
j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }source are correlated to derive the phase differ-
encebetweenthesignals,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080 cost function [SYS ENG] In decision theory,a
loss function which does not depend upon thei?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
correlation ultrasonic flowmeter [ENG] An in- decision rule,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙st vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
cost-plus contract [ENG] A contract understrument for determining the velocity of a fluid
flow from the time required for discontinuities which a contractor furnishes all material,con-
struction equipment,and labor at actual cost,in the fluid stream to pass between two pairs
of transducers that generate and detect high- plusan agreed-uponfeefor hisservices,{ |ko˙st
vertstrokesuperiorpl?s vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakt }frequency sound,{ vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} cotar [ENG] A passive system used for tracking
a vehicle in space by determining the line ofcorrelative kinesiology [IND ENG] A field that
130
counterblowhammer
direction between a remote ground-based re- by a stationary charged particle,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨m
vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld }ceiving antenna and a telemetering transmitter
Coulombforce [ELEC] Theelectrostaticforceofin the missile,using phase-comparison tech-
attraction or repulsion exerted by one chargedniques,Derived from correlated orientation
particle on another,in accordance with Cou-tracking and range,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉvertstrokeinferiorta¨r}
lomb’s law,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨m vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }cotat [ENG] A trajectory-measuring system us-
Coulombfriction [MECH] Frictionoccurringbe-ing several antenna base lines,each separated
tween dry surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨m vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}by large distances,to measure direction cosines
Coulomb interactions [ELEC] Interactions of
to an object; then the object’s space position is
charged particles associated with the Coulomb
computedbytriangulation.Derivedfromcorrela-
forces they exert on one another,Also known
tion tracking and triangulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkoˉvertstrokeinferiortat }
as electrostatic interactions,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨minH11080
cotter [DES ENG] A tapered piece that can be
t?rvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?nz }
driven in a tapered hole to hold together an
coulombmeter [ENG] Aninstrumentthatmeas-
assembly of machine or structural parts.
ures quantity of electricity in coulombs by integ-
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨dH11080?r}
rating a stored charge in a circuit which has very
cottered joint [MECH ENG] A joint in which a
high input impedance,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨mvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
cotter,usually a flat bar tapered on one side to
Coulomb potential [ELEC] A scalar point func-
ensure a tight fit,transmits power by shear on
tion equal to the work per unit charge done
an area at right angles to its length,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨dH11080
againsttheCoulombforceintransferringaparti-
rd vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
cle bearing an infinitesimal positive charge from
cotter pin [DES ENG] A split pin,inserted into
infinity to a point in the field of a specific charge
a hole,to hold a nut or cotter securely to a bolt
distribution,{ ku¨vertstrokesuperiorla¨mp?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}
orshaft,ortoholdapairofhingeplatestogether.
Coulomb repulsion [ELEC] The electrostatic
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpin }
force of repulsion exerted by one charged parti-
Cottonbalance [ENG] A device which employs
cleon anothercharged particleofthe samesign.
a current-carrying conductor of special shape to
Also knownas electrostatic repulsion,{ ku¨vertstrokesuperiorla¨m
determine the strength of a magnetic field.
rivertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨tH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
Coulomb’s law [ELEC] The law that the at-
Cottrell precipitator [ENG] A machine for re-
traction or repulsion between two electric
movingdusts andmists fromgases,in whichthe
charges acts along the line between them,is
gas passes through a grounded pipe with a fine
proportional to the product of their magnitudes,
axial wire at a high negative voltage,and parti-
and is inversely proportional to the square of
cles are ionized by the corona discharge of the
the distance between them,Also known as law
wire and migrate to the pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨H11080tr?lpr?vertstrokesuperiorsipH11080
of electrostatic attraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokesuperiorla¨mz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
Coulomb’s theorem [ELEC] The proposition
Couette viscometer [ENG] A viscometer in
that the intensity of an electric field near the
which the liquid whose viscosity is to be meas-
surface of a conductor is equal to the surface
ured fills the space between two vertical coaxial
charge density on the nearby conductor surface
cylinders,the inner one suspended by a torsion
divided by the absolute permittivity of the sur-
wire; the outer cylinder is rotated at a constant
rounding medium,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨mz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
rate,and the resulting torque on the inner cylin-
count [DES ENG] The number of openings per
der is measured by the twist of the wire,Also
linear inch in a wire cloth,{ kau˙nt }
known as rotational viscometer,{ ku¨vertstrokesuperioret vis
countdown [ENG] A step-by-step process that
vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
culminates in a climatic event,each step being
coul See coulomb.
performedinaccordancewithaschedulemarked
coulisse [ENG] A piece of wood that has a
by a count in inverse numerical order.
groove cut in it to enable another piece of wood
{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
to slide in it,Also known as cullis,{ ku¨vertstrokesuperiorleˉs}
counter [ELECTR] See scaler,[ENG] A com-
coulomb [ELEC] A unit of electric charge,de-
plete instrument for detecting,totalizing,and
fined as the amount of electric charge that
indicating a sequence of events,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
crosses a surface in 1 second when a steady
counterbalance See counterweight,{ |kau˙ntH11080
current of 1 absolute ampere is flowing across
r|balH11080?ns }
thesurface;thisistheabsolutecoulombandhas
counterbalanced truck [MECH ENG] An indus-
been the legal standard of quantity of electricity
trialtruckconfiguredsothatallofitsloadduring
since 1950; the previous standard was the inter- a normal transporting operation is external to
national coulomb,equal to 0.999835 absolute the polygon formed by the points where the
coulomb,Abbreviated coul,Symbolized C,wheels contact the surface,{ |kau˙nH11080t?r|balH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨m}?nst vertstrokesuperiortr?k}
Coulomb attraction [ELEC] The electrostatic counterbalancesystemSeetwo-stepgrooving sys-
force of attraction exerted by one charged parti- tem,{ |kau˙ntH11080?r|balH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
cle on another charged particle of opposite sign,counterblow hammer [MECH ENG] A forging
Also known as electrostatic attraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨ hammer in which the ram and anvil are driven
vertstrokeinferiorla¨m?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n} toward each other by compressed air or steam.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorbloˉ vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}Coulombfield [ELEC] The electric field created
131
counterbore
counterbore [DES ENG] A flat-bottom enlarge- that is driven by a main shaft and from which
power is supplied to a machine part.mentofthemouthofacylindricalboretoenlarge
a borehole and give it a flat bottom,[ENG] To { vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorshaft }
countersink [DES ENG] The tapered and re-enlarge a borehole by means of a counterbore.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorbo˙r } lieved cutting portion in a twist drill,situated
between the pilot drill and the body.counter circuit See counting circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t} {vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorsi?k}
countersinking [MECH ENG] Drilling operationcountercurrentdistribution [CHEMENG] A pro-
file of a compound’s concentration in different to form a flaring depression around the rim of
a hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorsi?kH11080i? }ratios of two immiscible liquids,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080
rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt disH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n} countersunk bolt [DES ENG] A bolt that has a
circular head,a flat top,and a conical bearingcountercurrent extraction [CHEM ENG] A liq-
uid-liquid extraction process in which the sol- surface tapering in from the top; in place,the
head is flush-mounted,{ |ka¨unH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorsk vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt }ventandtheprocessstreamincontactwitheach
other flow in opposite directions,Also known counterweight [MECH ENG] 1,A device which
counterbalances the original load in elevatorsas countercurrent separation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080
nt vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n } and skip and mine hoists,going up when the
load goes down,so that the engine must onlycountercurrent flow [MECH ENG] A sensible
heat-transfer system in which the two fluids flow driveagainsttheunbalancedloadandovercome
friction,2,Any weight placed on a mechanismin opposite directions,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
countercurrent leaching [CHEM ENG] A proc- which is out of balance so as to maintain static
equilibrium,Also known as counterbalance;ess utilizing a series of leach tanks and counter-
current flow of solvent through them in reverse counterpoise,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
countingcircuit [ELECTR] A circuit that countsorder to the flow of solid,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt
vertstrokesuperiorleˉchH11080i? } pulses by frequency-dividing techniques,by
charging a capacitor in such a way as to producecountercurrent separation See countercurrent ex-
traction,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n } a voltage proportional to the pulse count,or by
other means,Also known as counter circuit.countercurrent spray dryer [ENG] A dryer in
which drying gases flow in a direction opposite { vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
couplant [ENG] A substance such as water,oil,to that of the spray,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ
vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r } grease,or paste used to avoid the retarding of
sound transmission by air between the trans-counterfloor See subfloor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙nH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorflo˙r}
counterflow [ENG] Fluid flow in opposite direc- ducerandthetestpieceduringultrasonicexami-
nation,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?nt }tions in adjacent parts of an apparatus,as in a
heat exchanger,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ } couple [ELEC] To connect two circuits so sig-
nals are transferred from one to the other.counterfort [CIV ENG] A strengthening pier per-
pendicular and bonded to a retaining wall,[ELECTR] Two metals placed in contact,as in a
thermocouple,[ENG] To connect with a cou-{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rt }
counterfort wall [CIV ENG] A type of retaining pling,such as of two belts or two pipes.
[MECH] A system of two parallel forces of equalwall that resembles a cantilever wall but has
bracesattheback;thetoeslabisacantileverand magnitude and opposite sense,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?l}
coupled circuits [ELEC] Two or more electricthe main steel is placed horizontally,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080
rvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l } circuitssoarrangedthatenergycantransferelec-
trically or magnetically from one to another.counter/frequencymeter [ENG] An instrument
that contains a frequency standard and can be { vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?ts }
coupledengine [MECH ENG] A locomotive en-used to measure the number of events or the
number of cycles of a periodic quantity that oc- gine having the driving wheels connected by a
rod,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}curs in a specified time,or the time between two
events,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} coupled oscillators [MECH] A set of particles
subject to elastic restoring forces and also tocounterlath [BUILD] 1,A strip placed between
tworafterstosupport crosswiselaths,2.Alath elastic interactions with each other,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?ld
vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?rz }placed between a timber and a sheet lath.
3.Alathnailedatamoreorlessrandomspacing coupler [ELEC] A component used to transfer
energy from one circuit to another,[ENG] Abetween two precisely spaced laths,4,A lath
put on one side of a partition after the other device that connects two railroad cars,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080
l?r}side has been finished,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorlath }
counterpoise [ELEC] A system of wires or other coupling [ELEC] 1,A mutual relation between
two circuits that permits energy transfer fromconductors that is elevated above and insulated
from the ground to form a lower system of con- one to another,through a wire,resistor,trans-
former,capacitor,or other device,2,A hard-ductorsforanantenna,Alsoknownasantenna
counterpoise,[MECH ENG] See counter- ware device used to make a temporary connec-
tion between two wires,[ENG] 1,Any deviceweight,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpo˙iz }
counterpoise method See substitution weighing,thatservestoconnecttheendsofadjacentparts,
as railroad cars,2,A metal collar with internal{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙nH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorpo˙iz vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
countershaft [MECH ENG] A secondary shaft threadsusedtoconnecttwosectionsofthreaded
132
crankthrow
pipe,[MECH ENG] The mechanical fastening withahorizontaldeckcarryingtracksfortransfer-
ring railroad cars to and from boats at differentthatconnectsshaftstogetherforpowertransmis-
sion,Also known as shaft coupling,{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080 water elevations,[ENG] A framework or other
resting place for supporting or restraining ob-li? }
coupling capacitor [ELECTR] A capacitor used jects,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉdH11080?l}
cramp [DES ENG] A metal plate with bent endsto block the flow of direct current while allowing
alternatingor signalcurrenttopass; widelyused used to hold blocks together,{ kramp }
crampon [DES ENG] A device for holding heavyfor joining two circuits or stages,Also known
as blocking capacitor; stopping capacitor,objects such as rock or lumber to be lifted by a
crane or hoist; shaped like scissors,with points{ vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
coupon [CHEM ENG] Polished metal strip of bent inward for grasping the load,Also spelled
crampoon,{ vertstrokesuperiorkramvertstrokeinferiorpa¨n}specified size and weight used to detect the cor-
rosive action of liquid or gas products or to test crampoon See crampon,{ vertstrokesuperiorkramvertstrokeinferiorpu¨n}
crane [MECH ENG] A hoisting machine with athe efficiency of corrosion-inhibitor additives.
Also known as corrosion coupon,{ vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorpa¨n } power-operatedinclinedorhorizontalboomand
liftingtackleformovingloadsverticallyandhori-course [CIV ENG] A row of stone,block,or brick
of uniform height,{ ko˙rs } zontally,{ kraˉn}
cranehoist [MECH ENG] A mobile constructioncoursed rubble [CIV ENG] Masonry in which
rough stones are fitted into approximately level machine built principally for lifting loads by
means of cables and consisting of an undercar-courses,{ |ko˙rsd vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?l}
courseprogrammer [CONT SYS] An item which riage on which the unit moves,a cab or house
which envelopsthe main frame andcontains theinitiates and processes signals in a manner to
establish a vehicle in which it is installed along power units and controls,and a movable boom
over which the cables run,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist }one or more projected courses,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rs vertstrokesuperiorproˉ
vertstrokeinferiorgramH11080?r} crane hook [DES ENG] A hoisting fixture de-
signed to engage a ring or link of a lifting chain,coursing joint [CIV ENG] A mortar joint con-
necting two courses of brick or pebble,{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙rsH11080 or the pin of a shackle or cable socket.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}i?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
covering power [ENG] The degree to which a crane truck [MECH ENG] A crane with a jiblike
boom mounted on a truck,Also known as yardcoating obscures the underlying material.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?vH11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r } crane,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
crank [MECH ENG] A link in a mechanical link-coverplate [ENG] A pane of glass in a welding
helmet or goggles which protects the colored age or mechanism that can turn about a center
of rotation,{ kra?k}lens excluding harmful light rays from damage
by weld spatter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} crankangle [MECH ENG] 1,The angle between
acrankandsomereferencedirection,2.Specif-cowling [ENG] A metal cover that houses an
engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙H11080li? } ically,the angle between the crank of a slider
crank mechanism and a line from crankshaft tocoyotehole See gopher hole,{ vertstrokesuperiork?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉdH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
CPM See critical path method,the piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
crankarm [MECH ENG] The arm of a crankshaftCP propeller See controllable-pitch propeller.
{ |seˉ|peˉ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r } attached to a connecting rod and piston.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }CR See catalytic reforming.
crack [ENG] To open something slightly,for in- crankaxle [MECH ENG] 1,An axle containing a
crank,2,An axle bent at both ends so that itstance,a valve,{ krak }
cracked residue [CHEM ENG] The residue of can accommodate a large body with large
wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?l}fuel resulting from decomposition of hydrocar-
bons during thermal or catalytic cracking,crankcase [MECH ENG] The housing for the
crankshaft of an engine,where,in the case of an{ |krakt vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiordu¨ }
cracking [CHEM ENG] A process that is used to automobile,oil from hot engine parts is col-
lected and cooled before returning to the enginereduce the molecular weight of hydrocarbons by
breaking the molecular bonds by various ther- by a pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?kvertstrokeinferiorkaˉs}
crankcasebreatherSeebreatherpipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?H11080kaˉsmal,catalytic,or hydrocracking methods.
[ENG] Presence of relatively large cracks ex- vertstrokeinferiorbreˉthH11080?r}
crankpin [DES ENG] A cylindrical projection ontending into the interior of a structure,usually
produced by overstressing the structural mate- a crank which holds the connecting rod.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?kvertstrokeinferiorpin }rial,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
crackingcoil [CHEM ENG] Acoil used for crack- crank press [MECH ENG] A punch press that
applies power to the slide by means of a crank.ing heavy petroleum products,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
crackingstill [CHEMENG] Thefurnace,reaction { vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiorpres }
crankshaft [MECH ENG] The shaft about whichchamber,andfractionatorforthermalconversion
of heavier charging stock to gasoline,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080 a crank rotates,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?kvertstrokeinferiorshaft }
crankthrow [MECH ENG] 1,The web or arm ofi?vertstrokeinferiorstil }
cradle [CIV ENG] A structure that moves along acrank,2.Thedisplacementofacrankpinfrom
the crankshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiorthroˉ }an inclined track on a riverbank and is equipped
133
crankweb
crankweb [MECHENG] The arm of a crank con- period of time after release of load in a creep
test,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉprivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ }nectingthecrankshafttocrankpin,orconnecting
two adjacent crankpins,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra?k vertstrokeinferiorweb } creep rupture strength [MECH] The stress
which,at agiven temperature,willcause amate-crash bar [ENG] A bar that is installed on a
panic exit device located on a door and serves rial to rupture in a given time,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokesuperiorr?pH11080
ch?r vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }to unlock the door and,sometimes,to activate
an alarm,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrash vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} creep strength [MECH] The stress which,at a
given temperature,will result in a creep rate ofcrater [MECH ENG] A depression in the face of
a cutting tool worn down by chip contact,1% deformation within 100,000 hours,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp
vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉdH11080?r}
crawler [MECH ENG] 1.One of a pair of an end- creeptest [ENG] Any one of a number of meth-
ods of measuring creep,for example,by sub-lesschainofplatesdriven bysprocketsandused
instead of wheels by certain power shovels,trac- jecting a material to a constant stress or de-
forming it at a constant rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokeinferiortest }tors,bulldozers,drillingmachines,andsuch,asa
meansofpropulsion,2.Anymachinemounted cremonebolt [DES ENG] A fastening for double
doors or casement windows; employs verticalon such tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙H11080l?r}
crawler crane [MECH ENG] A self-propelled rods that move up and down to engage the top
and bottom of the frame,{ kr?vertstrokesuperiormoˉn vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }crane mounted on two endless tracks that re-
volve around wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn} crescentbeam [ENG] A beam bounded by arcs
having different centers of curvature,with thecrawlertractor [MECH ENG] A tractor that pro-
pelsitselfontwoendlesstracksrevolvingaround central section the largest,{ vertstrokesuperiorkresH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
crest [DES ENG] The top of a screw thread.wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080t?r}
crawlerwheel [MECH ENG] A wheel that drives { krest }
crest clearance [DES ENG] The clearance,in aa continuous metal belt,as on a crawler tractor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorweˉl } radial direction,between the crest of the thread
of a screw and the root of the thread with whichcrawl space [BUILD] 1,A shallow space in a
building which workers can enter to gain access the screw mates,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrest vertstrokeinferiorklirH11080?ns }
crestgate [CIV ENG] A gate in the spillway of ato pipes,wires,and equipment,2,A shallow
space located below the ground floor of a house dam which functions to maintain or change the
water level,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrest vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}and surrounded by the foundation wall.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙l vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs} crib [CIV ENG] The space between two succes-
sive ties along a railway track,[ENG] 1,Anycrazing [ENG] A network of fine cracks on or
under the surface of a material such as enamel,structure composed of a layer of timber or steel
joists laid on the ground,or two layers acrossglaze,metal,or plastic,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉzH11080i? }
creep [ELECTR] A slow change in a characteris- each other,to spread a load,2,Any structure
composed of frames of timber placed horizon-tic with time or usage,[ENG] The tendency of
wood to move while it is being cut,particularly tallyontopofeachothertoformawall,{ krib }
cricket [BUILD] A device that is used to divertwhen being mitered,[MECH] A time-depen-
dent strain of solids caused by stress,{ kreˉp } water at theintersections of roofs orat the inter-
section of a roof and chimney,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrikH11080?t}creepage [ELEC] The conduction of electricity
across the surface of a dielectric,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉH11080pij } crimp [ENG] 1,To cause something to become
wavy,crinkled,or warped,such as lumber.creep buckling [MECH] Buckling that may oc-
cur when a compressive load is maintained on 2.Topinchorpresstogether,especiallyatubular
or cylindrical shape,in order to seal or unite.a member over a long period,leading to creep
which eventually reduces the member’s bending { krimp }
crimp contact [ELEC] A contact whose backstiffness,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080li? }
creeper [ENG] A low platform on small casters portion is a hollow cylinder that will accept a
wire; after a bared wire is inserted,a swagingthat is used for back support and mobility when
a person works under a car,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉH11080p?r } tool is applied to crimp the contact metal firmly
againstthewire,Alsoknownassolderlesscon-creeperror [ENG] The error that occurs during
a mass determination with a digital analytical tact,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrimp vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }
crinal [MECH] A unit of force equal to 0.1 new-balance when a value is read,printed,or pro-
cessed before the display has reached its final ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉnH11080?l}
cripple [BUILD] A structural member,such as aposition,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
creep-feed grinding See creep grinding,{ |kreˉp stud above a window,that is cut less than full
length,{ vertstrokesuperiorkripH11080?l}vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
creep grinding [MECH ENG] A grinding opera- crith [MECH] A unit of mass,used for gases,
equal tothe mass of 1liter of hydrogenat stand-tion that uses slow feed rates and produces
heavystock removal,Alsoknown ascreep-feed ard pressure and temperature; it is found experi-
mentally to equal 8.9885 H11003 10
H110025
kilogram.grinding,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
creeplimit [MECH] Themaximumstressagiven { krith }
critical compression ratio [MECH ENG] Thematerial can withstand in a given time without
exceeding a specified quantity of creep,{ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp lowestcompressionratio whichallowscompres-
sion ignition of a specific fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?lvertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
creep recovery [MECH] Strain developed in a k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
134
crossed-fielddevice
critical density [CIV ENG] For a highway,the crocodile shears See lever shears,{ vertstrokesuperiorkra¨kH11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉl
density of traffic when the volume equals the vertstrokeinferiorshirz }
capacity,[THERMO] The density of a sub- cross axle [MECH ENG] 1,A shaft operated by
stance atthe liquid-vaporcritical point,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080 levers at its ends,2,An axle with cranks set at
H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ } 90H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorkro
˙s vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?l}
criticalexponent [THERMO] A parameter n that
crossbar [CIV ENG] In a grating,one of the con-
characterizes the temperature dependence of a
necting bars which extend across bearing bars,
thermodynamic property of a substance near its
usually perpendicular to them,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
critical point; the temperature dependence has
crossbar micrometer [ENG] An instrument
the form L50522T H11002 T
c
L50522
n
,where T is the temperature
consisting of two bars mounted perpendicular
and T
c
is the critical temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l
to each other in the focal plane of a telescope,
ikvertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080n?nt }
and inclined to the east-west path of stars by
critical humidity [CHEM ENG] The humidity of
45H11034; used to measure differences in right ascen-
a system’s atmosphere above which a crystal of
sion and declination of celestial objects.
a water-soluble salt will always become damp
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorba¨rm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
(absorb moisture from the atmosphere) and be-
crossbeam [BUILD] 1,Also known as trave.
low which it will always stay dry (release mois-
2,A horizontal beam,3,A beam that runs
ture to the atmosphere),{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?lyu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080
transversely to the center line of a structure.
dH11080eˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
critical isotherm [THERMO] A curve showing
cross-beltdrive [DES ENG] A belt drive having
the relationship between the pressure and vol-
parallel shafts rotating in opposite directions.
ume of a gas at its critical temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorbelt vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
H11080k?l vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorth?rm }
crossbolt [DES ENG] A lock bolt with two parts
criticalmoisturecontent [CHEMENG] Theaver-
which can be moved in opposite directions.
age moisture throughout a solid material being
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
dried,itsvaluebeingrelatedtodryingrate,thick-
crossbond [CIVENG] Amasonrybondinwhich
ness of material,and the factors that influence
a course of alternating lengthwise and endwise
the movement of moisture within the solid.
bricks (Flemish bond) alternates with a course
{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiormo˙isH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080tent }
of bricks laid lengthwise,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
critical path method [SYS ENG] A systematic
cross box [MECH ENG] A boxlike structure for
procedurefordetailedprojectplanningandcon-
the connection of circulating tubes to the longi-
trol,Abbreviated CPM,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpath
tudinal drum of a header-type boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
criticalpressure [THERMO] The pressure of the
crossbracing [BUILD] Boards which are nailed
liquid-vapor critical point,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
diagonally across studs or other boards so as to
r}
impart rigidity to a framework,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorbraˉsH11080i? }
critical slope [CIV ENG] The maximum angle
cross-correlationdetection See correlation detec-
with the horizontal at which a sloped bank of
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙ska¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?ndivertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
soil of a given height will remain undeformed
crosscut [ENG] A cut made through wood
without some form of support,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l
across the grain,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiork?t}
vertstrokesuperiorsloˉp}
crosscut file [DES ENG] A file with a rounded
critical speed [MECH ENG] The angular speed
edge on one side and a thin edge on the other;
at which a rotating shaft becomes dynamically
used to sharpen straight-sided saw teeth with
unstable with large lateral amplitudes,due to
round gullets,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiork?t vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
resonance with the natural frequencies of lateral
crosscutsaw [DES ENG] A type of saw for cut-
vibration of the shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd}
ting across the grain of the wood; designed with
critical vibration [MECH ENG] A vibration that
about eight teeth per inch,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiork?t vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
issignificantandharmfultoastructure,{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080
cross drum boiler [MECH ENG] A sectional
H11080k?lv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
header or box header type of boiler in which the
criticalweight [ENG] Inadrillingoperation,the
axis of the horizontal drum is perpendicular to
weight placed on a bit that will cause the drill
theaxisofthemainbankoftubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiordr?m
string to become resonant with the angular
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
speed at which the rotating shaft is operating.
crossed belt [MECH ENG] A pulley belt ar-
{ vertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}
ranged so that the sides cross,thereby making
CRlaw [ELEC] A law which states that when a
the pulleys rotate in opposite directions.
constant electromotive force is applied to a cir-
{ |kro˙st |belt }
cuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor con-
crossed-field amplifier [ELECTR] A forward-
nected in series,the time taken for the potential
wave,beam-type microwave amplifier that uses
onthe platesofthecapacitor toriseto anygiven
crossed-field interaction to achieve good phasefraction of its final value depends only on the
stability,highefficiency,highgain,andwideban-product of capacitance and resistance,{ |seˉ|a¨r
dwidth for most of the microwave spectrum.vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙st vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}crochetfile [DESENG] Athin,flat,round-edged
file that tapers to a point,{ kroˉvertstrokesuperiorshaˉ vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl} crossed-field device [ELECTR] Any instrument
135
crossed-needlemeter
whichusesthemotionofelectronsinperpendic- impedancebecomes appreciablecompared with
ular electric and magnetic fields to generate mi- driver impedance,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r disvertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}
crowaveradiation,eitherasanamplifieroroscil- crossover flange [ENG] Intermediate pipe
lator,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙st vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs} flange used to connect flanges of different work-
crossed-needle meter [ENG] A device con- ing pressures,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorflanj }
sisting of two pointer-type analog meters inside crossover frequency [ENG ACOUS] 1,The fre-
a single enclosure with pointer movements cen- quency at which a dividing network delivers
tered at different positions so that their point of equal power to the upper and lower frequency
crossing indicates the value of some function of
channels when both are terminated in specified
the two readings,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙st |neˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
loads,2,See transition frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080
cross-fade [ENG ACOUS] In dubbing,the over-
v?r vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
lapping of two sound tracks,wherein the outgo-
crossover network [ENG ACOUS] A selective
ingtrackfadesoutwhiletheincomingtrackfades
network used to divide the audio-frequency out-
in,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorfaˉd}
put of an amplifier into two or more bands of
cross-flow baffle [ENG] A type of baffle in a
frequencies,Also known as dividing network;
shell-and-tubeheatexchangerthatdirectsshell-
loudspeaker dividing network,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r
side fluid back and forth or up and down across
vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
the tubes,Also known as transverse baffle.
crossover spiral See lead-over groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorbafH11080?l}
v?r vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉH11080r?l}
crossfurringceiling [BUILD] A ceiling in which
crossover voltage [ELECTR] In a cathode-ray
furring members are attached perpendicular to
storage tube,the voltage of a secondary writing
the main runners or other structural members.
surface,with respect to cathode voltage,on
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorseˉlH11080i? }
which the secondary emission is unity.
cross hair [ENG] An inscribed line or a strand
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
of hair,wire,silk,or the like used in an optical
cross-peen hammer [ENG] A hammer with a
sight,transit,or similar instrument for accurate
wedge-shaped surface at one end of the head.
sighting,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorher }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorpeˉn vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
crosshaul [MECHENG] Adevicefor loadingob-
cross slide [MECH ENG] A part of a machine
jects onto vehicles,consisting of a chain that is
toolthatallowsthetoolcarriagetomoveatright
hooked on opposite sides of a vehicle,looped
angles to the main direction of travel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s
under the object,and connected to a power
vertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉd}
source and that rolls the object onto the vehi-
crosstalk See magnetic printing,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorto˙k}
cle,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorho˙l}
cross-thread [ENG] To screw together two
crosshead [MECH ENG] A block sliding be-
threaded pieces without aligning the threads
tween guides and containing a wrist pin for the
correctly,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorthred }
conversion of reciprocating to rotary motion,as
crosstie [ENG] A timber or metal sill placed
in an engine or compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorhed }
transversely under the rails of a railroad,tram-
crossing plates [CIV ENG] Plates placed be-
way,or mine-car track,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiort?ˉ }
tween a crossing and the ties to support the
cross turret [MECH ENG] A turret that moves
crossing and protect the ties,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙sH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉts }
horizontally and at right angles to the lathe
crosslap joint [BUILD] A joint in which two
guides,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080?t}
wood members cross each other; half the thick-
cross ventilation [ENG] The movement of air
ness of each is removed so that at the joint the
from one side of a building or room and out the
thickness is the same as that of the individual
other side or through a monitor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s vertstrokeinferiorventH11080
members,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferiorlap vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
lvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
cross-level [ENG] To level at an angle perpen-
crowbar [DES ENG] An iron or steel bar that is
dicular to the principal line of sight,{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙s
usually bent and has a wedge-shaped working
vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
end; used as a lever and for prying,[ELEC] A
crossover [CIV ENG] 1,An S-shaped section of
device or action that in effect places a high over-
railroad track joining two parallel tracks,2,A
loadontheactuatingelementofacircuitbreaker
connectionbetweentwopipesinthesamewater
or other protective device,thus triggering it.
supply system or a connection between two
{ vertstrokesuperiorkroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
water supply systems,[ELEC] A point at
crown [CIV ENG] 1,Center of a roadway ele-
which two conductors cross,with appropriate
vatedabovethesides,2.Inplumbing,thatpart
insulation between them to prevent contact.
of a trap where the direction of flow changes[ELECTR] The plane at which the cross section
fromupwardtohorizontalordownward,[ENG]of a beam of electrons in an electron gun is a
1,The part of a drill bit inset with diamonds.minimum,[ENG] Theportionofadrawworks’
2,The vertex of an arch or arched surface.drum containing grooves for angle control so
3,The top or dome of a furnace or kiln,4,Athe wire rope can cross over to begin a new
high spot forming on a tool joint shoulder aswrap,Also known as angle-control section.
the result of drill pipe wobbling,{ krau˙n}{ vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
crown post [BUILD] Any upright member of acrossover distortion [ELECTR] Amplitude dis-
roof truss assembly,such as a king post.tortion in a class B transistor power amplifier
whichoccursatlowvaluesofcurrent,wheninput { vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
136
crystalcartridge
crownsaw [DESENG] Asawconsistingofahol- designed to operate in digital cryogenic circuits,
low cylinder with teeth around its edge; used for such as a controlled-coupling transformer.
cutting round holes,Also known as hole saw,{ vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n vertstrokeinferiorso˙ } cryolectronics See cryoelectronics,{ |kr?ˉH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlek
crown sheet [MECH ENG] The structural ele- vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
ment which forms the top of a furnace in a fire- cryology [MECHENG] Thestudyoflow-temper-
tube boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n vertstrokeinferiorsheˉt} ature (approximately 200H11034R,or H11002160H11034C) refriger-
crownweir [CIV ENG] The highest point on the ation,{ kr?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080je
ˉ }
internal bottomsurface of the crownof a plumb-
cryometer [ENG] A thermometer for measuring
ing trap,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n vertstrokeinferiorwer }
low temperatures,{ kr?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
crownwheel [DES ENG] A gear that is light and
cryopreservation [ENG] Preservation of food,
crown-shaped,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
biologicals,andothermaterialsatextremelylow
crow’s nest [ENG] An elevated passageway for
temperatures,{ |kr?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorprezH11080?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
personnellocatedatthetopofaderrick,refinery,
cryosar [ELECTR] A cryogenic,two-terminal,
or similar installation,{ vertstrokesuperiorkroˉz vertstrokeinferiornest }
negative-resistance semiconductor device,con-
CRT See cathode-ray tube.
sisting essentially of two contacts on a germa-
crude assay [CHEM ENG] A procedure for de-
nium wafer operating in liquid helium,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉH11080
termining the general distillation characteristics
oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨r}
and other quality information of crude oil.
cryoscope [ENG] A device to determine the
{ |kru¨d vertstrokesuperiorasH11080aˉ }
freezing point of a liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
crude desalting [CHEM ENG] The washing of
cryosistor [ELECTR] A cryogenic semiconduc-
crudeoilwithwaterin ordertoremovematerials
tor device in which a reverse-biased pn junction
such as dirt,silt,and water-soluble minerals.
is used to control the ionization between two
{ vertstrokesuperiorkru¨ddeˉvertstrokesuperiorso˙ltH11080i? }
ohmic contacts,{ |kr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
crude material See raw material,{ vertstrokesuperiorkru¨dmevertstrokeinferiortirH11080
cryosorption pump [MECH ENG] A high-vac-
eˉH11080?l}
uum pump that employs a sorbent such as acti-
crude still [CHEM ENG] The distillation equip-
vated charcoal or synthetic zeolite cooled by ni-
mentinwhichcrudeoil isseparatedintovarious
trogen or some other refrigerant; used to reduce
products,{ vertstrokesuperiorkru¨d vertstrokeinferiorstil }
pressure from atmospheric pressure to a few
crusher [MECH ENG] A machine for crushing
millitorr,{ vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
rock and other bulk materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
cryostat [ENG] An apparatus used to provide
crush-forming [ENG] Shaping the face of a
low-temperature environments in which opera-
grinding wheel by forcing a rotating metal roll
tions maybe carried out undercontrolled condi-
into it,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?sh vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
crushing strain [MECH] Compression which
cryotron [ELECTR] A switch that operates at
causes the failure of a material,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080i?
very low temperatures at which its components
vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
are superconducting; when current is sent
crushing strength [MECH] The compressive
throughacontrolelementtoproduceamagnetic
stressrequiredtocauseasolidtofailbyfracture;
field,a gate element changes from a supercon-
in essence,it is the resistance of the solid to
ductive zero-resistance state to its normal re-
vertical pressure placed upon it,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080i?
sistive state,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
cryotronics [ELECTR] The branch of electronics
crushing test [ENG] A test of the suitability of
thatdealswiththedesign,construction,anduse
stone that might be mined for roads or building
of cryogenic devices,{ vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
use,{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortest }
cryptoclimate [ENG] The climate of a confined
cryochemprocess [CHEMENG] Afreeze-drying
space,such as inside a house,barn,or green-
technique involving conduction heat transfer to
house,or in an artificial or natural cave; a form
the frozen solid held on a metallic surface.
of microclimate,Also spelled kryptoclimate.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkr?ˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorkem vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
{ |kripH11080toˉvertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉH11080m?t}
cryoelectronics [ELECTR] A branch of electron-
crystal [ELECTR] A natural or synthetic piezo-
ics concerned with the study and application
electric or semiconductor material whose atoms
of superconductivity and other low-temperature
are arranged with some degree of geometric reg-
phenomena to electronic devices and systems.
ularity,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l}
Also known as cryolectronics,{ |kr?ˉH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlek
crystalactivity [ELECTR] A measure of the am-
vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
plitude of vibration of a piezoelectric crystalcryogenicengineering [ENG] A branch of engi-
plate under specified conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?lakneering specializing in technical operations at
vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }very low temperatures (about 200 to 400H11034R,or
crystalcalibrator [ELECTR] A crystal-controlledH11002160 to H1100250H11034C),{ vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080ik enH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
oscillator used as a reference standard to checkcryogenic gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope in
frequencies,{ |kristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r}which a spherical rotor of superconducting nio-
crystal cartridge [ENG ACOUS] A piezoelectricbium spins while in levitation at cryogenic tem-
unit used with a stylus in a phonograph pickupperatures,Also known as superconducting
to convert disk recordings into audio-frequencygyroscope,{ vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
cryogenictransformer [ELECTR] A transformer signals,or used with a diaphragm in a crystal
137
crystalcontrol
microphone to convert sound waves into af sig- both lengths rounded off to the nearest millime-
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}nals,{ |kristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiortrij }
CTC See centralized traffic control.crystal control [ELECTR] Control of the fre-
CTD recorder See salinity-temperature-depth re-quency of an oscillator by means of a quartz
corder,{ |seˉ|teˉ|deˉ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}crystal unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
C-tubebourdonelement [ENG] Hollow tube ofcrystalcurrent [ELECTR] The actual alternating
flexible (elastic) metal shaped like the arc of acurrent flowing through a crystal unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080
circle; changes in internal gas or liquid pressure?l vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt }
flexesthetubetoadegreerelatedtothepressure
crystal cutter [ENG ACOUS] A cutter in which
change; used to measure process-stream pres-
the mechanical displacements of the recording
sures,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiorbu˙rdH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
stylus are derived from the deformations of a
cu See cubic.
crystal having piezoelectric properties,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080
cubic [MECH] Denoting a unit of volume,so
l vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
that if x is a unit of length,a cubic x is the
crystal-diffraction spectrometer See Bragg spec-
volume of a cube whose sides have length 1x;
trometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?ldivertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?n spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080
for example,a cubic meter,or a meter cubed,is
dH11080?r}
the volume of a cube whose sides have a length
crystalheadphones [ENGACOUS] Headphones
of 1 meter,Abbreviated cu,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080bik }
using Rochelle salt or other crystal elements to
cubical dilation [MECH] The isotropic part of
convert audio-frequency signals into sound
the strain tensor describing the deformation of
waves,Also known as ceramic earphones.
an elastic solid,equal to the fractional increase
{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorfoˉnz }
in volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080b?H11080k?ldivertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
crystal holder [DES ENG] A housing designed
cubic boron nitride [MECH ENG] A synthetic
to provide proper support,mechanical protec-
material composed of boron and nitrogen (1:1)
tion,and connections for a quartz crystal plate.
that is almost as hard as diamond,used as a
{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhoˉlH11080d?r}
superabrasive powder and for cutting and grind-
crystalhydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A crystal mi-
ing applications,{ |kyu¨H11080bik|bo˙vertstrokeinferiorra¨n vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiortr?ˉd}
crophone that responds to waterborne sound
cubicfootperminute [MECH] A unit of volume
waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
flow rate,equal to a uniform flow of 1 cubic foot
crystallizer [CHEM ENG] Process vessel within
in 1 minute; equal to 1/60 cusec,Abbreviated
which dissolved solids in a supersaturated solu-
cfm,{ |kyu¨H11080bik |fu˙tp?r vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?t}
tion are forced out of solution by cooling or
cubic foot per second See cusec,{ |kyu¨H11080bik |fu˙t
evaporation,and then recovered as solid crys-
p?r vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd }
tals,{ vertstrokesuperiorkrisH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorlizH11080?r}
cubicle [BUILD] Any small,approximately
crystal loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A loud-
square room or compartment,[ENG] An en-
speaker in which movements of the diaphragm
closure for high-voltage equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080b?H11080
are produced by a piezoelectric crystal unit that
k?l}
twists or bends under the influence of the ap-
cubicmeasure [MECH] A unit or set of units to
plied audio-frequency signal voltage,Also
measure volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080bik vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?r}
known as piezoelectric loudspeaker,{ |kristH11080?l
cul-de-sac [CIV ENG] A dead-end street with a
vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
circular area for turning around,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorsak }
crystal microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
cull [CHEM ENG] In a plastics molding opera-
phone in which deformation of a piezoelectric
tion,material remaining in the transfer chamber
bar by the action of sound waves or mechanical
after the mold has been filled,{ k?l}
vibrations generatesthe outputvoltage between
cullet See collet,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?t}
thefacesofthebar,Alsoknownaspiezoelectric
cullis See coulisse,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?s}
microphone,{ |kristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
cultellation [ENG] Transferringasurveyedpoint
crystal oven [ENG] A temperature-controlled
from a high level (such as on overhang) to a
oven in which a crystal unit is operated to stabi-
lower level by dropping a marking pin,{ k?lH11080
lize its temperature and thereby minimize fre-
t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
quency drift,{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}
culvert [ENG] A covered channel or a large-di-
crystal pickup [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph
ameter pipe that takes a watercourse below
pickup in which movements of the needle in the
ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080v?rt }
record groove cause deformation of a piezoelec-
cumec [MECH] Aunit ofvolumeflow rateequal
tric crystal,thereby generating an audio-fre-
to 1 cubic meter per second,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨vertstrokeinferiormek }
quencyoutputvoltagebetweenoppositefacesof cumulative compound motor [MECH ENG] A
thecrystal,Alsoknownaspiezoelectricpickup,motor with operating characteristics between
{ |kristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p} those of the constant-speed (shunt-wound) and
crystal spectrometer See Bragg spectrometer,the variable-speed (series-wound) types.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080my?H11080l?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r}
C size [ENG] One of a series of sizes to which cumulative sum chart [IND ENG] A statistical
trimmed paper and board are manufactured; for control chart on which the cumulative sum of
size CN,with N equal to any integer,the length deviations is plotted over a period of time and
of the longer side is 2
3/8H11002N/2
meters,while the whichoftenhasaslidingV-shapedmaskforcom-
paring the plot with allowable limits,Alsolength of the shorter side is 2
1/8H11002N/2
meters,with
138
currentgain
known as cusum chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080my?H11080l?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiors?m period of time,Also known as seasoning.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080i? }vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
cup [DES ENG] A cylindrical part with only one curing time [ENG] Time interval between the
stopping of moving parts during thermoplasticsend open,[ENG] Alow spot forming ona tool
joint shoulder as a result of wobbling,{ k?p } moldingandthereleaseofmoldpressure,Also
known as molding time,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}cup anemometer [ENG] A rotation anemome-
ter,usuallyconsistingofthreeorfourhemispher- curling [MECHENG] Aformingprocessinwhich
the edge of a sheet-metal part is rolled over toicalorconicalcupsmountedwiththeirdiametral
planes vertical and distributed symmetrically produce a hollow tubular rim,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rlH11080i? }
curling dies [MECH ENG] A set of tools thatabout the axis of rotation; the rate of rotation
of the cups,which is a measure of the wind shape the ends of a piece of work into a form
with a circular cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉz}speed,is determined by a counter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?panH11080
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} curling machine [MECH ENG] A machine with
curling dies; used to curl the ends of cans.cupbarometer [ENG] Abarometerinwhichone
end of a graduated glass tube is immersed in { vertstrokesuperiork?rlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
current [ELEC] The net transfer of electrica cup,both cup and tube containing mercury.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?pb?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } chargeperunittime;aspecializationofthephys-
ics definition,Also known as electric current.cup-case thermometer [ENG] Total-immersion
type of thermometer with a cup container at the { vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt }
currentamplification [ELECTR] Theratioofout-bulb end to hold a specified amount and depth
ofthematerialwhosetemperatureistobemeas- put-signal current to input-signal current for an
electron tube,transistor,or magnetic amplifier,ured,{ vertstrokesuperiork?p vertstrokeinferiorkaˉsth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
cup electrometer [ENG] An electrometer that the multiplier section of a multiplier phototube,
or any other amplifying device; often expressedhas a metal cup attached to its plate so that a
charged body touching the inside of the cup in decibels by multiplying the common loga-
rithm of the ratio by 20,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt amH11080pl?H11080gives up its entire charge to the instrument.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?pivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
current amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier capa-curb [CIV ENG] A border of concrete or row of
joined stones forming part of a gutter along a ble of delivering considerably more signal cur-
rent than is fed in,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}street edge,{ k?rb }
curbweight [MECH ENG] The weight of a motor current attenuation [ELECTR] The ratio of in-
put-signal current for a transducer to the currentvehicleplusfuelandothercomponentsorequip-
mentnecessary forstandardoperation; doesnot in a specified load impedance connected to the
transducer; often expressed in decibels,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080include driver weight or payload,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rb vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
cure [CHEMENG] Seevulcanization,[ENG] A?nt?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}
current collector See charge collector,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?ntprocess by which concrete is kept moist for its
first week or month to provide enough water for k?vertstrokeinferiorlekH11080t?r}
current-controlledswitch [ELECTR] A semicon-the cement to harden,Also known as ma-
ture,{ kyu˙r } ductor device in which the controlling bias sets
the resistance at either a very high or very lowcuretime [CHEM ENG] The amount of time re-
quired for a rubber compound to reach maxi- value,corresponding tothe ‘‘off’’and ‘‘on’’condi-
tions of a switch,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld vertstrokesuperiorswich }mum viscosity or modulus at a given tempera-
ture,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm} current density [ELEC] The current per unit
cross-sectional area of a conductor; a specializa-Curle balance [ENG] An instrument for de-
termining the susceptibility of weakly magnetic tion of the physics definition,Also known as
electric current density,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }materials,in which the deflection produced by
astrongpermanentmagnetonasuspendedtube current drain [ELEC] The current taken from a
voltage source by a load,Also known as drain.containing the specimen is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns } { vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
current drogue [ENG] A current-measuring as-Curie principle [THERMO] The principle that a
macroscopic cause never has more elements of sembly consisting of a weighted current cross,
sail,or parachute,and an attached surface buoy.symmetry than the effect it produces; for exam-
ple,a scalar cause cannot produce a vectorial { vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiordroˉg}
current feedback [ELECTR] Feedback intro-effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
Curle scale of temperature [THERMO] A tem- ducedinserieswiththeinputcircuitofanampli-
fier,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }perature scale based on the susceptibility of a
paramagnetic substance,assuming that it obeys current feedback circuit [ELECTR] A circuit
used to eliminate effects of amplifier gain insta-Curie’s law; used at temperatures below about
1 kelvin,{ |kyu˙rH11080eˉ |skaˉl?v vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r } bility in an indirect-acting recording instrument,
in which the voltage input (error signal) to ancuring [CHEM ENG] A process in which poly-
mers or oligomers arechemically cross-linked to amplifieristhedifferencebetweenthemeasured
quantity and the voltage drop across a resistor.form polymer networks,[CIV ENG] A process
for bringing freshly placed concrete to required { vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
current gain [ELECTR] The fraction of the cur-strengthandqualitybymaintainingthehumidity
and temperature at specified levels for a given rentflowingintotheemitterofatransistorwhich
139
currentgenerator
flowsthroughthebaseregionandoutthecollec- (where moving liquid turns a small windmill-
type vane),but more rugged,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorfloˉtor,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}currentgenerator [ELECTR] A two-terminal cir-
cursor [DES ENG] A clear or amber-colored fil-cuit element whose terminal current is indepen-
ter that can be placed over a radar screen and
dent of the voltage between its terminals.
rotateduntilanetcheddiameterlineonthefilter
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
passes through a target echo; the bearing from
current intensity [ELEC] The magnitude of an
radar to target can then be read accurately on a
electric current,Also known as current
stationary 360H11034 scale surrounding the filter.
strength,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt invertstrokesuperiortenH11080 s?dH11080eˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080s?r}
currentlimiter [ELECTR] A device that restricts
curtainboard [BUILD] A fire-retardant partition
the flow of current to a certain amount,regard-
applied to a ceiling,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rtH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
less of applied voltage,Also known as demand
curtaincoating [CHEMENG] Amethodinwhich
limiter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
thesubstratetobecoatedwithlow-viscosityres-
currentline [ENG] Inmarineoperations,agrad-
insorsolutionsispassedthrough,andisperpen-
uated line attached to a current pole,used to
dicular to,a freely falling liquid curtain,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rtH11080
measure the speed of a current; as the pole
n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
moves away with the current,the speed of the
curtain wall [CIV ENG] An external wall that is
current isdetermined by theamount ofline paid
not load-bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rtH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
out in a specified time,Also known as log line.
curvedbeam [ENG] A beam bounded by circu-
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
lar arcs,{ |k?rvd vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}
current meter See ammeter; velocity-type flow-
curve resistance [MECH] The force opposing
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
the motion of a railway train along a track due
current mirror [ELECTR] An electronic circuit
to track curvature,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rvri vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
that generates,at a high-impedance output
curvetracer [ENG] An instrument that can pro-
node,an inflowing or outflowing current that is duce a display of one voltage or current as a
a scaled replica of an input current flowing into function of another voltage or current,with a
or out of a low-impedance input node,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080 third voltage or current as a parameter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rv
nt vertstrokeinferiormirH11080?r} vertstrokeinferiortraˉH11080s?r}
current-modefilter [ELECTR] An integrated-cir- curvilinear motion [MECH] Motion along a
curved path,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}cuit filterin which the signalsare represented by
cusec [MECH] A unit of volume flow rate,usedcurrent levels rather than voltage levels,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080
primarily to describe pumps,equal to a uniform?ntvertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
flow of 1 cubic foot in 1 second,Also knowncurrent-modelogic [ELECTR] Integrated-circuit
as cubic foot per second (cfs),{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨vertstrokeinferiorsek }logic in which transistors are paralleled so as to
cushiongas See blanket gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorku˙shH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorgas }
eliminate current hogging,Abbreviated CML.
custodialarea [BUILD] Areaofabuildingdesig-
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiormoˉd vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
nated for service and custodial personnel; in-
current noise [ELECTR] Electrical noise of un-
cludes rooms,closets,storage,toilets,and lock-
certain origin which isobserved in certain resist-
ers,{ k?vertstrokesuperiorstoˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
anceswhenadirectcurrentispresent,andwhich
custom millwork See architectural millwork.
increaseswiththesquareofthiscurrent,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiork?sH11080t?m vertstrokesuperiormilvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
nt vertstrokeinferiornoiz }
cusum chart See cumulative sum chart,{ |kyu¨
current pole [ENG] A pole used to determine
|s?m vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
the direction and speed of a current; the direc-
cut [CHEM ENG] A fraction obtained by a sepa-
tion is determined by the direction of motion of
ration process,{ k?t}
the pole,and the speed by the amount of an
cutandfill [CIV ENG] Construction of a road,a
attachedcurrentlinepaidoutinaspecifiedtime.
railway,or a canal which is partly embanked and
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
partly below ground,{ |k?t?n vertstrokesuperiorfil }
currentregulator [ELECTR] A device that main-
cutback [CHEM ENG] Blending of heavier oils
tains the output current of a voltage source at
with lighter ones to bring the heavier to desired
a predetermined,essentially constant value de-
specifications,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferiorbak }
spite changes in load impedance,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt
cut constraint [SYS ENG] A condition some-
vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
times imposed in an integer programming prob-
current saturation See anode saturation,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080
lemwhichexcludespartsofthefeasiblesolution
nt sachH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
space without excluding any integer points.
current source [ELECTR] An electronic circuit
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tk?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉnt }
that generates a constant direct current into or
cut-in [CONT SYS] A value of temperature or
out of a high-impedance output node,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080
pressure at which a control circuit closes.
nt vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs }
[ELEC] An electrical device that allows current
current strength See current intensity,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rH11080?nt
to flow through an electric circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiorin }
vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth } cutmethods [SYS ENG] Methods of solving in-
current-typeflowmeter [ENG] Amechanicalde- teger programming problems that employ cut
vice to measure liquid velocity in open and constraints derived from the original problem.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?ds }closedchannels;similartothevaneanemometer
140
cuttingin
cutnail [DES ENG] A flat,tapered nail sheared to reduce seepage,Also known as core wall.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}from steel plate; it has greater holding power
cutoffwheel [MECH ENG] A thin wheel impreg-than a wire nail and is generally used for fasten-
nated with an abrasive used for severing or cut-ing flooring,{ vertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
ting slots in a material or part,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}cutoff [CIV ENG] 1,A channel constructed to
cut-out [CONT SYS] A value of temperature orstraighten a stream or to bypass large bends,
pressure at which a control circuit opens.thereby relieving an area normally subjected to
{ vertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiorau˙t}flooding or channel erosion,2,An imperme-
cutout angle [ELECTR] The phase angle at
able wall,collar,or other structure placed be-
whicha semiconductordiode ceasesto conduct;
neaththebaseorwithin theabutmentsofadam
it is slightly less than 180H11034 because the diode
to prevent or reduce losses by seepage along
requires some forward bias to conduct.
otherwise smooth surfaces or through porous
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
strata,[ELECTR] 1,The minimum value of
cutover [ENG] 1,To place equipment in active
bias voltage,for a given combination of supply
use,2,The time when testing of equipment is
voltages,that just stops output current in an
completed and regular usage begins,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080
electron tube,transistor,or other active device.
v?r}
2,See cutoff frequency,[ENG] 1,A misfire in
cutpoint [CHEM ENG] The boiling-temperature
a round of shots because of severance of fuse
divisionbetweencutsofacrudeoilorbasestock.
owingtorockshearasadjacentchargesexplode.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
2,The line on a plastic object formed by the
cutscore [ENG] A knife used in die-cutting
meeting of the two halves of a compression
processes,designed to cut just partway into the
mold,Also known as flash groove; pinch-off.
paper or board so that it can be folded.
[MECH ENG] 1,The shutting off of the working
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferiorsko˙r}
fluidtoanenginecylinder,2.Thetimerequired
cutter [ENG ACOUS] An electromagnetic or pi-
for this process,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
ezoelectric device that converts an electric input
cutoff bias [ELECTR] The direct-current bias
to a mechanical output,used to drive the stylus
voltage that must be applied to the grid of an
that cuts a wavy groove in the highly polished
electron tube to stop the flow of anode current.
wax surface of a recording disk,Also known as
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080?s}
cutting head; head; phonograph cutter; re-
cutofffrequency [ELECTR] Afrequencyatwhich
cording head,[MECH ENG] See cutting tool.
the attenuation of a device begins to increase
{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
sharply,such as the limiting frequency below
cutter bar [MECH ENG] The bar that supports
which a traveling wave in a given mode cannot
the cutting tool in a lathe or other machine.
be maintained in a waveguide,or the frequency
{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
above which an electron tube loses efficiency
cutter compensation [CONT SYS] The process
rapidly,Also known as critical frequency; cut-
of taking into account the difference in radius
off,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
between a cutting tool and a programmed nu-
cutofflimiting [ELECTR] Limiting the maximum
merical control operation in order to achieve
output voltage of a vacuum tube circuit by driv-
accuracy,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
ing the grid beyond cutoff,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?dH11080i? }
cutterhead [MECH ENG] A device on a machine
cutoffpoint [MECH ENG] 1,The point at which
tool for holding a cutting tool,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorhed }
there is a transition from spiral flow in the hous-
cutter sweep [MECH ENG] The section that is
ing of a centrifugal fan to straight-line flow in
cut off or eradicated by the milling cutter or
the connected duct,2,The point on the stroke
grinding wheel in entering or leaving the flute.
of a steam engine where admission of steam is
{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsweˉp}
stopped,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
cutting angle [MECH ENG] The angle that the
cutofftool [MECH ENG] A tool used on bar-type
cuttingfaceofatoolmakeswiththeworksurface
lathes to separate the finished piece from the
back of the tool,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
bar stock,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
cutting down [MECH ENG] Removing surface
cutofftrench [CIV ENG] Atrench which is below
roughnessorirregularitiesfrommetalbytheuse
the foundation baseline of a damor other struc-
of an abrasive,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokesuperiordau˙n}
ture and is filled with an impervious material,
cutting drilling [MECH ENG] A rotary drilling
such as clay or concrete,to form a watertight
method in which drilling occurs through the ac-
barrier,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiortrench }
tion of the drill steel rotating while pressed
cutoff valve [MECH ENG] A valve used to stop against the rock,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
the flow of steam to the cylinder of a steam cuttingedge [DES ENG] 1.The point or edge of
engine,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorvalv } a diamond or other material set in a drill bit.
cutoff voltage [ELECTR] 1,The electrode volt- Also known as cutting point,2,The edge of
age value that reduces the dependent variable a lathe tool in contact with the work during a
of an electron-tube characteristic to a specified machining operation,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorej }
low value,2,See critical voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f cuttinghead See cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhed }
vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lH11080tij } cutting in [MECH ENG] An undesirable action
cutoff wall [CIV ENG] A thin,watertight wall of occurring during loose-drum spooling in which
a layer of wire rope spreads apart and formsclay or concrete built up from a cutoff trench
141
cutting-offmachine
grooves in which the next layer travels,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080 reformedgasconsistingof theconversionofcar-
bureted water-gas sets by installing a bed ofi?vertstrokesuperiorin }
nickel catalyst in the superheater and using thecutting-offmachine [MECH ENG] A machine for
carburetor as a combustion chamber and proc-cutting off metal bars and shapes; includes the
ess steam superheater,Abbreviated CCR proc-lathe type using single-point cutoff tools,and
ess,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080lik |ka¨dH11080?|lidH11080ik rivertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080mi?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}several types of saws,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferioro˙fm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
cycliccoordinate [MECH] Ageneralizedcoordi-cutting pliers [DES ENG] Pliers with cutting
nate on which the Lagrangian of a system doesblades on the jaws,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?rz }
not depend explicitly,Also known as ignorable
cuttingpoint See cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
coordinate,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080lik koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?t}
cuttingratio [ENG] As applied to metal cutting,
cyclicelement [IND ENG] An element of an op-
the ratio of depth of cut to chip thickness for a
eration or process that occurs in each of its cy-
given shear angle,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
cles,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080lik vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
cuttingrule [ENG] A sharp steel rule used in a
cyclic testing [ENG] The repeated testing of a
machine for cuttingpaper or cardboard,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080
device or system at regular intervals to be as-
i?vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
sured of its reliability,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080lik vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i? }
cutting speed [MECH ENG] The speed of rela-
cyclictrain [MECH ENG] A set of gears,such as
tive motion between the tool and workpiece in
an epicyclic gear system,in which one or more
the main direction of cutting,Also known as
of the gear axes rotates around a fixed axis.
feed rate; peripheral speed,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080lik vertstrokesuperiortraˉn}
cutting stylus [ENG ACOUS] A recording stylus
cycling [CHEM ENG] A series of operations in
with a sharpened tip that removes material to
petroleum refining or natural-gas processing in
produce a groove in the recording medium.
which the steps are repeated periodically in
{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorst?ˉH11080l?s}
the same sequence,[CONT SYS] A periodic
cuttingtip [ENG] The end of the snout of a cut-
change of the controlled variable from one value
ting torch from which gas flows,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortip }
to another in an automatic control system.
cuttingtool [MECH ENG] The part of a machine
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080li? }
tool which comes into contact with and removes
cyclograph [ENG] An electronic instrument
material from the workpiece by the use of a cut-
that produces on a cathode-ray screen a pattern
ting medium,Also known as cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080
which changes in shape according to core hard-
i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
ness,carboncontent,casedepth,andothermet-
cuttingtorch [ENG] A torchthatpreheatsmetal
allurgical properties of a test sample of steel
while the surface is rapidly oxidized by a jet of
inserted in a sensing coil,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080kl?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
oxygen issuing through the flame from an addi-
cycloidal gear teeth [DES ENG] Gear teeth
tional feed line,{ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
whoseprofileisformedbythetraceofapointon
cutwater [CIV ENG] A sharp-edged structure
acirclerollingwithoutslippageontheoutsideor
built around a bridge pier to protect it from the
inside of the pitch circle of a gear; now used
flow of water and material carried by the water.
only for clockwork and timer gears,{ s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorklo˙idH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiork?tvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
l vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorteˉth }
cybernation [INDENG] The use ofcomputers in
cycloidal pendulum [MECH] A modification of
connectionwithautomation,{ s?ˉH11080b?rvertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
a simple pendulum in which a weight is sus-
cycle [ENG] To run a machine through a single
pended from a cord which is slung between two
complete operation,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l}
pieces of metal shaped in the form of cycloids;
cyclegraph technique [IND ENG] Recording a
as the bob swings,the cord wraps and unwraps
brief work cycle by attaching small lights to vari-
on the cycloids; the pendulum has a period that
ouspartsofaworkerandthenexposingthework
is independent of the amplitude of the swing.
motions on a still-film time plate; motion will
{s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorklo˙idH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
appear on the plate as superimposed streaks of
cyclone [CHEM ENG] A static reaction vessel in
light constituting a cyclegraph,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080kl?vertstrokeinferiorgraf
which fluids under pressure form a vortex.
vertstrokeinferiortekvertstrokeinferiorneˉk}
[MECH ENG] Any cone-shaped air-cleaning ap-
cycle plant [CHEM ENG] A plant in which the
paratus operated by centrifugal separation that
liquid hydrocarbons are removed from natural
is used in particle collecting and fine grinding
gas and then the gas is put back into the earth
operations,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn}
to maintain pressure in the oil reservoir,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080
cyclonecellar [CIV ENG] An underground shel-
k?l vertstrokeinferiorplant }
ter,often built in areas frequented by tornadoes.
cycleskip See skip logging,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorskip } Also known as storm cellar; tornado cellar.
cycle stock [CHEM ENG] The unfinished prod- { vertstrokesuperiors?
ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn vertstrokeinferiorselH11080?r}
uct taken from a stage of a refinery process and cycloneclassifierSeecycloneseparator,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn
recharged to the process at an earlier stage in vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
the operation,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsta¨k} cyclone furnace [ENG] A water-cooled,hori-
cycle timer [ELECTR] A timer that opens or zontal cylinder in which fuel is fired cyclonically
closes circuits according to a predetermined and heat is released at extremely high rates.
schedule,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiors?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
cyclic catalytic reforming process [CHEM cyclone separator [MECH ENG] A funnel-
shaped device for removing particles from air orENG] A method for the production of low-Btu
142
cylindricalgrinder
other fluids by centrifugal means; used to re- to close the end of the piston chamber of a
reciprocating engine,pump,or compressor.move dust from air or other fluids,steam from
{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorhed }water,andwaterfromsteam,andincertainappli-
cylinder liner [MECH ENG] A separate cylindri-cations to separate particles into two or more
cal sleeve inserted in an engine block whichsize classes,Also known as cyclone classifier.
serves as the cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
cylinder machine [ENG] A paper-making ma-
cylinder [CIV ENG] 1.A steel tube 10–60 inches
chineconsistingofoneoraseriesofrotarycylin-
(25–152 centimeters) in diameter with a wall at
drical filters on which wet paper sheets are
least 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) thick that is driven
formed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?rm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
into bedrock,excavated inside,filled with con-
cylindricalcam [MECHENG] Acam mechanism
crete,and used as a pile foundation,2,A
in which the cam follower undergoes transla-
domed,closed tank for storing hot water to be
tional motion parallel to the camshaft as a roller
drawnoffattaps,Alsoknownasstoragecalori-
attached to it rolls in a groove in a circular cylin-
fier,[ENG] 1,A container used to hold and
der concentric with the camshaft,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080dr?H11080
transport compressed gas for various pressur-
k?l vertstrokesuperiorkam }
ized applications,2,The piston chamber in a
cylindrical-coordinate robot [CONT SYS] A ro-
pumpfromwhichtheliquidisexpelled,[MECH
bot in which the degrees of freedom of the ma-
ENG] See engine cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}
nipulator arm are defined chiefly by cylindrical
cylinder actuator [MECH ENG] A device that
coordinates,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080dr?H11080k?lkoˉ|oˉrdH11080?nH11080?t
converts hydraulic power into useful mechanical
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
work bymeans of atight-fitting pistonmoving in
cylindrical cutter [DES ENG] Any cutting tool
a closed cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
with a cylindrical shape,such as a milling cutter.
cylinder block [DES ENG] The metal casting
{s?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080dr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
comprising the piston chambers of a multicylin-
cylindrical grinder [MECH ENG] A machine for
derinternalcombustionengine,Alsoknownas
doing work on the peripheries or shoulders of
block; engine block,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
workpieces composed of concentric cylindrical
cylinderbore [DES ENG] The internal diameter or conical shapes,in which a rotating grinding
of the tube in which the piston of an engine or wheel cuts a workpiece rotated from a power
pump moves,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙r} headstockand carriedpast thefaceof thewheel.
{s?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080dr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080?r}cylinderhead [MECH ENG] The cap that serves
143
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D
dampener [ENG] A device for damping springdac See digital-to-analog converter.
oscillations after abrupt removal or applicationdado head [MECH ENG] A machine consisting
of a load,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080p?H11080n?r}of two circular saws with one or more chippers
damper [ELECTR] A diode used in the horizon-in between; used for cutting flat-bottomed
tal deflection circuit of a television receiver togrooves in wood,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080doˉ vertstrokeinferiorhed }
make the sawtooth deflection current decreasedado joint [BUILD] A joint made by fitting the
smoothly to zero instead of oscillating at zero;fullthicknessoftheedgeortheendofoneboard
the diode conducts each time the polarity is re-into a corresponding groove in another board.
versed by a current swing below zero,[MECHAlso known as housed joint,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiordoˉ vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
ENG] A valve or movable plate for regulatingdado plane [DES ENG] A narrow plane for cut-
the flow of air or the draft in a stove,furnace,orting flat grooves in woodwork,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080doˉ vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
fireplace,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080p?r}Dahlin’salgorithm [CONT SYS] A digital control
damperloss [ENG] Thereductioninrateofflowalgorithm in which the requirement of minimum
or of pressure of gas across a damper,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080response timeused in the deadbeatalgorithm is
p?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}relaxedtoreduceringinginthesystemresponse.
damper pedal [ENG] A pedal that controls the{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨H11080l?nz vertstrokeinferioralH11080g?vertstrokeinferiorrithH11080?m}
damping of piano strings,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpedH11080?l}d’Alembert’s principle [MECH] The principle
damping [ENG] Reducing or eliminating rever-that the resultant of the external forces and the
beration in a room by placing sound-absorbingkinetic reaction acting on a body equals zero.
materials on the walls and ceiling,Also known{ |dalH11080?m|b?rz vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
as soundproofing,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi? }Dalltube [MECH ENG] Fluid-flow measurement
dampingcapacity [MECH] A material’s capabil-device,similar to a venturi tube,inserted as a
ity in absorbing vibrations,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080sectionofafluid-carryingpipe;flowrateismeas-
dH11080eˉ }ured by pressure drop across a restricted throat.
damping coefficient See resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi?{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙l vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }Dalton’s temperature scale [THERMO] A scale
damping constant See resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi?for measuring temperature such that the abso-
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }lute temperature T is given in terms of the tem-
damping resistor [ELEC] 1,A resistor that isperature on the Dalton scale H9270 by T H11005
placed across a parallel resonant circuit or in273.15(373.15/273.15)
H9270/100
.{vertstrokesuperiordo˙lH11080t?nz vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080
series with a series resonant circuit to decreasech?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
the Q factor and thereby eliminate ringing.dam [CIV ENG] 1,A barrier constructed to ob-
2.A noninductive resistor placed across an ana-struct the flow of a watercourse,2,A pair of
log meter to increase damping,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi?cast-steel plates with interlocking fingers built
rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}over an expansion joint in the road surface of a
dancingstepSeebalanced step,{ |danH11080si? |step }bridge,{ dam }
dancing winder See balanced step,{ |danH11080si?damagetolerance [ENG] The ability of a struc-
|w?ˉnH11080d?r}ture tomaintain its load-carryingcapability after
Danckwertsmodel [CHEMENG] Theoryappliedexposure to a sudden increase in load,{ vertstrokesuperiordamH11080
ij vertstrokeinferiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns } to liquid flow across packing in a liquid-gas ab-
sorption tower; allows for liquid eddies thatdamaging stress [MECH] The minimum unit
stressforagivenmaterialandusethatwillcause bring fresh liquid from the interior of the liquid
body to the surface,thus contacting the gas indamage to the member and make it unfit for its
expected length of service,{ |damH11080?H11080ji?vertstrokesuperiorstres } the column,{ vertstrokesuperiorda?kH11080verts vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?l}
dandy roll [MECH ENG] A roll in a Fourdrinierdamp [ENG] To reduce the fire in a boiler or a
furnacebyputtingalayerofdampcoalsorashes paper-making machine; used to compact the
sheet and sometimes to imprint a watermark.on the fire bed,{ damp }
damp course [CIV ENG] A layer of impervious { vertstrokesuperiordanH11080deˉ vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
Daniell hygrometer [ENG] An instrument formaterialplaced horizontallyinawall tokeepout
water,{ |damp vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs } measuring dew point; dew forms on the surface
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
Danjonprismaticastrolabe
of a bulb containing ether which is cooled by step-up or step-down transformer and rectifier.
evaporation into another bulb,the second bulb { |deˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ tu¨ |deˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
being cooled by the evaporation of ether on its Deacon process [CHEM ENG] A method of
outer surface,{ vertstrokesuperiordanH11080y?lh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} chlorine production by passing a hot mixture of
Danjonprismaticastrolabe [ENG] A type of as- gaseous hydrochloric acid with oxygen over a
trolabe in which a Wollaston prism just inside
cuprous chloride catalyst,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉkH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
the focus of the telescope converts converging
dead-airspace [BUILD] Asealedairspace,such
beams of light into parallel beams,permitting a
as in a hollow wall,{ |ded vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
greatincreaseinaccuracy,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨nH11080y?nprizvertstrokesuperiormadH11080
deadarea See blind spot,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
ik vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉb}
dead axle [MECH ENG] An axle that carries a
daraf [ELEC] The unit of elastance,equal to the
wheel but does not drive it,{ |ded vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}
reciprocal of 1 farad,{ vertstrokesuperiordavertstrokeinferiorraf }
deadband [ELEC] Theportionofapotentiome-
darby [ENG] A flat-surfaced tool for smoothing
ter element that is shortened by a tap; when the
plaster,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨rH11080beˉ }
wiper traverses this area,there is no change in
d’Arsonval galvanometer [ENG] A galvanome-
output,[ENG] The range of values of the
ter in which a light coil of wire,suspended from
measured variable to which an instrument will
thin copper or gold ribbons,rotates in the field
not effectively respond,Also known as dead
of a permanent magnet when current is carried
zone; neutral zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorband }
to it through the ribbons; the position of the
deadbeat [MECH] Comingtorestwithoutvibra-
coil is indicated by a mirror carried on it,which
tionoroscillation,aswhenthepointerofameter
reflects a light beam onto a fixed scale,Also
moves to a new position without overshooting.
known as light-beam galvanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordarsH11080
Also known as deadbeat response,{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorbeˉt}
nvertstrokeinferiorvo˙l galH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
deadbeat algorithm [CONT SYS] A digital con-
dashpot [MECH ENG] A device used to dampen
trolalgorithmwhichattemptstofollowset-point
and control a motion,in which an attached pis-
changes in minimum time,assuming that the
ton is loosely fitted to move slowly in a cylinder
controlled process can be modeled approxi-
containing oil,{ vertstrokesuperiordashvertstrokeinferiorpa¨t}
mately as a first-order plus dead-time system.
datum [ENG] 1,A direction,level,or position
{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorbeˉt vertstrokesuperioralH11080g?vertstrokeinferiorrithH11080?m}
from which angles,heights,speeds or distances
deadbeat response See deadbeat,{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorbeˉt
are conveniently measured,2,Any numerical
rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns }
or geometric quantity or value that serves as a
deadblock [ENG] A device placed on the ends
base reference for other quantities or values
of railroad passenger cars to absorb the shock
(such as a point,line,or surface in relation to
of impacts,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
whichothers aredetermined),{ vertstrokesuperiordadH11080?m,vertstrokesuperiordaˉdH11080
deadbolt [DES ENG] A lock bolt that is moved
m,or vertstrokesuperiorda¨dH11080?m}
directly by the turning of a knob or key,not by
datumlevel See datum plane,{ vertstrokesuperiordadH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
spring action,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
datumplane [ENG] A permanently established
dead center [MECH ENG] 1,A position of a
horizontal plane,surface,or level to which
crank in which the turning force applied to it by
soundings,ground elevations,water surface ele-
theconnectingrodiszero;occurswhenthecrank
vations,andtidaldataarereferred,Alsoknown
and rod are in a straight line,2,A support for
as chart datum; datum level; reference level; ref-
the work on a lathe which does not turn with
erence plane,{ vertstrokesuperiordadH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
the work,{ |ded vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
daylight See daylight opening,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
dead-endtower [CIVENG] Antennaortransmis-
daylight controls [ENG] Special devices which
sion line tower designed to withstand unbal-
automatically control the electric power to the
anced mechanical pull from all the conductors
lamp,causing the light to operate during hours
in one direction together with the wind strain
of darkness and to be extinguished during day-
and vertical loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorend vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
light hours,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉtk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlz }
deadload See static load,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
daylighting [CIV ENG] To light an area with day-
deadlocking latch bolt See auxiliary dead latch.
light,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉdH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorla¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorlach vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
daylightopening [ENG] Thespacebetweentwo
deadman [CIV ENG] 1,A buried plate,wall,or
press platens when open,Also known as day-
block attached at some distance from and form-
light,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080p?nH11080i? }
ing an anchorage for a retaining wall,Also
daywage [INDENG] Afixed rateofpay pershift
known as anchorage; anchor block; anchor wall.
or per daily hours of work,irrespective of the
2,See anchor log,{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorman }
amount of work completed,{ vertstrokesuperiordaˉ vertstrokeinferiorwaˉj}
deadman’s brake [MECH ENG] An emergency
dc See direct current.
device that automatically is activated to stop a
dc-to-ac converter See inverter,{ |deˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ tu¨ |aˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ
vehicle when the driver removes his or her foot
k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
from the pedal,{ |dedvertstrokeinferiormanz vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}dc-to-ac inverter See inverter,{ |de
ˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ tu¨ |aˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉ
deadman’shandle [MECH ENG] A handle on ainvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
machine designed so that the operator mustdc-to-dcconverter [ELEC] An electronic circuit
continuously press on it in order to keep thewhich converts one direct-current voltage into
another,consisting of an inverter followed by a machine running,{ |dedvertstrokeinferiormanz vertstrokesuperiorhanH11080d?l}
146
deceleration
dead rail [CIV ENG] One of two rails on a rail- the fluorescence,or bloom,is removed from pe-
road weighing platform that permit an excessive troleum oils by exposing them in shallow tanks
load to leave the platform,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorraˉl} to the sun and atmospheric conditions or by
deadroom See anechoic chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorru¨m} using chemicals,{ de
ˉvertstrokesuperiorblu¨mH11080i? }
deadsheave [ENG] Agroovedwheelonacrown
Deborah number [MECH] A dimensionless
block over which the deadline is fastened.
numberusedinrheology,equaltotherelaxation
{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokesuperiorsheˉv}
time for some process divided by the time it is
dead space [THERMO] A space filled with gas
observed,Symbolized D.{d?vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
whose temperature differs from that of the main
debris dam [CIV ENG] A fixed dam across a
body of gas,such as the gas in the capillary tube
stream channel for the retention of sand,gravel,
of a constant-volume gas thermometer.
driftwood,or other debris,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorbreˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
debubblizer [ENG] A worker who removes bub-
dead-stroke [MECHENG] Having arecoilless or
bles from plastic rods and tubing,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorb?H11080
nearly recoilless stroke,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
dead-stroke hammer [MECH ENG] A power
debug [ELECTR] To detect and remove secretly
hammer provided with a spring on the hammer
installed listening devices popularly known as
head to reduce recoil,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
bugs,[ENG] To eliminate from a newly de-
dead time [CONT SYS] The time interval be-
signed system the components and circuits that
tween a change in the input signal to a process
cause early failures,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorb?g}
control system and the response to the signal.
debutanization [CHEMENG] Removalofbutane
[ENG] The time interval,after a response to one
and lighter components in a natural-gasoline
signal or event,during which a system is unable
plant,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorbyu¨tH11080?nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
to respond to another,Also known as insensi-
debutanizer [CHEM ENG] The fractionating col-
tive time,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
umn in a natural-gasoline plant in which butane
dead-timecompensation [CONTSYS] Themod-
and lighter components are removed,{ deification of a controller to allow for time delays
vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨tH11080?nvertstrokeinferior?ˉzH11080?r}between the input to a control system and the
debye [ELEC] A unit of electric dipole moment,response to the signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmka¨mH11080p?n
equal to 10
H1100218
Franklin centimeter,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉ }vertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
Debyetheory [ELEC] Theclassicaltheoryofthedead-time correction [ENG] A correction ap-
plied to an observed counting rate to allow for orientation polarization of polar molecules in
theprobabilityoftheoccurrenceofeventswithin which the molecules have a single relaxation
the dead time,Also known as coincidence cor- time,and the plot of the imaginary part of the
rection,{ vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmk?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n} complex relative permittivity against the real
deadtrack [CIV ENG] 1.Railway track that is no part is a semicircle,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorb?
ˉ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
longerused,2.Asectionofrailwaytrackthatis
decade [ELEC] Agrouporassemblyof10units;
electricallyisolatedfromthetracksignalcircuits.
for example,a decade counter counts 10 in one
{ |ded |trak }
column,and a decade box inserts resistance
deadweightgage [ENG] An instrument used as
quantities in multiples of powers of 10.
a standard for calibrating pressure gages in
{devertstrokesuperiorkaˉd}
which known hydraulic pressures are generated
decade bridge [ELECTR] Electronic apparatus
by means of freely balanced (dead) weights
for measurement of unknown values of resist-
loaded on a calibrated piston,{ vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorwaˉt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
ancesorcapacitancesbycomparisonwithknown
deaeration [ENG] Removal of gas or air from a
values (bridge); one secondary section of the
substance,as from feedwater or food,{ deˉ
oscillator-driventransformeristappedindecade
vertstrokeinferiorervertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
steps,the other in 10 uniform steps,{ devertstrokesuperiorkaˉd
deaerator [MECH ENG] A device in which oxy-
vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
gen,carbon dioxide,or other noncondensable
decaliter [MECH] A unit of volume,equal to 10
gases are removed from boiler feedwater,steam
liters,or to 0.01 cubic meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r}
condensate,oraprocessstream,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorervertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
decameter [MECH] A unit of length in the met-
deagglomeration [CHEM ENG] Size-reduction
ricsystemequalto10meters,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
process in which loosely adhered clumps (ag-
decantation [ENG] A method for mechanical
glomerates) of powders or crystals are broken
dewateringofawetsolidbypouringofftheliquid
apart without further disintegration of the pow-
without disturbing underlying sediment or pre-
der or crystal particles themselves,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080
cipitate,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorkanvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorgla¨mH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
decanter [ENG] Tank or vessel in which solids
deal [DES ENG] 1.A face on which numbers are
or immiscible dispersions in a carrier liquid set-
registered by means of a pointer,2.A disk usu-
tleorcoalesce,withclearupperliquidwithdrawn
ally with a series of markings around its border,
(decanted) as overflow from the top.
which can be turned to regulate the operation
{d?vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?r}
of a machine or electrical device,{ deˉl}
decastere [MECH] A unit of volume,equal todeasphalting [CHEM ENG] The process of re-
10 cubic meters,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstir }moving asphalt from petroleum fractions.
deceleration [MECH] The rate of decrease of{deˉvertstrokesuperiorasvertstrokeinferiorfo˙lH11080ti? }
deblooming [CHEM ENG] The process by which speed of a motion,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
147
decelerometer
decelerometer [ENG] Aninstrumentthatmeas- deckle [ENG] A detachable wood frame fitted
ures the rate at which the speed of a vehicle around the edges of a papermaking mold.
decreases,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?l}
deciare [MECH] A unit of area,equal to 0.1 are decklerod [ENG] A small rod inserted at each
or 10 square meters,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorer } end of the extrusion coating die to adjust the
decibar [MECH] A metric unit of pressure equal die opening length,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
to one-tenth bar,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r} deckle strap [ENG] An endless rubber band
decibel meter [ENG] An instrument calibrated which runs longitudinally along the wire edges
in logarithmic steps and labeled with decibel
of a paper machine and determines web width.
units and used for measuring power levels in
{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorstrap }
communication circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbel vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
deckroof [BUILD] A roof that is nearly flat and
decigram [MECH] A unit of mass,equal to 0.1
without parapet walls,{ vertstrokesuperiordek vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
gram,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
deck truss [CIV ENG] The frame of a deck.
deciliter [MECH] A unit of volume,equal to 0.1
{ vertstrokesuperiordek vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
liter,or 10
H110024
cubic meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r}
declination axis [ENG] For an equatorial
decimal balance [ENG] A balance having one
mounting of a telescope,an axis of rotation that
arm 10 times the length of the other,so that
is perpendicular to the polar axis and allows the
heavy objects can be weighed by using light
telescope to be pointed at objects of different
weights,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
declinations,{ vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
decimal-binary switch [ELEC] A switch that
declinationcircle [ENG] Foratelescopewithan
connectsasingleinput leadtoappropriatecom-
equatorial mounting,a setting circle attached to
binations of four output leads (representing 1,
the declination axis that shows the declination
2,4,and 8) for each of the decimal-numbered
towhichthetelescopeispointing,{ vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080
settings of its control knob; thus,for position 7,
sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
output leads 1,2,and 4 would be connected to
declination compass See declinometer,{ vertstrokeinferiordekH11080
the input,{ |desH11080m?l |b?ˉnH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorswich }
l?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiork?mH11080 p?s}
decimeter [MECH] Ametricunitoflengthequal
declination variometer [ENG] An instrument
to one-tenth meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
that measures changes in the declination of the
decision calculus [SYS ENG] A guide to the
earth’smagneticfield,consistingofapermanent
processofdecision-making,oftenoutlinedinthe
barmagnet,usuallyabout0.4inch(1centimeter)
following steps,analysis of the decision area to
long,suspended with a plane mirror from a fine
discover applicable elements; location or cre-
quartz fiber 2–6 inches (5–15 centimeters) in
ation of criteria for evaluation; appraisal of the
length; a lens focuses to a point a beam of light
known information pertinent to the applicable
reflected from the mirror to recording paper
elements and correction for bias; isolation of
mounted on a rotating drum,Also known as D
the unknown factors; weighting of the pertinent
variometer,{ vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
elements,known and unknown,as to relative
declinometer [ENG] A magnetic instrument
importance; and projection of the relative im-
similar to a surveyor’s compass,but arranged so
pacts on the objective,and synthesis into a
that the line of sight can be rotated to conform
course of action,{ divertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080ky?H11080l?s}
with the needle or to any desired setting on the
decisionrule [SYS ENG] In decision theory,the
horizontal circle; used in determining magnetic
mathematical representation of a physical sys-
declination,Also known as declination com-
tem which operates upon the observed data to
pass,{ vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
produce a decision,{ divertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
decoking [CHEM ENG] Removal of petroleum
decisiontheory [SYS ENG] Abroad spectrum of
coke from equipment,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorkoˉkH11080i? }
conceptsandtechniqueswhichhavebeendevel-
decolorize [CHEM ENG] To remove the color
oped to both describe and rationalize the proc-
from,as from a liquid,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉz}
ess of decision making,that is,making a choice
decolorizer [CHEM ENG] An agent used to de-
among several possible alternatives,{ divertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080
colorize; the removal of color may occur by a
n vertstrokeinferiortheH11080?H11080reˉ }
chemical reaction or a physical reaction.
decisiontree [IND ENG] Graphic display of the
{deˉvertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
underlying decision process involved in the in-
decompression [ENG] Any procedure for the
troduction of a new product by a manufacturer.
relief of pressure or compression,{ deˉH11080
{divertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortreˉ }
k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
deck [CIVENG] 1.Afloor,usuallyofwood,with-
decompression chamber [ENG] 1,A steelout a roof,2,The floor or roadway of a bridge.
chamber fitted with auxiliary equipment to raise[ENG] A magnetic-tape transport mechanism.
its air pressure to a value two to six times atmo-{ dek }
spheric pressure; used to relieve a diver whodeckbridge [CIV ENG] A bridge that carries the
has decompressed too quickly in ascending.deck on the very top of the superstructure.
2,Such a chamber in which conditions of high{ vertstrokesuperiordek vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
atmospheric pressure can be simulated fordecking [CIV ENG] Surface material on a deck.
experimental purposes,{ deˉH11080k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n[ENG] Separating explosive charges containing
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}primers with layers of inert material to prevent
passage of concussion,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080i? } decompressiontable [ENG] Adivingguidethat
148
deflectometer
lists ascent rates and breathing mixtures to pro- theshaft,Alsoknownasverticalturbinepump.
vide safe pressure reduction to atmospheric { vertstrokesuperiordeˉp vertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
pressure after a dive,{ deˉH11080k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080 deethanize [CHEM ENG] To separate and re-
b?l} move ethane and sometimes lighter fractions
deconcentrator [ENG] An apparatus for remov- from heavy substances,such as propane,by dis-
ing dissolved or suspended material from feed- tillation,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorethH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉz}
water,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨nsH11080?nvertstrokeinferiortraˉdH11080?r} deethanizer [CHEM ENG] The equipment used
decontamination [ENG] The removing of chem- to deethanize,{ de
ˉvertstrokesuperiorethH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080?r}
ical,biological,or radiological contamination
defecation [CHEM ENG] Industrial purification,
from,ortheneutralizingofiton,aperson,object,
or clarification,of sugar solutions,{ vertstrokeinferiordefH11080?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080
or area,{ deˉH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiortamH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
sh?n}
decouple [ENG] 1.Tominimizeoreliminateair-
defender [IND ENG] A machine or facility which
borne shock waves of a nuclear or other explo-
is being considered for replacement,{ divertstrokesuperiorfenH11080
sion by placing the explosives deep under the
d?r}
ground,2.To minimize the seismic effect of an
deferrization [CHEM ENG] Removal of iron,for
underground explosion by setting it off in the
example,from water in an industrial process.
center of an underground cavity,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?l}
{deˉvertstrokeinferiorferH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
decoupler [IND ENG] A materials handling de-
deflashing [ENG] Finishing technique to re-
vice designed specifically for cellular manufac-
move excess material (flash) from a plastic or
turing,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r}
metal molding,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i? }
decrement gage [ENG] A type of molecular
deflectedjetfluidicflowmeterSeefluidic flow sen-
gage consisting of a vibrating quartz fiber whose
sor,{ di|flekH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorjet flu¨vertstrokesuperioridH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
damping is used to determine the viscosity and,
deflectingtorque [MECH] An instrument’s mo-
thereby,the pressure of a gas,Also known as
ment,resultingfromthequantitymeasured,that
quartz-fiber manometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordeH11080kr?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
acts to cause the pointer’s deflection,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080
decremeter [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuring
di?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rk }
the logarithmic decrement (damping) of a train
deflection [ELECTR] The displacement of an
of waves,{ vertstrokesuperiordekH11080r?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
electron beam from its straight-line path by an
dedendum [DES ENG] The difference between
electrostatic or electromagnetic field,[ENG]
the radius of the pitch circle of a gear and the
1,Shape change or reduction in diameter of a
radius of its root circle,{ d?vertstrokesuperiordenH11080d?m}
conduit,produced without fracturing the mate-
dedendumcircle [DES ENG] A circle tangent to
rial,2.Elasticmovementorsinkingofaloaded
the bottom of the spaces between teeth on a
structural member,particularly of the mid-span
gear wheel,{ d?vertstrokesuperiordenH11080d?m vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
of a beam,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n}
deemphasis [ENG ACOUS] A process for reduc-
deflection bit [DES ENG] A long,cone-shaped,
ingthe relativestrengthofhigher audiofrequen-
noncoring bit used to drill past a deflection
cies before reproduction,to complement and
wedge in a borehole,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbit }
thereby offset the preemphasis that was intro-
deflection curve [MECH] The curve,generally
duced to help override noise or reduce distor-
downward,described by a shot deviating from
tion,Also known as postemphasis; postequal-
its true course,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
ization,{ deˉvertstrokesuperioremH11080f?H11080s?s}
deflectionmagnetometer [ENG] Amagnetome-
deemphasisnetwork [ENG ACOUS] AnRCfilter
terinwhichmagnetic fieldsaredeterminedfrom
inserted in a system to restore preemphasized
theangulardeflectionofasmallbarmagnetthat
signals to their original form,{ deˉvertstrokesuperioremH11080f?H11080s?s
ispivotedsothatitisfreetomoveinahorizontal
vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
plane,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
deep-drawmold [ENG] Amoldforplasticmate-
deflection meter [ENG] A flowmeter that ap-
rial that is long in relation to the thickness of
plies the differential pressuregenerated by a dif-
the mold wall,{ |deˉp |dro˙ vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
ferential-producing primary device across a dia-
deep underwater muon and neutrino detector
phragm or bellows in such a way as to create a
[ENG] A proposed device for detecting and de-
deflection proportional to the differential pres-
termining the direction of extraterrestrial neutri-
sure,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
nos passing through a volume of approximately
deflection-modulated indicator See amplitude-
1 cubic kilometer of ocean water,using an array
modulated indicator,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n |ma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080
of several thousand Cerenkov counters sus-
d vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
pended in the water to sense the showers of
deflection ultrasonic flowmeter [ENG] A flow-charged particles generated by neutrinos,Ab-
meter for determining velocity from the deflec-breviatedDUMAND,{ |de
ˉpvertstrokeinferior?nH11080d?rvertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokesuperiormyu¨
tion of a high-frequency sound beam directedvertstrokeinferiora¨nannu¨vertstrokesuperiortreˉH11080noˉ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
across the flow,Also known as drift ultrasonicdeepwell [CIV ENG] A well that draws its water
flowmeter,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n |?lH11080tr?|sa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉfrom beneath shallow impermeable strata,at
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}depths exceeding 22 feet (6.7 meters),{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉp
deflection wedge [DES ENG] A wedge-shapedvertstrokeinferiorwel }
tool inserted into a borehole to direct the drilldeep-wellpump [MECHENG] Amultistagecen-
bit,{ divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorwej }trifugal pump for lifting water from deep,small-
diameterwells; asurfaceelectric motoroperates deflectometer [ENG] An instrument used for
149
deflector
measuring minute deformations in a structure degreaser [ENG] A machine designed to clean
greaseandforeignmatterfrommechanicalpartsunder transverse stress,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorflekvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
deflector [ENG] A plate,baffle,or the like that and like items,usually metallic,by exposing
them to vaporized or liquid solvent solutionsdiverts the flow of a forward-moving stream.
{divertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?r } confined in a tank or vessel,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorgreˉsH11080?r}
degree [THERMO] One of the units of tempera-deflocculate [CHEM ENG] To break up and dis-
perse agglomerates and form a stable colloid,ture or temperature difference in any of various
temperature scales,such as the Celsius,Fahren-{deˉvertstrokesuperiorfla¨kH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉt}
defoaming [CHEM ENG] Reduction or elimina- heit,and Kelvin temperature scales (the Kelvin
degree is now known as the kelvin),{ divertstrokesuperiorgreˉ }tion of foam,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorfoˉmH11080i? }
defocus [ENG] To make a beam of x-rays,elec- degree-day [MECH ENG] A measure of the de-
parture of the mean daily temperature from atrons,light,or other radiation deviate from an
accurate focus at the intended viewing or work- given standard; one degree-day is recorded for
each degree of departure above (or below) theing surface,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080k?s}
deformation [MECH] Any alteration of shape or standard during a single day; used to estimate
energy requirements for building heating and,dimensions of a body caused by stresses,ther-
malexpansionorcontraction,chemicalormetal- to a lesser extent,for cooling,{ divertstrokesuperiorgreˉ vertstrokeinferiordaˉ }
degree of curve [CIV ENG] A measure of thelurgical transformations,or shrinkage and
expansions due to moisture change,{ vertstrokeinferiordefH11080 curvature of a railway or highway,equal to the
angle subtended by a 100-foot (32.8-meter)?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
deformationcurve [MECH] Acurveshowingthe chord (railway) or by a 100-foot arc (highway).
{divertstrokesuperiorgreˉ?v vertstrokesuperiork?rv}relationship between the stress or load on a
structure,structural member,or a specimen and degree of freedom [MECH] 1,Any one of the
numberofwaysinwhichthespaceconfigurationthe strain or deformation that results,Also
known as stress-strain curve,{ vertstrokeinferiordefH11080?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080 of a mechanical system may change,2,Of a
gyro,thenumberoforthogonalaxesaboutwhichsh?n vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
deformationellipsoid See strain ellipsoid,{ vertstrokeinferiordefH11080 the spin axis is free to rotate,the spin axis free-
dom not being counted; this is not a universal?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n?vertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
deformation thermometer [ENG] A thermome- convention; for example,the free gyro is fre-
quently referred to as a three-degree-of-freedomterwithtransducingelementswhichdeformwith
temperature; examples are the bimetallic ther- gyro,the spin axis being counted,{ divertstrokesuperiorgreˉ?v
vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080d?m}mometer and the Bourdon-tube type of ther-
mometer,{ vertstrokeinferiordefH11080ervertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?nth?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} degritting [CHEM ENG] Removal of fine solid
particles (grit) from a liquid carrier by gravitydeformedbar [CIVENG] Asteelbarwithprojec-
tions or indentations to increase mechanical separation (settling) or centrifugation,{ deˉ
vertstrokesuperiorgridH11080i? }bonding; used to reinforce concrete,{ deˉ
|fo˙rmd |ba¨r} dehumidification [MECH ENG] The process of
reducing the moisture in the air; serves to in-deformeter [ENG] Aninstrumentusedtomeas-
ure minute deformations in materials in struc- crease the cooling power of air,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080yu¨vertstrokeinferiormidH11080
H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}tural models,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
defrost [ENG] To keep free of ice or to remove dehumidifier [MECHENG] Equipmentdesigned
toreducetheamountofwatervaporintheambi-ice,[THERMO] To thaw out from a frozen
state,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorfro˙st } ent atmosphere,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080yu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
dehydration tank [CHEM ENG] A tank in whichdegas [ELECTR] To drive out and exhaust the
gases occluded in the internal parts of an elec- warm air is blown through oil to remove mois-
ture,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorta?k}tron tube or other gastight apparatus,generally
by heating during evacuation,[ENG] To re- dehydrator [CHEM ENG] Vessel or process sys-
tem for the removal of liquids from gases ormove gas from a liquid or solid,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorgas }
degassing See breathing,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorgasH11080i? } solids by the use of heat,absorbents,or adsor-
bents,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiordraˉdH11080?r}degauss [ELECTR] Toremove,erase,orclearin-
formation from a magnetic tape,disk,drum,or dehydrocyclization [CHEM ENG] Any process
involving both dehydrogenation and cyclization,core,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorgau˙s}
degradation [THERMO] The conversion of en- as in petroleum refining,{ deˉ|h?ˉH11080droˉvertstrokeinferiors?ˉkH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
sh?n}ergy into forms that are increasingly difficult to
convertintowork,resultingfromthegeneralten- deicing [ENG] The removal of ice deposited on
any object,especially as applied toaircraft icing,dency of entropy to increase,{ vertstrokeinferiordegH11080r?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080
sh?n } by heating,chemical treatment,and mechanical
rupture of the ice deposit,{ deˉvertstrokesuperior?ˉsH11080i? }degradation failure [ENG] Failure of a device
becauseofashiftinaparameterorcharacteristic deinking [CHEM ENG] The process of removing
ink from recycled paper so that the fibers can bewhich exceeds some previously specified limit.
{ vertstrokeinferiordegH11080r?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfaˉlH11080y?r } used again,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiori?kH11080i? }
delamination [ENG] Separation of a laminatedegrease [CHEM ENG] 1,To remove grease
from wool with chemicals,2.To remove grease into its constituent layers,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorlamH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080
sh?n}from hides or skins in tanning by tumbling them
in solvents,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorgreˉs} Delaunay orbit element [MECH] In the n-body
150
DeNoracell
problem,certain functions of variable elements demandsystem [ENG] A system in an airplane
of an ellipse with a fixed focus along which one that automatically dispenses oxygen according
of the bodies travels; these functions have rates to the demand of the flyer’s body,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormand
of change satisfying simple equations,{ d?H11080loˉH11080 vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
naˉ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?t vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt } demethanation See demethanization,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiormethH11080
delay [IND ENG] Interruption of the normal?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
tempo of an operation; may be avoidable or un- demethanator [CHEM ENG] The apparatus in
avoidable,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ } which demethanization isconducted,{ de
ˉ
delay-action detonator See delay blasting cap.
vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}
{divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
demethanization [CHEM ENG] The process of
delayallowance [IND ENG] A percentage of the
distillation in which methane is separated from
normaloperatingtimeaddedtothenormaltime
the heavier components,Also known as de-
to allow for delays,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ?vertstrokeinferiorlau˙H11080?ns }
methanation,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiormethH11080?nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
delayblastingcap [ENG] A blasting cap which
demineralization [CHEM ENG] Removal of min-
explodesatadefinitetimeintervalafterthefiring
eral constituents from water,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorminH11080r?H11080l?
current has been passed by the exploder,Also
vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
known as delay-action detonator,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080
demister [MECH ENG] Aseries of ducts in auto-
i?vertstrokeinferiorkap }
mobiles arranged so that hot,dry air directed
delayedcoking [CHEMENG] A semicontinuous
fromtheheatsourceisforcedagainsttheinterior
thermal process for converting heavy petroleum
of the windscreen or windshield to prevent con-
stock to lighter material,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉd vertstrokesuperiorkoˉkH11080i? }
densation,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiormisH11080t?r}
delayed combustion [ENG] Secondary com-
demister blanket [ENG] A section of knitted
bustion in succeeding gas passes beyond the
wire mesh that is placed below the vapor outlet
furnace volume of a boiler,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉdk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080
of a vaporizer or an evaporator to separate en-
ch?n}
trained liquid droplets from the stream of vapor.
delay time [CONT SYS] The amount of time by
Also known as demister pad,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiormisH11080t?r
which the arrival of a signal is retarded after
vertstrokeinferiorbla?H11080k?t}
transmissionthroughphysicalequipmentorsys-
demister pad See demister blanket,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiormisH11080t?r
tems,[ELECTR] The time taken for collector
vertstrokeinferiorpad }
current to start flowing in a transistor that is
demodulator See detector,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}
being turned on from the cutoff condition.
demolition [CIVENG] The actor processof tear-
[IND ENG] A span of time during which a worker
ing down a building or other structure,{ vertstrokeinferiordemH11080
is idle because of factors beyond personal con-
vertstrokesuperiorlishH11080?n}
trol,{ divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
demon of Maxwell [THERMO] Hypothetical
delignification [CHEMENG] Achemicalprocess
creature who controls a trapdoor over a micro-
for removing lignin from wood,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorligH11080n?H11080
scopic hole in an adiabatic wall between two
f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
vessels filled with gas at the same temperature,
delta [ELECTR] The difference between a par-
so as to supposedly decrease the entropy of the
tial-select output of a magnetic cell in a one
gas as a whole and thus violate the second law
state and a partial-select output of the same cell
of thermodynamics,Also known as Maxwell’s
in a zero state,{ vertstrokesuperiordelH11080t? }
demon,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080m?n?v vertstrokesuperiormaksvertstrokeinferiorwel }
deltamodulation [ELECTR] Apulse-modulation
demulsification [CHEM ENG] Prevention or
technique in which a continuous signal is con-
breaking of liquid-liquid emulsions by chemical,
verted into a binary pulse pattern,for transmis-
mechanicalorelectricaldemulsifiers,{ d?vertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080
sion through low-quality channels,{ vertstrokesuperiordelH11080t?
s?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
demulsifier [CHEM ENG] A chemical,mechani-
demand See demand factor,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormand }
cal,orelectricalsystemthateitherbreaksliquid-
demanded motions inventory [IND ENG] A list
liquidemulsionsorpreventsthemfromforming.
of all motions that are required to perform a
{deˉvertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
specific task,including an exact characterization
demultiplexer [ELECTR] A device used to sepa-
ofeach,{ d?|manH11080d?d |moˉH11080sh?nz vertstrokesuperiorinH11080v?nvertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ }
rate two or more signals that were previously
demand factor [ELEC] The ratio of the maxi-
combined by a compatible multiplexer and
mum demand of a building for electric power to
transmitted over a single channel,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080
the total connected load,Also known as de-
t?vertstrokeinferiorplekH11080s?r}
mand,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormand vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
Denison sampler [ENG] A soil sampler con-demand meter [ENG] Any of several types of
sisting of a central nonrotating barrel which isinstruments used to determine a customer’s
forced into the soil as friction is removed by amaximum demand for electric power over an ap-
rotating external barrel; the bottom can bepreciable time interval; generally used for billing
closed to retain the sample during withdrawal.industrial users,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormand vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}demand regulator [ENG] A component of an
DeNoracell [CHEM ENG] Mercury-cathode cellopen-circuitdivingsystemthatpermitsthediver
used for production of chlorine and caustic sodato expel used air directly into the water without
by electrolysis of sodium chloride brine.rebreathingexhaledcarbondioxide,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormand
vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} {d?vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorsel }
151
dense-airrefrigerationcycle
dense-air refrigeration cycle See reverse Brayton operation,the partial condensation of vapor to
cycle,{ |dens |er rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l} formaliquidricherinhigherboilingconstituents
dense-air system See cold-air machine,{ |dens than the original vapor,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorflegvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} dephlegmator [CHEM ENG] An apparatus used
densify [ENG] Toincreasethedensityofamate- in fractional distillation to cool the vapor mix-
rial such as wood by subjecting it to pressure or ture,thereby condensing higher-boiling frac-
impregnating it with another material,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080 tions,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorflegvertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080?r}
s?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉ } depilation [ENG] Removal of hair from animal
densimeter [ENG] An instrument which meas-
skins in processing leather,{ vertstrokeinferiordepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
ures the density or specific gravity of a liquid,
depletion [ELECTR] Reduction of the charge-
gas,orsolid,Alsoknownasdensitometer;den-
carrierdensityinasemiconductorbelowthenor-
sitygage;densityindicator;gravitometer,{ den
mal value for a given temperature and doping
vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
level,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080sh?n}
densitometer [ENG] 1,An instrument which
depletion layer [ELECTR] An electric double
measures optical density by measuring the in-
layer formed at the surface of contact between
tensity of transmitted or reflected light; used to
a metal and a semiconductor having different
measurephotographicdensity,2,Seedensime-
work functions,because the mobile carrier
ter,{ vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
charge density is insufficient to neutralize the
density [MECH] The mass of a given substance
fixed charge density of donors and acceptors.
per unit volume,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080 s?dH11080eˉ }
Also known as barrier layer (deprecated);
density bottle See specific-gravity bottle,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080
blocking layer (deprecated); space-charge layer.
s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}
{d?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r}
densitycorrection [ENG] 1.Thepartofthetem-
depletion-layer capacitance See barrier capaci-
perature correction of a mercury barometer
tance,{ divertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?rk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?ns }
whichisnecessitatedbythevariationoftheden-
depletion-layer rectification [ELECTR] Rectifi-
sityofmercurywithtemperature,2.Thecorrec-
cationatthejunctionbetweendissimilarmateri-
tion,applied to the indications of a pressure-
als,such as a pn junction or a junction between
tube anemometer or pressure-plate anemome-
a metal and a semiconductor,Also known as
ter,which is necessitated by the variation of air
barrier-layer rectification,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r
density with temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
sh?n}
depletion-layer transistor [ELECTR] A transis-
densitygage See densimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
tor that relies directly on motion of carriers
density indicator See densimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ
through depletion layers,such as spacistor.
vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
{d?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
densityrule [ENG] A grading system for lumber
depletion region [ELECTR] The portion of the
based onthe width ofannual rings,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080
channel in a metal oxide field-effect transistor
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
in which there are no charge carriers,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorpleˉH11080
density transmitter [ENG] An instrument used
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080j?n}
torecordthedensityofaflowingstreamofliquid
depolarization [ELEC] The removal or preven-
by measuring the buoyant force on an air-filled
tion of polarization in a substance (for example,
chamber immersed in the stream,{ vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080
through the use of a depolarizer in an electric
eˉ tranzvertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r}
cell) or of polarization arising from the field due
dental coupling [MECH ENG] A type of flexible
tothechargesinducedonthesurfaceofadielec-
couplingusedtojoinasteamturbinetoareduc-
tric when an external field is applied,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080
tion-gear pinion shaft; consists of a short piece
l?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
of shaft with gear teeth at each end,and mates
deposit gage [ENG] The general name for in-
with internal gears in a flange at the ends of the
struments used in air pollution studies for de-
two shafts to be joined,{ vertstrokesuperiordentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
terminingtheamountofmaterialdepositedona
dentalwork See cementation,{ vertstrokesuperiordentH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
givenareaduringagiventime,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?tvertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
deodorizing [CHEM ENG] A process for remov-
depreciation [IND ENG] Loss of value due to
ing odor-creating substances from oil or fat,in
physical deterioration,{ divertstrokeinferiorpreˉH11080sheˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
which the oil or fat is held at high temperatures
depressed center car [ENG] A flat railroad car
and low pressure while steam is blown through.
havingalowcentersection;usedtoprovideade-
{deˉvertstrokesuperioroˉdH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080i? }
quate tunnel clearance for oversized loads.
deoil [CHEM ENG] To reduce the amount of liq-
{di|prest vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}uid oil entrained in solid wax,{ de
ˉvertstrokesuperioro˙il }
depression angle See angle of depression,{ dideparturetrack [CIV ENG] A railroad yard track
vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}for combining freight cars into outgoing trains.
depressor [CHEM ENG] An agent that prevents{divertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiortrak }
or retards a chemical reaction or process,{ didepentanizer [CHEM ENG] A fractionating col-
vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}umn forremoval of pentane andlighter fractions
depropanization [CHEM ENG] In processing offrom a hydrocarbon mixture,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorpentH11080?n
petroleum,the removal of propane and some-vertstrokeinferior?ˉzH11080?r}
times higher fractions,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorproˉH11080p?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080deperm See degauss,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorp?rm }
dephlegmation [CHEM ENG] In a distillation sh?n}
152
designhead
depropanizer [CHEM ENG] A fractionating col- derrick [MECH ENG] A hoisting machine con-
sistingusuallyofaverticalmast,aslantedboom,umn in a gasoline plant for removal of propane
andassociatedtackle;maybeoperatedmechan-and lighter components,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080?r}
ically or by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorderH11080ik }depthfinder [ENG] A radar or ultrasonic instru-
derrickcrane See stiffleg derrick,{ vertstrokesuperiorderH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}ment for measuring the depth of the sea.
derrickpost See king post,{ vertstrokesuperiorderH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }{ vertstrokesuperiordepth vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080?r}
desalination [CHEM ENG] Removal of salt,asdepth gage [DES ENG] An instrument or tool
from water or soil,Also known as desalting.formeasuringthedepthof depressiontoathou-
{deˉvertstrokeinferiorsalH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
sandth inch,{ vertstrokesuperiordepth vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
desalinization See desalination,{ deˉvertstrokeinferiorsalH11080?H11080
depthmarker [ENG] Athinboardorotherlight-
n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
weight substance used as a means of identifying
desalting [CHEM ENG] 1,The process of ex-
the surface of snow or ice which has been cov-
tracting inorganic salts from oil,2,See desali-
ered by a more recent snowfall,{ vertstrokesuperiordepth
nation,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorso˙lH11080ti? }
vertstrokeinferiorma¨rkH11080?r}
desander [ENG] Acentrifuge-type deviceforre-
depth micrometer [DES ENG] A micrometer
moving sand from drilling fluid in order to pre-
used to measure the depths of holes,slots,and
ventabrasion damagetopumps,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorsanH11080d?r}
distances of shoulders and projections.
descaling [ENG] Removing scale,usually ox-
{ vertstrokesuperiordepth m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ides,from the surface of a metal or the inner
depth of engagement [DES ENG] The depth of
surface of a pipe,boiler,or other object,{ deˉ
contact,in a radial direction,between mating
vertstrokesuperiorskaˉlH11080i? }
threads,{ vertstrokesuperiordepth?v vertstrokeinferiorenvertstrokesuperiorgaˉjH11080m?nt }
descending branch [MECH] That portion of a
depth of thread [DES ENG] The distance,in a
trajectory which is between the summit and the
radial direction,from the crest of a screw thread
point where the trajectory terminates,either by
to the base,{ vertstrokesuperiordepth?v vertstrokesuperiorthred }
impact or air burst,and along which the projec-
depth sounder [ENG] An instrument for me-
tile falls,with altitude constantly decreasing.
chanically measuring the depth of the sea be-
Also known as descent trajectory,{ divertstrokesuperiorsenH11080di?
neath a ship,{ vertstrokesuperiordepth vertstrokeinferiorsau˙ndH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorbranch }
depth-type filtration [CHEM ENG] Removal of
descendingverticalangleSeeangleofdepression.
solids by passing the carrier fluid through a
{divertstrokesuperiorsenH11080di? |v?rdH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}
mass-filter medium that provides a tortuous
descent trajectory See descending branch,{ di
path with many entrapments to catch the solids.
vertstrokesuperiorsent tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?H11080reˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiordepth vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
describing function [CONT SYS] A function
dequeue [ENG] To select an item from a
used to represent a nonlinear transfer function
queue,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ }
by an approximately equivalent linear transfer
derail [ENG] 1.Tocausearailroadcarorengine
function;itistheratioofthephasorrepresenting
to run off the rails,2.A device to guide railway
thefundamentalcomponentoftheoutputofthe
cars or engines off the tracks to avoid collision
nonlinearity,determined by Fourier analysis,to
or other accident,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorraˉl}
the phasor representing a sinusoidal input sig-
derating [ELECTR] The reduction of the rating
nal,{ divertstrokesuperiorskr?ˉbH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
of a device to improve reliability or to permit
desiccator [CHEM ENG] A closed vessel,usu-
operation at high ambient temperatures,{ deˉ
ally made of glass and having an airtight lid,
vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }
used for drying solid chemicals by means of a
derivative action [CONT SYS] Control action in
desiccant,{ vertstrokesuperiordesH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
which the speed at which a correction is made
design engineering [ENG] A branch of engi-
depends on how fast the system error is increas-
neering concerned with the creation of systems,
ing,Also known as derivative compensation;
devices,and processes useful to and sought by
rate action,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
society,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
derivative compensation See derivative action.
design factor [ENG] A safety factor based on
{d?vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
the ratio of ultimate load to maximum permissi-
derivativenetwork [CONTSYS] Acompensating
ble load that can be safely placed on a structure.
networkwhoseoutputisproportionaltothesum
{divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
of the input signal and its derivative,Also
design flood [CIV ENG] The flood,either ob-
known as lead network,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiornet
served or synthetic,which is chosen as the basis
vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
for the design of a hydraulic structure,{ di
derived sound system [ENG ACOUS] A four- vertstrokesuperiorz?
ˉn vertstrokeinferiorfl?d}
channel sound system that is artificially synthe- designforenvironment [SYSENG] Amethodol-
sized from conventional two-channel stereo ogy for the design of products and systems that
sound by an adapter,to provide feeds to four promotes pollution prevention and resource
loudspeakers for approximating quadraphonic conservation by including within the design
sound,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉvd vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} processthesystematicconsiderationoftheenvi-
derosination [CHEM ENG] Removing excess ronmental implications of engineering designs.
resins from wood by saponification with alkaline Abbreviated DFE,{ di|z?ˉnf?rinvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080?rnH11080m?nt }
aqueous solutions or organic solvents,{ deˉ design head [CIV ENG] The planned elevation
between the free level of a water supply andvertstrokeinferiorra¨zH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
153
designheatingload
the point of free discharge or the level of free the barrier between the gate and channel of a
field-effect transistor,causing failure of the tran-discharge surface,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorhed }
design heating load [ENG] The space heating sistor,{ divertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
destructivetesting [ENG] 1,Intentional opera-needs of a building or an enclosed area ex-
pressed in terms of the probable maximum re- tion of equipment until it fails,to reveal design
weaknesses,2,A method of testing a materialquirement,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
designload [DESENG] The moststressfulcom- that degrades the sample under investigation.
{divertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i? }bination of weight or other forces a building,
structure,or mechanical system or device is de- desulfurization [CHEM ENG] The removal of
sulfur,as from molten metals or petroleum oil.signed to sustain,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
designpressure [CIV ENG] 1.The force exerted { deˉvertstrokeinferiors?lH11080f?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
desulfurization unit [CHEM ENG] A unit in pe-by a body of still water on a dam,2,The pres-
sure which the dam can withstand,[DES ENG] troleum refining for removal of sulfur com-
pounds or sulfur,{ deˉH11080s?lH11080f?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080Thepressureusedinthecalculationofminimum
thickness or design characteristics of a boiler n?t}
detachable bit [ENG] An all-steel drill bit thator pressure vessel in recognized code formulas;
static head may be added where appropriate for can be removed from the drill steel,and can be
resharpened,Also known as knock-off bit; ripspecific parts of the structure,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
r } bit,{ divertstrokesuperiortachH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorbit }
detailing See screening,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉlH11080i? }design speed [CIV ENG] The highest continu-
ous safe vehicular speed as governed by the de- detdrill See fusion-piercing drill,{ vertstrokesuperiordet vertstrokeinferiordril }
detector bar [CIV ENG] A device that keeps asign features of a highway,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
design standards [DES ENG] Generally ac- railroad switch locked while a train is passing
over it,{ divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}cepted uniform procedures,dimensions,materi-
als,or parts that directly affect the design of a detectorcar [ENG] Arailroadcarusedtodetect
flaws in rails,{ divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}product or facility,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rdz }
designstorm [CIV ENG] A storm whose magni- detent [MECHENG] Acatchorleverinamecha-
nismwhichinitiatesorlocksmovementofapart,tude,rate,andintensitydonotexceedthedesign
loadforastormdrainagesystemorfloodprotec- especially in escapement mechanisms,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉ
vertstrokeinferiortent }tion project,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rm }
design stress [DES ENG] A permissible maxi- detention basin [CIV ENG] A reservoir without
control gates for storing water over brief periodsmumstresstowhichamachinepartorstructural
membermaybesubjected,whichislargeenough of time until the stream has the capacity for
ordinary flow plus released water; used for floodtopreventfailureincasetheloadsexceedexpec-
ted values,or other uncertainties turn out unfa- regulation,{ divertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorbaˉH11080s?n}
deterioration [ENG] Decline in the quality ofvorably,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorstres }
design thickness [DES ENG] The sum of re- equipment or structures over a period of time
due to the chemical or physical action of thequired thickness and corrosion allowance uti-
lized for individual parts of a boiler or pressure environment,{ divertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
determinant [CONTSYS] Theproductofthepar-vessel,{ divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorthikH11080n?s}
desilter [MECH ENG] Wet,mechanical solids tial return differences associated with the nodes
of a signal-flow graph,{ d?vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?H11080n?nt }classifier (separator)in which siltparticles settle
as the carrier liquid is slowly stirred by horizon- determinate structure [MECH] A structure in
which the equations of statics alone are suffi-tally revolving rakes; solids are plowed outward
and removed at the periphery of the container cient to determine the stresses and reactions.
{d?vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r}bowl,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorsilH11080t?r}
desilting basin [CIV ENG] A space or structure determinism See causality,{ d?vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
detonatingfuse [ENG] A device consisting of aconstructed just below a diversion structure of a
canal to remove bed,sand,and silt loads,Also core ofhigh explosivewithin awaterproof textile
covering and set off by an electrical blasting capknown as desilting works,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorsilH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiorbaˉH11080s?n}
desilting works See desilting basin,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorsilH11080ti? fired from a distance by means of a fuse line;
used in large,deep boreholes,{ vertstrokesuperiordetvertstrokeinferior?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorw?rks }
desiredtrack See course,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorz?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiortrak } vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
detonating rate [MECH] The velocity at whichdeslimer [MECH ENG] Apparatus,such as a
bowl-type centrifuge,used to remove fine,wet the explosion wave passes through a cylindrical
charge,{ vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}particles (slime) from cement rocks and to size
pigments and abrasives,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉmH11080?r} detonating relay [ENG] A device used in con-
junction withthe detonatingfuse toavoid short-destearinate [CHEM ENG] A process of remov-
ing from a fatty oil the lower melting point com- delay blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
detonation [MECH ENG] Spontaneous combus-pounds,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorstirH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉt}
destraction [CHEM ENG] A high-pressure tech- tion of the compressed charge after passage of
the spark in an internal combustion engine; itnique for separating high-boiling or nonvolatile
material by dissolving it with application of su- is accompanied by knock,{ vertstrokeinferiordetH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
detonation front [ENG] The reaction zone of apercritical gases,{ divertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}
destructivebreakdown [ELECTR] Breakdownof detonation,{ vertstrokeinferiordetH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfr?nt }
154
diabatic
detonator [ENG] A device,such as a blasting dewatering [ENG] 1,Removal of water from
cap,employing a sensitive primary explosive to solid material by wet classification,centrifuga-
detonate a high-explosive charge,{ vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?n tion,filtration,or similar solid-liquid separation
vertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r} techniques,2,Removing or draining water
detonator safety [ENG] A fuse has detonator from an enclosure or a structure,such as a river-
safety or is detonator safe when the functioning bed,caisson,ormine shaft,bypumping orevap-
of the detonator cannot initiate subsequent ex- oration,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rH11080i? }
plosive train components,{ vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r dewaxing [CHEM ENG] Removing wax from a
vertstrokeinferiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }
material or object; a process used to separate
detonics [ENG] Thestudyofdetonatingandex-
solid hydrocarbons from petroleum,{ deˉ
plosives performance,{ devertstrokesuperiorta¨nH11080iks }
vertstrokesuperiorwaksH11080i? }
detritus tank [CIV ENG] A tank in which heavy
dew cell [ENG] An instrument used to deter-
suspended matter is removed in sewage treat-
mine the dew point,consisting of a pair of
ment,{ d?vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉdH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
spaced,bare electrical wires wound spirally
Detroit rocking furnace [ENG] An indirect arc
around an insulator and covered with a wicking
type of rocking furnace having graphite elec-
wetted with a water solution containing an ex-
trodes entering horizontally from opposite ends.
cess of lithium chloride; an electrical potential
{d?vertstrokesuperiortroˉit vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
applied to the wires causes a flow of current
development [ENG] The exploratory work re-
through the lithium chloride solution,which
quired to determine the best production tech-
raises the temperature of the solution until its
niques to bring a new process or piece of equip-
vapor pressure is in equilibrium with that of the
ment to the production stage,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorvelH11080?pH11080
ambient air,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorsel }
m?nt }
dew-point boundary [CHEM ENG] On a phase
deviation [ENG] The difference between the ac-
diagramforagas-condensatereservoir(pressure
tual value of a controlled variable and the de-
versustemperature withconstant gas-oilratios),
sired value corresponding to the set point.
theareaalongwhichthegas-oilratioapproaches
{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉvH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
zero,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorbau˙nH11080dreˉ }
deviationfactorSeecompressibilityfactor,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉvH11080
dew-pointcomposition [CHEM ENG] The water
eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
vapor-air composition at saturation,that is,at
deviatonicstress [MECH] Theportionoftheto-
the temperature at which water exerts a vapor
tal stress that differs from an isostatic hydro-
pressure equal to the partial pressure of water
static pressure; it is equal to the difference be-
vapor in the air-water mixture,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int
tween the total stress and the spherical stress.
vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
{ vertstrokeinferiordevH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorta¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorstres }
dew-point curve [CHEM ENG] On a PVT phase
device [ELECTR] An electronic element that
diagram,the line that separates the two-phase
cannot be divided without destroying its stated
(gas-liquid) region from the one-phase (gas) re-
function; commonly applied to active elements
gion,and indicates the point at a given gas tem-
such as transistors and transducers,[ENG] A
perature or pressure at which the first dew or
mechanism,tool,or other piece of equipment
liquid phase occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
designed for specific uses,{ divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
dew-point depression [CHEM ENG] Reduction
devil See devil float,{ vertstrokesuperiordevH11080?l}
oftheliquid-vapordewpointofagasbyremoval
devil float [ENG] A hand float containing nails
of a portion of the liquid (such as water) from
projecting at each corner and used to roughen
the gas (such as air),{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int divertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
thesurfaceofplastertoprovideakeyforthenext
dew-point hygrometer [CHEM ENG] An instru-
coat,Also known as devil; nail coat,{ vertstrokesuperiordevH11080?l
ment for determining the dew point by measur-
vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
ing thetemperature atwhich vaporbeing cooled
devil’spitchfork [DES ENG] A tool with flexible
in a silver vessel begins to condense,Also
prongs used in recovery of a bit,underreamer,
known as cold-spot hygrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int
cutters,or such lost during drilling,{ vertstrokesuperiordeH11080v?lz
h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorpichvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rk }
dew-pointpressure [CHEM ENG] The gas pres-
devolatilize [CHEM ENG] To remove volatile
sure at which a system is at its dew point,that
components from a material,{ vertstrokeinferiordeˉvertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080?H11080t?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉz}
is,the conditions of gas temperature and pres-
Dewarcalorimeter [ENG] 1,Any calorimeter in
sureatwhichthefirstdeworliquidphaseoccurs.
which the sample is placed inside a Dewar flask
{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
to minimize heat losses,2,A calorimeter for
dew-pointrecorder [ENG] Aninstrumentwhichdetermining the mean specific heat capacity of
gives a continuous recording of the dew point;a solid between the boiling point of a cryogenic
italternatelycoolsandheats thetargetandusesliquid,suchasliquidoxygen,androomtempera-
a photocell to observe and record the tempera-ture,by measuring the amount of the liquid that
tureatwhichthe condensateappearsanddisap-evaporates when the specimen is dropped into
pears,Also known as mechanized dew-pointthe liquid,{ |du¨H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}dewaterer [MECH ENG] Wet-type mechanical
DFE See design for environment.classifier(solidsseparator)inwhichsolidssettle
diabatic [THERMO] Athermodynamicchangeofout of the carrier liquid and are concentrated for
recovery,{ deˉvertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rH11080?r } state of a system in which there is a transfer of
155
diagnostics
heat across the boundaries of the system,Also diameter of trees; when wrapped around the cir-
cumference of a tree,it reads the diameter di-known as nonadiabatic,{ |d?ˉH11080?|badH11080ik }
rectly,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortaˉp}diagnostics [ENG] Information on what tests a
diametralpitch [DES ENG] A gear tooth designdevice has failed and how they were failed; used
factor expressed as the ratio of the number of
to aid in troubleshooting,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?gvertstrokesuperiorna¨sH11080tiks }
teeth to the diameter of the pitch circle meas-
diagonal [CIV ENG] A sloping structural mem-
ured in inches,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?H11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorpich }
ber,under compression or tension or both,of a
diamondanvil [ENG] Abrilliant-cutdiamondof
truss or bracing system,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioragH11080?nH11080?l}
extremely high quality that is modified to have
diagonalbond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond with
16 sides and has the culet cut off to create either
diagonal headers,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioragH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }
a flat tip or a flat surface followed by a bevel of
diagonal pitch [ENG] In rows of staggered riv-
5–10H11034.{vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokesuperioranH11080v?l}
ets,the distance between the center of a rivet
diamond-anvilcell [ENG] A device for generat-
in one row to the center of the adjacent rivet in
ing an extremely high pressure in a sample that
the next row,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioragH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpich }
is sandwiched between two diamond anvils to
diagonal pliers [DES ENG] Pliers with cutting
which forces are applied,{ |d?ˉH11080m?nd |anH11080v?l
jaws at an angle to the handles to permit cutting
vertstrokeinferiorsel }
off wires close to terminals,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioragH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080
diamond bit [DES ENG] A rotary drilling bit
rz }
crowned with bort-type diamonds,used for rock
diagonalstay [MECH ENG] A diagonal member
boring,Also known as bort bit,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorm?nd
between the tube sheet and shell in a fire-tube
vertstrokeinferiorbit }
boiler,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioragH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstaˉ }
diamond boring [ENG] Boring with a diamond
diagramfactor [MECH ENG] The ratio of the ac-
tool,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080i? }
tual mean effective pressure,as determined by
diamondchisel [DES ENG] A chisel having a V-
an indicator card,to the map of the ideal cycle
shaped or diamond-shaped cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
for a steam engine,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} m?nd vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
dial [DES ENG] A separate scale or other device diamond circuit [ELECTR] A gate circuit that
for indicating the value to which a control is providesisolationbetweeninputandoutputter-
set,{ d?ˉl} minals in its off state,by operating transistors
DIAL See differential absorption lidar,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioral } in their cutoff region; in the on state the output
voltage follows the input voltage as required fordial cable [DES ENG] Braided cord or flexible
gating both analog and digital signals,while thewire cable used to make a pointer move over a
transistorsprovidecurrentgaintosupplyoutputdial when a separate control knob is rotated,or
current on demand,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}usedtocoupletwoshaftstogethermechanically.
diamondcoring [ENG] Obtaining core samples{d?
ˉl vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
of rock by using a diamond drill,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd
dial cord [DES ENG] A braided cotton,silk,or
vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080i? }
glass fiber cord used as a dial cable,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl
diamond count [DES ENG] The number of dia-
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rd }
monds set in a diamond crown bit,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
dial feed [MECH ENG] A device that rotates
m?nd vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt }
workpieces into position successively so they
diamond crossing [CIV ENG] An oblique rail-
can be acted on by a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}
road crossing that forms a diamond shape be-
dial indicator [DES ENG] Meter or gage with a
tween the tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorkro˙sH11080i? }
calibrated circular face and a pivoted pointer to
diamondcrown [DES ENG] The cutting bit used
give readings,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
in diamond drilling; it consists of a steel shell
dialing step [ENG] The minimum amount,ex-
set with black diamonds on the face and cutting
pressed in units of mass,that can be added or
edges,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorkrau˙n}
removed on a balance fitted with dial weights.
diamond drill [DES ENG] A drilling machine
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstep }
with a hollow,diamond-set bit for boring rock
dialpress [MECH ENG] A punch press with dial
andyieldingcontinuousandcolumnarrocksam-
feed,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorpres }
ples,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiordril }
dial weight [ENG] A weight piece that acts on
Diamond-Hinmanradiosonde [ENG] A variable
the invariable arm of an analytical balance and
audio-modulated radiosonde used by United
is added or removed from outside the case by a
States weather services; the carrier signal from
weight-lifting dialing system,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
the radiosonde is modulated by audio signals
dialyzer [CHEM ENG] 1,The semipermeable
determined by the electrical resistance of the
membrane used for dialyzing liquid,2,The
humidity- and temperature-transducing ele-
container used in dialysis; it is separated into
ments and by fixed reference resistors; the mod-
compartments by membranes,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
ulating signals are transmitted in a fixed se-
diameter group [MECH ENG] A dimensionless
quence at predetermined pressure levels by
group,used in the study of flow machines such
means of a baroswitch,{ |d?ˉH11080m?nd |hinH11080m?n
as turbines and pumps,equal to the fourth root vertstrokesuperiorra
ˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
of pressure number 2 divided by the square root diamond indenter [ENG] An instrument that
of the delivery number,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgru¨p} measures hardness by indenting a material with
a diamond point,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd invertstrokesuperiordenH11080t?r}diameter tape [ENG] A tape for measuring the
156
diecasting
diamond matrix [DES ENG] The metal or alloy thatconsequentlymovesinrelationtothediffer-
encebetweenthetwopressures,actuatingame-inwhichdiamondsaresetinadrillcrown,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
chanical indicator or electric-electronic signal.m?nd vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080triks }
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}diamondorientation [DESENG] Thesetofadia-
diaphragmhorn [ENG ACOUS] A horn that pro-
mond in a cutting tool so that the crystal face
duces sound by means of a diaphragm vibrated
will be in contact with the material being cut.
by compressed air,steam,or electricity,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorho˙rn }
diamond-particlebit [DES ENG] A diamond bit
diaphragm meter [ENG] A flow meter which
set with small fragments of diamonds,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
uses the movement of a diaphragm in the meas-
m?nd|pa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorbit }
urement of a difference in pressure created by
diamond pattern [DES ENG] The arrangement
theflow,suchasaforce-balance-typeoradeflec-
of diamonds set in a diamond crown,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
tion-type meter,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
m?nd vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn }
diaphragm pump [MECH ENG] A metering
diamondpoint [DES ENG] A cutting tool with a
pump which uses a diaphragm to isolate the
diamond tip,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
operating parts from pumped liquid in a me-
diamond-point bit See mud auger,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd
chanically actuated diaphragm pump,or from
|po˙int vertstrokeinferiorbit }
hydraulic fluid in a hydraulically actuated dia-
diamond reamer [DES ENG] A diamond-inset
phragm pump,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
pipe behind,and larger than,the drill bit and
diaphragm valve [ENG] A fluid valve in which
core barrel that is used for enlarging boreholes.
the open-close element is a flexible diaphragm;
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorreˉmH11080?r}
used for fluids containing suspended solids,but
diamond saw [DES ENG] A circular,band,or
limited to low-pressure systems,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram
frame saw inset with diamonds or diamond dust
vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
for cutting sections of rock and other brittle sub-
diathermousenvelope [THERMO] A surface en-
stances,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorso˙ } closing a thermodynamic system in equilibrium
diamond setter [ENG] A person skilled at set- thatisnotanadiabaticenvelope;intuitively,this
ting diamonds by hand in a diamond bit or a bit means that heat can flow through the surface.
mold,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080?r} { |d?ˉH11080?|th?rH11080m?s vertstrokesuperiorenH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
diamondsize [ENG] In the bit-setting and dia- dice See die,{ d?ˉs}
dicing [ELECTR] Sawing or otherwise machin-mond-drilling industries,the number of equal-
ing a semiconductor wafer into small squares,size diamonds having a total weight of 1 carat;
or dice,from which transistors and diodes cana 10-diamond size means 10 stones weighing 1
be fabricated,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉsH11080i? }carat,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
dicing cutter [MECH ENG] A cutting mill fordiamondstylus [ENG ACOUS] A stylus having a
sheet material; sheet is first slit into horizontal
ground diamond as its point,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokesuperiorst?ˉH11080
strands by blades,then fed against a rotating
l?s}
knife for dicing,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
diamondtool [DESENG] 1.Anytoolusingadia-
die [DES ENG] A tool or mold used to impart
mond-set bit to drill a borehole,2.A diamond
shapes to,or to form impressions on,materials
shapedtothecontourofasingle-pointedcutting
such as metals and ceramics,[ELECTR] The
tool,used for precision machining,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080
tiny,sawedorotherwisemachinedpieceofsemi-
m?nd vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
conductor material used in the construction of a
diamondwheel [DES ENG] A grinding wheel in
transistor,diode,orothersemiconductordevice;
which synthetic diamond dust is bonded as the
plural is dice,{ d?ˉ }
abrasive to cut very hard materials such as sint-
dieadapter [ENG] That part of an extrusion die
ered carbide or quartz,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080m?nd vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
which holds the die block,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ?vertstrokesuperiordapH11080t?r}
diaphragm [ENG] A thin sheet placed between
die blade [ENG] A deformable member
parallel parts of a member of structural steel
attached to a die body which determines the
to increase its rigidity,[ENG ACOUS] A thin,
slot opening and is adjusted to produce uniform
flexiblesheetthatcanbemovedbysoundwaves,
thickness across plastic film or sheet,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ
asin amicrophone,orcan producesound waves
vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd}
when moved,asin a loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram }
die block [ENG] 1,A tool-steel block which is
diaphragmcell [CHEM ENG] An electrolytic cell
bolted to the bed of a punch press and into
used to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine
which the desired impressions are machined.
from sodium chloride brine; porous diaphragm
2,The part of an extrusion mold die holding the
separatestheanodeandcathodecompartments.
forming bushing and core,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorsel }
diebody [ENG] The stationary part of an extru-
diaphragmcompressor [MECHENG] Devicefor
sion die,used to separate and form material.
compressionofsmallvolumesofagasbymeans
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
of a reciprocally moving diaphragm,in place of
diebushing See button die,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbu˙shH11080i? }
pistons or rotors,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r} die casting [ENG] A metal casting process in
diaphragm gage [ENG] Pressure- or vacuum- whichmoltenmetalisforcedunderpressureinto
sensing instrument in which pressures act a permanent mold; the two types are hot-cham-
ber and cold-chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkastH11080i? }againstoppositesidesofanencloseddiaphragm
157
diechaser
diechaser [ENG] One of the cutting parts of a dielectric substance,such as polystyrene,glass,
or mica,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsheˉldH11080i? }compositedieoradieusedtocutthreads,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉsH11080?r} dielectric strength [ELEC] The maximum elec-
tricalpotentialgradientthat amaterialcanwith-Dieckmancondensation [CHEM ENG] Any con-
densation of esters of dicarboxylic acids which stand without rupture; usually specified in volts
per millimeter of thickness,Also known asproduce cyclic H9252-ketoesters,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉkH11080ma¨n vertstrokeinferiorka¨n
vertstrokeinferiordenvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n } electric strength,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
dielectricsusceptibility See electric susceptibility.die clearance [ENG] The distance between die
members that meet during an operation,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ { vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik s?vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
die lines [ENG] Lines or markings on the sur-vertstrokeinferiorklirH11080?ns }
diecushion [ENG] A device located in or under face of a drawn,formed,or extruded product
due to imperfections in the surface of the die.a die block or bolster to provide additional pres-
sure or motion for stamping,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorku˙shH11080?n} {vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnz }
dieselcycle [THERMO] An internal combustiondiecutting See blanking,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i? }
die gap [ENG] In plastics and metals forming,engine cycle in which the heat of compression
ignites the fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?lvertstrokesuperiorvertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}the distance between the two opposing metal
faces forming the opening of a die,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorgap } dieselelectriclocomotive [MECH ENG] A loco-
motive with a diesel engine driving an electricdieholder [ENG] A plate or block on which the
dieblockismounted;itisfastenedtothebolster generator which supplies electric power to trac-
tion motors for propelling the vehicle,Alsoor press bed,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorhoˉldH11080?r}
dieing machine [MECH ENG] A vertical press known as diesel locomotive,{ |deˉH11080z?l?|lekH11080trik
vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv}with the slide activated by pull rods attached to
the drive mechanism below thebed of the press,diesel electric power generation [MECH ENG]
Electricpowergenerationinwhichthegenerator{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080i? m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
die insert [ENG] A removable part or the liner is driven by a diesel engine,{ |deˉH11080z?l?|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}of a die body or punch,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?rt }
dielectric breakdown [ELECTR] Breakdown dieselengine [MECHENG] Aninternalcombus-
tion engine operating on a thermodynamic cyclewhich occurs in an alkali halide crystal at field
strengthsontheorderof10
6
voltspercentimeter,in which the ratio of compression of the air
charge is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel sub-{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
dielectric constant [ELEC] 1,For an isotropic sequently injected into the combustion cham-
ber,Also known as compression-ignition en-medium,theratioofthe capacitanceofacapaci-
tor filled with a given dielectric to that of the gine,{ |deˉH11080z?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
dieselindex [CHEM ENG] An empirical expres-same capacitor having only a vacuum as dielec-
tric,2,More generally,1 H11001 H9253H9273,where H9253 is 4H9266 sionforthecorrelationbetweentheanilinenum-
ber of a diesel fuel and its ignitability,[MECHin Gaussian and cgs electrostatic units or 1 in
rationalized mks units,and H9273 is the electric sus- ENG] Diesel fuel rating based on ignition quali-
ties; high-quality fuel has a high index number.ceptibility tensor,Also known as relative di-
electric constant; relative permittivity; specific { vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
dieseling [MECH ENG] 1,Explosions of mix-inductive capacity (SIC),{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080
st?nt } turesofairandlubricatingoilinthecompression
chambers or in other parts of the air system ofdielectric curing [ENG] A process for curing a
thermosetting resin by subjecting it to a high- a compressor,2,Continuation of running by a
gasoline spark-ignition engine after the ignitionfrequency electric charge,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080
i? } is turned off,Also known as run-on,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080
z?lH11080i? }dielectric fatigue [ELECTR] The property of
some dielectrics in which resistance to break- dieselknock [MECH ENG] A combustion knock
caused when the delayed period of ignition isdown decreases after a voltage has been applied
for a considerable time,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg } long so that a large quantity of atomized fuel
accumulates in the combustion chamber; whendielectricfield [ELEC] Theaveragetotalelectric
field acting upon a molecule or group of mole- combustion occurs,the sudden high pressure
resulting from the accumulated fuel causes die-culesinsideadielectric,Alsoknownasinternal
dielectric field,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld } sel knock,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiorna¨k}
diesel locomotive See diesel electric locomotive.dielectricfilm [ELEC] A film possessing dielec-
tric properties; used as the central layer of a { vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv}
dieselrig [MECH ENG] Any diesel engine appa-capacitor,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfilm }
dielectric leakage [ELEC] A very small steady ratus or machinery,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l vertstrokeinferiorrig }
die set [ENG] A tool or tool holder consistingcurrent that flows through a dielectric subject to
a steady electric field,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorleˉkH11080ij } of a die base for the attachment of a die and
a punch plate for the attachment of a punch.dielectriclossfactor [ELEC] Product of the di-
electric constant of a material and the tangent { vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorset }
die shoe [MECH ENG] A block placed beneathof its dielectric loss angle,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?|lekH11080trik |los
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } the lowerpart ofa die uponwhich thedie holder
ismounted;spreadstheimpactoverthediebed,dielectricshielding [ELEC] The reduction of an
electric field in some region by interposing a thereby reducing wear,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
158
differentialmotion
diesinking [ENG] Making a depressed pattern differentialeffects [MECH] Theeffectsuponthe
elements of the trajectory due to variations fromin a die by forming or machining,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorsi?kH11080i? }
die slide [MECH ENG] A device in which the standard conditions,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?livertstrokesuperiorfeks }
differential extraction [CHEM ENG] Theoreticallower die of a power press is mounted; it slides
in andout ofthe press foreasy accessand safety limiting case of crosscurrent extraction in a sin-
gle vessel where feed is continuously extractedin feeding the parts,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉd}
dieswellratio [ENG] The ratio of the outer par- with infinitesimal amounts of fresh solvent; true
differential extraction cannot be achieved.ison diameter(or parisonthickness) tothe outer
diameter of the die (or die gap),{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorswel { vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?likvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}
differential frequency meter [ENG] A circuitvertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
Dietericiequationofstate [THERMO] Anempir- that converts the absolute frequency difference
between two input signals to a linearly propor-ical equation of state for gases,pe
a/RT
(v H11002 b) H11005
RT,where p is the pressure,T is the absolute tional direct-current output voltage that can be
used to drive a meter,recorder,oscilloscope,ortemperature,v is the molar volume,R is the gas
constant,andaandbareconstantscharacteristic other device,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}of the substance under consideration,{ deˉH11080
d?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080cheˉ ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zhen?v vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt} differentialgame [CONT SYS] A two-sided opti-
mal control problem,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉm}difference channel [ENG ACOUS] An audio
channel that handles the difference between the differential gap controller [CONT SYS] A two-
position (on-off) controller that actuates whensignals in the left and right channels of a stereo-
phonic sound system,{ vertstrokesuperiordifH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l } themanipulatedvariablereachesthehighorlow
valueofitsrange(differentialgap),{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080differential [CONT SYS] The difference between
levels for turn-on and turn-off operation in a ch?l vertstrokesuperiorgap k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉlH11080?r}
differential gear See differential,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?lcontrol system,[MECH ENG] Any arrange-
ment of gears forming an epicyclic train in which vertstrokesuperiorgir }
differentialheatofsolution [THERMO] The par-the angular speed of one shaft is proportional
to the sum or difference of the angular speeds tial derivative of the total heat of solution with
respect to the molal concentration of one com-of two other gears which lie on the same axis;
allows one shaft to revolve faster than the other,ponent of the solution,when the concentration
of the other component or components,thethe speed of the main driving member being
equal to the algebraic mean of the speeds of pressure,andthetemperatureareheldconstant.
{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?vs?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}the two shafts,Also known as differential gear.
{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l} differential indexing [MECH ENG] A method of
subdividing a circle based on the difference be-differentialabsorptionlidar [ENG] A technique
for the remote sensing of atmospheric gases,in tween movements of the index plate and index
crank of a dividing engine,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorinwhich lasers transmit pulses of radiation into
theatmosphereattwowavelengths,oneofwhich vertstrokeinferiordeksH11080i? }
differential instrument [ENG] Galvanometer oris absorbed by the gas to be measured and one
is not,and the difference between the return other measuring instrument having two circuits
or coils,usually identical,through which cur-signals from atmospheric backscattering on the
absorbed and nonabsorbed wavelengths is used rents flow in opposite directions; the difference
or differential effect of these currents actuatesas a direct measure of the concentration of the
absorbing species,Abbreviated DIAL,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080 the indicating pointer,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
str?H11080m?nt }?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
differentialairthermometer [ENG] A device for differentialleakdetector [ENG] A leak detector
consisting of two tubes and a trap which directsdetecting radiant heat,consisting of a U-tube
manometer with a closed bulb at each end,one the tracer gas from the system into the desired
tube,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorleˉkdivertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}clear and the other blackened,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l
vertstrokesuperiorer th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} differential leveling [ENG] A surveying process
inwhichahorizontallineofsightofknowneleva-differentialbrake [MECHENG] A brakein which
operation depends on a difference between two tion is intercepted by a graduated standard,or
rod,held vertically on the point being checked.motions,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
differential calorimetry [THERMO] Technique { vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lH11080i? }
differentialmanometer [ENG] An instrument infor measurement of and comparison (differen-
tial) of process heats (reaction,absorption,which the difference in pressure between two
sources is determined from the vertical distancehydrolysis,andsoon)foraspecimenandarefer-
ence material,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?H11080 between the surfaces of a liquid in two legs of
an erect or inverted U-shaped tube when eachtreˉ }
differential chemical reactor [CHEM ENG] A of the legs is connected to one of the sources.
{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?lm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}flow reactor operated at constant temperature
and very low concentrations (resulting from very differentialmicrophone See double-button micro-
phone,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}short residence times),with product and re-
actantconcentrationsessentiallyconstantatthe differential motion [MECH ENG] A mechanism
in which the follower has two driving elements;levels in the feed,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080iH11080k?l
reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r } the net motion of the follower is the difference
159
differentialpiece-ratesystem
between the motions that would result from ei- following pressure reduction,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l
vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}ther driver acting alone,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080
sh?n} differentialsteamcalorimeter [ENG] An instru-
ment for measuring small specific-heat capacit-differential piece-rate system [IND ENG] A
wage plan based on a standard task time ies,such as those of gases,in which the amount
of steam condensing on a body containing thewhereby the worker receives increased or de-
creased piece rates as his or her production var- substancewhoseheatcapacityistobemeasured
is compared with the amount condensing on aies from that expected for the standard time.
Also known as accelerating incentive,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080 similar body which is evacuated or contains a
substance of known heat capacity,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorpeˉs vertstrokeinferiorraˉt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
differential-pressure fuel valve [MECH ENG] Ach?l vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm kalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
differential thermal analysis [THERMO] Aneedle or spindle normally closed,with seats at
the back side of the valve orifice,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?|renH11080 methodofdeterminingthetemperatureatwhich
thermalreactionsoccurinamaterialundergoingch?l |preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
differential-pressure gage [ENG] Apparatus to continuous heating to elevated temperatures;
also involves a determination of the nature andmeasure pressure differences between two
points in a system; it can be a pressured liquid intensity of such reactions,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l
vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}columnbalanced bya pressuredliquid reservoir,
a formed metallic pressure element with oppos- differential thermogravimetric analysis [THER-
MO] Thermalanalysis inwhich therate ofmate-ing force,or an electrical-electronic gage (such
as strain,thermal-conductivity,or ionization),rialweightchangeuponheatingversustempera-
ture is plotted; used to simplify reading of{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?|renH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
differential process [CHEM ENG] A process in weight-versus-temperature thermogram peaks
that occur close together,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?lwhich a system is caused to move through a
bubble point and as a result to form two phases,|th?rH11080moˉvertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?|meH11080trik?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
differentialthermometerSeebimetallicthermome-the minor phase being removed from further
contact with the major phase; thus the system ter,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
differentialtiming [INDENG] Atime-studytech-continuously changes in quantity and composi-
tion,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?|renH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s } nique in which the time value of an element of
extremely short duration is determined by vari-differential-producing primary device [ENG]
An instrument that modifies the flow pattern of ous calculations involving cycle values that first
includeandthenexcludetheelementundercon-a fluid passing through a pipe,duct,or open
channel,and thereby produces a difference in sideration,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i? }
differentialwindlass [MECHENG] Awindlassinpressure between two points,which can then be
measured to determine the rate of flow,{ difH11080 which the barrel has two sections,each having
a different diameter; the rope winds around one?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?lpr?vertstrokeinferiordu¨sH11080i? |pr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
differential pulley [MECH ENG] A tackle in section,passes through a pulley (which carries
the load),then winds around the other sectionwhich an endless cable passes through a mov-
able lower pulley,which carries the load,and of the barrel,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorwindH11080l?s}
diffuser [ENG] A duct,chamber,or section intwo fixed coaxial upper pulleys having different
diameters; yields a high mechanical advantage,which a high-velocity,low-pressure stream of
fluid (usually air) is converted into a high-veloc-{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
differential scanning calorimeter [CHEM ENG] ity,high-pressure flow { d?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zH11080er }
diffusion [ELECTR] A method of producing aAn instrument for studying overall chemical re-
actions by measuring the associated exothermic junction by difusing an impurity metal into a
semiconductor at a high temperature,[MECHand endothermic reactions that occur over a
specified temperature cycle,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?|renH11080ch?l ENG] The conversion of air velocity into static
pressure in the diffuser casing of a centrifugal|skanH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
differential scatter [ENG] A technique for the fan,resulting from increases in the radius of the
air spin and in area,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}remotesensingofatmosphericparticlesinwhich
the ackscattering from laser beams at a number diffusion barrier [CHEM ENG] Porous barrier
through which gaseous mixtures are passed forof infrared wavelengths is measured and corre-
latedwithscatteringsignaturesthatareuniquely enrichment of the lighter-molecular-weight con-
stituent of the diffusate; used as a many-stagerelated to particle composition,Abbreviated
DISC,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorskadH11080?r } cascade system for the recovery of
235
UF
6
iso-
topes from a
238
UF
6
stream,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080differential screw [MECH ENG] A type of com-
pound screw which produces a motion equal to eˉH11080?r}
diffusion hygrometer [ENG] A hygrometerthe difference in motion between the two com-
ponent screws,{ vertstrokeinferiordifH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ } based upon the diffusion of water vapor through
a porous membrane; essentially,it consists of adifferential separation [CHEM ENG] Release of
gas (vapor) from liquids by a reduction in pres- closed chamber having porous walls and con-
taininga hygroscopiccompound,whoseabsorp-sure that allows the vapor to come out of the
solution,so that the vapor can be removed from tionofwatervaporcausesapressuredropwithin
the chamber that is measured by a manometer.the system; differs from flash separation,in
which the vapor and liquid are kept in contact { d?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?nh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
160
diodecharacteristic
diffusionpump [ENG] Avacuumpumpinwhich Abbreviated dac,{ vertstrokesuperiordijH11080?dH11080?ltu¨ |anH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨g
k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}a stream of heavy molecules,such as mercury
vapor,carries gas molecules out of the volume dike [CIV ENG] An embankment constructed on
dry ground along a riverbank to prevent overflowbeing evacuated; also used for separating iso-
topes according to weight,the lighter molecules of lowlands and to retain floodwater,{ d?ˉk}
dilatometer [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuringbeing pumped preferentially by the vapor
stream,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } thermal expansion and dilation of liquids or sol-
ids,{ vertstrokeinferiordilH11080?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}diffusiophoresis [CHEM ENG] A process in a
scrubber whereby water vapor moving toward dilute phase [CHEM ENG] In liquid-liquid ex-
traction,the liquid phase that is dilute with re-the cold water surface carries particulates with
it,{ d?|fyu¨H11080zeˉH11080oˉH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s } spect to the material being extracted,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨t
vertstrokeinferiorfaˉz}diffusivity [THERMO] The quantityof heat pass-
ing normally through a unit area per unit time dimpling [ENG] Forming a conical depression
in a metal surface in order to countersink a rivetdivided by the product of specific heat,density,
and temperature gradient,Also known as ther- head,{ vertstrokesuperiordimH11080pli? }
Dinesanemometer [ENG] Apressure-tubeane-mal diffusivity; thermometric conductivity.
{ difH11080yu¨vertstrokesuperiorzivH11080?dH11080eˉ } mometer in which the pressure head on a
weather vane is kept facing into the wind,anddigestedsludge [CIV ENG] Sludge or thickened
mixture of sewage solids with water that has the suction head,near the bearing which sup-
ports the vane,develops a suction independentbeen decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.
{d?vertstrokesuperiorjesH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorsl?j } of wind direction; the pressure difference be-
tween the heads is proportional to the squaredigester [CHEM ENG] A vessel used to produce
cellulosepulpfromwoodchipsbycookingunder of the wind speed and is measured by a float
manometer with a linear wind scale,{ |d?ˉnz anH11080pressure,[CIV ENG] A sludge-digestion tank
containing a system of hot water or steam pipes?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
Dings magnetic separator [MECH ENG] A de-for heating the sludge,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorjesH11080t?r}
digestion [CHEM ENG] 1,Preferential dissolv- vice which is suspended above a belt conveyor
to pull out and separate magnetic material froming of mineral constituents in concentrations of
ore,2.Liquefaction of organic waste materials burdenasthickas40inches(1meter)andatbelt
speeds up to 750 feet (229 meters) per minute.by action of microbes,3,Separation of fabric
from tires by the use of hot sodium hydroxide,{ vertstrokesuperiordi?z magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
dinking [MECH ENG] Using a sharp,hollow4.Removing lignin from wood in manufacture of
chemical cellulose paper pulp,[CIV ENG] The punch for cutting light-gage soft metals or non-
metallic materials,{ vertstrokesuperiordi?kH11080i? }process of sewage treatment by the anaerobic
decomposition of organic matter,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorjesH11080 dioctylphthalatetest [ENG] A method used to
evaluateairfilterstobeusedincriticalair-clean-ch?n}
digger [ENG] A tool or apparatus for digging in ing applications; a light-scattering technique
counts the number of particles of controlled sizethe ground,{ vertstrokesuperiordigH11080?r}
digging [ENG] A sudden increase in cutting (0.3micrometer)enteringandemergingfromthe
test filter,Abbreviated DOP test,{ d?ˉ|a¨ktH11080?ldepth of a cutting tool due to an erratic change
in load,{ vertstrokesuperiordigH11080i? } |thavertstrokeinferiorlaˉt vertstrokeinferiortest }
diode [ELECTR] 1,A two-electrode electrondiggingline See inhaul cable,{ vertstrokesuperiordigH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
digitalcircuit [ELECTR] A circuitdesignedtore- tube containing an anode and a cathode.
2,See semiconductor diode,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}spondatinputvoltagesatoneofafinitenumber
of levels and,similarly,to produce output volt- diodealternating-currentswitchSeetrigger diode.
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd |o˙lH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080i? |k?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorswich }ages at one of a finite number of levels,{ vertstrokesuperiordijH11080
dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t} diode amplifier [ELECTR] A microwave ampli-
fier using an IMPATT,TRAPATT,or transferred-digitalcontrol [CONT SYS] The use of digital or
discrete technology to maintain conditions in electrondiodeinacavity,withamicrowavecircu-
lator providing the input/output isolation re-operatingsystemsascloseaspossibletodesired
valuesdespitechangesin theoperatingenviron- quired for amplification; center frequencies are
in the gigahertz range,from about 1 to 100 giga-ment,{ vertstrokesuperiordijH11080?dH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
digitaldelayer [ENG ACOUS] A device for intro- hertz,and power outputs are up to 20 watts con-
tinuous-wave or more than 200 watts pulsed,ducing delay in the audio signal in a sound-
reproducing system,which converts the audio depending on the diode used,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperioramH11080
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}signal to digital format and stores it in a digital
shift register before converting it back to analog diodebridge [ELECTR] A series-parallel config-
uration of four diodes,whose output polarityform,{ vertstrokesuperiordijH11080?dH11080?ldivertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080?r}
digitallog [ENG] A well log that has undergone remains unchanged whatever the input polarity.
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiorbrij }discrete sampling and recording on a magnetic
tape preparatory to use in computerized inter- diode-capacitortransistorlogic [ELECTR] Acir-
cuit thatuses diodes,capacitors,and transistorspretation and plotting,{ vertstrokesuperiordijH11080?dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}
digital-to-analog converter [ELECTR] A con- to provide logic functions,{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉdk?|pasH11080?dH11080?r
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik }verter in which digital input signals are changed
to essentially proportional analog signals,diode characteristic [ELECTR] The composite
161
diodeclamp
electrodecharacteristicofanelectrontubewhen applied waveforms within certain limits of volt-
age,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiorswich }all electrodes except the cathode are connected
diode transistor logic [ELECTR] A circuit thattogether,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?H11080vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tik }
usesdiodes,transistors,andresistorstoprovidediodeclamp See diode clamping circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
logic functions,Abbreviated DTL,{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉdvertstrokeinferiorklamp }
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik }diode clamping circuit [ELECTR] A clamping
diode-triode [ELECTR] Vacuum tube having acircuitinwhichadiodeprovidesaverylowresist-
diode and a triode in the same envelope.ance whenever the potential at a certain point
{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
rises above a certain value in some circuits or
diodevoltageSee diode forward voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
falls below a certain value in others,Also
vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
known as diode clamp,{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorklampH11080i?
diodevoltageregulator [ELECTR] Avoltagereg-
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
ulator with a Zener diode,making use of its al-
diode clipping circuit [ELECTR] A clipping cir-
most constant voltage over a range of currents.
cuit in which a diode is used as a switch to
Also known as Zener diode voltage regulator.
perform the clipping action,{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorklipH11080i?
{ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
diolefin hydrogenation [CHEM ENG] A fixed-
diode-connectedtransistor [ELECTR] A bipolar
bedcatalyticprocessusedtohydrogenatediolef-
transistor in which two terminals are shorted to
insin C
4
andC
5
fractionstomono-olefin inalkyl-
give diode action,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉdk?|nekH11080t?d tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080
ation feedstocks,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorf?n vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080
t?r}
sh?n}
diode demodulator [ELECTR] A demodulator
dip [ENG] The vertical angle between the sensi-
using one or more diodes to provide a rectified
ble horizon and a line to the visible horizon at
output whose average value is proportional to
sea,due to the elevation of the observer and to
the original modulation,Also known as diode
theconvexityoftheearth’ssurface,Alsoknown
detector,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉddeˉvertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
as dip of horizon,{ dip }
diode detector See diode demodulator,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
DIP See dual in-line package,{ dip }
divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
dipcircle See inclinometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordip vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
diode drop See diode forward voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
dipcoating [ENG] A coating applied to ceramic
vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
wareormetalbyimmersionintoatankofmelted
diode forward voltage [ELECTR] The voltage
nonmetallic material,such as resin or plastic,
across a semiconductor diode that is carrying
then chilling the adhering melt,{ vertstrokesuperiordip vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
current in the forward direction; it is usually ap-
dipinductorSeeearth inductor,{ vertstrokesuperiordip invertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
proximately constant over the range of currents
dipmeter [ENG] 1.Aninstrumentusedtomeas-
commonly used,Also known as diode drop;
ure the direction and angle of dip of geologic
diode voltage; forward voltage drop,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
formations,2,An absorption wavemeter in
|fo˙rH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
which bipolar or field-effect transistors replace
diode function generator [ELECTR] A function
the electron tubes usedin older grid-dip meters.
generator that uses the transfer characteristics
{ vertstrokesuperiordipvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
of resistive networks containing biased diodes;
dipmold [ENG] A one-piece glassmaking mold
the desired function is approximated by linear
with an open top; used to mold patterns.
segments,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorfe?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiordip vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
diodegate [ELECTR] An AND gate that uses di-
dip needle [ENG] An obsolete type of magne-
odes as switching elements,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
tometer consisting of a magnetized needle that
diode limiter [ELECTR] A peak-limiting circuit
rotatesfreelyintheverticalplane,withanadjust-
employing a diode that becomes conductive
able weight on one side of the pivot,{ vertstrokesuperiordip
when signal peaks exceed a predetermined
vertstrokeinferiorneˉdH11080?l}
value,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
dipofhorizon See dip,{ vertstrokesuperiordip?vh?vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉzH11080?n}
diodelogic [ELECTR] Anelectroniccircuitusing
dipole moment See electric dipole moment.
current-steering diodes,such that the relations
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }
between input and output voltages correspond
dipperdredge [MECH ENG] A power shovel re-
to AND or OR logic functions,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik }
semblingagrabcrane mountedonaflat-bottom
diodematrix [ELECTR] Atwo-dimensionalarray
boat for dredging under water,Also known as
of diodes used for a variety of purposes such as
dipper shovel,{ vertstrokesuperiordipH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordrej }
decoding and read-only memory,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd
dipper stick [MECH ENG] A straight shaft con-
vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks } necting the digging bucket of an excavating ma-
diodemixer [ELECTR] A mixer that uses a crys- chine or power shovel with the boom,{ vertstrokesuperiordipH11080
tal or electron tube diode; it is generally small?r vertstrokeinferiorstik }
enough to fit directly into a radio-frequency dippertrip [MECHENG] Adevicewhichreleases
transmission line,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r} the door of a shovel bucket,{ vertstrokesuperiordipH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortrip }
diodeswitch [ELECTR] Diode which is made to dippingsonar [ENG] A sonar transducer that is
act as a switch by the successive application lowered into the water from a hovering antisub-
of positive and negative biasing voltages to the marine-warfare helicopter and recovered after
anode(relativetothecathode),therebyallowing the search is complete,Also known as dunking
sonar,{ vertstrokesuperiordipH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}or preventing,respectively,the passage of other
162
direction
dipstick [ENG] A graduated rod which meas- supply thatprovides one or moredc output volt-
ages,such as a dc generator,rectifier-type powerures depth when dipped in a liquid,used,for
supply,converter,or dynamotor,{ d?|rekt |k?H11080example,to measure the oil in an automobile
r?nt vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?rs?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉ }engine crankcase,{ vertstrokesuperiordipvertstrokeinferiorstik }
direct digital control [CONT SYS] The use of adipstick microscopy [ENG] A technique for
digital computer generally on a time-sharing ormapping the variation of thickness of a thin liq-
multiplexing basis,for process control in petro-uid film by repeatedly dipping the tip of an
leum,chemical,and other industries,{ d?|rektatomicforcemicroscopeintothefilmatdifferent
|dijH11080?dH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
locations and calculating its thickness at each
direct drive [MECH ENG] A drive in which the
location,{ vertstrokesuperiordipvertstrokeinferiorstik m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨sH11080k?H11080peˉ }
driving part is directly connected to the driven
direct-acting pump [MECH ENG] A displace-
part,{ d?|rekt vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
ment reciprocating pump in which the steam or
direct-drivearm [CONTSYS] Arobotarmwhose
powerpistonisconnectedtothepumppistonby
joints are directly coupled to high-torque mo-
meansofarod,withoutcrankmotionorflywheel.
tors,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt |dr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
{d?|rekt |aktH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
direct-drive vibration machine [MECH ENG] A
direct-acting recorder [ENG] A recorder in
vibration machine in which the vibration table
which the marking device is mechanically con-
isforcedtoundergoadisplacementbyapositive
nected to or directly operated by the primary
linkage driven by a direct attachment to eccen-
detector,{ d?|rekt |aktH11080i? rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
trics or camshafts,{ d?|rekt |dr?ˉvv? ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n
direct-arc furnace [ENG] A furnace in which a
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
material in a refractory-lined shell is rapidly
direct energy conversion [ENG] Conversion of
heated to pour temperature by an electric arc
thermal or chemical energy into electric power
which goes directly from electrodes to the mate-
by means of direct-power generators,{ d?|rekt
rial,{ d?|rekt |a¨rk vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080zh?n}
direct bearing [CIV ENG] A direct vertical sup-
direct-expansion coil [MECH ENG] A finned
port in a structure,{ d?|rekt vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
coil,used in air cooling,inside of which circu-
direct-bonded bearing [MECH ENG] A bearing
latesacoldfluidorevaporatingrefrigerant,Ab-
formed by pouring molten babbitt metal directly
breviated DX coil,{ d?|rekt ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
into the bearing housing,allowing it to cool,
directexpertcontrolsystem [CONT SYS] An ex-
and then machining the metal to the specified
pert control system that contains rules that di-
diameter,{ d?|rekt |ba¨nH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
rectlyassociatecontrolleroutputvalueswithdif-
direct command guidance [ENG] Control of a
ferent values of the controller measurements
missile or drone entirely from the launching site
and set points,Also known as rule-based con-
by radio or by signalssent over a wire,{ d?|rekt
trol system,{ d?|rekt vertstrokeinferioreksH11080p?rt k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
k?|mand vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdH11080?ns }
t?m}
direct-connected [MECH ENG] The connection
directextrusion [ENG] Extrusion by movement
between a driver and a driven part,as a turbine
oframandproductinthesamedirectionagainst
and an electric generator,without intervening
a die orifice,{ d?|rekt ikvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n}
speed-changing devices,such as gears,{ d?
direct-feedback system [CONT SYS] A system
|rekt k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?d}
in which electrical feedback is used directly,as
direct-contact condenser See contact condenser.
in a tachometer,{ d?|rekt vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
{d?|rekt |ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt k?nvertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r}
direct-fire [ENG] To fire a furnace without pre-
directcontrolfunctionSeeregulatory control func-
heating the air or gas,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉr}
tion,{ d?|rekt k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
direct-firedevaporator [CHEM ENG] An evapo-
direct cost [IND ENG] The cost in goods and
rator in which the flame and combustion gases
labor to produce a product which would not be
are separated from the boiling liquid by a metal
spent if the product were not made,{ d?|rekt
wall,or other heating surface,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt |f?ˉrd
vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }
ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
direct-coupled [MECH ENG] Joined without in-
direct-geared [MECH ENG] Joined by a gear on
termediate connections,{ d?|rekt vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?ld }
the shaftof onemachine meshingwith a gearon
directcoupling [ELEC] Coupling of two circuits
the shaft of another machine,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt |gird }
by means of a non-frequency-sensitive device,
direct-imaging mass analyzer [ENG] A type of
such as a wire,resistor,or battery,so both direct
secondary ion mass spectrometer in which sec-
andalternatingcurrentcanflowthroughthecou-
ondaryionspassthroughanelectrostaticimmer-
pling path,[MECH ENG] The direct connec- sion lens which forms an image that bears a
tion of the shaft of a prime mover (such as a point-to-pointrelationtotheion’splaceoforigin
motor) to the shaft of a rotating mechanism on the sample surface,and then traverse mag-
(such as a pump or compressor),{ d?|rekt netic sectors which effect mass separation.
vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? } Also known as Castaing-Slodzian mass analyzer.
direct current [ELEC] Electric current which {d?|rekt |imH11080ijH11080i? |mas vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
flows in one direction only,as opposed to alter- direction [ENG] The position of one point in
nating current,Abbreviated dc,{ d?|rekt vertstrokesuperiork?H11080 space relative to another without reference to
r?nt } the distance between them;may be either three-
dimensional or two-dimensional,the horizontaldirect-current power supply [ELEC] A power
163
directionalcontrol
being the usual plane of the latter; usually indi- directlabor [IND ENG] The labor or effort actu-
ally producing goods or services,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080cated in terms of its angular distance from a
reference direction,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n} b?r}
directlaborstandardSeestandard time,{ d?|rectdirectional control [ENG] Control of motion
about the vertical axis; in an aircraft,usually by |laˉH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd }
directlyheatedcathodeSee filament,{ d?|rectH11080leˉthe rudder,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
directionalcontrolvalve [ENG] A control valve |heˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorthoˉd}
direct material [IND ENG] Any raw or semifin-serving primarily to direct hydraulic fluid to the
point of application,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl ished material which will be incorporated into
the product,{ d?|rekt m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
directionaldrilling [ENG] A drilling method in- direct-power generator [ENG] Any device
which converts thermal or chemical energy intovolving intentional deviation of a wellbore from
the vertical,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? } electric power by methods more direct than the
conventional thermal cycle,{ d?|rekt |pau˙H11080?rdirectional gain See directivity index,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn} vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
direct-radiator speaker [ENG ACOUS] A loud-directionalgyro [MECH] A two-degrees-of-free-
dom gyro with a provision for maintaining its speaker in which the radiating element acts di-
rectly on the air,without a horn,{ d?|rekt |raˉdH11080spin axis approximately horizontal,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ }eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
direct-reading gage [ENG] Gage that recordsdirectional hydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A hy-
drophone whose response varies significantly directly (instead of inferentially) measured val-
ues,for example,a liquid-level gage pointer ac-with the directionof sound incidence,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn } tuated by direct linkage with a float,{ d?|rekt
|reˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}directionalmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
phone whose response varies significantly with direct recording [ENG ACOUS] Recording in
whicharecordisproducedimmediately,withoutthe direction of sound incidence,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn } subsequent processing,in response to received
signals,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? }directional response pattern See directivity pat-
tern,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn } direct return system [MECH ENG] In a heating
orcoolingsystem,apipingarrangementinwhichdirection cosine [ENG] In tracking,the cosine
of the angle between a baseline and the line thefluidisreturnedtoitsorigin(boilerorevapo-
rator) by the shortest direct path after it hasconnecting the center of the baseline with the
target,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorkoˉvertstrokeinferiors?ˉn } passed through each heat exchanger,{ di|rekt
rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}direction-independentradar [ENG] Doppler ra-
dar used in sentry applications,{ d?|rekH11080sh?n direct-writing galvanometer [ENG] A direct-
writing recorder in which the stylus or pen isvertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?|penH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
directivity factor [ENG ACOUS] 1,The ratio of attached to a moving coil positioned in the field
of the permanent magnet of a galvanometer.radiated sound intensity at a remote point on
theprincipalaxisofaloudspeakerorothertrans- { d?|rekt |wr?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
direct-writing recorder [ENG] A recorder inducer,to the average intensity of the sound
transmitted through a sphere passing through which the permanent record of varying electrical
quantities or signals is made on paper,directlythe remote point and concentric with the trans-
ducer; the frequency must be stated,2,The by a pen attached to the moving coil of a galva-
nometer or indirectly by a pen moved by someratio of the square of the voltage produced by
sound waves arriving parallel to the principal formofmotorundercontrolofthegalvanometer.
Also known as mechanical oscillograph.axis of a microphone or other receiving trans-
ducer,to the mean square of the voltage that { d?|rekt |wr?ˉdH11080i? rivertstrokesuperiorkoˉrdH11080?r}
disappearing filament pyrometer See opticalwould be produced if sound waves having the
same frequency and mean-square pressure were pyrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?H11080m?nt p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
dH11080?r}arriving simultaneously from all directions with
random phase; the frequency must be stated,disappearing stair [BUILD] A stair that can be
swung up into a ceiling space,{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpirH11080i?{d?vertstrokeinferiorrekvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
directivity index [ENG ACOUS] The directivity vertstrokesuperiorster }
disassemble [ENG] To take apart into constit-factor expressed in decibels; it is 10 times the
logarithm to the base 10 of the directivity factor,uent parts,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080b?l}
disc See disk,{ disk }Also known as directional gain,{ d?vertstrokeinferiorrekvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080
vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks } DISC See differential scatter,{ disk }
discharge [ELEC] To remove a charge from adirectivity pattern [ENG ACOUS] A graphical or
otherdescriptionoftheresponseofatransducer battery,capacitor,or other electric-energy stor-
age device,[ELECTR] The passage of electric-used for sound emission or reception as a func-
tion of the direction of the transmitted or inci- itythroughagas,usuallyaccompaniedbyaglow,
arc,spark,or corona,Also known as electricdent sound waves in a specified plane and at a
specified frequency,Also known as beam pat- discharge,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
dischargechannel [MECH ENG] The passage intern; directional response pattern,{ d?vertstrokeinferiorrekvertstrokesuperiortivH11080
dH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn } a pressure-relief device through which the fluid
164
diskleatherwheel
is released to the outside of the device,{ vertstrokesuperiordis measure and record the size distribution of rain-
drops as they occur in the atmosphere,{ dizvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
discharged solids See residue,{ |disvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rjd vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080 vertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
disengage [ENG] To break the contact between?dz }
discharge head [MECH ENG] Vertical distance two objects,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
dishing [ENG] In metal-forming or plastics-between the intake level of a water pump and
the level at which it discharges water freely to molding operations,producing a shallow con-
cave surface,{ vertstrokesuperiordishH11080i? }the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorhed }
dischargehydrograph [CIVENG] Agraphshow- disintegrator [MECH ENG] An apparatus used
forpulverizingorgrindingsubstances,consistinging the discharge or flow of a stream or conduit
with respect to time,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } oftwosteelcageswhichrotateinoppositedirec-
tions,{ disvertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}discharge line [ENG] The length of pipe
throughwhichdrillingmud travelsfromthemud disk See phonograph record,{ disk }
disk-and-doughnut [CHEM ENG] A type of frac-pump through the standpipe on its way to the
borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn } tionating tower construction of alternating disks
andplatesthatare doughnut-shaped,toprovidedischarge liquor [CHEM ENG] Liquid that has
passed through a processing operation,Also mixing,{ |disk?n vertstrokesuperiordoˉH11080n?t}
disk attrition mill See disk mill,{ |disk?vertstrokesuperiortrishH11080?nknown as effluent; product,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorlikH11080?r}
discharge tube [ELECTR] An evacuated enclo- vertstrokeinferiormil }
diskbrake [MECHENG] Atypeofbrakeinwhichsure containing a gas at low pressure,through
which current can flow when sufficient voltage disks attached to a fixed frame are pressed
against disks attached to a rotating axle oris applied between metal electrodes in the tube.
Also known as electric-discharge tube,[MECH against the inner surfaces of a rotating housing.
{ |disk |braˉk}ENG] Atubethroughwhichsteamandwaterare
released into a boiler drum,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiortu¨b} diskcam [MECH ENG] A disk with a contoured
edge which rotates about an axis perpendiculardischarge-tube leak indicator [ENG] A device
which detects the presence of a tracer gas by to the disk,communicating motion to the cam
follower which remains in contact with the edgeusing a glass tube attached to a high-voltage
source; the presence of leaked gas is indicated of the disk,{ |disk |kam }
disk canvas wheel [DES ENG] A polishingby the color of the electric discharge,{ vertstrokesuperiordis
vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiorleˉk vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r } wheel made of disks of canvas sewn together
with heavy twine or copper wire,and reinforceddischarging arch [CIV ENG] A support built
over,and not touching,a weak structural mem- by steel side plates and side rings with bolts or
screws,{ |disk vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}ber,such as a wooden lintel,to carry the main
load,Also known as relieving arch,{ vertstrokesuperiordis disk centrifuge [MECH ENG] A centrifuge with
a large bowl having a set of disks that separatevertstrokeinferiorcha¨rjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiora¨rch }
disconnect [ELEC] To open a circuit by remov- the liquid into thin layers to create shallow set-
tling chambers,{ |disk vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j}ing wires or connections,as distinguished from
opening a switch to stop current flow,[ENG] disk clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch in which
torqueistransmittedby frictionbetweenfrictionTo sever a connection,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080k?vertstrokesuperiornekt }
discontinuousconstruction [BUILD] A building disks with specially prepared friction material
riveted to both sides and contact plates keyedin which there is no solid connection between
the roomsand thebuilding structureor between to the inner surface of an external hub.
{ |disk |kl?ch }different sections of the building; the design
aims to reduce the transmission of noise,disk coupling [MECH ENG] A flexible coupling
in which the connecting member is a flexible{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiortinH11080y?H11080w?sk?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
discount [IND ENG] A reduction from the gross disk,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
disk engine [MECH ENG] A rotating engine inamount,price,or value,{ vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt }
discretesoundsystem [ENGACOUS] Aquadra- which the piston is a disk,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
diskfilter [ENG] A filter in which the substancephonic sound system in which the four input
channels arepreserved as fourdiscrete channels to be filtered is drawn through membranes
stretched on segments of revolving disks by aduring recording and playback processes; some-
times referred to as a 4-4-4 system,{ divertstrokesuperiorskreˉt vacuum inside each disk; the solids left on the
membrane are lifted from the tank and dis-vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
discrete system [CONT SYS] A control system charged,Also known as American filter.
{ |disk |filH11080t?r}in which signals at one or more points may
change only at discrete values of time,Also disk grinder [MECH ENG] A grinding machine
that employs abrasive disks,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080?r}known as discrete-time system,{ divertstrokesuperiorskreˉt vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
t?m} disk grinding [MECH ENG] Grinding with the
flat side of a rigid,bonded abrasive disk or seg-discrete-time system See discrete system,{ di
vertstrokesuperiorskreˉt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m } mental wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
diskleatherwheel [DESENG] ApolishingwheeldiscretetransferfunctionSeepulsedtransfer func-
tion,{ di|skreˉt vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n } made of leather disks glued together,{ |disk
vertstrokesuperiorlethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}disdrometer [ENG] Equipment designed to
165
diskmeter
diskmeter [ENG] A positive displacement me- manometer which indicates the pressure differ-
ence across a solid or liquid partition which canter to measure flow rate of a fluid; consists of a
disk that wobbles or nutates within a chamber be displaced against a restoring force,{ dis
vertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}so that each time the disk nutates a known vol-
ume of fluid passes through the meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk displacement meter [ENG] A water meter that
measures water flow quantitatively by recordingvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
diskmill [MECH ENG] Size-reduction apparatus the number of times a vessel of known capacity
isfilled andemptied,{ disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}in which grinding of feed solids takes place be-
tween two disks,either or both of which rotate,displacement pump [MECH ENG] A pump that
develops its action through the alternate fillingAlso known as disk attrition mill,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiormil }
disk recording [ENG ACOUS] 1,The process of and emptying of an enclosed volume as in a
piston-cylinder construction,{ disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?ntinscribing suitably transformed acoustical or
electrical signals on a phonograph record,vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
displacer-type meter [ENG] Apparatus to de-2,See phonograph record,{ |disk rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? }
disk sander [MECH ENG] A machine that uses tect liquid level or gas density by measuring the
effect ofthe fluid (gasor liquid) onthe buoyancya circular disk coated with abrasive to smooth
or shape surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorsandH11080?r } of a displacer unit immersed within the fluid.
{divertstrokesuperiorsplaˉsH11080?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}disk signal [CIV ENG] Automatic block signal
with colored disks that indicate train move- disposable [ENG] Within a manufacturing sys-
tem,designed to be discarded after use and re-ments,{ |disk |sigH11080n?l}
disk spring [MECH ENG] A mechanical spring placed by an identical item,such as a filter ele-
ment,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080z?H11080b?l}that consists of a disk or washer supported by
one force (distributed by a suitable chuck or disposal field See absorption field,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080z?l
vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld }holder)attheperipheryandbyanopposingforce
on the center or hub of the disk,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorspri? } dissipationfactor [ELEC] The inverse of Q,the
storage factor,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}diskwheel [DES ENG] A wheel in which a solid
metal disk,rather than separate spokes,joins dissipation function See Rayleigh’s dissipation
function,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}the hub to the rim,{ vertstrokesuperiordisk vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
dispatching [IND ENG] The selecting and se- dissipationloss [ELEC] Ameasureofthepower
loss of a transducer in transmitting signals,ex-quencing of tasks to be performed at individual
work stations and the assigning of these tasks pressed as the ratio of its input power to its
output power,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}to the personnel,{ disvertstrokesuperiorpachH11080i? }
dispenser [ENG] Device that automatically dis- dissipative muffler [ENG] A device which ab-
sorbs sound energy as the gas passes throughpenses radar chaff from an aircraft,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080
s?r } it; a duct lined with sound-absorbing material
is the most common type,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉdH11080ivdispersal [CIV ENG] The practice of building or
establishing industrial plants,government of- vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080l?r}
dissolved air flotation [CHEM ENG] A liquid-fices,or the like,in separated areas,to reduce
vulnerability to enemy attack,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorsp?rH11080s?l } solid separation process wherein the main
mechanism of suspended-solids removal is thedispersionmill [MECH ENG] Size-reduction ap-
paratus that disrupts clusters or agglomerates change of apparent specific gravity of those sus-
pended solids in relation to that of the sus-of solids,rather than breaking down individual
particles; used for paint pigments,food prod- pending liquid by the attachment of small gas
bubbles formed by the release of dissolved gasucts,and cosmetics,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorsp?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiormil }
displacement [ELEC] See electric displace- to the solids,Also known as air flotation.
{d?vertstrokesuperiorza¨lvd vertstrokeinferiorer floˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}ment,[MECH] 1.The linear distance from the
initial to the final position of an object moved distance [MECH] The spatial separation of two
points,measured by thelength of a hypotheticalfrom one place to another,regardless of the
length of path followed,2,The distance of an line joining them,{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns }
distancemarker [ENG] One of a series of con-oscillatingparticlefromitsequilibriumposition.
[MECH ENG] The volume swept out in one centric circles,painted or otherwise fixed on the
screen of a plan position indicator,from whichstroke by a piston moving in a cylinder as for an
engine,pump,orcompressor,{ disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt } the distance of a target from the radar antenna
can be read directly; used for surveillance anddisplacementcompressor [MECH ENG] A type
of compressor that depends on displacement of navigation where the relative distances between
anumberoftargetsarerequiredsimultaneously.a volume of air by a piston moving in a cylinder.
{ disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r } Also known as radar range marker; range marker.
{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorma¨rkH11080?r}displacement engine See piston engine,{ dis
vertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n} distanceratio [MECH ENG] The ratio of the dis-
tance moved by the effort or input of a machinedisplacement gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope
that senses,measures,and transmits angular in a specified time to the distance moved by the
load or output,{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }displacement data,{ disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?
vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp} distanceresolution [ENG] The minimum radial
distance by which targets must be separated todisplacement manometer [ENG] A differential
166
dive
be separately distinguishable by a particular ra- audio-frequency power amplifier used to feed a
speech or music distribution system and havingdar,Also known asrange discrimination; range
resolution,{ vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080sh?n } sufficiently low output impedance so changes in
loaddonotappreciablyaffecttheoutputvoltage.distance/velocity lag [CONT SYS] The delay
caused by the amount of time required to trans- { vertstrokeinferiordisH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
distribution box [CIV ENG] In sanitary engi-port material or propagate a signal or condition
from one point to another,Also known as neering,a box in which the flow of effluent from
a septic tank is distributed equally into the linestransportation lag; transport lag,{ |disH11080t?ns
v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorlag } that leadto theabsorption field,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks }distant signal [CIV ENG] A signal placed at a
distance from a block of track to give advance distributionreservoir [CIVENG] Aservicereser-
voir connected with the conduits of a primarywarning when the block is closed,{ |disH11080t?nt
vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l } watersupply;usedtosupplywatertoconsumers
according to fluctuations in demand over shortdistillation test [CHEM ENG] A standardized
procedure for finding the initial,intermediate,time periods and serves for local storage in case
of emergency,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}and final boiling points in the boiling range of
petroleum products,{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest } distributor [ELEC] 1.Anydevicewhichallocates
atelegraphlinetoeachofanumberofchannels,distortion [ELECTR] Any undesired change in
the waveform of an electric signal passing or to each row of holes on a punched tape,in
succession,2,A rotary switch that directs thethrough a circuit or other transmission medium.
[ENG] In general,the extent to which a system high-voltage ignition current in the proper firing
sequence to the various cylinders of an internalfails to accurately reproduce the characteristics
of an input signal at its output,[ENG ACOUS] combustion engine,[ELECTR] The electronic
circuitry which acts as an intermediate link be-Any undesired change in the waveform of a
sound wave,{ divertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080sh?n } tween the accumulator and drum storage.
[ENG] A device for delivering an exact amountdistortionmeter [ENG] An instrument that pro-
videsavisualindicationoftheharmoniccontent of fuel at the exact time at which it is required.
{d?vertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r}of an audio-frequency wave,{ divertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} distributor gear [MECH ENG] A gear which
meshes with the camshaft gear to rotate the dis-distributed collector [ENG] A component of a
solarheatingsystemcomprisingaseriesofmod- tributor shaft,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }
districtheating [MECHENG] Thesupplyofheat,ular focusing collectors that are interconnected
with an absorber pipe network to carry the work- either in the form of steam or hot water,from a
central source to a group of buildings,{ vertstrokesuperiordiH11080ing fluid to a heat exchanger,{ divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?d
k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r } strikt vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
disturbance [CONT SYS] An undesired com-distributedcontrolsystem [CONTSYS] Acollec-
tion of modules,each with its own specific func- mand signal in a control system,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorst?rH11080
b?ns }tion,interconnected tightly to carry out an inte-
grated data acquisition and control application,ditch [CIV ENG] 1,A small artificial channel cut
through earth or rock to carry water for irrigation{divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?dk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlvertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
distributed numerical control [CONT SYS] The or drainage,2,A long narrow cut made in the
earth to bury pipeline,cable,or similar installa-use of central computers to distribute part-clas-
sification data to machine tools which them- tions,{ dich }
ditchcheck [CIV ENG] A small dam positionedselves are controlled by computers or numerical
control tapes,{ divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?dnu¨vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?l at intervals in a road ditch to prevent erosion.
{ vertstrokesuperiordich vertstrokeinferiorchek }k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
distributed-parametersystemSee distributed sys- ditcher See trench excavator,{ vertstrokesuperiordichH11080?r}
ditching [ENG] The digging of ditches,astem,{ divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?dp?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
distributed system [CONT SYS] A collection of around storage tanks or process areas to hold
liquids in the event of a spill or along the sidesmodules,each with its own specific function,
interconnected to carry out integrated data ac- of a roadway for drainage,{ vertstrokesuperiordichH11080i? }
dither [CONT SYS] A force having a controlledquisition and control in a critical environment.
[SYSENG] Asystemwhosebehaviorisgoverned amplitude and frequency,applied continuously
to a device driven by a servomotor so that theby partial differential equations,and not merely
ordinary differential equations,Also known as device is constantly in small-amplitude motion
and cannot stick at its null position,Alsodistributed-parameter system,{ divertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080
d vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m } known as buzz,{ vertstrokesuperiordithH11080?r}
divariant system [THERMO] A system com-distribution [INDENG] Allactivitiesthatinvolve
efficientmovementoffinishedproductsfromthe posed of only one phase,so that two variables,
such as pressure and temperature,are sufficientend of the production line to the consumer.
{ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n } to define its thermodynamic state,{ di|verH11080eˉH11080
nt vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}distribution amplifier [ELECTR] A radio-fre-
quency power amplifier used to feed television dive [ENG] Tosubmergeintoanunderwateren-
vironment so that it may be studied or utilized;orradiosignalstoanumberofreceivers,asinan
apartment house or a hotel,[ENG ACOUS] An includes the use of specialized equipment such
167
divergentdie
as scuba,diving helmets,diving suits,diving reception of vessels,provided with means for
controlling the water level,{ da¨k}bells,and underwater research vessels,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉv}
divergent die [ENG] A die with the internal dockingblock [CIV ENG] A timber used to sup-
port a ship in dry dock,{ da¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}channels that lead to the orifice diverging,such
as the dies used for manufacture of hollow-body dockyard [CIVENG] Ayardutilizedforshipcon-
struction and repair,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kvertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }plastic items,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080j?nt vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ }
divergent nozzle [DES ENG] A nozzle whose doctorbar See doctor blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
doctorblade [ENG] A device for regulating thecross section becomes larger in the direction of
flow,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080j?nt vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l } amount of liquid material on the rollers of a
spreader,Also known as doctor bar; doctordiverging duct [DES ENG] Fluid-flow conduit
whose internal cross-sectional area increases in knife; doctor roll,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd}
doctorknife See doctor blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉf}the direction of flow,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?kt }
diversioncanal [CIV ENG] An artificial channel doctor roll [CHEM ENG] Roller device used to
remove accumulated filter cake from rotary filterfor diverting water from one place to another.
{d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?nk?vertstrokeinferiornal } drums,See doctor blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
doctorsolution [CHEM ENG] Sodium plumbitediversionchamber [ENG] A chamber designed
to direct a stream into a channel or channels,solution used to remove mercaptan sulfur from
gasoline and other light petroleum distillates;{d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
diversiondam [CIV ENG] Afixed dam for divert- used in doctor treatment,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?rs?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080
sh?n}ingstreamwaterawayfromitscourse,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080
zh?n vertstrokeinferiordam } doctortest [CHEMENG] Aprocedureusingdoc-
tor solution (sodium plumbite) to detect sulfurdiversion gate [CIV ENG] A gate which may be
closed to divert water from the main conduit or compounds in light petroleum distillates which
react with the sodium plumbite,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?rcanal to a lateral or some other channel.
{d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} vertstrokeinferiortest }
doctortreatment [CHEM ENG] Refining processdiversion tunnel [CIV ENG] An underground
passageway used to divert flowing water around to sweeten (reduce the odor) of gasoline,sol-
vents,and kerosine; sodium plumbite and sulfura construction site,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
diversity radar [ENG] A radar that uses two or convert the odoriferous mercaptans into disul-
fides,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }more transmitters and receivers,each pair op-
erating at a slightly different frequency but shar- dodge chain [DES ENG] A chain with detach-
able bearing blocks between the links,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨jing a common antenna and video display,to
obtaingreatereffectiverangeandreducesuscep- vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
Dodge-Romig tables [IND ENG] Tabular datatibility to jamming,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
diverter valve See air bypass valve,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r for acceptance sampling,including lot tolerance
and AOQL tables,{ |da¨j |roˉH11080mig vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?lz }vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
divided lane [CIV ENG] A highway divided into dodo [ENG] Arectangulargroovecutacrossthe
grain of a board,{ vertstrokesuperiordoˉvertstrokeinferiordoˉ }lanes by a median strip,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorlaˉn}
dividedpitch [DES ENG] In a screw with multi- Doebner-Miller synthesis [CHEM ENG] Syn-
thesisofmethylquinolinebyheatinganilinewithplethreads,thedistancebetweencorresponding
points on two adjacent threads measured paral- paraldehydeinthepresenceofhydrochloricacid.
{ |debH11080n?r |milH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}lel to the axis,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpich }
divider [DES ENG] A tool like a compass,used dog [DES ENG] 1.Any of various simple devices
for holding,gripping,or fastening,such as ain metalworking to lay out circles or arcs and to
space holes or other dimensions,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?r } hook,rod,or spike with a ring,claw,or lug at
the end,2,An iron for supporting logs in adividingnetworkSeecrossover network,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk } fireplace,3,A drag for the wheel of a vehicle.
{do˙g}diving bell [ENG] An early diving apparatus
constructed in the shape of a box or cylinder dogclutch [DES ENG] A clutch in which projec-
tions on one part fit into recesses on the otherwithout a bottom and connected to a com-
pressed-air hose,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbel } part,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙g vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
dogiron [DESENG] 1.Ashortironbarwithendsdiving suit [ENG] A waterproof outfit designed
for diving,especially one with a helmet con- bent at right angles,2,An iron pin that can be
inserted in stone or timber in order to lift it.nectedtoacompressed-airhose,{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsu¨t}
divisionplate [MECH ENG] A diaphragm which { vertstrokesuperiordo˙g vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
dogscrew [DES ENG] A screw with an eccentricsurrounds the piston rod of a crosshead-type
engine and separates the crankcase from the head; used to mount a watch in its case.
{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙g vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }lower portion of the cylinder,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorvizhH11080?n
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} dog’stooth [CIV ENG] A masonry string course
in which the brick corner projects,{ vertstrokesuperiordo¨gzdivisionwall [BUILD] A wall used to create ma-
jor subdivisions in a building,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorvizhH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortu¨th }
dolly [ENG] Any of several types of industrialvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
dock [CIV ENG] 1,The slip or waterway that is hand trucks consisting of a low platform or spe-
cially shaped carrier mounted on rollers or com-between two piers or cut into the land for the
berthing of ships,2,A basin or enclosure for binations of fixed and swivel casters; used to
168
dot
carry such things as furniture,milk cans,paper Coating the mold or mandrel with a substance
whichwillpreventthemoldedplywoodpartfromrolls,machinery weighing up to 80 tons,and
television cameras short distances,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨lH11080eˉ } sticking to it and will facilitate removal.
{ vertstrokesuperiordoˉpH11080i? }dolphin [CIV ENG] 1,A group of piles driven
close and tied together to provide a fixed moor- doping agent [ELECTR] An impurity element
added to semiconductor materials used in crys-ing in the open sea or a guide for ships coming
into a narrow harbor entrance,2,A mooring tal diodes and transistors,Also known as dop-
ant; dope,{ vertstrokesuperiordoˉpH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080j?nt }post on a wharf,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨lH11080f?n}
dome [ENG] The portion of a cylindrical con- doping compensation [ELECTR] The addition
of donor impurities to a p-type semiconductortainer used in a filament-winding process that
forms an integral end of the container,[ENG or of acceptor impurities to an n-type semicon-
ductor,{ vertstrokesuperiordoˉpH11080i? ka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}ACOUS] An enclosure for a sonar transducer,
projector,or hydrophone and associated equip- Doppler current meter [ENG] An acoustic cur-
rent meter in which a collimated ultrasonic sig-ment; designed to have minimum effect on
sound waves traveling underwater,{ doˉm } nal of known frequency is projected into the wa-
terand thereverberationfrequency ismeasured;domestic induction heater [ENG] A cooking
utensil heated by current (usually of commercial the difference in frequencies (Doppler shift) is
proportional to the speed of water traveling pastpower line frequency) induced in it by a primary
inductor,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormesH11080tik invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r } the meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Dopplerradar [ENG] A radar that makes use ofdomestic refrigerator [MECH ENG] A refrigera-
tion system for household use which typically the Doppler shift of an echo due to relative mo-
tion of target and radar to differentiate betweenhasa compressionmachinedesigned forcontin-
uous automatic operation and for conservation fixed and moving targets and measure target ve-
locities,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}of the charges of refrigerant and oil,and is usu-
ally motor-driven and air-cooled,Also known Dopplerrange See doran,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉnj }
Doppler sonar [ENG] Sonar based on Doppleras refrigerator,{ d?vertstrokesuperiormesH11080tik rivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
donkey engine [MECH ENG] A small auxiliary shiftmeasurementtechnique,AbbreviatedDS.
{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}enginewhichisusuallyportableorsemiportable
and powered by steam,compressed air,or other Doppler tracking [ENG] Tracking of a target by
using Doppler radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? }means,particularlyoneusedtopowerawindlass
to lift cargo on shipboard or to haul logs,Dopplerultrasonicflowmeter [ENG] An instru-
ment for determining the velocity of fluid flow{ vertstrokesuperiordH11080keˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
Donohueequation [THERMO] Equationusedto from the Doppler shift of high-frequency sound
waves reflected from particles or discontinuitiesdetermine the heat-transfer film coefficient for
a fluid on the outsideof a baffled shell-and-tube in the flowing fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}heat exchanger,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨nH11080?H11080hu¨ ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
doodlebug [MECH ENG] 1,A small tractor,DOPtest See dioctyl phthalate test,{ vertstrokesuperiorda¨p vertstrokeinferiortest }
doran [ENG] A Doppler ranging system that2,A motor-driven railcar used for maintenance
and repair work,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorb?g } uses phase comparison of three different modu-
lation frequencies on the carrier wave,such asdoor [ENG] A piece of wood,metal,or other
firm material pivoted or hinged on one side,0.01,0.1,and 1 megahertz,to obtain missile
range data with high accuracy,Derived fromsliding along grooves,rolling up and down,re-
volving,orfolding,bymeansofwhichanopening Doppler range,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙vertstrokeinferiorra¨n}
dormer window [BUILD] An extension of aninto or out of a building,room,or other enclo-
sure is open or closed to passage,{ do˙r } attic room through a sloping roof to accommo-
date a vertical window,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙rH11080m?r vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080doˉ }doorcheck See door closer,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokeinferiorchek }
door closer [DES ENG] 1,A device that makes Dorragitator [MECHENG] Atankusedforbatch
washing ofprecipitates which cannotbe leacheduse of a spring for closing,and a compression
chamber from which liquid or air escapes slowly,satisfactorily in a tank; equipped with a slowly
rotatingrake atthe bottom,which movessettledto close a door at a controlled speed,Also
known as door check,2,In elevators,a device solidsto thecenter,andan airlift thatlifts slurry
to the launders,Also known as Dorr thickener.or assembly of devices which closes an open car
or hoistway door by the use of gravity or springs,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokesuperiorajH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
Dorr classifier [MECH ENG] A horizontal flow{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokeinferiorkloˉzH11080?r}
doorstop [BUILD] A strip positioned on the classifier consisting of a rectangular tank with a
sloping bottom,a rake mechanism for movingdoorjamb for the door to close against.
{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙rvertstrokeinferiorsta¨p } sands uphill along the bottom,an inlet for feed,
and outlets for sand and slime,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080dope See doping agent,{ doˉp}
doped junction [ELECTR] A junction produced?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
Dorr thickener See Dorr agitator,{ vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080?H11080byaddinganimpuritytothemeltduringgrowing
of a semiconductor crystal,{ |doˉpt vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n} n?r}
dosingtank [CIV ENG] A holding tank that dis-doping [ELECTR] The addition of impurities to
a semiconductor to achieve a desired character- charges sewage at a rate required by treatment
processes,{ vertstrokesuperiordoˉsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}istic,asinproducingann-typeorp-typematerial.
Also known as semiconductor doping,[ENG] dot See button,{ da¨t}
169
double-acting
double-acting [MECH ENG] Acting in two direc- inner member can remain stationary while the
tions,as with a reciprocatingpiston in a cylinder outer one revolves,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorko˙r vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordril }
with a working chamber at each end,{ |d?bH11080?l double-coursed [BUILD] Covered with a mate-
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ti? } rial such as shingles in such a way that no area
double-acting compressor [MECH ENG] A re- is covered with less than two thicknesses.
ciprocating compressor in which both ends of { |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙rst }
the piston act in working chambers to compress double-crankpress [MECH ENG] A mechanical
the fluid,{ |d?bH11080?l |akH11080ti? k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r} press with a single wide slide operated by a
double-actingpawl [MECHENG] Adouble pawl
crankshaft having two crank pins,{ |d?bH11080?l
whichcandriveineitherdirection,{ |d?bH11080?l |akH11080
|kra?k vertstrokesuperiorpres }
ti?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙l}
double crossover See scissors crossover,{ |d?bH11080
double-action mechanical press [MECH ENG]
l vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
Apresshavingtwoslideswhichmoveonewithin
double-cut file [DES ENG] A file covered with
the other in parallel movements,{ |d?bH11080?l |akH11080
two series of parallel ridges crossing at angles
sh?nm?|kanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpres }
to each other,{ |d?bH11080?l |k?t vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl}
double-amplitude-modulation multiplier
double-cut planer [MECH ENG] A planer de-
[ELECTR] A multiplier in which one variable is
signed to cut in both the forward and reverse
amplitude-modulated by a carrier,and the mod-
strokes of the table,{ |d?bH11080?l |k?t vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080?r}
ulated signal is again amplitude-modulated by
double-cut saw [DES ENG] A saw with teeth
the other variable; the resulting double-modu-
that cut during the forward and return strokes.
lated signal is applied to a balanced demodula-
{ |d?bH11080?l |k?t vertstrokesuperiorso˙ }
tor to obtain the product of the two variables.
double-diffused transistor [ELECTR] A transis-
{ |d?bH11080?l |amH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d |ma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080
tor in which two pn junctions are formed in the
r}
semiconductor wafer by gaseous diffusion of
double-barrier resonant tunneling diode
both p-type and n-type impurities; an intrinsic
[ELECTR] Avariantofthetunneldiodewiththin
region can also be formed,{ |d?bH11080?ld?|fyu¨zd
layersofaluminumgalliumarsenideandgallium
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
arsenide that have sharp interfaces and have
double diode See binode; duodiode,{ |d?bH11080?l
widths comparable to the Schro¨dinger wave-
vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
lengthsof theelectrons,permitting resonantbe-
double-diode limiter [ELECTR] Type of limiter
havior,Abbreviated DBRT diode,{ |d?bH11080?l
which isused to removeall positivesignals from
vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r |rezH11080?nH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?lH11080i?vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
a combination of positive and negative pulses,
double-base diode See unijunction transistor.
or to remove all the negative signals from such
{ |d?bH11080?l |baˉs vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
a combination of positive and negative pulses.
double-base junction diode See unijunction tran-
{ |d?bH11080?l |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
sistor,{ |d?bH11080?l |baˉs vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
double distribution [CHEM ENG] The product
double-base junction transistor [ELECTR] A
distribution resulting from counter double-cur-
tetrode transistor that is essentially a junction
rent extraction,a scheme in which each of the
triode transistor having two base connections
two liquid phases is transferred simultaneously
on opposite sides of the central region of the
and continuouslyin oppositedirections through
transistor,Alsoknownastetrodejunctiontran-
an interconnected train of contact vessels.
sistor,{ |d?bH11080?l |baˉs vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
{ |d?bH11080?l disH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n}
double blockand bleedsystem [ENG] A valve
double-dopedtransistor [ELECTR] The original
system configuration in which a full-flow vent
grown-junction transistor,formed by succes-
valveis installedinapipeline betweentwoshut-
sively addingp-type andn-type impurities to the
off valves to provide a means of releasing excess
melt during growing of the crystal,{ |d?bH11080?l
pressurebetweenthem,{ vertstrokesuperiord?bH11080?l |bla¨k?n vertstrokesuperiorbleˉd
vertstrokeinferiordoˉpt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
double-drumhoist [MECH ENG] A hoisting de-
double-block brake [MECH ENG] Two single-
vice consisting of two cable drums which rotate
block brakes in symmetrical opposition,where
inoppositedirectionsandcanbeoperatedsepa-
the operating force on one lever is the reaction
rately or together,{ |d?bH11080?l |dr?m vertstrokesuperiorhoist }
on the other,{ |d?bH11080?l |bla¨k vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
double floor [BUILD] A floor in which binding
doublebridge See Kelvin bridge,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
joists support the ceiling joists below as well as
double-buttonmicrophone [ENGACOUS] Acar-
the floor joists above,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r}
bon microphone having two carbon-filled but-
doublehand drilling [ENG] A rock-drillingtonlike containers,one on each side of the dia-
method performed by two men,one striking thephragm,to give twice the resistance change ob-
rock with a long-handled sledge hammer whiletainable with a single button,Also known as
a second holds the drill and twists it betweendifferential microphone,{ |d?bH11080?l |b?tH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
strokes,Also known as double jacking.kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiord?bH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorhand vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }double-cone bit [DES ENG] A type of roller bit
double Hooke’s joint [MECH ENG] A universalhaving only two cone-shaped cutting members.
joint which eliminates the variation in angular{ |d?bH11080?l |koˉn vertstrokesuperiorbit }
displacement and angular velocity between driv-double-core barrel drill [DES ENG] A core drill
consisting of an inner and an outer tube; the ing and driven shafts,consisting of two Hooke’s
170
downcomer
joints with an intermediate shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiord?bH11080?l double-stream amplifier [ELECTR] Microwave
traveling-wave amplifier in which amplificationvertstrokesuperiorhu˙ks vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
double-housing planer [MECH ENG] A planer occurs through interaction of two electron
beams having different average velocities.having two housings to support the cross rail,
with two heads on the cross rail and one side- { |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorstreˉm vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
double-theodolite observation [ENG] A tech-head on each housing,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhau˙zH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080?r } nique for making winds-aloft observations in
which two theodolites located at either end ofdouble-hung [BUILD] Of a window,having top
and bottom sashes which are counterweighted a base line follow the ascent of a pilot balloon;
synchronousmeasurementsoftheelevationandor equippedwith a springon each sidefor easier
raising and lowering,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorh } azimuth angles of the balloon,taken at periodic
intervals,permit computation of the wind vectordouble impeller breaker See impact breaker.
{ |d?bH11080?limvertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r } asafunctionofheight,{ |d?bH11080?ltheˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉta¨bH11080
z?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}double-integrating gyro [MECH] A single-
degree-of-freedom gyro havingessentially no re- double-track tape recorder [ENG ACOUS] A
tape recorder with a recording head that coversstraint of its spin axis about the output axis.
{ |d?bH11080?l |inH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ } half the tape width,so two parallel tracks can
be recorded on one tape,Also known as dual-double jack [DES ENG] A heavy hammer,
weighing about 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms),re- track tape recorder; half-track tape recorder.
{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortrak vertstrokesuperiortaˉprivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}quiring the use of both hands,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorjak }
doublejackingSeedoublehand drilling,{ |d?bH11080?l double-tuned circuit [ELECTR] A circuit that is
resonant to two adjacent frequencies,so thatvertstrokesuperiorjakH11080i? }
doubleload [ENG] A charge separated by inert therearetwoapproximatelyequalvaluesofpeak
response,with a dip between,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortu¨ndmaterial in a borehole,{ |d?bH11080?l |loˉd}
doublemast See A frame,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormast } vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
double-tuned detector [ELECTR] A type of fre-double pendulum [MECH] Two masses,one
suspended from a fixed point by a weightless quency-modulation discriminator in which the
limiter output transformer has two secondaries,string or rod of fixed length,and the other simi-
larly suspended from the first; often the system one tuned above the resting frequency and the
other tuned an equal amount below,{ |d?bH11080?lis constrained to remain in a vertical plane.
{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m} vertstrokeinferiortu¨nd divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
double-wall cofferdam [CIV ENG] A cofferdamdouble-pipe exchanger [CHEM ENG] Fluid-
fluidheatexchangermadeoftwoconcentricpipe consisting of two lines of steel piles tied to each
other,and having the space between filled withsections; one fluid (such as a coolant) flows in
the annular space between pipes,and the other sand,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l vertstrokesuperiorko˙fH11080?rvertstrokeinferiordam }
doubleweighing [MECH] Amethodofweighingfluid (such as hot process stream) flows through
the inner pipe,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnH11080j?r } to allow for differences in lengths of the balance
arms,in which object and weights are balanceddouble-quirked bead See quirk bead,{ |d?bH11080?l
|kw?rkt vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd } twice,thesecond timewith theirpositions inter-
changed,Also known as Gauss method ofdouble-rivet [ENG] To rivet a lap joint with two
rows of rivets or a butt joint with four rows,weighing,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i? }
dovetailjoint [DES ENG] A joint consisting of a{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?t}
double-roll crusher [MECH ENG] A machine flaring tenon in a fitting mortise,{ vertstrokesuperiord?vvertstrokeinferiortaˉl
vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }which crushes materials between teeth on two
rollsurfaces;usedmainlyforcoal,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉl dovetail saw [DES ENG] A short stiff saw with
a thin blade and fine teeth; used for accuratevertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
double sampling [IND ENG] Inspecting one woodwork,{ vertstrokesuperiord?vvertstrokeinferiortaˉl vertstrokesuperiorso˙ }
dowel [DES ENG] 1,A headless,cylindrical pinsample and then deciding whether to accept or
reject the lot or to defer action until a second whichissunkintocorrespondingholesinadjoin-
ing parts,to locate the parts relative to eachsample is inspected,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? }
double-shotmolding [ENG] Ameans ofturning other or to join them together,Also known as
dowel pin,2.A round wooden stickfrom whichouttwo-colorpartsinthermoplasticmaterialsby
successive molding operations,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorsha¨t dowel pins are cut,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙l}
dowelpin See dowel,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙l vertstrokeinferiorpin }vertstrokesuperiormoˉldH11080i? }
double-sided board [ELECTR] A printed wiring dowel plate [DES ENG] A hardened steel plate
with drilled holes that is used to fashion dowelsboard that contains circuitry on both external
layers,{ |d?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd } by driving pegs through the holes to remove
excess wood,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙l vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}double-slider coupling See slider coupling.
{ |d?bH11080?l |sl?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? } dowel screw [DES ENG] A dowel with threads
at both ends,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙l vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }double-solvent refining [CHEM ENG] Petro-
leum-refining process using two solvents to si- down [ENG] Not in operation,{ dau˙n}
downcomer [BUILD] See downspout,[CHEMmultaneously deasphalt and solvent-treat lubri-
cating-oil stocks,{ |d?bH11080?l |sa¨lH11080v?nt r?vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? } ENG] A method of conveying liquid from one
tray to the one below in a bubble-tray column.double square See adjustable square,{ |d?bH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorskwer } [ENG] In an air-pollution control system,a pipe
171
downdraftcarburetor
that conducts gases downward to a device that draftloss [MECH ENG] A decrease in the static
removes undesirable substances,[MECH pressure of a gas in a furnace or boiler due to
ENG] A tube in a boiler waterwall system flow resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiordraft vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
wherein the fluid flows downward,draftsman [ENG] An individual skilled in draft-
{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nvertstrokeinferiork?mH11080?r} ing,especially of machinery and structures.
downdraft carburetor [MECH ENG] A carbure- { vertstrokesuperiordrafH11080sm?n}
tor in which the fuel is fed into a downward drafttube [MECH ENG] The piping system for a
current of air,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nvertstrokeinferiordraft vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r} reaction-type hydraulic turbine that allows the
down-feedsystem [MECH ENG] In a heating or
turbine to be set safely above tail water and yet
cooling system,a piping arrangement in which
utilize the full head of the site from head race
the fluid is circulated through supply mains that
to tail race,{ vertstrokesuperiordraf vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
are located above the levels of the units they
drag [ENG] 1.A tool fashionedfrom sheet steel
serve,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
andhavingatoothededgealongthelongdimen-
downhole equipment See drill fittings,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙n
sion;usedtolevelandscratchplastertoproduce
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉli|kwipH11080m?nt }
a key for the next coat of plaster,Also known
Downscell [CHEMENG] A brick-linedsteel ves-
as comb,2,A tool consisting of a steel plate
sel with four graphite anodes projecting upward
with a finely serrated edge; dragged over the
from the bottom,with cathodes in the form of
surface to dress stone,{ drag }
steel cylinders concentric with the anodes,con-
dragbit See bit drag,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiorbit }
taining an electrolyte which is 40% sodium chlo-
drag-body flowmeter [ENG] Device to meter
ride (NaCl) and 60% calcium chloride (CaCl
2
)at
liquid flow; measures the net force parallel to
590H11034C; used to make sodium,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nz vertstrokeinferiorsel }
the direction of flow; the resulting pressure dif-
downspout [BUILD] A vertical pipe that leads
ference is used to solve flow equations,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag
water from a roof drain or gutter down to the
vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
groundoracistern,Alsoknownasdowncomer;
dragchain [ENG] 1,A chain dragged along the
leader,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nvertstrokeinferiorspau˙t}
ground from a motor vehicle chassis to prevent
Down’sprocess [CHEMENG] Amethodforpro-
theaccumulationofstaticelectricity,2.Achain
ducing sodium and chlorine from sodium chlo-
for coupling rail cars,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
ride; potassium chloride and fluoride are added
drag-chain conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor
to the sodium chloride to reduce the melting
in which the open links of a chain drag material
point; the fused mixture is electrolyzed,with so-
alongthebottomofahard-facedconcreteorcast
dium forming at the cathode and chlorine at the
iron trough,Also known as dragline conveyor.
anode,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nz vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
downstream [CHEM ENG] Portion of a product
drag classifier [MECH ENG] A continuous belt
stream that has already passed through the sys-
containing transverse rakes,used to separate
tem; that portion located after a specific process
coarsesandfromfine;thebeltmovesupthrough
unit,{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nvertstrokeinferiorstreˉm}
an inclined trough,and fast-settling sands are
downtime [IND ENG] The lost production time
dragged along by the rakes,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?
during which a piece of equipment is not op-
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
erating correctly due to a breakdown,main-
drag conveyor See flight conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag
tenance,necessities,or power failure.
k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiordau˙nvertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
drag-cupgenerator [ENG] Atypeoftachometer
dr See dram.
which uses eddy currents and functions in con-
drachm See dram,{ dram }
trol systems; it consists of two stationary wind-
draft Also spelled draught,[CIV ENG] A line
ings,positionedsoasto havezerocoupling,and
of a traverse survey,[ENG] 1,In molds,the
a nonmagnetic metal cup,which is revolved by
degree of taper on a side wall or the angle of
the source whose speed is to be measured; one
clearance present to facilitate removal of cured
of the windings is used for excitation,inducing
or hardened parts from a mold,2,The area of
eddy currents in the rotating cup,Also known
a water discharge opening,{ draft }
as drag-cup tachometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiork?p vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
draftgage [ENG] 1.A modifiedU-tube manom-
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
eter used to measure draft of low gas heads,
drag-cup tachometer See drag-cup generator.
such as draft pressure in a furnace,or small
{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiork?pt?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
differential pressures,for example,less than 2
dragcut [ENG] A drill hole pattern for breaking
inches(5centimeters)ofwater,2.Ahydrostatic
out rock,in which angled holes are drilled alongdepth indicator,installed in the side of a vessel
a floor toward a parting,or on a free face andbelow the light load line,to indicate amount of
then broken by other holes drilled into them.submergence,{ vertstrokesuperiordraft vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiork?t}drafthood [ENG] A device used to facilitate the
drag factor [CHEM ENG] Ratio of hindered dif-escape of combustion products from the com-
fusion rateto unhinderedrate througha swollenbustion chamber of an appliance,to prevent a
dialysis membrane,Also known as Faxen dragbackdraft in the combustion chamber,and to
factor; hindrance factor,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}neutralizetheeffectofstackactionofthechinney
dragline [MECH ENG] An excavator operated byorgasventontheefficientoperationoftheappli-
ance,{ vertstrokesuperiordraft vertstrokeinferiorhu˙d } pulling a bucket on ropes towards the jib from
172
dressing
which it is suspended,Also known as dragline high points of a male mold; vacuum is then ap-
plied to complete the forming operation.excavator,{ vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉp vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }dragline conveyor See drag-chain conveyor.
Drapereffect [CHEM ENG] The increase in vol-{ vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
umeatconstant pressureatthestart ofthereac-dragline excavator See dragline,{ vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperioreksH11080
tion of hydrogen and chlorine to form hydrogen
k?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
chloride; the volume increase is caused by an
dragline scraper [MECH ENG] A machine with
increase in temperature of the reactants,due to
a flat,plowlike blade or partially open bucket
heat released in the reaction,{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉH11080p?rivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
pulled on rope for withdrawing piled material,
draught See draft,{ draft }
such as stone or coal,from a stockyard to the
draughtstop See fire stop,{ vertstrokesuperiordraf vertstrokeinferiorsto¨p}
loading platform; the empty bucket is subse-
draw [ENG] To haul a load,{ dro˙ }
quentlyreturnedtothepileofmaterialbymeans
drawbar [ENG] 1,A bar used to connect a
of a return rope,{ vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080?r}
tendertoasteamlocomotive,2.Abeamacross
drag link [MECH ENG] A four-bar linkage in
the rear of a tractor for coupling machines or
which both cranks traverse full circles; the fixed
other loads,3,A clay block submerged in a
member must be the shortest link,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag
glass-makingfurnacetodefinethepointatwhich
vertstrokeinferiorli?k}
sheet glass is drawn,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
dragsaw [DESENG] Asawthatcutsonthepull-
drawbar horsepower [MECH ENG] The horse-
ing stroke; used in power saws for cutting felled
power available at the drawbar in the rear of a
trees,{ vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
locomotive or tractor to pull the vehicles behind
drag-type tachometer See eddy-current tachome-
it,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorba¨r vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiort?ˉpt?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
drawbarpull [MECH ENG] The force with which
drain [CIV ENG] 1,A channel which carries off
a locomotive or tractor pulls vehicles on a draw-
surface water,2.A pipe which carries off liquid
bar behind it,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorba¨r vertstrokeinferiorpu˙l}
sewage,[ELEC] Seecurrent drain,[ELECTR]
drawbridge [CIV ENG] Any bridge that can be
The region into which majority carriers flow in a
raised,lowered,or drawn aside to provide clear
field-effect transistor; it is comparable to the
passage for ships,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
collector of a bipolar transistor and the anode
drawdownratio [ENG] The ratio of die opening
of an electron tube,{ draˉn}
thickness to product thickness,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiordau˙n
drainage [CIV ENG] Removal of groundwater or
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
surface water,or of water from structures,by
drawer [ENG] A box or receptacle that slides or
gravity or pumping,{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉnH11080ij }
rolls on tracks within a cabinet,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080?r}
drainage canal [CIV ENG] An artificial canal
draw-filing [ENG] Filing by pushing and pulling
built todrain water froman area havingno natu-
a file sideways across the work,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙ vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlH11080i? }
ral outlet for precipitation accumulation.
drawing [CHEM ENG] Removing ceramic ware
{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉnH11080ij k?vertstrokeinferiornal }
from a kiln after it has been fired,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080i? }
drainage gallery [CIV ENG] A gallery in a ma-
drawknife [DES ENG] A woodcutting tool with
sonry dam parallel to the top of the dam,to
a long,narrow blade and two handles mounted
intercept seepage from the upstream face and
at right angles to the blade,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉf}
conduct it away from the downstream face.
drawpoint [ENG] A steel point used to scratch
{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉnH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080reˉ }
lines or to pierce holes,{ vertstrokesuperiordro˙vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
drainagewell [CIVENG] Averticalshaftinama-
dredge [ENG] A cylindrical or rectangular de-
sonrydamtointercept seepagebeforeitreaches
vice for collecting samples of bottom sediment
the downstream side,{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉnH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorwel }
andbenthic fauna,[MECHENG] A floatingex-
draintile [BUILD] A cylindrical tile with holes in
cavator used for widening or deepening chan-
the walls used at the base of a building founda-
nels,buildingcanals,constructinglevees,raising
tion to carry away groundwater,{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉn vertstrokeinferiort?ˉl}
material from stream or harbor bottoms to be
drain valve [CHEM ENG] A valve used to drain
used elsewhere as fill,or mining,{ drej }
off material that has separated from a fluid or
dredging [ENG] Removing solid matter from
gas stream,or one used to empty a process line,
the bottom of a water area,{ vertstrokesuperiordrejH11080i? }
vessel,or storage tank,{ vertstrokesuperiordraˉn vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
dress [CIV ENG] To smooth the surface of con-
dram [MECH] 1,A unit of mass,used in the
crete or stone,[ELECTR] The arrangement of
apothecaries’ system of mass units,equal to
connecting wires in a circuit to prevent undesir-
1/8apothecaries’ounceor60grainsor3.8879346
able coupling and feedback,[MECH ENG]
grams,Also known as apothecaries’ dram
1,To shape a tool,2,To restore a tool to its
(dram ap); drachm (British),2,A unit of mass,
original shape and sharpness,{ dres }
formerly used in the United Kingdom,equal to
dresser [ENG] Any tool or apparatus used for
1/16 ounce (avoirdupois) or approximately
dressing something,{ vertstrokesuperiordresH11080?r}
1.77185 grams,Abbreviated dr,{ dram } dressing [CIV ENG] The process of smoothing
dramap See dram,{ vertstrokesuperiordram vertstrokeinferiorap } orsquaringlumberorstoneforuseinabuilding.
drapeforming [ENG] Amethodofformingther- [ENG] The sharpening,repairing,and replacing
moplastic sheet in which the sheet is clamped of parts,notably drilling bits and tool joints,to
ready equipment for reuse,{ vertstrokesuperiordresH11080i? }into a movable frame,heated,and draped over
173
Dresslerkiln
Dressler kiln [MECH ENG] The first successful drilled caisson [CIV ENG] A drilled hole filled
with concrete and lined with a cylindrical steelmuffle-type tunnel kiln,{ vertstrokesuperiordresH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorkil }
drier [ENG] A device to remove water,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080 casing if needed,{ |drild vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
driller [ENG] A person who operates a drilling?r}
drift [ENG] 1,A gradual deviation from a set machine,[MECH ENG] See drilling machine.
{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080?r}adjustment,such as frequency or balance cur-
rent,or from a direction,2,The deviation,or drill extractor [ENG] A tool for recovering bro-
ken drill pieces or a detached drill from a bore-the angle of deviation,of a borehole from the
verticalorfromitsintendedcourse,3.Tomeas- hole,{ vertstrokesuperiordril ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r}
drillfeed [MECHENG] Themechanismbywhichure the size of a pipe opening by passing a man-
drel through it,[MECH ENG] The water lost in the drill bit is fed into the borehole during dril-
ling,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}a cooling tower as mist or droplets entrained by
the circulating air,not including the evaporative drill fittings [ENG] All equipment used in a
borehole during drilling,Also known as down-loss,{ drift }
driftbolt [ENG] 1.Abolt usedtoforce outother hole equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i?z}
drill floor [ENG] A work area covered withbolts or pins,2,A metal rod used to secure
timbers,{ vertstrokesuperiordrift vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } planks around the collar of a borehole at the
base of a drill tripod or derrick,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorflo˙r}drifter [MECH ENG] A rock drill,similar to but
usually larger than a jack hammer,mounted for drill footage [ENG] The lineal feet of borehole
drilled,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorfu˙dH11080ij }drillingholesupto4
1
/
2
inches(11.4centimeters)
in diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiordrifH11080t?r} drillgage [DES ENG] A thin,flat steel plate that
has accurate holes for many sizes of drills; eachdrift indicator [ENG] Device used to record di-
rectional logs; records only the amount of drift hole,identifiedastodrillsize,enablesthediam-
eter of a drill to be checked,[ENG] Diameter(deviation from the vertical),and not the direc-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiordrift vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r } of a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
drillgrindinggage [DESENG] Atoolthatchecksdriftpin [DES ENG] A round,tapered metal rod
that is driven into matching rivet holes of two theangleandlengthofatwistdrillwhilegrinding
it,Also known as drill angle gage; drill pointmetal parts for stretching the parts and bringing
them into alignment,{ vertstrokesuperiordriftvertstrokeinferiorpin } gage,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
drill hole [ENG] A hole created or enlarged bydriftplug [ENG] A plug that can be driven into
a pipe to straighten it or to flare its opening,a drill or auger,Also known as borehole.
{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}{ vertstrokesuperiordrift vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
driftultrasonicflowmeterSeedeflection ultrasonic drill-hole logging See borehole logging,{ vertstrokesuperiordril
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080i? }flowmeter,{ |drift |?lH11080tr?|sa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
drill [ENG] A rotating-end cutting tool for creat- drill-hole pattern [ENG] The number,position,
angle,and depth of the shot holes forming theing or enlarging holes in a solid material,Also
known as drill bit,{ dril } round in the face of a tunnel or sinking pit.
{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn }drillability [ENG] Fitness for being drilled,de-
noting ease of penetration,{ vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } drill-hole survey See borehole survey,{ vertstrokesuperiordril
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }drillanglegageSeedrillgrindinggage,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiora?H11080
g?l vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} drilling [ENG] The creation or enlarging of a
hole in a solid material with a drill,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }drillbit See drill,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorbit }
drill cable [ENG] A cable used to pull up drill drillingcolumn [ENG] The column of drill rods,
with the drill bit attached to the end,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?rods,casing,and other drilling equipment used
in making a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l} vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
drillingmachine [MECH ENG] A device,usuallydrill capacity [MECH ENG] The length of drill
rod of specified size that the hoist on a diamond motor-driven,fittedwithan endcuttingtoolthat
is rotated with sufficient power either to createor rotary drill can lift or that the brake can hold
on a single line,{ vertstrokesuperiordril k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } a hole or to enlarge an existing hole in a solid
material,Also known as driller,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?drill carriage [MECH ENG] A platform or frame
on which several rock drills are mounted and m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
drilling platform [ENG] The structural basewhich moves along a track,for heavy drilling
in large tunnels,Also known as jumbo,{ vertstrokesuperiordril upon which the drill rig and associated equip-
ment is mounted during the drilling operation.vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ij }
drillchuck [DESENG] Achuckforholdingadrill { vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
drilling rate [MECH ENG] The number of linealorother cuttingtool ona spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorch?k}
drillcollar [DES ENG] A ring which holds a drill feet drilled per unit of time,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
drilling time [ENG] 1,The time required in ro-bit and gives it radial location with respect to a
bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?r } tary drilling for the bit to penetrate a specified
thickness (usually 1 foot) of rock,2.The actualdrill cuttings [ENG] Cuttings of rock and other
subterranean materials brought to the surface time the drill is operating,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
drilling time log [ENG] Foot-by-foot record ofduringthedrillingofwellholes,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i?z}
drill drift [ENG] A steel wedge used to remove how fast a formation is drilled,{ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm
vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}tapered shank tools from spindles,sockets,and
sleeves,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiordrift } drill jig [MECH ENG] A device fastened to the
174
droopgovernor
work in repetition drilling to position and guide driven caisson [CIV ENG] A caisson formed by
the drill,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorjig } driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground
drill log [ENG] 1,A record of the events and withapile-drivinghammerandthenplacingcon-
features of the formations penetrated during crete inside; the shell may be removed when
boring,Also known as boring log,2.A record concrete sets,{ |drivH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
of all occurrences during drilling that might help drivengear [MECH ENG] The member of a pair
in a completelogging of the holeor in determin- ofgearstowhichmotionandpoweraretransmit-
ing the cost of the drilling,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorla¨g} ted by the other,{ |drivH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorgir }
drillout [ENG] 1.Tocompleteoneormorebore-
drivepipe [ENG] Athick-walled casingpipe that
holes,2,To penetrate or remove a borehole
is driven through overburden or into a deep drill
obstruction,3.Tolocateanddelineatethearea
hole to prevent caving,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
of a subsurface ore body or of petroleum by a
drivepulley [MECH ENG] The pulley that drives
series of boreholes,{ |dril vertstrokesuperiorau˙t}
a conveyor belt,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
drill-over [ENG] The act or process of drilling
driver [ELECTR] The amplifier stage preceding
around a casing lodged in a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiordril
the output stage in a receiver or transmitter.
vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
[ENGACOUS] Theportionofahornloudspeaker
drill point gage See drill grinding gage,{ vertstrokesuperiordril
that converts electrical energy into acoustical
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
energy and feeds the acoustical energy to the
drill press [MECH ENG] A drilling machine in
small end of the horn,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080v?r}
which a vertical drill moves into the work,which
driverod [ENG] Hollowshaft inthe swivelhead
is stationary,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorpres }
of a diamond-drill machine through which en-
drillrod [ENG] The long rod that drives the drill
ergy is transmitted from the drill motor to the
bit in drilling boreholes,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
drill string,Also known as drive spindle.
drillsleeve [ENG] A tapered,hollow steel shaft
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
designed to fit the tapered shank of a cutting
drivesampling [ENG] Theactorprocessofdriv-
tool to adapt it to the drill press spindle.
ing a tubular device into soft rock material for
{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorsleˉv}
obtaining dry samples,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }
drill socket [ENG] An adapter to fit a tapered
drivescrew [DES ENG] A screw that is driven all
shank drill to a taper hole that is larger than that
the way in,or nearly all the way in,with a ham-
in the drill press spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorsa¨kH11080?t}
mer,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvvertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
drillstring [MECH ENG] The assemblage of drill
driveshaft [MECHENG] Ashaftwhichtransmits
rods,core barrel,and bit,or of drill rods,drill
power from a motor or engine to the rest of a
collars,andbitinaborehole,whichisconnected
machine,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorshaft }
to and rotated by the drill collar of the borehole.
drive shoe [DES ENG] A sharp-edged steel
{ vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorstri? }
sleeve attached to the bottom of a drivepipe or
dripcap [BUILD] Ahorizontalmoldinginstalled
casing to act as a cutting edge and protector.
over the frame for a door or window to direct
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
water away from the frame,{ vertstrokesuperiordrip vertstrokeinferiorkap }
drivespindle See drive rod,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorspinH11080d?l}
drip edge [BUILD] A metal strip that extends
drivetrain See power train,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
beyond the other parts of the roof and is used
drivingclock [ENG] Amechanismfordrivingan
to direct rainwater off,{ vertstrokesuperiordrip vertstrokeinferiorej }
instrument at a required rate,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkla¨k}
drive [ELECTR] See excitation,[MECH ENG]
driving pinion [MECH ENG] The input gear in
The means by which a machine is given motion
the differential of an automobile,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i?
orpower(asinsteamdrive,diesel-electricdrive),
vertstrokeinferiorpinH11080y?n}
or by which power is transferred from one part
driving-point function [CONT SYS] A special
of a machine to another (as in gear drive,belt
type of transfer function in which the input and
drive),{ dr?ˉv}
output variables are voltages or currents meas-
drive-by-wire [MECH ENG] Electronic throttle
ured between the same pair of terminals in an
control in automobiles,{ |dr?ˉvb?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr}
electrical network,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙intvertstrokeinferior fkH11080sh?n}
drive chuck [MECH ENG] A mechanism at the
drivingresistance [MECH] The force exerted by
lower end of a diamond-drill drive rod on the
soil on a pile being driven into it,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i?
swivelheadby meansofwhichthe motionofthe
rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
drive rod can be transmitted to the drill string.
driving wheel [MECH ENG] A wheel that sup-
{ dr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorch?k}
plies driving power,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
drive fit [DES ENG] A fit in which the larger
drogue [ENG] 1.A device,suchas a sea anchor,(male) part is pressed into a smaller (female)
usuallyshapedlikeafunnelorconeanddraggedpart; the assembly must be effected through the
or towedbehind a boat orseaplane for decelera-application of an external force,{ vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorfit }
tion,stabilization,or speed control,2,A cur-drivehead [ENG] A cap fitted over the end of a
rent-measuring assembly consisting of amechanical part to protect it while it is being
weighted current cross,sail,or parachute anddriven,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvvertstrokeinferiorhed }
an attached surface buoy,Also known as dragdriveline [MECHENG] Inanautomotivevehicle,
anchor; sea anchor,{ droˉg}the group of parts,including the universal joint
droopgovernor [MECHENG] Agovernor whoseand the drive shaft,that connect the transmis-
sion with the driving wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn } equilibrium speed decreases as the load on the
175
dropball
machinery controlled by the governor increases,measuretheamountofdewdepositedonagiven
surface,{ droˉvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiordru¨p vertstrokeinferiorg?H11080v?rH11080n?r}
drum [CHEM ENG] Tower or vessel in a refinerydrop ball [ENG] A ball,weighing 3000–4000
into which heated products are conducted sopounds (1400–1800 kilograms),dropped from a
that volatile portions can separate,[DEScrane through about 20–33 feet (6–10 meters)
ENG] 1,A hollow,cylindrical container,2,Aonto oversize quarry stones left after blasting;
metal cylindrical shipping container for liquidsthis method is usedto avoid secondary blasting.
having a capacity of 12–110 gallons (45–416{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorbo
˙l}
liters),[ELECTR] A computer storage device
drop bar [ELEC] Protective device used to
consisting of a rapidly rotating cylinder with a
ground a high-voltage capacitor when opening
magnetizable externalsurface on whichdata can
a door,[MECH ENG] A bar that guides sheets
be read or written by many read/write heads
of paper into a printing or folding machine.
floating a few millionths of an inch off the sur-
{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
face,Also known as drum memory; drum stor-
drophammer See pile hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
age; magnetic drum; magnetic drum storage.
dropletcondensation [THERMO] Theformation
[MECH ENG] 1,A horizontal cylinder about
of numerousdiscrete droplets ofliquid ona wall
which rope or wire rope is wound in a hoisting
in contact with a vapor,when the wall is cooled
mechanism,2,A hollow or solid cylinder or
below the local vapor saturation temperature
barrel that acts on,or is acted upon by,an exte-
and the liquid does not wet the wall,{ |dra¨pH11080
rior entity,such as the drum in a drum brake.
l?t vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
Also known as hoisting drum,{ dr?m}
dropout [ELEC] Of a relay,the maximum cur-
drumbrake [MECH ENG] A brake in which two
rent,voltage,power,or such,at which it will
curvedshoesfittedwithheat-andwear-resistant
release from its energized position,[ELECTR]
liningsareforcedagainstthesurfaceofarotating
A reduction in output signal level during repro-
drum,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
duction of recorded data,sufficient to cause a
drum cam [MECH ENG] A device consisting of
processing error,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨pvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
a drum with a contoured surface which commu-
dropout error [ELECTR] Loss of a recorded bit
nicates motion to a cam follower as the drum
oranyothererroroccurringinrecordedmagnetic
rotates around an axis,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorkam }
tape due to foreign particles on or in the mag-
drumdryer [MECH ENG] A machine for remov-
netic coating or to defects in the backing.
ingwater fromsubstances suchasmilk,inwhich
{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨pvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
athinfilmoftheproductismovedoveraturning
droppress See punch press,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorpres }
steam-heated drum and a knife scrapes it from
drop repeater [ELECTR] Microwave repeater
the drum after moisture has been removed.
that is provided with the necessary equipment
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r}
for local termination of one or more circuits.
drumfeeder [MECH ENG] A rotating drum with
{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨privertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?r}
vanes or buckets to lift and carry parts and drop
dropsiding [BUILD] Buildingsidingwithaship-
them into various orienting or chute arrange-
lap joint,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080i? }
ments,Alsoknownastumblerfeeder,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m
dropsonde [ENG] A radiosonde dropped by
vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
parachute from a high-flying aircraft to measure
drumfilter [MECH ENG] A cylindrical drum that
weather conditions and report them back to the
rotates through thickened ore pulp,extracts liq-
aircraft,Also known as dropwindsonde; para-
uid by a vacuum,and leaves solids,in the form
chute radiosonde,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨pvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
of a cake,on a permeable membrane on the
dropsonde dispenser [ENG] A chamber from
drum end,Also known as rotary filter; rotary
which dropsonde instruments are released from
vacuum filter,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
weather reconnaissance aircraft; used only for
drumgate [CIVENG] Amovablecrestgateinthe
some models of equipment,ejection chambers
formofanarchingedattheapexandoperatedby
being used for others,{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨pvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd d?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080
reservoir pressure to open and close a spillway.
s?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
dropspillway [CIV ENG] A spillway usually less
drummemory See drum,{ |dr?m vertstrokesuperiormemH11080reˉ }
than 20 feet (6 meters) high having a vertical
drum meter See liquid-sealed meter,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m
downstream face,and water drops over the face
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
without touching the face,{ |dra¨p vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
drum plotter [ENG] A graphics output device
drop vent [ENG] In a plumbing system,a type
that draws lines with a continuously moving pen
of vent that is connected to a drain or vent pipe on a sheet of paper rolled around a rotating
at a point below the fixture it is serving,drumthatmovesthepaperinadirectionperpen-
{ vertstrokesuperiordra¨p vertstrokeinferiorvent } dicular to the motion of the pen,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m
dropwindsonde See dropsonde,{ vertstrokeinferiordra¨pvertstrokesuperiorwind vertstrokeinferiorpla¨dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } drumstorage See drum,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080ij }
dropwise condensation [THERMO] Condensa- drumtrap [ENG] Inplumbing,atrapintheform
tion ofa vaporon a surfacein whichthe conden- of a cylinder with a vertical axis that is fitted
sate forms into drops,{ |dra¨pvertstrokeinferiorw?ˉz vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080 with a removable cover plate,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiortrap }
sh?n} drum-type boiler See bent-tube boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?m
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}drosometer [ENG] An instrument used to
176
drysieving
dryabrasivecutting [MECHENG] Frictionalcut- dryfriction [MECH] Resistancebetweentwodry
solidsurfaces,thatis,surfacesfreefromcontam-ting using a rotary abrasive wheel without the
use of a liquid coolant,{ |dr?ˉ?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080siv vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i? } inating films or fluids,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
dry grinding [ENG] Reducing particle sizesdry-back boiler See scotch boiler,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbak
vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r } without a liquid medium,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
dry hole [ENG] A hole driven without the usedry bed [CHEM ENG] A configuration of solid
adsorption materials,for example molecular of water,{ |dr?ˉ |hoˉl}
dryingoven [ENG] A closed chamber for dryingsieves or charcoal,used to recover liquid from
or purify a gas stream,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorbed } an object by heating at relatively low tempera-
tures,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}dry blast cleaning [ENG] Cleaning of metallic
surfaces by blasting with abrasive material trav- drykiln [ENG] A heated room or chamber used
to dry and season cut lumber,{ |dr?ˉ |kil }eling at a high velocity; abrasive may be acceler-
ated by an air nozzle or a centrifugal wheel,dry limestone process [CHEM ENG] An air-
pollution control method in which sulfur oxides{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorblast vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }
dry-box process [CHEM ENG] The passing of are exposed to limestone to convert them to
disposable residues,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉmvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}coke-oven or other industrial gases through
boxes containing trays of iron oxide coated on dry machining [MECH ENG] Cutting,drilling,
and grinding operations in which the use of awood shavings or other supporting material in
order to remove hydrogen sulfide,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks cutting fluid (lubricant) has been eliminated.
{ |dr?ˉ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
dry-bulb thermometer [ENG] An ordinary ther- dry measure [MECH] A measure of volume for
commodities that are dry,{ |dr?ˉ |mezhH11080?r}mometer,especially one with an unmoistened
bulb; not dependent upon atmospheric humid- dry mill [MECH ENG] Grinding device used to
powder or pulverize solid materials without anity,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorb?lb th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
drycargo [INDENG] Nonliquidcargo,including associated liquid,{ |dr?ˉ |mil }
dry permeability [ENG] A property of driedminerals,grain,boxes,and drums,{ |dr?ˉ
vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiorgoˉ } bonded sand to permit passage of gases while
molten material is poured into a mold,{ |dr?ˉdrycell [ELEC] Avoltage-generatingcellhaving
an immobilized electrolyte,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorsel } vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080meˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
drypint See pint,{ |dr?ˉ |p?ˉnt }dry-chemical fire extinguisher [CHEM ENG] A
dry powder,consisting principally of sodium bi- dry pipe [MECH ENG] A perforated metal pipe
above the normal water level in the steam spacecarbonate,which is used for extinguishing small
fires,especially electrical fires,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkemH11080iH11080k?l of a boiler which prevents moisture or extrane-
ous matter from entering steam outlet lines.vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrikvertstrokeinferiorsti?H11080gw?H11080sh?r}
drycleaning [ENG] To utilize dry-cleaning fluid { |dr?ˉ |p?ˉp}
dry-pipesystem [ENG] A sprinkler system thatto remove stains from textile,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ kleˉnH11080i? }
dry coloring [CHEM ENG] A plastics coloring admits water only when the air it normally con-
tains has been vented; used for systems sub-method inwhich uncolored particles ofthe plas-
tic material are tumble-blended with selected jected to freezing temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}dyes and pigments,[ENG] A method to color
plasticsbytumbleblendingcolorlessplasticpar- dry-pit pump [MECH ENG] A pump operated
with the liquid conducted to and from the unitticles with dyes and pigments,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiork?lH11080?H11080ri? }
dry cooling tower [MECH ENG] A structure in by piping,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorpit vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
dry plasma etching See plasma etching,{ |dr?ˉwhich water is cooled by circulation through
finnedtubes,transferringheattoairpassingover vertstrokesuperiorplazH11080m? }
dry pressing [ENG] Molding clayware by com-the fins; there is no loss of water by evaporation
because the air does not directly contact the pressing moist clay powder in metal dies,{ |dr?ˉ
vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080i? }water,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
drycourse [BUILD] An initial roofing course of drypt See pint.
dry run [ENG] Any practice test or session.felt or paper not bedded in tar or asphalt.
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs } { |dr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorr?n}
Drysdale ac polar potentiometer [ENG] A po-dry-desiccantdehydration [CHEM ENG] Use of
silica gel or other solid absorbent to remove tentiometer for measuring alternating-current
voltages in which the voltage is applied acrossliquids from gases,such as water from air,or
liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas,{ |dr?ˉ a slide-wire supplied with current by a phase-
shifting transformer; this current is measured by|desH11080?H11080k?nt vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordraˉH11080sh?n}
dry-diskrectifierSee metallic rectifier,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiordisk an ammeter and brought into phase with the
unknown voltage by adjustment of the trans-vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
dry dock [CIV ENG] A dock providing support former rotor,and the unknown voltage is meas-
ured by observation of the slide-wire setting forfor a vessel and a means for removing the water
so that the bottom of the vessel can be exposed,a null indication of a vibration galvanometer.
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉzvertstrokeinferiordaˉl |aˉ|seˉ |poˉH11080l?rp?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080cheˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorda¨k}
dry-dock caisson [CIV ENG] The floating gate dry sieving [ENG] Particle-size distribution
analysisofpowderedsolids;thesampleisplacedto a dry dock,Also known as caisson,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ
vertstrokeinferiorda¨k vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n } on the top sieve screen of a nest (stack),with
177
drysleeve
mesh openings decreasing in size from the top potassium or sodium hydroxide solution con-
taining a solubilizer; used in the Dualayer distil-to the bottom of the nest,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorsivH11080i? }
late process,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?rs?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}dry sleeve [MECH ENG] A cylinder liner which
dual-bed dehumidifier [MECH ENG] A sorbentis not in contact with the coolant,{ |dr?
ˉ |sleˉv}
dehumidifier with two beds,one bed dehumidi-
dry spot [CHEM ENG] 1,An open area of an
fying while the other bed is reactivating,thus
incomplete surface film on laminated plastic.
providing a continuous flow of air,{ |du¨H11080?l |bed
2,A section of laminated glass where the inter-
vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080yu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
layer and glass are not bonded,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorspa¨t}
dual-channelamplifier [ENG ACOUS] An audio-
dry-steam drum [MECH ENG] 1,Pressurized
frequency amplifier having two separate amplifi-
chamber into which steam flows from the steam
ersforthetwochannels ofastereophonicsound
space of a boiler drum,2,That portion of a
system,usuallyoperatingfromacommonpower
two-stage furnace that extends forward of the
supply mounted on the same chassis,{ |du¨H11080?l
maincombustionchamber;fuelisdriedandgas-
|chanH11080?l vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
ified therein,with combustion of gaseous prod-
dualcontrol [CONTSYS] An optimalcontrol law
ucts accomplished in the main chamber; the re-
for a stochastic adaptive control system that
fractory walls of the Dutch oven are sometimes
gives a balance between keeping the control er-
water-cooled,{ |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiordr?m}
rors and the estimation errors small,{ |du¨H11080?l
dry-steam energy system [ENG] 1,A geother-
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
mal energy source that produces superheated
dual-flowoilburner [MECH ENG] An oil burner
steam,2,A hydrothermal convective system
with two sets of tangential slots in its atomizer
driven by vapor with a temperature in excess of
for use at different capacity levels,{ |du¨H11080?l |floˉ
300H11034F (150H11034C),{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ |steˉm vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
drystorage [MECH ENG] Cold storage in which
dual-fuelengine [MECH ENG] Internal combus-
refrigeration is provided by chilled air,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ
tion engine that can operate on either of two
vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080ij } fuels,such as natural gas or gasoline,{ |du¨H11080?l
drystrength [ENG] The strength of an adhesive |fyu¨l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
joint determined immediately after drying under dual-gravity valve [CHEM ENG] A float-oper-
specified conditions or after a period of condi- atedvalvethatoperatesontheinterfacebetween
tioning in the standard laboratory atmosphere,twoimmiscibleliquidsof differentspecificgravi-
ties,{ |du¨H11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorvalv }{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
dual in-line package [ELECTR] Microcircuitdry test meter [ENG] Gas-flow rate meter with
package with two rows of seven vertical leadstwo compartments separated by a movable dia-
that are easily inserted into an etched circuitphragm which is connected to a series of gears
board,Abbreviated DIP,{ |du¨H11080?l |in vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080that actuate a dial; when one chamber is full,a
ij }
valveswitchestotheother,emptychamber;used
dualmeter [ENG] Meterconstructedsothattwo
tomeasurehouseholdgas-flowratesandtocali-
aspectsofanelectriccircuitmaybereadsimulta-
brate flow-measurement instruments,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ
neously,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080?l |meˉdH11080?r}
|test vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
dual-modecontrol [CONTSYS] Atypeofcontrol
dry ticket [IND ENG] Tank inspection form
lawwhichconsistsoftwodistincttypesofopera-
signedbyshoreand shipinspectorsbeforeload-
tion;inlinearsystems,thesemodesusuallycon-
ingandafterdischargingtheship,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortikH11080?t}
sist of a linear feedback mode and a bang-bang-
drywall [BUILD] A wall covered with wallboard,
type mode,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉdk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
in contrast to plaster,[ENG] A wall con-
dual-tracktaperecorderSee double-track tape re-
structed of rock without cementing material.
corder,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080?l vertstrokeinferiortrak vertstrokesuperiortaˉprivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
dub [ENG ACOUS] 1.To transfer recorded mate-
drywell [CIV ENG] 1.A well that has been com-
rial from one recording to another,with or with-
pletelydrained,2.Anexcavatedwellfilledwith
outtheadditionofnewsounds,backgroundmu-
broken stone and used to receive drainage when
sic,orsoundeffects,2.Tocombinetwoormore
the water percolates into the soil,3,Compart-
sources of sound into one record,3,To add a
ment of a pumping station in which the pumps
new sound track or new sounds to a motion
are housed,{ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorwel }
picture film,or to a recorded radio or television
Drzewiecki theory [MECH ENG] In theoretical
production,{ d?b}
investigations of windmill performance,a theory
Dubbscracking [CHEMENG] Acontinuous,liq-
concerning the air forces produced on an ele-
uid-phase,thermal cracking process,{ |d?bz
ment of the blade,{ vertstrokesuperiord?rzH11080veˉH11080keˉ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
DS See Doppler sonar.
duckbill [MECH ENG] A shaking type of combi-
Dualayer distillate process [CHEM ENG] A
nation loader and conveyor whose loading end
process for the removal of mercaptan and oxy-
isgenerallyshapedlikeaduck’sbill,{ vertstrokesuperiord?kvertstrokeinferiorbil }
genated compounds from distillate fuel oils;
duckfoot [ENG] In a piping system,a support
treatment is with concentrated caustic Dualayer fitted to the bend of a vertical pipe to permit
solutionandelectricalprecipitationoftheimpu- the direct load of the pipework and fittings to
rities,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?lH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} betransferred tothefloor,foundation,orassoci-
ated installations,{ vertstrokesuperiord?kvertstrokeinferiorfu˙t}Dualayersolution [CHEM ENG] A concentrated
178
Dupre′ equation
duct [MECH ENG] A fluid flow passage which dump bailer [ENG] A cylindrical vessel de-
signed to deliver cement or water into a wellmayrangefromafewinchesindiametertomany
feet in rectangular cross section,usually con- whichotherwisemightcaveiniffluidwaspoured
from the top,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiorbaˉlH11080?r}structed of galvanized steel,aluminum,or cop-
per,through which air flows in a ventilation sys- dump bucket [MECH ENG] A large bucket with
movable discharge gates at the bottom; used totem or to a compressor,supercharger,or other
equipment at speeds ranging to thousands of move soil or other construction materials by a
crane or cable,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}feet per minute,{ d?kt }
ducted fan [MECH ENG] A propeller or dump car [MECH ENG] Any of several types of
narrow-gage rail cars with bodies which can eas-multibladed fan inside acoaxial duct or cowling.
Also known as ducted propeller; shrouded pro- ily be tipped to dump material,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
dumptank See measuring tank,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiorta?k}peller,{ |d?kH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorfan }
ducted propeller See ducted fan,{ |d?kH11080t?d dump truck [ENG] A motor or hand-propelled
truck for hauling and dumping loose materials,pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
ductile fracture See fibrous fracture,{ |d?kH11080t?l equipped with a body that discharges its con-
tents by gravity,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiortr?k}vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080ch?r}
Dufour effect [THERMO] Energy flux due to a dump valve [ENG] A large valve located at the
bottom ofa tank orcontainer usedin emergencymass gradient occurring as a coupled effect of
irreversible processes,{ |du¨H11080fo˙rivertstrokesuperiorfekt } situationstoemptythetankquickly;forexample,
to jettison fuel from an airplane fuel tank.Dufour number [THERMO] A dimensionless
number used in studying thermodiffusion,equal { vertstrokesuperiord?mp vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
to the increase in enthalpy of a unit mass during dumpylevel [ENG] A surveyor’s level which has
isothermalmasstransferdividedbytheenthalpy the telescope with its level tube rigidly attached
of a unit mass of mixture,Symbol Du
2
.{|du¨H11080 to a vertical spindle and is capable only of hori-
fo˙r vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r} zontal rotary movement,{ |d?mH11080peˉ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l}
Duhem-Margules equation [THERMO] An dunking sonar See dipping sonar,{ vertstrokesuperiordkH11080i?
equation showing the relationship between the vertstrokeinferiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
two constituents of a liquid-vapor system and dunnage [ENG] A configuration of members
that forms a structural support for a cooling
their partial vapor pressures:
d ln p
A
d ln x
A
H11005
d ln p
B
d ln x
B
tower or similar appendage to a building but is
not part of the building itself,[IND ENG]
wherex
A
andx
B
are the mole fractions of the two
1.Padding material placed in a container to pro-
constituents,and p
A
and p
B
are the partial vapor
tect shipped goods from damage,2,Loose
pressures,{ du¨vertstrokesuperiorem vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080gy?H11080leˉzivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
wood or waste material placed in the ship’s hold
Dukler theory [CHEM ENG] Relationship of ve-
to protect the cargo from shifting and damage.
locity and temperature distribution in thin films
{ vertstrokesuperiord?nH11080ij }
onverticalwalls;usedtocalculateeddyviscosity
duplex [ENG] Consisting of two parts working
and thermal conductivity near the solid bound-
together or in a similar fashion,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨vertstrokeinferiorpleks }
ary,{ vertstrokesuperiordu˙kH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
duplexedsystem [ENG] A system with two dis-
Dulong-Petit law [THERMO] The law that the
tinctandseparatesetsoffacilities,eachofwhich
product of the specific heat per gram and the
iscapableofassumingthesystemfunctionwhile
atomic weight of many solid elements at room
the other assumes a standby status,Also
temperature has almost the same value,about
known as redundant system,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨vertstrokeinferiorplekst vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
6.3 calories (264 joules) per degree Celsius.
t?m}
{d?vertstrokesuperiorlo˙? p?vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
duplexlock [DESENG] Alockwithtwoindepen-
Dulong’s formula [ENG] A formula giving the
dent pin-tumbler cylinders on the same bolt.
grossheatingvalueofcoalintermsoftheweight
{ |du¨vertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokesuperiorla¨k}fractionsofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andsulfur
duplexoperation [ENG] In radar,a condition offrom the ultimate analysis,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorlo
˙?z vertstrokeinferiorfoˉrH11080
operation when two identical and interchange-my?H11080l? }
able equipments are provided,one in an activeDUMANDSeedeepunderwatermuon andneutrino
state and the other immediately available fordetector,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨vertstrokeinferiormand }
operation,{ |du¨vertstrokeinferiorpleks a¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}dumb iron [ENG] 1,A rod for opening seams
duplex pump [MECH ENG] A reciprocatingprior to caulking,2,A rigid connector between
pump with two parallel pumping cylinders.the frame of a motor vehicle and the spring
{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨vertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }shackle,{ vertstrokesuperiord?m vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
dumbwaiter [MECH ENG] An industrial elevator duplex tandem compressor [MECH ENG] A
compressor having cylinders on two parallelwhich carries small objects but is not permitted
to carry people,{ vertstrokesuperiord?mvertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r } framesconnectedthroughacommoncrankshaft.
{ |du¨vertstrokeinferiorpleks |tanH11080d?mk?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}dummy [ENG] Simulating device with no op-
erating features,as a dummy heat coil,duplicatecavityplate [ENG] In plastics molds,
the removable plate in which the molding cavit-{ vertstrokesuperiord?mH11080eˉ }
dummy joint [ENG] A groove cut into the top ies are retained; used in operating where two
plates are necessary for insert loading,{ |du¨pH11080half of a concrete slab,sometimes packed with
filler,to forma linewhere theslab cancrack with l?H11080k?t vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
Dupre′ equation [THERMO] The work W
LS
doneonly minimum damage,{ |d?mH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
179
durability
by adhesion at a gas-solid-liquid interface,ex- thetimerequiredforaknownlengthofthevessel
to pass the object is measured,and the speedpressed in terms of the surface tensions H9253 of the
threephases,isW
LS
H11005H9253
GS
H11001H9253
GL
H11002H9253
LS
.{du¨vertstrokesuperiorpraˉ can then be computed,{ |d?chH11080m?nz vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}
Dutchprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for mak-ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
durability [ENG] The quality of equipment,ing white lead; metallic lead is placed in vessels
containing a dilute acetic acid,and the vesselsstructures,or goods of continuing to be useful
after an extended period of time and usage,arestackedinbarkormanure,{ vertstrokesuperiord?chvertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
dutycycle [ELECTR] See duty ratio,[ENG] 1.{ vertstrokeinferiordu˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
durable goods [ENG] Products whose use- The time intervals devoted to starting,running,
stopping,and idling when a device is used forfulness continues for a number of years and that
arenotconsumedordestroyedinasingleusage,intermittent duty,2,The ratio of working time
to total time for an intermittently operating de-Also known as durables; hard goods,{ |du˙rH11080?H11080
b?l vertstrokesuperiorgu˙dz } vice,usually expressed as a percent,Also
known as duty factor,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}durables See durable goods,{ vertstrokesuperiordu˙rH11080?H11080b?lz }
duration [MECH] A basic concept of kinetics duty cyclometer [ENG] Test meter which gives
direct reading of duty cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiordu¨dH11080eˉ s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkla¨mH11080which is expressed quantitatively by time meas-
ured by a clock or comparable mechanism,?dH11080?r}
D variometer See declination variometer,{ vertstrokesuperiordeˉ{d?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
durometer [ENG] An instrument consisting of a vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
Dvorakkeyboard [ENG] A keyboard whose lay-small drill or blunt indenter point under pres-
sure; used to measure hardness of metals and out is altered from that of the standard qwerty
keyboard to speed up typing; more of the fre-other materials,{ d?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
durometer hardness [ENG] The hardness of a quentlyusedkeysareonthehomerow,{ d?|vo˙r
vertstrokeinferiorak vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }material as measured by a durometer,{ d?
vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorha¨rdH11080n?s} dwell [DES ENG] That part of a cam that allows
the cam follower to remain at maximum lift for adustchamber [ENG] A chamber through which
gasespasstopermitdepositionofsolidparticles periodoftime,[ELEC] Thenumberofdegrees
through which the distributor cam rotates fromfor collection,Also known as ash collector;
dust collector,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r } the time that the contact points close to the
timethattheyopenagain,Alsoknownasdwelldust collector See dust chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st k?vertstrokeinferiorlekH11080
t?r } angle,[ENG] A pause in the application of
pressure to a mold,{ dwel }dust control system [ENG] System to capture,
settle,or inert dusts produced during handling,dwellangle See dwell,{ vertstrokesuperiordwel vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
dwt See pennyweight.drying,or other process operations; considered
importantforsafetyandhealth,{ vertstrokesuperiord?stk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl DXcoil See direct-expansion coil,{ |deˉ|eks vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
dyecrete process [ENG] A process of addingvertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
dust counter [ENG] A photoelectric apparatus permanent color to concrete with organic dyes.
{ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}which measures the size and number of dust
particles per unit volume of air,Also known as dyeing [CHEM ENG] The application of color-
producing agents to material,usually fibrous orKern counter,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
dust-counting microscope [ENG] A micro- film,in order to impart a degree of color perma-
nence demanded by the projected end use.scope equipped for quantitative dust sample
analysis; magnification is usually 100X,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st { vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080i? }
dynamicalsimilarity [MECH] Twoflowfieldsarevertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
dust explosion [ENG] An explosion following dynamically similar if one can be transformed
into the other by a change of length and velocitythe ignition of flammable dust suspended in the
air,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080zh?n } scales,All dimensionless numbers of the flows
must be the same,{ d?ˉ|namH11080?H11080k?l simH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080dustfilter [ENG] A gas-cleaning device using a
dry or viscous-coated fiber or fabric for separa-?dH11080eˉ }
dynamicalvariable [MECH] One of the quanti-tion of particulate matter,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
dust separator [ENG] Device or system to re- ties used to describe a system in classical me-
chanics,such as the coordinates of a particle,movedustfromaflowingstreamofgas;includes
electrostaticprecipitators,wetscrubbers,bagfil- the components of its velocity,the momentum,
or functions of these quantities,{ d?ˉ|namH11080?H11080k?lters,screens,and cyclones,{ vertstrokesuperiord?st vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
r} vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
dynamicaugment [MECHENG] ForceproducedDutch door [BUILD] A door with upper and
lower parts that can be opened and closed inde- by unbalanced reciprocating parts in a steam
locomotive,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperioro˙gvertstrokeinferiorment }pendently,{ |d?ch vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
dutchman [ENG] A filler piece for closing a gap dynamic balance [MECH] The condition which
exists in a rotating body when the axis aboutbetween two pipes or between a pipe or fitting
anda pieceof equipment,ifthe pipeis tooshort which it is forced to rotate,or to which reference
ismade,isparallelwithaprincipalaxisofinertia;to achieve closure or if the pipe and equipment
are not aligned,{ vertstrokesuperiord?chH11080m?n } no products of inertia about the center of gravity
of the body exist in relation to the selected rota-Dutchman’slog [ENG] Abuoyantobjectthrown
overboard to determine the speed of a vessel; tional axis,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
180
dyne
dynamic behavior [ENG] A description of how low signal levels,when noise becomes more no-
ticeable,the circuit reduces the low-frequencya system or an individual unit functions with
response and sometimes also reduces the high-respect to time,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik b?vertstrokesuperiorhaˉvH11080y?r}
frequency response,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz s?vertstrokeinferiorpresH11080dynamic braking [MECH] A technique of elec-
r}
tric braking in which the retarding force is sup-
dynamicpacking [ENG] Any packing that oper-
plied by the same machine that originally was
atesonmovingsurfaces;infunctioning,toretain
the driving motor,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i? }
fluid under pressure,they carry the hydraulic
dynamic check [ENG] Check used to ascertain
load and therefore operate like bearings.
the correct performance of some or all compo-
{d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080i? }
nents of equipment or a system under dynamic
dynamics [MECH] That branch of mechanics
or operating conditions,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorchek }
whichdealswiththemotionofasystemofmate-
dynamic compressor [MECH ENG] A compres-
rial particles under the influence of forces,espe-
sor which uses rotating vanes or impellers to
cially those which originate outside the system
impart velocity and pressure to the fluid.
under consideration,{ d?ˉ|namH11080iks }
{d?ˉ|namH11080ik k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
dynamic sensitivity [ENG] The minimum leak
dynamic creep [MECH] Creep resulting from
rate which a leak detector is capable of sensing.
fluctuationsinaloadortemperature,{ d?ˉ|namH11080
{d?ˉ|namH11080ik senH11080s?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ik vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp}
dynamic similarity [MECH ENG] A relation be-
dynamic equilibrium [MECH] The condition of
tween two mechanical systems(often referred to
anymechanicalsystemwhenthekineticreaction
as model and prototype) such that by propor-
is regarded as a force,so that the resultant force
tional alterations of the units of length,mass,
on the system is zero according to d’Alembert’s andtime,measuredquantitiesintheonesystem
principle,Also known as kinetic equilibrium,go identically (or with a constant multiple for
each) into those in the other; in particular,this{d?ˉ|namH11080ik eˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m}
implies constant ratios of forces in the two sys-dynamicholdup [CHEM ENG] Liquid held by a
tems,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tank or process vessel,with constant introduc-
dynamic speaker See dynamic loudspeaker.
tion of fresh material and counteracting with-
{d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorspeˉkH11080?r}
drawal of held material to maintain a constant
dynamic stability [MECH] The characteristic of
liquid level,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorhoˉldvertstrokeinferior?p}
a body,such as an aircraft,rocket,or ship,that
dynamic leak test [ENG] A type of leak test in
causes it,when disturbed from an original state
which the vessel to be tested is evacuated and
ofsteadymotioninanuprightposition,todamp
an external tracer gas is applied; an internal leak
the oscillations set up by restoring moments
detector willrespond if gasis drawnthrough any
and gradually return to its original state,Also
leaks,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorleˉk vertstrokeinferiortest }
known as stability,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
dynamic load [CIV ENG] A force exerted by a
dynamictest [ENG] A test conducted under ac-
moving body on a resisting member,usually in
tive or simulated load,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortest }
a relatively short time interval,Also known as
dynamictimewarping [ENG ACOUS] In speech
energy load,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
recognition,the operation of compressing or
dynamic loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A loud-
stretchingthetemporalpatternofspeechsignals
speaker in which the moving diaphragm is to take speaker variations into account.
attached to a current-carrying voice coil that in- {d?ˉvertstrokeinferiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorwo˙rpH11080i? }
teractswith aconstant magneticfield togive the dynamicunbalance [MECH ENG] Failure of the
rotation axis of a piece of rotating equipment toin-and-outmotionrequiredfortheproductionof
coincide with one of the principal axes of inertiasound waves,Also known as dynamic speaker;
duetoforcesinasingleaxialplaneandonoppo-
moving-coil loudspeaker,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙d
sitesidesoftherotationaxis,orindifferentaxial
vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
planes,{ d?ˉ|namH11080ik?nvertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
dynamic microphone [ENG ACOUS] A moving-
dynamicwork [INDENG] Asustainedpatternof
conductor microphone in which the flexible dia-
work that results in motion around an anatomi-
phragm is attached to a coil positioned in the
cal joint,for example,a handling or assembly
fixed magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
task,{ d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
Also known as moving-coil microphone.
dynamometer [ENG] 1,An instrument in which
{d?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
current,voltage,or power is measured by the
dynamicmodel [ENG] A model of an aircraft or
force between a fixed coil and a moving coil.
otherobjectwhichhas itslineardimensionsand
2,A special type of electric rotating machine
its weight and moments of inertia reproduced
used to measure the output torque or driving
in scale in proportion to the original,{ d?ˉ|namH11080
torqueofrotatingmachinerybytheelasticdefor-
ik vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?l}
mation produced,{ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
dynamic noise suppressor [ENG ACOUS] An
dyne [MECH] The unit of force in the centime-
audio-frequency filter circuit that automatically ter-gram-second system of units,equal to the
adjusts its band-pass limits according to signal force which imparts an acceleration of 1 cm/s
2
to a 1 gram mass,{ d?ˉn}level,generally by means of reactance tubes; at
181
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E
earth inductor [ENG] A type of inclinometerE See electric-field vector.
that has a coil which rotates in the earth’s fieldearliestfinishtime [IND ENG] The earliest time
and in which a voltage is induced when the rota-for completion of an activity of a project; for the
tion axis does not coincide with the field direc-entire project,it equals the earliest start time of
tion;usedtomeasurethedipangleoftheearth’sthe final event included in the schedule,{ |?rH11080
magnetic field,Also known as dip inductor;leˉH11080?st vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
earth inductor compass; induction inclinometer.earliest start time [IND ENG] The earliest time
{ vertstrokesuperior?rth invertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}at which an activity may begin in the schedule
earth inductor compass See earth inductor.of a project; it equals the earliest time that all
{ vertstrokesuperior?rth invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?s}predecessor activities can be completed,{ |?rH11080
earthmover [MECHENG] Amachineused toex-leˉH11080?st vertstrokesuperiorstart vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
cavate,transport,or push earth,{ vertstrokesuperior?rthvertstrokeinferiormu¨vH11080early finish date [IND ENG] The earliest time
r}that an activity can be completed,{ |?rH11080leˉ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080
earth pressure [CIV ENG] The pressure whichish vertstrokeinferiordaˉt}
exists between earth materials (such as soil orearlystartdate [INDENG] Theearliesttimethat
sediments) and a structure (such as a wall).an activity may be commenced,{ |?rH11080leˉ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rt
{ vertstrokesuperior?rth vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiordaˉt}
earthquake-resistant [CIV ENG] Of a structureearned value [IND ENG] The budgeted cost of
or building,able to withstand lateral seismicthe work performed for a given project,{ |?rnd
stresses at the base,{ vertstrokesuperior?rthvertstrokeinferiorkwaˉkrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?nt }vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ }
earth thermometer See soil thermometer,{ vertstrokesuperior?rthearphone [ENG ACOUS] 1,An electroacoustical
th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}transducer,such as a telephone receiver or a
earthwork [CIV ENG] 1.Any operation involvingheadphone,actuatedbyanelectricalsystemand
the excavation or construction of earth embank-supplying energy to an acoustical system of the
ments,2,Any construction made of earth.ear,the waveform in the acoustical system being
{ vertstrokesuperior?rthvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }substantially the same as in the electrical sys-
easement [CIV ENG] The right held by one per-tem,2,A small,lightweight electroacoustic
sonover anotherperson’s landfora specificuse;transducer that fits inside the ear,used chiefly
rights of tenants are excluded,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉzH11080m?nt }with hearing aids,{ vertstrokesuperiorirvertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
easement curve [CIV ENG] A curve,as on aearplug [ENG] A device made of a pliable sub-
highway,whose degree of curvature is varied tostance which fits into the ear opening; used to
provide a gradual transition between a tangentprotect the ear from excessive noise or from
andasimplecurve,orbetweentwosimplecurveswater,{ vertstrokesuperiorirvertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
which it connects,Also known as transitionearprotector [ENG] A device,such as a plug or
curve,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉzH11080m?nt vertstrokesuperiork?rv}ear muff,used to protect the human ear from
eave [BUILD] The border of a roof overhangingloudnoisethatmaybeinjurioustohearing,such
a wall,{ eˉv}as that of jet engines,{ vertstrokesuperiorir pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
eaves board [BUILD] A strip nailed along theearth See ground,{?rth }
eavesofabuildingtoraisetheendofthebottomearth current [ELEC] Return,fault,leakage,or
stray current passing through the earth from course of tile or slate on the roof,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉvz vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
eaves molding [BUILD] A cornicelike moldingelectrical equipment,Also known as ground
current,{ vertstrokesuperior?rth vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt } below the eaves of a building,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉvz vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080di? }
Ebertion counter [ENG] An ion counter of theearth dam [CIV ENG] A dam having the main
section built of earth,sand,or rock,and a core aspirationcondensertype,usedforthemeasure-
ment of the concentration and mobility of smallof impervious material such as clay or concrete.
{ vertstrokesuperior?rth vertstrokeinferiordam } ions in the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080b?rt?ˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080
r}earthenware [ENG] Ceramic products of natu-
ral clay,fired at 1742–2129H11034F (950–1165H11034C),that ebullating-bed reactor [CHEM ENG] A type of
fluidized bed in which catalyst particles are heldis slightly porous,opaque,and usually covered
with a nonporous glaze,{ vertstrokesuperior?rH11080th?nvertstrokeinferiorwer } in suspension by the upward movement of the
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
eccentricbit
liquid reactant and gas flow,Also known as echo recognition [ENG] Identification of a so-
nar reflection from a target,as distinct from en-slurry-bed reactor,{ |ebH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i? |bed reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080
ergy returned by other reflectors,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?r}
igvertstrokeinferiornishH11080?n}
eccentric bit [DES ENG] A modified chisel for
echo repeater [ENG ACOUS] In sonar calibra-
drilling purposes having one end of the cutting
tion and training,an artificial target that returns
edge extended further from the center of the bit
a synthetic echo by receiving a signal and re-
than the other,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbit }
transmitting it,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ rivertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?r}
eccentriccam [DESENG] Acylindricalcamwith
echosonogram [ENG] A graphic display ob-
the shaft displaced from the geometric center.
tained with ultrasound pulse-reflection tech-
{ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorkam }
niques; for example,an echocardiogram,{ |ekH11080
eccentricgear [DESENG] Agearwhoseaxisde-
oˉ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
viates from the geometric center,{ ek|senH11080trik
echo sounder See sonic depth finder,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ
vertstrokesuperiorgir }
vertstrokeinferiorsau˙ndH11080?r}
eccentricity [MECH] The distance of the geo-
echo sounding [ENG] Determination of the
metric center of a revolving body from the axis
depth of water by measuring the time interval
of rotation,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080s?nvertstrokesuperiortrisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
between emission of a sonic or ultrasonic signal
eccentric load [ENG] A load imposed on a
and the return of its echo from the sea bottom.
structural member at some point other than the { vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorsau˙ndH11080i? }
centroid of the section,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorloˉd} echo-splitting radar [ENG] Radar in which the
echo is split by special circuits associated witheccentric reducer [ENG] A threaded or butt-
the antenna lobe-switching mechanism,to givewelded fitting for pipes whose ends are not the
two echo indications on the radarscope screen;same size and are eccentric to each other,{ ek
when the two echo indications are equal in|senH11080trik rivertstrokesuperiordu¨sH11080?r}
height,the target bearing is read from a cali-
eccentricrotorengine [MECHENG] Arotaryen-
brated scale,{ |ekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorsplidH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
gine,suchastheWankelengine,whereinmotion
econometrics [IND ENG] The application of
is imparted to a shaft by a rotor eccentric to the
mathematical and statistical techniques to the
shaft,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
estimation of mathematical relationships for
eccentric signal [ENG] A survey signal whose
testing of economic theories and the solution of
position is not in a vertical line with the station
economic problems,{ eˉ|ka¨nH11080?|meH11080triks }
it is representing,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l}
economic life [IND ENG] The number of years
eccentric station [ENG] A survey point over
after which a capital good should be replaced in
which an instrument is centered and which is
order to minimize the long-run annual cost of
not positioned in a vertical line with the station
operation,repair,depreciation,and capital.
it is representing,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
Also known as project life,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf}
eccentric valve [ENG] A rubber-lined slurry or
economic lot size [IND ENG] The number of
fluid valve with an eccentric rotary cut-off body
units of a product or item to be manufactured
to reduce corrosion and wear on mechanical
at each setup or purchased on each order so as
moving valve parts,{ ek|senH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
to minimize the cost of purchasing or setup,and
ECDISSeeelectronicchartdisplayandinformation
the cost of holding the average inventory over a
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorekvertstrokeinferiordis or |eˉ|seˉ|deˉ|?ˉvertstrokesuperiores }
given period,usually annual,Also known as
echogram [ENG] The graphic presentation of project life,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorla¨t vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
echosoundingsrecordedasacontinuousprofile economic order quantity [IND ENG] The num-
ber of orders required to fulfill the economic lotof the sea bottom,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorgram }
size,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨nH11080?H11080deˉ }echograph [ENG] Aninstrumentusedtorecord
economic purchase quantity [IND ENG] Thean echogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080o
ˉvertstrokeinferiorgraf }
economic lot size for a purchased quantity.
echomatching [ENG] Rotating an antenna to a
{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080ch?s vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨nH11080?H11080deˉ }
position in which the pulse indications of an
economics [IND ENG] A social science that
echo-splitting radar are equal,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiormachH11080
deals with production,distribution,and con-
i? }
sumption of commodities,or wealth,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080
echoranging [ENG] Active sonar,in which un-
vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080iks orvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080iks }
derwater sound equipment generates bursts of
economictoollife [IND ENG] In metal machin-
ultrasonic sound and picks up echoes reflected
ing,thetotaltime,usuallyexpressedinminutes,
from submarines,fish,and other objects within
during which a given tool performs its required
range,to determine both direction and distance
function under the most efficient cutting condi-
to each target,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? }
tions,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉkH11080?|na¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
echo-ranging sonar [ENG] Active sonar,in
economizer [ENG] A reservoir in a continuous-
which underwater sound equipment generates
flow oxygen system in which oxygen exhaled
bursts of ultrasonic sound and picks up echoes
by the user is collected for recirculation in the
reflected from submarines,fish,and other ob-
system,[MECH ENG] A forced-flow,once-
jects within range,to determine both direction through,convection-heat-transfer tube bank in
and distance to each target,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? which feedwater is raised in temperature on its
way to the evaporating section of a steam boiler,vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
184
efficiency
thus lowering flue gas temperature,improving edge effect [ELEC] An outward-curving distor-
tion of lines of force near the edges of two paral-boiler efficiency,and saving fuel,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080
lel metal plates that form a capacitor,{ vertstrokesuperiorej?vertstrokeinferiormizH11080?r}
ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }economy [CHEM ENG] In a multiple-effect
edgerunner See Chile mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorej vertstrokeinferiorr?nH11080?r}
evaporation system,the total weight of water
Edison effect See thermionic emission,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080?H11080
vaporized inan evaporator perunit weightof the
s?nivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
original steam supplied,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080meˉ }
eductor [ENG] 1,An ejectorlike device for mix-
ECR See electronic cash register.
ing two fluids,2,See ejector,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}
ED See electronic dummy.
effective area [CHEM ENG] Absolute or cross-
eddy conduction See eddy heat conduction.
sectional area of process media involved in the
{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
process,such as the actual area of filter media
eddyconductivity [THERMO] The exchange co-
through which a fluid passes,or the available
efficient for eddy heat conduction,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨n
surface area of absorbent contacted by a gas or
vertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
liquid,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
eddy-current brake [MECH ENG] A control de-
effective bandwidth [ELECTR] The bandwidth
vice or dynamometer for regulating rotational
of anassumed rectangular band-passhaving the
speed,as of flywheels,in which energy is con-
same transfer ratio at a reference frequency as
verted by eddy currents into heat,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080
a given actual band-pass filter,and passing the
r?nt vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
same mean-square value of a hypothetical cur-
eddy-currentclutch [MECHENG] Atypeofelec-
rent having even distribution of energy through-
tromagnetic clutch in which torque is transmit-
out that bandwidth,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorbandvertstrokeinferiorwidth }
tedbymeansofeddycurrentsinducedbyamag-
effectivecenter [ENGACOUS] Inasonarprojec-
netic field set up by a coil carrying direct current
tor,the point where lines coincident with the
inonerotatingmember,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?ntvertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
directionofpropagation,asobservedatdifferent
eddy-current heating See induction heating,points some distance from the projector,appar-
{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080i? } entlyintersect,Alsoknownasapparentsource.
eddy-currentsensor [ENG] A proximity sensor {?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
which uses an alternating magnetic field to cre- effectiveconfusionarea [ENG] Amountofchaff
ate eddy currents in nearby objects,and then whose radar cross-sectional area equals the ra-
dar cross-sectional area of the particular aircraftthe currents are used to detect the presence of
at a particular frequency,{?|fekH11080tivk?nvertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080the objects,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
zh?n vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }eddy-current tachometer [ENG] A type of ta-
effectivedischargearea [DES ENG] A nominalchometer in which a rotating permanent magnet
or calculated area of flow through a pressureinduces currents in a spring-mounted metal cyl-
relief valve for use in flow formulas to determine
inder; the resulting torque rotates the cylinder
valve capacity,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
and moves its attached pointer in proportion to
effectiveforceSee inertial force,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
the speed of the rotating shaft,Also known as
effective gun bore line [MECH] The line which
drag-type tachometer,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080
aprojectileshouldfollowwhenthemuzzleveloc-
dH11080?r}
ity of the antiaircraft gun is vectorially added to
eddy heat conduction [THERMO] The transfer
the aircraft velocity,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorg?n |bo˙r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
of heat by means of eddies in turbulent flow,
effective launcher line [MECH] The line along
treated analogously to molecular conduction.
which the aircraft rocket would go if it were not
Also known as eddy heat flux; eddy conduction.
affected by gravity,{?|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
effective rake [MECH ENG] The angular rela-
eddyheatflux See eddy heat conduction,{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080eˉ
tionship between the plane of the tooth face of
vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorfl?ks }
the cutter and the line through the tooth point
Edeleanu process [CHEM ENG] A process for
measured in the direction of chip flow,{?|fekH11080
removal of compounds of sulfur from petroleum
tiv vertstrokesuperiorraˉk}
fractionsby anextractionprocedure utilizingliq-
effective surface [ENG] In a heat exchanger,a
uid sulfur dioxide,or liquid sulfur dioxide and
surface that actively transfers heat,{?|fekH11080tiv
benzene,{?vertstrokeinferiordelH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨H11080nu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
EDEL room [ENG ACOUS] A control room in a
effective thermal resistance [ELECTR] Of a
sound-recordingstudioinwhichreflectiveordif-
semiconductor device,the effective temperature
fusive surfaces are placed near the loudspeaker
rise per unit power dissipation of a designated
and above the mixing console,while the rear
junctionabovethetemperatureofastatedexter-
wall behind the mixer is made absorptive,De-
nal reference point under conditions of thermal
rived from LEDE room (by reverse spelling).
equilibrium,Alsoknownasthermalresistance.
{ vertstrokesuperioredH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorru¨m or |eˉ|deˉ|eˉvertstrokesuperiorel vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
{?|fekH11080tiv |th?rH11080m?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
edgeconnector [ELECTR] A row of etched lines
effector [CONT SYS] A motor,solenoid,or hy-
on the edge of a printed circuit board that is draulic piston that turns commands to a teleop-
inserted into a slot to establish a connection erator into specific manipulatory actions.
with another printed circuit board,{ vertstrokesuperiorej {?vertstrokesuperiorfekH11080t?r}
efficiency Abbreviated eff,[ENG] 1.Measure ofk?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080t?r}
185
efficiencyexpert
the degree of heat output per unit of fuel when ejector condenser [MECH ENG] A type of di-
rect-contactcondenserinwhichvacuumismain-allavailable oxidizablematerialsinthe fuelhave
tained by high-velocity injection water; con-been burned,2,Ratio of useful energy pro-
densessteamanddischargeswater,condensate,vided by a dynamic system to the energy sup-
and noncondensables to the atmosphere.
plied to it during a specific period of operation.
{eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?rk?nvertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r}
[THERMO] The ratio of the work done by a heat
ejector pin [ENG] A pin driven into the rear of
engine to the heat energy absorbed by it,Also
a mold cavity to force the finished piece out.
known as thermal efficiency,{?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
Also known as knockout pin,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorpin }
efficiency expert [IND ENG] An individual who
ejector plate [ENG] The plate backing up the
analyzes procedures,productivity,and jobs in
ejector pins and holding the ejector assembly
ordertorecommendmethodsforachievingmax-
together,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
imum utilization of resources and equipment.
ejectorrod [ENG] A rod that activates the ejec-
{?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sp?rt }
tor assembly of a mold when it is opened.
effluent [CHEM ENG] See discharge liquor.
{eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorra¨d}
[CIVENG] Theliquidwasteofsewageandindus-
Ekman current meter [ENG] A mechanical de-
trial processing,{?vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?nt }
vice for measuring ocean current velocity which
effluent weir [CIV ENG] A dam at the outflow
incorporates a propeller and a magnetic com-
end of a watercourse,{?vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorwer }
pass and can be suspended from a moored ship.
effluvium [IND ENG] By-products of food and
{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080m?n vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
chemical processes,in the form of wastes.
Ekman dredge [ENG] A special type of dredge
{?vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080veˉH11080?m}
for sampling sediment that is fitted with oppos-
effort-controlled cycle [IND ENG] A work cycle
able jaws operated by a messenger traveling
which is performed entirely by hand or in which
down a cable to release a spring catch,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080
the hand time controls the place,Also known
m?n vertstrokeinferiordrej }
as manually controlled work,{ vertstrokesuperiorefH11080?rt k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld Ekmanwaterbottle [ENG] Acylindricaltubefit-
vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l} ted with plates at both ends and used for deep-
effort rating [IND ENG] Assessing the level of water samplings; when hit by a messenger it
manual effort expended by the operator,based turns 180H11034,closing the plates and capturing the
on the observer’s concept of normal effort,in water sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080m?n vertstrokesuperiorwoˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}
elastance [ELEC] Thereciprocalofcapacitance.order to adjust time-study data,Also known as
{ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080t?ns }pace rating; performance rating,{ vertstrokesuperiorefH11080?rt vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
elastic [MECH] Capable of sustaining deforma-i? }
tion without permanent loss of size or shape.Egerton’s effusion method [THERMO] A
{ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik }methodofdeterminingvapor pressuresofsolids
elastica [MECH] The elastic curve formed by a
athightemperatures,inwhichonemeasuresthe
uniform rod that is originally straight,then is
mass lost by effusion from a sample placed in
bent in a principal plane by applying forces,and
a tightly sealed silica pot with a small hole; the
couples only at its ends,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080t?H11080k? }
pot rests at the bottom of a tube that is evacu-
elastic aftereffect [MECH] The delay of certain
ated for several hours,and is maintained at a
substancesinregainingtheiroriginalshapeafter
high temperature by a heated block of metal
beingdeformedwithintheirelasticlimits,Also
surrounding it,{ |ejH11080?rH11080t?nz?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080
known as elastic lag,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorafH11080t?rH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
d}
elastic axis [MECH] The lengthwise line of a
Ehrenfest’s equations [THERMO] Equations
beam along which transverse loads must be ap-
which state that for the phase curve P(T)ofa
plied in order to produce bending only,with no
second-order phase transition the derivative of
torsion of the beam at any section,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik
pressurePwithrespecttotemperatureTisequal
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
to (Cfp H11002 Cip)/TV(H9253
f
H11002 H9253
i
) H11005 (H9253
f
H11002 H9253
i
)/(K
f
H11002 K
i
),
elasticbody [MECH] A solid body for which the
where i and f refer to the two phases,H9253 is the
additional deformation produced by an incre-
coefficient of volume expansion,K is the com-
ment of stress completely disappears when the
pressibility,C
p
is the specific heat at constant
increment is removed,Also known as elastic
pressure,and V is the volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorfests
solid,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz }
elastic buckling [MECH] An abrupt increase in
Einthoven galvanometer See string galvanometer.
the lateral deflection of a column at a critical
{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉntvertstrokeinferiorhoˉH11080v?n vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
load while the stresses acting on the column are
ejection [ENG] Theprocessofremovingamold-
wholly elastic,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080li? }
ing from a mold impression by mechanical
elastic center [MECH] That point of a beam in
means,by hand,or by compressed air.
the plane of the section lying midway between
{eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n}
the flexural center and the center of twist in that
ejector [ENG] 1,Any of various types of jet
section,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
pumps used to withdraw fluid materials from a elastic collision [MECH] A collision in which
space,Also known as eductor,2,A device the sum of the kinetic energies of translation of
that ejects the finished casting from a mold,the participating systems is the same after the
collision as before,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n}{eˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}
186
electrical
elasticconstantSeecomplianceconstant;stiffness elasticscattering [MECH] Scattering due to an
constant,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt } elastic collision,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorskadH11080?H11080ri? }
elastic curve [MECH] The curved shape of the elasticsolid See elastic body,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d}
longitudinal centroidal surface of a beam when elasticstrainenergy [MECH] The work done in
thetransverseloadsactingonitproducedwholly deformingasolidwithinitselasticlimit,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080
elastic stresses,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiork?rv} tik vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
elastic deformation [MECH] Reversible alter- elastic theory [MECH] Theory of the relations
ation of the form or dimensions of a solid body between the forces acting on a body and the
under stress or strain,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
resulting changes in dimensions,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik
sh?n}
vertstrokesuperiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
elastic design [CIV ENG] In the design of a
elastic vibration [MECH] Oscillatory motion of
structural member,a method of analysis based
a solid body which is sustained by elastic forces
on a linear stress-strain relationship,with the
and the inertia of the body,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080
assumption that the working stresses constitute
shen }
onlyafractionoftheelasticlimitofthematerial.
elastodynamics [MECH] The study of the me-
{i|lasH11080tik divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
chanical properties of elastic waves,{ i|laH11080stoˉH11080
elasticequilibrium [MECH] The condition of an
d?ˉ|namH11080iks }
elastic body in which each volume element of
elastoplasticity [MECH] State of a substance
the body is in equilibrium under the combined
subjectedtoastressgreater thanitselasticlimit
effect of elastic stresses and externally applied
butnotsogreatastocauseittorupture,inwhich
body forces,{ i|lasH11080tik vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m}
it exhibits both elastic and plastic properties.
elastic failure [MECH] Failure of a body to re-
{i|lasH11080toˉH11080pl?vertstrokesuperiorstisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
cover its original size and shape after a stress is
elastoresistance [ELEC] The change in a mate-
removed,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r}
rial’selectricalresistanceasitundergoesastress
elasticflow [MECH] Return of a material to its
within its elastic limit,{ i|lasH11080toˉH11080rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
original shape following deformation,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080
elbow [DES ENG] 1,A fitting that connects two
tik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
pipesatanangle,oftenof90H11034,2.Asharpcorner
elastic force [MECH] A force arising from the
in a pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorelvertstrokeinferiorboˉ }
deformation of a solid body which depends only
elbowmeter [ENG] Pipeelbowusedasaliquids
on the body’s instantaneous deformation and
flowmeter; flow rate is measured by determining
not on its previous history,and which is conser-
the differential pressure developed between the
vative,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
inner and outer radii of the bend by means of
elastichysteresis [MECH] Phenomenon exhib-
two pressure taps located midway on the bend.
ited by some solids in which the deformation of
{ vertstrokesuperiorelvertstrokeinferiorboˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
the solid depends not only on the stress applied
electret [ELEC] A solid dielectric possessing
to the solid but also on the previous history of
persistent electric polarization,by virtue of a
this stress; analogous to magnetic hysteresis,
longtimeconstantfordecayofachargeinstabil-
withmagneticfieldstrengthandmagneticinduc-
ity,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortret }
tion replaced by stress and strain respectively.
electretheadphone [ENGACOUS] Aheadphone
{ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
consisting of an electret transducer,usually in
elasticity [MECH] 1,The property whereby a
the form of a push-pull transducer,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortret
solid material changes its shape and size under
vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
action of opposing forces,but recovers its origi-
electret microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
nal configuration when the forces are removed.
phone consisting of an electret transducer in
2,The existence of forces which tend to restore
which the foil electret diaphragm is placed next
to its original position any part of a medium
to a perforated,ridged,metal or metal-coated
(solid or fluid) which has been displaced.
backplate,and output voltage,taken between
{ivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
diaphragm and backplate,is proportional to the
elasticity modulus See modulus of elasticity.
displacement of the diaphragm,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortret
{ivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
elasticlag See elastic aftereffect,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorlag }
electret transducer [ELECTR] An electroacous-
elastic limit [MECH] The maximum stress a
tic or electromechanical transducer in which a
solidcansustainwithoutundergoingpermanent
foil electret,stretched out to form a diaphragm,
deformation,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t}
is placed next to a metal or metal-coated plate,
elasticmodulusSeemodulus of elasticity,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlasH11080
and motion of the diaphragm is converted totik vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
voltage between diaphragm and plate,or viceelasticpotentialenergy [MECH] Capacitythata
versa,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortret tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}body has to do work by virtue of its deformation.
electric [ELEC] Containing,producing,arising{ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik p?|tenH11080ch?l |enH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
from,or actuated by electricity; often used inter-elastic ratio [MECH] The ratio of the elastic
changeably with electrical,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik }limit to the ultimate strength of a solid,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080
electrical [ELEC] Related to or associated withtik vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
electricity,but not containing it or having itselasticrecovery [MECH] Thatfractionofagiven
properties or characteristics; often used inter-deformation of a solid which behaves elastically.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik rivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ } changeably with electric,{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l}
187
electricalblastingcap
electricalblastingcap [ENG] A blasting cap ig- electricalprospecting [ENG] The use of down-
holeelectricallogstoobtainsubsurfaceinforma-nited by electric current and not by a spark.
{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkap } tion for geological analysis,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨s
vertstrokeinferiorpekH11080ti? }electricalbreakdown See breakdown,{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080
k?l vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n} electricalresistanceSeeresistance,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l
rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }electricalconductance See conductance,{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns } electrical-resistance meter See resistance meter.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}electricalconductionSee conduction,{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080
k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n} electrical-resistancestraingage [ENG] Avibra-
tion-measuringdeviceconsistingofagridoffineelectrical conductivity See conductivity,{?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ } wirecementedtothevibratingobjecttomeasure
fluctuating strains,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?nselectricaldrainage [ELEC] Diversion of electric
currents from subterranean pipes to prevent vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
electrical-resistance thermometer See resistanceelectrolytic corrosion,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiordraˉnH11080ij }
electrical engineer [ENG] An engineer whose thermometer,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns th?r
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}training includes a degree in electrical engi-
neering from an accredited college or university electrical resistivity [ELEC] The electrical
resistance offered by a material to the flow of(or who has comparable knowledge and experi-
ence),to prepare him or her for dealing with current,times thecross-sectionalarea ofcurrent
flow and per unit length of current path; thethe generation,transmission,and utilization of
electric energy,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornir } reciprocal of the conductivity,Also known as
resistivity;specificresistance,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?lvertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080electrical engineering [ENG] Engineering that
deals with practical applications involving cur- zisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
electrical resistor See resistor,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?lrirent flow through conductors,as in motors and
generators,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
electricalsymbol [ELEC] A simple geometricalelectricalfault See fault,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt }
electrical image [ENG] An image that is ob- symbol used to represent a component of a cir-
cuit in a schematic circuit diagram,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080tained in the course of borehole logging and is
based on electrical rather than optical contrasts,k?l vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080b?l}
electrical transcription See transcription,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080{i|lekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij }
electricalimpedance Also known as impedance,tr?H11080k?l tranzvertstrokesuperiorkripH11080sh?n}
electrical unit [ELEC] A standard in terms of[ELEC] 1.Thetotaloppositionthatacircuitpre-
sentstoanalternatingcurrent,equaltothecom- which some electrical quantity is evaluated.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t}plexratioofthevoltagetothecurrentincomplex
notation,Also known as complex impedance,electrical weighing system [ENG] An instru-
ment which weighs an object by measuring the2,The ratio of the maximum voltage in an alter-
nating-current circuit to the maximum current; change in resistance caused by the elastic defor-
mation of a mechanical element loaded with theequal to the magnitude of the quantity in the
first definition,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?limvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns } object,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
electrical well logging See electrical logging.electrical insulator See insulator,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} {ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
electric arc [ELEC] A discharge of electricityelectrical loading See loading,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? } through a gas,normally characterized by a volt-
age drop approximately equal to the ionizationelectricallog [ENG] Recorded measurement of
the conductivities and resistivities down the potential of the gas,Also known as arc.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiora¨rk }length of uncased borehole; gives a complete
recordoftheformationspenetrated,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080 electricbattery See battery,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }
electric boiler [MECH ENG] A steam generatork?l vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}
electrical logging [ENG] The recording in un- using electric energy,in immersion,resistor,or
electrode elements,as the source of heat.cased sections of a borehole of the conductivi-
ties and resistivities of the penetrated forma- { i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
electric brake [MECH ENG] An actuator intions; used for geological correlations of the
strataandevaluationofpossiblyproductivehori- which the actuating force is supplied by current
flowing through a solenoid,or through an elec-zons,Also known as electrical well logging.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080i? } tromagnet which is thereby attracted to disks on
the rotating member,actuating the brake shoes;electricallysuspendedgyro [ENG] Agyroscope
inwhichthemainrotatingelementissuspended this force is counteracted by the force of a com-
pression spring,Also known as electromag-by an electromagnetic or an electrostatic field.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080kleˉ s?svertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ } netic brake,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
electricbridge See bridge,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorbrij }electricalpressuretransducerSee pressure trans-
ducer,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r} electriccar [MECHENG] An automotive vehicle
that is propelled by one or more electric motorselectrical properties [ELEC] Properties of a
substance which determine its response to an powered by a special rechargeable electric bat-
tery rather than by an internal combustion en-electric field,such as its dielectric constant or
conductivity,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉz } gine,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨r}
188
electricignition
electriccell [ELEC] 1.A single unit of a primary or morelengths of wire energizedwith high-volt-
age,low-current pulses,and giving a warningor secondary battery that converts chemical en-
ergy into electric energy,2,A single unit of a shock when touched,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfens }
electricfield [ELEC] 1,One of the fundamentaldevice that converts radiant energy into electric
energy,such as a nuclear,solar,or photovoltaic fields in nature,causing a charged body to be
attracted to or repelled by other charged bodies;cell,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsel }
electriccharge See charge,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj } associated with an electromagnetic wave or a
changing magnetic field,2,Specifically,theelectric circuit [ELEC] Also known as circuit.
1.A path or group of interconnected paths capa- electric force per unit test charge,{ i|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld }ble of carrying electric currents,2,An arrange-
ment of one or more complete,closed paths for electric-field intensity See electric-field vector.
{i|lekH11080trik |feˉld invertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }electron flow,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
electriccoil See coil,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorko˙il } electric-field strength See electric-field vector.
{i|lekH11080trik |feˉld vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }electric conductor See conductor,{ i|lekH11080trik
k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r} electric-fieldvector [ELEC] The force on a sta-
tionary positivecharge per unitcharge ata pointelectric connection [ELEC] A direct wire path
for current between two points in a circuit,in an electric field,Designated E,Also known
as electric-field intensity; electric-field strength;{i|lekH11080trik k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n}
electric connector [ELEC] A device that joins electric vector,{ i|lekH11080trik |feˉld vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r}
electric flowmeter [ELEC] Fluid-flow measure-electricconductorsmechanicallyandelectrically
tootherconductorsandtotheterminalsofappa- ment device relying on an inductance or imped-
ance bridge or on electrical-resistance rod ele-ratus and equipment,{ i|lekH11080trik k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r}
electriccontact [ELEC] A physical contact that ments to sense flow-rate variations,{ i|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}permits current flow between conducting parts.
Also known as contact,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt } electric flux [ELEC] 1,The integral over a sur-
face of the component of the electric displace-electric contactor See contactor,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨n
vertstrokeinferiortakH11080t?r } ment perpendicular to the surface; equal to the
number of electric lines of force crossing theelectric coupling [MECH ENG] Magnetic-field
coupling between the shafts of a driver and a surface,2.Theelectriclinesofforceinaregion.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks }driven machine,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
electric current density See current density,electric flux density See electric displacement.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }{i|lekH11080trik |k?H11080r?nt vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
electric current meter See ammeter,{ i|lekH11080trik electricfluxline See electric line of force,{ i|lekH11080
trik vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}|k?H11080r?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
electricdesalting [CHEM ENG] A process to re- electric furnace [ENG] A furnace which uses
electricity as a source of heat,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080move impurities such as inorganic salts from
crude oil by settling out in an electrostatic field,n?s}
electricfuse See fuse,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}{i|lekH11080trik deˉvertstrokesuperiorso˙ltH11080i? }
electricdetonator [ENG] Adetonatorignitedby electric guitar [ENG ACOUS] A guitar in which
a contact microphone placed under the stringsa fuse wire which serves to touch off the primer.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r } picksuptheacousticvibrationsforamplification
and for reproduction by a loudspeaker,{ i|lekH11080electric dipole [ELEC] A localized distribution
of positive and negative electricity,without net trik g?vertstrokesuperiorta¨r}
electric hammer [MECH ENG] An electric-pow-charge,whose mean positions of positive and
negative charges do not coincide,{ i|lekH11080trik eredhammer;oftenusedforrivetingorcaulking.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
electricdipolemoment [ELEC] A quantity char- electric heating [ENG] Any method of con-
vertingelectricenergytoheatenergybyresistingacteristic of a charge distribution,equal to the
vector sum over the electric charges of the prod- the free flow of electric current,{ i|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }uct of the charge and the position vector of the
charge,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt } electric hygrometer [ENG] An instrument for
indicating by electrical means the humidity ofelectric discharge See discharge,{ i|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj } the ambient atmosphere; usually based on the
relation between the electric conductance of aelectric displacement [ELEC] The electric field
intensity multiplied by the permittivity,Symbol- film of hygroscopic material and its moisture
content,{ i|lekH11080trik h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}ized D,Also known as dielectric displacement;
dielectricfluxdensity;displacement;electricdis- electric hysteresis See ferroelectric hysteresis.
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}placement density; electric flux density; electric
induction,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt } electrician [ENG] A skilled worker who installs,
repairs,maintains,or operates electric equip-electricdrive [MECH ENG] A mechanism which
transmits motion from one shaft to another and ment,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortrishH11080?n}
electric ignition [MECH ENG] Ignition of acontrolsthevelocityratiooftheshaftsbyelectri-
cal means,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv} charge of fuel vapor and air in an internal com-
bustionenginebypassingahigh-voltageelectricelectric fence [ENG] A fence consisting of one
189
electricimage
current between two electrodes in the combus- throughwhichelectricenergyispassedfortrans-
mission,transformation,distribution,or switch-tion chamber,{ i|lekH11080trik igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n}
ing,Also known as substation,{ i|lekH11080trikelectric image [ELEC] A fictitious charge used
|pau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}infindingtheelectricfieldsetupbyfixedelectric
electricpowersystem [MECH ENG] A complexcharges in the neighborhood of a conductor; the
assemblage of equipment and circuits for gener-
conductor,with its distribution of induced sur-
ating,transmitting,transforming,and distribut-
face charges,is replaced byone or more of these
ing electric energy,{ i|lekH11080trik |pau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
fictitious charges,Also known as image.
electric powertransmission [ELEC] Process of
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij }
transferring electric energy from one point to
electric induction See electric displacement.
another in an electric power system,{ i|lekH11080trik
{i|lekH11080trik invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
|pau˙H11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiormishH11080?n}
electric instrument [ENG] An electricity-
electric precipitation [CHEM ENG] A process
measuring device that indicates,such as an am-
thatutilizesanelectricfieldtoimprovethesepa-
meter or voltmeter,in contrast to an electric
ration of hydrocarbon reagent dispersions.
meter that totalizes or records,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
{i|lekH11080trik pr?vertstrokeinferiorsipH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
str?H11080m?nt }
electric pressure transducer See pressure trans-
electric locomotive [MECH ENG] A locomotive
ducer,{ i|lekH11080trik |preshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
operated by electric power picked up from a sys-
electric railroad [MECH ENG] A railroad which
tem of continuous overhead wires,or,some-
has a system of continuous overhead wires or a
times,from a third rail mounted alongside the
third rail mounted alongside the track to supply
track,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv}
electric power to the locomotive and cars.
electric meter [ENG] An electricity-measuring
{i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
device that totalizes with time,such as a watt-
electricreactor See reactor,{ i|lekH11080trik reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
hour meter or ampere-hour meter,in contrast to
electric resistance See resistance,{ i|lekH11080trik
an electric instrument,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
electricmotor See motor,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r}
electricresistancefurnaceSee resistance furnace.
electric polarization See polarization,{ i|lekH11080trik
{i|lekH11080trik rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
electricshunt See shunt,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsh?nt }
electric potential [ELEC] The work which must
electric stacker [MECH ENG] A stacker whose
be done against electric forces to bring a unit
carriage is raised and lowered by a winch pow-
charge from a reference point to the point in
ered by electric storage batteries,{ i|lekH11080trik
question; the reference point is located at an
vertstrokesuperiorstakH11080?r}
infinite distance,or,for practical purposes,at
electric strength See dielectric strength,{ i|lekH11080
the surface of the earth or some other large con-
trik vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
ductor,Also known as electrostatic potential;
electric susceptibility [ELEC] A dimensionless
potential,Abbreviated V.{i|lekH11080trik p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080
parameter measuring the ease of polarization
ch?l}
of a dielectric,equal (in meter-kilogram-second
electricpower [ELEC] The rate at which electric
units)totheratioofthepolarizationtotheprod-
energy is converted to other forms of energy,
uct of the electric field strength and the vacuum
equal to the product of the current and the volt-
permittivity,Also known as dielectric suscepti-
age drop,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r}
bility,{ i|lekH11080trik s?vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
electric power generation [MECH ENG] The
electric tachometer [ENG] An instrument for
large-scale production of electric power for in-
measuring rotational speed by measuring the
dustrial,residential,and rural use,generally in
outputvoltageofageneratordrivenbytherotat-
stationary plants designed for that purpose.
ing unit,{ i|lekH11080trik t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{i|lekH11080trik |pau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
electric tank See electrolytic tank,{ i|lekH11080trik
electric power line See power line,{ i|lekH11080trik
vertstrokesuperiorta?k}
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
electricthermometer [ENG] Aninstrumentthat
electricpowermeter [ENG] Adevicethatmeas-
utilizes electrical means to measure tempera-
ures electric power consumed,either at an in-
ture,such as a thermocouple or resistance ther-
stant,as in a wattmeter,or averaged over a time
mometer,{ i|lekH11080trik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
interval,as in a demand meter,Also known as
electric typewriter [MECH ENG] A typewriter
power meter,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
having an electric motor that provides power for
electricpowerplant [MECHENG] Apowerplant
all operations initiated by the touching of the
thatconvertsaformofrawenergyintoelectricity,
keys,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiort?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorr?ˉdH11080?r}
for example,a hydro,steam,diesel,or nuclear
electric vehicle [MECH ENG] A ground vehicle
generating station for stationary or transporta-
propelled by a motor powered by electrical en-
tion service,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
ergy from rechargeable batteries or other source
electricpowerstation [ELEC] A generating sta- onboard the vehicle,or from an external source
tion or an electric power substation,{ i|lekH11080trik in,on,or above the roadway; examples include
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n} the electrically powered golf cart,automobile,
electric power substation [ELEC] An assembly and trolley bus,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
electricwire See wire,{ i|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr}of equipment in an electric power system
190
electroexplosive
electroacoustic effect See acoustoelectric effect,electrodecharacteristic [ELECTR] Relation be-
tween the electrode voltage and the current to{i|lekH11080troˉH11080?|ku¨H11080stik ivertstrokesuperiorfekt }
electroacoustics [ENG ACOUS] The conversion an electrode,all other electrode voltages being
maintained constant,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080ofacousticenergyand wavesintoelectricenergy
and waves,or vice versa,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080stiks } tik }
electrode conductance [ELECTR] Quotient ofelectroacoustic transducer [ENG ACOUS] A
transducer that receives waves from an electric theinphasecomponentoftheelectrodealternat-
ing current by the electrode alternating voltage,systemanddeliverswavestoanacousticsystem,
or vice versa,Also known as sound transducer,all other electrode voltage being maintained
constant; this is a variational and not a total{i|lekH11080troˉH11080?|ku¨H11080stik tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
electrochemicalgrindingSeeelectrolytic grinding,conductance,Also knownas grid conductance.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉdk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }{ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉ|kemH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
electrochemical power generation [ENG] The electrodecouple [ELEC] The pair of electrodes
in an electric cell,between which there is a po-direct conversion of chemical energy to electric
energy,as in a battery or fuel cell,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉ tential difference,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiork?H11080p?l}
electrode current [ELECTR] Current passing tovertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}
electrochemicalrecording [ELECTR] Recording or from an electrode,through the interelectrode
space within a vacuum tube,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiork?H11080by means of a chemical reaction brought about
by the passage of signal-controlled current r?nt }
electrode impedance [ELECTR] Reciprocal ofthrough the sensitized portion of the record
sheet,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? } the electrode admittance,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉdimvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080
ns }electrochemical thermodynamics [THERMO]
The application of the laws of thermodynamics electrode resistance [ELECTR] Reciprocal of
the electrode conductance; this is the effectiveto electrochemical systems,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080
k?l vertstrokeinferiorth?rmH11080oˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks } parallelresistanceandisnottherealcomponent
of the electrode impedance,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉdrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080electrochemical transducer [ENG] A device
which uses a chemical change to measure the t?ns }
electrode-typeliquid-levelmeter [ENG] Deviceinputparameter;theoutputisavaryingelectrical
signal proportional to the measurand,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080 thatsensesliquidlevelbytheeffectoftheliquid-
gas interfaceon theconductance ofan electrodetroˉvertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
electrochemical valve [ELEC] Electric valve or probe,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp |likH11080w?d |levH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080
r}consistingofametalincontactwithasolutionor
compound,acrosstheboundaryofwhichcurrent electrodevoltage See electrode potential,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlek
vertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }flows more readily in one direction than in the
other direction,and in which the valve action electrodrill [MECH ENG] A drilling machine
driven by electric power,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokeinferiordril }is accompanied by chemical changes,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080
troˉvertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorvalv } electrodynamic ammeter [ENG] Instrument
which measures the current passing through aelectrochromicdevice [ENG] A self-contained,
hermetically sealed,two-electrode electrolytic fixed coil and a movable coil connected in series
by balancing the torque on the movable coilcell that includes one or more electrochromic
materials and an electrolyte,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?|kroˉmH11080 (resulting from the magnetic field of the fixed
coil) against that of a spiral spring,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080ik divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
electrochromic display [ELECTR] A solid-state d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
electrodynamic instrument [ENG] An instru-passive display that uses organic or inorganic
insulating solids which change color when in- ment that depends for its operation on the reac-
tionbetweenthecurrentinoneormoremovablejectedwith positiveor negativecharges,{ i|lekH11080
troˉ|kroˉH11080mik divertstrokesuperiorsplaˉ } coils and the current in one or more fixed coils.
Alsoknownaselectrodynamometer,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080electrode [ELEC] 1,An electric conductor
throughwhichanelectriccurrententersorleaves d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
electrodynamicloudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] Dy-a medium,whether it be anelectrolytic solution,
solid,molten mass,gas,or vacuum,2,One namic loudspeaker in which the magnetic field
isproducedbyanelectromagnet,calledthefieldof the terminals used in dielectric heating or
diathermy for applying the high-frequency elec- coil,to which a direct current must be furnished.
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}tric field to the material being heated.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd} electrodynamicwattmeter [ENG] An electrody-
namic instrument connected as a wattmeter,electrodeadmittance [ELECTR] Quotient of di-
viding the alternating component of the elec- with the main current flowing through the fixed
coil,andasmallcurrentproportionaltothevolt-trode current by the alternating component of
the electrode voltage,all other electrode volt- age flowing through the movable coil,Also
known as moving-coil wattmeter,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080ages being maintained constant,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd
advertstrokesuperiormitH11080?ns } d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
electrodynamometer See electrodynamic instru-electrode capacitance [ELECTR] Capacitance
between one electrode and all the other elec- ment,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
electroexplosive [ENG] An initiatoror a systemtrodes connected together,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉdk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080
dH11080?ns } in which an electric impulse initiates detonation
191
electrograph
or deflagration of an explosive,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080ik electromagnetic flowmeter [ENG] A flowmeter
that offers no obstruction to liquid flow; twovertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080siv}
electrograph [ENG] Any plot,graph,or tracing coils produce an electromagnetic field in the
conductive moving fluid; the current induced inproduced by the action of an electric current on
prepared sensitized paper (or other chart mate- the liquid,detected bytwo electrodes,is directly
proportional to the rate of flow,Also known asrial) or by means of an electrically controlled
stylus or pen,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } electromagnetic meter,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}electrohydraulic [ENG] Operated or effected by
a combination of electric and hydraulic mecha- electromagnetic interference [ELEC] Interfere-
nce,generallyatradio frequencies,thatisgener-nisms,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙lH11080ik }
electrokinetograph [ENG] An instrument used ated inside systems,as contrasted to radio-fre-
quency interference coming from sources out-to measure ocean current velocities based on
their electrical effects in the magnetic field of side a system,Abbreviated emi,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080
magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns }the earth,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
electroluminescence [ELECTR] The emission electromagneticlog [ENG] A log containing an
electromagnetic sensing element extended be-of light,not due to heating effects alone,re-
sulting from application of an electric field to a low the hull of the vessel; this device produces
a voltage directly proportional to speed throughmaterial,usually solid,{ i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080m?vertstrokesuperiornesH11080
ns } the water,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}
electromagnetic logging [ENG] A method ofelectrolyte-MOSFET [ENG] Ametaloxidesemi-
conductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that well logging in which a transmitting coil sets
up an alternating electromagnetic field,and ais immersed in a solution to determine the con-
centrationsofdissolvedredoxactivespecies;the receiver coil,placed in the drill hole above the
transmittercoil,measuresthesecondaryelectro-bulk part of the work function of the gate elec-
trode of the transistor changes when the sensor magneticfieldinducedbytheresultingeddycur-
rentswithintheformation,Alsoknownaselec-membrane is oxidized or reduced,Abbreviated
EMOSFET,{ i|lekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiormo˙svertstrokeinferiorfet } tromagnetic well logging,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080
ik vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080i? }electrolytic grinding [MECH ENG] A combined
grinding and machining operation in which the electromagnetic meter See electromagnetic flow-
meter,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}abrasive,cathodic grinding wheel is in contact
withtheanodicworkpiecebeneaththesurfaceof electromagneticnoise [ELEC] Noise in a com-
munications system resulting from undesiredan electrolyte,Also known as electrochemical
grinding,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? } electromagnetic radiation,Also known as radi-
ation noise,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz }electrolyticmercaptanprocess [CHEM ENG] A
process in which an aqueous caustic solution is electromagneticprospecting See electromagnetic
surveying,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ti? }used to extract mercaptans from refinery
streams,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080ik m?rvertstrokesuperiorkapH11080tan vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s} electromagnetic surveying [ENG] Under-
ground surveying carried out by generating elec-electrolytic refining See electrorefining,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080ik r?vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? } tromagneticwavesatthesurfaceoftheearth;the
wavespenetratetheearthandinducecurrentsinelectrolytic strip See humidity strip,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorstrip } conducting ore bodies,thereby generating new
waves that are detected by instruments at theelectrolytictank [ENG] Atankinwhichvoltages
are applied to an enlarged scale model of an surfaceorbyareceivingcoilloweredintoabore-
hole,Also knownas electromagnetic prospect-electron-tube system or a reduced scale model
of an aerodynamic system immersed in a poorly ing,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080i? }
electromagneticwellloggingSee electromagneticconducting liquid,and equipotential lines be-
tween electrodes are traced; used as an aid to logging,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
electromanometer [ENG] An electronic instru-electron-tube design or in computing ideal fluid
flow; the latter application is based on the fact ment used for measuring pressure of gases or
liquids,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}that the velocity potential in ideal flow and the
stream function in planar flow satisfy the same electromechanical [MECH ENG] Pertaining to a
mechanical device,system,or process which isequation,Laplace’s equation,as an electrostatic
potential,Also known as electric tank; poten- electrostatically or electromagnetically actuated
or controlled,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l}tial flow analyzer,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorta?k}
electromachining [MECH ENG] The application electromechanicalcircuit [ELEC] A circuit con-
taining both electrical and mechanical parame-of electric or ultrasonic energy to a workpiece to
effect removal of material,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080 ters of consequence in its analysis,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080
mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k? t}i? }
electromagneticbrake See electric brake,{ i|lekH11080 electromechanics [MECH ENG] The technology
of mechanical devices,systems,or processestroˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
electromagnetic clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch whichareelectrostaticallyorelectromagnetically
actuated or controlled,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }based on magnetic coupling between conduc-
tors,suchasamagneticfluidandpowderclutch,electrometer [ENG] An instrument for measur-
ing voltage without drawing appreciable current.an eddy-current clutch,or a hysteresis clutch.
{i|lekH11080troˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch } { ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
192
electronicchartdisplay
electron beam [ELECTR] A narrow stream of film in a vacuum chamber,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm
rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}electrons moving in the same direction,all hav-
ing about the same velocity,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm} electron-beamtube [ELECTR] An electron tube
whose performance depends on the formationelectron-beam channeling [ELECTR] The tech-
nique of transporting high-energy,high-current and control of one or more electron beams.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiortu¨b}electron beams from an accelerator to a target
througharegionofhigh-pressuregasbycreating electron conduction [ELEC] Conduction of
electricity resulting from motion of electrons,a path through the gas where the gas density
may be temporarily reduced; the gas may be rather than from ions in a gas or solution,or
holes in a solid,[THERMO] The transport ofionized; or a current may flow whose magnetic
field focuses the electron beam on the target,energyinhighlyionizedmatterprimarilybyelec-
trons of relatively high temperature moving in{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?lH11080i? }
electron-beamdrilling [ELECTR] Drilling of tiny onedirectionandelectronsoflowertemperature
moving in the other,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nk?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}holes in a ferrite,semiconductor,or other mate-
rial by using a sharply focused electron beam to electron cyclotron resonance reactor [ENG] A
plasma reactor in which resonant coupling ofmelt and evaporate or sublimate the material in
a vacuum,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? } microwave energy into an electron gas at elec-
tron cyclotron resonance accelerates electrons,electron-beam generator [ELECTR] Velocity-
modulated generator,such as a klystron tube,which in turn ionize and excite the neutral gas,
resulting in a low-pressure,almost collisionlessused to generate extremely high frequencies.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } plasma,{ i|lekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n |s?ˉH11080kl?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?H11080n?ns
reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}electron-beamionsource [ELECTR] Asourceof
multiply charged heavy ions which uses an in- electronegative [ELEC] 1,Carrying a negative
electriccharge,2.Capableofactingastheneg-tense electron beam with energies of 5 to 10
kiloelectronvolts to successively ionize injected ative electrode in an electric cell,{ i|lekH11080troˉ
vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv}gas,Abbreviated EBIS,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n
vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs } electronflow [ELEC] A current produced by the
movement of free electrons toward a positiveelectron-beam ion trap [ELECTR] A device for
producing the highest possible charge states of terminal; the direction of electron flow is oppo-
site to that of current,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }heavy ions,in which impact ionization or excita-
tion by successive electrons is efficiently electron holography [ELECTR] An imaging
technique using the wave nature of electronsachieved by causing the ions to be trapped in a
compressed electron beam by the electron and light,in which an interference pattern be-
tween an object wave and a reference wave isbeam’s space charge,Abbreviated EBIT
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉ vertstrokesuperioriH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortrap } formed using a coherent field-emission electron
beam from a sharp tungsten needle,and is re-electron-beam lithography [ELECTR] Lithogra-
phyinwhichtheradiation-sensitivefilmorresist corded on film as a hologram,and the image
of the original object is then reconstructed byis placed in the vacuum chamber of a scanning-
beam electron microscope and exposed by an iilluminatingalightbeamequivalenttotherefer-
ence wave onto the hologram,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nhoˉelectron beam under digital computer control;
after exposure,the film is removed from the vac- vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
electronicallyagileradar [ENG] Anairbornera-uumchamberforconventionaldevelopmentand
other production processes,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm dar that uses a phased-array antenna which
changes radar beam shapes and beam positionslivertstrokesuperiortha¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
electron-beammagnetometer [ENG] A magne- at electronic speeds,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ikH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferioraH11080j?l
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}tometer that depends on the change in intensity
or direction of an electron beam that passes electronic altimeter See radio altimeter,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlek
vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}through the magnetic field to be measured.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm magH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r} electroniccashregister [ENG] A systemfor au-
tomatically checking out goods from retail foodelectron-beam parametric amplifier [ELECTR]
A parametric amplifier in which energy is stores,consistingofadevicethatscanspackages
and reads symbols imprinted on the label,andpumped from an electrostatic field into a beam
of electrons traveling down the length of the acomputerthatconvertsthesymbolinformation
to tell a cash register the price of the item; thetube,and electron couplers impress the input
signalatoneendofthetubeandtranslatespiral- computer can also keep records of sales and
inventories,Abbreviated ECR,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iking electron motion into electric output at the
other,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorparH11080?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperioramH11080 vertstrokesuperiorkash vertstrokeinferiorrejH11080?H11080st?r}
electronic chart display and information systempl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
electron-beam pumping [ELECTR] The use of [ENG] A navigation information system with an
electronicchartdatabase,aswellasnavigationalanelectronbeamtoproduceexcitationforpopu-
lation inversion and lasing action in a semicon- and piloting information (typically,vessel-route-
monitoring,track-keeping,and track-planningductor laser,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiorp?mpH11080i? }
electron-beamrecorder [ELECTR] Arecorderin information),Abbreviated ECDIS,{ iH11080lek
|tra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt di|splaˉ?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080which a moving electron beam is used to record
signalsordataonphotographicorthermoplastic t?m}
193
electronicdummy
electronic dummy [ENG ACOUS] A vocal simu- in which a transducer sends speed and distance
lator which is a replica of the head and torso pulses over wires to the speed and mileage indi-
of a person,covered with plastisol flesh that cators,eliminating the need for a mechanical
simulatestheacousticalandmechanicalproper- link involving a flexible shaft,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik
ties of real flesh,and possessing an artificial speˉvertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
voice and two artificial ears,Abbreviated ED,electronic thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiord?mH11080eˉ } in which a sensor,usually a thermistor,is placed
electronicengineering [ENG] Engineering that on or near the object being measured,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlek
deals with practical applications of electronics.
vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
electronic voltmeter [ENG] Voltmeter which
electronic flame safeguard [MECH ENG] An
uses the rectifying and amplifying properties of
electrode used in a burner system which detects
electron devices and their associated circuits to
the main burner flame and interrupts fuel flow
secure desired characteristics,such as high-in-
if the flame is not detected,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik
putimpedance,wide-frequencyrange,crestindi-
vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfvertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }
cations,and so on,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
electronicfuse [ENG] A fuse,such as the radio
electroninjection [ELECTR] 1,The emission of
proximity fuse,set off by an electronic device
electrons from one solid into another,2,The
incorporated in it,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
process of injecting a beam of electrons with an
electronic heating [ENG] Heating by means of
electrongunintothevacuum chamberofamass
radio-frequency current produced by an elec-
spectrometer,betatron,or other large electron
tron-tube oscillator or an equivalent radio-fre-
accelerator,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨ninvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n}
quency power source,Also known as high-fre-
electron microscope [ELECTR] A device for
quency heating; radio-frequency heating.
forming greatly magnified images of objects by
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
means of electrons,usually focused by electron
electronic humidistat [ENG] A humidistat in
lenses,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
which a change in the relative humidity causes
electron vacuum gage [ENG] An instrument
achangeintheelectricalresistancebetweentwo
used to measure vacuum by the ionization effect
sets of alternate metal conductors mounted on
that an electron flow (from an incandescent fila-
a small flat plate with plastic coating,and this
ment to a charged grid) has on gas molecules.
change in resistance is measured by a relay am-
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080yu¨m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
plifier,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik hyu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
electrooptic radar [ENG] Radar system using
electronicloggerSee Geiger-Mu¨ller probe,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlek
electrooptic techniques and equipment instead
vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080?r}
of microwave to perform the acquisition and
electronic music [ENG ACOUS] Music con-
tracking operation,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
sisting of tones originating in electronic sound
electropainting [ENG] Electrolytic deposition
and noise generators used alone or in conjunc-
of a thin layer of paint on a metal surface which
tion with electroacoustic shaping means
is made an anode,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080troˉvertstrokeinferiorpaˉntH11080i? }
and sound-recording equipment,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik
electrophotoluminescence [ELECTR] Emission
vertstrokesuperiormyu¨H11080zik }
of light resulting from application of an electric
electronic musical instrument [ENG ACOUS] A
field to a phosphor which is concurrently,or has
musical instrument in which an audio signal is
beenpreviously,excitedbyothermeans,{ i|lekH11080
produced by a pickup or audio oscillator and
troˉ|foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080m?vertstrokesuperiornesH11080? ns }
amplified electronically to feed a loudspeaker,
electrorefining [CHEM ENG] Petroleum refinery
as in an electric guitar,electronic carillon,elec-
process for light hydrocarbon streams in which
tronic organ,or electronic piano,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik
an electrostatic field is used to assist in separa-
|myu¨H11080z?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
tion of chemical treating agents (acid,caustic,
electronic packaging [ENG] The technology of
doctor)fromthehydrocarbonphase,{ i|lekH11080troˉH11080
packaging electronic equipment; in current us-
rivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? }
age it refers to inserting discrete components,
electroresistive effect [ELECTR] The change in
integrated circuits,and MSI and LSI chips (usu-
the resistivity of certain materials with changes
allyattachedto aleadframeby beamleads)into
in applied voltage,{ i|lekH11080troH11080rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080tivi vertstrokeinferiorfekt }
platesthroughholesonmultilayercircuitboards
electroscope [ENG] An instrument for de-
(also called cards),where they are soldered in
tecting an electric charge by means of the me-
place,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080ijH11080i? }
chanical forces exerted between electrically
electronic photometer See photoelectric photo-
charged bodies,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}meter,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik fo
ˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
electrostatic [ELEC] Pertaining to electricity atelectronic polarization [ELEC] Polarization
rest,such as an electric charge on an object.arising from the displacement of electrons with
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik }respect to the nuclei with which they are associ-
electrostatic actuator See actuator,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?ated,upon application of an external electric
vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}field,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
electrostatic atomization [MECH ENG] Atomi-electronicrobot [CONTSYS] Arobotwhosemo-
zation in which a liquid jet or film is exposed totions are powered by a direct-current stepper
an electric field,and forces leading to atomiza-motor,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
electronic speedometer [ENG] A speedometer tion arise from either free charges on the surface
194
electrostriction
or liquid polarization,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferioradH11080?H11080 charges at rest,their electric fields,and poten-
tials,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080iks }m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
electrostatic attraction See Coulomb attraction,electrostatic separation [ENG] Separation of
finely pulverized materials by placing them in{ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
electrostatic energy [ELEC] The potential en- electrostatic separators,Also known as high-
tension separation,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080ergy which a collection of electric charges pos-
sessesbyvirtueoftheirpositionsrelativetoeach?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
electrostatic separator [ENG] A separator inother,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
electrostatic field [ELEC] A time-independent which a finely pulverized mixture falls through a
powerful electric field between two electrodes;electricfield,suchasthatproducedbystationary
charges,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld } materials having different specific inductive ca-
pacitancesaredeflectedbyvaryingamountsandelectrostatic force [ELEC] Force on a charged
particle due to an electrostatic field,equal to fall into different sorting chutes,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}the electric field vector times the charge of the
particle,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperior fo˙rs } electrostaticshielding [ELEC] The placing of a
grounded metal screen,sheet,or enclosureelectrostatic force microscopy [ENG] The use
of an atomic force microscope to measure elec- around a device or between two devices to pre-
vent electric fields from interacting,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trostatic forces from electric charges on a sur-
face,{ i|lekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik |fo˙rs m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨H11080sk?H11080peˉ }tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsheˉldH11080i? }
electrostatic stress [ELEC] An electrostaticelectrostatic generator [ELEC] Any machine
which produces electric charges by friction or field acting on an insulator,which produces po-
larization in the insulator and causes electrical(more commonly) electrostatic induction.
{ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } breakdown if raised beyond a certain intensity.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorstres }electrostatic gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope in
which a small beryllium ball is electrostatically electrostatictransducer [ENG ACOUS] A trans-
ducer consisting of a fixed electrode and a mov-suspended within an array of six electrodes in
a vacuum inside a ceramic envelope,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080 ableelectrode,chargedelectrostaticallyinoppo-
site polarity; motion of the movable electrodetr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
electrostatic induction [ELEC] The process of changes the capacitance between the electrodes
and thereby makes the applied voltage changecharginganobjectelectrically bybringingitnear
another charged object,then touching it to in proportion to the amplitude of the electrode’s
motion,Also known as condenser transducer.ground,Also known as induction,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n} {ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
electrostatic tweeter [ENG ACOUS] A tweeterelectrostatic interactions See Coulomb interac-
tions,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik intH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrakH11080sh?nz } loudspeaker in which a flat metal diaphragm is
driven directly by a varying high voltage appliedelectrostatic loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A
loudspeaker in which the mechanical forces are between the diaphragm and a fixed metal elec-
trode,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortweˉdH11080?r}produced by the action of electrostatic fields; in
one type the fields are produced between a thin electrostatic units [ELEC] A centimeter-gram-
second system of electric and magnetic units inmetal diaphragm and a rigid metal plate,Also
known as capacitor loudspeaker,{ ivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080 which the unit of charge is that charge which
exerts a force of 1 dyne on another unit chargetr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
electrostatic microphone See capacitor micro- when separated from it by a distance of 1 centi-
meter in vacuum; other units are derived fromphone,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
electrostaticpainting [ENG] A painting process this definition by assigning unit coefficients in
equations relating electric and magnetic quanti-that uses the particle-attractingproperty of elec-
trostatic charges; direct current of about 100,000 ties,Abbreviated esu,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080
n?ts }volts is applied to a grid of wires through which
the paint is sprayed to charge each particle; the electrostatic voltmeter [ENG] A voltmeter in
which the voltage to be measured is appliedmetal objects to be sprayed are connected to
theopposite terminalofthe high-voltagecircuit,between fixed and movable metal vanes; the re-
sulting electrostatic force deflects the movableso that they attract the particles of paint.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpaˉntH11080i? } vane against the tension of a spring,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}electrostatic potential See electric potential.
{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l} electrostaticwattmeter [ENG] An adaptation of
a quadrant electrometer for power measure-electrostaticprecipitator [ENG] A device which
removes dust or other finely divided particles ments in which two quadrants are charged by
the voltage drop across a noninductive shuntfrom a gas by charging the particles inductively
with an electric field,then attracting them to resistance through which the load current pas-
ses,and the line voltage is applied between onehighly charged collector plates,Also known as
precipitator,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik pr?vertstrokesuperiorsipH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080 of the quadrants and a moving vane,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}?r}
electrostatic repulsion See Coulomb repulsion,electrostriction [MECH] A form of elastic defor-
mationofadielectricinducedbyanelectricfield,{ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik rivertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080sh?n}
electrostatics [ELEC] The study of electric associated with those components of strain
195
electrostrictiontransducer
which are independent of reversal of field direc- elevated flooring See raised flooring,{ |elH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080
d vertstrokesuperiorflo˙rH11080i? }tion,incontrasttothepiezoelectriceffect,Also
elevation [ENG] Vertical distance to a point orknown as electrostrictive strain,{ i|lekH11080troˉ
object from sea level or some other datum.vertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}electrostriction transducer [ENG ACOUS] A
elevationangleSee angle of elevation,{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080transducer which depends on the production of
sh?n vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}an elastic strain in certain symmetric crystals
elevation meter [ENG] An instrument thatwhen an electric field is applied,or,conversely,
measures the change of elevation of a vehicle.
which produces a voltage when the crystal is
{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
deformed,Also known as ceramic transducer.
elevation stop [ENG] Structural unit in a gun
{i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080sh?n tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
or other equipment that prevents it from being
electrostrictivestrainSee electrostriction,{ i|lekH11080
elevated or depressed beyond certain fixed lim-
troˉvertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
its,{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
electrothermal ammeter See thermoammeter.
elevator [MECH ENG] Also known as elevating
{i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
machine,1,Vertical,continuous-belt,or chain
electrothermal energy conversion [ENG] The
device with closely spaced buckets,scoops,
direct conversion of electric energy into heat en-
arms,ortraystoliftorelevatepowders,granules,
ergy,asinanelectricheater,{ i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
or solid objects to a higher level,2.Pneumatic
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080zh?n}
deviceinwhichairorgasisusedtoelevatefinely
electrothermal process [ENG] Any process
powdered materials through a closed conduit.
which uses an electric current to generate heat,
3,An enclosed platform or car that moves up
utilizing resistance,arcs,or induction; used to
and down in a shaft for transporting people or
achieve temperatures higher than can be ob-
materials,Also known as lift,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
tainedbycombustionmethods,{ i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
elevator dredge [MECH ENG] A dredge which
m?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
has a chain of buckets,usually flattened across
electrothermalvoltmeter [ENG] An electrother-
the front and mounted on a nearly vertical lad-
mal ammeter employing a series resistor as a
der; used principally for excavation of sand and
multiplier,thus measuring voltage instead of
gravel beds under bodies of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080
current,{ i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
r vertstrokeinferiordrej }
Elektrion process [CHEM ENG] A process of
Elgin extractor [CHEM ENG] Spray-tower,
condensationandpolymerizationinwhichamix-
multistage,counterflow extractor in which the
ture of a relatively light mineral oil and a fatty
diameterofthebasesectionisexpandedtoelim-
oil is subjected to an electric discharge in an
inate flow restriction at the light-liquid distribu-
atmosphere of hydrogen; the product is a very
tion location,{ |elH11080j?nikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
viscous oil used for blending with lighter lubri-
ell [BUILD] A wing built perpendicular to the
cating oils,{ ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080treˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
main section of a building,{ el }
element [CIV ENG] See member,[ELEC] See
ellipticalorbit [MECH] The path of a body mov-
component,[IND ENG] A brief,relatively ho-
ing along an ellipse,such as that described by
mogeneous part of a work cycle that can be de-
eitheroftwobodiesrevolvingundertheirmutual
scribed and identified,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
gravitational attraction but otherwise undis-
elemental motion [IND ENG] In time-and-
turbed,{?vertstrokesuperiorlipH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?t}
motion study,a fundamental subdivision of the
ellipticalsystem [ENG] Atrackingornavigation
hand movements in manipulating an object.
system where ellipsoids of position are deter-
Also known as basic element; fundamental mo-
mined from time or phase summation relative
tion; therblig,{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiormentvertstrokeinferior?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n}
to two or more fixed stations which are the fo-
elementary commodity group [IND ENG] The
cuses for the ellipsoids,{?vertstrokesuperiorlipH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
lowest level of goods or services for which con-
elliptic gear [MECH ENG] A change gear com-
sistent values can be determined,Also known
posed of two elliptically shaped gears,each ro-
as elementary group,{ elH11080?|menH11080treˉ k?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080
tating about one of its focal points,{?vertstrokesuperiorlipH11080tik
dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorgru¨p}
vertstrokesuperiorgir }
elementary group See elementary commodity
ellipticspring [DESENG] Aspringmadeoflami-
group,{ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080treˉ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨p}
natedsteelplates,archedtoresembleanellipse.
elementbreakdown [IND ENG] Separation of a
{?vertstrokesuperiorlipH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorspri? }
work cycle into elemental motions,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080
elongation [MECH] The fractional increase in a
m?nt vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n} material’s length due to stress in tension or to
elements [MECH] The various features of a tra- thermal expansion,{ e
ˉvertstrokeinferiorlo?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}
jectorysuchastheangleofdeparture,maximum elutriation [CHEM ENG] The process of remov-
ordinate,angle of fall,and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080 ing substances from a mixture through washing
m?nts } and decanting,[ENG] In a mixture,the sepa-
element time [IND ENG] The time to complete rationoffinerlighterparticlesfromcoarserheav-
a specific motion element,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm} ier particles through a slow stream of fluid mov-
elevate [ENG] Toincreasetheangleofelevation ing upward so that the lighter particles are car-
of a gun,launcher,optical instrument,or the ried with it,{ eˉvertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080treˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
elutriator [ENG] An apparatus used to separatelike,{ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉt}
196
endmill
suspended solid particles according to size by emitter barrier [ELECTR] One of the regions in
which rectification takes place in a transistor,the process of elutriation,{ eˉvertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080treˉvertstrokeinferioradH11080?r}
emagram [THERMO] A graph of the logarithm lying between the emitter region and the base
region,{ ivertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r}ofthepressureofasubstanceversusitstempera-
ture,whenitisheldatconstantvolume;inmete- emitterjunction [ELECTR] A transistor junction
normally biased in the low-resistance directionorologicalinvestigations,thepotential tempera-
ture is often the parameter,{ vertstrokesuperioremH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram } to inject minority carriers into a base,{ ivertstrokesuperiormidH11080
r vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}emanometer [ENG] An instrument for the
measurementoftheradoncontentoftheatmos- EMOSFET See electrolyte-MOSFET.
employmenttest [IND ENG] Any of a wide vari-phere,radon is removed from a sample of air by
condensation or adsorption on a surface,and is ety of tests to measure intelligence,personality
traits,skills,interests,aptitudes,orothercharac-then placed in an ionization chamber and its
activity determined,{ vertstrokeinferioremH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r } teristics; used to supplement interviews,physi-
calexaminations,andbackgroundinvestigationsembankment [CIV ENG] 1,A ridge constructed
of earth,stone,or other material to carry a road- before employment,{ emvertstrokesuperiorplo˙iH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiortest }
empty-cellprocess [ENG] A wood treatment inway or railroad at a level above that of the sur-
rounding terrain,2,A ridge of earth or stone which the preservative coats the cells without
filling them,{ vertstrokesuperioremH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorsel vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}to prevent water from passing beyond desirable
limits,Alsoknownasbank,{ emvertstrokesuperiorba?kH11080m?nt } emulsificationtest [CHEM ENG] Standard labo-
ratory procedure for evaluating the resistance ofembossing stylus [ENG ACOUS] A recording
stylus with a rounded tip that forms a groove insulatingoils,turbineoils,andotherlubricating
oils to emulsification,{?vertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080s?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nby displacing material in the recording medium.
{emvertstrokesuperiorba¨sH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorst?ˉH11080l?s} vertstrokeinferiortest }
emulsion cleaner [CHEM ENG] A cleaner com-embrittlement [MECH] Reduction or loss of
ductility or toughness in a metal or plastic with posed of organic solvents dispersed in an aque-
oussolutionwiththeaidofanemulsifyingagent.little change in other mechanical properties.
{ vertstrokeinferioremvertstrokesuperiorbridH11080?lH11080m?nt } {?vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080?r}
enamel See glaze,{ ivertstrokesuperiornamH11080?l}emergencybrake [MECHENG] Abrakethatcan
be set by hand and,once set,continues to hold enameling [ENG] The application of a vitreous
glaze to pottery or metal surfaces,followed byuntil released; used as a parking brake in an
automobile,{?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080j?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk } fusing in a kiln or furnace,{ ivertstrokesuperiornamH11080li? }
enamelkiln [ENG] AkilninwhichenamelcolorsEmersonwageincentiveplan [INDENG] Aplan
comprising time wages to 662/3% of standard are fired,{ ivertstrokesuperiornamH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkil }
encastre′ beam See fixed-end beam,{ a¨nH11080kaH11080straˉperformance,empiric bonuses from there to
standard performance,ending at 120% time beˉm}
encoder See matrix,{ envertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080?r}wages,and thereafter a straight-line earning
which is 20% above and parallel to basic piece encrustation [ENG] Thebuildupofslagorother
material inside furnaces and kilns,{ enH11080rate,{ vertstrokesuperioremH11080?rH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorwaˉjinvertstrokeinferiorsenH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiorplan }
Emery-Dietz gravity corer [ENG] A tube,with kr?vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
end-bearing pile [CIV ENG] A bearing pile thatweights attached,which forces sediment sam-
plesintoitsinteriorasitisdroppedontheocean is driven down to hard ground so that it carries
thefullloadatitspoint,Alsoknownasapoint-bottom,{ |emH11080?H11080reˉ |deˉts vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}
emerywheel [DESENG] Agrinding wheelmade bearing pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
endconstruction [CIVENG] Structuralblocksorof or having a surface of emery powder; used for
grinding and polishing,{ vertstrokesuperioremH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorweˉl } tiles laid so that the hollow cells run vertically.
{ vertstrokesuperiorend k?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n}emi See electromagnetic interference.
emission standard [ENG] The maximum legal end effector [CONT SYS] The component of a
robotthatcomesintocontactwiththeworkpiecequantity of pollutant permitted to be discharged
from a single source,{ ivertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd } and does the actual work on it,Also known as
hand { vertstrokesuperiorend ivertstrokeinferiorfekH11080t?r}emissivepowerSeeemittance,{ i|misH11080ivvertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r}
emissivity [THERMO] The ratio of the radiation end-feed centerless grinding [MECH ENG]
Centerless grinding in which the piece is fedemitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by
aperfect blackbodyradiator atthe sametemper- through grinding and regulating wheels to an
end stop,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd |senH11080t?rH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }ature,Also known as thermal emissivity,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080
m?vertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ } end item [ENG] A final combination of end
products,component parts,or materials whichemittance [THERMO] The power radiated per
unit area of a radiating surface,Also known as is ready for its intended use; for example,ship,
tank,mobile machine shop,or aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorendemissive power; radiating power,{ ivertstrokesuperiormitH11080?ns }
emitter [ELECTR] Atransistorregionfromwhich vertstrokeinferior?ˉdH11080?m}
endlap [DES ENG] A joint in which two joiningcharge carriers that are minority carriers in the
base are injected into the base,thus controlling members are made to overlap by removal of half
the thickness of each,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorlap }thecurrent flowingthrough thecollector; corres-
ponds to the cathode of an electron tube,Sym- endloader [MECH ENG] A platform elevator at
the rear of a truck,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?r}bolized E,Also known as emitter region.
{ivertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r} end mill [MECH ENG] A machine which has a
197
end-milledkeyway
rotating shank with cutting teeth at the end and mixture absorbs the perfume,which is subse-
quently extracted,{ |a¨nvertstrokeinferiorflu˙|ra¨zh }spiral blades on the peripheral surface; used for
shaping and cutting metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiormil } engaged column [CIV ENG] A column partially
builtintoawall,andnotfreestanding,{ invertstrokesuperiorgaˉjdend-milled keyway See profiled keyway,{ vertstrokesuperiorend
vertstrokeinferiormild vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
engine [MECH ENG] A machine in which powerend-of-arm speed [CONT SYS] The speed at
which an end effector arrives at its desired posi- isappliedtodoworkbytheconversionofvarious
forms of energy into mechanical force and mo-tion,{ |end?v |a¨rm vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd}
endoradiosonde [ENG] A miniature battery- tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
enginebalance [MECH ENG] Arrangement andpowered radio transmitter encapsulated like a
pill,designedtobeswallowedformeasuringand construction of moving parts in reciprocating or
rotating machines to reduce dynamic forcestransmitting physiological data from the gastro-
intestinal tract,{ |enH11080doˉvertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } which may result in undesirable vibrations.
{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }end play [MECH ENG] Axial movement in a
shaft-and-bearingassemblyresultingfromclear- engineblock See cylinder block,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
engine cooling [MECH ENG] Controlling theances between the components,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorplaˉ }
endpoint [CHEM ENG] In the distillation analy- temperatureofinternalcombustionengineparts
to prevent overheating and to maintain all op-sisofcrudepetroleumanditsproducts,thehigh-
est reading of a thermometer when a specified erating dimensions,clearances,and alignment
by a circulating coolant,oil,and a fan,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080proportion of the liquid has boiled off,Also
known as final boiling point,[CONT SYS] The j?n vertstrokeinferiorku˙lH11080i? }
engine cycle [THERMO] Any series of thermo-point at which a robot stops along its path of
motion,See breakpoint,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } dynamic phases constituting a cycle for the con-
version of heat into work; examples are the Ottoend-pointrigidity [CONT SYS] The resistance of
a robot to further movement after it has reached cycle,Stirling cycle,and Diesel cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n
vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}its end point,{ vertstrokesuperioren vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int rivertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ }
endstop [MECH ENG] A limit to the movement engine cylinder [MECH ENG] A cylindrical
chamber in an engine in which the energy of theof a mechanical system or part,usually brought
about by valves or shock absorbers,{ vertstrokesuperiorend working fluid,in the form of pressure and heat,
is converted to mechanical force by performingvertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
endturning See boxing,{ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiort?rnH11080i? } work on the piston,Also known as cylinder.
{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}endurance [ENG] The time an aircraft,vehicle,
or ship can continue operating under given con- enginedisplacement [MECH ENG] Volume dis-
placed byeach piston moving frombottom deadditions without refueling,{ invertstrokesuperiordu˙rH11080?ns }
endurance limit See fatigue limit,{ invertstrokesuperiordu˙rH11080?ns centertotopdeadcentermultipliedbythenum-
ber of cylinders,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?ndivertstrokeinferiorsplaˉsH11080m?nt }vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
endurance ratio See fatigue ratio,{ invertstrokesuperiordu˙rH11080?ns engine efficiency [MECH ENG] Ratio between
the energy supplied to an engine to the energyvertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
endurance strength See fatigue strength,{ in output of the engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?nivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
engineer [ENG] An individual who specializesvertstrokesuperiordu˙rH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
energy beam [ENG] An intense beam of light,in one of the branches of engineering,{ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080
j?vertstrokesuperiornir }electrons,or other nuclearparticles; used to cut,
drill,form,weld,or otherwise process metals,engineeringeconomy [INDENG] 1.Application
ofengineeringormathematicalanalysisandsyn-ceramics,and other materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ
vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm } thesis to decision makingin economics,2.The
knowledge and techniques concerned with eval-energyconversionefficiency [MECH ENG] The
efficiency with which the energy of the working uating the worth of commodities and services
relative to their cost,3,Analysis of the eco-substance is converted into kinetic energy.
{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?nivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } nomicsofengineeringalternatives,{ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080
i? ivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080meˉ }energyefficiencyratio [ELEC] A value that rep-
resents the relative electrical efficiency of air engineeringgeology [CIVENG] Theapplication
of education and experience in geology andconditioners;itisthequotientobtainedbydivid-
ingBtu-per-houroutputbyelectrical-wattsinput other geosciences to solve geological problems
posed by civil engineering structures,{ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080during cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080se vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
energy ellipsoid See momental ellipsoid,{ |enH11080 j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? jevertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
engineer’s chain [CIV ENG] A surveyor’s mea-?rH11080jeˉ ivertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
energy integral [MECH] A constant of integra- suring instrument consisting of 1-foot (30.48-
centimeter) steel links joined together by rings,tion resulting from integration of Newton’s sec-
ond law of motion in the case of a conservative 100 feet (30.5 meters) or 50 feet (15.25 meters)
long,Also known as chain,{ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirzforce; equal to the sum of the kinetic energy of
the particle and the potential energy of the force vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
engine inlet [MECH ENG] A place of entranceacting on it,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?H11080gr?l}
enfleurage [CHEM ENG] Removal of the odorif- for engine fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080l?t}
engineknock [MECH ENG] Inspark ignition en-erous components from flowers by placing them
near an odorless mixture of lard and tallow; this gines,the sound and other effects associated
198
envelope
with ignition and rapid combustion of the last streamfrom thestrippingcolumnis furtherpuri-
part of the charge to burn,before the flame front fied by countercurrent contact with a downward-
reaches it,Also known as combustion knock,flowingrefluxstreamfromtheoverheadproduct-
{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorna¨k} recovery vessel,{ invertstrokesuperiorrichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
enginelathe [MECH ENG] A manually operated enrockment [CIV ENG] A grouping of large
lathe equipped with a headstock of the back- stones dropped into water to form a base,such
geared,cone-driven type or of the geared-head as for supporting a pier,{ invertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080m?nt }
type,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth } enteringangle [MECH ENG] The angle between
engineperformance [MECH ENG] Relationship
theside-cuttingedgeofa toolandthemachined
between power output,revolutions per minute,
surface of the work; angle is 90H11034 for a tool with
fuel or fluid consumption,and ambient condi-
0H11034side-cuttingedgeangleeffective,{ vertstrokesuperiorentH11080?H11080ri?
tions in which an engine operates,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n
vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns }
enthalpy [THERMO] The sum of the internal en-
enginesludge [ENG] The insoluble products of
ergy of a system plus the product of the system’s
degradation of lubricating oils and fuels formed
volume multiplied by the pressure exerted on
during the operation of an internal combustion
the system by its surroundings,Also known as
engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorsl?j}
heat content; sensible heat; total heat,{ en
Englerdistillationtest [CHEM ENG] A standard
vertstrokesuperiorthalH11080peˉ }
test for determination of the volatility character-
enthalpy-entropy chart [THERMO] A graph of
istics of a gasoline by the measurement of the
the enthalpy of a substance versus its entropy
percent of gasoline distilled at various specific
at various values of temperature,pressure,or
temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiore?H11080gl?r disH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
specific volume; useful in making calculations
Engler flask [CHEM ENG] A standardized flask
about a machine or process in which this sub-
of 100-milliliter volume used in the Engler dis-
stanceistheworkingmedium,{ en|thalH11080peˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
tillation test,{ vertstrokesuperiore?H11080gl?r vertstrokeinferiorflask }
tr?H11080peˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
Engler viscometer [ENG] An instrument used
enthalpyofvaporization See heat of vaporization.
in the measurement of the degree Engler,a
{envertstrokesuperiorthalH11080peˉ?v vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
measure of viscosity; the kinematic viscosity H9263
entrainer [CHEM ENG] An additive that forms
in stokes for this instrument is obtained from
an azeotrope with one component of a liquid
the equation H9263 H11005 0.00147t H11002 3.74/t,where t is
mixture to aid in otherwise difficult separations
the efflux time in seconds,{ vertstrokesuperiore?H11080gl?rvivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080
by distillation,as in azeotropic distillation.
dH11080?r}
{envertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080?r}
Englishgarden-wallbond [CIVENG] Amasonry
entrainment [CHEM ENG] A process in which
bond in which there are three courses of stretch-
the liquid boils so violently that suspended
ers to one of headers,{ vertstrokesuperiori?H11080glish |ga¨rdH11080?n
droplets of liquid are carried in the escaping
vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
vapor,{ envertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080m?nt }
enhancement [ELECTR] An increasein the den-
entrance [CIV ENG] The seaward end of a chan-
sity of charged carriers in a particular region of
nel,harbor,andsoon,[ENG] Aplaceofphysi-
a semiconductor,{ envertstrokesuperiorhansH11080m?nt }
cal entering,such as a door or passage.
enhancement mode [ELECTR] Operation of a
{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080tr?ns }
field-effect transistor in which no current flows
entrance angle [ENG] In molding,the maxi-
whenzerogatevoltageisapplied,andincreasing
mum angle,measured from the center line of
the gate voltage increases the current,{ en
the mandrel,at which molten material enters
vertstrokesuperiorhansH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiormoˉd}
the land area of a die,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080tr?ns vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
enhancement-mode high-electron-mobility tran-
entrance lock [CIV ENG] A lock between the
sistor [ELECTR] A high-electron-mobility
tideway and an enclosed basin made necessary
transistor in which application of a positive bias
because the levels of the two bodies of water
to the gate electrode is required for current to
vary; by means of this lock,vessels can pass
flow between the source and drain electrodes.
either way at all states of the tide,Also known
Abbreviated E-HEMT,{ envertstrokesuperiorhansH11080m?nt |moˉd vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ
as guard lock; tidal lock; tide lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080tr?ns
i|lekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nmoˉ|bilH11080?dH11080eˉ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
enhancement-mode junction field-effect transis-
entropy [THERMO] Function of the state of a
tor [ELECTR] A type of gallium arsenide field-
thermodynamicsystem whosechangein anydif-
effect transistor in which the gate consists of the
ferential reversible process is equal to the heat
junction between the n-type gallium arsenide
absorbed by the system from its surroundingsforming the conducting channel and p-type ma-
divided by the absolute temperature of the sys-terial implanted under a metal electrode,Ab-
tem,Also known as thermal charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080brevate E-JFET,{ envertstrokesuperiorhansH11080m?nt |moˉd vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080
tr?H11080peˉ }sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
entryballistics [MECH] Thatbranchofballisticsenqueue [ENG] To place a data item in a
which pertains to the entry of a missile,space-queue,{ envertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ }
craft,or other object from outer space into andenriching column [CHEM ENG] The portion of
through an atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080treˉ b?vertstrokeinferiorlisH11080tiks }acountercurrentcontractor(liquid-liquidextrac-
entrypoint See entrance,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080treˉ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }tion or vapor-liquid distillation) above the feed
point in which an upward-moving,product-rich envelope [ENG] The glass or metal housing of
199
environment
anelectrontubeortheglasshousingofanincan- obstacle is a function of the speed of the air.
{eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉlH11080y?nanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}descent lamp,{ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
eon [MECH] A unit of time,equal to 10
9
years.environment [ENG] Theaggregateofallnatural,
{ vertstrokesuperioreˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n}operational,or other conditions that affect the
Eo¨tvo¨seffect [MECH] An apparent decrease (oroperation of equipment or components.
increase) in the weight of a body moving from{invertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080?rnH11080m?nt or invertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080r?nH11080ment }
west to east (or east to west) because of itsenvironmental cab [ENG] Operator’s compart-
greater (or smaller) centrifugal acceleration.mentinearthmoversequippedwithtintedsafety
{ vertstrokesuperior?tH11080v?sh ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
glass,soundproofing,air conditioning,and
Eo¨tvo¨srule [THERMO] The rule that the rate of
cleaning units,{ in|v?ˉH11080?rn|mentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkab }
changeofmolarsurfaceenergywithtemperature
environmental control [ENG] Modification and
is a constant for all liquids; deviations are en-
control of soil,water,and air environments of
countered in practice,{ vertstrokesuperior?tH11080v?sh vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
humans and other living organisms,{ in|v?ˉH11080
Eo¨tvo¨s torsion balance [ENG] An instrument
rn|m?ntH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
which records the change in the acceleration of
environmental controlsystem [ENG] A system
gravity over the horizontal distance between the
used in a closed area,especially a spacecraft or
ends of a beam; used to measure density varia-
submarine,to permit life to be sustained; the
tions of subsurface rocks,{ vertstrokesuperior?tH11080v?sh vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n
system provides the occupants with a suitably
vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
controlled atmosphere to permit them to live
epicyclic gear [MECH ENG] A system of gears
and work in the area,{ in|v?ˉH11080?rn|m?ntH11080?lk?n
in which one or more gears travel around the
vertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
inside or the outside of another gear whose axis
environmentalengineering [ENG] The technol-
is fixed,{ |epH11080?|s?ˉH11080klik vertstrokesuperiorgir }
ogy concerned with the reduction of pollution,
epicyclic train [MECH ENG] A combination of
contamination,and deterioration of the sur-
epicyclic gears,usually connected by an arm,in
roundings in which humans live,{ in|v?ˉH11080
which some or all of the gears have a motion
rn|m?ntH11080?lenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
compounded of rotation about an axis and a
environmental impact analysis [IND ENG]
translation or revolution of that axis,{ |epH11080?|s?ˉH11080
Predetermination of the extent of pollution or
klik vertstrokesuperiortraˉn}
environmental degradation which will be in-
epitaxial diffused-junction transistor [ELECTR]
volvedinaminingorprocessingproject,{ in|v?ˉH11080
Ajunctiontransistorproducedbygrowingathin,
rn|m?ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
high-purity layer of semiconductor material on
environmental impact statement [ENG] A re-
a heavily doped region of the same type,{ vertstrokeinferiorepH11080
port of the potential effect of plans for land use
vertstrokesuperiortakH11080seˉH11080?ld?|fyu¨zd |jkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
in terms of the environmental,engineering,es-
epitaxial diffused-mesa transistor [ELECTR] A
thetic,and economic aspects of the proposed
diffused-mesa transistor in which a thin,high-
objective,{ in|v?ˉH11080?rn|m?ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorstaˉtH11080
resistivityepitaxiallayerisdepositedonthesub-
m?nt }
strate to serve as the collector,{ vertstrokeinferiorepH11080?vertstrokesuperiortakH11080seˉH11080
environmentalprotection [ENG] Theprotection
ld?|fyu¨zd |maˉH11080s? tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
of humans and equipment against stresses of
epitaxial transistor [ELECTR] Transistor with
climate and other elements of the environment.
one or more epitaxial layers,{ vertstrokeinferiorepH11080?vertstrokesuperiortakH11080seˉH11080?l
{in|v?ˉH11080?rn|mentH11080?lpr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
environmental range [ENG] The range of envi-
Eppleypyrheliometer [ENG] Apyrheliometerof
ronment throughout which a system or portion
the thermoelectric type; radiation is allowed to
thereof is capable of operation at not less than
fall on two concentric silver rings,the outer cov-
the specified level of reliability,{ in|v?ˉH11080
ered with magnesium oxide and the inner cov-
rn|m?ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj }
ered with lampblack; a system of thermocouples
environmental stress cracking [MECH] The
(thermopile)isusedtomeasurethetemperature
susceptibility of a material to crack or craze in
difference between the rings; attachments are
the presence of surface-active agents or other
provided so that measurements of direct and
factors,{ in|v?ˉH11080?rn|m?ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080i? }
diffuse solar radiation may be obtained,{ vertstrokesuperiorepH11080
environmentaltest [ENG] Alaboratorytestcon-
leˉ |p?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ducted to determine the functional performance
equal-armbalance [MECH] Asimplebalancein
of a component or system under conditions that
which the distances from the point of support
simulatetherealenvironment inwhichthecom-
of the balance-arm beam to the two pans at
ponent or system is expected to operate,the end of the beam are equal,{ |e
ˉH11080kwal |a¨rm
{in|v?ˉH11080?rn|m?ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiortest } vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
environment simulator [ENG] Any machine or equalingfile [DES ENG] A slightly bulging dou-
artificial device that simulates all or some of the ble-cut file used in fine toolmaking,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?lH11080
attributes of an environment,such as the solar i?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
simulators with artificial suns used in testing equalizer [ELECTR] Anetworkdesignedtocom-
spacecraft,{ in|v?ˉH11080?rn|m?nt vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} pensate for an undesired amplitude-frequency
eolian anemometer [ENG] An anemometer orphase-frequencyresponseofasystemorcom-
which works on the principle that the pitch of ponent; usually a combination of coils,capaci-
tors,and resistors,Also known as equalizingthe eolian tones made by air moving past an
200
equivalentnitrogenpressure
circuit,[MECH ENG] 1,A bar to which one at- equilibriumdistillationSeeequilibriumflashvapor-
tachesavehicle’swhiffletreestomakethepullof ization,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?|libH11080reˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?|laˉH11080sh?n}
draft animals equal,Also known as equalizing equilibrium flash vaporization [CHEM ENG]
bar,2,A bar which joins a pair of axle springs Process in which a continuous liquid-mixture
on a railway locomotive or car for equalization feed stream is partly vaporized in a column or
of weight,Also known as equalizing bar,vessel,with continuous withdrawal of vapor and
3,A device which distributes braking force liquid portions,the vapor and liquid in equilib-
among independentbrakes of anautomotive ve- rium,Also known as continuous equilibrium
hicle,Alsoknownasequalizerbrake,4.Ama-
vaporization; equilibrium distillation; flash dis-
chinewhichsawswoodenstocktoequallengths.
tillation; simple continuous distillation,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
equalizing line [CHEM ENG] A pipe or tubing
equilibriumstate [INDENG] Astateinwhichthe
interconnection between two closed vessels,
numbers of customers or items waiting in a
containers,or process systems to allow pressure
queue varies in such a way that the mean and
equalization,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
distribution remain constant over a long period.
equalizing reservoir [CIV ENG] A reservoir lo-
{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorstaˉt}
cated between a primary water supply and the
equipment [ENG] One or more assemblies ca-
consumer for the purpose of maintaining equi-
pable of performing a complete function.
librium between different portions of the distri-
{?vertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt }
bution system,{ vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}
equipment chain [ENG] Group of equipments
equation of motion [MECH] 1,Equation which
that are functionally in series; the failure of one
specifies the coordinates of particles as func-
or more of the equipments results in loss of the
tions of time,2.A differential equation,or one
function,{?vertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
ofseveralsuchequations,fromwhichthecoordi-
equipmentreplacementstudy [INDENG] Acost
nates of particles as functions of time can be
analysis based on estimates of operating costs
obtained if the initial positions and velocities of
over a stated time for the old facility compared
the particles are known,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080
with the new facility,{?vertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt rivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080
sh?n}
m?nt vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
equationofpiezotropy [THERMO] An equation
equipollent [MECH] Of two systems of forces,
obeyed by certain fluids which states that the
having the same vector sum and the same total
time rate of change of the fluid’s density equals
torque about an arbitrary point,{ |eH11080kw?|pa¨lH11080
the product of a function of the thermodynamic
nt }
variablesandthetimerateofchangeofthepres-
equipotential surface [ELEC] A surface on
sure,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n?vpeˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨H11080tr?H11080peˉ }
which the electric potential is the same at every
equatorialmounting [ENG] The mounting of an
point,[MECH] A surface which is always nor-
equatorial telescope; it has two perpendicular
mal to the lines of force of a field and on which
axes,the polar axis (parallel to the earth’s axis)
the potential is everywhere the same,{ |eH11080kw?H11080
that turns on fixed bearings,and the declination
p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
axis,supported by the polar axis,{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080
equivalent annual rate [IND ENG] A measure
eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormau˙ntH11080i? }
used in setting up a monthly rate on a compara-
equatorialplane [MECH] Aplaneperpendicular
ble basis for each of the months regardless of
to the axis of rotation of a rotating body and
their variation in working days,or for making the
equidistant from the intersections of this axis
rate comparable with an annual rate regardless
with the body’s surface,provided that the body
of the variation in working days during each
is symmetric about the axis of rotation and is
month,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt |anH11080y?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉt}
symmetric under reflection through this plane.
equivalentbendingmoment [MECH] Abending
{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn}
moment which,acting alone,would produce in
equatorial telescope [ENG] An astronomical
a circular shaft a normal stress of the same mag-
telescope that revolves about an axis parallel to
nitude as the maximum normal stress produced
the earth’s axis and automatically keeps a star
by a given bending moment and a given twisting
on which it has been fixed in its field of view.
moment acting simultaneously,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt
{ vertstrokeinferioreH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
vertstrokesuperiorbendH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }
equilibrant [MECH] Asingleforcewhichcancels
equivalent blackbody temperature [THERMO]
the vector sum of a given system of forces acting
For a surface,the temperature of a blackbody
on a rigid body and whose torque cancels the
which emits the same amount of radiation persum of the torques of the system,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwilH11080?H11080
unit area as does the surface,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?ntbr?nt }
vertstrokesuperiorblakvertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}equilibristat [ENG] A device for measuring the
equivalent circuit [ELEC] A circuit whose be-deviation from equilibrium of a railroad car as
havior is identical to that of a more complexit goes around a curve,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
circuit or device over a stated range of operatingequilibrium [MECH] Condition in which a parti-
conditions,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}cle,or all the constituent particles of a body,are
equivalentnitrogenpressure [MECH] Thepres-at rest or in unaccelerated motion in an inertial
surethatwouldbeindicatedbyadeviceifthegasreference frame,Also known as static equilib-
rium,{ vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m } inside it were replaced by nitrogen of equivalent
201
equivalentnoisepressure
molecular density,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉH11080tr?H11080j?n bymusclesundercontrolconditions,{?rvertstrokesuperiorga¨mH11080
dH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
equivalent noise pressure [ENG ACOUS] In an ergonometrics [IND ENG] The application of
various procedures for determining the time forelectroacoustic transducer or sound reception
system,theroot-mean-squaresoundpressureof anoperatortoperformatasksatisfactorily,using
thestandardmethodintheusualenvironmentalasinusoidalplaneprogressivewave,whichwhen
propagated parallel to the primary axis of the conditions,forexample,timestudyorworksam-
pling,Also known as work measurement.transducer,produces an open-circuit signal volt-
age equivalent to the root-mean-square of the {?rvertstrokeinferiorga¨nH11080?vertstrokesuperiormevertstrokeinferiortriks }
ergonomics [IND ENG] The study of human ca-inherent open-circuit noise voltage of the trans-
ducer in a transmission band with a bandwidth pability and psychology in relation to the work-
ingenvironmentandtheequipmentoperatedbyof l hertz and centered on the frequency of the
plane sound wave,Also known as inherent the worker,{ vertstrokeinferior?rH11080g?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080iks }
Ericsson cycle [THERMO] An ideal thermody-noise pressure,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
equivalent orifice [MECH ENG] An expression namic cycle consisting of two isobaric processes
interspersed with processes which are,in effect,offanperformanceasthetheoreticalsharp-edge
orifice area which would offer the same resist- isothermal,but each of which consists of an infi-
nite number of alternating isentropic and iso-ance to flow as the system resistance itself.
{ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s } baric processes,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080ikH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
error coefficient [CONT SYS] The steady-stateequivalentround [ENG] Thediameterofacircle
whose circumference is equal to the circumfer- value of the output of a control system,or of
some derivative of the output,divided by theence of a pipe whose cross section is not a per-
fect circle,{ i|kwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd } steady-state actuating signal,Also known as
error constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }equivalenttemperature [THERMO] A term used
in British engineering for that temperature of a error constant See error coefficient,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }uniform enclosure in which,in still air,a sizable
blackbody at 75H11034F (23.9H11034C) would lose heat at error of closure [ENG] Also known as angular
error of closure,1,The amount by which thethe same rate as in the environment,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080
H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r } measurement of the azimuth of the first line of
a traverse,made after completing the circuit,equivalenttwistingmoment [MECH] A twisting
moment which,if acting alone,would produce fails to equal the initial measurement,2,The
amount by which the sum of the angles meas-in a circular shaft a shear stress of the same
magnitude as the shear stress produced by a uredaroundthehorizondiffersfrom360H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorerH11080
r?v vertstrokesuperiorkloˉH11080zh?r}given twisting moment and a given bending mo-
ment acting simultaneously,{ ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt errorsignal [CONTSYS] Inanautomaticcontrol
device,a signal whose magnitude and sign arevertstrokesuperiortwistH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }
equivalent viscous damping [MECH] An as- used to correct the alignment between the con-
trolling and the controlled elements,See errorsumed value of viscous damping used in analyz-
ing a vibratory motion,such that the dissipation voltage,[ELECTR] A voltage that depends on
the signal received from the target in a trackingof energy per cycle at resonance is the same
for the assumed or the actual damping force,system,having a polarity and magnitude depen-
dent on the angle between the target and the{ivertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt |visH11080k?s vertstrokesuperiordampH11080i? }
equiviscoustemperature [CHEM ENG] A meas- center of the scanning beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l}
escalation [INDENG] Provisioninactualoresti-ure of viscosity used in the tar industry,equal
to the temperature in degrees Celsius at which mated costs for inflational increases in the costs
of equipment,materials,labor,and so on,overthe viscosity of tar is 50 seconds as measured
inastandardtareffluxviscometer,Abbreviated those specified in an original contract,{ vertstrokeinferioresH11080
k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}EVT,{ |eH11080kw?|visH11080k?s vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
erection [CIV ENG] Positioning and fixing the escalator [MECH ENG] A continuously moving
stairway and handrail,{ vertstrokesuperioresH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}frame of a structure,{ ivertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}
erection bolt [CIV ENG] A threaded rod with a escapehatch [ENG] Ahatchwhichpermitsper-
sons to escape from a compartment,such as thehead at one end,used to temporarily join parts
of a structure during construction,{ ivertstrokesuperiorrekH11080 interior of a submarine or aircraft,when normal
means of exiting are blocked,{?vertstrokesuperiorskaˉp vertstrokeinferiorhach }sh?n vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
erection stress [MECH] The internal forces ex- escapement [MECH ENG] A ratchet device that
permits motion in one direction slowly.erted on a structural member during construc-
tion,{ ivertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorstres } {?vertstrokesuperiorskaˉpH11080m?nt }
escutcheon [DES ENG] An ornamental shield,erection tower [CIV ENG] A temporary frame-
work built at a construction site for hoisting flange,or border used around a dial,window,
control knob,or other panel-mounted part.equipment,{ ivertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
ergograph [ENG] An instrument with a re- Also known as escutcheon plate,{ evertstrokesuperiorsk?chH11080?n}
escutcheonplate See escutcheon.cording device used to measure work capacity
of muscles,{ vertstrokesuperior?rH11080g?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } esthesiometer [ENG] An instrument used to
measure tactile sensibility by determining theergometer [ENG] An instrument with a re-
cording device used to measure work performed distance by which two points pressed against
202
event
the skin must be separated in order that they be evaporation loss [CHEM ENG] The loss of a
felt as separate,Also spelled aesthesiometer,stored volatile liquid component or mixture by
{esvertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080zeˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r} evaporation; controlled by temperature,pres-
estimatedtime [IND ENG] A predicted element sure,and the presence or absence of vapor-
or operation time,{ vertstrokesuperioresH11080t?vertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm} recovery systems,{ ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
esu See electrostatic units,evaporation pan [ENG] A type of atmometer
etched circuit [ENG] A printed circuit formed consisting of a pan,used in the measurement
by chemical or electrolytic removal of unwanted of the evaporation ofwater into the atmosphere.
portionsofalayerofconductivematerialbonded
{ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpan }
to an insulating base,{ |echt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
evaporationtank [ENG] Atankusedtomeasure
ethoxylation [CHEM ENG] A catalytic process
theevaporationofwaterundercontrolledcondi-
which involves the direct addition of ethylene
tions,{ ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
oxide to an alkyl phenol or to an aliphatic alco-
evaporative condenser [MECH ENG] An appa-
hol,{ evertstrokeinferiortha¨kH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
ratus in which vapor is condensed within tubes
ethylenealkylation [CHEM ENG] A catalytic pe-
that are cooled by the evaporation of water flow-
troleum-refining process in which dry isobutane
ing over the outside of the tubes,{ ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
and ethylene react to form ethylene alkylate.
ivk?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorethH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉn vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
evaporativecontrolsystem [MECH ENG] A mo-
EU See expected value.
tor vehicle system that prevents escape of gaso-
eudiometer [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuring
linevaporsfromthefueltankorcarburetortothe
changes in volume during the combustion of
atmosphere while the engine is not operating.
gases,consisting of a graduated tube that is
{i|vapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080ivk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
closed at one end and has two wires sealed into
evaporative cooling [ENG] 1,Lowering the
it,between whicha sparkmay bepassed,{ vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080
temperature of a large mass of liquid by utilizing
deˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
the latent heat of vaporization of a portion of
Eulerangles [MECH] Three angular parameters
the liquid,2,Cooling air by evaporating water
that specify the orientation of a body with re-
into it,3,See vaporization cooling,{ ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080
spect to reference axes,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?lz }
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
Euler equation [MECH] Expression for the en-
evaporative cooling tower See wet cooling tower.
ergy removed from a gas stream by a rotating
{ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
blade system (as a gas turbine),independent
evaporator [CHEM ENG] A device used to va-
of the blade system (as a radial- or axial-flow
porize part or all of the solvent from a solution;
system),{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080l?rivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
the valuable product is usually either a solid
Euler equations of motion [MECH] A set of
or concentrated solution of the solute,[MECH
three differential equations expressing relations
ENG] Any of many devices in which liquid is
between the force moments,angular velocities,
changed to the vapor state by the addition of
and angular accelerations of a rotating rigid
heat,forexample,distiller,still,dryer,waterpuri-
body,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080l?ri|kwaˉH11080zh?nz?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
fier,or refrigeration system element where evap-
Euler force [MECH] The greatest load that a
oration proceeds at low pressure and conse-
long,slendercolumn can carrywithout buckling,
quent low temperature,{ ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
accordingto theEulerformulafor longcolumns.
evaporimeter See atmometer,{ ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
r}
Euler formula for long columns [MECH] A for-
evaporite pond [IND ENG] Any containment
mula which gives the greatest axial load that a
area for brines or solution-mined effluents con-
long,slendercolumn can carrywithout buckling,
structedtopermitsolarevaporationandharvest-
in terms of its length,Young’s modulus,and the
ing of dewatered evaporite concentrates.
momentofinertiaaboutanaxisalongthecenter
{ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }
of the column,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080l?r |fo˙rH11080my?H11080l? f?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?
evapotranspirometer [ENG] An instrument
vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?mz }
which measures the rate of evapotranspiration;
Eulerian description See Euler method,{ o˙i|lerH11080
consists of a vegetation soil tank so designed
eˉH11080?ndivertstrokesuperiorskripH11080sh?n}
that all water added to the tank and all water
Euler method [MECH] A method of studying
left after evapotranspiration can be measured.
fluid motion and the mechanics of deformable
{ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
bodies in which one considers volume elements
Evase′ stack [CIV ENG] In tunnel engineering,
atfixedlocationsinspace,acrosswhichmaterial
an exhaust stack for air having a cross sectionflows; the Euler method is in contrast to the
that increases in the direction of airflow at a rateLagrangian method,{ vertstrokesuperioroiH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
to regain pressure,{ |aˉvertstrokeinferiorva¨|zaˉ vertstrokeinferiorstak }Euler-Rodrigues parameter [MECH] One of
even pitch [DES ENG] The pitch of a screw infour numbers which may be used to specify the
which the number of threads per inch is a multi-orientation of a rigid body; they are components
ple (or submultiple) of the threads per inch ofof a quaternion,{ |o˙iH11080l?rr?vertstrokesuperiordreˉH11080g?sp?vertstrokeinferiorramH11080
the lead screw of the lathe on which the screw?dH11080?r}
is cut,{ |eˉH11080v?n vertstrokesuperiorpich }EV See expected value.
event [INDENG] Aspecifiedaccomplishmentinevaporation gage See atmometer,{ ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } aprogramataparticulartime;appearsasanode
203
eventrecorder
in a graphic representation of an endeavor with referencecondition,usuallythesurroundingam-
bient condition,{ vertstrokesuperioreksH11080?rH11080jeˉ }a specific objective (project),{ ivertstrokesuperiorvent }
exhaust [MECH ENG] 1,The working substanceeventrecorder [ENG] A recorder that plots on-
discharged from an engine cylinder or turbineoff information against time,to indicate when
after performing work on the moving parts ofevents start,how long they last,and how often
the machine,2,The phase of the engine cyclethey recur,{ ivertstrokesuperiorvent rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
concerned with this discharge,3,A duct forevent tree [IND ENG] A graphical representa-
the escape of gases,fumes,and odors from antion of the possible sequence of events that
enclosure,sometimesequippedwithanarrange-
might occur following an event that initiates an
ment of fans,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st }
accident,{ ivertstrokesuperiorvent vertstrokeinferiortreˉ }
exhaust deflecting ring [MECH ENG] A type of
evolutionary operation [IND ENG] An iterative
jetavator consisting of a ring so mounted at the
technique for optimizing a production process
end of a nozzle as to permit it to be rotated into
by systematically introducing small changes in
the exhaust stream,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st divertstrokeinferiorflekH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
the process and then observing and evaluating
exhaustgas [MECH ENG] Spent gas leaving an
the results,{ |evH11080?|lu¨H11080sh?vertstrokeinferiornerH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
internal combustion engine or gas turbine.
EVT See equiviscous temperature.
{igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiorgas }
Ewing’shysteresistester [ENG] An instrument
exhaust-gas analyzer [ENG] An instrument
fordeterminingthehysteresislossofaspecimen
thatanalyzesthegaseousproductstodetermine
ofmagneticmaterialbymeasuringthedeflection
the effectiveness of the combustion process.
of a horseshoe magnet when the specimen is
{igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiorgas vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
rapidly rotated between the poles of the magnet
exhausthead [ENG] Adeviceplacedontheend
and the magnet is allowed to rotate about an
of an exhaust pipe to remove oil and water and
axis that is aligned with the axis of rotation of
to reduce noise,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiorhed }
the specimen,{ |yu¨H11080i?z vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s vertstrokeinferiortesH11080t?r}
exhaustion region [ELECTR] A layer in a semi-
excavation [CIV ENG] 1,The process of digging
conductor,adjacent to its contact with a metal,
a hollow in the earth,2,An uncovered cavity
in which there is almost complete ionization of
in the ground,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sk?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
atoms in the lattice and few charge carriers,re-
excavator [MECH ENG] A machine for digging
sulting in a space-charge density,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙sH11080ch?n
and removing earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080j?n}
exception handling [CONT SYS] The actions
exhaustmanifold [MECH ENG] A branched sys-
taken by a control system when unpredictable
tem of pipes to carry waste emissions away from
conditions or situations arise in which the con-
the piston chambers of an internal combustion
troller must respond quickly,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080sh?n
engine,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉld }
vertstrokeinferiorhandH11080li? }
exhaust pipe [MECH ENG] The duct through
excessair [ENG] Amountofairinacombustion
which engine exhaust is discharged,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st
process greater than the amount theoretically
vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
required for complete oxidation,{ |ekvertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokesuperiorer }
exhaust scrubber [ENG] A purifying device on
excess coefficient [MECH ENG] The ratio
internal combustion engines which removes
(AH11002R)/R,whereAis the amountof air admitted
noxious gases from engine exhaust,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st
in the combustion of fuel and R is the amount
vertstrokeinferiorskr?bH11080?r}
required,{ vertstrokesuperiorekvertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }
exhaust stroke [MECH ENG] The stroke of an
exchange adsorption [CHEM ENG] Ion ex-
engine,pump,or compressor that expels the
changeprocessinwhichthefluidphasecontains
fluid from the cylinder,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
(or consists of) two adsorbable components
exhaustsuctionstroke [MECHENG] Astroke of
which together entirely saturate the surfaces of
anenginethatsimultaneouslyremovesusedfuel
the adsorbent,{ iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnj advertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}
and introduces fresh fuel to the cylinder,{ ig
exchanger See heat exchanger,{ iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
excitation [CONTSYS] Theapplicationofenergy
exhaustvalve [MECHENG] Thevalveonacylin-
to one portion of a system or apparatus in a
der inan internalcombustion enginewhich con-
manner that enables another portion to carry
trolsthe dischargeof spentgas,{ igvertstrokesuperiorzo˙st vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
out a specialized function; a generalization of
exit [ENG] A door,passage,or place of egress.
the electricity and electronics definitions.
{ vertstrokesuperioregH11080z?t}
[ELEC] The application of voltage to field coils
exlighterage [IND ENG] Price quoted exclusive
to produce a magnetic field,as required for the
of lighterage fees,{ |eks vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080?H11080rij }
operation of an excited-field loudspeaker or a exotherm [CHEMENG] Thegraphicalplottingof
generator,[ELECTR] 1.Thesignalvoltagethat heat rise and fall versus time for an exothermic
is applied to the control electrode of an electron reaction or process system,{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorth?rm }
tube,Also known as drive,2,Application of expanded-flow bin [ENG] A bin formed by at-
signal power to a transmitting antenna,{ vertstrokeinferiorek taching a mass-flow hopper to the bottom of a
vertstrokeinferiors?ˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n} funnel-flow bin,{ ik|spandH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorbin }
exergy [THERMO] The portion of the total en- expander flange [ENG] A type of butt-welded
ergy of a system that is available for conversion flange designed with a tapered bore so that vari-
to useful work; in particular,the quantity of work ous pipe sizes can be matched,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080d?r
vertstrokeinferiorflan˙j}that can be performed by a fluid relative to a
204
explosionrupturediskdevice
expandingbrake [MECH ENG] A brake that op- with piston at top dead center,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n
erates by moving outward against the inside rim vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
of a drum or wheel,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspandH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk} expansion reamer [ENG] A reamer whose di-
expansion [ELECTR] A process in which the ef- ameter may be adjusted between limits by an
fectivegainofanamplifierisvariedasafunction
expanding screw,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080m?r}
of signal magnitude,the effective gain being
expansion rollers [CIV ENG] Rollers fitted to
greater for large signals than for small signals;
one support of a bridge or truss to allow for
the result is greater volume range in an audio
thermal expansion and contraction,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080
amplifierand greatercontrastrange infacsimile.
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorroˉH11080l?rz }
[MECH ENG] Increase in volume of working ma-
expansion shield [DES ENG] An anchoring de-
terial with accompanying drop in pressure of a
vice that expands as it is driven into masonry or
gaseousorvaporfluid,asinaninternalcombus-
concrete,pressing against the sides of the hole.
tion engine or steam engine cylinder,{ ik
{ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
expansion valve [MECH ENG] A valve in which
expansionbolt [DES ENG] A bolt having an end
fluid flows under falling pressure and increasing
which,when embedded into masonry or con-
volume,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
crete,expands under a pull on the bolt,thereby
expansivebit [DES ENG] A bit in which the cut-
providing anchorage,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
tingbladecanbesetatvarioussizes,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080
expansion chucking reamer [DES ENG] A ma-
siv vertstrokeinferiorbit }
chinereamerwithanexpansion screwattheend
expansivity See coefficient of cubical expansion.
which increases the diameter,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n
{ vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokeinferiorspanvertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
vertstrokesuperiorch?kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080m?r}
expectedutility See expected value.
expansion coefficient See coefficient of cubical
expectedvalue [SYS ENG] In decision theory,a
expansion,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?nkoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
measure of the value or utility expected to result
expansion cooling [MECH ENG] Cooling of a
from a given strategy,equal to the sum oversubstance by having it undergo adiabatic expan-
states of nature of the product of the probabilitysion,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }
of the state times the consequence or outcomeexpansionengine [MECH ENG] Piston-cylinder
of the strategy in terms of some value or utilitydevice that cools compressed air via sudden
parameter,Abbreviated EV,Also known asexpansion; used in production of pure gaseous
oxygen via the Claude cycle,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n expected utility (EU),{ ekvertstrokesuperiorspekH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ }
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n} expert control system [CONT SYS] A control
expansion fit [DES ENG] A condition of opti- system that uses expert systems to solve control
mum clearance between certain mating parts in problems,{ |ekvertstrokeinferiorsp?rt k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
which the cold inner member is placed inside expletive [ENG] Any material used as fill,for
the warmer outer member and the temperature
example,a piece of masonry used to fill a cavity.
is allowed to equalize,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfit }
{ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080spl?dH11080iv}
expansionjoint [CIVENG] 1.Inmasonry,aflexi-
explicitprogramming [CONT SYS] Robotic pro-
ble bituminous fiber strip used to separate
gramming that employs detailed and exact de-
blocks or units of concrete to prevent cracking
scriptions of the tasks to be performed.
causedbythermallyinducedexpansionandcon-
{ikvertstrokesuperiorsplisH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }
traction,2,A union or gap between adjacent
explodingbridgewire [ENG] Aninitiatororsys-
parts of a building,structure,or concrete work
tem in which a very high energy electrical im-
that permits the relative movement caused by
pulse is passed through a bridge wire,literally
temperature changes to occur without rupture
exploding the bridge wire and releasing thermal
or damage,[MECH ENG] 1,A joint between
andshockenergycapableofinitiatingarelatively
parts of a structure or machine to avoid distor-
insensitive explosive in contact with the bridge
tion when subjected to temperature change.
wire,{ ik|sploˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbrij vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
2,A pipe coupling which,under temperature
explosiondoor [MECHENG] Adoorinafurnace
change,allows movement of a piping system
which is designed to open at a predetermined
without hazard to associated equipment,{ ik
pressure,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
explosion method [THERMO] Method of mea-
expansion loop [ENG] A complete loop in-
suring the specific heat of a gas at constant vol-
stalled in a pipeline to mitigate the effect of
ume by enclosing the gas with an explosive mix-
expansion or contraction of the line,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080
ture,whoseheatofreactionisknown,inacham-
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p}
ber closed with a corrugated steel membrane
expansion opening [ENG] A chamber in line
which acts as a manometer,and by deducing the
with apipe or tunneland of largerdiameter than
maximum temperature reached on ignition of
the conduit containing liquid or gas,to allow
the mixture from the pressure change,{ ik
lowering of pressure within the conduit by
vertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
expansion of the fluid,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?nvertstrokeinferioroˉpH11080?H11080
explosion rupture disk device [MECH ENG] Ani? }
protective device used where the pressure riseexpansionratio [MECH ENG] In a reciprocating
in the vessel occurs at a rapid rate,{ ik|sploˉH11080piston engine,the ratio of cylinder volume with
piston at bottom dead center to cylinder volume zh?n vertstrokesuperiorr?pH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordisk divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
205
explosive-actuateddevice
explosive-actuated device [ENG] Any of vari- can be slid into place by a long extension rod;
used at the top of doors,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorstenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }ous devices actuated by means of explosive; in-
cludesdevicesactuatedeitherbyhighexplosives extension jamb [BUILD] A jamb that extends
past the head of a door or window,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorstenH11080or low explosives,whereas propellant-actuated
devices include only the latter,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080sive ch?n vertstrokeinferiorjam }
extensionladder [DES ENG] A ladder of two orvertstrokeinferiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?ddivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
explosivedisintegration [ENG] Explosive shat- more nesting sections which can be extended
to almost the combined length of the sections.tering when pressure is suddenly released on a
pressured,permeable material (wood,mineral,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorstenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}
extension spring [DES ENG] A tightly coiledand such) containing gas or liquid; the rupture
of wood by this process is used to manufacture spring designed to resist a tensile force,{ ik
vertstrokesuperiorstenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorspri? }Masonite,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080sivdi vertstrokeinferiorsinH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
explosive echo ranging [ENG] Sonar in which extensometer [ENG] 1,A strainometer that
measures the change in distance between twoa charge is exploded underwater to produce a
shock wave that serves the same purpose as an reference points separated 60–90 feet (20–30
meters) or more; used in studies of displace-ultrasonic pulse; the elapsed time for return of
the reflected wave gives target range,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080 ments due to seismic activities,2,An instru-
ment designedto measureminute deformationssiv vertstrokesuperiorekH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? }
explosive limits [CHEM ENG] The upper and of small objects subjected to stress,{ vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokeinferiorsten
vertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}lowerlimitsofpercentagecompositionofacom-
bustible gas mixed with other gases or air within exterior ballistics [MECH] The science con-
cerned with behavior of a projectile after leavingwhich the mixture explodes when ignited,{ ik
vertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080siv vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?ts } the muzzle of the firing weapon,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorstirH11080eˉH11080?r
b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks }explosive rivet [ENG] A rivet holding a charge
of explosive material; when the charge is set externalbrake [MECH ENG] A brake that oper-
ates by contacting the outside of a brake drum.off,the rivet expands to fit tightly in the hole.
{ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080siv vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?t} {ekvertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
external centerless grinding [MECH ENG] Aexponential horn [ENG ACOUS] A horn whose
cross-sectionalareaincreasesexponentiallywith process by which a metal workpiece is finished
onitsexternalsurfacebysupportingthepieceonaxial distance,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sp?vertstrokesuperiornenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
exponentialsmoothing [INDENG] Amathemat- abladewhileitisadvancedbetweenaregulating
wheel and grinding wheel,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080ical-statistical method of forecasting used in in-
dustrial engineering which assumes that de- t?rH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
external combustion engine [MECH ENG] Anmand for the following period is some weighted
average of the demands for the past periods,engineinwhichthegenerationofheatiseffected
in a furnace or reactor outside the engine cylin-{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sp?vertstrokesuperiornenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨thH11080i? }
exposure [BUILD] The distance from the butt of der,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
external device [ENG] A piece of equipmentone shingle to the butt of the shingle above it,
or the amount of a shingle that is seen,{ ik that operates in conjunction with and under the
control of a central system,such as a computervertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080zh?r}
exposuretime [CIV ENG] The time period of in- or control system,but is not part of the system
itself,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?ldivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}terest for seismic hazard calculations such as
the design lifetime of a building or the time externalforce [MECH] A force exerted on a sys-
tem or on some of its components by an agencyover which the numbers of casualties should be
estimated,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080zh?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm } outside the system,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
external grinding [MECH ENG] Grinding theexpression [CHEM ENG] Separation of liquid
from a two-phase solid-liquid system by com- outer surface of a rotating piece of work.
{ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }pression under conditions that permit liquid to
escape while the solid is retained between the external header [MECH ENG] Manifold con-
nectingsectionsofacastironboiler,{ ek|st?rnH11080compressingsurfaces,Alsoknownasmechani-
cal expression,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspreshH11080?n}?l vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r}
externallyfiredboiler [MECHENG] Aboilerthatexpressway [CIV ENG] A limited-access,high-
speed,dividedhighwayhavinggradeseparations has refractory or cooling tubes surrounding its
furnace,{ ek|st?rnH11080?lH11080eˉ |f?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}at points of intersection with other roads,Also
known as limited-access highway,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorspres external-mixoilburner [ENG] A burnerutilizing
a jet stream of air to strike the liquid fuel aftervertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
extended area [DES ENG] An engineering sur- it has left the burner orifice,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormiks
vertstrokesuperioro˙ilvertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080?r}face that has been extended areawise without
increasing diameter,as by using pleats (as in external sensor [CONT SYS] A device that
senses information about the environment of afilter cartridges) or fins (as in heat exchangers).
{ikvertstrokesuperiorstendH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? } controlsystembutisnotpartofthesystemitself.
{ekvertstrokesuperiorst?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}extensibility [MECH] The amount to which a
material can be stretched or distorted without external shoe brake [MECH ENG] A friction
brake operated by the application of externallybreaking,{ ikvertstrokeinferiorstenH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
extension bolt [DES ENG] A vertical bolt that contracting elements,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorshu¨ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
206
eyescrew
external thread [DES ENG] A screw thread cut of a material,{ ek|strinzH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorfoˉH11080doˉH11080ka¨nH11080d?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080
dH11080eˉ }on an outside surface,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }
external time [IND ENG] The time used to per- extrinsic photoemission [ELECTR] Photoemis-
sionbyanalkalihalidecrystalinwhichelectronsform work by the operator outside the machine
cycle,resulting in a loss of potential machine are ejected directly from negative ion vacancies,
forming color centers,Also known as directoperating time,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
external work [THERMO] The work done by a ionization,{ ek|strinH11080sik vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
extrinsicproperties [ELECTR] The properties ofsystem in expanding against forces exerted from
outside,{ ek|st?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorw?rk } a semiconductor as modified by impurities or
imperfections within the crystal,{ ek|strinzH11080ikexternal working environment [IND ENG] The
workplace environment that is external to the vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉz}
extrinsic semiconductor [ELECTR] A semicon-human body; ranges from air quality to specific
features such as clothing or tool handles,{ ek ductor whose electrical properties are depen-
dent on impurities added to the semiconductor|stirnH11080?l |w?rkH11080i? invertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080r?nH11080m?nt }
extraction column [CHEM ENG] Vertical-proc- crystal,incontrasttoanintrinsicsemiconductor,
whose properties are characteristic of an idealess vessel in which a desired product is sepa-
rated from a liquid by countercurrent contact pure crystal,{ ek|strinzH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
extrudate [ENG] Ductile metal,plastic,or otherwith a solvent in which the desired product is
preferentially soluble,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m } semisoft solid material that has been shaped
into a continuous form (such as fiber,film,pipe,extractionturbine [MECHENG] Asteamturbine
equipped with openings through which partly orwirecoating)byforcingthesemisolidmaterial
through a die opening of appropriate shape.expanded steam is bled at one or more stages.
{ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉn} {vertstrokesuperiorekH11080str?vertstrokeinferiordaˉt}
extruder [ENG] A device that forces ductile orextractive distillation [CHEM ENG] A distilla-
tion process to separate components from eu- semisoft solids through die openings of appro-
priate shape to produce a continuous film,strip,tectic mixtures; a solution of the mixture is
cooled,causingonecomponenttocrystallizeout or tubing { edvertstrokesuperiorstru¨dH11080?r}
extrusion [ENG] A process in which a hot orand the other to remain in solution; used to
separatep-xyleneandm-xylene,usingn-pentane cold semisoft solid material,such as metal or
plastic,is forced through the orifice of a dieas the solvent,{ ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
extractor [CHEM ENG] An apparatus for sol- to produce a continuously formed piece in the
shape of the desired product,{ ekvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n}vent-contact with liquids or solids for removal
of specified components,[ENG] 1.A machine extrusion coating [ENG] A process of placing
resin on a substrate by extruding a thin film offor extracting a substance by a solvent or by
centrifugal force,squeezing,or other action,molten resin and pressing it onto or into the
substrates,orboth,withouttheuseofadhesives.2,An instrument for removing an object,{ ik
vertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r} {ekvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
exudation See sweating,{ vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sy?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}extra-highvoltage [ELEC] A voltage above 345
kilovoltsusedforpowertransmission,Abbrevi- eyebar [DES ENG] A metal bar having a hole or
eye through each enlarged end,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨r}ated ehv,{ |ekH11080str? |h?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
extrinsic detector [ENG] A semiconductor de- eyebolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a loop at one
end,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }tectorofelectromagneticradiationthatisdoped
with an electrical impurity and utilizes transi- eyelet [DES ENG] A small ring or barrel-shaped
piece of metal inserted into a hole for reinforce-tions of charge carriers from impurity states in
the band gap to nearby energy bands,{ ek ment,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080l?t}
eyeleting [ENG] Forming a lip around the rim|strinzH11080ik divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
extrinsic photoconductivity [ELECTR] Photo- of a hole,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080l?dH11080i? }
eyescanning [IND ENG] Scanning of the visualconductivity that occurs for photon energies
smaller than the band gap and corresponds to field by moving the eyeballs without rotation of
the head,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080i? }opticalexcitationfromanoccupiedimperfection
level to the conduction band,or to an unoccu- eyescrew [DESENG] Ascrewwithanopenloop
head,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }pied imperfection level from the valence band,
207
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F
the face to provide an air space between theF See farad.
diver’s eyes and the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉsvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}fabrication [ENG] 1,The manufacture of parts,
face shield [ENG] A detachable wraparoundusually structural or electromechanical parts.
guard fitted to a worker’s helmet to protect the2.Theassemblyofpartsintoastructure,{ vertstrokeinferiorfabH11080
face from flying particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }rivertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
facework [CIV ENG] Ornamental or otherwiseface [CIV ENG] 1,The surface of the area that
special material on the front side or outside ofhas been excavated in constructing a tunnel.
a wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉsvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }2,In building construction,the exposed surface
facing [CIV ENG] A covering or casting of someof a wall,masonry unit,or sheet of material.
material applied to the outer face of embank-3,To install a surface layer of one material over
ments,buildings,and other structures,[MECHanother,such as laying brick on a wall built of
ENG] Machining the end of a flat rotating sur-concrete blocks,[DES ENG] The surface of a
face by applying a tool perpendicular to the axisflange on a pipe that is fitted against another
of rotation in a spiral planar path,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉsH11080i? }flange,[ELECTR] See faceplate,{ faˉs}
facing-point lock [CIV ENG] A lock used on aface-discharge bit [MECH ENG] A liquid-cool-
railroad track,such as a switch track,which con-ant bit designed for drilling in soft formations
tains a plunger that engages a rod on the switchand for use on a double-tube core barrel,the
point to lock the device,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}inner tube of which fits snugly into a recess cut
facing wall [CIV ENG] Concrete lining againstinto the inside wall of the bit directly above the
the earth face of an excavation; used instead ofinsidereamingstones;thecoolantflowsthrough
timber sheeting,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}the bit and is ejected at the cutting face,Also
factor comparison [IND ENG] A quantitativeknownasbottom-dischargebit;face-ejectionbit.
system of job evaluation in which jobs are given{ |faˉs vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorbit }
relative positions on a rating scale based on afacedwall [BUILD] Awallwhosemasonryfacing
comparison of factors composing the job withand backing are of different materials,{ |faˉst
certain previously selected key jobs,{ vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorwo˙l}
k?mvertstrokeinferiorparH11080?H11080s?n}face-ejection bit See face-discharge bit,{ |faˉs
factor of safety [MECH] 1,The ratio betweeneˉvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbit }
the breaking load on a member,appliance,orfacegear [DES ENG] A gear having teeth cut on
hoisting rope and the safe permissible load onthe face,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs vertstrokeinferiorgir }
it,Also known as safety factor,2,See factorface milling [MECH ENG] Milling flat surfaces
of stress intensity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }perpendiculartotherotationalaxisofthecutting
factor of stress concentration [MECH] Any ir-tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
regularity producing localized stress in a struc-facemold [ENG] Apatternforcuttingformsout
tural member subject to load,Also known asof sheets of wood,metal,or other material.
fatigue-strength reduction factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080t?r?v{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorka¨nsH11080?nvertstrokeinferiortraˉH11080sh?n}face nailing [ENG] Nailing of facing wood to a
factor of stress intensity [MECH] The ratio ofbase,leaving the nailheads exposed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs
the maximum stress to which a structural mem-vertstrokeinferiornaˉlH11080i? }
faceplate [ELECTR] The transparent or semi- ber can be subjected,to the maximum stress to
whichitislikelytobesubjected,Alsoknownastransparent glass front of a cathode-ray tube,
through which the image is viewed or projected; factorofsafety,{ vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080t?r?v vertstrokesuperiorstresinvertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
factory [IND ENG] A building or group of build-the inner surface of the face is coated with fluo-
rescent chemicals that emit light when hit by ings where goods are manufactured,{ vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080treˉ }
Fahrenheit scale [THERMO] A temperatureanelectronbeam,Alsoknownasface,[ENG]
1,A disk fixed perpendicularly to the spindle of scale;thetemperatureindegreesFahrenheit(H11034F)
is the sum of 32 plus 9/5 the temperature inalatheandusedforattachmentoftheworkpiece.
2,A protective plate used to cover holes in ma- degrees Celsius; water at 1 atmosphere (101,325
pascals)pressurefreezesverynear32H11034Fandboilschines or other devices,3,In scuba or skin
diving,a glass orplastic window positioned over very near 212H11034F,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
Fahrenheit’shydrometer
Fahrenheit’s hydrometer [ENG] A type of hy- in which the cooling liquid flows down vertical
drometer which carries a pan at its upper end tube exterior surfaces in a thin film,and hot
in which weights are placed; the relative density process fluid flows upward through the tubes.
of a liquid is measured by determining the { vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080?r}
weights necessary to sink the instrument to a falling-film evaporator [ENG] Liquid evapora-
fixed mark,first in water and then in the liquid tor system with heated vertical tubes; liquid to
being studied,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉts h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} be evaporated flows down the inside tube sur-
failedhole [ENG] A drill hole loaded with dyna- faces as a film,evaporating as it flows,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo
˙lH11080
mite which did not explode,Also known as
i?vertstrokeinferiorfilm ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
missed hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉld vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl}
falling-film molecular still See falling-film still.
fail-safe system [ENG] A system designed so
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfilm m?|lekH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstil }
that failure of power,control circuits,structural
falling-film still [CHEM ENG] Special molecular
members,or other components will not endan-
distillationapparatusdesignedforhighevapora-
ger people operating the system or other people
tive and separation efficiency,Also known as
in the vicinity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉl |saˉf vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
falling-film molecular still,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokesuperiorstil }
fail soft [ENG] A failure in the performance of
falling-sphere viscometer [ENG] A viscometer
a system component that neither results in im-
which measures the speed of a spherical body
mediate or major interruption of the system op-
falling with constant velocity in the fluid whose
erationasawholenoradverselyaffectsthequal-
viscosity is to be determined,Also known as
ity of its products,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉl vertstrokeinferiorso˙ft }
falling-ball viscometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsfir vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080
failure [ENG] A permanent change in the vol-
dH11080?r}
ume of a powder or the stresses within it.
falloutshelter [CIVENG] Astructurethataffords
[MECH] Condition caused by collapse,break,or
some protection against fallout radiation and
bending,sothatastructureorstructuralelement
othereffectsofnuclearexplosion;maximumpro-
can no longer fulfill its purpose,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r}
tection is in reinforced concrete shelters below
failure properties [ENG] The parameters that
the ground,Also known as radiation shelter.
control the degree of the failure of a powder.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉz}
false attic [BUILD] A section under a roof nor-
failurerate [ENG] The probability of failure per
mally occupied by an attic,but which has no
unit of time of items in operation; sometimes
windows and does not enclose rooms,{ |fo˙ls
estimated as a ratio of the number of failures to
vertstrokesuperioradH11080ik }
the accumulated operating time for the items.
falsebottom [CIV ENG] A temporary bottom in-
{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
stalled in a caisson to add to its buoyancy.
fairedcable [DESENG] Atrawlingcablecovered
{ |fo˙ls vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m}
by streamlinedsurfaces toreduce hydrodynamic
falseheader [CIVENG] Ahalfbrickusedtocom-
drag,{ |ferd vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?l}
plete a visible bond; it is not a header,{ |fo˙ls
fairlead [MECH ENG] A group of pulleys or roll-
vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r}
ers used in conjunction with a winch or similar
falsework [CIV ENG] A temporary support used
apparatus to permit the cable to be reeled from
untilthemainstructureis strongenoughtosup-
any direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorfervertstrokeinferiorleˉd}
port itself,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lsvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
Fales-Stuart windmill [MECH ENG] A windmill
familymold [ENG] A multicavity injection mold
developedforfarmusefromthetwo-bladeairfoil
where eachcavity forms acomponent partof the
propeller,Also known as Stuart windmill.
finished product,{ vertstrokesuperiorfamH11080 leˉ vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
{ |faˉlz |stu¨H11080?rt vertstrokesuperiorwindvertstrokeinferiormil }
fan [MECH ENG] 1,A device,usually consisting
Falk flexible coupling [MECH ENG] A spring
of a rotating paddle wheel or an airscrew,with
coupling in which a continuous steel spring is
or without a casing,for producing currents in
threaded back and forth through axial slots in
order to circulate,exhaust,or deliver large vol-
the periphery of two hubs on the shaft ends.
umes of air or gas,2,A vane to keep the sails
{ |fo˙k |flekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
of a windmill facing the direction of the wind.
fall [ENG] The minimum slope that is required
{ fan }
to facilitate proper drainage of liquid inside a
fanbrake [MECH ENG] A fan used to provide a
pipe,[MECH ENG] The rope or chain of a
load for a driving mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
hoisting tackle,{ fo˙l}
fancut [ENG] A cut in which holes of equal or
fallblock [MECH ENG] A pulley block that rises
increasing length are drilled in a pattern on a
and falls with the load on a lifting tackle.
horizontalplaneorinaselectedstratumtobreak{ vertstrokesuperiorfo
˙l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
out a considerable part of the plane or stratumfaller [MECHENG] Amachinepartwhoseopera-
before the rest of theround is fired,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiork?t}tion depends on a falling action,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080?r}
fandrilling [ENG] 1.Drillingboreholesindiffer-falling-ballviscometerSee falling-sphere viscome-
ent vertical and horizontal directions from a sin-ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080 i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙lvivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
gle-drill setup,2.A radial pattern of drill holesfalling body [MECH] A body whose motion is
from a setup,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }accelerated toward the center of the earth by the
fan efficiency [MECH ENG] The ratio obtainedforce of gravity,other forces acting on it being
by dividing a fan’s useful power output by thenegligible by comparison,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
falling-filmcooler [ENG] Liquid cooling system power input (the power supplied to the fan
210
fatiguelimit
shaft); it is expressed as a percentage,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan displacement which is of such size that the inte-
ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } gral over any surface across the tube of the com-
fangbolt [DES ENG] A bolt having a triangular ponent of electric displacement perpendicular
nut with sharp projections at its corners; used to that surface is unity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
to attach metal pieces to wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa?vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } faradic current [ELEC] An intermittent and
fan rating [MECH ENG] The head,quantity,nonsymmetrical alternating current like that ob-
power,and efficiency expected from a fan op- tained from the secondary winding of an induc-
erating at peak efficiency,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? } tion coil,Also spelled faradaic current.
fan ring [DES ENG] Circular metallic collar en-
{f?vertstrokesuperiorradH11080ik vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }
circling (but spaced away from) the tips of the
far-infraredmaser [ENG] A gas maser that gen-
fan blade in process equipment,such as air-
erates a beam having a wavelength well above
cooled heat exchangers; ring design is critical to
100 micrometers,and ranging up to the present
the efficiency of fan performance,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiorri? }
lowerwavelengthlimitofabout500micrometers
fanshaft [DES ENG] The spindle on which a fan
for microwave oscillators,{ |fa¨rinH11080fr?vertstrokesuperiorred vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
impeller is mounted,{ vertstrokesuperiorfanvertstrokeinferiorshaft }
z?r}
fan shooting [ENG] Seismic exploration in
fascia [BUILD] A wide board fixed vertically on
which seismometers are placed in a fan-shaped
edge to the rafter ends or wall which carries the
array to detect anomalies in refracted-wave ar-
gutter around the eaves of a roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉH11080sh? }
rival times indicative of circular rock structures
fascine [CIVENG] Acylindricalbundleofbrush-
such as salt domes,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiorshu¨dH11080i? }
wood 1–3 feet (30–90 centimeters) in diameter
fanstaticpressure [MECH ENG] The total pres-
and 10–20 feet (3–6 meters) long,used as a
sure rise diminished by the velocity pressure in
facingforseawallsonriverbanks,asafoundation
the fan outlet,{ |fan |stadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
mat,as a dam in an estuary,or to protect bridge,
fantest [MECH ENG] Observations of the quan-
dike,and pier foundations from erosion.
tity,total pressure,and power of air circulated
{favertstrokesuperiorseˉn}
by a fan running at a known constant speed.
fast coupling [MECH ENG] A flexible geared
{ vertstrokesuperiorfanvertstrokeinferiortest }
coupling that uses two interior hubs on the
fantotalhead [MECH ENG] The sum of the fan
shafts with circumferential gear teeth sur-
static head and the velocity head at the fan dis-
rounded by a casing having internal gear teeth
charge corresponding to a given quantity of air-
to mesh and connect the two hubs,{ |fast
flow,{ |fan |toˉdH11080?l |hed }
vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
fan total pressure [MECH ENG] The algebraic
fast-delaydetonation [ENG] The firing of blasts
difference between the mean total pressure at
bymeansofablastingtimerormilliseconddelay
the fan outlet and the mean total pressure at
caps,{ |fast di|laˉ detH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
the fan inlet,{ |fan |toˉdH11080?l |preshH11080?r}
fastener [DES ENG] 1,A device for joining two
fantruss [CIV ENG] A truss with struts arranged
separate parts of an article or structure,2,A
as radiating lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
device for holding closed a door,gate,or similar
fanvelocitypressure [MECH ENG] The velocity
structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfasH11080n?r}
pressure corresponding to the average velocity
fastening [DES ENG] A spike,bolt,nut,or other
at the fan outlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorfan v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
device to connect rails to ties,{ |fasH11080ni? }
farad [ELEC] The unit of capacitance in the me-
fast-joint [ENG] Pertaining to a joint with a per-
ter-kilogram-secondsystem,equaltothecapaci-
manently secured pin,{ |fast |jo˙int }
tance of a capacitor which has a potential differ-
fast pin [ENG] A pin that fastens immovably,
enceof1voltbetweenitsplateswhenthecharge
particularly the pin in a fast joint,{ |fast |pin }
on one of its plates is 1 coulomb,there being
fast-spiral drill See high-helix drill,{ |fast |sp?ˉH11080
anequalandoppositechargeontheotherplate.
r?l vertstrokesuperiordril }
Symbolized F,{ vertstrokesuperiorfavertstrokeinferiorrad }
fatigue [ELECTR] The decrease of efficiency of a
FaradaycageSeeFaraday shield,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ vertstrokeinferiorkaˉj}
luminescent or light-sensitive material as a re-
Faraday cylinder [ELEC] 1,A closed,or nearly
sult of excitation,[MECH] Failure of a mate-
closed,hollow conductor,usually grounded,
rial by cracking resulting from repeated or cyclic
withinwhichapparatusisplacedtoshielditfrom
stress,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg}
electrical fields,2,A nearly closed,insulated,
fatigueallowance [IND ENG] An adjustment to
hollow conductor,usually shielded by a second
normal time to compensate for production time
grounded cylinder,used to collect and detect a
lost due to exhaustion of the worker,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg
beam of charged particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080
vertstrokeinferiorlau˙H11080?ns }d?r}
fatiguefactor [IND ENG] The element of physi-Faraday screen See Faraday shield,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorda
ˉ
cal and mental exhaustion in a time-motionvertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
study; the multiplier used to add the fatigueFaraday shield [ELEC] Electrostatic shield
allowance to the normal time,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}composed of wire mesh or a series of parallel
fatigue life [MECH] The number of applied re-wires,usually connected at one end to another
peatedstresscyclesamaterialcanendurebeforeconductor which is grounded,Also known as
failure,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}Faraday cage; Faraday screen,{ vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ
fatigue limit [MECH] The maximum stress thatvertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
Faradaytube [ELEC] A tube of force for electric a material can endure for an infinite number of
211
fatigueratio
stress cycles without breaking,Also known as 3.Astudytodeterminewhetheraplaniscapable
ofbeingaccomplishedsuccessfully,{ vertstrokeinferiorfeˉzH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080endurance limit,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
fatigue ratio [MECH] The ratio of the fatigue?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
feasibility test [SYS ENG] A test conducted tolimit or fatigue strength to the static tensile
strength,Also known as endurance ratio,obtain data in support of a feasibility study or to
demonstrate feasibility,{ vertstrokeinferiorfeˉzH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }{f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
fatiguestrength [MECH] The maximumstress a feasible method See interaction prediction
method,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉzH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d}material can endure for a given number of stress
cycles without breaking,Also known as endur- feather [MECH ENG] To change the pitch on a
propeller in order to reduce drag and preventance strength,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
fatigue-strength reduction factor See factor of windmilling in case of engine failure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080
r}stress concentration,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth rivertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} featheredge [CIV ENG] The thin edge of a
gravel-surfaced road,[DES ENG] A wood toolfatigue test [ENG] Test to determine the range
of alternating stress which a material can with- with a level edge used to straighten angles in
the finish coat of plaster,{ vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorej }stand without breaking,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorteˉg vertstrokeinferiortest }
faucet [ENG] A fixture through which water is feathering [MECH ENG] A pitch position in a
controllable-pitch propeller; it is used in thedrawn from a pipe or vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙sH11080?t}
Faugeronkiln [ENG] A coal-fired tunnel kiln for event of engine failure to stop the windmilling
action,andoccurswhenthebladeangleisaboutfiring feldspathic porcelain; the distinctive fea-
ture is the separation of the tunnel into a series 90H11034 to the plane of rotation,Also known as full
feathering,{ vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080?H11080ri? }of chambers by division walls on the cars and
drop arches in the roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080zh?vertstrokeinferiorra¨n vertstrokeinferiorkil } feathering propeller [MECH ENG] A variable-
pitch marine or airscrew propeller capable offault [ELEC] A defect,such as an open circuit,
short circuit,or ground,in a circuit,component,increasing pitch beyond the normal high pitch
value to the feathered position,{ vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080?H11080ri?or line,Also known as electrical fault; faulting.
[ELECTR] Any physical condition that causes a pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
feather joint [ENG] A joint made by cutting acomponent of a data-processing system to fail
in performance,{ fo˙lt } mating groove in each of the pieces to be joined
and inserting a feather in the opening formedfaultanalysis [ENG] The detection and diagno-
sis of malfunctions in technical systems,in par- when the pieces are butted together,Also
known as ploughed-and-tongued joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080ticular,by means of a scheme in which one or
more computers monitor the technical equip-?r vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
feed [ELECTR] To supply a signal to the inputment to signal any malfunction and designate
thecomponentsresponsibleforit,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080 of a circuit,transmission line,or antenna.
[ENG] 1.Process or act of supplying material to?H11080s?s}
fault finder [ENG] Test set for locating trouble aprocessingunitfortreatment,2.Thematerial
supplied to a processing unit for treatment.conditions in communications circuits or sys-
tems,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080?r} 3,A device that moves stock or workpieces to,
in,orfromadie,[MECHENG] Forwardmotionfaulting See fault,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lH11080ti? }
faultmonitoring [SYSENG] A procedure for sys- imparted to the cutters or drills of cutting or
drilling machinery,{ feˉd}tematically checking for errors and malfunctions
in the software and hardware of a computer or feedback [ELECTR] The return of a portion of
the output of a circuit or device to its input.control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?H11080tri? }
fault tolerance [SYS ENG] The capability of a { vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
feedbackbranch [CONT SYS] A branch in a sig-system to perform in accordance with design
specifications even when undesired changes in nal-flow graph that belongs to a feedback loop.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorbranch }the internal structure or external environment
occur,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns } feedbackcircuit [ELECTR] A circuit that returns
a portion of the output signal of an electronicfaulttree [IND ENG] A graphical representation
of an undesired event caused by a combination circuit or control system to the input of the cir-
cuit or system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}offactors arisingfromequipment failure,human
error,or environmental events,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiortreˉ } feedback compensation [CONT SYS] Improve-
ment of the response of a feedback control sys-FaxendragfactorSeedrag factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨kH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiordrag
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } tem by placing a compensator in the feedback
path,in contrast to cascade compensation.fayingsurface [ENG] The surfaces of materials
in contact with each other and joined or about Also known as parallel compensation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd
vertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080sh?n}to be joined together,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s}
feasibilitystudy [SYS ENG] 1,A study of appli- feedback control loop See feedback loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd
vertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}cability or desirability of any management or
proceduralsystemfromthestandpointofadvan- feedback control signal [CONT SYS] The por-
tion of an output signal which is retransmittedtages versus disadvantages in any given case.
2,A study to determine the time at which it as an input signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l}
feedbackcontrolsystem [CONT SYS] A systemwould be practicable or desirable to install such
a system when determined to be advantageous,in which the value of some output quantity is
212
feedwaterheater
controlled by feeding back the value of the con- feed nut [MECH ENG] The threaded sleeve fit-
ting around the feed screw on a gear-feed drilltrolled quantity and using it to manipulate an
input quantity so as to bring the value of the swivel head,which is rotated by means of paired
gears driven from the spindle or feed shaft.controlled quantity closer to a desired value.
Also known as closed-loop control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
feedoff [ENG] To lower the bit continuously or{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
feedback loop [CONT SYS] A closed transmis- intermittently during a drilling operation by dis-
engaging the drum brake,{ |feˉd vertstrokesuperioro˙f}sion path or loop that includes an active trans-
ducer and consists of a forward path,a feedback feedpipe [MECHENG] Thepipewhichconducts
water to a boiler drum,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}path,and one or more mixing points arranged
to maintain a prescribed relationship between feedpitch [DES ENG] The distance between the
centers of adjacent feed holes in punched papertheloop inputsignal andtheloop outputsignal.
Also known as feedback control loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorpich }
feedpreparationunit [CHEMENG] Aprocessingvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
feedbackregulator [CONTSYS] Afeedbackcon- unit(suchasdistillationordesulfurizationunits)
providing feedstock for subsequent processing.trol system that tends to maintain a prescribed
relationship between certain system signals and { |feˉd prepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
feed pressure [MECH ENG] Total weight orotherpredeterminedquantities,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbakvertstrokeinferiorregH11080
y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r } pressure,expressed in pounds or tons,applied
to the drilling stem to make the drill bit cut andfeedback transfer function [CONT SYS] In a
feedback control loop,the transfer function of penetrate the geologic,rock,or ore formation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}the feedback path,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080
sh?n} feedpump [MECHENG] Apumpusedtosupply
water to a steam boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }feed-control valve [MECH ENG] A small valve,
usually a needle valve,on the outlet of the hy- feedrate See cutting speed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
feed ratio [MECH ENG] The number of revolu-draulic-feed cylinder on the swivel head of a dia-
mond drill,used to control minutely the speed tions a drill stem and bit must turn to advance
the drill bit 1 inch when the stem is attached toof the hydraulic piston travel and hence the rate
at which the bit is made to penetrate the rock,and rotated by a screw- or gear-feed type of drill
swivel head with a particular pair of the set of{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
feeder [ELEC] 1,A transmission line used be- gears engaged,Also known as feed speed.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }tween a transmitter and an antenna,2,A con-
ductor,or several conductors,connecting gener- feedreel [ENG] The reel from which paper tape
or magnetic tape is being fed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorreˉl}ating stations,substations,or feeding points in
an electric power distribution system,3,A feed screw [MECH ENG] The externally
threaded drill-rod drive rod in a screw- or gear-group of conductors in an interior wiring system
which link a main distribution center with sec- feedswivelheadonadiamonddrill;alsousedon
percussion drills,lathes,and other machinery.ondary or branch-circuit distribution centers.
[MECH ENG] 1,A conveyor adapted to control { vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
feedshaft [MECHENG] Ashortshaftorcounter-the rate of delivery of bulk materials,packages,
or objects,or a control device which separates shaft in a diamond-drill gear-feed swivel head
which is rotated by the drill motor through gearsorassemblesobjects,2.A devicefordelivering
materials to a processing unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r } or a fractional drive and by means of which the
engaged pair of feed gears is driven,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdfeeder-breaker [MECH ENG] A unit that breaks
and feeds ore or crushed rock to a materials- vertstrokeinferiorshaft }
feedspeed See feed ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}handling system at a required rate,{ |feˉdH11080?r
|braˉkH11080?r} feedstock [ENG] The raw material furnished to
a machine or process,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}feedercanal [CIV ENG] A canal serving to con-
duct water to a larger canal,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?rk?vertstrokeinferiornal } feedtank [ENG] A chamber that contains feed-
stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiorta?k}feederconveyor [MECH ENG] A short auxiliary
conveyor designed to transport materials to an- feedtravel [MECH ENG] The distance a drilling
machine moves the steel shank in traveling fromother conveyor,Also known as stage loader.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r } top to bottom of its feeding range,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd
vertstrokeinferiortravH11080?l}feederroad [CIV ENG] A road that feeds traffic
to a more important road,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorroˉd} feed tray [CHEM ENG] For a tray-type distilla-
tion column,that tray on which fresh feedstockfeedforward control [CONT SYS] Process con-
trolinwhichchangesaredetectedattheprocess is introduced into the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiortraˉ }
feed trough [MECH ENG] A receptacle intoinput and an anticipating correction signal is
applied before process output is affected,which feedwater overflows from a boiler drum.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd vertstrokeinferiortro˙f}{ |feˉd|fo˙rH11080w?rd k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
feedingzone [CONTSYS] Theareaontheplanar feedwater [MECH ENG] The water supplied to a
boiler or still,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}surface of a conveyor or pallet where the center
of an object to be manipulated by a robotic sys- feedwater heater [MECH ENG] An apparatus
that utilizes steam extracted from an engine ortem is placed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn}
213
feelergage
turbine to heat boiler feedwater,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r ferrocyanideprocess [CHEM ENG] A regenera-
tive chemical treatment for removal of mercap-vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
tans from petroleum fuels; uses caustic-sodiumfeeler gage [MECH ENG] A tool with many
ferrocyanide reagent,{ feH11080roˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}blades of different thickness used to establish
ferroelectricconverter [ELEC] A converter that
clearance between parts or for gapping spark
transforms thermal energy into electric energy
plugs,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉlH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
by utilizing the change in the dielectric constant
feelerpin [MECHENG] Apinthatallowsadupli-
of a ferroelectric material when heated beyond
cating machine to operate only when there is a
its Curie temperature,{ |feH11080roˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik k?n
supply of paper,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉlH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpin }
vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
Fellsystem [CIV ENG] A method of traction in-
ferroelectric hysteresis [ELEC] The depen-
tended for steep railroad slopes; a central rail is
dence of the polarization of ferroelectric materi-
gripped between horizontal wheels on the loco-
als not only on the applied electric field but also
motive,{ vertstrokesuperiorfel vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
ontheir previoushistory;analogous tomagnetic
female connector [ELEC] A connector having
hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials,Also
oneormorecontactssetintorecessedopenings;
known as dielectric hysteresis; electric hystere-
jacks,sockets,and wall outlets are examples.
sis,{ feH11080roˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
{ |feˉvertstrokeinferiormaˉlk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r}
ferroelectric hysteresis loop [ELEC] Graph of
femalefitting [DES ENG] In a paired pipe or an
polarization or electric displacement versus ap-
electrical or mechanical connection,the portion
plied electric field of a material displaying ferro-
(fitting) that receives,contrasted to the male
electric hysteresis,{ |feH11080roˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080
portion (fitting) that inserts,{ |feˉvertstrokeinferiormaˉl vertstrokesuperiorfidH11080i? }
s?s vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
femitrons [ELECTR] Class of field-emission mi-
ferrographanalyzer [ENG] An instrument used
crowave devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorfemH11080?vertstrokeinferiortra¨nz }
for ferrography; a pump delivers a small sample
femtometer [MECH] A unit of length,equal to
ofthefluidtoamicroscopeslidemountedabove
10
H1100215
meter; used particularly in measuring nu- a magnet that generates a high-gradient mag-
clear distances,Abbreviated fm,Also known netic field,causing particles to be deposited in
as fermi,{ vertstrokesuperiorfemH11080toˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} a gradient of sizes along the slide,{ vertstrokesuperiorferH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf
fence [ENG] 1,A line of data-acquisition or vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
tracking stations used to monitor orbiting satel- ferrography [ENG] Wear analysis of machine
bearing surfacesby collection of ferrous(or non-lites,2,A line of radar or radio stations for
ferrous) wear particles from lubricating oil in adetection of satellites or other objects in orbit.
ferrograph analyzer; the method can be applied3,A line or network of early-warning radar sta-
to human joints by collecting fragments of carti-tions,4,A concentric steel fence erected
lage,bone,or prosthetic materials from synovialaround a ground radar transmitting antenna to
fluid,{ fevertstrokesuperiorra¨gH11080 r?H11080feˉ }
serve as an artificial horizon and suppress
ferromagnetics [ELECTR] The science that
ground clutter that would otherwise drown out
deals with the storage of binary information and
weak signals returning at a low angle from a
the logical control of pulse sequences through
target,5,An adjustable guide on a tool.
theutilizationofthemagneticpolarizationprop-
{ fens }
erties of materials,{ |feH11080roˉH11080mag|nedH11080iks }
fender [CIV ENG] A timber,cluster of piles,or
ferrometer [ENG] An instrument used to make
bag of rope placed along dock or bridge pier
permeability and hysteresis tests of iron and
to prevent damage by docking ships or floating
steel,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
objects,[ENG] A cover over the upper part of
ferrule [DES ENG] 1,A metal ring or cap
a wheel of an automobile or other vehicle.
attached to the end of a tool handle,post,or
{ vertstrokesuperiorfenH11080der }
other device to strengthen and protect it,2,A
FenskeequationSeeFenske-Underwoodequation.
bushing inserted in the end of a boiler flue to
{ vertstrokesuperiorfenH11080skeˉ ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
spread and tighten it,See stabilizer,{ vertstrokesuperiorferH11080?l}
Fenske-Underwood equation [CHEM ENG]
FET See field-effect transistor.
Equation in plate-to-plate distillation-column
fiber gyro See fiber-optic gyroscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080
calculations relating the number of theoretical
roˉ }
plates needed at total reflux to overall relative
fiber-opticcurrentsensor [ENG] Aninstrument
volatility and the liquid-vapor composition ra-
for measuring currents on high-voltage lines,in
tios on upper and lower plates,Also known as
whichthemagneticfieldassociatedwiththecur-
Fenske equation,{ |fenH11080skeˉ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorwu˙divertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080
rentchangesthephase oflighttravelingthrough
zh?n}
an optical fiber,and the phase change is meas-
fermi See femtometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorferH11080meˉ }
ured in an interferometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r |a¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiork?H11080
ferritedevice [ELEC] Anelectricaldevicewhose
r?nt vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
principle of operation is based upon the use of
fiber-opticgyroscope [ENG] An instrument for
ferritesinpowdered,compressed,sinteredform,
measuring rotation rate,in which light from a
making use of their ferrimagnetism and their laser or light-emitting diode is split into two
high electrical resistivity,which makes eddy-cur- beams which travel in opposite directions
rent losses extremely low at high frequencies,around a coil of optical fiber and recombine to
generate interference fringes whose shift is a{ vertstrokesuperiorfevertstrokeinferiorr?ˉtdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
214
filament
measure of the rotation rate of the coil,Also field-effectphototransistor [ELECTR] Afield-ef-
fect transistor that responds to modulated lightknownasfibergyro;laser/fiber-opticsgyroscope.
as the input signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt |foˉdH11080oˉH11080tran{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r |a¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}fiber-optic hydrophone See interferometric hy-
field-effect tetrode [ELECTR] Four-terminal de-drophone,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r |a¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
vice consisting of two independently terminatedfiber-optic magnetometer [ENG] A magnetom-
semiconducting channels so displaced that theeter in which the deformation of a magnetostric-
conductance of each is modulated along itstive body in the field causes phase changes in
length by the voltage conditions in the other.
light traveling through an optical fiber wrapped
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt vertstrokesuperiortevertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
around the body,and these phase changes are
field-effect transistor [ELECTR] A transistor in
measured in an interferometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r |a¨pH11080tik
which the resistance of the current path from
vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sourcetodrainismodulatedbyapplyingatrans-
fiber-optic sensor See optical-fiber sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080
verse electric field between grid or gate elec-
b?r |a¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
trodes; the electric field varies the thickness of
fiber-optic thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
the depletion layer between the gates,thereby
in which light from a mercury lamp is guided
reducing the conductance,Abbreviated FET.
along an optical fiber to excite a tiny fluorescent
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
crystal,whose light is in turn guided back along
field-effect-transistorresistor [ELECTR] Afield-
the fiber to an evaluation unit where the crystal
effect transistor in which the gate is generally
temperature isdetermined fromthe ratiosof the
tied to the drain; the resultant structure is used
strengthsofspectrallinesinthefluorescentlight
as a resistance load for another transistor.
orfromthedecaytimeofthefluorescence,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tran|zisH11080t?rri|zisH11080t?r}
b?r |a¨pH11080tik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
field-effect varistor [ELECTR] A passive,two-
fiberstress [MECH] 1,The tensile or compres-
terminal,nonlinear semiconductor device that
sive stress on the fibers of a fiber metal or other
maintains constant current over a wide voltage
fibrous material,especially when fiber orienta-
range,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt v?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080t?r}
tion is parallel with the neutral axis,2,Local
field engineer [ENG] 1,An engineer who is in
stress through a small area (a point or line) on
charge of directing civil,mechanical,and electri-
a section where the stress is not uniform,as in
cal engineering activities in the production and
a beam under bending load,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorstres }
transmission of petroleum and natural gas.
fibrousfracture [MECH] Failureofamaterialre-
2,An engineer who operates at a construction
sulting from a ductile crack; broken surfaces are
site,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld enH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornir }
dull and silky,Also known as ductile fracture.
field excitation [MECH ENG] Control of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080br?s vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080ch?r}
speed of a series motor in an electric or diesel-
fiducialtemperature [THERMO] Any of the tem-
electric locomotive by changing the relation be-
peratures assigned to a number of reproducible
tween the armature current and the field
equilibrium states on the International Practical
strength,either through a reduction in field cur-
Temperature Scale; standard instruments are
rent by shunting the field coils with resistance,
calibrated at these temperatures,{ f?vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080sh?l
or through the use of field taps,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld vertstrokeinferiorekH11080
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
s?ˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
field [ELEC] That part of an electric motor or
field-strength meter [ENG] A calibrated radio
generator which produces the magnetic flux
receiver used to measure the field strength of
which reacts with the armature,producing the
radiated electromagnetic energy from a radio
desired machine action,[ELECTR] One of the
transmitter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
equalpartsintowhichaframeisdividedininter-
FIFO See first-in,first-out,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfoˉ }
laced scanning for television; includes one com-
fifteen-degrees calorie See calorie,{ |fifH11080teˉndi
plete scanning operation from top to bottom of
|greˉz |kalH11080?H11080reˉ }
the picture and back again,{ feˉld }
fifth wheel [MECH ENG] A coupling device in
fieldeffect [ELECTR] The local change from the
the form of two horizontal disks that rotate on
normal value that an electric field produces in
each other positioned between a tractor and a
the charge-carrier concentration of a semicon-
semitrailer so that they can change direction in-
ductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
dependently,{ |fifth |weˉl}
field-effect capacitor [ELECTR] A capacitor in
figure of merit [ELECTR] A performance rating
which the effective dielectric is a region of semi-
that governs the choice of a device for a particu-
conductor material that has been depleted or lar application; for example,the figure of merit
inverted by the field effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080 of a magnetic amplifier is the ratio of usable
dH11080?r} power gain to the control time constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorfigH11080
field-effect device [ELECTR] A semiconductor y?r?v vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?t}
device whose properties are determined largely filament [ELEC] Metallic wire or ribbon which
bytheeffectofanelectricfieldonaregionwithin is heated in an incandescent lamp to produce
the semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs} light,by passing an electric current through the
field-effect diode [ELECTR] A semiconductor filament,[ELECTR] A cathode made of resist-
diode in which the charge carriers are of only ance wire or ribbon,through which an electric
current is sent to produce the high temperatureone polarity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
215
filamentarycathode
required for emission of electrons in a thermi- locatedthehighvoltagedropwhencurrentflows
in the direction of high impedance,{ film }onic tube,Also known as directly heated cath-
ode;filamentarycathode;filament-typecathode,film analysis [IND ENG] A systematic detailed
analysis of work from a motion picture film,usu-{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?H11080m?nt }
filamentary cathode See filament,{ vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080 ally derived from a memomotion study,{ |film
vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}?H11080reˉ }
filament-type cathode See filament,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?H11080m?nt film boiling [THERMO] Boiling in which a con-
tinuous film of vapor forms at the hot surface ofvertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
filament winding [ELECTR] The secondary the container holding the boiling liquid,reduc-
ing heat transfer across the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilmwinding of a power transformer that furnishes
alternating-currentheaterorfilamentvoltagefor vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080i? }
film coefficient [THERMO] For a fluid confinedone or more electron tubes,[ENG] A process
for fabricating a composite structure in which in a vessel,the rate of flow of heat out of the
fluid,per unit area of vessel wall divided by thecontinuousfiberreinforcement(glass,boron,sil-
icon carbide),either previously impregnated difference between the temperature in the inte-
rior of the fluid and the temperature at the sur-with a matrix material or impregnated during
winding,arewoundundertensionoverarotating faceofthewall,Alsoknownasconvectioncoef-
ficient,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }core,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉndH11080i? }
filarmicrometer [DESENG] Aninstrumentused film condensation [THERMO] The formation of
a continuous film of liquid on a wall in contactto measure small distances in the field of an
eyepiece by using two parallel wires,one of with a vapor,when the wall is cooled below the
local vapor saturation temperature and the liq-which is fixed while the other is moved at right
angles to its length by means of an accurately uid wets the cold surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080
sh?n}cut screw,Also known as bifilar micrometer.
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080l?rm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} filmcooling [THERMO] The cooling ofa body or
surface,such as the inner surface of a rocketfile [DES ENG] A steel bar or rod with cutting
teeth on its surface; used as a smoothing or combustionchamber,bymaintainingathinfluid
layer over the affected area,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }forming tool,{ f?ˉl}
file hardness [ENG] Hardness of a material as film platen [ENG] A device which holds film in
the focal plane during exposure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorplatH11080determined by testing with a file of standardized
hardness; a material which cannot be cut with?n}
filmresistor [ELEC] Afixedresistorinwhichthethe file is considered as hard as or harder than
the file,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorha¨rdH11080n?s } resistance element is a thin layer of conductive
material on an insulated form; the conductivefill [CIVENG] Earthusedfor embankmentsoras
backfill,{ fil } material does not contain binders or insulating
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}filled-systemthermometer [ENG] A thermome-
ter which has a bourdon tube connected by a film transport [MECH ENG] 1,The mechanism
for movingphotographic film throughthe regioncapillary tube to a hollow bulb; the deformation
of the bourdon tube depends on the pressure of where light strikes it in recording film tracks or
soundtracksofmotionpictures,2.Themecha-a gas (usually nitrogen or helium) or on the
volume of a liquid filling the system,Also nism which moves the film print past the area
where light passes through it in reproduction ofknown as filled thermometer,{ |fild |sisH11080t?m
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } picture and sound,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilm |tranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
filmvault [ENG] A place for safekeeping of film.filledthermometerSee filled-system thermometer.
{ |fild th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorvo˙lt }
filter See compensator,[ELECTR] Any transmis-fillet [BUILD] A flat molding that separates
rounded or angular moldings,[DES ENG] A sion network used in electrical systems for the
selective enhancement of a given class of inputconcave transition surface between two other-
wise intersecting surfaces,[ENG] 1,Any nar- signals,Also known as electric filter; electric-
wave filter,[ENG] A porous article or materialrow,flat metal or wood member,2,A corner
piece at the juncture of perpendicular surfaces for separating suspended particulate matter
from liquids by passing the liquid through theto lessen the danger of cracks,as in core boxes
for castings,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?t } pores in the filter and sieving out the solids.
[ENG ACOUS] A device employed to rejectfilletgage [DESENG] Agageformeasuringcon-
vex or concave surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } sound in a particular range of frequencies while
passing sound in another range of frequencies.fill factor [MECH ENG] The approximate load
that the dipper of a shovel is carrying,expressed Also known as acoustic filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
filterability [ENG] The adaptability of a liquid-as a percentage of the rated capacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfil
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } solid system to filtration; system is not filterable
if it is too viscous to be forced through a filterfilling [ENG] The loading of trucks with any
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080i? } medium,or if the solids are too small to be
stopped by the filter medium,{ vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080fill-upwork See internal work,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
film [ELEC] The layer adjacent to the valve eˉ }
filter bed [CIV ENG] A fill of pervious soil thatmetal in an electrochemical valve,in which is
216
finiteelementmethod
provides a site for a septic field,[ENG] A con- find [IND ENG] The therblig representing the
mental reaction which occurs on recognizing antact bed used for filtering purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiorbed } objectattheendoftheelementalmotionsearch;
now seldom used,{ f?ˉnd }filtercake See mud cake,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorkaˉk}
filter-cake washing [CHEM ENG] An operation finding circuit See lockout circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
k?t}performed at the end of a filtration,in which
residual liquid impurities are washed out of the fineblanking [ENG] A manufacturing process in
which a part is fabricated to a shape very closecake by the flow of another liquid through the
cake,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorkaˉk vertstrokeinferiorwashH11080i? } to its final dimensions by use of high-precision
tools that yield a final workpiece with smoothlyfilter capacitor [ELEC] A capacitor used in a
power-supply filter system to provide a low- sheared edges,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnvertstrokeinferiorbla?kH11080i? }
fin efficiency [ENG] In extended-surface heat-reactance path for alternating currents and
thereby suppress ripple currents,without affect- exchange equations,the ratio of the mean tem-
perature difference from surface-to-fluid divideding direct currents,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?rk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
filtered-particle testing [ENG] A penetrant by the temperature difference from fin-to-fluid
atthebaseorrootofthefin,{ vertstrokesuperiorfin?vertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }method of nondestructive testing by which
cracks in porous objects (100 mesh or smaller) fine grinding [MECH ENG] Grinding performed
in a mill rotating on a horizontal axis in whichare indicated,a fluid containing suspended par-
ticlesissprayedonatest object;ifacrackexists,the material undergoes final size reduction,to
H11002100 mesh,{ |f?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }particles are filtered out and concentrate at the
surface as liquid flows into the crack,{ |filH11080t?rd fineness modulus [ENG] A number denoting
the fineness of a fine aggregate or other fine|pa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiortestH11080i? }
filtering [ENG] The process of interpreting re- material such as sand or paint,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080
H11080l?s}ported information on movements of aircraft,
ships,and submarines in order to determine finger bit [DES ENG] A steel rock-cutting bit
having fingerlike,fixed or replaceable steel-cut-their probable true tracks and,where applicable,
heights or depths,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?H11080ri? } ting points,{ vertstrokesuperiorfi?H11080g?r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
finger gripper [CONT SYS] A robot componentfilterleaf [CHEM ENG] The frame or structure in
a filter press that holds the filter cloth or other thatusestwoormorejointsforgraspingobjects.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfi?H11080g?r vertstrokeinferiorgripH11080?r}filter medium; a number of leaves in series usu-
ally comprises a filter press,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorleˉf} fining [CHEM ENG] A process in which molten
glass is cleared of bubbles,usually by the addi-filterphotometer [ENG] A colorimeter in which
thelengthoflightisselectedbytheuseofappro- tion of chemical agents,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? }
finished goods [IND ENG] Manufactured prod-priate glass filters,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?rf?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
filterpress [ENG] A metal frame on which iron ucts in inventory ready for packaging,shipment,
or sale,{ |finH11080isht vertstrokesuperiorgu˙dz }plates are suspended and pressed together by a
screwdevice;liquidtobefilteredispumpedinto finisher [CIVENG] Aconstructionmachineused
to smooth the freshly placed surface of a road-canvas bags between the plates,and the screw
is tightened so that pressure is furnished for way,ortopreparethefoundationforapavement.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ishH11080?r}filtration,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorpres }
filterpump [MECHENG] Anaspiratororvacuum finish grinding [MECH ENG] The last action of
a grinding operation to achieve a good finishpump which creates a negative pressure on the
filtrate side of the filter to hasten the process of and accurate dimensions,{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
finishing hardware [BUILD] Items,such asfiltering,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
filter screen [ENG] A fine-pored medium hinges,door pulls,and strike plates,made in
attractive shapes and finishes,and usually visi-through which a liquid will pass and on which
solidsdeposit;themediummaybeametalsieve ble on the completed structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ishH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorwer }screen or a woven fabric of metal or of natural
or synthetic fibers,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn} finishingnail [DESENG] Awirenailwithasmall
head that can easily be concealed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ishH11080filterthickener [ENG] Devicethatthickensaliq-
uid-solid mixture by removing a portion of the i?vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
finishplate [DESENG] Aplatewhichcoversandliquidbyfiltration,ratherthanbysettling,{ |filH11080
t?r vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080?H11080n?r } protects the cylinder setscrews; it is fastened to
the underplate and forms part of the armoredfilter-type respirator [ENG] A protective device
whichremovesdispersoidsfromtheairbyphysi- front for a mortise lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
finish turning [MECH ENG] The operation ofcally trapping the particles on the fibrous mate-
rial of the filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorresH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } machiningasurfacetoaccuratesizeandproduc-
ing a smooth finish,{ vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish vertstrokeinferiort?rnH11080i? }fin [DES ENG] A projecting flat plate or struc-
ture,as a cooling fin,[ENG] Material which finite elasticity theory See finite strain theory.
{ |f?ˉvertstrokeinferiorn?ˉtivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }remains in the holes of a molded part and which
must be removed,{ fin } finiteelementmethod [ENG] Anapproximation
method for studying continuous physical sys-final boiling point See end point,{ |f?ˉnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } tems,used in structural mechanics,electrical
field theory,and fluid mechanics; the systemfinalfilter See afterfilter,{ |f?ˉnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
financiallife See venture life,{ f?vertstrokesuperiornanH11080ch?l vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf } is broken into discrete elements interconnected
217
finitestraintheory
at discrete node points,{ |f?ˉvertstrokeinferiorn?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt fired process equipment [ENG] Heaters,fur-
naces,reactors,incinerators,vaporizers,steamvertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
generators,boilers,and other process equip-finite strain theory [MECH] A theory of elastic-
ment for which the heat input is derived fromity,appropriate for high compressions,in which
fuel combustion (flames); can be direct-firedit is not assumed that strains are infinitesimally
(flame in contact with the process stream) orsmall,Also known as finite elasticity theory.
indirect-fired (flame separated from the process{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉvertstrokeinferiorn?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
fluid by a metallic wall),{ |f?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?sFink truss [CIV ENG] A symmetrical steel roof
ivertstrokeinferiorkwipH11080m?nt }
trusssuitableforspansupto50feet(15meters).
fireescape [BUILD] Anoutsidestairwayusually
{ vertstrokesuperiorfi?k vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
madeofsteelandusedtoescapefromabuilding
finned surface [MECH ENG] A tubular heat-
in case of fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr?vertstrokeinferiorskaˉp}
exchange surface with extended projections on
fire-exit bolt See panic exit device,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferioregH11080z?t
one side,{ |find vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
fire [ENG] To blast with gunpowder or other ex-
fireextinguisher [ENG] Any of various portable
plosives,{ f?ˉr}
devices used to extinguish a fire by the ejection
firebox [MECH ENG] The furnace of a locomo-
of a fire-inhibiting substance,such as water,car-
tive or similar type of fire-tube boiler.
bon dioxide,gas,or chemical foam,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrik
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
vertstrokeinferiorsti?H11080gwishH11080?r}
fire bridge [ENG] A low wall separating the
firefinder [ENG] An instrument consisting of a
hearth and the grate in a reverberatory furnace.
map and a sighting device; used in fire towers
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
to locate forest fires,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080d?r}
firecrack [ENG] A crack resulting from thermal
firehook [ENG] 1,A pole with a hooked metal
stress which propagates on the heated side of a
head that is used in fire fighting to tear down
shell or header in a boiler or a heat transfer
walls or ceilings,Also known as pike pole.
surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorkrak }
2.Ahookusedtorakeafurnacefire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
firecracker [ENG] A cylindrically shaped item
firehose [ENG] A collapsible,flameproof hose
containinganexplosiveandafuse;usedtosimu-
that can be attached to a hydrant,standpipe,or
late the noise of an explosive charge.
similar outlet to supply water to extinguish a
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080?r}
fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorhoˉz}
firecut [BUILD] An angular cut made at the end
fire hydrant [CIV ENG] An outlet from a water
of a joist which will rest on a brick wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr
main provided inside buildings or outdoors to
vertstrokeinferiork?t}
whichfirehosescanbeconnected,Alsoknown
firedamp reforming process [CHEM ENG] A
as fire plug; hydrant,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?nt }
process in which methane (firedamp) is mixed
fireline [ENG] A pipework system dedicated to
with steam and passed over a nickel catalyst for
providing water for extinguishing fires,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr
conversion to a mixture of hydrogen and carbon
vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
monoxide; this mixture is blended with pure
fireload [CIVENG] Theloadofcombustiblema-
methane,and the result is a fuel of high calorific
terial per square foot of floor space,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiordamp rivertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080mi?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
fire partition [BUILD] A wall inside a building
fire-danger meter [ENG] A graphical aid used
intended to retard fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrp?rvertstrokeinferiortishH11080?n}
in fire-weather forecasting to calculate the de-
fireplug See fire hydrant,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
gree of forest-fire danger (or burning index):
fireproof [BUILD] Having noncombustible
commonly in the form of a circular slide rule,it
walls,stairways,and stress-bearing members,
relates numerical indices of the seasonal stage
and havingall steel and ironstructural members
offoliage,thecumulativeeffectofpastprecipita-
which could be damaged by heat protected by
tion or lack thereof (buildup index),the meas-
refractory materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorpru¨f}
ured fuel moisture,and the speed of the wind
fireprotection [CIVENG] Measuresfor reducing
in the woods; the fuel moisture is determined
injury and property loss by fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrpr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080
by weighing a special type of wooden stick that
sh?n}
has been exposed in the woods,its weight being
firepump [MECH ENG] A pump for fire protec-
proportional to its contained water; the calcu-
tion purposes usually driven by an independent,
lated burning index falls on a scale of 1 to 100:
reliable prime mover and approved by the Na-
1to11isnofiredanger;12to35mediumdanger;
tional Board of Fire Underwriters,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
40 to 100 high danger,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiordaˉnH11080j?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
fire-resistant [CIVENG] Of astructural element,
fire detector [ENG] A temperature-sensing de- able to resist combustion for a specified time
vice designed to sound an alarm,to turn on a underconditionsofstandardheatintensitywith-
sprinkler system,or to activate some other fire out burning or failing structurally,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080
preventive measure at the first signs of fire,t?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r} fireroom [MECH ENG] That portion of a fossil
firedoor [ENG] 1.The door or opening through fuel-burning plant which contains the furnace
which fuel is supplied to a furnace or stove,and associated equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
2,A door that can be closed to prevent the firesprinklingsystem See sprinkler system,{ |f?ˉr
spreading of fire,as through a building or mine,vertstrokesuperiorspri?kH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
fire standpipe [CIV ENG] A high,vertical pipe{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
218
fishlead
or tank that holds water to assure a positive,arrivals are considered in this usage,{ |f?rst
vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉH11080v?l}relatively uniform pressure,particularly to pro-
vide fire protection to upper floors of tall build- first cost [IND ENG] The sum of the initial ex-
penditures involved in capitalizing a property;ings,{ |f?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorstanvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
fire stop [BUILD] An incombustible,horizontal includes items such as transportation,installa-
tion,preparation for service,as well as otheror vertical barrier,as of brick across a hollow
wall or across an open room,to stop the spread related costs,{ |f?rst vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }
first fire [ENG] The igniter used with pyrotech-of fire,Also known as draught stop,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr
vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p } nic devices,consisting of first fire composition,
loaded in direct contact with the main pyrotech-fire tower [BUILD] A fireproof and smokeproof
stairway compartment running the height of a nic charge; the ignition of the igniter or first
fire is generally accomplished by fuse action.building,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
fire-tube boiler [MECH ENG] A steam boiler in { |f?rst vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr}
first-in,first-out [IND ENG] An inventory costwhich hot gaseous products of combustion pass
throughtubessurrounded byboilerwater,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr evaluation method which transfers costs of
material to the product in chronological order.vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
firewall [CIV ENG] 1,A fire-resisting wall sepa- Abbreviated FIFO,{ |f?rst vertstrokesuperiorin |f?rst vertstrokesuperiorau˙t}
firstlawofmotion See Newton’s first law,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rstrating two parts of a building from the lowest
floor to several feet above the roof to prevent vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
firstlawofthermodynamics [THERMO] The lawthe spread of fire,2,A fire-resisting wall sur-
rounding an oil storage tank to retain oil that that heat is a form of energy,and the total
amount of energy of all kinds in an isolated sys-may escape and to confine fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
firing [ELECTR] 1,The gas ionization that initi- tem isconstant; it isan application ofthe princi-
ple of conservation of energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rst vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?vates current flow in a gas-discharge tube.
2,Excitation of a magnetron or transmit-receive vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
first-level controller [CONT SYS] A controllertube by a pulse,3,The transition from the un-
saturated to the saturated state of a saturable that is associated with one of the subsystems
into which a large-scale control system is parti-reactor,[ENG] 1.The act or process of adding
fuel and air to a furnace,2,Igniting an explo- tioned by plant decomposition,and acts to sat-
isfy local objectives and constraints,Alsosivemixture,3.Treatingaceramicproductwith
heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? } known as local controller,{ |f?rst |levH11080?lk?n
vertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}firing machine [ENG] An electric blasting ma-
chine,[MECH ENG] A mechanical stoker used first-orderleveling [ENG] Spirit leveling of high
precision and accuracy in which lines are runto feed coal to a boiler furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i?
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn } firstforwardtotheobjectivepointandthenback-
ward to the starting point,{ |f?rst vertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080firingmechanism [ENG] Amechanismforfiring
a primer; the primer may be for initiating the?H11080li? }
first-order transition [THERMO] A change inpropelling charge,in which case the firing mech-
anism forms a part of the weapon; if the primer state of aggregation of a system accompanied
by a discontinuous change in enthalpy,entropy,is for the purpose of initiating detonation of the
main charge,the firing mechanism is a part of and volume at a single temperature and pres-
sure,{ |f?rst vertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?r transvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}the ammunition item and performs the function
of a fuse,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m} Fischer-Tropsch process [CHEM ENG] A cata-
lytic process to synthesize hydrocarbons andfiring pressure [MECH ENG] The highest pres-
sure in an engine cylinder during combustion,their oxygen derivatives by the controlled reac-
tion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,{ |fishH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
firing rate [MECH ENG] The rate at which fuel?r |troˉpsh vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
fished joint [CIV ENG] A structural joint madefeed to a burner occurs,in terms of volume,heat
units,or weight per unit time,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt } with fish plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorfisht vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
fishing [ENG] Indrilling,theoperationbywhichfirmer chisel [DES ENG] A small hand chisel
with a flat blade; used in woodworking,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080 lost or damaged tools are secured and brought
to the surface from the bottom of a well or drillm?r vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
firm-joint caliper [DES ENG] An outside or in- hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080i? }
fishing space [CIV ENG] The space betweenside caliper whose legs are jointed together at
the top with a nut and which must be opened base and head of a rail in which a joint bar is
placed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}andclosedbyhandpressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rmvertstrokeinferiorjo˙int vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080
H11080p?r} fishing tool [ENG] A device for retrieving ob-
jects from inaccessible locations,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishH11080i?firmoviscosity [MECH] Property of a substance
in which the stress is equal to the sum of a term vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
fish ladder [CIV ENG] Contrivance that carriesproportional to the substance’s deformation,
and a term proportional to its rate of deforma- water around a dam through a series of stepped
baffles or boxes and thus facilitates the migra-tion,{ |f?rH11080moˉH11080vis|ka¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
firstarrival [ENG] Inexplorationrefractionseis- tion of fish,Also known as fishway,{ vertstrokesuperiorfish
vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}mology,the first seismic event recorded on a
seismogram; it is noteworthy in that only first fish lead [ENG] A type of sounding lead used
219
fishplate
without removal from the water between sound- setup time charge) is a nonlinear function and
is incurred only when the variable appears inings,{ vertstrokesuperiorfish vertstrokeinferiorled }
fishplate [CIVENG] Oneof apairof steelplates the solution with a positive level,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}bolted to the sides of a rail or beam joint,to
secure the joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorfish vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} fixed cost [IND ENG] A cost that remains un-
changed during short-term changes in produc-fish screen [CIV ENG] 1,A screen set across a
water intake canal or pipe to prevent fish from tion level,Also known as overhead; overhead
cost,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }entering,2,Any similar barrier to prevent fish
from entering or leaving a pond,{ vertstrokesuperiorfish vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn} fixed-electrode method [ENG] A geophysical
surveyingmethodusedinaself-potentialsystemfishtailbit [DES ENG] A drilling bit shaped like
the tail of a fish,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishvertstrokeinferiortaˉl vertstrokeinferiorbit } of prospecting in which one electrode remains
stationary while the other is grounded at pro-fishtailburner [ENG] A burner in which two jets
of gas impinge on each other to form a flame gressively greater distances from it,{ |fikst
ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}shaped like a fish’s tail,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishvertstrokeinferiortaˉl vertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080?r}
fishway See fish ladder,{ vertstrokesuperiorfishvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } fixed end [MECH] An end of a structure,such
as a beam,that is clamped in place so that bothfit [DES ENG] The dimensional relationship be-
tween mating parts,such as press,shrink,or its position and orientation are fixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst
vertstrokeinferiorend }sliding fit,{ fit }
fitment [BUILD] A decorative or functional item fixed-endbeam [CIV ENG] A beam that is sup-
portedatbothfreeendsandisrestrainedagainstor component in a room that is fixed in place
but not actually built in,Also known as fitting,rotationandverticalmovement,Alsoknownas
built-in beam; encastre′ beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst vertstrokeinferiorend{ vertstrokesuperiorfitH11080m?nt }
fitter [ENG] Onewhomaintains,repairs,andas- vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}
fixed-endcolumn [CIV ENG] A column with thesembles machines in an engineering shop.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfidH11080?r } end fixed so that it cannot rotate,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst vertstrokeinferiorend
vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}fitting [BUILD] See fitment,[ENG] A small
auxiliary part of standard dimensions used in fixedendmomentSeefixingmoment,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikstvertstrokeinferiorend
vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }the assembly of an engine,piping system,ma-
chine,or other apparatus,{ vertstrokesuperiorfidH11080i? } fixed-feed grinding [MECH ENG] Feeding pro-
cessedmaterialtoagrindingwheel,orviceversa,five-fourthspowerlaw [THERMO] The proposi-
tion that the rate of heat loss from a body by in predetermined increments or at a given rate.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd vertstrokesuperiorgrindH11080i? }free convection is proportional to the five-
fourthspowerofthedifferencebetweenthetem- fixed inductor [ELEC] An inductor whose coils
are wound in such a manner that the turns re-peratureofthebodyandthatofitssurroundings.
{ |f?ˉv |fo˙rths vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ } mainfixedinpositionwithrespecttoeachother,
and which either has no magnetic core or has afixed-active tooling [CONT SYS] Stationary
equipment in a robotic system,such as numeri- core whose air gap and position within the coil
are fixed,{ |fikst invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}cal control equipment,sensors,cameras,con-
veying systems and parts feeders,that is acti- fixedlinkagesystem [INDENG] Linkageformed
between the skeletal elements of a human andvated and controlled by signals,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst |akH11080tiv
vertstrokesuperiortu¨lH11080i? } a fixed machine in a human-machine system.
{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiorli?kH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}fixedarch [CIV ENG] A stiff arch having rotation
prevented at its supports,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiora¨rch } fixed mooring berth [CIV ENG] A marine struc-
ture consisting of dolphins for securing a shipfixed-bed hydroforming [CHEM ENG] A cyclic
petroleum process that utilizes a fixed bed of and aplatform to supportcargo-handling equip-
ment,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiormu˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorb?rth }molybdenum oxide catalyst deposited on acti-
vated alumina,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst vertstrokeinferiorbed vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? } fixed-needletraverse [ENG] In surveying,a tra-
verse with a compass fitted with a sight linefixed-bedoperation [CHEM ENG] An operation
in which the additive material (catalyst,absor- which can be moved above a graduated horizon-
tal circle,so that the azimuth angle can be read,bent,filter media,ion-exchange resin) remains
stationary in the chemical reactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst vertstrokeinferiorbed as with a theodolite,{ |fikst vertstrokeinferiorneˉdH11080?ltr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
fixed-passive tooling [CONT SYS] Unpowered,vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
fixed bias [ELECTR] A constant value of bias accessory equipment in a robotic system,such
as jigs,fixtures,and work-holding devices.voltage,independent of signal strength,{ |fikst
vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s} {vertstrokesuperiorfikst |pasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiortu¨lH11080i? }
fixed point [ENG] A reproducible value,as forfixedbridge [CIV ENG] A bridge having perma-
nent horizontal or vertical alignment,{ |fikst temperature,used to standardize measure-
ments; derived from intrinsic properties of purevertstrokesuperiorbrij }
fixedcapacitor [ELEC] Acapacitorhavingadef- substances,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int }
fixedresistor [ELEC] Aresistor thathas nopro-inite capacitance value that cannot be adjusted.
{ |fikst k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r } vision for varying its resistance value,{ |fikst
rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}fixed-charge problem [IND ENG] A linear pro-
gramming problem in which each variable has a fixed-sequence robot See fixed-stop robot.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst |seˉH11080kw?ns vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}fixed-charge coefficient in addition to the usual
cost coefficient; the fixed charge (for example,a fixedsonar [ENG] Sonar in which the receiving
220
flankangle
transducer is not constantly rotated,in contrast flame collector [ENG] A device used in atmo-
to scanning sonar,{ |fikst vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r} spheric electrical measurements for the removal
fixed-stop robot [CONT SYS] A robot in which of induction charge on apparatus; based upon
the motion along each axis has a fixed limit,but the principle that products of combustion are
the motion between these limits is not con- ionizedandwillconsequentlyconductelectricity
trolledandtherobotcannotstopexceptatthese from charged bodies,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉmk?vertstrokeinferiorlekH11080t?r}
limits,Alsoknownasfixed-squencerobot;lim- flame detector [MECH ENG] A sensing device
ited-sequence robot; nonservo robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikst which indicates whether or not a fuel is burning,
|sta¨p vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
or if ignition has been lost,by transmitting a
fixingmoment [MECH] The bending moment at
signal to a control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉmdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
the end support of a beam necessary to fix it
flameplate [ENG] One of the plates on a boiler
and prevent rotation,Also known as fixed end
firebox which are subjectedto the maximum fur-
moment,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikH11080si?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }
nace temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
fixity See continuity,{ vertstrokesuperiorfikH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
flameproofing [CHEM ENG] The process of
fixture [CIV ENG] An object permanently
treating materials chemically so that they will
attached to a structure,such as a light or sink.
not support combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉmvertstrokeinferiorpru¨fH11080i? }
[MECHENG] Adeviceusedtoholdandposition
flame retardant [CHEM ENG] A substance that
a piece of work without guiding the cutting tool.
can suppress,reduce,or delay the propagation
{ vertstrokesuperiorfiksH11080ch?r}
of a flame through a polymer material; may be
flag [ELECTR] A small metal tab that holds the
inserted chemically into the polymer molecule
getter during assembly of an electron tube.
or blended in after polymerization,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉmri
[ENG] 1,A piece of fabric used as a symbol or
vertstrokeinferiorta¨rdH11080?nt }
as a signaling or marking device,2,A large
flamespraying [ENG] 1,A method of applying
sheet of metal or fabric used to shield television
a plastic coating onto a surface in which finely
camera lenses from light when not in use.
powderedfragments oftheplastic,togetherwith
{ flag }
suitable fluxes,are projected through a cone of
flag alarm [ENG] A semaphore-type flag in the
flame,2.Deposition of a conductor on a board
indicator of an instrument to serve as a signal,
in molten form,generally through a metal mask
usually to warn that the indications are unrelia-
orstencil,bymeansofaspraygunthatfeedswire
ble,{ vertstrokesuperiorflag?vertstrokeinferiorla¨rm }
into a gas flame and drives the molten particles
flagfloat [ENG] Apyrotechnicdevice thatfloats
against the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm vertstrokeinferiorspraˉH11080i? }
and burns upon the water,used for marking or
flamethrower [ENG] Adeviceusedtoprojectig-
signaling,{ vertstrokesuperiorflag vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
nited fuelfrom a nozzleso as tocause casualties
flagman [CIVENG] A range-pole carrier ina sur-
to personnel or to destroy material such as
veying party,{ vertstrokesuperiorflagH11080m?n}
weeds or insects,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉmvertstrokeinferiorthroˉH11080?r}
flagpole [ENG] A single staff or pole rising from
flame trap [ENG] A device that prevents a gas
the ground and on which flags or other signals
flame from entering the supply pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm
are displayed; on charts the term is used only
vertstrokeinferiortrap }
when the pole is not attached to a building.
flametreating [ENG] A method of rendering in-
{ vertstrokesuperiorflagvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
ert thermoplastic objects receptive to inks,lac-
flagstaff [ENG] A pole or staff on which flags or
quers,paints,or adhesives,in which the object
other signals are displayed; on charts this term
is bathedin an openflame topromote oxidation
isusedonlywhenthepoleisattachedtoabuild-
of the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080i? }
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorflagvertstrokeinferiorstaf }
flanged pipe [DES ENG] A pipe with flanges at
flair [CIV ENG] A gradual widening of the
the ends; can be bolted end to end to another
flangeway near the end of a guard line of a track
pipe,{ |flanjd vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp}
or rail structure,{ fler }
flange union [ENG] A pair of flanges that are
flaking [CHEMENG] Continuousprocessopera-
screwed to the ends of pipes and then bolted
tion to remove heat from material in the liquid
or welded together to hold two pipes together.
state to cause its solidification,[ENG] 1,Re-
{ vertstrokesuperiorflanj vertstrokeinferioryu¨nH11080y?n}
ducingorseparatingintoflakes,2,Seefrosting.
flangeway [CIV ENG] Open way through a rail
{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉkH11080i? }
or track structure that provides a passageway for
flaking mill [MECH ENG] A machine for con-
the flange of a wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorflanjvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
verting material to flakes,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormil }
flanging [ENG] A forming process in which the
flakjacket [ENG] Ajacketorvestof heavyfabric
edge of a metal part is bent over to make acontaining metal,nylon,or ceramic plates,de-
flange at a sharp angle to the body of the part.signedespeciallyforprotectionagainstflak;usu-
{ vertstrokesuperiorflanjH11080i? }ally covers the chest,abdomen,back,and geni-
flank [CIVENG] Theouteredgeofacarriageway.tals,leavingthearmsandlegsfree,Alsoknown
[DES ENG] 1,The end surface of a cutting tool,as flak vest,{ vertstrokesuperiorflak vertstrokeinferiorjakH11080?t}
adjacent to the cutting edge,2,The side of aflakvest See flak jacket,{ vertstrokesuperiorflak vertstrokeinferiorvest }
screw thread,{ fla?k}flame arrester [ENG] An assembly of screens,
flank angle [DES ENG] The angle made by theperforated plates,or metal-gauze packing
flank of a screw thread with a line perpendicularattached to the breather vent on a flammable-
product storage tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm?vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?r } to the axis of the screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorfla?k vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
221
flankwear
flank wear [ENG] Loss of relief on the flank of flashdistillationSeeequilibriumflashvaporization.
{ |flash vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}a tool behind the cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorfla?k vertstrokeinferiorwer }
flapgate [CIV ENG] A gate that opens or closes flash drum [CHEM ENG] A facility,such as a
tower,whichreceivestheproductsofapreheaterby rotation around hinges at the top of the gate.
Also known as pivot leaf gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorflap vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt } or heat exchanger to release pressure; volatile
componentsarevaporizedand separatedforfur-flaphinge See backflap hinge,{ vertstrokesuperiorflap vertstrokeinferiorhi? }
flap trap [ENG] In plumbing,a trap fitted with ther fractionation,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiordr?m}
flashdry [CHEM ENG] The rapid evaporation ofa hinged flap that permits flow in one direction
only,thus preventing backflow,{ vertstrokesuperiorflap vertstrokeinferiortrap } moisture from a porous or granular solid by a
sudden reduction in pressure or by placing theflap valve [MECH ENG] A valve fitted with a
hinged flap or disk that swings in one direction material in an updraft of warm air,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉ }
flashgroove [ENG] 1,A groove in a casting dieonly,{ vertstrokesuperiorflap vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
flare [CHEM ENG] A device for disposing of so that excess material can escape during cast-
ing,2,See cutoff,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}combustible gases from refining or chemical
processes by burning in the open,in contrast flashing [BUILD] A strip of sheet metal placed
at the junction of exterior building surfaces toto combustion in a furnace or closed vessel or
chamber,[DES ENG] An expansion at the end render the joint watertight,[CHEM ENG] Va-
porization of volatile liquids by either heat orof a cylindrical body,as at the base of a rocket.
[ELECTR] A radar screen target indication hav- vacuum,[ENG] Burning brick in an intermit-
tent air supply in order to impart irregular coloring an enlarged and distorted shape due to ex-
cessive brightness,[ENG] A pyrotechnic item to the bricks,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i? }
flashingblock See raggle,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}designed to produce a single source of intense
lightforsuchpurposesastargetorairfieldillumi- flashingflow [CHEM ENG] The condition when
a liquid at its boiling point flows through anation,{ fler }
flare chute [ENG] A flare attached to a para- heated conduit and is further heated to cause
partial vaporization (flashing),with a resultantchute,{ vertstrokesuperiorfler vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
flare factor [ENG ACOUS] Number expressing two-phase (vapor-liquid) flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
flashing ring [ENG] A ring around a pipe thatthe degree of outward curvature of the horn of
a loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorfler vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } holds it in place as it passes through a partition
such as a floor or wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorri? }flare gas [CHEM ENG] Surplus gas that is dis-
posed of by combustion in the open,{ vertstrokesuperiorfler flashline [ENG] A raised line on the surface of
a molding where the mold faces joined.vertstrokeinferiorgas }
flare-typeburner [ENG] A circular burner which { vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
flashmold [ENG] A mold which permits excessdischarges flame in the form of a cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorfler
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080?r } material to escape during closing,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash
vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }flash [ENG] In plastics or rubber molding or in
metal casting,that portion of the charge which flashover [ELEC] An electric discharge around
or over the surface of an insulator,[ENG] Aoverflows from the mold cavity at the joint
line,{ flash } condition occurring during a fire in a building in
which the surfaces of everything within a com-flashback See backfire,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashvertstrokeinferiorbak }
flashback arrester [ENG] A device which pre- partment or room seem to burst into flame si-
multaneously,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}vents a flashback from passing the point where
the arrester is installed in a torch,thereby pre- flash process [CHEM ENG] Liquid-vapor sys-
tem in which the composition remains constant,venting damage,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashvertstrokeinferiorbak?vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?r}
flashboard [CIV ENG] A relatively low,tempo- but the proportion of gas and liquid phases
changes as pressure or temperature change.rary barrier constructed of a series of boards
along the top of a dam spillway to increase stor- { vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
flashridge [ENG] Thepartofaflashmoldalongage capacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorflashvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
flashboiler [MECHENG] Aboilerwithhottubes which the excess material escapes before the
mold is closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorrij }of small capacity; designed to immediately con-
vert small amounts of water to superheated flashseparation [CHEM ENG] Process for sepa-
ration of gas (vapor) from liquid componentssteam,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
flashbomb [ENG] A bomb that illuminates the under reduced pressure; the liquid and gas re-
main in contact as the gas evolves from the liq-ground for night aerial photography,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash
vertstrokeinferiorba¨m } uid,{ |flash vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
flashsteam [ENG] Amixtureofsteamandwaterflash carbonization [CHEM ENG] A carboniza-
tion process in which coal is subjected to a very that occurs when hot water under pressure
moves to a region of lower pressure,such as inbrief residence time in the reactor in order to
produce the largest possible yield of tar,a flash boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorsteˉm}
flash tank [CHEM ENG] In a processing opera-{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080b?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
flashchamber [CHEM ENG] A conventional oil- tion,a unit that is used to separate the liquid
and gas phases,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorta?k}and-gasseparatoroperatedatlowpressure,with
the liquid from a higher-pressure vessel being flashtrap See flash chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiortrap }
flashvaporization [CHEM ENG] Rapid vaporiza-flashed into it,Also known as flash trap; flash
vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r } tionachievedbypassingavolatileliquidthrough
222
Flemishgardenwallbond
continuously heated coils,[ENG] A method arch abutments and crowns to relieve the load
used for withdrawing liquefied petroleum gas on the formwork at the moment of striking the
from storage in which liquid is first flashed into formwork,{ |flat |jak }
a vapor in an intermediate pressure system,and flat-nosebit See flat-face bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiornoˉz vertstrokeinferiorbit }
then a second stage regulator provides the low flatpack [ELECTR] Semiconductor network en-
pressure required to use the gas in appliances,capsulated in a thin,rectangular package,with
{ |flash vaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n} the necessary connecting leads projecting from
flashvessel See flash chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorflash vertstrokeinferiorvesH11080?l} the edges of the unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorflatvertstrokeinferiorpak }
flat [ENG] Anonglossy paintedsurface,{ flat }
flat-panel display See panel display,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat |panH11080
flatbed plotter [ENG] A graphics output device
ldivertstrokesuperiorsplaˉ }
that draws by moving a pen in both horizontal
flat-platecollector [ENG] A solar collector con-
and vertical directions over a sheet of paper; the
sistingofashallowmetalboxcoveredbyatrans-
overallsizeofthedrawingislimitedbytheheight
parent lid,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat |plaˉtk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
and width of this bed,{ vertstrokesuperiorflatvertstrokeinferiorbed vertstrokesuperiorpla¨dH11080?r}
flatrope [DES ENG] A steel or fiber rope having
flatbed truck [ENG] A truck whose body is in
a flat cross section and composed of a number
the form of a platform,{ vertstrokesuperiorflatvertstrokeinferiorbed vertstrokesuperiortr?k}
of loosely twisted ropes placed side by side,the
flat belt [DES ENG] A power transmission belt,
lay of the adjacent strands being in opposite
in the form of leather belting,used where high-
directions to secure uniformity in wear and to
speedmotionratherthanpoweristhemaincon-
prevent twisting during winding,{ |flat |roˉp}
cern,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
flatslab [CIVENG] Aflatplateofreinforcedcon-
flat-beltconveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor belt
crete designed to span in two directions.
in which the carrying run is supported by flat-
{ |flat |slab }
belt idlers or pulleys,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorbelt k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
flat spin [MECH] Motion of a projectile with a
flat-beltpulley [DES ENG] A smooth,flat-faced
slow spin and a very large angle of yaw,happen-
pulley made of cast iron,fabricated steel,wood,
ing most frequently in fin-stabilized projectiles
andpaperandusedwithaflat-beltdrive,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat
with some spin-producing moment,when the
vertstrokeinferiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
period of revolution of the projectile coincides
flat-bladeturbine [MECHENG] Animpellerwith
with the period of its oscillation; sometimes ob-
flat blades attached to the margin,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat
served in bombs and in unstable spinning pro-
vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉn}
jectiles,{ |flat vertstrokesuperiorspin }
flat-bottom crown See flat-face bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080
flatspring See leaf spring,{ |flat |spri? }
m vertstrokesuperiorkrau˙n}
flattrajectory [MECH] Atrajectorywhichisrela-
flatcar [ENG] A railroad car without fixed walls
tively flat,that is,described by a projectile of
or a cover,{ vertstrokesuperiorflatvertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
relatively high velocity,{ |flat tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
flatchisel [DES ENG] A steel chisel used to ob-
flat-turretlathe [MECH ENG] A lathe with a low,
tain a flat and finished surface,{ |flat vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l}
flat turret on a power-fed cross-sliding head-
flat crank [DES ENG] A crankshaft having one
stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiort?H11080r?t vertstrokesuperiorlaˉth }
flat bearing journal,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorkra?k}
flat yard [CIV ENG] A switchyard in which rail-
flat-crestedweir [CIV ENG] A type of measuring
roadcarsaremovedbylocomotives,notbygrav-
weir whose crest is in the horizontal plane and
ity,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }
whose length is great compared with the height
fldr See fluid dram.
of water passing over it,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorkrestH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorwer }
fleam [DES ENG] The angle of bevel of the edge
flat drill [DES ENG] A type of rotary drill con-
of the teeth of a saw with respect to the plane
structed from a flat piece of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat
of the blade,{ fleˉm}
vertstrokeinferiordril }
fleet [MECHENG] Sidewisemovementofarope
flat edge trimmer [MECH ENG] A machine de-
or cable when winding on a drum,{ fleˉt}
signedtotrimthenotchededgesofmetalshells.
fleetangle [MECH ENG] In hoisting gear,the in-
{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorej vertstrokesuperiortrimH11080?r}
cluded angle between the rope,in its position
flat-face bit [DES ENG] A diamond core bit
of greatest travel across the drum,and a line
whose face in cross section is square,Also
drawn perpendicular to the drum shaft,passing
known as flat-bottom crown; flat-nose bit;
through the center of the head sheave or lead
square-nose bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorfaˉs vertstrokeinferiorbit }
sheave groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorfleˉt vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
flat-flamedburner [ENG] A burner which emits
Flemingcrackingprocess [CHEM ENG] An ob-
a mixture of fuel and air in a flat stream through
solete liquid-phase thermal cracking process for
a rectangular nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorflamd vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080?r}
heavy petroleum fractions; the charge wasflatformtool [DES ENG] A tool having a square
heated under pressure in a vertical shell still.or rectangular cross section with the form along
{ vertstrokesuperiorflemH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}the end,{ vertstrokesuperiorflat vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
Flemish bond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond con-flathead rivet [DES ENG] A small rivet with a
sisting of alternating stretchers and headers inflatmanufacturedheadusedforgeneral-purpose
each course,laid with broken joints,{ |flemH11080riveting,{ vertstrokesuperiorflatvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?t}
ish vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }flatjack [CIVENG] Ahollowsteelcushionwhich
Flemishgardenwallbond [CIVENG] Amasonryis made of two nearly flat disks welded around
bond consisting of headers and stretchers in thethe edge and which can be inflated with oil or
cement under controlled pressure; used at the ratio of one to three or four in each course,
223
Flesh-Demagprocess
with joints broken to give a variety of patterns,about its neutral axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080
l?s}{ |flemH11080ish vertstrokesuperiorga¨rdH11080?n |wo˙l vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
flexural rigidity [MECH] The ratio of the side-Flesh-Demagprocess [CHEM ENG] A gas-mak-
ward force applied to one end of a beam toingprocessinwhichacyclicwater-gasapparatus
the resulting displacement of this end,when theis used for feeding and charring the coal charge
other end is clamped,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?H11080r?lrivertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080and for gas generation,with periodic automatic
eˉ }removal of the resultant ash,{ |flesh vertstrokesuperiordaH11080ma¨k
flexuralstrength [MECH] Strength of a materialvertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
in blending,that is,resistance to fracture.
fleshing machine [ENG] A machine that re-
{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
moves flesh from hides in a tannery,{ vertstrokesuperiorfleshH11080
flexure [MECH] 1.Thedeformationofanybeam
i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
subjected to a load,2,Any deformation of an
Fletcherradialburner [ENG] A burner with gas
elastic body in which the points originally lying
jets arranged radially,{ vertstrokesuperiorflechH11080?r |raˉdH11080eˉH11080?l
onanystraightlinearedisplacedtoformaplane
vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080?r}
curve,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?r}
Flettner windmill [MECH ENG] An inefficient
flexure theory [MECH] Theory of the deforma-
windmill with four arms,each consisting of a
tion of a prismatic beam having a length at least
rotating cylinder actuated by a Savonius rotor.
10 times its depth and consisting of a material
{ vertstrokesuperiorfletH11080n?r vertstrokesuperiorwindvertstrokeinferiormil }
obeying Hooke’s law,in response to stresses
flexibility [MECH] The quality or state of being
within the elastic limit,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?r vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
able to be flexed or bent repeatedly,{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080
flight [CIV ENG] A series of stairs between land-
s?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ings or floors,[MECH ENG] Plain or shaped
flexiblecircuit [ELECTR] A printed circuit made
platesthatareattachedtothepropellingmecha-
on a flexible plastic sheet that is usually die-cut
nism of a flight conveyor,{ fl?ˉt}
to fit between large components,{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l
flight conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor in
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
which paddles,attached to single or double
flexiblecoupling [MECH ENG] A coupling used
strandsofchain,dragorpushpulverizedorgran-
to connect two shafts and to accommodate their
ulated solid materials along a trough,Also
misalignment,{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
known as drag conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉtk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
flexible-joint pipe [ENG] Cast-iron pipe
flight feeder [MECH ENG] Short-length flight
adapted to laying under water and capable of
conveyor usedto feed solidsmaterials toa proc-
motionthroughseveraldegreeswithoutleakage.
ess vessel or other receptacle at a preset rate.
{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
flexible manufacturing system [IND ENG] A
flightrecorder [ENG] Any instrument or device
form of computer-integrated manufacturing
that records information about the performance
used to make small to moderate-sized batches
of an aircraft in flight or about conditions en-
of parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiormanH11080y?H11080vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?H11080ri?
countered in flight,for future study and evalua-
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉtrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
flexible mold [ENG] A coating mold made of
flinching [INDENG] In inspection,failure tocall
flexible rubber or other elastomeric materials;
a borderline defect a defect,{ vertstrokesuperiorflinH11080chi? }
used mainly for casting plastics,{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l
flintmill [MECH ENG] A mill employing pebbles
vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
to pulverize materials (for example,in cement
flexible pavement [CIV ENG] A road or runway
manufacture),{ vertstrokesuperiorflint vertstrokeinferiormil }
made of bituminous material which has little
flip chip [ELECTR] A tiny semiconductor die
tensile strength and is therefore flexible.
having terminations all on one side in the form
{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080m?nt }
ofsolderpadsorbumpcontacts;afterthesurface
flexibleshaft [MECH ENG] 1.A shaft that trans-
of the chip has been passivated or otherwise
mits rotary motion at any angle up to about
treated,itisflippedoverforattachingtoamatch-
90H11034,2,A shaft made of flexible material or of
ing substrate,Also known as solder-ball flip
segments,3,A shaft whose bearings are de-
chip,{ vertstrokesuperiorflip vertstrokeinferiorchip }
signed to accommodate a small amount of mis-
flip-flop circuit See bistable multivibrator,{ vertstrokesuperiorflip
alignment,{ vertstrokeinferiorflekH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorshaft }
vertstrokeinferiorfla¨p vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
flexicoking [CHEM ENG] A continuous coke-
FLIR imager See forward-looking infrared imager.
making process that has a gasification section
{ vertstrokesuperiorflir vertstrokeinferiorimH11080ijH11080?r}
in whichcoke can begasified toproduce refinery
flitchbeam See flitch girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorflich vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
fuelgas,allowingtheproductionofbothgasand flitchgirder [BUILD] A beam made of structural
coke in line with market requirements,{ vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080 timbers bolted together with a steel plate be-
s?vertstrokeinferiorkoˉkH11080i? } tween them,Also known as flitch beam; sand-
flexometer [ENG] An instrument for measuring wich beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorflich vertstrokeinferiorg?rdH11080?r}
the flexibility of materials,{ flekvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r} flitchplate [CIV ENG] The metal plate in a flitch
flexural modulus [MECH] A measure of the beam or girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorflich vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
resistance of a beam of specified material and float [DES ENG] A file which has a single set
cross section to bending,equal to the product of parallel teeth,[ENG] 1,A flat,rectangular
of Young’s modulus for the material and the piece of wood with a handle,used to apply and
smoothcoatsofplaster,2.Amechanicaldevicesquare of the radius of gyration of the beam
224
flood
to finish the surface of freshly placed concrete raised by pumping out the water so that the
vessel’sbottomcanbeexposed,Alsoknownaspaving,3,A marble-polishing block,4,Any
structure that provides positive buoyancy such floatingdrydock,2.Abargeorflatboatwhichis
used as a wharf,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorda¨k}asahollow,watertightunitthatfloatsorrestson
the surface of a fluid,5,See plummet,[IND floating dry dock See floating dock,{ |floˉdH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorda¨k}ENG] See bank,{ floˉt}
float barograph [ENG] A type of siphon baro- floating floor [BUILD] A floor constructed so
that the wearing surface is separated from thegraph in which the mechanically magnified mo-
tion of a float resting on the lower mercury sur- supporting structure by an insulating layer of
mineral wool,resilient quilt,or other materialface is used to record atmospheric pressure on
a rotating drum,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } to provide insulation against impact sound.
{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r}floatbowl [MECHENG] Acomponentofacarbu-
retor that holds a small amount of liquid gaso- floating foundation [CIV ENG] 1,A reinforced
concrete slab that distributes the concentratedline and serves as a constant-level reservoir of
fuel that is metered into the passing flow of air,loadfromcolumns;usedonsoftsoil,2.Afoun-
dationmat severalmetersbelowthe groundsur-{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorboˉl}
float chamber [ENG] A vessel in which a float face when it is combined with external walls.
{ |floˉdH11080i? fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}regulates the level of a liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080
b?r} floating lever [MECH ENG] A horizontal brake
lever with a movable fulcrum; used under rail-float control [ENG] Floating device used to
transmitaliquid-levelreading toacontrolappa- road cars,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080?r}
floatingpan [ENG] Anevaporationpaninwhichratus,such as an on-off switch controlling liquid
flow into and out of a storage tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt the evaporation is measured from water in a
pan floating in a larger body of water,{ |floˉdH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
float-cut file [DES ENG] A coarse file used on i?vertstrokesuperiorpan }
floating platen [ENG] In a multidaylight press,soft materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiork?t vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
float finish [CIV ENG] A rough concrete finish,a platen that is between the main head and the
press table and can be moved independently ofobtained by using a wooden float for finishing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorfinH11080ish } them,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorplatH11080?n}
floating roof [ENG] A type of tank roof (steel,float gage [ENG] Any one of several types of
instrumentsinwhichthelevelofaliquidisdeter- plastic,sheet,or microballoons) which floats
upon the surface of the stored liquid; used tomined from the height of a body floating on its
surface,by using pullies,levers,or other me- decrease the vapor space and reduce the poten-
tial for evaporation,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}chanical devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
floating [ELECTR] The condition wherein a de- floating scraper [MECH ENG] A balanced
scraper blade that rests lightly on a drum filter;vice or circuit is not grounded and not tied to
an established voltage supply,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉdH11080i? } removes solids collected on the rotating drum
surface by riding on the drum’s surface contour.floatingaction [ENG] Controlleractioninwhich
there is a predetermined relation between the { |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskraˉH11080p?r}
floatless level control [ENG] Any nonfloat de-deviation and the speed of a final control ele-
ment; a neutral zone,in which no motion of viceformeasurementandcontrolofliquidlevels
in storage tanks or process vessels; includes usethe final control element occurs,is often used.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n } ofmanometers,capacitances,electroprobes,nu-
clear radiation,and sonics,{ |floˉtH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lfloating axle [MECH ENG] A live axle used to
turn the wheels of an automotive vehicle; the k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
floatlevel [MECHENG] Theposition ofthe floatweight of the vehicle is borne by housings at the
ends of a fixed axle,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l } in a carburetor at which the needle valve closes
the fuel inlet to prevent entry of additional fuel.floatingblockSeetravelingblock,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k}
floatingchase [ENG] Amoldpartthatcanmove { vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
floatswitch [ENG] A switch actuated by a floatfreely in a vertical plane,which fits over a lower
member(suchasacavityorplug)andintowhich at the surface of a liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorswich }
float-typeraingage [ENG] A class of rain gagean upper plug can telescope,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorchaˉs}
floating control [ENG] Control device in which in which the level of the collected rainwater is
measured by the position of a float resting onthe speed of correction of the control element
(such as a piston in a hydraulic relay) is propor- the surface of the water; frequently used as a
recording rain gage by connecting the floattional to the error signal,Also known as pro-
portional-speed control,{ |floˉdH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl } through a linkage to a pen which records on a
clock-driven chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}floatingcrane [CIV ENG] A crane having a barge
or scow for an undercarriage and moved by ca- floatvalve [ENG] A valve whose on-off action is
controlled directly by the fall or rise of a floatbles attached to anchors set some distance off
thecorners ofthebarge; usedforwater workand concurrent with the fall or rise of liquid level in
a liquid-containing vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorvalv }for work on waterfronts,{ |floˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
floating dock [CIV ENG] 1,A form of dry dock flood [ELECTR] To direct a large-area flow of
electrons toward a storage assembly in a chargefor repairing ships; it can be partly submerged
by controlled flooding to receive a vessel,then storage tube,[ENG] To cover or fill with fluid.
225
floodcontrol
[MECH ENG] To supply an excess of fuel to a materials; in mining engineering it is referred to
carburetor so that the level rises above the noz- as froth flotation,{ floˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
zle,{ fl?d} flotationcollar [ENG] A buoyant bag carried by
floodcontrol [CIVENG] Useoflevees,walls,res- a spacecraft and designed so that it inflates and
ervoirs,floodways,and other means to protect
surrounds part of the outer surface if the space-
land from water overflow,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
craft lands in the sea,{ floˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?r}
flooddam [CIVENG] Adamforstoringfloodwa-
flotsam [ENG] Floating articles,particularly
ter,or for supplying a flood of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?d
those that are thrown overboard to lighten a
vertstrokeinferiordam }
vessel in distress,{ vertstrokesuperiorfla¨tH11080s?m}
flooded system [ENG] A system filled with so
flow [ENG] A forward movement in a continu-
much tracer gas that probe testing for leaks suf-
ous stream or sequence of fluids or discrete ob-
fers from a loss of sensitivity,{ |fl?dH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
jects or materials,as in a continuous chemical
t?m}
process or solids-conveying or production-line
floodgate [CIV ENG] 1,A gate used to restrain
operations,{ floˉ }
a flow or,when opened,to allow a flood flow to
flowanalysis [IND ENG] A detailed study of all
pass,2,The lower gate of a lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dvertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
aspects of the progressive travel by personnel or
flooding [CHEM ENG] Condition in a liquid-
material from place to place during a particular
vapor counterflow device (such as a distillation
operation or from one operation to another.
column) in which the rate of vapor rise is such
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
as to prevent liquiddownflow,causing a buildup
flowbrush [ENG] A hollow tool for the continu-
of the liquid (flooding) within the device.
ous application of a broad coat of an adhesive.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ br?sh }
flood relief channel See bypass channel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?d
flow chart [ENG] A graphical representation of
rivertstrokeinferiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
theprogressofasystemforthedefinition,analy-
floodwall [CIV ENG] A levee or similar wall for
sis,or solution of a data-processing or manufac-the purpose of protecting the land from inunda-
turing problem in which symbols are used totion by flood waters,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?d vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
represent operations,data or material flow,andfloodway See bypass channel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
equipment,andlinesandarrowsrepresentinter-floor [ENG] The bottom,horizontal surface of
relationships among the components,Alsoan enclosed space,{ flo˙r}
floorbeam [BUILD] A beam used in the framing known as control diagram; flow diagram; flow
of floors in buildings,[CIV ENG] A large beam sheet,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
usedinabridgeflooratrightanglestothedirec- flow-chart symbol [ENG] Any of the existing
tion of the roadway,to transfer loads to bridge symbols normally used to represent operations,
supports,{ vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm} data or materials flow,or equipment in a data-
floor collar [ENG] A relatively narrow upright
processing problem or manufacturing-process
structural part fitted around the periphery of a
description,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080b?l}
hole where a pipe passes through to prevent
flowcoat [ENG] A coating formed by pouring a
drainage water from entering the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r
liquid material over the object and allowing it to
vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?r}
flow over the surface and drain off,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
floor drain [CIV ENG] A pipe or channel to re-
flow coefficient [MECH ENG] A dimensionless
move water from under a floor in contact with
number used in studying the power required by
soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉr vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
fans,equal to the volumetric flow rate through
floorframing [BUILD] Floor joists together with
the fan divided by the product of the rate of
their strutting and supports,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉr vertstrokeinferiorfraˉmH11080i? }
rotation of the fan and the cube of the impeller
flooring saw [DES ENG] A pointed saw with
diameter,{ |floˉ vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
teeth on both edges; cuts its own entrance into
flowcontrol [ENG] Any system used to control
a material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
theflowofgases,vapors,liquids,slurries,pastes,
floorlight [BUILD] A window set in a floor that
or solid particles through or along conduits or
is adapted for walking on and admitting light to
channels,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
areas below,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉr vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
flow control valve [ENG] A valve whose flow
floorplate [BUILD] A flat board on a floor used
opening is controlled by the rate of flow of the
to support wall studs,[ENG] A plate in a floor
fluidthroughit;usuallycontrolledbydifferential
to which heavy work or machine tools can be
pressure across an orifice at the valve,Also
bolted,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉr vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
known as rate-of-flow control valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
floor system [CIV ENG] The structural floor as-
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
sembly between supporting beams or girders in
flow curve [MECH] The stress-strain curve of a
buildings and bridges,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉr vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
plastic material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
flotation [ENG] A process used to separate par-
flowdiagram See flow chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
ticulate solids by causing one group of particles
flowdirection [ENG] Theantecedent-to-succes-
to float; utilizes differences in surface chemical
sorrelation,indicatedbyarrowsorotherconven-properties of the particles,some of which are
tions,betweenoperationsonaflowchart,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉentirelywettedbywater,othersarenot;theproc-
d?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}ess is primarily applied to treatment of minerals
but can be applied to chemical and biological flowgraph See signal-low graph,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
226
fluiddistributor
flowing-temperature factor [THERMO] Calcula- the flow of a fluid exceeds a particular value.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorvalv }tion correction factor for gases flowing at tem-
flowvisualization [ENG] Methodofmakingvisi-peratures other than that for which a flow equa-
ble the disturbances that occur in fluid flow,us-tion is valid,that is,other than 60H11034F (15.5H11034C).
ing the fact that light passing through a flow{ |floˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
field of varying density exhibits refraction and aflowline [ENG] 1,The connecting line or arrow
relative phase shift among different rays,{ |floˉbetween symbols on a flow chart or block dia-
vizhH11080?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}gram,2,Mark on a molded plastic or metal
floz See fluid ounce.
article made by the meeting of two input-flow
flue [ENG] A channel or passage for conveying
fronts during molding,Also known as weld
combustion products from a furnace,boiler,or
line; weld mark,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
fireplace to or through a chimney,{ flu¨ }
flowmeasurement [ENG] The determination of
flueexhauster [ENG] A device installed as part
the quantity of a fluid,either a liquid,a vapor,
of a vent in order to provide a positive induced
or a gas,that passes through a pipe,duct,or
draft,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨ igvertstrokeinferiorzo˙sH11080t?r}
open channel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
flue gas [ENG] Gaseous combustion products
flowmeter [ENG] An instrument used to meas-
from a furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨ vertstrokeinferiorgas }
ure pressure,flow rate,and discharge rate of a
fluegasanalyzer [ENG] A device that monitors
liquid,vapor,or gas flowing in a pipe,Also
the composition of the flue gas of a boiler heat-
known as fluid meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
ing unit to determine if the mixture of air and
flow mixer [MECH ENG] Liquid-liquid mixing
fuel is at the proper ratio for maximum heat
device in which the mixing action occurs as the
output,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨ vertstrokeinferiorgas vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
liquids pass through it; includes jet nozzles and
fluegasexpander [MECH ENG] In a petroleum
agitator vanes,Also known as line mixer.
processing system,a turbine for recovering en-
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
ergy at the point where combustion gases are
flownozzle [ENG] A flowmeter in a closed con-
discharged under pressure to the atmosphere;
duit,consisting of a short flared nozzle of re-
the reduction in pressure drives the turbine im-
duced diameter inset into the inner diameter of
peller,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨ vertstrokeinferiorgas ikvertstrokesuperiorspandH11080?r}
a pipe; used to cause a temporary pressure drop
fluid amplifier [ENG] An amplifier in which all
in flowing fluid to determine flow rate via meas-
amplification isachieved byinteraction between
urement of static pressures before and after the
jetsoffluid,withnoelectroniccircuitandusually
nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}
no moving parts,{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
flow process [ENG] System in which fluids or
fluid-bedprocess [CHEM ENG] A type of proc-
solidsarehandledincontinuousmovementdur-
ess basedon the tendencyof finelydivided pow-
ing chemical or physical processing or manufac-
ders to behave in a fluidlike manner when sup-
turing,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
ported and moved by a rising gas or vapor
flow-rating pressure [MECH ENG] The value of
stream; used mainly for catalytic cracking of
inletstaticpressureatwhichtherelievingcapac-
petroleum distillates,{ |flu¨H11080?d |bed vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
ity of a pressure-relief device is established.
fluid catalyst [CHEM ENG] Finely divided solid
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
particlesutilizedasacatalystinafluid-bedproc-
flow reactor [CHEM ENG] A dynamic reactor
ess,{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorist }
systeminwhichreactantsflowcontinuouslyinto
fluid catalytic cracking [CHEM ENG] An oil re-
the vessel and products are continuously re-
fining process in which the gas-oil is cracked
moved,in contrast to a batch reactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
by a catalyst bed fluidized by using oil vapors.
reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d |kadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
flowsheet See flow chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorsheˉt}
fluidclutch See fluid drive,{ |flu¨H11080?d |kl?ch }
flowshop [INDENG] A manufacturingfacilityin
fluidcoking [CHEMENG] Athermalprocessuti-
which machine tools and robots are employed
lizing the fluidized solids technique for continu-
in the same manner on all jobs,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorsha¨p}
ous conversion of heavy,low-grade petroleum
flow soldering [ENG] Soldering of printed cir-
oilsintopetroleumcokeandlighterhydrocarbon
cuit boards by moving them over a flowing wave
products,{ |flu¨H11080?d |koˉkH11080i? }
of molten solder in a solder bath; the process
fluid-controlled valve [MECH ENG] A valve for
permits precise control of the depth of immer-
which the valve operator is activated by a fluid
sion inthe molten solder andminimizes heating
energy,in contrast to electrical,pneumatic,or
of the board,Also known as wave soldering.
manual energy,{ |flu¨H11080?dk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorsa¨dH11080?H11080ri? } fluid coupling [MECH ENG] A device for trans-
flow stress [MECH] The stress along one axis mitting rotation between shafts by means of the
at a given value of strain that is required to acceleration and deceleration of a fluid such as
produce plastic deformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorstres } oil,Also known as hydraulic coupling,{ |flu¨H11080
flowtransmitter [ENG] A device used to meas-?d |k?pH11080li? }
ure the flow of liquids in pipelines and convert fluid die [MECH ENG] A die for shaping parts
theresults intoproportional electricsignals that by liquid pressure; a plunger forces the liquid
can be transmitted to distant receivers or con- against the part to be shaped,making the part
trollers,{ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ tranzvertstrokeinferiormidH11080?r} conform to the shape of a die,{ |flu¨H11080?d |d?ˉ }
fluiddistributor [ENG] Deviceforthecontrolledflowvalve [ENG] A valve that closes itself when
227
fluiddram
distribution of fluid feed to a process unit,such object blocks the jet’s exit area,{ flu¨vertstrokesuperioridH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}asaliquid-gasorliquid-solidscontactor,reactor,
fluidization [CHEM ENG] A roasting process inmixer,burner,orheatexchanger;canbeasimple
which finely divided solids are suspended in aperforated-pipe sparger,spray head,or such.
rising current of air (or other fluid),producing a{ |flu¨H11080?dd?vertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r}
fluidized bed; used in the calcination of variousfluiddram [MECH] Abbreviated fl dr,1,A unit
minerals,in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,and inofvolumeusedintheUnitedStatesformeasure-
the coal industry,{ vertstrokeinferiorflu¨H11080?H11080d?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}ment of liquid substances,equal to 1/8 fluid
fluidized adsorption [CHEM ENG] Method of
ounce,or 3.6966911953125 H11003 10
H110026
cubic meter.
vapor- or gas-fractionation (separation via ad-
2,A unit of volume used in the United Kingdom
sorption-desorption cycles) in a fluidized bed of
for measurement of liquid substances and occa-
adsorbent material,{ |flu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉzd advertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}
sionally of solid substances,equal to 1/8 fluid
fluidizedbed [ENG] A cushion of air or hot gas
ounce or 3.5516328125 H11003 10
H110026
cubic meter.
blown through the porous bottom slab of a con-
{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiordram }
tainer which can be used to float a powdered
fluiddrive [MECH ENG] A power coupling oper-
material as a means of drying,heating,quench-
ated on a hydraulic turbine principle in which
ing,or calcining the immersed components.
the engine flywheel has a set of turbine blades
{ |flu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorbed }
which are connected directly to it and which are
fluidized-bed coating [ENG] Method for plas-
driven in oil,thereby turning another set of
tic-coating of objects; the heated object is im-
blades attached to the transmission gears of the
mersed into the fluidized bed of a thermoplastic
automobile,Also known as fluid clutch; hy-
resin that then fuses into a continuous uniform
draulic clutch,{ |flu¨H11080?d |dr?ˉv}
coating over the immersed object,{ |flu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉzd
fluidend [MECH ENG] In a fluid pump,the sec-
|bed vertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080i? }
tion that contains parts which are directly in-
fluidized-bed combustion [MECH ENG] A
volved in moving the fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d vertstrokeinferiorend }
method of burning particulate fuel,such as coal,
fluid-energymill [ENG] A size-reduction unit in
in which the amount of air required for combus-
which grinding is achieved by collision between
tionfarexceedsthatfoundinconventionalburn-
the particles being ground and the energy sup-
ers; the fuel particles are continually fed into a
pliedbyacompressedfluidenteringthegrinding
bed of mineral ash in the proportions of 1 part
chamber at high speed,Also known as jet mill.
fuelto200partsash,whileaflowofairpassesup
{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokeinferiormil }
throughthebed,causingittoactlikeaturbulent
fluid-film bearing [MECH ENG] An antifriction
fluid,{ |flu¨H11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉzd |bed k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n}
bearing in which rubbing surfaces are kept apart
fluidlogic [ENG] Thesimulationoflogicaloper-
by a film of lubricant such as oil,{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiorfilm
ations by means of devices that employ fluid
vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
dynamic phenomena to control the interactions
fluidhydroforming [CHEM ENG] A type of fluid
between sets of gases or liquids,{ |flu¨H11080?d |la¨jH11080
catalytic cracking process used by petroleum re-
ik }
fineries to upgrade low-octane-number stocks.
fluidmechanics [MECH] Thescienceconcerned
{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
with fluids,either at rest or in motion,and deal-
fluidic device [ENG] A device that operates by
ing with pressures,velocities,and accelerations
the interaction of streams of fluid,{ flu¨|idH11080ik
in the fluid,including fluid deformation and
di|v?ˉs}
compression or expansion,{ |flu¨H11080?dm?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080
fluidicflowsensor [ENG] A device for measur-
iks }
ing the velocity of gas flows in which a jet of
fluidmeter See flowmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
air or other selected gas is directed onto two
fluid ounce [MECH] Abbreviated fl oz,1,A
adjacent small openings and is deflected by the
unit of volume that is used in the United States
flow of gas being measured so that the relative
for measurement of liquid substances,equal to
pressure on the two ports is a measure of gas
1/16 liquid pint,or 231/128 cubic inches,or
velocity,Also known as deflected jet fluidic
2.95735295625 H11003 10
H110025
cubic meter,2,A unit
flowmeter,{ flu¨|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
ofvolume usedintheUnited Kingdomformeas-
fluidicoscillatormeter [ENG] A flowmeter that
urement of liquid substances,and occasionally
measures thefrequency with which afluid enter-
of solid substances,equal to 1/20 pint or
ing the meter attaches to one of two opposite
2.84130625H1100310
H110025
cubicmeter,{ |flu¨H11080?dvertstrokesuperiorau˙ns }
diverging side walls and then the other,because
fluidstress [MECH] Stressassociatedwithplas-
of the Coanda effect,{ flu¨|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r tic deformation in a solid material,{ |flu¨H11080?d
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorstres }
fluidics [ENG] A control technology that em- fluid ton [MECH] A unit of volume equal to 32
ploysfluiddynamicphenomenatoperformsens- cubic feet or approximately 0.90614 cubic meter;
ing,control,information processing,and actua- usedformanyhydrometallurgical,hydraulic,and
tion functions without the use of moving me- other industrial purposes,{ |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiort?n}
chanical parts,{ flu¨vertstrokesuperioridH11080iks } fluid transmission [MECH ENG] Automotive
fluidic sensor [ENG] A proximity sensor that transmission with fluid drive,{ |flu¨H11080?d tranz
detects the presence of a nearby object from the vertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
fluing [ENG] A forming process in which aback pressure created on an air jet when the
228
flywheel
flange is formed around a hole in a sheet-metal fixed quantity of water when a handle is oper-
ated; used to flush toilets and urinals.part by pressing a cylindrical die through the
hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080i? }{fl?vertstrokesuperiorsha¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
flushtank [CIV ENG] 1.A tank in which water orflume [ENG] 1.An open channel constructed of
steel,reinforced concrete,or wood and used to sewage isretained forperiodic releasethrough a
sewer,2,A small water-filled tank for flushingconveywatertobeutilizedforpower,totransport
logs,and so on,2,To divert by a flume,as a water closet,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
flushvalve [ENG] A valve used for flushing toi-the waters of a stream,in order to lay bare the
auriferous sand and gravel forming the bed,lets,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
flute [DES ENG] A groove having a curved sec-{ flu¨m}
fluorescentlamp [ELECTR] A tubular discharge tion,especially when parallel to the main axis,
as on columns,drills,and other cylindrical orlamp in which ionization of mercury vapor pro-
duces radiation that activates the fluorescent conical shaped pieces,{ flu¨t}
fluted chucking reamer [DES ENG] A machinecoating on the inner surface of the glass.
{ flu˙|resH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorlamp } reamer with a straight or tapered shank and with
straight or spiral flutes; the ends of the teethfluorescent screen [ENG] A sheet of material
coated with a fluorescent substance so as to are ground on a slight chamfer for end cutting.
{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨dH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorch?kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorreˉmH11080?r}emit visible light when struck by ionizing radia-
tion such as x-rays or electron beams,{ flu˙|resH11080 flute length [DES ENG] On a twist drill,the
length measured from the outside corners of the?nt vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn}
fluoridation [ENG] The addition of the fluorine cutting lips to the farthest point at the back end
of the flutes,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨t vertstrokeinferiorle?kth }ion (F
H11002
) to municipal water supplies in a final
concentrationof0.8–1.6partspermilliontohelp fluting [MECH ENG] A machining operation
whereby flutes are formed parallel to the mainprevent dental caries in children,{ flu˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080
sh?n } axis of cylindrical or conical parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu¨dH11080i? }
flutter [ENG] Theirregularalternatingmotionoffluorimeter See fluorometer,{ flu˙vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
fluorologging [ENG] A well-logging technique the parts of a relief valve due to the application
of pressure where no contact is made betweenin which well cuttings are examined under ultra-
violet light for fluorescence radiation related to the valve disk and the seat,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dH11080?r}
flutter valve [ENG] A valve that is operated bytrace occurrences of oil,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu˙rH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
fluorometer [ENG] An instrument that meas- fluctuations in pressure of the material flowing
over it; used in carburetors,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv }ures the fluorescent radiation emitted by a sam-
ple which is exposed to monochromatic radia- fluvarium [ENG] A large aquarium in which the
tanks contain flowing stream water maintainedtion,usually radiation from a mercury-arc lamp
or a tungsten or molybdenum x-ray source that by gravity,not pumps,{ flu¨vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?m}
fluxgate [ENG] A detector that gives an electrichas passed through a filter; used in chemical
analysis,or to determine the intensity of the signal whose magnitude and phase are propor-
tional to the magnitude and direction of the ex-radiation producing fluorescence,Also spelled
fluorimeter,{ flu˙vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } ternal magnetic field acting along its axis; used
to indicate the direction of the terrestrial mag-fluoroscope [ENG] A fluorescent screen de-
signed foruse with anx-ray tube topermit direct netic field,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
fluxmeter [ENG] An instrument for measuringvisual observation of x-ray shadow images of
objects interposed between the x-ray tube and magnetic flux,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ksvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
fly [MECH ENG] A fan with two or more bladesthe screen,{ vertstrokesuperiorflu˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
fluoroscopy [ENG] Use of a fluoroscope for x- used in timepieces or light machinery to govern
speed by air resistance,{ fl?ˉ }ray examination,{ flu˙vertstrokesuperiorra¨sH11080k?H11080peˉ }
flush [ENG] Pertainingtoseparatesurfacesthat fly ash [ENG] 1,Fine particulate,essentially
noncombustible refuse,carried in a gas streamare on the same level,{ fl?sh }
flushbead See quirk bead,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd } from a furnace,2,Coal combustion residue.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorash }flush coat [CIV ENG] A coating of bituminous
material,used to waterproof a surface,fly cutter [MECH ENG] A cutting tool that re-
volves with the arbor of a lathe,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
flushgate [CIV ENG] A gate for flushing a chan- fly cutting [MECH ENG] Cutting with a milling
cutter provided with only one tooth,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉnel that lies below the gate of a dam,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?sh
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i? }
flying switch [ENG] Disconnection of railroadflushing [CIV ENG] The removal or reduction to
a permissible level of dissolved or suspended cars from a locomotive while they are moving
and switching them to another track under theircontaminants in an estuary or harbor,[ENG]
Removinglodgeddepositsofrockfragmentsand own momentum,{ |fl?ˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorswich }
flyrock [ENG] Thefragmentsofrockthrownandother debris by water flow at high velocity; used
to clean water conduits and drilled boreholes,scattered during quarry or tunnel blasting.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorra¨k}{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?shH11080i? }
flushometer [ENG] A valve that discharges a flywheel [MECH ENG] A rotating element
229
fm
attachedtotheshaftofamachineforthemainte- following error [CONT SYS] The difference be-
tween commanded and actual positions in con-nance of uniform angular velocity and revolu-
touring control,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨lH11080?H11080wi?vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}tions per minute,Also known as balance
food engineering [ENG] The technical disci-wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfl?
ˉvertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
pline involved in food manufacturing and proc-
fm See femtometer.
essing,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu¨d vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
FM/AMmultiplier [ELECTR] Multiplier in which
foot [MECH] The unit of length in the British
the frequency deviation from the central fre-
systems of units,equal to exactly 0.3048 meter.
quency of a carrier is proportional to one vari-
Abbreviated ft,{ fu˙t}
able,and its amplitude is proportional to the
footage [ENG] Theextentorlengthofamaterial
other variable; the frequency-amplitude-modu-
expressed in feet,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080ij }
lated carrier is then consecutively demodulated
footblock [ENG] Flatpiecesofwoodplacedun-
forfrequencymodulation(FM)andforamplitude
der props in tunneling to give a broad base and
modulation (AM); the final output is propor-
thus prevent the superincumbent weight from
tional to the product of the two variables.
pressing the props down,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
{ vertstrokesuperiorefvertstrokeinferiorem vertstrokesuperioraˉvertstrokeinferiorem vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r}
foot bridge [CIV ENG] A bridge structure used
foamblanketing [ENG] A technique for fighting
only for pedestrian traffic,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
fire within an oil tank or similar facility by gener-
footguard [CIVENG] Afillerplacedonthespace
ating foam that forms a coating inside the tank,
between converging rails to prevent a foot from
thus depriving the fire of air,{ vertstrokeinferiorfoˉm vertstrokesuperiorbla?H11080k?H11080
being wedged between the rails,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }
ti? }
footing [CIV ENG] The widened base or sub-
foaming [ENG] Any of various processes by
structure forming the foundation for a wall or a
which air or gas is introduced into a liquid or
column,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }
solid to produce a foam material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉmH11080i? }
foot-pound [MECH] 1.Unit of energy or work in
foam-in-place [ENG] The deposition of reactive
the English gravitational system,equal to the
foam ingredients onto thesurface to be covered,work done by 1 pound of force when the point
allowingthefoamingreactiontotakeplaceupon atwhichtheforceisappliedisdisplaced1footin
that surface,as with polyurethane foam; used thedirectionoftheforce;equaltoapproximately
in applying thermal insulation for homes and 1.355818 joule,Abbreviated ft-lb; ft-lbf.
industrial equipment,{ |foˉminvertstrokesuperiorplaˉs} 2,Unit of torque in the English gravitational
system,equaltothetorqueproducedby1poundfocometer [ENG] An instrument for measuring
of force acting at a perpendicular distance of 1focal lengths of optical systems,{ foˉvertstrokesuperiorkamH11080?dH11080
foot from an axis of rotation,Also known as?r}
pound-foot,Abbreviated lbf-ft,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t |pau˙nd }focused-currentlog [ENG] A resistivity log that
foot-poundal [MECH] 1.Aunitofenergyorworkis obtained by means of a multiple-electrode
intheEnglishabsolutesystem,equaltothework
arrangement,{ |foˉH11080k?st |k?H11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}
donebyaforceofmagnitude1poundalwhenthe
focusingcollector [ENG] A solar collector that
point at which the force is applied is displaced
uses semicircular aluminum reflectors to focus
1 foot in the direction of the force; equal to
sunlight onto copper pipes containing circulat-
approximately 0.04214011 joule,Abbreviated
ing water,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080k?sH11080i? k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
ft-pdl,2,A unit of torque in the English abso-
foildecorating [ENG] Themoldingofpaper,tex-
lute system,equal to the torque produced by a
tile,or plastic foil,printed with compatible inks,
forceofmagnitude1poundalactingataperpen-
into aplastic partso that thefoil isvisible below
dicular distance of 1 foot from the axis of rota-
the surface of the part as a decoration,{ |fo˙il
tion,Also known as poundal-foot,Abbrevi-
|dekH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
ated pdl-ft,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t |pau˙ndH11080?l}
folded horn [ENG ACOUS] An acoustic horn in
footprint [BUILD] Adescriptionoftheexactsize,
which the path from throat to mouth is folded
shape,and location of a building’s foundation
or curled to give the longest possible path in a
as the foundation has been installed on a spe-
given volume,{ |foˉldH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
cific site,Also known as building footprint.
folded-plateroof [BUILD] A roof constructed of
{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙tvertstrokeinferiorprint }
flat plates,usually of reinforced concrete,joined
foot screw [ENG] 1,One of the three screws
at various angles,{ |foˉldH11080?d |plaˉt vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}
connecting the tribach of a theodolite or other
foldingdoor [ENG] A door in sections that can
level with the plate screwed to the tripod head.
be folded back or can be moved apart by sliding.
2,An adjusting screw that serves also as a foot.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉldH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
Foley pits [ENG ACOUS] Open boxes that are
footsection [MECHENG] Inbothbeltandchain
used in ADR studios and contain various materi-
conveyors that portion of the conveyor at the
als (such as water,sand,gravel,rice,and nails)
extreme opposite end from the delivery point.
for generating sound effects that could not be
{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}
recorded well during filming or video recording.
footstock [MECH ENG] A device containing a
{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorpits } centerwhichsupportstheworkpieceonamilling
follower [ENG] A drill used for making all but machine; usually used in conjunction with a di-
the first part of a hole,the first part being made viding head,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙tvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}
foot valve [MECH ENG] A valve in the bottomwith a drill of larger gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r}
230
foresight
of the suction pipe of a pump which prevents forcedventilation [MECHENG] Asystemofven-
tilation in which air is forced through ventilationbackward flow of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
ducts under pressure,{ |fo˙rst vertstrokeinferiorventH11080?lvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}Forbes bar [THERMO] A metal bar which has
forced vibration See forced oscillation,{ |fo˙rstone end immersed in a crucible of molten metal
v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
and thermometers placed in holes at intervals
force feedback [CONT SYS] A method of error
along the bar; measurement of temperatures
detection in which the force exerted on the ef-
along the bar together with measurement of
fector is sensed and fed back to the control,
cooling of a short piece of the bar enables calcu-
usually by mechanical,hydraulic,or electric
lation of the thermal conductivity of the metal.
transducers,{ |fo˙rs |feˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rbz vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
forcefit See press fit,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorfit }
force [MECH] That influence on a body which
force gage [ENG] An instrument which meas-
causes it to accelerate; quantitatively it is a vec-
urestheforceexertedonanobject,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
tor,equal to the body’s time rate of change of
forcemain [CIV ENG] The discharge pipeline of
momentum,{ fo˙rs }
a pumping station,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiormaˉn}
force-balance meter [ENG] A flowmeter that
force plate [ENG] A plate that carries the
measures a force,such as that associated with
plunger or force plug of a mold and the guide
the air pressure in a small bellows,that is re-
pins on bushings,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
quired to balance the net force created by the
forceplug [ENG] A mold member that fits into
differential pressure,on opposite sides of a dia-
the cavity block,exerting pressure on the mold-
phragm or diaphragm capsule,generated by a
ing compound,Also known as piston; plunger.
differential-producing primary device,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
forcepolygon [MECH] A closed polygon whose
force compensation [ENG] On an analytical
sides are vectors representing the forces acting
balance,the weight force of a load that is held
on a body in equilibrium,{ |fo˙rs vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorga¨n}
in equilibrium by a force of equal size which acts forceps [DES ENG] A pincerlike instrument for
in the opposite direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080 grasping objects,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080s?ps }
sh?n} force pump [MECH ENG] A pump fitted with a
forceconstant [MECH] The ratio of the force to solid plunger and a suction valve which draws
the deformation of a system whose deformation and forces a liquid to a considerable height
abovethevalveorputstheliquidunderaconsid-is proportional to the applied force,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs
erable pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
force ratio See mechanical advantage,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsforce-controlledmotioncommands [CONT SYS]
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }Robot control in which motion information is
force-time [IND ENG] The product of an appliedprovided by computer software but sensing of
forceanditstimeofapplication;usedforquanti-
forces or feedback is used by the robot to adapt
tative determination of isometric work,{ |fo˙rs
this information to the environment,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs
|t?ˉm}
k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?nk?vertstrokeinferiormanz }
fordingdepth [ENG] Maximum depth at which
forced-air heating [MECH ENG] A warm-air
a particular vehicle can operate in water.
heating system in which positive air circulation
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordepth }
is provided by means of a fan or a blower.
forebay [CIV ENG] 1,A small reservoir at the
{ |fo˙rst vertstrokeinferiorer vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
head of the pipeline that carries water to the
forced circulation [MECH ENG] The use of a
consumer; it is the last free water surface of a
pump or other fluid-movement device in con-
distribution system,2,A reservoir feeding the
junction with liquid-processing equipment to
penstocks of a hydro-power plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rvertstrokeinferiorbaˉ }
move the liquid through pipes and process ves-
foreign-body locator [ENG] A device for locat-
sels; contrastedto gravity orthermal circulation.
ing foreign metallic bodies in tissue by means
{ |fo˙rst vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
ofsuitableprobesthatgenerateamagneticfield;
forced-circulation boiler [MECH ENG] A once-
the presenceof a magneticbody withinthis field
through steam generator in which water is
isindicated bya meterora soundsignal,{ |fa¨rH11080
pumped through successive parts,{ |fo˙rst vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
n |ba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
ky?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
foreign element [IND ENG] A work element
forced convection [THERMO] Heat convection
which is not a part of the normal work cycle,
in which fluid motion is maintained by some
either because it is accidental or because it oc-
external agency,{ |fo˙rst k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n}
curs only occasionally,{ |fa¨rH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
forced draft [MECH ENG] Air under positive
forepump See backing pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
pressure produced by fans at the point where
foresight [ENG] 1,A sight or bearing on a new
air or gases enter a unit,such as a combustion
survey point,taken in a forward direction and
furnace,{ |fo˙rst vertstrokesuperiordraft }
made in order to determine its elevation,2,A
forced oscillation [MECH] An oscillation pro-
sight on a previously established survey point,
duced in a simple oscillator or equivalent me- taken in order to close a circuit,3,A reading
chanical system by an external periodic driving taken on a level rod to determine the elevation
force,Also known as forced vibration,{ |fo˙rst of the point on which the rod rests when read.
Also known as minus sight,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt}vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
231
forestengineering
forest engineering [ENG] A branch of engi- forms analysis chart See form process chart.
{ |fo˙rmz?|nalH11080?H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }neering concerned with the solution of forestry
problemswithregardtolong-rangeenvironmen- formscabbing [CIV ENG] In placing of concrete
using formwork,removal of the surface layer oftal and economic effects,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨rH11080?st vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080
i? } concrete that adheres to the form when it is
removed,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorskabH11080i? }forklift [MECH ENG] A machine,usually pow-
ered by hydraulic means,consisting of two or formwork [CIV ENG] A temporary wooden cas-
ing used to contain concrete during its placingmore prongs which can be raised and lowered
and are inserted under heavy materials or ob- and hardening,Also known as shuttering.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }jects for hoisting and moving them,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rkvertstrokeinferiorlift }
forklifttruck See fork truck,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rkvertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokeinferiortr?k} fors See G; gram-force,{ fo˙rs }
Fortin barometer [ENG] A type of cistern ba-fork pocket [MECH ENG] An opening in the
base of a container or pallet for insertion of the rometer; provision is made to increase or de-
crease the volume of the cistern so that when aprong of a forklift,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rk vertstrokeinferiorpakH11080?t}
forktruck [MECH ENG] A vehicle equipped with pressure change occurs,the level of the cistern
can be maintained at the zero of the barometera forklift,Also known as forklift truck,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rk
vertstrokeinferiortr?k } scale (the ivory point),{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rdH11080?nb?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080
r}form [CIV ENG] Temporary boarding,sheeting,
or pans of plywood,molded fiber glass,and so forwardbias [ELECTR] Abiasvoltagethatisap-
plied to a pn-junction in the direction thatforth,used to give desired shape to poured con-
crete or the like,{ fo˙rm } causes a large current flow; used in some semi-
conductor diode circuits,{ |fo˙rH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s}form clamp [CIV ENG] An adjustable metal
clampusedtosecureplanksofwoodenformsfor forward-looking infrared imager [ENG] An in-
frared imaging device which employs an opto-concrete columns or beams,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorklamp }
formcutter See formed cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r } mechanical system to make a two-dimensional
scan,and produces a visible image correspond-formedcutter [MECH] A cutting tool shaped to
make surfaces with irregular geometry,Also ing to the spatial distribution of infrared radia-
tion,AbbreviatedFLIRimager,Alsoknownasknown as form cutter,{ |fo˙rmd vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
form factor [ELEC] 1,The ratio of the effective framing imager,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080w?rd |lu˙kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080fr?vertstrokeinferiorred
vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ijH11080?r}value of a periodic function,such as an alternat-
ing current,to its average absolute value,2,A forward pass [ENG] In project management,
schedulingfrom aknown startdate andcalculat-factor that takes the shape of a coil into account
when computing its inductance,Also known ing the finish date by proceeding from the first
operation to the last,Also known as forwardasshapefactor,[MECH] Thetheoreticalstress
concentration factor for a given shape,for a per- scheduling,{ |fo˙rH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiorpas }
forwardpath [CONTSYS] Thetransmissionpathfectly elastic material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
form grinding [MECH ENG] Grinding by use of fromtheloopactuatingsignaltotheloopoutput
signal in a feedback control loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080w?rda wheel whose cutting face is contoured to the
reverse shape of the desired form,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorpath }
forwardscheduling See forward pass,{ |fo˙rH11080w?rdvertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
forming [ELEC] Application of voltage to an vertstrokesuperiorskejH11080?lH11080i? }
forwardtransferfunction [CONT SYS] In a feed-electrolytic capacitor,electrolytic rectifier,or
semiconductor device to produce a desired per- back control loop,the transfer function of the
forward path,{ |fo˙rH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorf?nkH11080sh?n}manent change in electrical characteristics as
a part of the manufacturing process,[MECH Foster’s reactance theorem [CONT SYS] The
theorem that the most general driving point im-ENG] A process for shaping or molding sheets,
rods,or other pieces of hot glass,ceramic ware,pedance or admittance of a network,in which
every mesh contains independent inductanceplastic,or metal by the application of pressure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? } and capacitance,is a meromorphic function
whose poles and zeros are all simple and occurformingdie [ENG] A die like a drawing die,but
without a blank holder,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ } in conjugate pairs on the imaginary axis,and in
which these poles and zeros alternate,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙sH11080forming press [MECH ENG] A punch press for
forming metal parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpres } t?rz reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
Foucaultpendulum [MECH] A swinging weightforming rolls [MECH ENG] Rolls contoured to
give a desired shape to parts passing through supportedbyalongwire,sothatthewire’supper
support restrains the wire only in the verticalthem,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorroˉlz }
formingtool [DES ENG] A nonrotating tool that direction,and the weight is set swinging with
no lateral or circular motion; the plane of theproduces its inverse form on the workpiece.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l } pendulumgraduallychanges,demonstratingthe
rotation of the earth on its axis,{ fu¨vertstrokesuperiorkoˉ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080formprocesschart [IND ENG] A graphic repre-
sentationoftheprocessflowofpaperworkforms,j?H11080l?m}
foulbottom [CIV ENG] A hard,uneven,rocky orAlso known as forms analysis chart; functional
forms analysis chart; information process analy- obstructedbottomhavingpoorholdingqualities
for anchors,or one having rocks or wreckagesis chart,{ |fo˙rm |pra¨sH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
232
fracturestress
thatwouldendangerananchoredvessel,{ |fau˙l selection of averaging,coherence function,cor-
relation,power spectrum,and other mathemati-vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m}
cal operations involved in calculating Fourierfouling [CHEM ENG] Deposition on the surface
transforms of time-varying signal voltages forof a heat-transfer device of sediment in the form
suchapplicationsasidentificationofunderwater
of scale derived from burned particles of the
sounds,vibration analysis,oil prospecting,and
heated substance,{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙lH11080i? }
brain-wave analysis,{ vertstrokeinferiorfu˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
foulingfactor [CHEM ENG] In heat transfer,the
FourierheatequationSee Fourier law of heat con-
lowering of clear-film transfer rates resulting
duction; heat equation,{ vertstrokeinferiorfu˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080
from corrosion,dirt,or roughness of the surface
zh?n}
of tube walls of heat exchangers,{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙lH11080i?
Fourier law of heat conduction [THERMO] The
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
lawthattherateofheatflowthroughasubstance
foulingplates [ENG] Metalplatessubmergedin
is proportional to the area normal to the direc-
water to allow attachment of fouling organisms,
tion of flow and to the negative of the rate of
which are then analyzed to determine species,
change of temperature with distance along the
growth rate,and growth pattern,as influenced
direction of flow,Also known as Fourier heat
by environmental conditions and time,{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙lH11080
equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉ vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiorheˉtk?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉts }
Fourier number [THERMO] A dimensionless
foulingpoint [CIV ENG] 1.The point at a switch
number usedin thestudy ofunsteady-state heat
or turnout beyond which railroad cars must be
transfer,equaltotheproductofthethermalcon-
placed so as not to interfere with cars on the
ductivity and a characteristic time,divided by
main track,2,The location of insulated joints
the product of the density,the specific heat at
in a turnout on signaled tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙lH11080i?
constant pressure,and the distance from the
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
midpointofthebodythroughwhichheatispass-
foundation [CIV ENG] 1,The ground that sup-
ing to the surface,Symbolized N
Foh
.{vertstrokeinferiorfu˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉ
ports a building or other structure,2,The por- vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
tion of a structure which transmits the building four-pi counter [ENG] An instrument which
load to the ground,{ fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n} measures the radiation that a radioactive mate-
foundation engineering [CIV ENG] That branch rial emits in all directions,{ |fo˙r vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nH11080t?r}
of engineering concerned with evaluating the four-strokecycle [MECHENG] Aninternalcom-
bustion engine cycle completed in four pistonearth’s ability to support a load and designing
strokes; includes a suction stroke,compressionsubstructurestotransmitthe loadofsuperstruc-
stroke,expansion stroke,and exhaust stroke.turestotheearth,{ fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
{ |fo˙r |stroˉk vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l}foundation mat See raft foundation,{ fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080
four-tracktape [ENG ACOUS] Magnetic tape onsh?n vertstrokeinferiormat }
which two tracks are recorded for each direction
foundry [ENG] A building where metal or glass
of travel,to provide stereo sound reproduction
castings are produced,{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙nH11080dreˉ }
or to double the amount of source material that
foundry engineering [ENG] The science and
can be recorded on a given length of 1/4-inch
practice of melting and casting glass or metal.
(0.635-centimeter) tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiortrak vertstrokesuperiortaˉp}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfau˙nH11080dreˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
four-wayreinforcing [CIV ENG] A system of re-
four-ball tester [ENG] A machine designed to
inforcing rods in concrete slab construction in
measure the efficiency of lubricants by driving
which the rods are placed parallel to two adja-
one ball against three stationary balls clamped
centedgesandtobothdiagonalsofarectangular
togetherinacupfilled withthelubricant;perfor-
slab,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080i? }
mance is evaluated by measuring wear-scar di-
four-wayvalve [MECH ENG] Avalve at the junc-
ameters on the stationary balls,{ |fo˙r |bo˙l
tion of four waterways which allows passage be-
vertstrokesuperiortesH11080t?r}
tween any two adjacent waterways by means of
four-bar linkage [MECH ENG] A plane linkage
a movable element operated by a quarter turn.
consisting of four links pinned tail to head in a
{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
closed loop with lower,or closed,joints,{ |fo˙r
four-wheel drive [MECH ENG] An arrangement
|ba¨r vertstrokesuperiorli?kH11080ij }
in which the drive shaft acts on all four wheels
Fourcaultprocess [ENG] A process for forming
of the automobile,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r |weˉl vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
sheet glass in which the molten glass is drawn
foxlathe [MECH ENG] A lathe with chasing bar
vertically upward,{ fu¨rvertstrokesuperiorkoˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
and leaders for cutting threads; used for turning
four-channel sound system See quadraphonic
brass,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨ks vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
sound system,{ |fo˙r |chanH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
fractionator [CHEM ENG] An apparatus used to
Fourdriniermachine [MECH ENG] A papermak-
separate a mixture by fractionation,especially
ing machine; a paper web is formed on an end-
by fractional distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}
less wire screen; the screen passes through
fraction defective [IND ENG] The number of
presses and over dryers to the calenders and
units per 100 pieces which are defective in a lot;
reels,{ vertstrokeinferiorforH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiornir m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn} expressed as a decimal,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?ndivertstrokesuperiorfekH11080tiv}
fourier See thermal ohm,{ fu˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉ } fracture strength See fracture stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?r
Fourieranalyzer [ENG] A digital spectrum ana- vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
fracture stress [MECH] The minimum tensilelyzer that provides push-button or other switch
233
fracturetest
stress that will cause fracture,Also known as maximum water level and the top of the tank.
{ |freˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }fracture strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?r vertstrokeinferiorstres }
freecharge [ELEC] Electric charge which is notfracturetest [ENG] 1.Macro-ormicroscopicex-
bound to a definite site in a solid,in contrastamination of a fractured surface to determine
to the polarization charge,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }characteristics such as grain pattern,composi-
free convection See natural convection,{ |freˉtion,or the presence of defects,2,A test de-
k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n}signed to evaluate fracture stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?r
freediving [ENG] Diving with the use of scubavertstrokeinferiortest }
equipment to allow freedom and maneuverabil-
fracture wear [MECH] The wear on individual
ity,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvH11080i? }
abrasivegrainsonthesurfaceofagrindingwheel
free-drop [ENG] To air-drop supplies or equip-
caused by fracture,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?r vertstrokeinferiorwer }
ment without parachute,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
Frahm frequency meter See vibrating-reed fre-
freeenergy [THERMO] 1.The internal energy of
quency metery,{ vertstrokesuperiorfra¨m vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
a system minus the product of its temperature
frame [BUILD] Theskeletonstructureofabuild-
and its entropy,Also known as Helmholtz free
ing,Also known as framing,[ELECTR]
energy; Helmholtz function; Helmholtz poten-
1.Onecompletecoverageofatelevisionpicture.
tial; thermodynamic potential at constant vol-
2,A rectangular area representing the size of
ume; work function,2,See Gibbs free energy.
copy handled by a facsimile system,{ fraˉm}
{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
framework [ENG] The load-carrying frame of a
free enthalpy See Gibbs free energy,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperioren
structure; may be of timber,steel,or concrete.
vertstrokeinferiorthalH11080peˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
free fall [MECH] The ideal falling motion of a
framing [BUILD] See frame,[ELECTR] 1,Ad-
body acted upon only by the pull of the earth’s
justing a television picture to a desired position
gravitational field,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙l}
on the screen of the picture tube,2,Adjusting
freefalling [MECH ENG] In ball milling,the pe-
a facsimile picture to a desired position in the
ripheral speed at which part of the crop load
direction of line progression,Also known as
breaksclearontheascendingsideandfallsclear
phasing,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i? }
to the toe of the charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙lH11080i? }
framinganchor [BUILD] Ametaldeviceforjoin-
free-field room See anechoic chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ
ing elements such as studs,joists,and rafters
vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
in light wood-frame construction,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i?
free fit [DES ENG] A fit between mating pieces
vertstrokeinferiora?kH11080?r}
where accuracy is not essential or where large
framingimagerSee forward-looking infrared imag-
variations in temperature may occur,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfit }
eryy,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorimH11080ijH11080?r}
freeflight [MECH] Unconstrained or unassisted
framingsquare [DESENG] A graduated carpen-
flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉt}
ter’s square used for cutting off and making
free-flightangle [MECH] Theanglebetweenthe
notches,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorskwer }
horizontal and a line in the direction of motion
Francisturbine [MECHENG] Areactionhydrau-
of a flying body,especially a rocket,at the begin-
licturbineofrelativelymediumspeedwithradial
ning of free flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
flow of water in the runner,{ vertstrokesuperiorfranH11080s?s vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉn}
free-flighttrajectory [MECH] Thepathofabody
frangible [MECH] Breakable,fragile,or brittle.
in free fall,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉttr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfranH11080j?H11080b?l}
free float [IND ENG] The length of time,ex-
Franklinequation [ENGACOUS] Anequationfor
pressedasworkunits,thataspecificactivitymay
intensity of sound in a room as a function of
be delayed without delaying the start of another
time after shutting off the source,involving the
activity scheduled to follow immediately after.
volume and exposed surface area of the room,
Also known as free slack,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt}
thespeedofsound,andthemeansound-absorp-
free gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope that uses
tion coefficient,{ vertstrokesuperiorfra?kH11080l?nivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
the property of gyroscopic rigidity to sense
Frazer-Braceextractionmethod [CHEMENG] A
changes in altitude of a machine,such as an
method used to extract oil from citrus fruit; uti-
airplane; the spinning wheel or rotor is isolated
lizesamachinewhichhasabrasivecarborundum
from the airplane by gimbals; when the plane
rolls torasp thepeel from thefruit undera water
changes from level flight,the gyro remains verti-
spray; the water-and-peel mixture is screened
cal and gives the pilot an artificial horizon refer-
and settled to allow oil separation,{ |fraˉH11080z?r
ence,{ |freˉ |j?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
freehand grinding See offhand grinding,{ |freˉ
freeascent [ENG] Emergency ascent by a diver vertstrokeinferiorhand vertstrokesuperiorgrindH11080i? }
by floating to the surface through natural buoy- free instruments [ENG] Instruments designed
ancy or through assisted buoyancy with a life toinitiallysinktotheoceanbottom,releasetheir
jacket,{ |freˉ?vertstrokesuperiorsent } ballast,and then rise to the surface where they
freeboard [CHEM ENG] In a fluidized-bed reac- are retrieved with their acquired payload,{ |freˉ
tor,the space between the top of the reaction vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?ns }
bed and the top of the reactor,[CIV ENG] The free joint [MECH ENG] A robotic articulation
height between normal water level and the crest that has six degrees of freedom,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
of a dam or the top of a flume,[ENG] The free-massantenna [ENG] A detector of gravita-
tional radiation that consists of suspended,vertical distance in a water tank between the
234
frequency-responsecurve
almost inertial masses and a laser interfero- freightcar [ENG] A railroad car in or on which
freight is transported,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉt vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}meter that detects their motions,{ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiormas
anvertstrokesuperiortenH11080? } freighter [ENG] A ship or aircraft used mainly
for carrying freight,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉdH11080?r}free-pistonengine [MECH ENG] A prime mover
utilizing free-piston motion controlled by gas freightton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorfraˉt vertstrokeinferiort?n}
french [MECH] Aunitoflengthusedtomeasurepressure in the cylinders,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
j?n } small diameters,especially those of fiber optic
bundles,equal to 1/3 millimeter,{ french }free-pistongage [ENG] An instrument for mea-
suring highfluid pressuresin whichthe pressure french coupling [DES ENG] A coupling having
both right- and left-handed threads,{ |frenchis applied to the face of a small piston that can
move in a cylinder and the force needed to keep vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
French drain [CIV ENG] An underground pas-the piston stationary is determined,Also
known as piston gage,{ |freˉ |pisH11080t?n vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj } sageforwater,consistingofloosestonescovered
with earth,{ |french vertstrokesuperiordraˉn}free port [CIV ENG] An isolated,enclosed,and
policed port in or adjacent to a port of entry,frequency characteristic See frequency-response
curve,{ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tik }without a resident population,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
freeslack See free float,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorslak } frequency compensation See compensation.
{ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}free-swellingindex [ENG] A test for measuring
the free-swelling properties of coal; consists of frequency domain [CONT SYS] Pertaining to a
method of analysis,particularly useful for fixedheating1gramofpulverizedcoalinasilicacruci-
bleoveragasflameunderprescribedconditions linear systems in which one does not deal with
functions of time explicitly,but with their La-to form a coke button,the size and shape of
which are then compared with a series of stand- place or Fourier transforms,which are functions
of frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ d?vertstrokeinferiormaˉn}ard profiles numbered 1 to 9 in increasing order
of swelling,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ vertstrokeinferiorswelH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks } frequencylocus [CONT SYS] The path followed
by the frequency transfer function or its inverse,freeturbine [MECH ENG] In a turbine engine,a
turbine wheel that drives the output shaft and either in the complex plane or on a graph of
amplitude against phase angle; used in de-is not connected to the shaft driving the com-
pressor,{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n } termining zeros of the describing function.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?s}freevector [MECH] A vector whose direction in
space is prescribed but whose point of applica- frequency meter [ENG] 1,An instrument for
measuring the frequency of an alternating cur-tion and line of application are not prescribed.
{ |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r } rent; the scale is usually graduated in hertz,kilo-
hertz,and megahertz,2,A device cali-bratedfreeze [ENG] 1,To permit drilling tools,casing,
drivepipe,or drill rods to become lodged in a to indicate frequency of a radio wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080
kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}borehole by reason of caving walls or impaction
of sand,mud,or drill cuttings,to the extent that frequency-modulated radar [ENG] Form of ra-
darinwhichtheradiatedwaveisfrequencymod-theycannotbepulledout,Alsoknownasbind-
seize,2.Toburnina bit,Alsoknownasburn- ulated,and the returning echo beats with the
wave being radiated,thus enabling range toin,3,The premature setting of cement,espe-
cially when cement slurry hardens before it can be measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorraˉ
vertstrokeinferiorda¨r}be ejected fully from pumps or drill rods during
a borehole cementation operation,4,The act frequency-modulation Doppler [ENG] Type of
radar involving frequency modulation of bothor process of drilling a borehole by utilizing a
drill fluid chilled to minus 30–40H11034F,(minus 34– carrier and modulation on radial sweep,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080
kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r}40H11034C) as a means of consolidating,by freezing,
the borehole wall materials or core as the drill frequency-modulation synthesis [ENG ACOUS]
A method of synthesizing musical tones which,penetrates a water-saturated formation,such as
sand or gravel,{ freˉz } in its simplest form,is carried out using two
digital oscillators,with the output of one addingfreezedrying [ENG] A methodofdryingmateri-
als,such as certain foods,that would be de- to the frequency (or phase) control of the other.
{ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨H11080j?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}stroyed by the loss of volatile ingredients or by
drying temperatures above the freezing point; frequencyresponse [ENG] Ameasureoftheef-
fectivenesswithwhichacircuit,device,orsystemthe material is frozen under high vacuum so that
ice or other frozen solvent will quickly sublime transmits the different frequencies applied to it;
it is a phasor whose magnitude is the ratio ofand a porous solid remain,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉz vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080i? }
freezer [MECH ENG] An insulated unit,com- the magnitude of the output signal to that of a
sine-wave input,and whose phase is that of thepartment,or room in which perishable foods are
quick-frozen and stored,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉzH11080?r } output with respect to the input,Also known
as amplitude-frequency response; sine-wave re-freeze-up [MECH ENG] Abnormal operation of
a refrigerating unit because ice has formed at sponse,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }
frequency-response curve [ENG] A graphthe expansion device,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉzvertstrokeinferior?p}
freezing microtome [ENG] A microtome used showing the magnitude or the phase of the freq-
encyresponseofadeviceorsystemasafunctionto cut frozen tissue,{ |freˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiortoˉm}
235
frequency-responsetrajectory
of frequency,Also known as frequency charac- wheelispressedagainstasecondwheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}teristic,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
frictionfit [DES ENG] A perfect fit between twofrequency-responsetrajectory [CONT SYS] The
parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfit }path followed by the frequency-response phasor
friction force microscopy [ENG] The use of anin the complex plane as the frequency is varied.
atomic force microscope to measure the fric-{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
tional forces on a surface,{ |frikH11080sh?n |forsfrequency spectrum [SYS ENG] In the analysis
m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨H11080sk?H11080peˉ }of a random function of time,such as the ampli-
frictiongear [MECH ENG] Gearing in which mo-
tude of noise in a system,the limit as T ap-
tion is transmitted through friction between two
proaches infinity of 1/(2H9266T) times the ensemble
surfaces in rolling contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgir }
average of the squared magnitude of the ampli-
friction horsepower [MECH ENG] Power dissi-
tude of the Fourier transform of the function
pated in a machine through friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080
from H11002T to T,Also known as power-density
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
spectrum; power spectrum; spectral density.
frictionloss [MECH] Mechanicalenergylostbe-
{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080tr?m}
cause of mechanical friction between moving
frequency study See work sampling,{ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080
parts of a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorloˉs}
seˉ vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
friction pile [CIV ENG] A bearing pile sur-
frequency transformation [CONT SYS] A trans-
rounded by earth and supported entirely by fric-
formation used in synthesizing a band-pass net-
tion;carriesnoloadatitsend,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
work from a low-pass prototype,in which the
friction saw [MECH ENG] A toothless circular
frequency variable of the transfer function is re-
saw used to cut materials by fusion due to fric-
placed by a function of the frequency,Also
tional heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
known as low-pass band-pass transformation.
frictionsawing [MECH ENG] A burning process
{ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
to cut stock to length by using a blade saw op-
fretsaw [DES ENG] A narrow-bladed fine-
erating at high speed; used especially for the
toothed saw that is held under tension in a
structural parts of mild steel and stainless steel.
frame,{ vertstrokesuperiorfretvertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorso˙H11080i? }
friction [MECH] A force which opposes the rela-
friction shoe [ENG] An adjustable friction de-
tivemotionoftwobodieswheneversuchmotion
vice that holds a window sash in any desired
exists or whenever there exist other forces which
open position,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
tend to produce such motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
frictiontorque [MECH] The torquewhichispro-
frictional grip [MECH] The adhesion between
ducedbyfrictionalforcesandopposesrotational
the wheels of a locomotive and the rails of the
motion,such as that associated with journal or
railroad track,{ |frikH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgrip }
sleeve bearings in machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorto˙rk }
friction bearing [MECH ENG] A solid bearing
friction-tubeviscometer [ENG] Deviceto deter-
that directly contacts and supports an axle end.
mine liquid viscosity by measurement of pres-
{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
sure drop through a friction tube with the liquid
frictionbonding [ENG] Soldering of a semicon-
in viscous flow; gives direct solution to Poiseuil-
ductor chip to a substrate by vibrating the chip
le’s equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortu¨bvivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
back and forth under pressure to create friction
friction welding [ENG] A welding process for
that breaks up oxide layers and helps alloy the
metalsandthermoplasticmaterialsinwhichtwo
mating terminals,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
members are joined by rubbing the mating faces
frictionbrake [MECH ENG] Abrake in which the
together under high pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n
resistance is provided by friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiorweldH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
frigorie [THERMO] Aunit ofrate ofextraction of
friction calendering [ENG] Process wherein an
heat used in refrigeration,equal to 1000 fifteen-
elastomeric compound is forced into the inter-
degree calories per hour,or 1.16264 H11006 0.00014
stices of woven or cord fabrics while passing
watts,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrigH11080?H11080reˉ }
between calender rolls,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?nH11080
frigorimeter [ENG] Athermometerwhichmeas-
dri? }
ures low temperatures,{ vertstrokeinferiorfrigH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
friction catch [DES ENG] A catch consisting of
fringehowl [ENG ACOUS] Squeal or howl heard
a spring and plunger contained in a casing.
when some circuit in a receiver is on the verge
{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkach }
of oscillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrinj vertstrokeinferiorhau˙l}
friction clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch in which
frit seal [ENG] A seal made by fusing together
torque is transmitted by pressure of the clutch metallic powders with a glass binder,for such
faces on each other,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch } applications as hermetically sealing ceramic
friction coefficient See coefficient of friction,packages for integrated circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrit vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt } fritting [ENG] Fusing materials for glass by ap-
frictiondamping [MECH] The conversion of the plication of heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorfridH11080i? }
mechanicalvibrationalenergyofsolidsintoheat frog [DES ENG] A hollow on one or both of the
energy by causing one dry member to slide on larger faces of a brick or block; reduces weight
another,{ vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiordampH11080i? } of the brick or block; may be filled with mortar.
frictiondrive [MECH ENG] A drive that operates Also known as panel,[ENG] A device which
permits the train or tram wheels on one railby the friction forces set up when one rotating
236
functionalanalysis
of a track to cross the rail of an intersecting constantandthetemperature,anditapproaches
the partial pressure as the total pressure of thetrack,{ fra¨g}
from-to tester [ENG] Test equipment which gas approaches zero,{ fyu¨vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
fugacity coefficient [THERMO] The ratio of thechecks continuity or impedance between points.
{ |fr?m vertstrokeinferiortu¨ vertstrokeinferiortestH11080?r } fugacity of a gas to its pressure,{ fyu¨vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080?dH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }front-end loader [MECH ENG] An excavator
consisting of an articulated bucket mounted on fulchronograph [ENG] An instrument for re-
cordinglightningstrokes,consistingofarotatinga series of movable arms at the front of a crawler
or rubber-tired tractor,{ |fr?nt |end vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r } aluminum disk with several hundred steel fins
on its rim; the fins are magnetized if they passfront-endvolatility [CHEMENG] Thevolatilityof
the lower-boiling fractions of gasoline,such as between two coils when these are carrying the
surge current of a lightning stroke,{ fu˙lvertstrokesuperiorkra¨nH11080butanes,{ |fr?nt |end va¨lH11080?vertstrokesuperiortilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
front slagging [ENG] Skimming slag from the?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
fulcrum [MECH] The rigid point of supportmixture of slag and molten metal as it flows
through a taphole,{ vertstrokesuperiorfr?nt vertstrokeinferiorslagH11080i? } about which a lever pivots,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙lH11080kr?m}
fulgurator [ENG] An atomizer usedto spray saltfrosting [ENG] Decorating a scraped metal sur-
face with a handscraper,Also known as flaking,solutions into a flame for analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙lH11080
g?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorfro˙stH11080i? }
frost-point hygrometer [ENG] An instrument fulladder [ELECTR] Alogicelementwhichoper-
ates on two binary digits and a carry digit fromfor measuring the frost point of the atmosphere;
air under test is passed continuously across a a preceding stage,producing as output a sum
digitandanewcarrydigit,Alsoknownasthree-polished surface whose temperature is adjusted
so that a thin deposit of frost is formed which input adder,{ |fu˙l vertstrokesuperioradH11080?r}
full-cell process [ENG] A process of preserva-is in equilibrium with the air,{ vertstrokesuperiorfro˙st vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int
h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } tive treatment of wood that uses a pressure ves-
sel and first draws a vacuum on the charge offroth flotation [ENG] A process for recovery of
particles of ore or other material,in which the wood and then introduces the preservative with-
out breaking the vacuum,Also known as Beth-particles adhere to bubbles and can be removed
as part of the froth,{ |fro˙th floˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n } ell process,{ |fu˙l |sel vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?s}
full-face tunneling [CIV ENG] A system of tun-frothing [ENG] The producing of relatively sta-
blebubblesatanair-liquidinterfaceastheresult nelinginwhichthetunnelopeningisenlargedto
desired diameter before extension of the tunnelof agitation,aeration,ebulliation,or chemical
reaction; it can be an undesired side effect,but face,{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙l vertstrokeinferiorfaˉs vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?lH11080i? }
full-gear [MECH ENG] The condition of a steamin minerals beneficiation it is the basis of froth
flotation,{ fro˙H11080thi? } engine when the valve is operated to the maxi-
mum extent by the link motion,{ |fu˙l vertstrokesuperiorgir }ft-lb See foot-pound.
ft-lbf See foot-pound,full-mill [BUILD] A type of construction in which
all vertical apertures open onto shafts of brick orft-pdl See foot-poundal.
fuelbed [MECH ENG] A layer of burning fuel,as other fireproof material; used for fire retardance.
{ |fu˙l vertstrokesuperiormil }on a furnace grate or a cupola,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorbed }
fuelfilter [ENG] A device,as in an internal com- fullsubtracter [ELECTR] A logic element which
operatesonthreebinaryinputsignalsrepresent-bustion engine,that removes particles from the
fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r } ing a minuend,subtrahend,and borrow digit,
producing as output a different digit and a newfuel injection [MECH ENG] The delivery of fuel
to an internal combustion engine cylinder by borrow digit,Also known as three-input sub-
tracter,{ |fu˙ls?bvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r}pressure from a mechanical pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨lin
vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080sh?n} full-trackvehicle [MECHENG] Avehicleentirely
supported,driven,and steered by an endlessfuel injector [MECH ENG] A pump mechanism
that sprays fuel into the cylinder of an internal belt,or track,on each side; for example,a tank.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙l vertstrokeinferiortrak vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}combustion engine at the appropriate part of
the cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨linvertstrokeinferiorjekH11080t?r} full trailer [MECH ENG] A towed vehicle whose
weight rests completely on its own wheels.fuelpump [MECHENG] Apumpfordrawingfuel
fromastoragetankanddeliveringittoanengine { |fu˙l vertstrokesuperiortraˉlH11080?r}
fumble [IND ENG] An unintentional sensory-or furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
fuelsystem [MECHENG] Asystem whichstores motor error that may be unavoidable,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?mH11080
b?l}fuel for present use and delivers it as needed.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} fumigating [ENG] The use of a chemical com-
pound in a gaseous state to kill insects,nema-fueltank [MECH ENG] The operating,fuel-stor-
age component of a fuel system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorta?k } todes,arachnids,rodents,weeds,and fungi in
confined or inaccessible locations; also used tofugacity [THERMO] A function used as an ana-
log of the partial pressure in applying thermody- control weeds,nematodes,and insects in the
field,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080i? }namics to real systems; at a constant tempera-
ture it is proportional to the exponential of the funal See sthe`ne,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨nH11080?l}
functionalanalysis [SYS ENG] A part of the de-ratio of the chemical potential of a constituent
of a system divided by the product of the gas sign process that addresses the activities that a
237
functionalanalysisdiagram
system,software,or organization must perform that sometimes holds a filter; the function is to
to achieve its desired outputs,that is,the trans- direct flow of a liquid or,if a filter is present,to
formations necessary to turn available inputs direct a flow that was filtered,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?nH11080?l}
into the desired outputs,{ |vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?nH11080?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080 funnel-flowbin [ENG] Abininwhichsolidflows
H11080s?s} toward the outlet in a channel that forms within
functionalanalysisdiagram [SYSENG] A repre- stagnant material,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?nH11080?l |floˉ vertstrokeinferiorbin }
sentation of functional analysis and,in particu- furfuralextraction [CHEM ENG] Process for the
lar,the transformations necessary to turn avail- refining of lubricating oils and other organic
able inputs into the desired outputs,the flow of
materials by contact with furfural,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorral
data or items between functions,the processing
ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}
instructionsthatareavailabletoguidethetrans-
furlong [MECH] A unit of length,equal to 1/8
formation,andthecontrollogicthatdictatesthe
mile,660 feet,or 201.168 meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rvertstrokeinferiorlo˙? }
activationandterminationoffunctions,{ |fkH11080
furnace [ENG] An apparatus in which heat is
sh?nH11080?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
liberated and transferred directly or indirectly to
functionaldecomposition [CONT SYS] The par-
a solid or fluid mass for the purpose of effecting
titioning of a large-scale control system into a
a physical or chemical change,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
nested set of generic control functions,namely
furnace lining [ENG] The interior part of a fur-
theregulatoryordirectcontrolfunction,theopti-
nace in contact with a molten charge and hot
mizing control function,the adaptive control
gases; constructed of heat-resistant material.
function,and the self-organizing function.
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?nH11080?ldeˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
furnish [CHEM ENG] In papermaking,the raw
functionaldesign [SYS ENG] The aspect of sys-
materials placed in a beater for producing paper
tem design concerned with the system’s objec-
pulp,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080nish }
tives and functions,rather than its specific com-
furredceiling [BUILD] Aceilinginwhichthefur-
ponents,{ vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?nH11080?ldivertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
ring units are attached directly to the structural
functional forms analysis chart See form process
units of the building,{ |f?rd vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080li? }
chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfoˉrmz?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
furring [BUILD] Thinstripsofwoodormetalfas-
function failure safety [ENG] The capability of
tened to joists,studs,ceilings,or inner walls of
an electronic-mass measuring instrument to
a building to provide a level surface or air space
withhold the release of an incorrect measure-
over which the finished surface can be applied.
ment when there is a function failure,{ vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080
Also known as batten; furring strip,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080i? }
sh?n |faˉly?r vertstrokeinferiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }
furringstrip See furring,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
fundamentalinterval [THERMO] 1.Thevaluear-
furrow [ENG] A trench plowed in the ground.
bitrarily assigned to the difference in tempera-
{ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080oˉ }
ture between two fixed points (such as the ice
fuse [ELEC] An expendable device for opening
point and steam point) on a temperature scale,
an electric circuit when the current therein be-
in order to define the scale,2,The difference
comesexcessive,containingasectionofconduc-
between the values recorded by a thermometer
tor which melts when the current through it ex-
at two fixed points; for example,the difference
ceeds a rated value for a definite period of time.
betweentheresistancesrecordedbyaresistance
Also known as electric fuse,[ENG] Also
thermometer at the ice point and steam point.
spelledfuze,1.Adevicewithexplosivecompo-
{ |f?nH11080d?|menH11080t?l vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?rH11080v?l}
nents designed to initiate a train of fire or deto-
fundamental motion See elemental motion.
nation in an item of ammunition by an action
{ |f?nH11080d?|mentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
such as hydrostatic pressure,electrical energy,
fungible [CHEM ENG] Pertaining to petroleum
chemical energy,impact,or a combination of
products whose characteristics are so similar
these,2,A nonexplosive device designed to
they can be commingled,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?nH11080j?H11080b?l}
initiate an explosion in an item of ammunition
fungi-proofing [ENG] Application of a protec-
by an action such as continuous or pulsating
tive chemical coating that inhibits growth of
electromagnetic waves or acceleration,{ fyu¨z}
fungi,{ vertstrokesuperiorf?nvertstrokeinferiorj?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorpru˙fH11080i? }
fuseblastingcap [ENG] Asmallcoppercylinder
funicular See funicular railroad,{ f?vertstrokesuperiornikH11080y?H11080l?r}
closed at one end and charged with a fulminate.
funicularpolygon [MECH] 1,The figure formed
{ |fyu¨z vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkap }
by a light string hung between two points from
fusebody [ENG] The partof afuse contributing
which weights are suspended at various points.
the major portion of the total weight,and which
2.A force diagram for such a string,in which the
housesthemajorityofthefunctioningparts,andforces (weights and tensions) acting on points
to which smaller parts are attached,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zof the string from which weights are suspended
vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }are represented by a series of adjacent triangles.
fusediode [ELECTR] A diode that opens under{f?vertstrokesuperiornikH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorga¨n}
specified current surge conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zfunicularrailroad [ENG] Arailroadsystemused
vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}primarily to ascend and descend mountains; the
fused junction See alloy junction,{ |fu¨zd vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080weight of the descending train helps to move
sh?n}the ascending train up the mountain,Also
fused-junction diode See alloy-junction diode.known as funicular,{ f?vertstrokesuperiornikH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
funnel [DES ENG] A tube with one conical end { |fyu¨zd |jkH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
238
fuzzysystem
fused-junction transistor See alloy-junction tran- fusion piercing [ENG] A method of producing
vertical blastholes by virtually burning holes insistor,{ |fyu¨zd |jkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
fused semiconductor [ELECTR] Junction rock,Also known as piercing,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n
vertstrokeinferiorpirH11080si? }formedbyrecrystallizationonabasecrystalfrom
a liquid phase of one or more components and fusion-piercingdrill [ENG] Amachinedesigned
to use the fusion-piercing mode of producingthe semiconductor,{ |fyu¨zd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?n vertstrokeinferiord?kH11080
t?r } holesinrock,Alsoknown asdetdrill;jet-pierc-
ing drill; Linde drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorpirsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordril }fusegage [ENG] An instrument for slicing time
fuses to length,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} fuzzycontroller [CONT SYS] An automatic con-
troller in which the relation between the statefusehead [ENG] Thatpart ofan electricdetona-
tor consisting of twin metal conductors,bridged variables of the process under control and the
action variables,whose values are computedbyfineresistancewire,andsurroundedbyabead
of igniting compound which burns when the fir- from observations of the state variables,is given
as a set of fuzzy implications or as a fuzzy rela-ing current is passed through the bridge wire.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zvertstrokeinferiorhed } tion,{ |f?zH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
fuzzy system [SYS ENG] A process that is toofuse lighter [ENG] A device for facilitating the
ignition of the powder core of a fuse,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z complex to be modeled by using conventional
mathematical methods,and that gives rise tovertstrokeinferiorl?ˉdH11080?r}
fusibility [THERMO] Thequalityordegreeofbe- data that are,in general,soft,with no precise
boundaries; examples are large-scale engi-ing capable of being liquefied by heat,{ vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨H11080
z?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } neering complex systems,social systems,eco-
nomic systems,management systems,medicalfusibleplug See safety plug,{ |fyu¨H11080z?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpl?g}
fusingdisk [MECHENG] Arapidlyspinningdisk diagnostic processes,and human perception.
{ |f?zH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}that cuts metal by melting it,{ vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordisk }
239
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G
a part in a jig,fixture,or qualifying gage.g See gram.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }G [ELEC] Seeconductance,[MECH] A unit of
gage pressure [MECH ENG] The amount byacceleration equal to the standard acceleration
which the total absolute pressure exceeds theofgravity,9.80665meterspersecondpersecond,
ambient atmospheric pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080or approximately 32.1740 feet per second per
r}second,Also known as fors; grav.
gaging hatch [ENG] An opening in a tank orGaAsFETSee gallium arsenide field-effect transis-
other vessel through which measuring and sam-tor,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasvertstrokeinferiorfet }
pling can be performed,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhach }
gabion [ENG] A bottomless basket of wicker-
gaging tape [ENG] A metal measuring tape
work or metal iron filled with earth or stones;
used to determine the depth of liquid in a tank.
used in building fieldworks or as revetments in
{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉp}
mining,Also known as pannier,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080beˉH11080?n}
gain [ELECTR] Theincreaseinsignalpowerthat
gableboard See vergeboard,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
is produced by an amplifier; usually given as
Gabortrolley [ENG] A small three-wheel trolley
the ratio of output to input voltage,current,or
with knife-edge wheels,used in constructing tra-
power,expressed in decibels,Also known as
jectories of charged particles in an electric field.
transmission gain,[ENG] A cavity in a piece
{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨vertstrokeinferiorbo˙r vertstrokeinferiortra¨H11080leˉ }
of wood prepared by notching or mortising so
gage Also spelled gauge,[CIV ENG] The dis-
that a hinge or other hardware or another piece
tance between the inner faces of the rails of
of wood can be placed on the cavity,{ gaˉn}
railway track; standard gage in the United States
gain asymptotes [CONT SYS] Asymptotes to a
is 4 feet 8
1
/
2
inches (1.44 meters),[DES
logarithmic graph of gain as a function of fre-
ENG] 1,A device for determining the relative
quency,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?mvertstrokeinferiortoˉts }
shape or size of an object,2,The thickness
gain-crossover frequency [CONT SYS] The fre-
of a metal sheet,a rod,or a wire,[ENG] The
quency at which the magnitude of the loop ratio
minimum sieve size through which most (95%
is unity,{ |gaˉn |kro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
or more) of an aggregate will pass,{ gaˉj}
gain margin [CONT SYS] The reciprocal of the
gage block [DES ENG] A chrome steel block
magnitude of the loop ratio at the phase cross-
havingtwoflat,parallelsurfaceswiththeparallel
over frequency,frequentlyexpressed in decibels.
distance between them being the size marked
{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080j?n}
on the block to a guaranteed accuracy of a few
gainscheduling [CONTSYS] A methodof elimi-
millionths of an inch; used as the standard of
nating influences of variations in the process
precise lineal measurement for most manufac-
dynamics of a control system by changing the
turing processes,Also known as precision
parametersoftheregulatorasfunctionsofauxil-
block; size block,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
iary variables which correlate well with those
gage cock [ENG] A valve located on a water
dynamics,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn vertstrokeinferiorskejH11080?H11080li? }
column of a boiler drum,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
gal [MECH] 1,The unit of acceleration in the
gage glass [ENG] A glass,plastic,or metal
centimeter-gram-second system,equal to 1 cen-
tube,usually equipped with shutoff valves,that
timeter per second squared; commonly used in
is connected by a suitable fitting to a tank or
geodetic measurement,Formerly known as gali-
vessel,for the measurement of liquid level,leo,Symbolized Gal,2,See gallon,{ gal }
{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorglas } Gal See gal,{ gal }
gage length [ENG] Original length of the por- Galilean transformation [MECH] A mathemati-
tion of a specimen measured for strain,length cal transformation used to relate the space and
changes,and other characteristics,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj time variables of two uniformly moving (inertial)
vertstrokeinferiorle?kth } reference systems in nonrelativistic kinematics.
gageplate [CIV ENG] A plate inserted between { vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080?|leˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
the parallel rails of a railroad track to maintain galileo See gal,{ vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080oˉ }
the gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} Galileo’s law of inertia See Newton’s first law.
{ vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080oˉz |lo˙?vivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }gagepoint [DES ENG] A point used to position
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
Galitzinpendulum
Galitzin pendulum [MECH] A massive horizon- gamma camera [ENG] An instrument con-
sistingofalarge,thinscintillationcrystalorarraytal pendulum that is used to measure variations
in the direction of the force of gravity with time,of photomultiplier tubes,a multichannel colli-
mator,and circuitry to analyze the pulses pro-and thus serves as the basis of a seismograph.
{ga¨|litH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m } duced by the photomultipliers; used to visualize
thedistributionofradioactivecompoundsinthegalley [ENG] The kitchen of a ship,airplane,or
trailer,{ vertstrokesuperiorgalH11080eˉ } human body,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkamH11080r? }
gamma counter [ENG] A device for detectinggallium arsenide field-effect transistor [ELECTR]
Afield-effecttransistorinwhichcurrentbetween gamma radiation,primarily through the detec-
tion of fast electrons produced by the gammathe ohmic source and drain contacts is carried
by free electrons in a channel consisting of n- rays;iteitheryieldsinformationaboutintegrated
intensity within a time interval or detects eachtype gallium arsenide,and this current is modu-
lated by a Schottky-barrier rectifying contact photon separately,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
gamma logging [ENG] Obtaining,by means ofcalled the gate that varies the cross-sectional
area of the channel,Abbreviated GaAs FET,a gamma-ray probe,a record of the intensities
of gamma rays emitted by the rock strata pene-{ vertstrokesuperiorgalH11080eˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiora¨rsH11080?nvertstrokeinferior?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld i|fekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
gallon [MECH] Abbreviated gal,1,A unit of trated by a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
gamma-ray altimeter [ENG] An altimeter,usedvolume used in the United States for measure-
ment of liquid substances,equal to 231 cubic at altitudes under several hundred feet,that
measures the photon backscatter from the earthinches,or to 3.785 411 784 H11003 10
H110023
cubic meter,
or to 3.785 411 784 liters; equal to 128 fluid resulting from the transmission of photons to
earth from a cobalt-60 gamma source in theounces,2.A unit of volume used in the United
Kingdom for measurement of liquid and solid plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
gamma-raydetector [ENG] An instrument thatsubstances,usually the former; equal to 4.54609
H11003 10
H110023
cubic meter,or to 4.54609 liters; equal registers the presence of gamma rays,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉ divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}to 160 fluid ounces,Also known as imperial
gallon,{ vertstrokesuperiorgalH11080?n} gamma-raylevelindicator [ENG] Alevelindica-
tor in which the rising level of the liquid or otherGaltonwhistle [ENG ACOUS] A short cylindrical
pipe with an annular nozzle,which is set into material reduces the amount of radiation pass-
ing from a gamma-ray source through the con-resonant vibration in order to generate ultra-
sonic sound waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorgo˙lH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorwisH11080?l } tainer to a Geiger counter or other radiation de-
tector,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ |levH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}galvanic [ELEC] Pertainingtoelectricityflowing
as a result of chemical action,{ galvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080ik } gamma-rayprobe [ENG] A gamma-ray counter
built into a watertight case small enough to begalvanic battery [ELEC] A galvanic cell,or two
or more such cells electrically connected to pro- lowered into a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}
gamma-ray tracking [ENG] Use of threeduce energy,{ galvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }
galvanic cell [ELEC] An electrolytic cell that is tracking stations,located at the three corners of
a triangle centered on a missile about to becapable of producing electric energy by electro-
chemical action,{ galvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsel } launched,to obtain accurate azimuthal tracking
of a cobalt-60 gamma source in the tail.galvanic couple [ELEC] A pair of unlike sub-
stances,such as metals,which generate a volt- { vertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? }
gamma-ray well logging [ENG] Measurementage when brought in contact with an electrolyte.
{ galvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?l } of gamma-ray intensity versus depth down the
wellbore; used to identify rock strata,their posi-galvaniccurrent [ELEC] Asteadydirectcurrent.
{ galvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt } tion,and their thicknesses,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorwel
vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }galvanometer [ENG] An instrument for indicat-
ing or measuring a small electric current by gammeter [ENG] Atemplatefashionedoftrans-
parent material and marked with a calibratedmeans of a mechanical motion derived from
electromagnetic or electrodynamic forces pro- scale; when positioned on a sensitometric curve
it is used to determine the slope of the straight-duced by the current,{ vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
galvanometer recorder [ENG ACOUS] A sound line portion,{ vertstrokesuperiorgavertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
gang [ELEC] Amechanicalconnectionoftwoorrecorder in which the audio signal voltage is
applied to a coil suspended in a magnetic field; more circuit devices so that they can be varied
at the same time,{ ga? }the resulting movements of the coil cause a tiny
attached mirror to move a reflected light beam gang chart [IND ENG] A multiple-activity proc-
ess chart used for groups of men on materials-back and forth across a slit in front of a moving
photographic film,{ vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?rrivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080 handling operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorga?vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
gangdrill [MECH ENG] A set of drills operated?r}
gambrel roof [BUILD] A roof with two sloping together in the same machine; used in rock dril-
ling,{ vertstrokesuperiorga?vertstrokeinferiordril }sides stepped at different angles on each side
of the center ridge; the lower slope is steeper gang milling [ENG] Rolling of material by
means of a composite machine with numerousthan the upper slope,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080br?l vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}
gamma [MECH] A unit of mass equal to 10
H110026
cutting blades,{ vertstrokesuperiorga?vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
gang saw [MECH ENG] A steel frame in whichgram or 10
H110029
kilogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorgamH11080? }
242
GasFET
thin,parallelsawsarearrangedtooperatesimul- material and designed for insertion into a pipe-
line followed by inflation to halt the flow of gas.taneously in cutting logs,{ vertstrokesuperiorga?vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorbag }gantlet [CIV ENG] A stretch of overlapping rail-
gas bearing [MECH ENG] A journal or thrustroad track,with one rail of one track being be-
bearinglubricatedwithgas,Alsoknownasgas-
tween the two rails of another track; used over
lubricated bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
narrow bridges and passes,{ vertstrokesuperiorgo˙ntH11080l?t}
gas burner [ENG] A hole or a group of holes
gantry [ENG] A frame erected on side supports
through which a combustible gas or gas-air mix-
so as to span an area and support and hoist
ture flows and burns,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
machinery and heavy materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorganH11080treˉ }
gascleaning [ENG] Removing ingredients,pol-
gantrycrane [MECH ENG] A bridgelike hoisting
lutants,or contaminants from domestic and in-
machine having fixed supports or arranged for
dustrial gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080i? }
running along tracks on ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiorganH11080
gas-compressioncycle [MECH ENG] A refriger-
treˉ vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
ation cycle in which hot,compressed gas is
gantry-type robot [CONT SYS] A continuous-
cooled in a heat exchanger,then passes into a
path,Cartesian-coordinate robot constructed in
gas expander which provides an exhaust stream
a bridge shape that uses rails to move along
of cold gas to another heat exchanger that han-
a single horizontal axis or along either of two
dles the sensible-heat refrigeration effect and
perpendicular horizontal axes,{ vertstrokesuperiorganH11080treˉ |t?ˉp
exhausts the gas to the compressor,{ |gas
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
k?m|preshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
Gantt chart [IND ENG] In production planning
gas compressor [MECH ENG] A machine that
and control,a type of bar chart depicting the
increases the pressure of a gas or vapor by in-
work planned and done in relation to time; each
creasing the gas density and delivering the fluid
division of space represents both a time interval
againsttheconnectedsystemresistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas
and the amount of work to be done during that
k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}
interval,{ vertstrokesuperiorgant vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt } gas constant [THERMO] The constant of pro-
Gantt task and bonus plan [IND ENG] A wage portionality appearing in the equation of state
incentive plan in which high task efficiency is of an ideal gas,equal to the pressure of the gas
maintained by providing a percentage bonus as times its molar volume divided by its tempera-
a reward for production in excess of standard,ture,Alsoknownasgas-lawconstant;universal
gas constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }{ vertstrokesuperiorgant |task?n vertstrokesuperiorboˉH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorplan }
gascycle [THERMO] Asequenceinwhichagas-gap [ELEC] The spacing between two electric
eous fluid undergoes a series of thermodynamiccontacts,{ gap }
phases,ultimately returning to its original state.gap-fillerradar [ENG] Radar used to fill gaps in
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}radar coverage of other radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorgap vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?r
gascylinder [MECHENG] Thechamberinwhich
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
a piston moves in a positive displacement en-
gap-framepress [MECH ENG] A punch press
gine or compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}
whose frame is open at bed level so that wide
gasdehydrator [CHEMENG] Adeviceorsystem
work or strip work can be inserted,{ |gaˉp
to remove moisture vapor from a gas stream,
vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmvertstrokeinferiorpres }
usually incorporates desiccant-type packed
gap lathe [MECH ENG] An engine lathe with a
towers,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas deˉvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiordraˉdH11080?r}
sliding bed providing enough space for turning
gas-deviation factor See compressibility factor.
large-diameter work,{ vertstrokesuperiorgap vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
{ |gas vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080veˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
gap scanning [ENG] In ultrasonic testing,a
gas engine [MECH ENG] An internal combus-
coupling technique in which a sound beam is
tion engine that uses gaseous fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas
projectedthroughashortfluidcolumnthatflows
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
through a nozzle on an ultrasonic search unit.
gaseous conduction analyzer [ENG] A device
{ vertstrokesuperiorgap vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080i? }
to detect organic vapors in air by measuring the
garnethinge [DES ENG] A hinge with a vertical
change in current that flows between a heated
bar and horizontal strap,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨rH11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
platinum anode and a concentric platinum cath-
garret [BUILD] The part of a house just under
ode,{ |gashH11080?sk?n|d?kH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
the roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorgarH11080?t}
gaseous diffusion [CHEM ENG] 1,Pressure-in-
garter spring [DES ENG] A closed ring formed
duced free-molecular transfer ofgas through mi-
of helically wound wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorspri? }
croporous barriers as in the process of making
gas absorption operation [CHEM ENG] The re-
fissionable fuel,2,Selective solubility diffu-
covery of solute gases present in gaseous mix-
sion of gas through nonporous polymers by ab-
turesofnoncondensables;thisrecoveryisgener-
sorption and solution of the gas in the polymer
ally achieved by contacting the gas stream with
matrix,{ |gashH11080?sdivertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
a liquid that offers specific or selective solubility
gasetching [ENG] Theremovalofmaterialfrom
for the solute gas to be recovered,or with an
a semiconductor circuit by reaction with a gas
adsorbent(forexample,syntheticornaturalzeo- thatformsavolatilecompound,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorechH11080i? }
lite) that accepts only specific molecule sizes or GasFET [ENG] A gas sensor based on changes,
shapes,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas?bvertstrokeinferiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n} upon exposure to hydrogen,in the surface part
of the work function of a palladium componentgasbag [ENG] Abagmadeofgas-impermeable
243
gas-filledthermometer
that serves as the gate contact of a metal oxide a filter and a bed of adsorbent material.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiormask }semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOS-
gas meter [ENG] An instrument for measuringFET),{ vertstrokesuperiorgasvertstrokeinferiorfet }
and recording the amount of gas flow through agas-filled thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}which uses a gas (usually nitrogen or hydrogen),
gasolineengine [MECH ENG] An internal com-that approximately follows the ideal gas law.
bustion engine that uses a mixture of air and{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorfild th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
gasoline vapor as a fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉn vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}gasfilter [CHEM ENG] A device used to remove
gasoline pump [MECH ENG] A device that
liquid or solid particles from a flowing gas
pumps and measures the gasoline supplied to
stream,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas filH11080t?r}
a motor vehicle,as at a filling station,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080
gasfurnace [ENG] Anenclosureinwhichagas-
vertstrokeinferiorleˉn vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
eous fuel is burned,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
gasometer [ENG] A piece of equipment that
gasgenerator [CHEMENG] Achemicalplantfor
holds and measures gas; may be used in analyti-
producing gas from coal,for example,water
cal chemistry to measure the quantity of gas
gas,[MECH ENG] An apparatus that supplies
evolved in a reaction,{ gavertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
a high-pressure gas flow to drive compressors,
gaspacking [IND ENG] Packing a material such
airscrews,and other machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?
as food in an atmosphere consisting of an oxy-
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
gen-free gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorpakH11080i? }
gasheater [MECH ENG] A unit heater designed
gas pliers [DES ENG] Pliers for gripping round
to supply heat by forced convection,using gas
objects such as pipes,tubes,and circular rods.
as a heat source,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?rz }
gas holder [ENG] Gas storage container with
gas producer [CHEM ENG] A device for com-
verticallyfreetopsectionthatmovesupordown
plete gasification of coal by utilizing simultane-
to adjust to the volume of gas held,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas
ously the air and water-gas reactions,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉlH11080d?r}
pr?vertstrokeinferiordu¨sH11080?r}
gashole [ENG] A cavity formed in a casting as
gas reversion [CHEM ENG] A process which
a result of cavitation,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
combinesthermalcrackingorreformingofnaph-
gasification [CHEM ENG] Any chemical or heat
tha with thermal polymerization or alkylation of
process used to convert a substance to a gas;
hydrocarbon gases carried out in the same reac-
coal is converted by the Hygas process to a gas-
tion zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n}
eous fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
gas scrubbing [CHEM ENG] Removal of gas-
gasifier [CHEM ENG] A unit for producing gas,
eousorliquidimpuritiesfromagasbytheaction
particularly synthesis gas from coal,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080
of a liquid; the gas is contacted with the liquid
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
which removes the impurities by dissolving or
gasinjection [MECH ENG] Injection of gaseous
by chemical combination,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorskr?bH11080i? }
fuel into the cylinder of an internal combustion
gasseal [ENG] A seal which prevents gas from
engine at the appropriate part of the cycle.
leaking to or from a machine along a shaft.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas invertstrokeinferiorjekH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
gasket [ENG] A packing made of deformable
gassing [ELEC] Theevolutionofgasintheform
material,usually in the form of a sheet or ring,
ofsmallbubblesinastoragebatterywhencharg-
used to make a pressure-tight joint between sta-
ing continues after the battery has been com-
tionary parts,Also known as static seal.
pletely charged,[ENG] 1,Absorption of gas
{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080git }
by a material,2,Formation of gas pockets in
gas law [THERMO] Any law relating the pres-
a material,3,Evolution of gas from a material
sure,volume,and temperature of a gas.
during a process or procedure,{ vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
gas tank [ENG] A tank for storing gas or gaso-
gas-law constant See gas constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorlo˙
line,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
gas thermometer [ENG] A device to measure
gas lift [CHEM ENG] Solids movement opera-
temperature by measuring the pressure exerted
tion in which an upward-flowing gas stream in
by a definite amount of gas enclosed in a con-
a closed conduit or vessel is used to lift and
stant volume; the gas (preferably hydrogen or
move powdered or granular solid material.
helium) is enclosed in a glass or fused-quartz
{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorlift }
bulb connected to a mercury manometer,Also
gas making [CHEM ENG] Making water gas or
known as constant-volume gas thermometer.
air gas by the action of steam and air upon hot { |gas th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
coke,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiormaˉkH11080i? } gas thermometry [ENG] Measurement of tem-
gas manometer [ENG] A gage for determining peratures with a gas thermometer; used with
the difference in pressure of two gases,usually helium down to about 1 K,{ |gas th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080
by measuring the difference in height of liquid?H11080treˉ }
columns in the two sides of a U-tube,{ |gas gastrap [CIVENG] Abendorchamberinadrain
m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r} or sewer pipe that prevents sewer gas from es-
gas mask [ENG] A device to protect the eyes caping,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiortrap }
andrespiratorytractfromnoxiousgases,vapors,gas-treating system [CHEM ENG] A process
system to remove nonhydrocarbon impuritiesand aerosols,by removing contamination with
244
geardrive
(suchaswatervapor,hydrogensulfide,orcarbon high-quality glass to be taken from the center.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgathH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorri? }dioxide) from wellhead gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080i?
gating [ELECTR] The process of selecting thosevertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
portions of a wave that exist during one or moregas-tube boiler See waste-heat boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas
selected time intervals or that have magnitudesvertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiorbo˙il?r}
between selected limits,[ENG] A network ofgas turbine [MECH ENG] A heat engine that
connecting channels,including sprues,runners,converts the energy of fuel into work by using
gates,and cavities,which conduct molten metalcompressed,hotgasastheworkingmediumand
to the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉdH11080i? }
that usually delivers its mechanical output
gatingwaveform See gate,{ |gaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
power either as torque through a rotating shaft
Gaussian weighing method [ENG] A method
(industrial gas turbines) or as jet power in the
used to determine the accuracy of equal-arm
form of velocity through an exhaust nozzle (air-
balances and to test standard weights in which
craft jet engines),Also known as combustion
thesampleisplacedononepanandthecompar-
turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}
ative weights on the other,and then the weights
gas-turbine nozzle [MECH ENG] The compo-
areinterchangedinasecondweighing,{ vertstrokesuperiorgau˙sH11080
nent of a gas turbine in which the hot,high-
eˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
pressure gas expands and accelerates to high
gaussmeter [ENG] A magnetometer whose
velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}
scale is graduated in gauss or kilogauss,and
gasvalve [ENG] An exhaust valve,held shut by
usually measures only the intensity,and not the
rubber springs,used to discharge gas from the
direction,of the magnetic field,{ vertstrokesuperiorgau˙svertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
extreme top of a balloon,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
r}
gas vent [ENG] A pipe or hole that allows gas
Gauss method of weighing See double weighing.
to pass off,{ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorvent }
{ |gau˙s |methH11080?d?v vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i? }
gate [CIV ENG] A movable barrier across an
Gauss’ principle of least constraint [MECH]
opening in a large barrier,a fence,or a wall.
The principle that the motion of a system of
[ELECTR] 1,A circuit having an output and a
interconnected material points subjected to any
multiplicity of inputs and so designed that the
influence is such as to minimize the constraint
outputisenergizedonlywhenacertaincombina-
on the system; here the constraint,during an
tion of pulses is present at the inputs,2,A
infinitesimal period of time,is the sum over the
circuit in which one signal,generally a square
points of the product of the mass of the point
wave,serves to switch another signal on and
times the square of its deviation from the posi-
off,3,One of the electrodes in a field-effect
tion it would have occupied at the end of the
transistor,4,An output element of a cryotron.
timeperiodifithadnotbeenconnectedtoother
5,To control the passage of a pulse or signal.
points,{ vertstrokesuperiorgau˙s vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v |leˉst k?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉnt }
6.In radar,an electricwaveform which is applied
Gay-Lussac’s second law [THERMO] The law
to the control point of a circuit to alter the mode
that the internal energy of an ideal gas is inde-
of operation of the circuit at the time when the
pendent of its volume,{ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉH11080lu˙vertstrokeinferiorsa¨ks vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd
waveform is applied,Also known as gating
vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
waveform,[ENG] 1,A device,such as a valve
Gay-Lussac tower [CHEM ENG] A component
or door,for controlling the passage of materials
partin thechamberprocessfor sulfuricacidpro-
through a pipe,channel,or other passageway.
duction that absorbs nitrogen oxides to form
2,A device for positioning the film in a camera,
nitrous vitriol,{ vertstrokeinferiorgaH11080lu˙vertstrokeinferiorsa¨k vertstrokesuperiortau˙H11080?r}
printer,or projector,{ gaˉt}
g-cal See calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorjeˉvertstrokeinferiorkal }
gate-arraydevice [ELECTR] An integrated logic
g-cm See gram-centimeter.
circuit that is manufactured by first fabricating
gear [DES ENG] A toothed machine element
a two-dimensional array of logic cells,each of
usedto transmitmotion betweenrotating shafts
which is equivalent to one or a few logic gates,
when the center distance of the shafts is not too
andthenaddingfinallayersofmetallizationthat
large,[MECH ENG] 1,A mechanism per-
determine the exact function of each cell and
forming a specific function in a machine,2.An
interconnect the cells to form a specific network
adjustmentdeviceofthetransmissioninamotor
when the customer orders the device,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt
vehiclewhichdeterminesmechanicaladvantage,
vertstrokeinferiorraˉ divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
relative speed,and direction of travel,{ gir }
Gates crusher [MECH ENG] A gyratory crusher
gear case [MECH ENG] An enclosure,usually
which hasa cone ormantle that ismoved eccen-
filled with lubricating fluid,in which gears oper-
trically by the lower bearing sleeve,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉts ate,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorka
ˉs}
vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r} gear cutter [MECH ENG] A machine or tool for
gate valve [MECH ENG] A valve with a disk- cutting teeth in a gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
shaped closing element that fits tightly over an gear cutting [MECH ENG] The cutting or form-
opening through which water passes,{ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt ing of a uniform series of toothlike projections
vertstrokeinferiorvalv } on the surface of a workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i? }
gatheringiron [ENG] A rod used to collect mol- geardown [MECHENG] To arrange gearsso the
ten glass for glassblowing,{ vertstrokesuperiorgathH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn } driven part rotates at a slower speed than the
gatheringring [ENG] Aclay ringplaced onmol- driving part,{ |gir vertstrokesuperiordau˙n}
geardrive [MECHENG] Transmissionofmotionten glass to collect impurities and thus permit
245
gearedturbine
or torque from one shaft to another by means complementary projections on another wheel to
transmit force and motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorteˉth }of direct contact between toothed wheels.
geartrain [MECHENG] Acombinationof twoor{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
more gears used to transmit motion betweengeared turbine [MECH ENG] A turbine con-
two rotating shafts or between a shaft and anected to a set of reduction gears,{ |gird
slide,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
gear up [MECH ENG] To arrange gears so thatgear forming [MECH ENG] A method of gear
the driven part rotates faster than the drivingcutting in which the desired tooth shape is pro-
part,{ |gir vertstrokesuperior?p}
duced by a tool whose cutting profile matches
gear wheel [MECH ENG] A wheel that meshes
the tooth form,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
gear teeth with another part,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
geargenerating [MECH ENG] A method of gear
geepound See slug,{ vertstrokesuperiorjeˉvertstrokeinferiorpau¨nd }
cutting in which the tooth is produced by the
Geiger-Mu¨ller probe [ENG] A Geiger-Mu¨ller
conjugate or total cutting action of the tool plus
counter in a watertight container,lowered into
the rotation of the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?
aboreholetologtheintensityofthegammarays
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
emitted by radioactive substances in traversed
gear grinding [MECH ENG] A gear-cutting
rock,Also known as electronic logger; Geiger
method in which gears are shaped by formed
probe,{ |g?ˉH11080g?r vertstrokesuperiormyu¨lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}
grinding wheels and by generation; primarily a
Geiger probe See Geiger-Mu¨ller probe,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉH11080g?r
finishing operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}
gearhobber [MECH ENG] A machine that mills
Geissler pump [ENG] A type of air pump that
gear teeth; the rotational speed of the hob has
uses the principle of the Torricellian vacuum,
a precise relationship to that of the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir
andinwhich thevacuumisproduced bytheflow
vertstrokeinferiorha¨bH11080?r}
of mercury back and forth between a vertically
gearing [MECH ENG] A set of gear wheels.
adjustable and a fixed reservoir,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉsH11080l?r
{ vertstrokesuperiorgirH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
gearingchain [MECH ENG] A continuous chain
gelatinize [ENG] Tocoatortreatwithasolution
used to transmit motion from one toothed
of gelatin,{ j?vertstrokesuperiorlatH11080?nvertstrokeinferior?ˉz}
wheel,or sprocket,to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorgirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
gelation time [CHEM ENG] In the manufacture
gearless traction [MECH ENG] Direct drive,
of a thermosetting resin,the time interval be-
without reduction gears,{ |girH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
tween the addition of the catalyst into a liquid
gearlevel [MECHENG] To arrange gearsso that
adhesive system and the formation of a gel.
the driven part and driving part turn at the same
{j?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
speed,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
GEM See air-cushion vehicle.
gearloading [MECH ENG] The power transmit-
gender [ELEC] Theclassification ofaconnector
ted or the contact force per unit length of a gear.
as female or male,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080d?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080i? }
genderchanger [ELEC] A small passive device
gear meter [ENG] A type of positive-displace-
that is placed between two connectors of the
ment fluid quantity meter in which the rotating
samegender toenablethemto bejoined,Also
elements are two meshing gear wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir
known as cable matcher,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
generalized coordinates [MECH] A set of vari-
gearmotor [MECHENG] Amotorcombinedwith
ables used to specify the position and orienta-
a set of speed-reducing gears,{ vertstrokesuperiorgirvertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
tion of a system,in principle defined in terms
gearpump [MECHENG] Arotarypumpinwhich
ofCartesiancoordinatesofthesystem’sparticles
two meshing gear wheels contrarotate so that
and of the time in some convenient manner; the
thefluidisentrainedononesideanddischarged
number of such coordinates equals the number
on the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
of degrees of freedom of the system Also known
gearratio [MECH ENG] The ratio of the angular
as Lagrangian coordinates,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd koˉ
speed of the driving member of a gear train or
vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }
similarmechanismtothatofthedrivenmember;
generalized force [MECH] The generalized
specifically,the number of revolutions made by
force corresponding to a generalized coordinate
the engine per revolution of the rear wheels of
is the ratio of the virtual work done in an infini-
an automobile,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
tesimal virtual displacement,which alters that
gearshaper [MECHENG] Amachinethatmakes
coordinate and no other,to the change in the
gearteethbymeansofareciprocatingcutterthat
coordinate,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
rotates slowly with the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorshaˉpH11080?r} generalized momentum See conjugate momen-
gear-shavingmachine [MECH ENG] A finishing tum,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorl?
ˉzd m?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m}
machine that removes excess metal from ma- generalized velocity [MECH] The derivative
chined gears by the axial sliding motion of a with respect to time of one of the generalized
straight-rack cutter or a circular gear cutter,coordinates of a particle,Also known as La-
{ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorshaˉvH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn} grangian generalized velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd v?
gearshift [MECH ENG] A device for engaging vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
and disengaging gears,{ vertstrokesuperiorgirvertstrokeinferiorshift } generalmanager [IND ENG] The person of gen-
gear teeth [DES ENG] Projections on the cir- eral authority who performs all reasonable tasks
in conducting the usual and customary businesscumference orface of awheel whichengage with
246
get
of the principal head or owner,{ |jenH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiormanH11080 conductive seawater by the magnetic field of
the earth,{ |jeˉH11080oˉH11080mag|nedH11080ik i|lekH11080tr?H11080k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080H11080j?r}
generatingmagnetometer [ENG] A magnetom- vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
geomembrane [CIV ENG] Any impermeableeter in which a coil is rotated in the magnetic
fieldtobemeasuredwiththeresultinggenerated membrane (usually made of synthetic polymers
in sheets) used with soils,rock,earth,or othervoltage being proportional to the strength of the
magnetic field,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? magH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080 geotechnical material in order to block the mi-
gration of fluids,{ vertstrokeinferiorjeˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn}?r}
generating plant See generating station,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080 geometric construction [ENG] Construction
that employs only straightedge and compasses?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplant }
generating station [MECH ENG] A stationary or is carried out by drawing only straight lines
and circles,{ |jeˉH11080?|meH11080trik k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}plant containing apparatus for large-scale con-
version of some form of energy (such as hydrau- geometricprogramming [SYSENG] Anonlinear
programming technique in which the relativelic,steam,chemical,ornuclearenergy)intoelec-
trical energy,Also known as generating plant; contribution of each of the component costs is
first determined; only then are the variables inpower station,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
generation rate [ELECTR] In a semiconductor,the component costs determined,{ |jeˉH11080?|meH11080
trik vertstrokesuperiorproˉ vertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }the time rate of creation of electron-hole pairs.
{ vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉt} geophysicalengineering [ENG] Abranchofen-
gineering that applies scientific methods for lo-generator [ELEC] A machine that converts me-
chanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy;initscom- cating mineral deposits,{ |jeˉH11080?|fizH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080
j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }monest form,a large number of conductors are
mounted on an armature that is rotated in a geophysical prospecting [ENG] Application of
quantitative concepts and principles of physicsmagnetic field produced by field coils,Also
known as dynamo; electric generator,andmathematicsingeologicexplorationstodis-
cover the character of and mineral resources in[ELECTR] 1,A vacuum-tube oscillator or any
othernonrotatingdevicethat generatesanalter- underground rocks in the upper portions of the
earth’s crust,{ |jeˉH11080?|fizH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ti? }nating voltageat a desired frequencywhen ener-
gized with direct-current power or low-frequency geosynthetic [CIV ENG] Any synthetic material
used in geotechnical engineering,such as geo-alternating-currentpower,2.Acircuitthatgen-
erates a desired repetitive or nonrepetitive textiles and geomembranes,{ vertstrokeinferiorjeˉH11080oˉH11080sinvertstrokesuperiorthedH11080
ik }waveform,such as a pulse generator,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r} geotechnics [CIV ENG] The application of sci-
entific methods and engineering principles togenerator set [ENG] The aggregate of one or
more generators together with the equipment civilengineeringproblemsthroughacquiring,in-
terpreting,and using knowledge of materials ofand plant for producing the energy that drives
them,{ vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorset } the crust of the earth,{ |jeˉH11080oˉ|tekH11080niks }
geotechnology [ENG] Application of the meth-geochemical prospecting [ENG] The use of
geochemical and biogeochemical principles and ods of engineering and science to exploitation
of natural resources,{ |jeˉH11080oˉH11080tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }data in the search for economic deposits of min-
erals,petroleum,and natural gases,{ |jeˉH11080 geotextiles [CIV ENG] Woven or nonwoven fab-
rics used with foundations,soils,rock,earth,oroˉ|kemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ting }
geochemical well logging [ENG] Well logging other geotechnical material as an integral part
of a manufactured project,structure,or system.dependent on geochemical analysis of the data.
{ |jeˉH11080oˉ|kemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? } Also known as civil engineering fabrics; erosion
control cloth; filter fabrics; support membranes.geodetic survey [ENG] A survey in which the
figure and size of the earth are considered; it is { |jeˉH11080oˉ|tekvertstrokeinferiorst?ˉlz }
geothermal prospecting [ENG] Exploration forapplicable for large areas and long lines and
is used for the precise location of basic points sources of geothermal energy,{ |jeˉH11080oˉ|th?rH11080m?l
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ti? }suitable for controlling other surveys,{ |jeˉH11080
|dedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ } geothermal well logging [ENG] Measurement
of the change in temperature of the earth bygeographicalmile [MECH] The length of 1 min-
uteofarcoftheEquator,or6087.08feet(1855.34 means of well logging,{ |jeˉH11080oˉ|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorwel
vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }meters),which approximates the length of the
nautical mile,{ |jeˉH11080?|grafH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉl} geothermometer [ENG] A thermometer con-
structed to measure temperatures in boreholesgeologicthermometerSeegeothermometer,{ |jeˉH11080
|la¨jH11080ik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } or deep-sea deposits,{ |jeˉH11080oˉH11080th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
gerber beam [CIV ENG] A long,straight beamgeolograph [ENG] A device that records the
penetration rate of a bit during the drilling of a thatfunctionsessentiallyasacantileveredbeam
bytheinsertionoftwohingesinalternatespans.well,{ jeˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraph }
geomagnetic electrokinetograph [ENG] An in- { vertstrokesuperiorg?rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
get [IND ENG] A combination of two or more ofstrument that can be suspended from the side
of a ship to measure the direction and speed of the elemental motions of search,select,grasp,
transport empty,and transport loaded; appliedocean currents while the ship is under way by
measuring the voltage induced in the moving to time-motion studies,{ get }
247
getter-ionpump
getter-ion pump [ENG] A high-vacuum pump Gilbreth’smicromotionstudy [INDENG] Atime
that employs chemically active metal layers and motion study based on the concept that all
which are continuously or intermittently depos- work is performed by using a relatively few basic
ited on the wall of the pump,and which chemi- operations in varying combinations and se-
sorb active gases while inert gases are ‘‘cleaned quence;basicelements(therbligs)includegrasp,
up’’by ionizingtheminan electricdischargeand search,move,reach,andhold,{ vertstrokesuperiorgilH11080br?ths |m?ˉH11080
drawing the positive ions to the wall,where the kroˉ|moˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
neutralized ions are buried by fresh deposits of gill [MECH] 1,A unit of volume used in the
metal,Also known as sputter-ion pump.
UnitedStatesforthemeasurementofliquidsub-
{ |gedH11080?r |?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
stances,equal to 1/4 U.S,liquid pint,or to
getter sputtering [ELECTR] The deposition of
1.1829411825 H11003 10
H110024
cubic meter,2,A unit of
high-purity thin films at ordinary vacuum levels
volume used in the United Kingdom for the
by using a getter to remove contaminants re-
measurement of liquid substances,and occa-
maining in the vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsp?dH11080?H11080ri? }
sionally of solid substances,equal to 1/4 U.K.
gewelhinge [DES ENG] A hinge consisting of a
pint,or to approximately 1.420653125 H11003 10
H110024
hook inserted in a loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨H11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
cubic meter,{ gil }
gf See gram-force.
Gilliland correlation [CHEM ENG] Approxima-
Giaque’s temperature scale [THERMO] The in-
tionmethodfordistillation-columncalculations;
ternationally accepted scale of absolute temper-
correlates reflux ratio and number of plates for
ature,inwhichthetriplepointofwaterisdefined
the column as functions of minimum reflux and
to have a temperature of 273.16 K,{ |zhya¨ks
minimum plates,{ g?vertstrokesuperiorlilH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorka¨H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
gillnet [ENG] A net that entangles the gill cov-
gib [ENG] A removable plate designed to hold
ers of fish,{ vertstrokesuperiorgil vertstrokeinferiornet }
other parts in place or act as a bearing or wear
Gilmour heat-exchange method [ENG] Ther-
surface,{ gib }
mal design method for heat exchangers by solu-
Gibbs apparatus [ENG] A compressed-oxygen
tion of five unique equations containing a mini-
breathing apparatus used by miners in the
mum number of variables and involving tube-
United States,{ vertstrokesuperiorgibz vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorradH11080?s}
side,shell-side,tube-wall,and dirt resistance.
Gibbs diaphragm cell [CHEM ENG] A type of
{ vertstrokesuperiorgilH11080mo˙r vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnj vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
electrolytic diaphragm cell for chlorine produc-
gimbal [ENG] 1.Adevicewithtwomutuallyper-
tion,with graphite electrodes and a cylindrical
pendicularandintersectingaxesofrotation,thus
shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorgibz vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorsel }
giving free angular movement in two directions,
Gibbs free energy [THERMO] The thermody-
on which an engine or other object may be
namicfunctionGH11005HH11002TS,whereHisenthalpy,
mounted,2.Inagyro,asupportwhichprovides
T absolute temperature,and S entropy,Also
the spin axis with a degree of freedom,3,To
known as free energy; free enthalpy; Gibbs func-
move a reaction engine about on a gimbal so as
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorgibz |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
to obtain pitching and yawing correction mo-
Gibbs function See Gibbs free energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorgibz
ments,4,To mount something on a gimbal.
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080b?l}
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation [THERMO] 1,Either
gimbaled nozzle [MECH ENG] A nozzle sup-
of two thermodynamic relations that are useful
ported on a gimbal,{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080b?ld vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
in calculating the internal energy U or enthalpy
gimbalfreedom [ENG] Of a gyro,the maximum
H of a system; they may be written U H11005
angular displacement about the output axis of
F H11002 T(H11128F/H11128T)
V
and H H11005 G H11002 T(H11128G/H11128T)
P
,where F
a gimbal,{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080d?m}
is the free energy,G is the Gibbs free energy,T
gimballock [ENG] A condition of a two-degree-
is the absolute temperature,V is the volume,
of-freedom gyro wherein the alignment of the
and P is the pressure,2,Any of the similar
spin axis with an axis of freedom deprives the
equations for changes in thermodynamic poten-
gyro of a degree-of-freedom and therefore its
tials during an isothermal process,{ vertstrokesuperiorgibz vertstrokesuperiorhel-
useful properties,{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
mvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
gimlet [DES ENG] A small tool consisting of a
Giegy-Hardisty process [CHEM ENG] The pro-
threaded tip,grooved shank,and a cross handle;
ductionofsebacicacidfromcastoroiloritsacids
used for boring holes in wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080l?t}
byreactionoftheacidatahightemperaturewith
gimletbit [DESENG] Abitwithathreadedpoint
caustic alkali,{ vertstrokesuperiorgeˉH11080geˉ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080d?H11080steˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
and spiral flute; used for drilling small holes in
Gieslercoaltest [ENG] A plastometric method
wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorgimH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorbit }for estimating the coking properties of coals.
gin [MECHENG] Ahoistingmachineintheform{ vertstrokesuperiorge
ˉsH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorkoˉl vertstrokeinferiortest }
of a tripod with a windlass,pulleys,and ropes.Gilbrethian variables [IND ENG] A system of
{ jin }three sets of variables that are considered to be
gin pole [MECH ENG] A hand-operated derrickintrinsic to every task,variables involving the
whichhasanearlyverticalpolesupportedbyguyresponse of the worker to anatomic and psycho-
ropes; the load is raised on a rope that passeslogical factors,environmental variables,and
through a pulley at the top and over a winch atvariables of motion; used in analyzing and de-
the foot,Also known as guyed-mast derrick;signing work systems,{ gilvertstrokesuperiorbrethH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080
H11080b?lz } pole derrick; standing derrick,{ vertstrokesuperiorjin vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
248
glue-lineheating
gin tackle [MECH ENG] A tackle made for use metal,usually shaped like a triangle,used to
hold a pane of glass in place,Also known aswith a gin,{ vertstrokesuperiorjin vertstrokeinferiortakH11080?l}
Girbotal process [CHEM ENG] A regenerative sprig,{ vertstrokesuperiorglaˉH11080z?rz vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
glazing [ENG] 1,Cutting and fitting panes ofabsorption process to remove carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide,and other acid impurities from glass into frames,2,Smoothing the lead of a
wiped pipe joint by passing a hot iron over it.naturalgas,usingmono-,di-,ortriethanolamine
as the reagent,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorto˙l vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} {vertstrokesuperiorglaˉzH11080i? }
glazingbar See sash bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorglaˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}girder [CIVENG] Alargebeammade ofmetalor
concrete,and sometimes of wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?rH11080d?r} Gleason bevel gear system [DES ENG] The
standard for bevel gear designs in the Unitedgirderclamp See beam clip,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorklamp }
girderclip See beam clip,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorklip } States; employs a basic pressure angle of 20H11034
withlongandshortaddendaforratiosotherthangirt [CIV ENG] 1,A timber in the second-floor
corner posts of a house to serve as a footing for 1:1 to avoid undercut pinions and to increase
strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorgleˉsH11080?n |bevH11080?l |gir vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}roof rafters,2,A horizontal member to stiffen
the framework of a building frame or trestle,globevalve [MECHENG] Adeviceforregulating
flow in a pipeline,consisting of a movable disk-[ENG] A brace memberrunning horizontally be-
tweenthelegsofadrilltripodorderrick,{ g?rt } type element and a stationary ring seat in a gen-
erally spherical body,{ vertstrokesuperiorgloˉb vertstrokeinferiorvalv }gland [ENG] 1,A device for preventing leakage
at a machine joint,as where a shaft emerges glory hole [CIV ENG] A funnel-shaped,fixed-
crestspillway,[ENG] Afurnaceforresofteningfrom a vessel containing a pressurized fluid.
2.A movable part used in a stuffing box to com- or fire polishing glass during working,or an en-
trance in such a furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorglo˙H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}press the packing,{ gland }
glare filter [ENG] A screen that is placed over glossimeter [ENG] An instrument,often photo-
electric,for measuring the ratio of the light re-the face of a cathode-ray tube to reduce glare
from ambient and overhead light,{ vertstrokesuperiorgler vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080 flected from a surface in a definite direction to
the total light reflected in all directions,Alsot?r}
glassblowing [ENG] Shaping a mass of viscid known as glossmeter,{ gla¨vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
glossmeter See glossimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorgla¨svertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}glass by inflating it with air introduced through
a tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorglasvertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080i? } glostfiring [CHEM ENG] The process of glazing
and firing ceramic ware which has previouslyglasscutter [ENG] A tool equipped with a steel
wheel or a diamond point used to cut glass,been fired at a higher temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorglo˙st
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉrH11080i? }{ vertstrokesuperiorglasvertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
glassed steel [CHEM ENG] Process piping or glove box [ENG] A sealed box with gloves
attached and passing through openings into thevessels lined with glass; a glass-steel composite
has structural strength of steel and corrosion box,so that workers can handle materials in
the box; used to handle certain radioactive andresistance of glass,{ |glast |steˉl}
glassfurnace [ENG] A large,coveredfurnaceor biologically dangerous materials and to prevent
contamination of materials and objects such astank for melting large batches of glass,in which
heatissuppliedbyaflameplayingovertheglass germfree rats or lunar rocks,{ vertstrokesuperiorgl?v vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
Glover tower [CHEM ENG] A tower in the leadsurface,and regenerative heating of combustion
air and gas is usually employed,Also known chamberprocessformanufacturingsulfuricacid;
in this tower the nitrogen oxide,sulfur dioxide,as glass tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorglas vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
glass heat exchanger [ENG] Any heat ex- and air mixture is passed upward and sprayed
withasulfuricacid-nitrosylsulfuricacidmixture.changer in which glass replaces metal,such as
shell-and-tube,cascade,double-pipe,bayonet,{ vertstrokesuperiorgl?vH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
glow-discharge microphone [ENG ACOUS] Mi-and coil exchangers,{ |glas vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
glass pot [ENG] A crucible used for making crophone in which the action of sound waves on
the current forming a glow discharge betweensmall amounts of glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorglas vertstrokeinferiorpa¨t}
glassseal [ENG] An airtight seal made by mol- two electrodes causes corresponding variations
in the current,{ |gloˉ |disvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}ten glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorglas vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
glasstank See glass furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorglas vertstrokeinferiorta?k} glowing combustion [CHEM ENG] A reaction
between oxygen or an oxidizer and the surfaceglass-tubemanometer [ENG] A manometer for
simple indication of difference of pressure,in of a solid fuel so that there is emission of heat
and light without a flame,Also known as sur-contrast to the metallic-housed mercury ma-
nometer,used to record or control difference face burning,{ |gloˉH11080i? k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n}
glowplug [MECH ENG] A small electric heater,of pressure or fluid flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorglas vertstrokeinferiortu¨bm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080
dH11080?r } located inside a cylinder of a diesel engine,that
preheats the air and aids the engine in starting.glaze [ENG] A glossy coating,Also known as
enamel,{ glaˉz} {vertstrokesuperiorgloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
glueblock See angle block,{ vertstrokesuperiorglu¨ vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}glazed [MECH ENG] Pertaining to an abrasive
surface that has become smooth and cannot glue-jointripsaw [MECHENG] Aheavy-gagerip-
saw used on straight-line or self-feed rip ma-abrade efficiently,{ glaˉzd }
glazedfrost See glaze,{ |glaˉzd vertstrokesuperiorfro˙st } chines; the cut is smooth enough to permit glu-
ing of joints from the saw,{ vertstrokesuperiorglu¨ vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int vertstrokesuperiorripvertstrokeinferiorso˙ }glazeice See glaze,{ vertstrokesuperiorglaˉz vertstrokeinferior?ˉs}
glazier’s point [ENG] A small piece of sheet glue-line heating [ENG] Dielectric heating in
249
glug
which theelectrodes are designed togive prefer- gold point [THERMO] The temperature of the
freezing point of gold at a pressure of 1 standardential heating to a thin film of glue or other
relativelyhigh-lossmateriallocatedbetweenlay- atmosphere(101,325pascals);usedtodefinethe
International Temperature Scale of 1940,oners of relatively low-loss material such as wood.
{ vertstrokesuperiorglu¨ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? } which it is assigned a value of 1337.33 K or
1064.18H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiorgold vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }glug [MECH] A unit of mass,equal to the mass
which is accelerated by 1 centimeter per second Gold slide [ENG] A slide rule used on British
ships to compute barometric corrections and re-per second by a force of 1 gram-force,or to
980.665 grams,{ gl?g } duction of pressure to sea level; it includes the
effectsoftemperature,latitude,indexcorrection,glycol dehydrator [CHEM ENG] Processing
equipment for removing all or most of the water and barometric height above sea level.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉld vertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉd}from a wet gas by contacting with glycol.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgl?ˉvertstrokeinferiorko˙ldeˉvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiordraˉdH11080?r} golf ball [ENG] A printing element used on
some typewriters and serial printers,consistinggm See gram.
gnomon [ENG] On a sundial,the inclined plate of a rotating,spherically shape,removable type-
head that skims across the printed line whileorpinthatcastsashadow,Alsoknownasstyle.
{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉH11080m?n } the typewriter or printer carriage does not move.
{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨lf vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l}goal coordination method [CONT SYS] A
method for coordinating the subproblem solu- gondolacar [ENG] A flat-bottomed railroad car
which has no top,fixed sides,and often remov-tions in plant decomposition,in which Lagrange
multipliers enter into the subsystem cost func- able ends,in which steel,rock,or heavy bulk
commodities are transported,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨nH11080d?H11080l?tions as shadow prices,and these are adjusted
bythesecond-levelcontrollerinaniterativepro- vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
goniometer [ENG] 1,An instrument used tocedure which culminates (if the method is appli-
cable) in the satisfaction of the subsystem cou- measure the angles between crystal faces.
2,An instrument which uses x-ray diffraction topling relationships,Also known as interaction
balance method; nonfeasible method,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉl measure the angular positions of the axes of a
crystal,3,Any instrument for measuringko˙vertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?H11080naˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
gobo [ENG] A panel used to shield a television angles,{ vertstrokeinferiorgoˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
go/no-godetector [ENG] An instrument havingcamera lens from direct light,[ENG ACOUS] A
sound-absorbing shieldused witha microphone only two operating states,such as a common
fuse which is either intact or melted,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉ vertstrokesuperiornoˉto block unwanted sounds,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉvertstrokeinferiorboˉ }
go-devil [ENG] 1.A device inserted in a pipe or vertstrokeinferiorgoˉ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
go/no-gotest [ENG] A test based on the meas-hole for purposes such as cleaning or for deto-
nating an explosive,2,A sled for moving logs urement of one or more parameters but which
can have only one of two possible results,toor cultivating,3.A large rake for gathering hay.
4.Asmallrailroadcarusedfortransportingwork- pass or reject the device under test,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ
vertstrokeinferiorgoˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }ers and materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉ vertstrokeinferiordevH11080?l}
go gage [DES ENG] A test device that just fits goodoil See raffinate,{ vertstrokesuperiorgu˙d vertstrokeinferioro˙il }
gooseneck [DES ENG] 1,A pipe,bar,or othera part if it has the proper dimensions (often
used in pairs with a ‘‘no go’’ gage to establish devicehavingacurved orbentshaperesembling
that of the neck of a goose,2,See watermaximum and minimum dimensions),{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉ
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } swivel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgu¨svertstrokeinferiornek }
gopher hole [ENG] Horizontal T-shaped open-goggles [ENG] Spectacle-like eye protectors
having shields at the sides and short,projecting ing made in rock in preparation for blasting.
Also known as coyote hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}eye tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨gH11080?lz }
going [CIVENG] Onastaircase,thedistancebe- Gordon’s formula [CIV ENG] An empirical for-
mulawhichgivesthecollapsingloadofacolumntween the faces of two successive risers.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉH11080i? } in terms of its cross-sectional area,length,and
least diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiorgo˙rdH11080?nz vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }Golay cell [ENG] A radiometer in which radia-
tion absorbed in a gas chamber heats the gas,gore [CIV ENG] A small triangular parcel of
land,{ go˙r}causing it to expand and deflect a diaphragm in
accordance with the amount of radiation,gouge [DES ENG] A curved chisel for wood,
bone,stone,and so on,{ gau˙j}{g?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorsel }
goldbeater’s-skin hygrometer [ENG] A hygro- gouging [ENG] Theremovalofmaterialbyelec-
trical,mechanical,or manual means for the for-meter using goldbeater’s skin as the sensitive
element; variations in the physical dimensions mation of a groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorgau˙jH11080i? }
governor [MECH ENG] A device,especially oneof the skin caused by its hygroscopic character
indicate relative atmospheric humidity,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉl actuated by the centrifugal force of whirling
weights opposed by gravity or by springs,usedvertstrokeinferiorbeˉdH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorskin h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
golddoping [ELECTR] A technique for control- to provide automatic control of speed or power
of a prime mover,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?vH11080?H11080n?r}ling the lifetime of minority carriers in a transis-
tor; gold is diffused into the base and collector grab [ENG] An instrument for extricating bro-
ken boring tools from a borehole,{ grab }regions to reduce storage time in transistor cir-
cuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorgoˉl vertstrokeinferiordoˉpH11080i? } grabbing crane [MECH ENG] An excavator
250
granularity
madeupofacranecarryingalargegraborbucket as certain types of magnetometers which are de-
in the form of a pair of half scoops,hinged to signedtomeasurethegradientofmagneticfield,
dig into the earth as they are lifted,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrabH11080 ortheEo¨to¨vstorsion balanceandrelatedinstru-
i?vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn} ments which measure the gradient of gravita-
grabbucket [MECH ENG] A bucket with hinged tional field,{ vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
jaws or teeth that is hung from cables on a crane graduator [ENG] An evaporation unit in which
orexcavatorandisusedtodigandpickupmate- liquid is forced to flow over large surfaces which
rials,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrab vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t} are subjected to air currents,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrajH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwa
ˉdH11080?r}
grabdredger [MECHENG] Dredgingequipment
Graetz number [THERMO] A dimensionless
comprising a grab or grab bucket that is sus-
number used in the study of streamline flow,
pended from the jib head of a crane,Also
equal to the mass flow rate of a fluid times its
known as grapple dredger,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrab vertstrokeinferiordrejH11080?r}
specific heat at constant pressure divided by the
grabhook [DES ENG] A hook used for grabbing,
product ofits thermal conductivity anda charac-
as in lifting blocks of stone,in which case the
teristic length,Also spelled Gra¨tz number.
hooks are used in pairs connected with a chain,
Symbolized N
Gz
.{vertstrokesuperiorgrets vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
and are so constructed that the tension of the
Graham’spendulum [DES ENG] A type of com-
chain causes them to adhere firmly to the
pensated pendulum having a hollow bob con-
rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrabvertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
taining mercury whose thermal expansion bal-
grade [CIV ENG] 1,To prepare a roadway or
ances the thermal expansion of the pendulum
other land surface of uniform slope,2,A sur-
rod,{ |gramz vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
face prepared for the support of rails,a road,
grain [MECH] A unit of mass in the United
or a conduit,3,The elevation of the finished
States and United Kingdom,common to the av-
surface of an engineering project,[ENG] The
oirdupois,apothecaries’,andtroysystems,equal
degree of strength of a high explosive,{ graˉd}
to 1/7000 of a pound,or to 6.479891 H11003 10
H110025
gradeability [MECH ENG] The performance of
kilogram,Abbreviated gr,{ graˉn}
earthmovers on various inclines,measured in
grainerprocess [CHEM ENG] A salt production
percent grade,{ vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
method in which salt is produced by surface
grade beam [CIV ENG] A reinforced concrete
evaporation of brine in open-air flat pans.
beam placed directly on the ground to provide
{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉnH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s}
the foundation for the superstructure,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd
graining [ENG] Simulatingagrainsuchaswood
vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
or marble on a painted surface by applying a
grade crossing [CIV ENG] The intersection of
translucent stain,then working it into suitable
roadways,railways,pedestrian walks,or combi-
patterns with tools such as special combs,
nations of these at grade,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd vertstrokeinferiorkro˙sH11080i? }
brushes,and rags,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉnH11080i? }
grade line [CIV ENG] A line or slope used as a
grain spacing [DES ENG] Relative location of
longitudinal reference for a railroad or highway.
abrasive grains on the surface of a grinding
{ |graˉd vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}
wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉn vertstrokeinferiorspaˉsH11080i? }
grader [MECHENG] Ahigh-bodied,wheeledve-
gram [MECH] The unit of mass in the centime-
hicle with a leveling blade mounted between
ter-gram-second system of units,equal to 0.001
the front and rear wheels; used for fine-grading
kilogram,Abbreviated g; gm,{ gram }
relatively loose and level earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080?r}
gram-calorie See calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorgram |kalH11080?H11080reˉ }
grade separation [CIV ENG] A grade crossing
gram-centimeter [MECH] Aunitofenergyinthe
employing an underpass and overpass,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd
centimeter-gram-second gravitational system,
sepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}
equal to the work done by a force of magnitude
gradeslab [CIVENG] Areinforcedconcreteslab
1 gram force when the point at which the force
placed directly on the ground to provide the
is applied is displaced 1 centimeter in the direc-
foundation for the superstructure,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd
tion of the force,Abbreviated g-cm,{ vertstrokesuperiorgram
vertstrokeinferiorslab }
vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
gradestake [CIVENG] Astakeusedasaneleva-
gram-force [MECH] A unit of force in the centi-
tion reference,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd vertstrokeinferiorstaˉk}
meter-gram-second gravitational system,equal
gradienter [ENG] An attachment placed on a
to the gravitational force on a 1-gram mass at a
surveyor’stransittomeasureangleofinclination
specified location,Abbreviated gf,Also
in terms of the tangent of the angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080
known as fors; gram-weight; pond,{ vertstrokesuperiorgram
eˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
gradient microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
gram-weight See gram-force,{ vertstrokesuperiorgram|waˉt}phone whose electrical response corresponds to
granular-bed separator [ENG] Vessel or cham-some function of the difference in pressure be-
ber in which a bed of granular material is usedtween two points in space,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
toremovedustfromadust-ladengasasitpasseskr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
through the bed,{ vertstrokesuperiorgranH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorbed vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080grading [IND ENG] Segregating a product into
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}a number of adjoining categories which often
granularity [SYS ENG] The degree to which aformaspectrumofquality,Alsoknownasclas-
system can be broken down into separate com-sification,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080i? }
ponents,making it customizable and flexible.gradiometer [ENG] Any instrument that meas-
uresthegradientofsomephysicalquantity,such { vertstrokeinferiorgranH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ }
251
graphicalstatics
graphical statics [MECH] A method of de- rise up to the fuel from beneath,and ashes to
fall away from the burning fuel,{ graˉt}terminingforcesactingonarigidbodyinequilib-
rium,in which forces are represented on a dia- Gra¨tz number See Graetz number,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrets vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080
b?r}gram by straight lines whose lengths are propor-
tional to the magnitudes of the forces,{ |grafH11080 grav See G,{ grav}
gravel pump [MECH ENG] A centrifugal pump?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080iks }
graphicalsymbol [ELEC] A true symbol,rather with renewable impellers and lining,used to
pump a mixture of gravel and water,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080than a coarse picture,representing an element
in an electrical diagram,{ |grafH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080b?l}?l vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
gravelstop [BUILD] Metalflashingplacedatthegraphic equalizer [ENG ACOUS] A device that
allows the response of audio equipment to be edge of a roof to prevent gravel from falling off.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}modified independently in several frequency
bandsthroughtheuseofabankofslidecontrols graveyard shift [IND ENG] The shift of workers
that begins at or around midnight; the last shiftwhose positions form a graph of the frequency
response,{ |grafH11080ik vertstrokesuperioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080z?r } of the day,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉvvertstrokeinferiorya¨rd vertstrokeinferiorshift }
gravimeter [ENG] A highly sensitive weighinggraphic panel [CONT SYS] A master control
panel which indicates the status of equipment deviceusedforrelativemeasurementoftheforce
of gravity by detecting small weight differencesand operations in a system,and their relation-
ships,{ |grafH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l } of a constant mass at different points on the
earth,Alsoknown asgravity meter,{ gr?vertstrokesuperiorvimH11080graphicrecordinginstrument [ENG] An instru-
mentthatmakes agraphicrecordof oneormore?dH11080?r}
gravimetry [ENG] Measurement of gravita-quantitiesas afunction ofanother variable,usu-
ally time,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrafH11080ik rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt } tional force,{ gr?vertstrokesuperiorvimH11080?H11080treˉ }
gravingdock [CIV ENG] A form of dry dock con-graphite anode [CHEM ENG] One of the elec-
trodes of graphite used in a mercury cell to pro- sisting of an artificial basin fitted with a gate or
caisson,into which a vessel can be floated andduce chlorine by electrolysis,[ELECTR] 1.The
rod of graphite which is inserted into the mer- the water pumped out to expose the vessel’s
bottom,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorda¨k}cury-pool cathode of an ignitron to start current
flow,2,The collector of electrons in a beam gravitational constant [MECH] The constant of
proportionality in Newton’s law of gravitation,power tube or other high-current tube.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravertstrokeinferiorf?ˉt vertstrokesuperioranvertstrokeinferioroˉd } equal to the gravitational force between any two
particles times the square of the distance be-grapnel [DES ENG] An implement with claws
usedtorecoveralostcore,drillfittings,andjunk tween them,divided by the product of their
masses,Also knownas constantof gravitation.from a borehole or for other grappling opera-
tions,Also known as grapple,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrapH11080n?l} {vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
gravitational displacement [MECH] The gravi-grapple See grapnel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrapH11080?l}
grapple dredger See grab dredger,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrapH11080?l tational field strength times the gravitational
constant,Alsoknown asgravitational fluxden-vertstrokeinferiordrejH11080?r}
grapplehook [DES ENG] An iron hook used on sity,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l disvertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt }
gravitationalenergySeegravitationalpotentialen-the end of a rope to snag lines,to hold one ship
alongside another,or as a fishing tool,Also ergy,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
gravitationalfield [MECH] The field in a regionknown as grappling iron,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrapH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
grappling iron See grapple hook,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrapH11080li?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080 inspaceinwhichatestparticlewouldexperience
a gravitational force; quantitatively,the gravita-?rn }
grasp [IND ENG] A basic element (therblig) in tional force per unit mass on the particle at a
particular point,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld }time-motionstudy;ausefulelementthataccom-
plishes work,{ grasp } gravitational flux density See gravitational dis-
placement,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiordenH11080grasshopper linkage [MECH ENG] A straight-
line mechanism used in some early steam en- s?dH11080eˉ }
gravitationalforce [MECH] Theforce ona parti-gines,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrasvertstrokeinferiorha¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
Grassotfluxmeter [ENG] A type of fluxmeter in cle due to its gravitational attraction to other
particles,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }which a light coil of wire is suspended in a mag-
netic field in such a way that it can rotate; the gravitational instability [MECH] Instability of a
dynamic system in which gravity is the restoringends of the suspended coil are connected to
a search coil of known area penetrated by the force,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
gravitational potential [MECH] The amount ofmagnetic flux to be measured; the flux is deter-
mined from the rotation of the suspended coil work which must be done against gravitational
forces to move a particle of unit mass to a speci-when the search coil is moved,{ vertstrokeinferiorgra¨vertstrokeinferiorsoˉ
vertstrokesuperiorfl?ksvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } fied position from a reference position,usually
a point at infinity,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lp?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080grass-roots plant [CHEM ENG] A complete
plant erected on a virgin site,{ vertstrokesuperiorgras vertstrokeinferiorru¨ts ch?l}
gravitational potential energy [MECH] The en-vertstrokesuperiorplant }
grate [ENG] A support for burning solid fuels; ergy that a system of particles has by virtue of
their positions,equal to the work that must beusually made of closely spaced bars to hold the
burning fuel,while allowing combustion air to done against gravitational forces to assemble
252
greasetrap
the particles from some reference configuration,up and thus conserve energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ
vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd}such as mutually infinite separation,Also
gravity segregation [ENG] Tendency of immis-known as gravitational energy,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
cible liquids or multicomponent granular mix-sh?nH11080?lp?|tenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
tures to separate into distinct layers in accor-gravitationalsystemsofunits [MECH] Systems
dance with their respective densities,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080in which length,force,and time are regarded as
dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsegH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}fundamental,and the unit of force is the gravita-
gravityseparation [ENG] Separation of immis-tional force on a standard body at a specified
cible phases (gas-solid,liquid-solid,liquid-liq-
location on the earth’s surface,{ vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
uid,solid-solid) by allowing the denser phase to
sh?nH11080?l |sisH11080t?mz?v vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?ts }
settle out under the influence of gravity; used
gravitometerSeedensimeter,{ gravH11080?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
in ore dressing and various industrial chemical
gravity [MECH] The gravitational attraction at
processes,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
the surface of a planet or other celestial body.
gravity settling chamber [ENG] Chamber or
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ }
vessel in which the velocity of heavy particles
gravity bed [ENG] A moving body of solids in
(solids or liquids) in a fluid stream is reduced
which particles (granules,pellets,beads,or bri-
to allow them to settle downward by gravity,as
quets) flow downward by gravity through a ves-
in the case of a dust-laden gas stream,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080
sel,while process fluid flows upward; the mov-
dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
ing-bed technique is used in blast and shaft fur-
gravitystation [ENG] The site of installation of
naces,petroleum catalytic cracking,pellet
gravimeters,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
dryers,and coolers,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbed }
gravity survey [ENG] The measurement of the
gravity chute [ENG] A gravity conveyor in the
differencesingravityforceattwoormorepoints.
form of an inclined plane,trough,or framework
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
that depends on sliding friction to control the
gravity vector [MECH] The force of gravity per
rate of descent,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
unit mass at a given point,Symbolized g.
gravity concentration [ENG] 1,Any of various
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
methods for separating a mixture of particles,
gravity wall [CIV ENG] A retaining wall which
such as minerals,based on the differences in
is kept upright by the force of its own weight.
density of the various species and on the resist-
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
ance to relative motion exerted upon the parti-
gravity wheel conveyor [MECH ENG] A down-
cles by the fluid or semifluid medium in which
ward-sloping conveyor trough with closely
separationtakesplace,2.Theseparationofliq-
spaced axle-mounted wheel units on which flat-
uid-liquid dispersions based on settling out of
bottomed containers or objects are conveyed
the dense phase by gravity,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nsH11080
from point to point by gravity pull,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080
nvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwel k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
gravity conveyor [ENG] Any unpowered con-
gravityyard See hump yard,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }
veyorsuchas agravitychuteor arollerconveyor,
graybody [THERMO] An energy radiator which
whichusestheforceof gravitytomovematerials
has a blackbody energy distribution,reduced by
over a downward path,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
aconstant factor,throughout theradiation spec-
gravity corer [ENG] Any type of corer that
trum or within a certain wavelength interval.
achieves bottom penetration solely as a result
Also known as nonselective radiator,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉ
of gravitational force acting upon its mass.
vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}
Grayclaytreating [CHEM ENG] A fixed-bed,va-
gravity dam [CIV ENG] A dam which depends
por-phase treating process used to polymerize
on its weight for stability,{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
selectively unsaturated gum-forming constit-
gravityfeed [ENG] Movementofmaterialsfrom
uents (diolefins); a fixed bed is used of 30- to
onelocationtoanotherusingtheforceofgravity.
60-mesh fuller’s earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorgraˉ vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}
greasecup [ENG] A receptacle used to apply a
gravitymeter [ENG] 1.U-tube-manometer type
solid or semifluid lubricant to a bearing; the
of device for direct reading of solution specific
receptacle is packed with grease and the cap
gravities in semimicro quantities,2,An elec-
forces the grease to the bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiorgreˉs vertstrokeinferiork?p}
trical device for measuring variations in gravita-
grease gun [ENG] A small hand-operated de-
tion through different geologic formations; used
vicethatpumpsgreaseunderpressureintobear-
in mineral exploration,3,See gravimeter.
ings,{ vertstrokesuperiorgreˉs vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} greaseseal [ENG] 1.Type of sealused on float-
gravity prospecting [ENG] Identifying and ing pistons of some hydropneumatic recoil sys-
mappingthedistributionofrockmassesofdiffer- tems to prevent leakage past the piston of gas
ent specific gravity by means of a gravity meter,oroil;alsousedincylindersofsomehydropneu-
{ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨svertstrokeinferiorpekH11080ti? } matic equilibrators,2,Seal used to retain
gravityrailroad [ENG] A cable railroad in which grease in a case or housing,as on an axle
cars descend a slope by gravity and are hauled shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorgreˉsvertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
backuptheslopebyastationaryengine,orthere greasetrap [CIV ENG] A trap in a drain or waste
may be two tracks with cars so connected that pipetostopgreasefromenteringasewersystem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgreˉs vertstrokeinferiortrap }cars goingdown may helpto raise thecars going
253
greendesign
green design See industrial ecology,{ |greˉn to alter their physical size and hence their reso-
nant frequencies,[MECH ENG] 1,Reducing adivertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
grid [DES ENG] A network of equally spaced materialtorelativelysmallparticles,2.Remov-
ing material from a workpiece with a grindinglines forming squares,used for determining per-
missible locations of holes on a printed circuit wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di? }
grindingaid [ENG] An additive to the charge inboard or a chassis,[ELEC] 1,A metal plate
with holes or ridges,used in a storage cell or a ball mill or rod mill to accelerate the grinding
process,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferioraˉd}battery as a conductor and a support for the
active material,2,Any systematic network,grindingburn [MECHENG] Overheatingalocal-
ized area of the work in grinding operations.such as of telephone lines or power lines.
[ELECTR] An electrode located between the { vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorb?rn }
grindingmedium [ENG] Any material includingcathode and anode of an electron tube,which
has one or more openings through which elec- balls and rods,used in a grinding mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080
di?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?m}trons or ions can pass,and serves to control the
flow of electrons from cathode to anode,grindingmill [MECHENG] Amachineconsisting
of a rotating cylindrical drum,that reduces the{ grid }
grid nephosope [ENG] A nephoscope con- size ofparticles of oreor other materialsfed into
it; three main types are ball,rod,and tube mills.structed of a grid work of bars mounted horizon-
tallyonthe endofavertical columnandrotating { vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferiormil }
grinding pebbles [ENG] Pebbles,of chert orfreelyabouttheverticalaxis;theobserverrotates
the grid and adjusts the position until some quartz,usedforgrindinginmills,wherecontami-
nation with iron has to be avoided,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?feature of the cloud appears to move along the
majoraxisofthegrid;theazimuthangleatwhich vertstrokeinferiorpebH11080?lz }
grindingratio [MECH ENG] Ratio of the volumethe grid is set is taken as the direction of the
cloud motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrid vertstrokesuperiornefH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } of ground material removed from the workpiece
to the volume removed from the grinding wheel.grid-rectification meter [ENG] A type of vac-
uum-tube voltmeter in which the grid and cath- { vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
grinding stress [MECH] Residual tensile orode of a tube act as a diode rectifier,and the
rectified grid voltage,amplified by the tube,op- compressive stress,or a combination of both,
on the surface of a material due to grinding.erates a meter in the plate circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrid vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080
t?H11080f?|kaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
grindingwheel [DES ENG] A wheel or disk hav-Griffith’s criterion [MECH] A criterion for the
fracture of a brittle material under biaxial stress,ing an abrasive material such as alumina or sili-
con carbide bonded to the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080di?based on the theory that the strength of such a
material is limited by small cracks,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrifH11080?ths vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
grindstone [ENG] A stone disk on a revolvingkr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
Griffiths’method [THERMO] A method of mea- axle,used for grinding,smoothing,and shap-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}suring the mechanical equivalent of heat in
which the temperature rise of a known mass of gripper [CONT SYS] A component of a robot
that grasps an object,generally through the usewater is compared with the electrical energy
needed to produce this rise,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrifH11080?ths of suction cups,magnets,or articulated mecha-
nisms,{ vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
grillage [CIVENG] Afootingthatconsistsoftwo grippingzone [CONTSYS] Theareainwhichthe
center of an object must be located in order foror more tiers of closely spaced structural steel
beams resting on a concrete block,each tier be- the object to be properly handled by the gripper
of a robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn}ingatrightanglestotheonebelow,{ greˉvertstrokesuperioryazh }
grille [ENG] A grating or openwork barrier that grip vector [CONT SYS] A vector from a point
on the wrist socket of a robot to the point whereis used to conceal or protect an opening in a
floor,wall,or pavement,[ENG ACOUS] An ar- the end effector grasps an object; describes the
orientation of the object in space,{ vertstrokesuperiorgriprangementofwood,metal,orplasticbarsplaced
across the front of a loudspeaker in a cabinet vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
gritchamber [CIV ENG] A chamber designed tofor decorative and protective purposes,{ gril }
grillecloth [ENG ACOUS] A loosely woven cloth remove sand,gravel,or other heavy solids that
have subsiding velocities or specific gravitiesstretched across the front of a loudspeaker to
keep out dust and provide protection without substantially greater than those of the organic
solids in waste water,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrit vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}appreciably impeding sound waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorgril
vertstrokeinferiorklo˙th } gritsize [DESENG] Sizeoftheabrasiveparticles
on a grinding wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrit vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}grinder [MECH ENG] Any device or machine
that grinds,such as a pulverizer or a grinding grizzly [ENG] 1.A coarse screen used for rough
sizing and separation of ore,gravel,or soil.wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080d?r}
grinding [ELECTR] 1,A mechanical operation 2,A grating to protect chutes,manways,and
winzes,inmines,ortopreventdebrisfromenter-performed on silicon substrates of semiconduc-
tors to provide a smooth surface for epitaxial ing a water inlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrizH11080leˉ }
grizzly crusher [MECH ENG] A machine with adeposition or diffusion of impurities,2,A me-
chanical operation performed on quartz crystals series of parallel rods or bars for crushing rock
254
grounded-baseconnection
and sorting particles by size,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrizH11080leˉ |kr?shH11080 is used to check the sensing elements of radio-
sonde equipment and that houses sources of?r}
groin [CIV ENG] A barrier built out from a sea- heat and water vapor plus instruments for mea-
suring temperature,humidity,and pressure,andshore or riverbank to protect the land from ero-
sion and sand movements,among other func- inwhichaircirculationismaintainedbyamotor-
driven fan,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorchek vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}tions,Also known as groyne; jetty; spur dike;
wing dam,{ gro˙in } groundcircuit [ELEC] A telephone or telegraph
circuit part of which passes through the ground.grommet [ENG] 1,A metal washer or eyelet.
2,A piece of fiber soaked in a packing material { vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
ground conductivity [ELEC] The effective con-and used under bolt and nut heads to preserve
tightness,{ vertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?t } ductivity of the ground,used in calculating the
attenuation of radio waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080grommet nut [DES ENG] A blind nut with a
round head; used with a screw to attach a hinge d?k|tivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
groundcontrol [CIV ENG] Supervision or direc-to a door,{ vertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
groove [DES ENG] A long,narrow channel in a tionofallairportsurfacetraffic,exceptanaircraft
landing or taking off,[ENG] The marking ofsurface,{ gru¨v}
grooveddrum [DES ENG] Drum with a grooved survey,triangulation,or other key points or sys-
tem of points on the earth’s surface so that theysurface to support and guide a rope,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨vd
|dr?m } may be recognized in aerial photographs.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}groover [ENG] A tool for forming grooves in a
slab of concrete not yet hardened,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨vH11080?r} ground-controlled approach radar [ENG] A
ground radar system providing information bygrooving saw [MECH ENG] A circular saw for
cutting grooves,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨vH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorso˙ } which aircraft approaches may be directed by
radio communications,Abbreviated GCA ra-grossarea [BUILD] Sum of the areas of all sto-
ries included within the outside face of the exte- dar,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld?vertstrokeinferiorproˉch vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
ground-controlled intercept radar [ENG] A ra-rior walls of a building,{ vertstrokesuperiorgroˉs |erH11080eˉH11080? }
gross rubber [CHEM ENG] In rubber manufac- dar system by means of which a controller may
direct an aircraft to make an interception ofturing,the total weight of salable product,in-
cluding elastomer,carbon black,extender oils,another aircraft,Abbreviated GCI radar.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorsept vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}and other materials used in compounding the
rubber,{ vertstrokesuperiorgroˉs vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r} groundcontroller [ENG] Aircraft controller sta-
tioned on the ground; a generic term,appliedgrosston See ton,{ |groˉs |t?n}
gross vehicle weight [IND ENG] A truck rating to the controller in ground-controlled approach,
ground-controlled interception,and so on.based on the combined weight of the vehicle
and its load,Abbreviated gvw,{ vertstrokesuperiorgroˉs vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080 { vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉlH11080?r}
ground current See earth current,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiork?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
grossweight [IND ENG] The weight of a vehicle r?nt }
ground data equipment [ENG] Any device lo-or container when it is loaded with goods,Ab-
breviated gr wt,{ |gros vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt } catedonthegroundthataidsinobtainingspace-
positionortrackingdata(includingcomputationground [ELEC] 1,A conducting path,inten-
tional or accidental,between an electric circuit function); reads out data telemetry,video,and
so on,from payload instrumentation,or is capa-orequipment andthe earth,or someconducting
body serving in place of the earth,Abbreviated bleoftransmittingcommandandcontrolsignals
to a satellite or space vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokesuperiordadH11080gnd,Also known as earth (British usage); earth
connection,2.Toconnectelectricalequipment? ivertstrokeinferiorkwipH11080m?nt }
ground detector [ELEC] An instrument orto the earth or to some conducting body which
serves in place of the earth,{ grau˙nd } equipment used for indicating the presence of
a ground on an ungrounded system,AlsogroundanchorSeeanchorlog,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}
ground area [BUILD] The area of a building at known as ground indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd divertstrokeinferiortekH11080
t?r}ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
groundblock [CIVENG] Apulleyfastenedtothe ground dielectric constant [ELEC] Dielectric
constant of the earth at a given location.anchor log which changes a horizontal pull to a
vertical pull on a wire line,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k} {vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd diH11080?|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
grounded-anode amplifier See cathode follower.ground cable [ELEC] A heavy cable connected
to earth for the purpose of grounding electric { |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperioranvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
grounded-base amplifier [ELECTR] An ampli-equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
ground check [ENG] 1,A procedure followed fier that uses a transistor in a grounded-base
connection,{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}prior to the release of a radiosonde in order to
obtainthetemperatureandhumiditycorrections grounded-baseconnection [ELECTR] Atransis-
torcircuitinwhichthebaseelectrodeiscommonfortheradiosondesystem,2.Anyinstrumental
check prior to the ground launch of an airborne to both the input and output circuits; the base
neednotbedirectlyconnectedtocircuitground.experiment,Also known as base-line check.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorchek } Also known as common-base connection.
{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsk?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080sh?n}ground-check chamber [ENG] A chamber that
255
grounded-cathodeamplifier
grounded-cathode amplifier [ELECTR] Elec- that surrounds and affects a system or piece of
tron-tube amplifierwith a cathode atground po- equipment that operates on the ground.
tential at the operating frequency,with input 2,System or part of a system,as of a guidance
applied between control grid and ground,and system,that functions on the ground; the aggre-
with the output load connected between plate gate of equipment,conditions,facilities,and
and ground,{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080 personnelthatgotomakeupasystem,orpartof
r} a system,functioning on the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd
grounded-collector connection [ELECTR] A in|v?ˉH11080?rnH11080m?nt }
transistor circuitin which thecollector electrode
ground fault [ELEC] Accidental grounding of a
iscommontoboththeinputandoutputcircuits;
conductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorfo˙lt }
the collector need not be directly connected to
ground fault interrupter [ELEC] A fast-acting
circuit ground,Also known as common-collec-
circuitbreakerthatalsosensesverysmallground
tor connection,{ |grau˙ndH11080?dk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?rk?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080
fault currents such as might flow through the
sh?n}
bodyofapersonstandingondampgroundwhile
grounded-emitter amplifier [ELECTR] An am-
touching a hot alternating-current line wire.
plifier that uses a transistor in a grounded-emit-
{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorfo˙lt vertstrokeinferiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?pH11080t?r}
ter connection,{ |grau˙ndH11080?divertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?
ground instrumentation See spacecraft ground
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
instrumentation,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
grounded-emitterconnection [ELECTR] A tran-
sh?n}
sistor circuit in which the emitter electrode is
groundjoint [CIV ENG] A closely fitted masonry
common to both the input and output circuits;
joint,usually set without mortar,[MECH
the emitter need not be directly connected to
ENG] A machinedmetal jointthat makesa tight
circuitground,Alsoknownascommon-emitter
fitwithoutpackingoragasket,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndvertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
connection,{ |grau˙ndH11080?divertstrokesuperiormidH11080?rk?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080
ground junction See grown junction,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd
sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
grounded-gate amplifier [ELECTR] Amplifier
ground magnetic survey [ENG] A determina-
that uses thin-film transistors in which the gate
tion of the magnetic field at the surface of the
electrode is connected to ground; the input sig-
earth by means of ground-based instruments.
nal is fed to the source electrode and the output
{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd mag|nedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
isobtainedfromthedrainelectrode,{ |grau˙ndH11080
groundman [ENG] A person employed in dig-
d vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
ging or excavating,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndvertstrokeinferiorm?n}
grounded-gridamplifier [ELECTR] An electron-
ground noise [ENG ACOUS] The residual sys-
tube amplifier circuit in which the control grid
tem noise in the absence of the signal in re-
isatgroundpotentialattheoperatingfrequency;
cording and reproducing; usually caused by in-
the input signal is applied between cathode and
homogeneity in the recording and reproducing
ground,and the output load is connected be-
media,but may also include tube noise and
tween anode and ground,{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorgrid
noise generated in resistive elements in the am-
vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
plifier system,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }
grounded-grid-triode circuit [ELECTR] Circuit
ground-penetrating radar See ground-probing ra-
in which the input signal is applied to the cath-
dar,{ |grau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?|traˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
ode and the output is taken from the plate; the
groundpotential [ELEC] Zero potential with re-
grid is at radio-frequency ground and serves as
spect to the ground or earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd
a screen between the input and output circuits.
p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?l}
{ |grau˙ndH11080?d |grid |tr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
ground-probing radar [ENG] A nondestructive
grounded-grid-triodemixer [ELECTR] Triode in
techniqueusingelectromagneticwavestolocate
which the grid forms part of a grounded electro-
objects or interfaces buried beneath the earth’s
static screen between the anode and cathode,
surfaceorlocatedwithinavisuallyopaquestruc-
and is used as a mixer for centimeter wave-
ture,Also known as ground-penetrating radar;
lengths,{ |grau˙ndH11080?d |grid |tr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd vertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r}
subsurface radar; surface-penetrating radar.
grounded-plate amplifier See cathode follower.
{ |grau¨nd |proˉbH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
ground protection [ELEC] Protection provided
groundedsystem [ELEC] Anyconductingappa-
acircuitbyadevicewhichopensthecircuitwhen
ratus connected to ground,Also known as
a fault to ground occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080
earthed system,{ |grau˙ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
sh?n}
ground-effect machine See air-cushion vehicle.
ground resistance [ELEC] Opposition of the{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau
˙nd ivertstrokeinferiorfekt m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
earth to the flow of current through it; its valuegroundelectrode [ELEC] A conductor buried in
depends on the nature and moisture content ofthe ground,used to maintain conductors con-
the soil,on the material,composition,and na-nected to it at ground potential and dissipate
ture of connections to the earth,and on thecurrent conducted to it into the earth,or to pro-
electrolytic action present,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080vide a return path for electric current in a direct-
t?ns }current power transmission system,Also
ground return [ELEC] Use of the earth as theknown as earth electrode; grounding electrode.
return path for a transmission line,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd i|lekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
ground environment [ENG] 1,Environment rivertstrokeinferiort?rn }
256
gudgeon
ground surveillance radar [ENG] 1,A surveil- under pressure for injection into a grout hole or
a rock formation,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙t vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}lance radar operated at a fixed point on the
earth’s surface for observation and control of grown-diffused transistor [ELECTR] A junction
transistorinwhichthefinaljunctionsareformedthe position of aircraft or other vehicles in the
vicinity,2.A radar system capable of detecting by diffusion of impurities near a grown junction.
{ |groˉndi|fyu¨zd tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}objects on the ground from points on the
ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080l?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r} grown junction [ELECTR] A junction produced
by changing the types and amounts of donorgroundtrace [ENG] Thetheoreticalmarktraced
upon the surface of the earth by a flying object,and acceptor impurities that are added during
the growth of a semiconductor crystal from amissile,or satellite as it passes over the surface,
the mark being made vertically from the object melt,Also known as ground junction,{ |groˉn
|jkH11080sh?n}making the trace,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiortraˉs}
groundways [CIVENG] Supports,usuallymade grown-junction photocell [ELECTR] A photodi-
ode consisting of a bar of semiconductor mate-ofheavytimbers,whichareplacedontheground
on either side of the keel of a ship under con- rial having a pn junction at right angles to its
length and an ohmic contact at each end of thestruction,providing a track for launching,and
supporting the sliding ways,Also known as bar,{ |groˉn |jkH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsel }
grown-junction transistor [ELECTR] A junctionstanding ways,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorwaˉz}
ground wire [CIV ENG] A small-gage,high- transistor in which different impurities are
placed in the melt in sequence as the silicon orstrength steel wire used to establish line and
grade for air-blown mortar or concrete,Also germanium seed crystal is slowly withdrawn,to
produce the alternate pn and np junctions.known as alignment wire; screed wire.
[ELEC] A conductor used to connect electric { |groˉn |jkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
grubbing [CIV ENG] Clearing stumps and roots.equipment to a ground rod or other grounded
object,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr} {vertstrokesuperiorgr?bH11080i? }
grubscrew [DES ENG] A headless screw with agroup bus [ELEC] A scheme of electrical con-
nections for a generating station in which more slot at one end to receive a screwdriver.
{ vertstrokesuperiorgr?b vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }than two feeder lines are supplied by two bus-
selector circuit breakers which lead to a main grwt See gross weight.
gsuit [ENG] A suit that exerts pressure on thebus and an auxiliary bus,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨p |b?s}
group incentive [IND ENG] Any wage incentive abdomen and lower parts of the body to prevent
or retard the collection of blood below the chestapplied to more than one employee who is en-
gagedingroupworkcharacterizedbyinterdepen- under positive acceleration,Also known as
anti-g suit,{ vertstrokesuperiorjeˉ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨t}dent relationship between operations with con-
sequent physical proximity and unification of guard [ENG] A shield or other fixture designed
to protect against injury,{ ga¨rd }interest,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨pinvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tiv}
group technology [IND ENG] A manufacturing guardcircle [DES ENG] The closed loop at the
end of a grooved record,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨rd vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}system that uses a classification and coding
scheme to group parts into families based on guardlock [CIV ENG] See entrance lock,[EN-
G] An auxiliary lock that must be opened beforesimilar manufacturing requirements,and speci-
fies parts characteristics,process plans,setups,the key can be turned in a main lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨rd
vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}and manufacturing sequences,{ vertstrokesuperiorgru¨p tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080
H11080jeˉ } guardrail [CIV ENG] 1,A handrail,2,A rail
made of posts and a metal strip used on a roadgrouser [ENG] A temporary pile or a heavy,
iron-shod pole driven into the bottom of a as a divider between lines of traffic in opposite
directions or used as a safety barrier on curves.stream to hold a drilling or dredging boat or
other floating object in position,Also known 3,A rail fixed close to the outside of the inner
rail on railway curves to hold the inner wheelsas spud,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙sH11080?r}
grout curtain [ENG] A row of vertically drilled ofarailwaycarontherail,Alsoknownascheck
rail; safety rail; slide rail,{ vertstrokesuperiorga¨rd vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}holes filled with grout under pressure to form
the cutoff wall under a dam,or to form a barrier guardring [ELEC] A ring-shaped auxiliary elec-
trodesurroundingoneofthe platesofaparallel-around an excavation through which water can-
not seep or flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙t vertstrokeinferiork?rtH11080?n } plate capacitor to reduce edge effects.
[ELECTR] A ring-shaped auxiliary electrodegrouthole [ENG] 1,One of the holes in a grout
curtain,2,Any hole into which grout is forced used in an electron tube or other device to mod-
ify the electric field or reduce insulator leakage;under pressure to consolidate the surrounding
earth or rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙t vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl } in a counter tube or ionization chamber a guard
ring may also serve to define the sensitive vol-grouting [ENG] The act or process of applying
grout or of injecting grout into grout holes or ume,[THERMO] A device used in heat flow
experiments to ensure an even distribution ofcrevices of a rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙dH11080i? }
groutinjector [ENG] A machine that mixes the heat,consisting of a ring that surrounds the
specimen and is made of a similar material.dry ingredients for a grout with water and injects
it,under pressure,into a grout hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙t{vertstrokesuperiorga¨rd vertstrokeinferiorri? }
gudgeon [ENG] 1.A pivot,2.A pin for fasten-invertstrokeinferiorjekH11080t?r}
grout pipe [ENG] A pipe that transports grout ing stone blocks,{ g?jH11080?n}
257
Guggenheimprocess
Guggenheim process [CIV ENG] A method of flowing,and T
0
is the absolute temperature of
chemical precipitation which employs ferric the gas stream,Symbolized Gu; N
Gu
.{vertstrokesuperiorgu˙kH11080
chlorideandaerationtopreparesludgeforfiltra- m?n vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorgu˙gH11080?nH11080h?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s} Guldberg-Waagegroup [CHEM ENG] A dimen-
guidance site [ENG] Specific location of high- sionlessnumberusedinstudyingchemicalreac-
order geodetic accuracy containing equipment tions in blast furnaces; it is given by an equation
and structures necessary to provide guidance relating volumes of reacting gases and reacting
services or a given launch rate; it may be an products,Symbolized N
GW
.{vertstrokesuperiorgu˙ltH11080berk vertstrokesuperiorva¨gH11080?
integrated part of a launch site,or it may be a
vertstrokeinferiorgru¨p}
remote facility,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiors?ˉt}
gull-wing door [DES ENG] A door on an auto-
guidance station equipment [ENG] The
motive vehicle that is hinged at the top,opens
ground-based portion of the missile guidance
upward,and,in the open position,resembles an
system necessary to provide guidance during
airplane gull wing,{ |g?l vertstrokeinferiorwi?vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
missileflight; itspecifically includesthe tracking
gumtest [CHEMENG] A standard American So-
radar,the rate measuring equipment,the data
ciety for Testing and Materials test to determine
link equipment,and the computer,test,and
the amount of gums in gasolines,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?m vertstrokeinferiortest }
maintenance equipment integral to these items.
gunbarrel [CHEM ENG] An atmospheric vessel
{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?nivertstrokeinferiorkwipH11080m?nt }
used for treatment of waterflood waste water.
guide bearing [MECH ENG] A plain bearing
{ vertstrokesuperiorg?nvertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?l}
used to guide a machine element in its length-
gunburner [ENG] A burner which sprays liquid
wise motion,usually without rotation of the ele-
fuel into a furnace for combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?n
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
|b?rH11080n?r}
guide idler [MECH ENG] An idler roll with its
gunite [CIV ENG] A mixture of cement,sand,
supporting structure mounted on a conveyor
and water that is sprayed on a surface for re-
frame to guide the belt in a defined horizontal
pairingportionsofexistingstructures,liningres-
path,usually by contact with the edge of the
ervoirs,and encasing steel for fireproofing.
belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd vertstrokeinferior?ˉdH11080l?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorg?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉt}
guidekey See home key,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
gun-laying radar [ENG] Radar equipment spe-
guideline [IND ENG] A document containing
cifically designed to determine range,azimuth,
recommendations for methods that should be
and elevation of a target and sometimes also to
used to achieve a desired goal,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
automatically aim and fire antiaircraft artillery
guidepath [ENG] The path over which an auto-
or other guns,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
mated guided vehicle travels; often contains
Gunneffect [ELECTR] Development ofa rapidly
some means of communication with the guid-
fluctuatingcurrentinasmallblockofasemicon-
ance system,such as a guidewire,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorpath }
ductor (perhaps n-type gallium arsenide) when
guidepin [ENG] A pin used to line up a tool or
a constant voltage above a critical value is ap-
die with the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorpin }
plied to contacts on opposite faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?n
guide post [CIV ENG] A post along a road that
ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
bears direction signs or guide boards,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd
gunner’s quadrant [ENG] Mechanical device
vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
having scales graduated in mils,with fine mi-
guide rail [CIV ENG] A track or rail that serves
crometer adjustments and leveling or cross-
toguidemovement,asofaslidingdoor,window,
leveling vials; it is a separate,unattached instru-
or similar element,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
ment for hand placement on a reference surface.
guides [MECH ENG] 1,Pulleys to lead a driving
{ |g?nH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨dH11080r?nt }
belt or rope in a new direction or to keep it
gun pendulum [ENG] A device used to deter-
fromleavingitsdesireddirection,2.Tracksthat
mine the initial velocity of a projectile fired from
support and determine the path of a skip bucket
a gun in which the gun is mounted as a pendu-
and skip bucket bail,3,Tracks guiding the
lum and its excursion upon firing is measured.
chain or buckets of a bucket elevator,4,The
{ vertstrokesuperiorg?n |penH11080j?H11080l?m}
runway paralleling the path of the conveyor
gun reaction [MECH] The force exerted on the
which limits the conveyor or parts of a conveyor
gun mount by the rearward movement of the
to movement in a defined path,{ g?ˉdz }
gun resulting from the forward motion of the
guidewire [ENG] A wire embedded in the sur-
projectile and hot gases,Also known as recoil.
face of the path traveled by an electromagneti-
{ vertstrokesuperiorg?nreˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
cally guided automated guided vehicle.
Gunter’s chain [ENG] A chain 66 feet (20.1168{ vertstrokesuperiorg?
ˉdvertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
meters) long,consisting of 100 steel links,eachguillotine shears [ENG] A cutting tool fitted
7.92 inches (20.1168 centimeters) long,joinedwith vertically mounted blades,the bottom
by rings,which is used as the unit of lengthblade being fixed in position and the top blade
for surveying public lands in the United States.mounted on a movable ram,{ vertstrokesuperiorgeˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorteˉn vertstrokeinferiorshirz }
Also known as chain,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?nH11080t?rz |chaˉn}Gukhman number [THERMO] A dimensionless
gun-typeburner [ENG] An oil burner that usesnumber used in studying convective heat trans-
anozzletoatomizethefuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?nvertstrokeinferiort?ˉp |b?rH11080n?r}fer in evaporation,equal to (t
0
H11002 t
m
)/T
0
,where t
0
gusset [CIV ENG] A plate that is used tois the temperature of a hot gas stream,t
m
is the
temperature of a moist surface over which it is strengthen truss joints,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?sH11080?t}
258
gyrowheel
gussetplate [CIVENG] Arectangularortriangu- a distance the indications of the master gyro
compass system,{ |j?ˉH11080roˉH11080rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?r}lar steel plate that connects members of a truss.
gyroscope [ENG] Aninstrumentthatmaintains{ vertstrokesuperiorg?sH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
an angular reference direction by virtue of a rap-gustload [MECH] The wind load on an antenna
idly spinning,heavy mass; all applicationsof thedue to gusts,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?st vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
gyroscope depend on a special form of Newton’sgustsonde [ENG] An instrument dropped from
second law,which states that a massive,rapidlyhigh altitude by a stable parachute,to measure
spinningbodyrigidlyresistsbeingdisturbedandthe vertical component of turbulence aloft; con-
tends to react to a disturbing torque by precess-sists of an accelerometer and radio telemetering
ing(rotatingslowly)ina directionatrightanglesequipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?stvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
to the direction of torque,Also known as gyro.
gutter [BUILD] A trough along the edge of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
eaves of a building to carry off rainwater,[CIV
gyroscopic-clinograph method [ENG] A
ENG] A shallow trench provided beside a canal,
method used in boreholesurveying which meas-
bordering a highway,or elsewhere,for surface
ures time,temperature,and temperature on 16-
drainage,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?dH11080?r}
millimeter film while a gyroscope maintains the
guttering [ENG] A process of quarrying stone in
casing on a fixed bearing,{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉnH11080
which channels,several inches wide,are cut by
vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
handtools,andthestoneblockisdetachedfrom
gyroscopic/Coriolis-type mass flowmeter [ENG]
the bed by pinch bars,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?dH11080?H11080ri? }
AninstrumentconsistingofaC-shapedpipeand
guy [ENG] A rope or wire securing a pole,der-
a T-shaped leaf-spring tuning fork which is ex-
rick,or similar temporary structure in a vertical
cited by an electromagnetic forcer,resulting in
position,{ g?ˉ }
anangulardeflectionofthepipewhichisdirectly
guyderrick [MECH ENG] A derrick having a ver-
proportional to the mass-flow rate within the
tical pole supported by guy ropes to which a
pipe,{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioroˉH11080l?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp |mas vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
boom isattached by ropeor cablesuspension at
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
the top and by a pivot at the foot,{ vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorderH11080ik }
gyroscopic couple [MECH ENG] The turning
gvw See gross vehicle weight.
moment which opposes any change of the incli-
gyratorybreakerSeegyratory crusher,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080
nation of the axis of rotation of a gyroscope.
eˉ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080?r}
{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?l}
gyratorycrusher [MECH ENG] A primary break-
gyroscopic mass flowmeter [ENG] An instru-
ing machine in the form of two cones,an outer
ment in which the torque on a rotating pipe of
fixed cone and a solid inner erect cone mounted
suitable shape,through which a fluid is made
onaneccentricbearing,Alsoknownasgyratory
to flow,is measured to determine the mass flow
breaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
through the pipe,{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080ik |mas vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
gyratory screen [MECH ENG] Boxlike machine
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
with a series of horizontal screens nested in a
gyroscopic precession [MECH] The turning of
vertical stack with downward-decreasing mesh-
the axis of spin of a gyroscope as a result of an
opening sizes; near-circular motion causes un-
externaltorque actingonthegyroscope; theaxis
dersized material to sift down through each
always turns toward the direction of the torque.
screen in succession,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn}
{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080ik preˉvertstrokesuperiorseshH11080?n}
gyro See gyroscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ }
gyroscopics [MECH] The branch of mechanics
gyrodynamics [MECH] The study of rotating
concerned with gyroscopes and their use in sta-
bodies,especially those subject to precession.
bilization and control of ships,aircraft,projec-
{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080roˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
tiles,and other objects,{ vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorska¨pH11080iks }
gyropendulum [MECH ENG] A gravity pendu- gyrostabilizer [ENG] Agyroscopeusedtostabi-
lum attached to a rapidly spinning gyro wheel,lize ships and airplanes,{ |j?ˉH11080roˉvertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
{ |j?ˉH11080roˉ|penH11080j?H11080l?m} gyro wheel [MECH ENG] The rapidly spinning
gyrorepeater [ENG] That part of a remote indi- wheel in a gyroscope,which resists being dis-
turbed,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}cating gyro compass system which repeats at
259
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H
producing as output a difference digit and a bor-ha See hectare.
row digit,Also known as one-digit subtracter;Haber-Boschprocess [CHEM ENG] Early nitro-
two-input subtracter,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf s?bvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r}gen-fixation process for production of ammonia
half-througharch [CIV ENG] A bridge arch hav-
from hydrogen and nitrogen,catalyzed by iron;
ing the roadway running through it at an eleva-
nowreplacedbymoreefficientammoniasynthe-
tion midway between the base and the crown.
sis processes,Also known as Haber process.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiorthru¨ vertstrokesuperiora¨rch }
{ |ha¨H11080b?r |bo˙sh vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
half-tide basin [CIV ENG] A lock of very large
Haber process See Haber-Bosch process,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨H11080
size and usually of irregular shape,the gates of
b?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
which are kept open for several hours after high
hacking [ENG] The technique of roughening a
tide so that vessels may enter as long as there
surface by striking it with a tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorhakH11080i? }
is sufficient depth over the sill; vessels remain
hacking knife [ENG] A tool for removing old
in the half-tide basin until the ensuing flood
putty from a window frame prior to reglazing.
tide,when they may pass through the gate to
Also known as hacking-out tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorhakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉf}
the inner harbor; if entry to the inner harbor is
hacking-out tool See hacking knife,{ vertstrokesuperiorhakH11080i?
required before this time,water must be admit-
vertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
ted to the half-tide basin from some external
hacksaw [ENG] Ahandorpowertoolconsisting
source,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorbaˉsH11080?n}
of a fine-toothed blade held in tension in a bow-
half-timbered [BUILD] Pertaining to a timber
shaped frame; used for cutting metal,wood,and
frame building with brickwork,plaster,or wattle
other hard materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorhakvertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
anddaub fillingthespacesbetween thetimbers.
hair hygrometer [ENG] A hygrometer in which
{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf |timH11080b?rd }
the sensing element is a bundle of human hair,
half-track [MECH ENG] 1,A chain-track drive
which is held under slight tension by a spring
systemforavehicle;consistsofanendlessmetal
and which expands and contracts with changes
belt on each side of the vehicle driven by one
in the moisture of the surrounding air or gas.
of two inside sprockets and running on bogie
{ vertstrokesuperiorher h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
wheels; the revolving belt lays down on the
hairline See air line,{ vertstrokesuperiorhervertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
ground a flexible track of cleated steel or hard-
hairpintube [DES ENG] A boiler tube bent into
rubber plates; the front end of the vehicle is
a hairpin,or U,shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorhervertstrokeinferiorpin vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
supported by a pair of wheels,2.A motor vehi-
half-adder [ELECTR] A logic element which op-
cle equipped with half-tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiortrak }
erates on two binary digits (but no carry digits)
half-tracktaperecorder See double-track tape re-
from a preceding stage,producing as output a
corder,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiortrak vertstrokesuperiortaˉprivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
sum digit and a carry digit,{ |haf |adH11080?r}
Hall cyclic thermal reforming [CHEM ENG] A
halfcycle [ENG] The time interval correspond-
gas-making process that uses component parts
ing to half a cycle,or 180H11034,at the operating fre-
of carbureted-water gas apparatus to generate
quency of a circuit or device,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf |s?ˉH11080k?l}
high-Btugasfromfeedstocksrangingfromnaph-
half-dogsetscrew [DES ENG] A setscrew with a
tha to Bunker C,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙l vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080klik |th?rH11080m?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080
short,blunt point,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiordo˙g vertstrokesuperiorsetvertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
mi? }
half nut [DES ENG] A nut split lengthwise so
Hall-effect gaussmeter [ENG] A gaussmeter
that it can be clamped around a screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf
that consists of a thin piece of silicon or other
vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
semiconductor material which is inserted be-
half-round file [DES ENG] A file that is flat on
tween the poles of a magnet to measure the
one side and convex on the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf
magnetic field strength by means of the Hall
|rau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl} effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorho
˙livertstrokeinferiorfekt vertstrokesuperiorgau˙svertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
half space [BUILD] A broad step between two Hall-platedevice [ENG] A sensor that uses the
half flights of a stair,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs} Hall effect to measure magnetic field strength.
half-subtracter [ELECTR] Alogic elementwhich { vertstrokesuperiorho˙l |plaˉtdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
halo effect [IND ENG] A tendency when ratingoperates on two digits from a preceding stage,
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
halophone
a person in regard to a specific trait to be influ- horizontal jib that is counterbalanced,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080
rvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}encedbyageneralimpressionorbyanothertrait
hammer mill [MECH ENG] 1,A type of impactof the person,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaˉH11080loˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
mill or crusher in which materials are reducedhalophone [ENG] A device that records pat-
in size by hammers revolving rapidly in a verticalterns in time in a manner analogous to the way
plane within a steel casing,Also known asthat optical holograms record space,{ vertstrokesuperiorhalH11080
beater mill,2,A grinding machine which pul-?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
verizes feed and other products by several rowsHalseypremiumplan [IND ENG] A wage-incen-
of thin hammers revolving at high speed.
tive plan which sets a guaranteed daily rate to
{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormil }
an employee and provides for predetermined
hammer milling [MECH ENG] Crushing or frac-
compensationforsuperiorperformance,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙lH11080
turing materials in a hammer mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r
zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉH11080meˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorplan }
vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
Hamiltonianfunction [MECH] A function of the
hand See end effector,{ hand }
generalized coordinates and momenta of a sys-
handauger [DES ENG] A hand tool resembling
tem,equal in value to the sum over the coordi-
a large carpenters’ bit or comprising a short
nates of the product of the generalized momen-
cylindrical container with cutting lips attached
tum corresponding to the coordinate,and the
to a rod; used to bore shallow holes in the soil
coordinate’s time derivative,minus the Lagran-
to obtain samples of it and other relatively un-
gian of the system; it is numerically equal to the
consolidated near-surface materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand
total energy if the Lagrangian does not depend
|o˙gH11080?r}
on time explicitly; the equations of motion of
handbarrow [ENG] A flat,rectangular frame
the system are determined by the functional de-
with handles at both ends,carried by two per-
pendence of the Hamiltonian on the generalized
sons to transport objects,Also known as bar-
coordinates and momenta,{ vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?lvertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080neˉH11080?n
row,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorbarH11080oˉ }
|fkH11080sh?n}
hand brake [MECH ENG] A manually operated
Hamilton-Jacobi theory [MECH] A theory that
brake,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
provides a means for discussing the motion of
handcar [MECH ENG] A small,four-wheeled,
a dynamic system in terms of a single partial
hand-pumped car used on railroad tracks to
differentialequationofthefirstorder,theHamil-
transport workers and equipment for construc-
ton-Jacobi equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?lH11080t?nj?vertstrokesuperiorkoˉH11080beˉ
tion or repair work; other cars for the same pur-
vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
pose are motor-operated,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
Hamilton’s equations of motion [MECH] A set
hand drill [DES ENG] A small,portable drilling
of first-order,highly symmetrical equations de-
machine which is operated by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand
scribing the motion of a classical dynamical sys-
vertstrokeinferiordril }
tem,namely q˙
j
H11005H11128H/H11128p
j
,p˙
j
H11005H11002H11128H/H11128q
j; here q
j
hand feed [ENG] A drill machine in which the
(j H11005 1,2,.,,) are generalized coordinates of the
rate at which the bit is made to penetrate the
system,p
j
is the momentum conjugate to q
j
,and
rock is controlled by a hand-operated ratchet
His the Hamiltonian,Also known as canonical
and lever or a hand-turned wheel meshing with
equations of motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?lH11080t?nz i|kwaˉH11080
a screw mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}
zh?nz?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
hand float [ENG] A wooden tool used to fill in
Hamilton’sprinciple [MECH] Avariational prin-
andsmoothaplastersurfaceinordertoproduce
ciplewhichstatesthatthe pathofaconservative
a level base coat or a textured finish coat.
system in configuration space between two con-
{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
figurations is such that the integral of the La-
handhammerdrill [ENG] Ahand-heldrockdrill.
grangian function over time is a minimum or
{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordril }
maximum relative to nearby paths between the
hand-held scanner [ENG] An image-reading
same end points and taking the same time.
device that is held and operated by a person.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?lH11080t?nz |prinH11080s?H11080p?l}
{ |hand vertstrokeinferiorheld vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080?r}
hammer [DES ENG] 1,A hand tool used for
handhole [ENG] A shallow access hole large
pounding and consisting of a solid metal head
enough for a hand to be inserted for mainte-
set crosswise on the end of a handle,2,An
nance and repair of machinery or equipment.
arm with a striking head for sounding a bell or
{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
gong,[MECH ENG] A power tool with a metal
handlance [ENG] A hand-held pipe with a noz-
block or a drill for the head,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
zle through which steam or air is discharged;
hammerdrill [MECH ENG] Any of three types of used to remove soot deposits from the external
fast-cutting,compressed-air rock drills (drifter,surfaces of boiler tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorlans }
sinker,and stoper) in which a hammer strikes handle [MECH ENG] The arm connecting the
rapid blows on a loosely held piston,and the bucket with the boom in a dipper shovel or hoe.
bit remains against the rock in the bottom of { vertstrokesuperiorhanH11080d?l}
the hole,rebounding slightly at each blow,but hand lead [ENG] A light sounding lead (7–14
does not reciprocate,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordril } pounds or 3–6 kilograms) usually having a line
hammerhead [DES ENG] The striking part of a not more than 25 fathoms (46 meters) in length.
hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorhed } { vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorled }
hand level [ENG] A hand-held surveyor’s level,hammerheadcrane [MECHENG] A cranewitha
262
hard-surface
basicallyatelescopewithabubbletubeattached releaseofentrappedtracergasfromaleakdetec-
tor vacuum system,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?vertstrokeinferior?p}so that the position of the bubble can be seen
when looking through the telescope,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand HAP See hazardous air pollutants,{ hap or
|aˉch|aˉvertstrokesuperiorpeˉ }vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
handling time [IND ENG] The time needed to harborengineering [CIVENG] Planningandde-
sign of facilities for ships to discharge or receivetransport parts or materials to or from a work
area,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandH11080li?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm } cargo and passengers,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
harbor line [CIV ENG] The line beyond whichhandpunch [DES ENG] A hand-held device for
punching holes in paper or cards,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand wharves and other structures cannot be ex-
tended,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}vertstrokeinferiorp?nch }
handrail [ENG] A narrow rail to be grasped by hard automation [IND ENG] Automation that
makes use of specially designed equipment fora person for support,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
handsaw [DES ENG] A saw operated by hand,production,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
hardbeach [CIV ENG] A portion of a beach es-with a backward and forward arm movement.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorso˙ } pecially prepared with a hard surface extending
intothewater,employedforthepurposeofload-handset [DES ENG] A combination of a tele-
phone-type receiver and transmitter,designed ing or unloading directly into or from landing
ships or landing craft,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd |beˉch }for holding in one hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorset }
handset bit [DES ENG] A bit in which the dia- hardgoods See durable goods,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd vertstrokeinferiorgu˙dz }
Hardgrove grindability index [ENG] The rela-monds are manually set into holes that are
drilled into a malleable-steel bit blank and tivegrindabilityoforesandmineralsincompari-
son with standard coal,chosen as 100 grindabil-shaped to fit the diamonds,{ vertstrokesuperiorhandvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokeinferiorbit }
hand-tight [ENG] The extent of tightening of ity,as determined by a miniature ball-ring pul-
verizer,Also known as Hardgrove number.screwed fittings that can be accomplished with-
out mechanical assistance,{ |hand |t?ˉt} {vertstrokesuperiorha¨rvertstrokeinferiorgroˉv vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉnH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
Hardgrove number See Hardgrove grindability in-hand time [IND ENG] The time necessary to
complete a manual element,Also known as dex,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rvertstrokeinferiorgroˉv vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
hard hat [ENG] A safety hat usually having amanual time,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
handtool [ENG] Any implement used by hand,metal crown; used by construction workers and
miners,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd vertstrokeinferiorhat }{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
handtruck [ENG] 1,A manually operated,two- Hardinge feeder-weigher [MECH ENG] A piv-
oted,short belt conveyorwhich controls the ratewheeled truck consisting of a rectangular frame
withhandlesatthetopandaplateatthebottom of material flow from a hopper by weight per
cubic foot,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080di? |feˉdH11080?r |waˉH11080?r}toslideundertheload,2.Anyofvarioussmall,
manually operated,multiwheeled platform Hardingemill [MECHENG] Atriconetypeofball
mill; the cones become steeper from the feedtrucksfortransportingmaterials,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
handwinch [MECH ENG] A winch that is oper- end toward the discharge end,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080di?vertstrokeinferiormil }
Hardinge thickener [ENG] A machine for re-ated by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorhand vertstrokeinferiorwinch }
hangar [CIV ENG] A building at an airport spe- moving the maximum amount of liquid from a
mixture of liquid and finally divided solids bycially designed in height and width to enable
aircraft to be stored or maintained in it,allowing the solids to settle out on the bottom
as sludge while the liquid overflows at the top.{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080?r}
hanger [CIV ENG] An iron strap which lends { vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080di?vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080?nH11080?r}
hard-laid [DES ENG] Pertaining to rope withsupport to a joist beam or pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080?r}
hanger bolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a machine- strands twisted at a 45H11034 angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd |laˉd}
hardness [ENG] Property of an installation,fa-screw thread on one end and a lag-screw thread
on the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } cility,transmission link,or equipment that will
prevent an unacceptable level of damage.hangfire [ENG] Delay in the explosion of a
charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉr} {vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s}
hardness number [ENG] A number represent-hanging-drop atomizer [MECH ENG] An atom-
izing device used in gravitational atomization; ing the relative hardness of a mineral,metal,or
other material as determined by any of morefunctionsbyquasi-staticemissionofadropfrom
awettedsurface,Alsoknownaspendantatom- than 30 different hardness tests,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s
vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}izer,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080i?vertstrokeinferiordra¨p vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
hanging load [MECH ENG] 1,The weight that hardnesstest [ENG] Atesttodeterminetherel-
ativehardnessofametal,mineral,orothermate-can be suspended on a hoist line or hook device
in a drill tripod or derrick without causing the rial according to one of several scales,such as
Brinell,Mohs,or Shore,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiortest }members of the derrick or tripod to buckle.
2.Theweightsuspendedorsupportedbyabear- hardstand [CIV ENG] 1,A paved or stabilized
area where vehicles or aircraft are parked.ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080i? |loˉd}
hangingscaffold [CIVENG] Amovableplatform 2,Open ground area having a prepared surface
andusedforstorageofmaterial,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorstand }suspendedbyropesandpulleys;usedbyworkers
for above-ground building construction and hard-surface [CIV ENG] To treat a ground sur-
face in order to prevent muddiness,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdmaintenance,{ vertstrokesuperiorha?H11080i? |skavertstrokeinferiorf?ld }
hang-up [ENG] A virtual leak resulting from the |s?rH11080f?s}
263
hardware
hardware [ENG] Items made of metal,such as taffrail log; the two types of logs are similar ex-
cept that the registering device of the taffrail logtools,fittings,fasteners,and appliances.
is located at the taffrail and only the rotator is{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorwer }
in the water,{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorpu¨n vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}hard-wire [ELEC] To connect electric compo-
Harrison’s gridiron pendulum [DES ENG] Anents with solid,metallic wires as opposed to
typeofcompensatedpendulumthathasfiveironradio links and the like,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rd |w?ˉr}
rods and four brass rods arranged so that thehardwood bearing [MECH ENG] A fluid-film
effects of their thermal expansion cancel.bearingmadeoflignumvitaewhichhasanatural
{ |harH11080iH11080s?nz vertstrokesuperiorgridvertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
gum,orofhardmaplewhichisimpregnatedwith
Hartfordloop [MECHENG] Acondensatereturn
oil,grease,or wax,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d |berH11080i? }
arrangement for low-pressure,steam-heating
Hardy plankton indicator [ENG] Metal-
systems featuring a steady water line in the
shrouded net sampler designed to collect speci-
boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rtH11080f?rd vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
mens of plankton during normal passage of a
Hartmann generator [ENG ACOUS] A device in
ship,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpla?kH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
which shock waves generated at the edges of a
Hare’shygrometer [ENG] A type of hydrometer
nozzle by a supersonic gas jet resonate with the
in which the ratio of the densities of two liquids
openingofasmallcylindricalpipe,placedoppo-
isdeterminedbymeasuringtheheightstowhich
site the nozzle,to produce powerful ultrasonic
they rise in two vertical glass tubes,connected
sound waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rtH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
at their upper ends,when suction is applied.
Hasche process [CHEM ENG] A thermal re-
{ vertstrokesuperiorherz h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
forming process for hydrocarbon fuels; it is a
Hargreavesprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for
noncatalyticregenerativemethodinwhichamix-
the manufacture of salt cake (sodium sulfate)
ture of hydrocarbon gas or vapor and air is
by passing a mixture of sulfur dioxide and air
passed through a regenerative mass that is pro-
through sodium chloride brine in a countercur-
gressively hotter in the direction of the gas flow;
rent manner,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080greˉvz vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
partial combustion occurs,liberating heat to
HARM See high-aspect-ratio micromachining.
crack the remaining hydrocarbons in a combus-
{ |aˉch|aˉ|a¨rvertstrokesuperiorem or ha¨rm }
tion zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨shH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
harmonic drive [MECH ENG] A drive system
hasp [DES ENG] A two-piece fastening device
that uses inner and outer gear bands to provide
having a loop on one piece and a hinged plate
smooth motion,{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
that fits over the loop on the other,{ hasp }
harmonic motion [MECH] A periodic motion
hatch [ENG] A door or opening,especially on
that is a sinusoidal function of time,that is,
an airplane,spacecraft,or ship,{ hach }
motion along a line given by the equation x H11005
hatch beam [ENG] A heavy,portable beam
a cos (kt H11001 H9258),where t is the time parameter,
which supports a hatch cover,{ vertstrokesuperiorhach vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
and a,k,and H9258 are constants,Also known as
hatchcover [ENG] A steel or wooden cover for
harmonic vibration; simple harmonic motion
a hatch,{ vertstrokesuperiorhach vertstrokeinferiork?vH11080?r}
(SHM),{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
hatchet [DES ENG] A small ax with a short han-
harmonic oscillator [ELECTR] See sinusoidal
dleandahammerheadin additiontothecutting
oscillator,[MECH] Anyphysicalsystemthatis
edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorhachH11080?t}
bound to a position of stable equilibrium by a
haul [ENG] A single tow of a net or dredge.
restoring force or torque proportional to the lin-
{ho˙l}
ear or angular displacement from this position.
hawk [ENG] A board with a handle underneath
{ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
used by a workman to hold mortar,{ ho˙k}
harmonic speed changer [MECH ENG] A me-
Haywardgrabbucket [MECH ENG] A clamshell
chanical-drive system used to transmit rotary,
type of grab bucket used for handling coal,sand,
linear,or angular motion at high ratios and with
gravel,andotherflowablematerials,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaˉH11080w?rd
positive motion,{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
vertstrokesuperiorgrab vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}
harmonic synthesizer [MECH] A machine
Hayward orange peel [MECH ENG] A grab
which combines elementary harmonic constit-
bucket that operates like the clamshell type but
uents into a single periodic function; a tide-pre-
has four blades pivoted to close,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaˉH11080w?rd vertstrokesuperiora¨H11080
dicting machine is an example,{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik
r?nj vertstrokeinferiorpeˉl}
vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080?r}
hazard [IND ENG] Any risk to which a worker is
harmonic vibration See harmonic motion,{ ha¨r
subject as a direct result (in whole or in part) of
vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
his being employed,{ vertstrokesuperiorhazH11080?rd }
harness [ELEC] Wire and cables so arranged hazardousairpollutants [ENG] Chemicals that
and tied together that they may be inserted and are known or suspected to cause cancer or other
connected,or may be removed after discon- serious health effects,such as reproductive ef-
nection,as a unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080n?s} fects or birth defects,or adverse environmental
harpoon [DES ENG] A barbed spear used to effects,Listed hazardous air pollutants include
catch whales,{ ha¨rvertstrokesuperiorpu¨n} benzene,found in gasoline; perchlorethlyene,
harpoonlog [ENG] A log which consists essen- emitted from some dry cleaning facilities; and
tially of a rotator and distance registering device methylene chloride,used as a solvent and paint
combined in a single unit,and towed through stripper in industry; as well as dioxin,asbestos,
toluene,and metals such as cadmium,mercury,the water; it has been largely replaced by the
264
heat
chromium,and lead compounds,Also known headmotion [MECH ENG] The vibrator on a re-
ciprocating table concentrator which impartsas air toxics,Abbreviated HAP,{ vertstrokeinferiorhazH11080?rH11080d?s
vertstrokesuperiorer p?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tH11080?ns } motion to the deck,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n}
headphone [ENG ACOUS] An electroacoustichazemeter See transmissometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorhaˉzvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Hbeam [CIV ENG] A beamsimilar to the I beam transducer designed to be held against an ear
by a clamp passing over the head,for privatebut with longer flanges,Also known as wide-
flange beam,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉch vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm } listening to the audio output of a communica-
tions,radio,ortelevisionreceiverorothersourceH bit [DES ENG] A core bit manufactured and
usedinCanadahavinginsideandoutsidediame- of audio-frequency signals,Also known as
phone,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}ters of2.875 and 3.875inches (73.025and 98.425
millimeters),respectively; the matching reaming headpulley [MECH ENG] The pulley at the dis-
charge end of a conveyor belt; may be either anshell has an outside diameter of 3.906 inches
(99.2124 millimeters),{ vertstrokesuperioraˉch vertstrokeinferiorbit } idler or a drive pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
head-pulley-drive conveyor [MECH ENG] Ahead [BUILD] The upper part of the frame on a
door or window,[ELECTR] The photoelectric conveyor having the belt driven by the head pul-
ley without a snub pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ |dr?ˉvunit that converts the sound track on motion
picture film into corresponding audio signals in k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
head scanning [IND ENG] Scanning of the vi-a motion picture projector,[ENG] 1,The end
section of a plastics blow-molding machine in sual field by using movement of both the head
and the eyeballs,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080i? }which a hollow parison is formed from the melt.
2.Thesectionofashell-and-tubeheatexchanger head section [ENG] That part of belt conveyor
which consists of a drive pulley,a head pulleyfrom which fluid from the tube bundle is dis-
charged,[ENG ACOUS] See cutter,{ hed } which may or may not be a drive pulley,belt
idlers if included,and the necessary framing.headachepost [MECHENG] Apostinstalledon
a cable-tool rig for supporting the end of the { vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}
headset [ENG ACOUS] A single headphone or awalking beam when the rig is not operating.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferioraˉk vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst } pair of headphones,with a clamping strap or
wires holding them in position,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorset }headbox [ENG] Adeviceforcontrollingtheflow
of a suspension of solids into a machine,head shaft [MECH ENG] The shaft driven by a
chainandmountedatthedeliveryendofachain{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
header [BUILD] A framing beam positioned be- conveyor; it serves as the mount for a sprocket
which drives the drag chain,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorshaft }tween trimmers and supported at each end by
a tail beam,[CIV ENG] Brick or stone laid in headsill [BUILD] A horizontal beam at the top
of the frame of a door or window,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorsil }a wall with its narrow end facing the wall.
[ELEC] A mounting plate through which the in- headstock [MECHENG] 1.Thedeviceonalathe
for carrying the revolving spindle,2,The mov-sulatedterminalsorleadsarebroughtoutfroma
hermeticallysealedrelay,transformer,transistor,able head of certain measuring machines.
3,The device on a cylindrical grinding machinetube,or other device,[ENG] A pipe,conduit,
or chamber which distributes fluid from a series for rotating the work,4,Also known as work-
head,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}of smaller pipes or conduits; an example is a
manifold,[MECH ENG] A machine used for headup [ENG] Totightenboltsonahatchcover
or access hole plate to prevent leakage from orgathering or upsetting materials; used for screw,
rivet,and bolt heads,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r } into an operating vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferior?p}
headwall [CIV ENG] A retaining wall at the out-header bond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond con-
sisting of header courses exclusively,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080 let of a drain or culvert,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
headworks [CIVENG] Anydeviceor structureat?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
header course [CIV ENG] A masonry course of the head or diversion point of a waterway.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhedvertstrokeinferiorw?rks }bricks laid as headers,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
header-type boiler See straight-tube boiler,hearingaid [ENGACOUS] A miniature,portable
sound amplifier for persons with impaired hear-{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
headgate [CIV ENG] 1,A gate on the upstream ing,consisting of a microphone,audio amplifier,
earphone,and battery,{ vertstrokesuperiorhirH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉd}side of a lock or conduit,2.A gate at the start-
ing point of an irrigation ditch,{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} heartbond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond in which
two header stones meet in the middle of theheading [CIV ENG] In tunnel construction,one
or more small tunnels excavated within a large wall,their joint being covered by another stone;
no headers stretch across the wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨rttunnel cross section that will later be enlarged
to full section,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080i? } vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
hearth [BUILD] 1.Thefloorofafireplaceorbrickheading joint [BUILD] 1,A joint between two
pieces of timber which are joined in a straight oven,2,The projection in front of a fireplace,
made of brick,stone,or cement,{ ha¨rth }line,end to end,2,A masonry joint formed
betweentwostonesinthesamecourse,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080 heat [THERMO] Energy in transit due to a tem-
perature difference between the source fromi?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
head meter [ENG] A flowmeter that is depen- which the energy is coming and a sink toward
which the energy is going; other types of energydent upon change of pressure head to operate.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } in transit are called work,{ heˉt}
265
heatbalance
heatbalance [THERMO] The equilibrium which heating and cooling of fluids with or without
phase change,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnj }is known to exist when all sources of heat gain
andlossforagivenregionorbodyareaccounted heat exchanger [ENG] Any device,such as an
automobileradiator,thattransfersheatfromonefor,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
heatbudget [THERMO] Thestatementoftheto- fluid to another or to the environment,Also
known as exchanger,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjH11080?r}talinflowandoutflowofheatforaplanet,space-
craft,biologicalorganism,orotherentity,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt heatflow [THERMO] Heat thought of as energy
flowingfromonesubstancetoanother;quantita-vertstrokeinferiorb?jH11080?t}
heat capacity [THERMO] The quantity of heat tively,the amount of heat transferred in a unit
time,Also known as heat transmission.required toraise a systemone degreein temper-
atureinaspecifiedway,usuallyatconstantpres- { vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
heat flow equation See heat equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |floˉsure or constant volume,Also known as ther-
mal capacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
heat flux [THERMO] The amount of heat trans-heatconduction [THERMO] The flow of thermal
energy through a substance from a higher-to a ferredacrossasurfaceofunitareainaunittime.
Also known as thermal flux,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorfl?ks }lower-temperature region,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtk?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080
sh?n} heat gain [ENG] The increase of heat within a
given space as a result of direct heating by solarheatconductivitySeethermal conductivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ } radiation and of heat radiated by other sources
such as lights,equipment,or people,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtheatcontent See enthalpy,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |ka¨nH11080tent }
heatconvection [THERMO] Thetransferofther- vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn}
heatingchamber [ENG] Thepartofaninjectionmal energy by actual physical movement from
one location to another of a substance in which mold in which cold plastic feed is changed into
a hot melt,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}thermal energy is stored,Also known as ther-
mal convection,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtk?n|vekH11080sh?n} heatingload [CIV ENG] The quantity of heat per
unit time that must be provided to maintainheat cycle See thermodynamic cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080
k?l } the temperature in a building at a given level.
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}heatdeath [THERMO] The condition of any iso-
lated system when its entropy reaches a maxi- heating plant [CIV ENG] The whole system for
heating an enclosed space,Also known asmum,in which matter is totally disordered and
atauniformtemperature,andnoenergyisavail- heating system,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplant }
heating surface [ENG] The surface for the ab-able for doing work,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiordeth }
heatdistortionpoint [ENG] The temperature at sorption and transfer of heat from one medium
to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s}which a standard test bar (American Society for
Testing and Materials test) deflects 0.010 inch heatingsystem See heating plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
t?m}(0.254 millimeter) under a load of either 66 or
264 pounds per square inch (4.55 H11003 10
5
or 18.20 heat-loss flowmeter [ENG] Any of various in-
struments that determine gas velocities or massH11003 10
5
pascals),as specified,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtdivertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } flows from the cooling effect of the flow on an
electricalsensor suchasathermistor orresistor;heatenergySee internal energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
heat engine [MECH ENG] A machine that con- a second sensor is used to compensate for the
temperature of the fluid,Also known as ther-verts heat into work (mechanical energy).
[THERMO] A thermodynamic system which un- mal-loss meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
heatofablation [THERMO] A measure of the ef-dergoes a cyclic process during which a positive
amount of work is done by the system; some fective heat capacity of an ablating material,nu-
merically the heating rate input divided by theheatflowsintothesystem andasmalleramount
flows out in each cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n } mass loss rate which results from ablation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v?vertstrokesuperiorblaˉH11080sh?n}heat equation [THERMO] A parabolic second-
order differential equation for the temperature heat of adsorption [THERMO] The increase in
enthalpywhen1moleofasubstanceisadsorbedof a substance in a region where no heat source
exists,H11128t/H11128H9270 H11005 (k/H9267c)(H11128
2
t/H11128x
2
H11001H11128
2
t/H11128y
2
H11001H11128t
2
/H11128z
2
),upon another at constant pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v
advertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}where x,y,and z are space coordinates,H9270 is the
time,t(x,y,z,H9270)isthetemperature,kisthethermal heatofaggregation [THERMO] The increase in
enthalpy when an aggregate of matter,such asconductivity of the body,H9267 is its density,and c
is its specific heat; this equation is fundamental a crystal,is formed at constant pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt
v vertstrokeinferioragH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}to the study of heatflow in bodies,Also known
as Fourier heat equation; heat flow equation,heat of compression [THERMO] Heat gener-
ated when air is compressed,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?vk?m{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
heater [ELECTR] Anelectricheatingelementfor vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
heat of condensation [THERMO] The increasesupplying heat to an indirectly heated cathode
in an electron tube,Also known as electron- in enthalpy accompanying the conversion of 1
mole of vapor into liquid at constant pressuretube heater,[ENG] A contrivance designed to
give off heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r } and temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokeinferiorka¨ndH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
heatofcooling [THERMO] Increase in enthalpyheat exchange [CHEM ENG] A unit operation
based on heat transfer which functions in the during cooling of a system at constant pressure,
266
heavyforcefit
resulting from an internal change such as an by solids,liquids,and gases in the form of elec-
tromagnetic waves as a result of their tempera-allotropic transformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
ture,Also known as thermal radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtheat of crystallization [THERMO] The increase
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}in enthalpy when 1 mole of a substance is trans-
heatrate [MECHENG] Anexpressionofthecon-formedinto itscrystallinestateat constantpres-
version efficiency of a thermal power plant or
sure,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokeinferiorkristH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
engine,as heat input per unit of work output;
heat of evaporation See heat of vaporization.
for example,Btu/kWh,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?vivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
heatrelease [THERMO] The quantity of heat re-
heat of fusion [THERMO] The increase in en-
leased by a furnace or other heating mechanism
thalpy accompanying the conversion of 1 mole,
persecond,dividedbyitsvolume,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtrivertstrokeinferiorleˉs}
oraunitmass,ofasolidtoaliquidatitsmelting
heat seal [ENG] A union between two thermo-
point at constant pressure and temperature.
plastic surfaces by application of heat and pres-
Also known as latent heat of fusion,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v
sure to the joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
heatsink [ELEC] A mass of metal that is added
heat of mixing [THERMO] The difference be-
to a device for the purpose of absorbing and
tween the enthalpy of a mixture and the sum of
dissipatingheat;usedwithpowertransistorsand
the enthalpies of its components at the same
many types of metallic rectifiers,Also known
pressure and temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokesuperiormikH11080si? }
as dissipator,[THERMO] Any (gas,solid,or
heatofsolidification [THERMO] The increase in
liquid) region where heat is absorbed.
enthalpy when 1 mole of a solid is formed from
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtvertstrokeinferiorsi?k}
a liquid or,less commonly,a gas at constant
heatsinkcooling [ENG] Cooling a body or sys-
pressure and temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?vs?vertstrokeinferiorlidH11080?H11080
tem by allowing heat to be absorbed from it by
f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
another body,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉtvertstrokeinferiorsi?k |ku¨li? }
heat of sublimation [THERMO] The increase in
heat source [THERMO] Any device or natural
enthalpy accompanying the conversion of 1
body that supplies heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs }
mole,or unit mass,of a solid to a vapor at con-
heatsterilization [ENG] An act of destroying all
stant pressure and temperature,Also known
forms of life on and in bacteriological media,
as latent heat of sublimation,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080
foods,hospital supplies,and other materials by
l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
means of moist or dry heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorsterH11080?H11080
heatoftransformation [THERMO] The increase
l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
in enthalpy of a substance when it undergoes
heattransfer [THERMO] The movement of heat
some phase change at constant pressure and
from one body to another (gas,liquid,solid,or
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
combinations thereof) by means of radiation,
heatofvaporization [THERMO] The quantity of
convection,or conduction,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |tranzH11080f?r}
energy required to evaporate 1 mole,or a unit
heat-transfer coefficient [THERMO] The
mass,of a liquid,at constant pressure and tem-
amountofheatwhichpassesthroughaunitarea
perature,Also known as enthalpy of vaporiza-
of a medium or system in a unit time when the
tion;heatofevaporation;latentheatofvaporiza-
temperature difference between the boundaries
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?v vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
of the system is 1 degree,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |tranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080
heat of wetting [THERMO] 1,The heat of ad-
ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
sorption of water on a substance,2,The addi-
heat transmission See heat flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt tranz
tional heat required,above the heat of vaporiza-
vertstrokeinferiormishH11080?n}
tion of free water,to evaporate water from a
heattransport [THERMO] Processbywhichheat
substanceinwhichithasbeenabsorbed,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt
is carried past a fixed point or across a fixed
v vertstrokesuperiorwedH11080i? }
plane,as in a warm current,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |tranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
heat pipe [ENG] A heat-transfer device con-
heatwheel [MECHENG] Inaventilatingsystem,
sistingofasealedmetaltubewithaninnerlining
a device to condition incoming air by causing it
ofwicklikecapillarymaterialandasmallamount
toapproachthermalequilibriumwiththeexiting
of fluid in a partial vacuum; heat is absorbed at
air; hot incoming air is cooled,and cold incom-
one end by vaporization of the fluid and is re-
ing air is warmed,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
leased at the other end by condensation of the
heavy-duty [ENG] Designedtowithstandexces-
vapor,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
sive strain,{ |hevH11080eˉ |du¨dH11080eˉ }
heat pump [MECH ENG] A device which trans-
heavy-dutycar [MECHENG] A railway motorcar
fers heat from a cooler reservoir to a hotter one,
weighing more than 1400 pounds (635 kilo-
expending mechanical energy in the process,es-
grams),propelled by an engine of 12–30 horse-
pecially when the main purpose is to heat the
power (8900–22,400 watts),and designed for
hotreservoirratherthanrefrigeratethecoldone.
haulingheavyequipmentandforhump-yardser-
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
vice,{ |hevH11080eˉ |du¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorka¨r}
heatquantity [THERMO] Ameasuredamountof heavy-duty tool block See open-side tool block.
heat; units are the small calorie,normal calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorhevH11080eˉ |du¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
mean calorie,and large calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt |kwa¨nH11080 heavy force fit [DES ENG] A fit for heavy steel
dH11080eˉ } parts or shrink fits in medium sections,{ vertstrokesuperiorhevH11080
eˉ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs vertstrokeinferiorfit }heat radiation [THERMO] The energy radiated
267
heavysectioncar
heavysectioncar [MECHENG] Arailwaymotor- 2,In spirit leveling,the vertical distance from
datum to line of sight of the instrument,3,Incar weighing 1200–1400 pounds (544–635 kilo-
grams) and propelled by an 8–12 horsepower stadia leveling the height of center of transit
above the station stake,4.In differential level-(6000–8900 watts) engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorhevH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiorka¨r } ing,the elevation of the line of sight of the tele-
scope when the instrument is leveled,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt?vhectare [MECH] Aunitofareainthemetricsys-
tem equal to 100 ares or 10,000 square meters,vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
height of transfer unit [CHEM ENG] A dimen-Abbreviated ha,{ vertstrokesuperiorhekvertstrokeinferiortar }
hectogram [MECH] A unit of mass equal to 100 sionlessparameterusedtocalculatecountercur-
rentsorptiontoweroperations;itisproportionalgrams,Abbreviated hg,{ vertstrokesuperiorhekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
hectoliter [MECH] A metric unit of volume to the apparent resident time of the fluid,Ab-
breviated HTU,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt?v vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}equalto 100liters orto0.1 cubicmeter,Abbre-
viated hl,{ vertstrokesuperiorhekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r} helical angle [MECH] In the study of torsion,
the angular displacement of a longitudinal ele-hectometer [MECH] A unit of length equal to
100 meters,Abbreviated hm,{ vertstrokesuperiorhekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080 ment,originally straight on the surface of an
untwistedbar,whichbecomes helicalaftertwist-?r}
heel See heel block,{ heˉl } ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}
helical conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor forheelblock [MECH ENG] A block or plate that is
usually fixed on the die shoe to minimize deflec- the transport of bulk materials which consists of
ahorizontalshaftwithhelicalpaddlesorribbonstion of a punch or cam,Also known as heel.
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉl vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k } rotating inside a stationary tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l
k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}heelingadjuster [ENG] Adipneedlewithaslid-
ing weight that can be moved along one of its helical-finsection [CHEMENG] Helical-shaped,
extended-surface addition for the external sur-arms to balance the magnetic force; used to de-
terminethecorrectpositionofaheelingmagnet,faces of process-fluid tubes to increase heat-
exchange efficiency; used for gas heating andAlso known as heeling error instrument; vertical
force instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉlH11080ivertstrokeinferiorj?sH11080t?r } cooling and in fuel oil residuum exchangers.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorfin vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080sh?n}heeling error instrument See heeling adjuster.
{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt } helical-flow turbine [MECH ENG] A steam tur-
bine in which the steam is directed tangentiallyheeling magnet [ENG] A permanent magnet
placed vertically in a tube under the center of a and radially inward by nozzles against buckets
milled in the wheel rim; the steam flows in amarine magnetic compass,to correct for heeling
error,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?t } helical path,reentering the buckets one or more
times,Also known as tangential helical-flowheelofashot [ENG] 1,In blasting,the front or
face of a shot farthest from the charge,2,The turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l |floˉ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
helical gear [MECH ENG] Gear wheels runningdistance between the mouth of the drill hole
and the corner of the nearest free face,3,That on parallel axes,with teeth twisted oblique to
the gear axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgir }portion of a drill hole which is filled with the
tamping,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉl?v?vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t} helicalmilling [MECHENG] Millinginwhichthe
work is simultaneously rotated and translated.heel plate [CIV ENG] A plate at the end of a
truss,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉl vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} {vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? }
helical rake angle [DES ENG] The angle be-heelpost [CIVENG] Aposttowhicharesecured
the hinges of a gate or door,tween the axis of a reamer and a plane tangent
toitshelicalcuttingedge;alsoappliedtomillingheight equivalent of theoretical plate [CHEM
ENG] Ina packedfractionatingcolumn,aheight cutters,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉk vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
helical scanning [ELECTR] A method of re-of packing that makes a separation equivalent
to that of a theoretical plate; used in sorption cording on videotape and digital audio tape in
which the tracks are recorded diagonally fromand distillation calculations,Abbreviated
HETP,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉti|kwivH11080?H11080l?nt?v vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?H11080k?l top to bottom by wrapping the tape around the
rotating-head drum in a helical path,[ENG] Avertstrokesuperiorplaˉt}
heightfinder [ENG] A radarequipment,usedto method of radar scanning in which the antenna
beam rotates continuously about the verticaldetermine height of aerial targets,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080
d?r } axis while the elevation angle changes slowly
from horizontal to vertical,so that a point onheight finding [ENG] Determination of the
height of an airborne object,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080i? } the radar beam describes a distorted helix.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i? }height-finding radar [ENG] A radar set that
measures and determines the height of an air- helical-spline broach [MECH ENG] A broach
used to produce internal helical splines havingborne object,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt |f?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
height gage [ENG] A gage used to measure a straight-sided or involute form,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorbroˉch }heightsbyeitheramicrometeroravernierscale.
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} helical spring [DES ENG] A bar or wire of uni-
form cross section wound into a helix,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080heightofinstrument [ENG] 1.Insurveyleveling,
the vertical height of the line of collimation of?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorspri? }
heliograph [ENG] An instrument that recordsthe instrument over the station above which it
is centered,or above a specified datum level,the duration of sunshine and gives a qualitative
268
heterodynefrequencymeter
measure of its amount by action of sun’s rays method of calculation to estimate the distribu-
tion of non-key components in distillation col-on blueprint paper,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080leˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
heliostat [ENG] A clock-driven instrument umn products,{ vertstrokesuperiorhe?gH11080st?H11080bek?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨kH11080s?vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080
sh?n}mounting whichautomatically and continuously
points in the direction of the sun; it is used with HEPAfilter See high-efficiency particulate air filter.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}a pyrheliometer when continuous direct solar
radiation measurements are required,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080 hereditary mechanics [MECH] A field of me-
chanics in which quantities,such as stress,de-leˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
heliotrope [ENG] An instrument that reflects pendnotonlyonotherquantities,suchasstrain,
at the same instant but also on integrals involv-the sun’s rays over long distances; used in geo-
detic surveys,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080leˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiortroˉp } ing the values of such quantities at previous
times,{ h?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }helipad [CIV ENG] The launch and landing area
of a heliport,Also known as pad,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080 hermaphroditecaliper [DES ENG] A layout tool
having one leg pointed and the other like that?vertstrokeinferiorpad }
heliport [CIV ENG] A place built for helicopter of an inside caliper; used to locate the center of
irregularlyshapedstockortolayoutalineparal-takeoffs and landings,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
helium-oxygendiving [ENG] Diving operations lel to an edge,{ h?rvertstrokesuperiormafH11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉt |kalH11080?H11080p?r}
hermetic seal [ENG] An airtight seal.employing a breathing mixture of helium and
oxygen,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080leˉH11080?m |a¨kH11080s?H11080j?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvH11080i? }{h?rvertstrokesuperiormedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorseˉl}
herpolhode [MECH] Thecurvetracedoutonthehelium refrigerator [MECH ENG] A refrigerator
which uses liquid helium to cool substances to invariable plane by the point of contact between
the plane and the inertia ellipsoid of a rotatingtemperatures of 4 K or less,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080leˉH11080?mrivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } rigid body not subject to external torque.
{ |h?rH11080p?lvertstrokesuperiorhoˉd}helixangle [DESENG] That angleformedbythe
helix of the thread at the pitch-diameter line herpolhode cone See space cone,{ |h?rH11080p?lvertstrokesuperiorhoˉd
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}and a line at right angles to the axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorheˉvertstrokeinferiorliks
vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l} herringbone gear [MECH ENG] The equivalent
oftwohelicalgearsofoppositehandplacedsidehelmet [ENG] A globe-shaped head covering
made of copper and supplied with air pumped by side,{ vertstrokesuperiorherH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorboˉn vertstrokeinferiorgir }
Herschel-typeventuritube [ENG] Atypeofven-through a hose; attached to the breastplate of
a diving suit for deep-sea diving,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelH11080m?t } turi tube in which the converging and diverging
sectionsarecones,thethroatsectionisrelativelyhelmholtz [ELEC] A unit of dipole moment per
unit area,equal to 1 Debye unit per square ang- short,the diverging cone is long,and the pres-
sures preceding the inlet cone and in the throatstrom,or approximately 3.335 H11003 10
H1100210
coulomb
per meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelmvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts } are transferred through multiple openings into
annular openings,called piezometer rings.Helmholtz free energy See free energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelm
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }{vertstrokesuperiorh?rH11080sh?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉpvenvertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
Hertz’slaw [MECH] AlawwhichgivestheradiusHelmholtzfunctionSee free energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelmvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n } of contact between a sphere of elastic material
and a surface in terms of the sphere’s radius,theHelmholtzpotentialSeefreeenergy,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelmvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts
p?|tenH11080ch?l } normal force exerted on the sphere,and Young’s
modulus for the material of the sphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?rtH11080Helmholtz resonator [ENG ACOUS] An enclo-
sure having a small opening consisting of a s?s vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
heterodyne [ELECTR] To mix two alternating-straight tube of such dimensions that the enclo-
sure resonates at a single frequency determined current signals of different frequencies in a non-
linear device for the purpose of producing twoby the geometry of the resonator,{ vertstrokesuperiorhelmvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts
|rezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r } new frequencies,the sum of and difference be-
tween the two original frequencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080help-yourselfsystem [INDENG] Atool-cribsys-
tem for temporary issue of tools employed in r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn}
heterodyne detector [ELECTR] A detector insmall shops; employees have access to tools in
the crib and help themselves,{ |help yu˙rvertstrokesuperiorself which an unmodulated carrier frequency is com-
binedwiththesignalofalocaloscillatorhavingavertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
hemispherical pyrheliometer [ENG] An instru- slightly different frequency,to provide an audio-
frequency beat signal that can be heard with ament for measuring the total solar energy from
the sun and sky striking a horizontal surface,in loudspeaker or headphones; used chiefly for
code reception,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉndivertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}which a thermopile measures the temperature
difference between white and black portions of heterodyne analyzer [ENG ACOUS] A type of
constant-bandwidth analyzer in which the elec-a thermally insulated horizontal target within a
partially evacuated transparent sphere or hemi- tric signal from a microphone beats with the
signal from an oscillator,and one of the sidesphere,{ vertstrokeinferiorheH11080meˉvertstrokesuperiorsfirH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
hemming [MECH ENG] Forming of an edge by bands produced by this modulation is then
passed through a fixed filter and detected.bending the metal back on itself,{ vertstrokesuperiorhemH11080i? }
hemp-corecableSeestandardwirerope,{ vertstrokesuperiorhemp { vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlizH11080?r}
heterodyne frequency meter [ELECTR] A fre-vertstrokeinferiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
Hengstebeck approximation [CHEM ENG] A quency meterin whicha knownfrequency,which
269
heterodynemeasurement
may be adjustable or fixed,is heterodyned with the center of the exterior surface to permit tight-
ening with a spanner,{ vertstrokeinferiorhek|sagH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiornipH11080?l}an unknown frequency to produce a zero beat or
an audio-frequency signal whose value is meas- hexagonal nut [DES ENG] A plain nut in hexa-
gon form,{ hekvertstrokesuperiorsagH11080?H11080n?l vertstrokesuperiorn?t}ured by other means,Also known as hetero-
dyne wavemeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ hexapod [CONT SYS] A robot that uses six leg-
like appendages to stride over a surface.vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
heterodyne measurement [ELECTR] A meas- { vertstrokesuperiorhekH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorpa¨d}
hexnut [DESENG] A nutin theshape ofa hexa-urement carried out by a type of harmonic ana-
lyzer which employs a highly selective filter,at gon,{ vertstrokesuperiorheks vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
HF akylation [CHEM ENG] Petroleum refinerya frequency well above the highest frequency
to be measured,and a heterodyning oscillator,alkylation process in which olefins (C
3
,C
4
,C
5
)
are reacted with isobutane in the presence of{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
heterodyne modulator See mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn hydrofluoric acid catalyst,{ |aˉch|ef vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
sh?n}vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
heterodyne oscillator [ELECTR] 1,A separate hg See hectogram.
hierarchical control [CONT SYS] The organiza-variable-frequency oscillator used to produce
the second frequency required in a heterodyne tion of controllers in a large-scale system into
two or more levels so that controllers in eachdetector for code reception,2,See beat-
frequency oscillator,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080 level send control signals to controllers in the
level below and feedback or sensing signals to?r}
heterodyne reception [ELECTR] Radio recep- controllers in the level above,Also known as
control hierarchy,{ |h?ˉH11080?r|a¨rH11080k?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}tion in which the incoming radio-frequency sig-
naliscombinedwithalocallygeneratedrfsignal hi-fi See high fidelity,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉ }
Higbie model [CHEM ENG] Mass-transfer the-of different frequency,followed by detection.
Also known as beat reception,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn ory for packed absorption towers,stating that
liquidflowsacrosseachpackingpieceinlaminarrivertstrokesuperiorsepH11080sh?n}
heterodynerepeater [ELECTR] A radio repeater flow and is mixed with other liquids meeting it
at the points of discontinuity between packinginwhichthereceived radiosignalsareconverted
to an intermediate frequency,amplified,and re- elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorhigH11080beˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?l}
high-aspect-ratio micromachining [ENG] Mi-converted to a new frequency band for transmis-
sion over the next repeater section,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080 crofabricationprocessesthatproducetallmicro-
structures with vertical sidewalls,Abbreviatedr?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉnrivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?r}
heterodyne wavemeter See heterodyne frequency HARM,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉ |asvertstrokeinferiorpekt vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080
i? }meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
heterogeneousstrain [MECH] A strainin which high-efficiencyparticulateairfilter [MECH ENG]
An air filter capable of reducing the concentra-the components of the displacement of a point
in the body cannot be expressed as linear func- tionof solidparticles(0.3millimeter indiameter
or larger) in the airstream by 99.97%,Alsotionsoftheoriginalcoordinates,{ vertstrokeinferiorhedH11080?H11080r?|jeˉH11080
neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn } known as HEPA filter,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉ i|fishH11080?nH11080seˉ p?rvertstrokeinferiortikH11080
y?H11080l?t vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}heterojunction [ELECTR] The boundary be-
tween two different semiconductor materials,high-electron-mobility transistor [ELECTR] A
type of field-effect transistor consisting of gal-usually with a negligible discontinuity in the
crystal structure,{ |hedH11080?H11080roˉvertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n } lium arsenide and gallium aluminum arsenide,
with a Schottky metal contact on the galliumheterojunction bipolar transistor [ELECTR] A
bipolartransistorthathas twoormorematerials aluminum arsenide layer and two ohmic con-
tactspenetrating intothe galliumarsenide layer,making up the emitter,base,and collector re-
gions,giving it a much higher maximum fre- serving as the gate,source,and drain respec-
tively,AbbreviatedHEMT,Alsoknownashet-quencythanasiliconbipolartransistor,Abbre-
viated HBT,{ |hedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉlH11080?r erojunctionfield-effecttransistor(HFET);modu-
lation-doped field-effect transistor (MODFET);tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
heterojunctionfield-effecttransistorSeehigh-elec- selectively doped heterojunction transistor
(SDHT); two-dimensional electron gas field-tron-mobility transistor,{ |hedH11080?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r } effect transistor (TEGFET),{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nmoˉ
|bilH11080?dH11080eˉ tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}heteromorphic transformation [THERMO] A
change in the values of the thermodynamic vari- higherpair [MECH ENG] A link in a mechanism
in which the mating parts have surface (insteadables of a system in which one or more of the
component substances also undergo a change of line or point) contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorper }
high fidelity [ENG ACOUS] Audio reproductionof state,{ vertstrokeinferiorhedH11080?H11080r?|mo˙rH11080fik vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
sh?n } thatclosely approximatesthesoundof theorigi-
nal performance,Also known as hi-fi,{ |h?ˉ fiHETP See height equivalent of theoretical plate.
hexagonal-head bolt [DES ENG] A standard vertstrokesuperiordelH11080?dH11080eˉ }
high-frequency furnace [ENG] An inductionwrench head bolt with a hexagonal head,{ hek
vertstrokesuperiorsagH11080?H11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } furnace in which the heat is generated within
the charge,within the walls of the containinghexagonal nipple [DES ENG] A nipple for join-
ing pipe with a hexagonal configuration around crucible,or within both,by currents induced by
270
high-vacuuminsulation
high-frequency magnetic flux produced by a sur- consisting of a metal tube with thick glass win-
dows,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj vertstrokeinferiorglas }rounding coil,Also known as coreless-type in-
high-pressure process [CHEM ENG] A chemi-duction furnace; high-frequency heater,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ
cal process operating at elevated pressure; for|freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
example,phenol manufacture at 330 atmo-high-frequencyheaterSeehigh-frequency furnace.
spheres(1atmosphereH11005101,325pascals),ethyl-{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
ene polymerization at 2000 atm,ammonia syn-high-frequency heating See electronic heating.
thesis at 100–1000 atm,and synthetic-diamond{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |fre
ˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
manufacture up to 100,000 atm,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |preshH11080?r
high-frequency resistance [ELEC] The total
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
resistance offered by a device in an alternating-
high-pressure torch [ENG] A type of torch in
current circuit,including the direct-current
which both acetylene and oxygen are delivered
resistance and the resistance due to eddy cur-
to the mixing chamber under pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ
rent,hysteresis,dielectric,and corona losses.
|preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorto˙rch }
Also known as alternating-current resistance; ef-
high Q [ELECTR] A characteristic wherein a
fective resistance; radio-frequency resistance.
componenthasahighratioofreactancetoeffec-
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
tive resistance,so that its Q factor is high.
high-frequency voltmeter [ELECTR] A voltme-
{ |h?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ }
ter designed to measure currents alternating at
high-resistance voltmeter [ELEC] A voltmeter
high frequencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
having a resistance considerably higher than
r}
1000 ohms pervolt,so that itdraws little current
high-front shovel [MECH ENG] A power shovel
fromthecircuitinwhichameasurementismade.
withadipperstickmountedhighontheboomfor
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
stripping and overburden removal,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorfr?nt
high-resolution radar [ENG] A radar system
vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}
which can discriminate between two close tar-
high-gradient magnetic separation [ENG] A
gets,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
magnetic separation technique applicable to
high-rise building See tall building,{ |h?ˉ |r?ˉz
weakly paramagneticcompounds andto particle
vertstrokesuperiorbildH11080i? }
sizes down to the colloidal domain,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080
high-speed machine [MECH ENG] A diamond
eˉH11080?nt magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
drill capable of rotating a drill string at a mini-
high hat [ENG] A very low tripod head resem-
mum of 2500 revolutions per minute,as con-
bling a formal top hat in shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorhat }
trasted with the normal maximum speed of
highheat [THERMO] Heatabsorbedbythecool-
1600–1800 revolutions per minute attained by
ing medium in a calorimeter when products of
theaveragediamonddrill,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorspeˉdm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
combustionarecooledtotheinitialatmospheric
high-technology robot [CONT SYS] A robot
(ambient) temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |heˉt}
equipped with feedback,vision,real-time data
high-helixdrill [DES ENG] A two-flute twist drill
acquisition,and powerful controllers,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ tek
with a helix angle of 35–40H11034; used for drilling
vertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
deepholesinmetals,suchasaluminum,copper,
high-temperature water boiler [MECH ENG] A
hard brass,and soft steel,Also known as fast-
boiler which provides hot water,under pressure,
spiral drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080liks vertstrokeinferiordril }
for space heating of large areas,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080
high-impedance voltmeter [ELEC] A voltage-
ch?r vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
measuring device with a high-impedance input
high-tensile bolt [ENG] A bolt that is adjusted
to reduce load on the unit under test; a vacuum-
to a carefully controlled tension by means of a
tubevoltmeterisonetype,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉim|peˉdH11080?nsvertstrokesuperiorvoˉl-
calibrated torsion wrench; used in place of a
tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
rivet,Also known as high-tension bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ
high-intensity atomizer [MECH ENG] A type of
vertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt }
atomizer used in electrostatic atomization,
hightension See high voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |tenH11080ch?n}
based on stress sufficient to overcome tensile
high-tensionboltSee high-tensile bolt,{ |h?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortenH11080
strength of the liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ invertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperioradH11080
ch?n vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt }
vertstrokeinferiormizH11080?r}
high-tension detonator [ENG] A detonator re-
high-Kcapacitor [ELEC] A capacitor whose di-
quiring an electric potential of about 50 volts for
electric material is a ferroelectric having a high
firing,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
dielectric constant,up to about 6000,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkaˉ
high-tension separation See electrostatic separa-
k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
high-lift truck [MECH ENG] A forklift truck with high-test chain [ENG] Chain made from heat-
a fixed or telescoping mast to permit high eleva- treatable plain-carbon steel,usually with a car-
tion of a load,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |lift vertstrokesuperiortr?k} bon content of 0.15–0.20; used for load binding,
high-passfilter [ELECTR] A filter that transmits tie-downs,and other applications where failure
all frequencies above a given cutoff frequency would be costly,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortest vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn}
and substantially attenuates all others,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ high-vacuuminsulation [CHEM ENG] High vac-
vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r} uum between the walls of double-wall vessels
high-potting [ELEC] Testingwithahighvoltage,to serve as thermal insulation at ultralow (cryo-
generally on a production line,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |pa¨dH11080i? } genic) temperatures,such as in Dewar vessels.
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |vakH11080yu¨m vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}high-pressure gage glass [ENG] A gage glass
271
highvoltage
high voltage [ELEC] A voltage on the order of hobbing machine [MECH ENG] A machine for
cutting gear teeth in gear blanks or for cuttingthousands of volts,Also known as high ten-
sion,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ |voˉlH11080tij } worm,spur,or helical gears,Also known as
hobber,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨bH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}highway [CIV ENG] A public road where traffic
has the right to pass and to which owners of hobnail [DES ENG] A short,large-headed,
sharp-pointednail;usedtoattachsolestoheavyadjacent property have access,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
highway engineering [CIV ENG] A branch of shoes,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨bvertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
hobo connection [ENG] A parallel electricalcivil engineering dealing with highway planning,
location,design,and maintenance,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ connection used in blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉH11080boˉ k?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080
sh?n}vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
Hildebrandfunction [THERMO] The heat of va- hod [CIV ENG] A tray fitted with a handle by
which itcan be carriedon the shoulderfor trans-porization of a compound as a function of the
molal concentration of the vapor; it is nearly porting bricks or mortar,{ ha¨d}
Hodgsonnumber [CHEM ENG] Method of pre-the same for many compounds,{ vertstrokesuperiorhilH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorbrand
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n } dicting the metering error during pulsating gas
flow when a surge tank is located between thehill-climbing [MECH ENG] Adjustment,either
continuous or periodic,of a self-regulating sys- pulsation source (pump or compressor) and the
meter (orifice,nozzle,or venturi),{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨jH11080s?ntem to achieve optimum performance,{ vertstrokesuperiorhil
vertstrokeinferiorklimH11080i? } vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
hoe [DES ENG] An implement consisting of aHindley screw [DES ENG] An endless screw or
worm of hourglass shape that fits a part of the long handle with a thin,flat,straight-edged
blade attached transversely to the end; used forcircumference of a worm wheel so as to increase
the bearing area and thus diminish wear,Also cultivating and weeding,{ hoˉ }
hoeshovel [MECHENG] Arevolvingshovelwithknown as hourglass screw; hourglass worm.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhindH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ } a pull-type bucket rigidly attached to a stick
hinged on the end of a live boom,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉhindrance factor See drag factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorhinH11080dr?ns
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} |sh?vH11080?l}
Hoffmann electrometer [ENG] A variant of thehinge [DES ENG] A pair of metal leaves forming
a jointed device on which a swinging part quadrant electrometer that has two sections in-
stead of four,{ |ha¨fH11080m?nivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}turns,{ hinj }
hingedarch [CIV ENG] A structure that can ro- hogging [ENG] Mechanical chipping of wood
waste for fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨gH11080i? }tate at its supports or in the center or at both
places,{ vertstrokesuperiorhinjd |a¨rch } hohlraum See blackbody,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlvertstrokeinferiorrau˙m}
hoist [MECH ENG] 1,To move or lift somethinghip [BUILD] 1.The external angle formed by the
junction of two sloping roofs or the sides of a by a rope-and-pulley device,2,A power unit
for a hoisting machine,designed to lift from aroof,2,A rafter that is positioned at the junc-
tion of two sloping roofs or the sides of a roof,position directly above the load and therefore
mounted to facilitate mobile service,Also[CIV ENG] See hip joint,{ hip }
HIP See hot isostatic pressing,{ hip or |aˉch|?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpeˉ } known as winding engine,{ ho˙ist }
hoistback-outswitch [MECHENG] A protectivehip joint [CIV ENG] The junction of an inclined
head post and the top chord of a truss,Also switch that permits hoist operation only in the
reverse direction in case of overwind,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoistknown as hip,{ vertstrokesuperiorhip vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
hi pot [ELEC] High potential voltage applied |bakvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorswich }
hoistcable [MECHENG] Afiberrope,wirerope,across a conductor to test the insulation or ap-
plied to an etched circuit to burn out tenuous or chain by means of which force is exerted on
the sheaves and pulleys of a hoisting machine.conducting paths that might later fail in service.
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨t} {vertstrokesuperiorhoist vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
hoist hook [DES ENG] A swivel hook attachedhip rafter [BUILD] A diagonal rafter extending
from the plate to the ridge of a roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorhip to the end of a hoist cable for securing a load.
{ vertstrokesuperiorhoist vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r}
hl See hectoliter,hoisting [MECH ENG] 1,Raising a load,espe-
cially by means of tackle,2,Either of twohm See hectometer.
hob [DES ENG] A master model made from power-shovel operations,the raising or lowering
of the boom,or the lifting or dropping of thehardened steel which is used to press the shape
of a plastics mold into a block of soft steel,dipper stick in relation to the boom,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙istH11080
i? }[MECH ENG] A rotary cutting tool with its teeth
arrangedalongahelicalthread;usedforgenerat- hoistingdrum See drum,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙istH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordr?m}
hoisting machine [MECH ENG] A mechanisming gear teeth,{ ha¨b}
hobber See hobbing machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨bH11080?r } for raising and lowering material with intermit-
tent motion while holding the material freelyhobbing [DES ENG] In plastics manufacturing,
the act of creating multiple mold cavities by suspended,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙istH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
hoistingpower [MECHENG] Thecapacityofthepressing a hob into soft metal cavity blanks.
[MECH ENG] Cutting evenly spaced forms,such hoisting mechanism on a hoisting machine.
{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙istH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}as gear teeth,on the periphery of cylindrical
workpieces,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨bH11080i? } hoistman [ENG] One who operates steam or
272
Holmemudsampler
electric hoisting machinery to lower and raise of ahole to travel readilythrough a semiconduc-
tor,equal to the average drift velocity of holescages,skips,or instruments into a mine or an
dividedbytheelectricfield,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlmoˉvertstrokeinferiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }oil or gas well,Also known as hoist operator;
holesaw See crown saw,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }winch operator,{ vertstrokesuperiorho
˙istH11080m?n}
hole trap [ELECTR] A semiconductor impurity
hoist operator See hoistman,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoist vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
capable of releasing electrons to the conduction
r}
or valence bands,equivalent to trapping a hole.
hoist overspeed device [MECH ENG] A device
{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiortrap }
used toprevent a hoistfrom operatingat speeds
holiday [ENG] An undesirable discontinuity or
greater than predetermined values by activating
break in the anticorrosion protection on pipe or
an emergency brake when the predetermined
tubing,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ }
speed is exceeded,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoist |oˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorspeˉddivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
holiday detector [ENG] An electrical device
hoist overwind device [MECH ENG] A device
used to determine the location of a gap or void
which can activate an emergency brake when
in the anticorrosion coating of a metal surface.
a hoisted load travels beyond a predetermined
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
point into a danger zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoist |oˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorw?ˉnd
hollander [MECH ENG] An elongate tube with a
divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
central mid-feather and a cylindrical beater roll;
hoistslack-brakeswitch [MECH ENG] A device
formerly used for stock preparation in paper
that automatically cuts off power to the hoist
manufacture,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080?nH11080d?r}
motor and sets the brake if the links in the brake
Hollandformula [ENG] Aformulausedtocalcu-
riggingrequiretighteningorifthebrakesrequire
late the height of a plume formed by pollutants
relining,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoist |slak vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk vertstrokeinferiorswich }
emitted from a stack in terms of the diameter of
hoisttower [CIVENG] Atemporaryshaftofscaf-
thestackexit,theexitvelocityandheatemission
folding used to hoist materials for building con-
rate of the stack,and the mean wind speed.
struction,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙ist vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
hoistway [MECH ENG] A shaft for one or more hollow-core construction [BUILD] Panel con-
elevators,lifts,or dumbwaiters,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙istvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } struction with wood faces bonded to a framed-
hold [ELECTR] To maintain storage elements at core assembly of elements which support the
equilibrium voltages in a charge storage tube by facing at spaced intervals,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ |ko˙r
electron bombardment,[ENG] The interior of k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
hollowdrill [DESENG] Adrillrodorstemhavinga ship or plane,especially the cargo compart-
an axial hole for the passage of water or com-ment,[IND ENG] A therblig,or basic opera-
pressed air to remove cuttings from a drill hole.tion,intime-and-motionstudyinwhichthehand
Also known as hollow rod; hollow stem,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080or other body member maintains an object in
oˉ vertstrokesuperiordril }a fixed position and location,[MECH ENG] A
hollow gravity dam [CIV ENG] A fixed gravity
machine motion that is halted by an operator or
dam,usually of reinforced concrete,constructed
interlock until it is restarted,{ hoˉld }
of inclined slabs or arched sections supported
holdback [MECH ENG] A brake on an inclined-
by transverse buttresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ
beltconveyorsystemwhichisautomaticallyacti-
vertstrokeinferiordam }
vated in the event of power failure,thus pre-
hollow mill [MECH ENG] A milling cutter with
venting the loaded belt from running down-
three or more cutting edges that revolve around
ward,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlvertstrokeinferiorbak }
the cylindrical workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiormil }
holddown groove [ENG] A groove in the side
hollowreamer [ENG] A tool or bit used to cor-
wallofthemoldingsurfacewhichassistsinhold-
rectthecurvatureinacrookedborehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080
ing the molded plastic article in place when the
oˉ vertstrokesuperiorreˉmH11080?r}
mold opens,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}
hollowrod See hollow drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d}
holdup [CHEM ENG] 1.Volume of material held
hollow-rodchurndrill [MECHENG] Achurndrill
or contained in a process vessel or line,2.Liq-
with hollow rods instead of steel wire rope.
uid held up (suspended) in a vertical process
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorra¨d vertstrokesuperiorch?rn vertstrokeinferiordril }
vessel or line by rising gas or vapor streams.
hollow-rod drilling [ENG] A modification of
{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlvertstrokeinferiord?p}
wash boring in which a check valve is introduced
hole conduction [ELECTR] Conduction oc-
at the bit so that the churning action may be
curringinasemiconductorwhenelectronsmove
also used to pump the cuttings up the drill rods.
intoholesundertheinfluenceofanappliedvolt-
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorra¨d vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
age and thereby create new holes,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl
hollow shafting [MECH ENG] Shafting made
k?n|d?kH11080sh?n}
fromhollowed-outrodsorhollowtubingtomini-
holedeviation [ENG] The change in the course
mize weight,allow internal support,or permit
or direction that a borehole follows,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080
other shafting to operate through the interior.
veˉvertstrokeinferioraˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorshaftH11080i? }
hole injection [ELECTR] The production of
hollowstem See hollow drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorstem }
holes in an n-type semiconductor when voltage hollow wall [BUILD] A masonry wall provided
is applied to a sharp metal point in contact with with an air space between the inner and outer
the surface of the material,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlinvertstrokeinferiorjekH11080sh?n} wythes,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨lH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l}
Holme mud sampler [ENG] A scooplike deviceholemobility [ELECTR] A measure of the ability
273
holonomicconstraints
which canbe loweredby cableto the oceanfloor homologous motion [IND ENG] A motion pro-
duced by one set of muscles that can be substi-to collect sediment samples,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉm vertstrokesuperiorm?d
vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r } tuted for an essentially similar motion per-
formed by another set of muscles; the substitu-holonomic constraints [MECH] An integrable
set of differential equations which describe the tionisusuallymadeinordertoreducethestress
needed to perform a work task,{ h?vertstrokesuperiorma¨lH11080?H11080g?srestrictions on the motion of a system; a func-
tion relating several variables,in the form vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
homomorphous transformation [THERMO] Af(x
1
,...,x
n
)H110050,inoptimizationorphysicalprob-
lems,{ |ha¨lH11080?|na¨mH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉns } change in the values of the thermodynamic vari-
ables of a system in which none of the compo-holonomic system [MECH] A system in which
the constraints are such that the original coordi- nent substances undergoes a change of state.
{ vertstrokeinferiorhoˉH11080m?|mo˙rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}nates can be expressed in terms of independent
coordinates and possibly also the time,{ |ha¨lH11080 hone [MECH ENG] A machine for honing that
consists of a holding device containing several?|na¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
holopulpingprocess [CHEMENG] Aprocessfor oblong stones arranged in a circular pattern.
{hoˉn}making paper pulp by alkaline oxidation of ex-
tremely thin wood chips at low temperature and honed-bore tube [DES ENG] Tubing manufac-
tured to very close tolerances and having a verypressure and then solubilization of the lignin
fraction,{ |ha¨lH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080pi?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨sH11080?s } smooth surface in the bore,{ |hoˉnd |bo˙r vertstrokesuperiortu¨b}
honeycomb radiator [MECH ENG] A heat-ex-Holzer’s method [MECH] A method of de-
termining the shapes and frequencies of the tor- change device utilizing many small cells,shaped
like a bees’ comb,for cooling circulating watersional modes of vibration of a system,in which
one imagines the system to consist of a number in an automobile,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?nH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorkoˉm vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
honeycomb wall [BUILD] A brick wall havingof flywheels on a massless flexible shaft and,
startingwithatrialfrequencyandmotionforone openings created either by allowing gaps be-
tween stretchers or by omitting bricks and usedflywheel,determines thetorquesand motionsof
successive flywheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉtH11080s?rz vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d } to support floor joists and provide ventilation
under floors,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?nH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorkoˉm vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}homekey [ENG] Oneof the eightkeys ona key-
board on which the typist’s fingers normally rest honing [MECH ENG] The process of removing a
relatively small amount of material from a cylin-in the starting position for touch typing,Also
known as guide key,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉm vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ } drical surface by means of abrasive stones to
obtainadesiredfinishorextremelyclosedimen-homenergicflow [THERMO] Fluid flow in which
the sum of kinetic energy,potential energy,and sional tolerance,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉnH11080i? }
honinggage [ENG] Adeviceforkeepingachiselenthalpy per unit mass is the same at all loca-
tionsinthefluid andatalltimes,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨mH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?rH11080 steady at the proper angle while it is sharpened
on a flat stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}jik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
home row [ENG] The row on a keyboard that hood [DES ENG] An opaque shield placed
aboveoraroundthescreenofacathode-raytubecontains the home keys,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉm vertstrokeinferiorroˉ }
homesignal [CIVENG] Asignalatthebeginning toeliminate extraneouslight,[ENG] 1.Close-
fitting,rubber head covering that leaves the faceofablockofrailroadtrackthatindicateswhether
the block is clear,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉm |sigH11080n?l } exposed; used in scuba diving,2,A protective
covering,usually providing special ventilationhoming device [ELECTR] A control device that
automatically starts in the correct direction of to carry away objectionable fumes,dusts,and
gases,in which dangerous chemical,biological,motion or rotation to achieve a desired change,
as in a remote-control tuning motor for a televi- or radioactive materials can be safely handled.
{hu˙d}sion receiver,[ENG] A device incorporated in
a guided missile or the like to home it on a hood test [ENG] A leak detection method in
which the vessel under test is enclosed by atarget,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉmH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
homing guidance [ENG] A guidance system in metallic casing so that a dynamic leak test may
be carried out on a large portion of the externalwhichamissiledirectsitselftoatargetbymeans
of a self-contained mechanism that reacts to a surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙d vertstrokeinferiortest }
hook [DES ENG] A piece of hard material,espe-particular characteristic of the target,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉmH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiorg?ˉdH11080?ns } cially metal,formed into a curve for catching,
holding,or pulling something,[ELECTR] Ahomogeneousstrain [MECH] A strain in which
thecomponentsofthedisplacementofanypoint circuit phenomenon occurring in four-zone tran-
sistors,wherein hole or electron conduction canin the body are linear functions of the original
coordinates,{ |hoˉH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorjeˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn } occur in opposite directions to produce voltage
drops that encourage other types of conduc-homogenizer [MECH ENG] A machine that
blends or emulsifies a substance by forcing it tion,{ hu˙k}
hookah [ENG] An air supply device used in freethrough fine openings against a hard surface.
{h?vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080?r } diving,comprising a demand regulator worn by
the diver and a hose extending to a compressedhomojunction bipolar transistor [ELECTR] Any
bipolar transistor that is composed entirely of air supply at the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨H11080k? }
hook-and-eye hinge [DES ENG] A hinge con-one typeof semiconductor,{ |hoˉH11080moˉvertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n
b?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } sistingofahook(usuallyattachedtoagatepost)
274
horizontalforceinstrument
over which an eye (usually attached to the gate) hopper [ENG] A funnel-shaped receptacle with
anopeningatthetopforloadingandadischargeis placed,{ |hu˙k?n vertstrokesuperior?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
hook bolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a hook or L opening at the bottom for bulk-delivering mate-
rial such as grain or coal,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨pH11080?r}band at one end and threads at the other to fit
a nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙k vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } hopper car [ENG] A freight car with a perma-
nent roof and a hinged floor sloping to one orhookcollectortransistor [ELECTR] A transistor
in which there are four layers of alternating n- more hoppers for discharging contents by grav-
ity,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}and p-type semiconductor material and the two
interiorlayersarethincomparedtothediffusion hopper dryer [ENG] In extrusion and injection
moldingofplastics,acombinedfeedinganddry-length,Also known as hook transistor;pnhook
transistor,{ |hu˙kk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r } ing device in which hot air flows through the
hopper,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨pH11080?r |dr?ˉH11080?r}Hookean deformation [MECH] Deformation of
a substance which is proportional to the force horizonsensor [ENG] A passive infrared device
that detects the thermal discontinuity betweenapplied to it,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙kH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiord?fH11080?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
Hookean solid [MECH] An ideal solid which theearthandspace;usedinestablishingastable
vertical reference for control of the attitude orobeysHooke’s lawexactly forall valuesof stress,
however large,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙kH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d } orientation of a missile or satellite in space.
{h?vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉzH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}Hooker diaphragm cell [CHEM ENG] A device
used in industry for the electrolysis of brine (so- horizontal auger [MECH ENG] A rotary drill,
usuallypoweredbyagasolineengine,formakingdium chloride) to make chlorine and caustic
soda (sodium hydroxide) or caustic potash (po- horizontal blasting holes in quarries and open-
cast pits,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperioro˙gH11080?r}tassium hydroxide); saturated purified brine fed
aroundtheanodepassesthroughthediaphragm horizontal boiler [MECH ENG] A water-tube
boiler having a main bank of straight tubes in-to the cathode; chlorine is formed at the anode
and hydrogen released at the cathode,leaving clined toward the rear at an angle of 5 to 15H11034
from the horizontal,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}sodium hydroxide and residual sodium chloride
in the cell liquor; the diaphragm prevents the horizontalboringmachine [MECH ENG] A bor-
ing machine adapted for work not convenientlyproductsfrommixing,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙kH11080?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram vertstrokeinferiorsel }
Hooke’s joint [MECH ENG] A simple universal revolved,for milling,slotting,drilling,tapping,
boring,and reaming long holes and for makingjoint; consists of two yokes attached to their
respective shafts and connected by means of a interchangeable parts that must be produced
without jigs and fixtures,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080spider,Also known as Cardan joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙ks
vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int } i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
horizontal broaching machine [MECH ENG] AHooke’slaw [MECH] The law that the stress of
a solid is directly proportional to the strain ap- pull-type broaching machine having the broach
mountedonthehorizontalplane,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080plied to it,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙ks vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
hookgage [ENG] An instrument used to meas-?l vertstrokesuperiorbroˉchH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
horizontalcircle [ENG] Agraduateddiskaffixedurechangesinthelevelofthewaterinanevapo-
ration pan; it consists of a pointed metal hook,to the base of a transit or theodolite which is
used to measure horizontal angles,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080mounted in the vertical,whose position with
respect to its supporting member may be ad-?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?l}
horizontalcrusher [MECH ENG] Rotary size re-justed by means of a micrometer arrangement;
the gage is placed on the still well,and a meas- ducer in which the crushing cone is supported
on a horizontal shaft; needs less headroom thanurement istaken whenthe pointof the hookjust
breaks above the surface of the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙k vertical models,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
horizontaldrillingmachine [MECH ENG] A dril-vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
hook transistor See hook collector transistor,ling machine in which the drill bits extend in a
horizontal direction,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙k tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
hookup [ELEC] An arrangement of circuits and m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
horizontal engine [MECH ENG] An engine withapparatus for a particular purpose,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙kvertstrokeinferior?p}
hookwrench [DES ENG] A wrench with a hook horizontal stroke,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
horizontal field balance [ENG] An instrumentfor turning a nut or bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu˙k vertstrokeinferiorrench }
hoop [CIV ENG] A ring-shaped binder placed that measures the horizontal component of the
magnetic field by means of the torque that thearound the main reinforcement in a reinforced
concrete column,{ hu¨p } field component exerts on a vertical permanent
magnet,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }hooped column [CIV ENG] A column of rein-
forced concrete with hoops around the main re- horizontal firing [MECH ENG] The firing of fuel
inaboilerfurnaceinwhichtheburnersdischargeinforcements,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨pt |ka¨lH11080?m}
Hope’s apparatus [THERMO] An apparatus fuelandairintothefurnacehorizontally,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080
vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? }consistingofavesselcontainingwater,afreezing
mixture in a tray surrounding the vessel,and horizontal force instrument [ENG] An instru-
ment used to make a comparison between thethermometers inserted in the water at points
above and below the freezing mixture; used to intensity of the horizontal component of the
earth’s magnetic field and the magnetic field atshow that the maximum density of water lies at
about 4H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉps vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorradH11080?s } the compass location on board a craft; basically,
275
horizontalintensityvariometer
it consists of a magnetized needle pivoted in a diaphragm and the air load,{ |ho˙rn vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?d
horizontal plane,as a dry-card compass; it set- vertstrokesuperiorspeˉkH11080?r}
tles in some position which indicates the direc- hornloudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker
tion of the resultant magnetic field; if the needle in which the radiating element is coupled to
isstartedswinging,itdampsdownwithacertain the air or another medium by means of a horn.
period of oscillation dependent upon the
{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
strength of the magnetic field,Also known
horn socket [DES ENG] A cone-shaped fishing
as horizontal vibrating needle,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l
tool especially designed to recover lost collared
|foˉrs vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
drill rods,drill pipe,or tools in bored wells.
horizontal intensity variometer [ENG] Essen-
{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn vertstrokeinferiorsa¨kH11080?t}
tially a declination variometer with a larger,stif-
horsepower [MECH] The unit of power in the
fer fiber than in the standard model; there is
British engineering system,equal to 550 foot-
enough torsion in the fiber to cause the magnet
pounds per second,approximately 745.7 watts.
to turn 90H11034 out of the magnetic meridian; the
Abbreviated hp,{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙rs|pau˙H11080?r}
magnet is aligned with the magnetic prime verti-
hose [DES ENG] Flexible tube used for con-
caltowithin0.5H11034soitdoesnotrespondapprecia-
veying fluids,{ hoˉz}
bly to changes in declination,Also known as
hoseclamp [DES ENG] Band or brace to attach
H variometer,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?linvertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorverH11080
the raw end of a hose to a water outlet.
eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉz vertstrokeinferiorklamp }
horizontal lathe [MECH ENG] A horizontally
hose coupling [DES ENG] Device to intercon-
mounted lathe with which longitudinal and ra-
nect two or more pieces of hose,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉz vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080
dial movements are applied to a workpiece that
li? }
rotates,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorlaˉth }
hose fitting [DES ENG] Any attachment or ac-
horizontal magnetometer [ENG] A measuring
cessory item for a hose,{ vertstrokesuperiorhoˉz vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }
instrument for ascertaining changes in the hori-
hostile-environment machine [MECH ENG] A
zontalcomponentofthemagneticfieldintensity.
robotcapableofoperatinginextremeconditions
{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
of temperature,vibration,moisture,pollution,
horizontal milling machine [MECH ENG] A
or electromagneticor nuclear radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨sH11080
knee-type milling machine with a horizontal
t?linvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080r?nH11080m?nt m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
spindle and a swiveling table for cutting helices.
hot-air engine [MECH ENG] A heat engine in
{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
which air or other gases,such as hydrogen,he-
horizontalpendulum [MECH] A pendulum that
lium,or nitrogen,are used as the working fluid,
moves in a horizontal plane,such as a compass
operating on cycles such as the Stirling or Erics-
needle turning on its pivot,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l
son,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨|der vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
hot-air furnace [MECH ENG] An encased heat-
horizontal return tubular boiler [MECH ENG] A
ing unit providing warm air to ducts for circula-
fire-tube boiler having tubes within a cylindrical
tion by gravity convection or by fans,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨|der
shellthatareattachedtotheendclosures;prod-
vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
ucts of combustion are transported under the
hot-airsterilization [ENG] Amethodofsteriliza-
lower half of the shell and back through the
tion using dry heat for glassware and other heat-
tubes,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiort?rn |tu¨H11080by?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080
resistant materials which need to be dry after
r}
treatment;temperaturesof160–165H11034Caregener-
horizontal scanning [ENG] In radar scanning,
ated for at least 2 hours,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨|der vertstrokeinferiorsterH11080?H11080
rotatingthe antennainazimutharound thehori-
l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
zon or in a sector,Also known as searching
hot-bulb [MECH ENG] Pertaining to an ignition
lighting,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i? }
method used in semidiesel engines in which the
horizontal screen [MECH ENG] Shaking screen
fuel mixture is ignited in a separate chamber
with horizontal plates,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn}
kept above the ignition temperature by the heat
horizontal-tubeevaporator [MECHENG] Ahori-
of compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorb?lb }
zontally mounted tube-and-shell type of liquid
hotcarrier [ELECTR] A carrier,which may be ei-
evaporator,used most often for preparation of
ther an electron or a hole,that has relatively
boiler feedwater,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l |tu¨bivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080
high energy with respect to the carriers normally
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
found in majority-carrier devices such as thin-
horizontalvibratingneedleSeehorizontal force in-
film transistors,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |karH11080eˉH11080?r}
strument,{ vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l |v?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l}
hot-chamber die casting [ENG] A die-casting
horn [BUILD] A section projecting from the end
process in which a piston is driven through a
of one of the members of a right-angle wood
reservoir of molten metal and thereby delivers
framing joint,[ENG ACOUS] A tube whose
a quantity of molten metal to the die cavity.
cross-sectional area increases from one end to
{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |chaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkastH11080i? }theother,usedtoradiateorreceivesoundwaves
Hotchkiss drive [MECH ENG] An automobileand to intensify and direct them,Also known
rear suspension designed to take torque reac-as acoustic horn,{ ho˙rn }
tions through longitudinal leaf springs.horn-loaded speaker [ENG ACOUS] A loud-
speaker that has an acoustic horn between the { vertstrokesuperiorha¨chvertstrokeinferiorkis vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
276
Houdryhydrocracking
Hotchkisssuperdip [ENG] A sensitive dip nee- a reaction system at which the temperature is
appreciablyhigherthaninthebulkofthereactor;dle consisting of a freely rotating magnetic nee-
dle about a horizontal axis and a nonmagnetic usually locates the reaction front,[ENG] An
area in a pipeline that is subject to excessivebar with a counterweight at the end which is
attached to the pivot point of the needle,corrosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorspa¨t}
hotspraying [ENG] A paint-spraying technique{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨chvertstrokeinferiorkis vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiordip }
hot-draw [ENG] To draw a material while it is inwhichpaintviscosityis reducedbyheatrather
than a solvent,{ |ha¨t |spraˉH11080i? }hot,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |dro˙ }
hotediting [CONT SYS] A method for detecting hot stamp [ENG] An impression on a forging
made in a heated condition,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorstamp }errors in the programming of a robot in which
as many errors as possible are identified and hot strength See tensile strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t
vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }resolved during testing,without setting the ro-
botic program to its starting condition,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t hot-water heating [MECH ENG] A heating sys-
tem for a building in which the heat-conveyingvertstrokesuperioredH11080?dH11080i? }
hotelectron [ELECTR] An electron that is in ex- medium is hot water and the heat-emitting
means are radiators,convectors,or panel coils.cess of the thermal equilibrium number and,for
metals,has an energy greater than the Fermi Also known as hydronic heating,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }level; for semiconductors,the energy must be a
definite amount above that of the edge of the hot well [MECH ENG] A chamber for collecting
condensate,as in a steam condenser serving anconduction band,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨tivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
hot-electrontransistor [ELECTR] Atransistor in engine or turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorwel }
hot-wire ammeter [ENG] An ammeter whichwhich electrons tunnel through a thin emitter-
basebarrier ballistically(that is,without scatter- measures alternating or direct current by send-
ing it through a fine wire,causing the wire toing),traverse a very narrow base region,and
cross a barrier at the base-collector interface heat and to expand or sag,deflecting a pointer.
Also known as thermal ammeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |w?ˉrwhose height,controlled by the collector volt-
age,determines the fraction of electrons coming vertstrokesuperioravertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
hot-wire anemometer [ENG] An anemometerto the collector,{ |ha¨ti vertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiortranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
hot-gaswelding [ENG] Joiningofthermoplastic used inresearch onair turbulenceand boundary
layers; the resistance of an electrically heatedmaterials by softening first with a jet of hot air,
then joining at the softened points,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorgas fine wire placed in a gas stream is altered by
cooling by an amount which depends on thevertstrokesuperiorweldH11080i? }
hot hole [ELECTR] A hole that can move at fluid velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |w?ˉr vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
hot-wire instrument [ENG] An instrument thatmuch greater velocity than normal holes in a
semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl } depends for its operation on the expansion by
heat of a wire carrying a current,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |w?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorinH11080hothouse [ENG] A greenhouse heated to grow
plants out of season,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨tvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s } str?H11080m?nt }
hot-wire microphone [ENG ACOUS] A velocityhotisostaticpressing [ENG] Aprocessinwhich
a ceramic or metal powder is consolidated by microphone that depends for its operation on
the change in resistance of a hot wire as the wireheating and compressing the powder equally
from all directions inside a sealed flexible mold,iscooledbyvaryingparticlevelocitiesinasound
wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |w?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}Abbreviated HIP,{ |ha¨t vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080soˉ|stadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080i? }
hotjunction [ELECTR] The heated junction of a hotwork [INDENG] Ataskthatrequiresworking
on,or in proximity to,exposed energized electri-thermocouple,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n}
hot patching [ENG] Repair of a hot refractory cal equipment or wiring,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
Houdry butane dehydrogenation [CHEM ENG]lining in a furnace,usually by spraying with a
refractory slurry,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokesuperiorpachH11080i? } A catalytic process for dehydrogenating light hy-
drocarbonsfromcrudeoiltotheircorrespondinghotpressing [ENG] 1,Forming a metal-powder
compactoraceramicshapebyapplyingpressure mono- or diolefins; chromia-alumina catalysts
with inert material are used in pellet form.and heat simultaneously at temperatures high
enough for sintering to occur,2.Fabrication of { vertstrokesuperiorhu¨H11080dreˉ |byu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉndeˉvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
Houdry fixed-bed catalytic cracking [CHEMa composite material through joining the rein-
forcement and the matrix by means of heat and ENG] A cyclic,regenerable process for cracking
of petroleum distillates to produce high-octanepressure,usually in a hydraulically actuated
press,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080i? } gasoline from higher-boiling petroleum frac-
tions; synthetic or natural bead catalysts of acti-hot-runner mold [ENG] A plastics mold in
whichtherunnersarekepthotbyinsulationfrom vated hydrosilicate of alumina may be used.
Also known as Houdry process,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨H11080dreˉ |fixtthe chilled cavities,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorr?nH11080?r vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
hotsaw [MECH ENG] A power saw used to cut |bed vertstrokeinferiorkadH11080?l|idH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
Houdryhydrocracking [CHEM ENG] A catalytichot metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
hot-solder coating [ENG] The application of a process combining cracking and desulfurization
of crude petroleum oil in the presence of hydro-protective finish to a printed circuit board by
dip soldering in a solder bath,{ vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |sa¨dH11080?r gen; catalysts may be nickel oxide or nickel sul-
fide on silica alumina,and cobalt molybdate onvertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080i? }
hot spot [CHEM ENG] An area or point within alumina,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨H11080dreˉ |h?ˉH11080droˉ|krakH11080i? }
277
Houdryprocess
Houdry process See Houdry fixed-bed catalytic knowledgedealingwiththecapabilitiesandlimi-
tations of human performance in relation to de-cracking,{ vertstrokesuperiorhu¨H11080dreˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
sign of machines,jobs,and other modificationshour [MECH] A unit of time equal to 3600 sec-
of the human’s physical environment,Alsoonds,Abbreviated h; hr,{ au
˙r}
known as human engineering,{ vertstrokesuperiorhyu¨H11080m?n |fakH11080
hourglass screw See Hindley screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙rvertstrokeinferiorglas
t?rz vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
human-machine chart [IND ENG] A two-col-
hourglass worm See Hindley screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙rvertstrokeinferiorglas
umn,multiple-activity process chart listing the
vertstrokeinferiorw?rm }
steps performed by an operator and the opera-
housedjoint See dado joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙zd vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
tions performed by a machine and showing the
house drain [CIV ENG] Horizontal drain in a
corresponding idle times for each,Also known
basement receiving waste from stacks.
as man-machine chart,{ |yu¨H11080m?nm?|sheˉn
{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙s vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt }
house sewer [CIV ENG] Connection between
human-machine system [ENG] A system in
house drain and public sewer,{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙s vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080?r}
which the functions of the worker and the ma-
housing [ENG] Acaseorenclosuretocoverand
chineareinterrelatedandnecessaryfortheoper-
protect a structure or a mechanical device.
ation of the system,Also known as man-ma-
{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙H11080zi? }
chine system,{ |yu¨H11080m?nm?|sheˉn vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
Houskeeper seal [ENG] A vacuum-tight seal
hum-bucking coil [ENG ACOUS] A coil wound
made between copper and glass by bringing the
on the field coil of an excited-field loudspeaker
copper to a flexible feather edge before fusing
and connected in series opposition with the
ittotheglass;thecopperthenflexesastheglass
voice coil,so that hum voltage induced in the
shrinks during cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙svertstrokeinferiorkeˉpH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
voicecoiliscanceledbythatinducedinthehum-
hovercraft See air-cushion vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?vH11080
bucking coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?m vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
rvertstrokeinferiorkraft }
humidification [ENG] The process of increasing
Howell-Bunger valve See cone valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙H11080?l the water vapor content of a gas,{ yu¨vertstrokeinferiormidH11080iH11080
vertstrokesuperiorbH11080g?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv } f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
Howe truss [CIV ENG] A truss for spans up to humidifier [MECH ENG] An apparatus for sup-
80feet(24meters)havingbothverticalanddiag- plying moisture to the air and for maintaining
onal members; made of steel or timber or both,desired humidity conditions,{ yu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
humidistat [ENG] An instrument that measures{ vertstrokesuperiorhau˙ vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
and controls relative humidity,Also known ashowl [ENG ACOUS] Undesirable prolonged
hydrostat,{ yu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }sound produced by a radio receiver or audio-
humidity element [ENG] The transducer of anyfrequency amplifier system because of either
hygrometer,thatis,thatpartofahygrometerthatelectric or acoustic feedback,{ hau
˙l}
quantitatively senses atmospheric water vapor.
Hoyer methodof prestressing See pretensioning.
{ hyu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorho˙iH11080y?r vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d?vpreˉvertstrokesuperiorstresH11080i? }
humiditystrip [ENG] The humidity transducing
hp See horsepower.
element in a Diamond-Hinman radiosonde; it
H pile [CIV ENG] A steel pile that is H-shaped
consists of a flat plastic strip bounded by elec-
in section,{ |aˉch vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
trodes on two sides and coated with a hygro-
hr See hour.
scopicchemicalcompoundsuchaslithiumchlo-
H rod [DES ENG] A drill rod having an outside
ride; the electrical resistance of this coating is a
diameter of 3-1/2 inches (8.89 centimeters).
function of the amount of moisture absorbed
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉch vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
from theatmosphere andthe temperatureof the
HTU See height of transfer unit.
strip,Also known as electrolytic strip,{ hyu¨
hub [BUILD] Thecore sectionof abuilding from
vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
which corridors extend,[DES ENG] 1,The cy-
Humphreygaspump [MECH ENG] A combined
lindrical centralpart of awheel,propeller,or fan.
internal combustion engine and pump in which
2,A piece in a lock that is turned by the knob
the metal piston has been replaced by a column
spindle,causing the bolt to move,3,A short
of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?mH11080freˉ vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
coupling that joins plumbing pipes,[ENG] In
Humphries equation [THERMO] An equation
surveying,a stake that marks the position of a
whichgivestheratioofspecificheatsatconstant
theodolite,{ h?b}
pressure and constant volume in moist air as a
hubcap [DES ENG] A metal cap fastened or
function of water vapor pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?mH11080freˉz
clamped to the end of an axle,as on motor
ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
vehicles,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?bvertstrokeinferiorkap }
humpyard [CIV ENG] A switch yard in a railway
Huggenbergertensometer [ENG] A type of ex-
system that has a hump or steep incline down
tensometer having a short gage length (10 to 20
which freight cars can coast to prescheduled
millimeters) and employing a compound lever
locations,Also known as gravity yard.
system that gives a magnification of about 1200.
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?mp vertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }
{ vertstrokesuperiorh?gH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorb?rgH11080?r tenvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r} hungryjoint See starved joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorhH11080gre
ˉ |jo˙int }
human engineering See human-factors engi- hungshot [ENG] A shot whose explosion is de-
neering,{ vertstrokesuperiorhyu¨H11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } layedafterdetonationorignition,{ vertstrokesuperiorh |sha¨t}
hunting [CONT SYS] Undesirable oscillation ofhuman-factors engineering [ENG] The area of
278
hydraulicclassifier
an automatic control system,wherein the con- pairsofterminalssoarrangedthatasignalenter-
ing at one terminal pair divides and emergestrolled variable swings on both sides of the de-
sired value,[ELECTR] Operation of a selector from the two adjacent terminal pairs,but is un-
able to reach the opposite terminal pair,Alsoin moving from terminal to terminal until one
is found which is idle,[MECH ENG] Irregular known as bridge hybrid,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080br?d vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n}
hybrid microcircuit [ELECTR] Microcircuit inengine speed resulting from instability of the
governing device,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ntH11080i? } which thin-film,thick-film,or diffusion tech-
niques are combined with separately attachedhunting circuit See lockout circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ntH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t } semiconductor chips to form the circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080
br?d vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}huntingtooth [DES ENG] An extra tooth on the
larger of two gear wheels so that the total num- hybrid thin-film circuit [ELECTR] Microcircuit
formed by attaching discrete components andberofteethwillnotbeanintegralmultipleofthe
number on the smaller wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ntH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨th } semiconductor devices to networks of passive
componentsandconductorsthathavebeenvac-hurricane beacon [ENG] An air-launched bal-
loon designed to be released in the eye of a uum-deposited on glazed ceramic,sapphire,or
glass substrates,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080br?d |thin vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}tropical cyclone,to float within the eye at prede-
termined levels,and to transmit radio signals,hydrant See fire hydrant,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?nt }
hydraucone [DES ENG] A conical,spreading{ vertstrokesuperiorh?rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉn vertstrokeinferiorbeˉH11080k?n}
hurricanelamp [ENG] An oil lamp with a glass type of draft tube used on hydraulic turbine in-
stallations,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dro˙vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}chimney and perforated lid to protect the flame,
or a candle with a glass chimney,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉn hydraulic [ENG] Operatedor effectedby theac-
tion of water or other fluid of low viscosity.vertstrokeinferiorlamp }
hurricane tracking [ENG] Recording of the { h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik }
hydraulicaccumulator [MECHENG] Ahydraulicmovement of individual hurricanes by means of
airplane sightings and satellite photography,flywheel that stores potentialenergy by accumu-
lating a quantity of pressurized hydraulic fluid{ vertstrokesuperiorh?rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉn vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? }
Huttig equation [THERMO] An equation which inasuitable enclosedvessel,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080
my?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}states that the ratio of the volume of gas ad-
sorbed on the surface of a nonporous solid at a hydraulic actuator [MECH ENG] A cylinder or
fluid motor that converts hydraulic power intogiven pressure and temperature to the volume
of gas required to cover the surface completely usefulmechanicalwork;mechanicalmotionpro-
duced may be linear,rotary,or oscillatory.with a unimolecular layer equals (1 H11001 r) c
r
/
(1 H11001 c
r
),where r is the ratio of the equilibrium { h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
hydraulicaircompressor [MECHENG] Adevicegas pressure to the saturated vapor pressure of
the adsorbate at the temperature of adsorption,in which water falling down a pipe entrains air
which is released at the bottom under compres-and c is the product of a constant and the expo-
nential of (q H11002 q
l
)/RT,where q is the heat of sion to do useful work,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorer k?m
vertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}adsorption into a first layer molecule,q
l
is the
heat of liquefaction of the adsorbate,T is the hydraulic amplifier [CONT SYS] A device which
increases the power of a signal in a hydraulictemperature,andRis the gas constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?dH11080
ik ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n } servomechanism or other system through the
use of fixed and variable orifices,Also knownHVAC [CIV ENG] The abbreviation for heating,
ventilation,and air conditioning systems,used as hydraulic intensifier,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080
r}in building design and construction,{ |aˉch
|veˉ|aˉvertstrokesuperiorseˉ or vertstrokesuperioraˉchvertstrokeinferiorvak } hydraulicbackhoe [MECH ENG] A backhoe op-
erated by a hydraulic mechanism,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080likH variometer See horizontal intensity variometer.
{ vertstrokesuperioraˉch vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorbakvertstrokeinferiorhoˉ }
hydraulic brake [MECH ENG] A brake in whichhybridbeam [ENG] A metal beam with flanges
fabricated from a material that differs from that the retarding force is applied through the action
of a hydraulic press,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}of the web plate and has a different minimum
yield strength,{ |h?ˉH11080br?d |beˉm} hydraulic circuit [MECH ENG] A circuit whose
operation is analogous to that of an electric cir-hybrid inlet noise reduction [ENG ACOUS] A
method of reducing the noise from the inlet of cuit except that electric currents are replaced by
currentsofwaterorotherfluids,asinahydraulicajetengine,whichinvolvestheuseofbothhigh-
Mach-number flows to retard or block the pas- control,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
hydraulicclassification [ENG] Classification ofsage of sound waves and acoustic treatment of
the walls of the inlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080br?d |inH11080l?t vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz particles in a tank by specific gravity,utilizing
the action of rising water currents,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080likrivertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
hybrid integrated circuit [ELECTR] A circuit in vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
hydraulicclassifier [MECH ENG] A classifier inwhichoneormorediscretecomponentsareused
in combination with integrated-circuit construc- which particles are sorted by specific gravity in
a stream of hydraulic water that rises at a con-tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080br?d |intH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
hybrid junction [ELECTR] A transformer,resis- trolled rate; heavier particles gravitate down and
are discharged at the bottom,while lighter onestor,or waveguide circuit or device that has four
279
hydraulicclutch
are carried up and out,Also known as hy- hydraulicnozzle [MECH ENG] An atomizing de-
vice in which fluid pressure is converted intodrosizer,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
hydraulic clutch See fluid drive,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik fluid velocity,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
hydraulicpacking [ENG] Packing material thatvertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }
hydraulic conveyor [MECH ENG] A system for resists the effects of water even under high pres-
sure,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080i? }handling material,such as ash from a coal-fired
furnace; refuse is flushed from a hopper or slag hydraulic power system [MECH ENG] A power
transmission system comprising machinery andtank to a grinder which discharges to a pump
for conveying to a disposal area or a dewatering auxiliary components which function to gener-
ate,transmit,control,and utilize hydraulic en-bin,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
hydrauliccouplingSeefluid coupling,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik ergy,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
hydraulicpress [MECH ENG] A combination ofvertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
hydraulic cylinder [MECH ENG] The cylindrical a large and a small cylinder connected by a pipe
and filled with a fluid so that the fluid pressurechamber of a positive displacement pump.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r } created by a small force acting on the small-
cylinder piston will result in a large force on thehydraulic dredge [MECH ENG] A dredge con-
sisting of a large suction pipe which is mounted large piston,Also known as hydrostatic press.
{hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorpres }on a hull and supported and moved about by a
boom,a mechanical agitator or cutter head hydraulic pump See hydraulic ram,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik
vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }which churns up earth in front of the pipe,and
centrifugal pumps mounted on a dredge which hydraulicram [MECH ENG] A device for forcing
running water to a higher level by using the ki-suck up water and loose solids,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik
vertstrokesuperiordrej } netic energy of flow; the flow of water in the
supply pipeline is periodically stopped so thathydraulic drill [MECH ENG] A rotary drill pow-
ered by hydrodynamic means and used to make a small portion of water is lifted by the velocity
headofalargerportion,Alsoknownashydrau-shot-firing holes in coal or rock,or to make a
well hole,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiordril } lic pump,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorram }
hydraulicrobot [CONTSYS] Arobotthatispow-hydraulic drive [MECH ENG] A mechanism
transmitting motion from one shaft to another,ered by hydraulic actuators,usually controlled
by servovalves and analog resolvers,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙lH11080the velocity ratio of the shafts being controlled
by hydrostatic or hydrodynamic means,ik vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
hydraulic rope-geared elevator [MECH ENG]{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
hydraulicejector [ENG] Apipeforremovingex- An elevator hoisted by a system of ropes and
sheavesattached toapistonin ahydrauliccylin-cavated material from a pneumatic caisson.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik ivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r } der,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiorgird vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
hydraulicscale [MECHENG] Anindustrialscalehydraulicelevator [MECHENG] An elevator op-
erated by water pressure,Also known as hy- in which the load applied to the load-cell piston
is converted to hydraulic pressure,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080likdraulic lift,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
hydraulic engineering [CIV ENG] A branch of vertstrokesuperiorskaˉl}
hydraulic separation [MECH ENG] Mechanicalcivil engineering concerned with the design,
erection,and construction of sewage disposal classification using a hydraulic classifier.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}plants,waterworks,dams,water-operated power
plants,and such,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } hydraulic shovel [MECH ENG] A revolving
shovel in which hydraulic rams or motors arehydraulicexcavatordigger [MECH ENG] An ex-
cavation machine which employs hydraulic pis- substituted for drums and cables,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik
vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}tons to actuate mechanical digging elements.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokeinferioreksH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiordigH11080?r} hydraulicsprayer [MECH ENG] A machine that
sprayslargequantitiesofinsecticideorfungicidehydraulic intensifier See hydraulic amplifier.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik invertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } on crops,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorspraˉH11080?r}
hydraulicspraying See airless spraying,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080hydraulic jack [MECH ENG] A jack in which
force is applied through the mechanism of a lik vertstrokesuperiorspraˉH11080i? }
hydraulic stacker [MECH ENG] A tiering ma-hydraulic press,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorjak }
hydraulic jetting [ENG] Use of high-pressure chine whose carriage is raised or lowered by a
hydraulic cylinder,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorstakH11080?r}waterforcedthroughnozzlestocleantubeinteri-
ors and exteriors in heat exchangers and boilers,hydraulic swivel head [MECH ENG] In a drill
machine,a swivel head equipped with hydrau-{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorjedH11080i? }
hydraulic lift See hydraulic elevator,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik lically actuated cylinders and pistons to exert
pressureonandmovethedrillrodstringlongitu-vertstrokesuperiorlift }
hydraulic machine [MECH ENG] A machine dinally,{ hivertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhed }
hydraulic transport [ENG] Movement of mate-powered by a motor activated by the confined
flow of a stream of liquid,such as oil or water rial by water,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
hydraulic turbine [MECH ENG] A machineunder pressure,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
hydraulicmotor [MECHENG] Amotoractivated which converts the energy of an elevated water
supplyintomechanicalenergyofarotatingshaft.by water or other liquid under pressure.
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r} {h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
280
hydroseparator
hydrocarbon blending value [ENG] Octane hydroforming [CHEM ENG] A petroleum-refin-
number rating for a 20% blend of a hydrocarbon ery process in which naphthas are passed over a
with a 60:40 mixture of isooctane:n-heptane,catalyst at elevated temperatures and moderate
which has been recalculated for a hypothetical pressures in the presence of added hydrogen or
100% concentration of the tested hydrocarbon,hydrogen-containing gases,to form high-octane
{ |h?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorblendH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ } BTXaromaticsformotorfuelsorchemicalmanu-
hydroclone [CHEM ENG] A device for separat- facture,{ |h?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorforH11080mi? }
ing a solid-liquid mixture during an industrial hydroformylation [CHEM ENG] The reaction of
process by using a conical vortex and centrifugal
adding hydrogen and the H11002CHO group to the
force,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorkloˉn}
carbon atomsacross a doublebond toyield oxy-
hydrocracker [CHEM ENG] A high-pressure
genated derivatives; an example is in the oxo
processing unit that cracks long hydrocarbon
process where the term hydroformylation ap-
molecules under a high-hydrogen-content at-
plies to those reactions brought about by treat-
mosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080droˉvertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080?r}
ing olefins with a mixture of hydrogen and car-
hydrocracking [CHEM ENG] A catalytic,high-
bon monoxide in the presence of a cobalt cata-
pressure petroleum refinery process that is flexi-
lyst,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
ble enough to produce either high-octane gaso-
hydrogasification [CHEM ENG] A technique to
line or aviation jet fuel; the two main reactions
manufacture synthetic pipeline gas from coal;
aretheaddingofhydrogentopetroleum-derived
pulverized coal is reacted with hot,raw,hydro-
moleculestoomassiveand complexforgasoline
gen-rich gas containing a substantial amount of
and then the cracking of them to the required
steam at 1000 pounds per square inch gage
fuels; the catalyst is an acidic solid and a hydro-
(6.9 H11003 10
6
pascals,gage) to form methane.
genating metal component,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080droˉvertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080i? }
{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorgasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
hydrocyclone [MECH ENG] A cyclone separator
hydrogenation [CHEM ENG] Saturation of di-
in which granular solids are removed from a
olefin impurities in gasolines to form a stable
stream of water and classified by centrifugal
product,{ h?ˉvertstrokeinferiordra¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
force,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉ|s?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkloˉn}
hydrographic sextant [ENG] A surveying sex-
hydrodealkylation [CHEM ENG] A petroleum
tantsimilartothoseusedforcelestialnavigation
refining operation in which heat and pressure
but smaller and lighter,constructed so that the
are used to remove methyl groups or larger alkyl
maximum angle that can be read is slightly
groups from hydrocarbons,or to change posi-
greater than that on the navigating sextant; usu-
tions of these groups on the molecule; used to
ally the angles can be read only to the nearest
upgrade low-value products,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080droˉH11080deˉvertstrokeinferioralH11080
minute by means of a vernier; it is fitted with a
k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
telescope with a large object glass and field of
hydrodesulfurization [CHEM ENG] A catalytic
view,Also known as sounding sextant; survey-
process in which the petroleum feedstock is re-
ing sextant,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorgrafH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorseksH11080t?nt }
actedwithhydrogentoreducethesulfurcontent
hydrographic sonar [ENG] An echo sounder
in the oil,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080droˉH11080deˉvertstrokeinferiors?lH11080f?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
usedinmappingoceanbottoms,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorgrafH11080
hydrodynamicoscillator [ENG ACOUS] A trans-
ik vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
ducer for generating sound waves in fluids,in
hydrometer [ENG] A direct-reading instrument
which a continuous flow through an orifice is
for indicating the density,specific gravity,or
modulated by a reciprocating valve system con-
some similar characteristic of liquids,{ h?ˉ
trolled by acoustic feedback,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080droˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080
vertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ik vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
hydrometrograph [ENG] An instrument that
hydroelectric generator [MECH ENG] An elec-
measuresandrecordstherateofwaterdischarge
tricrotatingmachinethattransformsmechanical
from a pipe or an orifice,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
power from a hydraulic turbine or water wheel
hydronic heating See hot-water heating.
into electric power,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
{h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
hydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A device which re-
hydroelectricity [ELEC] Electric power pro-
ceives underwater sound waves and converts
duced by hydroelectric generators,Also known
them to electric waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
as hydropower,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortrisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
hydropneumatic [ENG] Operatedbybothwater
hydroelectric plant [MECH ENG] A facility at
and air power,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080nu¨vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik }
which electric energy is produced by hydroelec-
hydropneumatic recoil system [MECH ENG] A
tric generators,Also known as hydroelectric
recoil mechanism that absorbs the energy of re-power station,{ |h?
ˉH11080droˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorplant }
coil by the forcing of oil through orifices andhydroelectric power station See hydroelectric
returns the gun to battery by compressed gas.plant,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
{ |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080nu¨vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorko˙il vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}hydrofining [CHEM ENG] A fixed-bed catalytic
hydropower See hydroelectricity,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080process to desulfurize and hydrogenate a wide
r}range of charge stocks,from gases through
hydroseparator [MECH ENG] A separator inwaxes; the catalyst comprises cobalt oxide and
which solids in suspension are agitated bymolybdenumoxideonanextrudedaluminasup-
hydraulic pressure or stirring devices,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉport and may be regenerated in place by air and
steam or flue gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080i? } vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
281
hydrosizer
hydrosizer See hydraulic classifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080 direct indication of the amount of moisture in
r} the air or other gas,the indication usually being
hydrostat See humidistat,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorstat } in terms of relative humidity as a percentage
hydrostaticbalance [MECH] An equal-arm bal- which the moisture present bears to the maxi-
ance in which an object is weighed first in air mum amount of moisture that could be present
and then in a beaker of water to determine its at the location temperature without condensa-
specific gravity,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?|stadH11080ik ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n} tion taking place,{ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
hydrostaticbearing [MECHENG] Asleevebear- hygrometry [ENG] Thestudywhichtreatsofthe
ing in which high-pressure oil is pumped into measurementofthehumidity oftheatmosphere
the area between the shaft and the bearing so and other gases,{ h?
ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
that the shaft is raised and supported by an oil
hygrothermograph [ENG] An instrumentfor re-
film,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
cording temperature and humidity on a single
hydrostaticmodulus See bulk modulus of elastic-
chart,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
ity,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
hyl See metric-technical unit of mass.
hydrostatic press See hydraulic press,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080
hyperbaric chamber [ENG] A specially
dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpres }
equipped pressure vessel used in medicine and
hydrostatic pressing [ENG] Compacting ce-
physiological research to administer oxygen at
ramic or metal powders by packing them in a
elevated pressures,{ |h?ˉH11080p?r|barH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
rubber bag which is subjected to pressure from
hyperbolic horn [ENG] Horn whose equivalent
a hydraulic press,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080i? }
cross-sectional radius increases according to a
hydrostaticrollerconveyor [MECH ENG] A por-
hyperbolic law,{ |h?ˉH11080p?r|ba¨lH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
tion of a roller conveyor that has rolls weighted
hyperforming [CHEM ENG] A catalytic,petro-
with liquid to control the speed of the moving
leum-refinery hydrogenation process to improve
objects,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik roˉH11080l?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
naphthaoctanenumberbyremovalofsulfurand
hydrostatic strength [MECH] The ability of a
nitrogen compounds; the catalyst is cobalt mo-
body to withstand hydrostatic stress,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080
lybdate on a silica-alumina base,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080p?r
dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
hydrostatic stress [MECH] The condition in
hyperoid axle [MECH ENG] A type of rear-axle
which there are equal compressive stresses or
drive gear set which generally carries the pinion
equal tensile stresses in all directions,and no
1.5–2 inches (38–51 millimeters) or more below
shear stresses on any plane,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik
the centerline of the gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorro˙id vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}
vertstrokesuperiorstres }
hypersonicwindtunnel [ENG] A windtunnel in
hydrostatic test [ENG] Test of strength and
which air flows at speeds roughly in the range
leak-resistance of a vessel,pipe,or other hollow
from 5 to 15 times the speed of sound,{ |h?ˉH11080
equipment by internal pressurization with a test
p?rvertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
liquid,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortest }
hypersorption [CHEM ENG] Process with recir-
hydrothermal crystal growth [CHEM ENG] For-
culating bed of activated-carbon adsorbent for
mation of simple crystals of quartz at elevated
continuous recovery of ethylene from methane
temperaturesandpressuresin anautoclavewith
and other low-molecular-weight gases,{ |h?ˉH11080
an alkaline solution,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080
p?r|so˙rpH11080sh?n}
l vertstrokeinferiorgroˉth }
hyperspectralimagingsystem [ENG] An infra-
hydrotreating [CHEMENG] Oilrefinerycatalytic
red imaging system that has more than 30 spec-
process in which hydrogen is contacted with pe-
tral channels with relatively fine spectral resolu-
troleum intermediate or product streams to re-
tion,allowingimagingspectroscopytobecarried
move impurities,such as oxygen,sulfur,nitro-
out,{ |h?ˉH11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorspekH11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ijH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
gen,or unsaturated hydrocarbons,{ |h?ˉH11080droˉ
hypervelocity [MECH] 1,Muzzle velocity of an
|treˉdH11080i? }
artillery projectile of 3500 feet per second (1067
hydrowire [ENG] A wire to which equipment is
meters per second) or more,2.Muzzle velocity
clamped so that it can be lowered over the side
ofasmall-armsprojectileof5000feetpersecond
of the ship into the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080droˉvertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
(1524 meters per second) or more,3,Muzzle
hygrodeik [ENG] A form of psychrometer with
velocity of a tank-cannon projectile in excess of
wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers mounted
3350 feet per second (1021 meters per second).
on opposite edges of a specially designed graph
{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080p?rH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ofthe psychrometrictables,arrangedso thatthe
hypervelocitywindtunnel [ENG] A wind tunnel
intersections of two curves determined by the
in which higher airspeeds and temperatures can
wet-bulbanddry-bulbreadingsyieldtherelative
be attained than in a hypersonic wind tunnel.humidity,dew-point,and absolute humidity.
{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080p?rH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉk}
hypochloritesweetening [CHEM ENG] A petro-hygrogram [ENG] The record made by a hygro-
leum refinery process to oxidize gasoline mer-graph,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
captans by agitation with an aqueous,alkalinehygrograph [ENG] A recording hygrometer.
hypochlorite solution,{ vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorklo˙rvertstrokeinferior?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorswetH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080gr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
hygrometer [ENG] An instrument for giving a?nH11080i? }
282
hystereticdamping
hypoidgear [MECH ENG] Gear wheels connect- hysteresis [ELECTR] An oscillator effect
ing nonparallel,nonintersecting shafts,usually wherein a given value of an operating parameter
at right angles,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpo˙id |gir }
may result in multiple values of output power
hypoid generator [MECH ENG] A gear-cutting
or frequency,{ vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
machine for making hypoid gears,{ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpo˙id
hysteresis clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch in
vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
which torque is produced by attraction between
hypsometer [ENG] 1,An instrument for mea-
induced poles in a magnetized iron ring and the
suring atmospheric pressure to ascertain eleva-
control field,{ vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
tionsbydeterminingtheboilingpointofliquids.
hysteresis damping [MECH] Damping of a vi-
2,Any of several instruments for determining
bration due to energy lost through mechanical
tree heights by triangulation,{ hipvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
hysteresis,{ vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi? }
hypsometric [ENG] Pertaining to hypsometry.
hysteretic damping [MECH] Damping of a vi-
{ vertstrokeinferiorhipH11080s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik }
brating system in which the retarding force is
hypsometry [ENG] The measuring of elevation
proportional to the velocity and inversely pro-
with reference to sea level,{ hipvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
portional to the frequency of the vibration.hysteresimeter [ENG] A device for measuring
hysteresis,{ hisvertstrokeinferiorterH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r} {vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080ik |dampH11080i? }
283
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I
idealradiatorSee blackbody,{?ˉvertstrokesuperiordeˉl vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}I beam [CIV ENG] A rolled iron or steel joist
identification [CONT SYS] The procedures forhaving an I section,with short flanges,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉ
deducing a system’s transfer function from itsvertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
response to a step-function input or to an im-IC See integrated circuit.
pulse,{?ˉvertstrokeinferiordentH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}ice-accretion indicator [ENG] An instrument
identification,friendorfoe [ENG] A system us-usedtodetecttheoccurrenceoffreezingprecipi-
ing pulsed radio transmissions to which equip-tation,usually consisting of a strip of sheet alu-
ment carried by friendly forces automatically re-minum about 1
1
/
2
inches (4 centimeters) wide,
sponds,byemittingapulsecode,therebyidenti-and is exposed horizontally,face up,in the free
fying themselves from enemy forces; a methodair a few meters above the ground,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉH11080
of determining the friendly or unfriendly charac-sh?n vertstrokeinferiorindH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
ter of aircraft,ships,and army units by otherice apron [CIV ENG] A wedge-shaped structure
aircraft,ships,or ground force units,Abbrevi-which protects a bridge pier from floating ice.
ated IFF,{?ˉvertstrokeinferiordentH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfrend?r vertstrokesuperiorfoˉ }{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080pr?n}
idle [MECH ENG] To run without a load.ice buoy [ENG] A sturdy buoy,usually a metal
{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080?l}spar,used to replace a more easily damaged
idler arm [MECH ENG] In an automotive steer-buoy during a period when heavy ice is antici-
ing system,a link that supports the tie rod andpated,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
transmits steering motion to both wheelsice calorimeter See Bunsen ice calorimeter,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs
through the ends of the tie rod,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
idlergear [MECHENG] A gearsituated betweeniceline [THERMO] A graph of the freezing point
a driving gear and a driven gear to transfer mo-of water as a function of pressure,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
tion,without any change of direction or of gearice load [ENG] The weight of glaze deposited
ratio,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }on an overhead wire in a power supply system;
idlerpulley [MECH ENG] A pulley used to guidestandard safety codes require allowance for 1/2-
and tighten the belt or chain of a conveyor sys-inch (12.7-millimeter) radial thickness in heavy
tem,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }loading districts and 1/4-inch (6.35-millimeter)
idler wheel [MECH ENG] 1,A wheel used toin medium,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
transmit motion or to guide and support some-icepick [DESENG] Ahandtoolforchippingice.
thing,2,A roller with a rubber surface used to{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorpik }
transfer power by frictional means in a sound-ice tongs [DES ENG] Tongs for handling cubes
recording or sound-reproducing system,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080or blocks of ice,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorta¨?z}
l?r vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}icing-rate meter [ENG] An instrument for the
idle-stop solenoid [MECH ENG] An electricallymeasurement of the rate of ice accretion on an
operated plunger in a carburetor that provides aunheated body,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080si?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
predetermined throttlesetting at idleand closesID See inside diameter.
the throttle completely when the ignition switchidealgas [THERMO] Also known as perfect gas.
is turned off,Also known as antidieseling sole-1,A gas whose molecules are infinitely small
noid,{ |?ˉH11080d?l vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorno˙id }and exert no force on each other,2,A gas that
obeys Boyle’s law (the product of the pressure idle time [IND ENG] A period of time during a
regular work cycle when a worker is not activeandvolumeisconstantatconstanttemperature)
and Joule’s law (the internal energy is a function because of waiting for materials or instruction.
Also known as waiting time,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}of the temperature alone),{?ˉvertstrokesuperiordeˉl vertstrokesuperiorgas }
ideal gas law [THERMO] The equation of state idlingjet [MECH ENG] A carburetor part that in-
troduces gasoline during minimum load orof an ideal gas which is a good approximation
to real gases at sufficiently high temperatures speed of the engine,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorjet }
idling system [MECH ENG] A system to obtainand low pressures; that is,PV H11005 RT,where P is
the pressure,V is the volume per mole of gas,adequate metering forces at low airspeeds and
small throttle openings in an automobile carbu-T is the temperature,and R is the gas constant.
{?ˉvertstrokesuperiordeˉl vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ } retor in the idling position,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
i-f
i-f See intermediate frequency,immersion scanning [ENG] Ultrasonic scan-
ning in which the ultrasonic transducer and thei-f amplifier See intermediate-frequency amplifier.
{ |?ˉvertstrokesuperioref vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } object being scanned are both immersed in wa-
ter or some other liquid that provides good cou-IFF See identification,friend or foe.
igniter [ENG] 1.A device for igniting a fuel mix- pling while the transducer is being moved
around the object,{?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080i? }ture,2,A charge,as of black powder,to facili-
tate ignition of a propelling or bursting charge,immittance [ELEC] A term used to denote both
impedance and admittance,as commonly ap-{igvertstrokesuperiorn?ˉdH11080?r}
igniter cord [ENG] A cord which passes an in- plied to transmission lines,networks,and cer-
tain types of measuring instruments,{ ivertstrokesuperiormitH11080tense flame along its length at a uniform rate to
light safety fuses in succession,{ igvertstrokesuperiorn?ˉdH11080?r?ns }
impact [MECH] Aforcefulcollisionbetweentwovertstrokeinferiorkoˉrd }
ignitiondelaySee ignition lag,{ igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?ndivertstrokeinferiorlaˉ } bodies which is sufficient to cause an apprecia-
ble change in the momentum of the system onignition lag [MECH ENG] In the internal com-
bustion engine,the time interval between the which it acts,Also known as impulsive force.
{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt }passageofthesparkandtheinflammationofthe
air-fuel mixture,Also known as ignition delay,impact area [ENG] An area with designated
boundaries within which all objects that travel{igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorlag }
ignition quality [CHEM ENG] The property of a overarangearetomakecontactwiththeground.
{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }fuel that ignites when injected into the com-
pressed-air charge in a diesel engine cylinder; impact avalanche and transit time diode See
IMPATT diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt |avH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch?n vertstrokesuperiortranH11080measurementisgivenintermsofcetanenumber.
{igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ } zit vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
impactbar [ENG] Specimenusedtotesttherel-ignition system [MECH ENG] The system in an
internal combustion engine that initiates the ative susceptibility of a plastic material to frac-
ture by shock,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}chemical reaction between fuel and air in the
cylinder charge by producing a spark,{ igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080 impact breaker [MECH ENG] A device that uti-
lizes the energy from falling stones in addition?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
ignorable coordinate See cyclic coordinate,{ ig to power from massive impellers for complete
breaking up of stone,Also known as doublevertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080?H11080b?lkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?t}
I-headcylinder [MECH ENG] The internal com- impeller breaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r}
impact crusher [MECH ENG] A machine forbustion engine construction having both inlet
and exhaust valves located in the cylinder head,crushinglargechunksofsolidmaterialsbysharp
blows imposed by rotating hammers,or steel{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}
ihp See indicated horsepower,plates or bars; some crushers accept lumps as
large as 28 inches (about 70 centimeters) in di-I
2
L See integrated injection logic.
illuminationdesign [ENG] Design of sources of ameter,reducingthemto1/4inch(6millimeters)
and smaller,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r}lighting and of systems which distribute light in
order to effect a comfortable and satisfactory impactenergy [MECH] The energy necessary to
fracture a material,Also known as impactenvironment for seeing,{?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080m?vertstrokeinferiornaˉH11080sh?n
divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn } strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
impact force See set forward force,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpaktimage See electric image,{ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij }
imageforce [ELEC] The electrostatic force on a vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
impactgrinding [MECH ENG] A technique usedcharge in the neighborhood of a conductor,
which may be thought of as the attraction to the to break up particles by direct fall of crushing
bodies on them,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉnH11080di? }charge’s electric image,{ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
imagepotential [ELEC] The potential set up by impactload [ENG] A force delivered by a blow,
as opposed to a force applied gradually andan electric image,{ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?l}
imagetable [CONT SYS] A data table that con- maintainedover along period,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
impact microphone [ENG ACOUS] An instru-tains the status of all inputs,registers,and coils
in a programmable controller,{ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l } ment that picks up the vibration of an object
impinging upon another,used especially onimaging radar [ENG] Radar carried on aircraft
which forms images of the terrain,{ vertstrokesuperiorimH11080iH11080ji? spaceprobestorecordtheimpactofsmallmete-
oroids,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
Imhoffcone [CIVENG] A graduatedglass vessel impactmill [MECHENG] Aunitthatreducesthe
size of rocks and minerals by the action of rotat-for measuring settled solids in testing the com-
position of sewage,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorho˙f vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn } ing blades projecting the material against steel
plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiormil }Imhofftank [CIV ENG] A sewage treatment tank
in which digestion and settlement take place in impact-noiseanalyzer [ENG] An analyzer used
with a sound-level meter to evaluate the charac-separate compartments,one below the other.
{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorho˙f vertstrokeinferiorta?k } teristicsofimpact-typesoundsandelectricnoise
impulses that cannot be measured accuratelyimmersioncoating [ENG] Applying material to
the surface of a metal or ceramic by dipping into with a noise meter alone,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz vertstrokesuperioranH11080
vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}a liquid,{?vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080zh?n |koˉdH11080i? }
286
impregnate
impactometer See impactor,{ vertstrokeinferiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080 signal circuits with an impedance,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080
ns vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }?r}
impactor [ENG] A general term for instruments impedancedrop [ELEC] The total voltage drop
across a component or conductor of an alternat-which sample atmospheric suspensoids by im-
paction; such instruments consist of a housing ing-current circuit,equal to the phasor sum of
the resistance drop and the reactance drop.which constrains the air flow past a sensitized
sampling plate,Also known as impactometer,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
impedance magnetometer [ENG] An instru-[MECHENG] Amachineorpartwhoseoperating
principle is striking blows,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080t?r } ment for determining local variations in mag-
netic field by measuring the change in imped-impactroll [MECH ENG] An idler roll protected
by a covering of a resilient material from the ance of a high-permeability nickel-iron wire.
{im|pedH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}shock of the loading of material onto a conveyor
belt,so as to reduce the damage to the belt,impeller [MECH ENG] The rotating member of a
turbine,blower,fan,axial or centrifugal pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
impact screen [MECH ENG] A screen designed or mixing apparatus,Also known as rotor.
{imvertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}to swing or rock forward when loaded and to
stop abruptly by coming in contact with a stop,impellerpump [MECH ENG] Any pump using a
mechanical agency to provide continuous power{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
impactstrength [MECH] 1,Ability of a material to move liquids,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
imperfectgas See real gas,{ imvertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080fikt vertstrokesuperiorgas }to resist shock loading,2,See impact energy.
{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth } imperialgallon See gallon,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpirH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgalH11080?n}
imperialpint See pint,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpirH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉnt }impact stress [MECH] Force per unit area im-
posed on a material bya suddenly applied force,impersonal micrometer [ENG] An instrument
consisting of a vertical wire that is mounted in{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiorstres }
impacttest [ENG] Determination of the degree the focal plane of a transit circle and can be
moved across the field of view to follow a star,ofresistance ofa materialto breakingby impact,
under bending,tension,and torsion loads; the and instrumentation to record the position of
the wire as a function of time; used to reduceenergy absorbed is measured in breaking the
material by a single blow,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiortest } systematic observational errors,{ imvertstrokesuperiorp?rsH11080?nH11080
lm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}impacttube See pitot tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
impactvelocity [MECH] Thevelocityofaprojec- impingement [ENG] Removal of liquid droplets
from a flowing gas or vapor stream by causingtile or missile at the instant of impact,Also
known as striking velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080 it to collide with a baffle plate at high velocity,
so that the droplets fall away from the stream.?dH11080eˉ }
impact wrench [MECH ENG] A compressed-air Also known as liquid knockout,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpinjH11080
m?nt }or electricallyoperated wrenchthat givesa rapid
succession of sudden torques,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt impinger [ENG] A device used to sample dust
in the air that draws in a measured volume ofvertstrokeinferiorrench }
IMPATT diode [ELECTR] A pn junction diode dusty air and directs it through a jet to impact
ona wettedglass plate;thedust particlesadher-that has a depletion region adjacent to the junc-
tion,throughwhichelectronsandholescandrift,ing to the plate are counted,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpinH11080j?r}
implanted atom [ELECTR] An atom introducedand is biased beyond the avalanche breakdown
voltage.Derivedfromimpactavalancheandtran- into semiconductor material by ion implanta-
tion,{ imvertstrokesuperiorplantH11080?d vertstrokesuperioradH11080?m}sit time diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpat vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
impedance See electrical impedance,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080 implicitprogramming [CONT SYS] Robotic pro-
gramming that uses descriptions of the tasks?ns }
impedancebridge [ELEC] A device similar to a at hand which are less exact than in explicit
programming,{ imvertstrokesuperiorplisH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }Wheatstone bridge,used to compare imped-
ances which may contain inductance,capaci- imposed date [IND ENG] An assignment of a
date to an activity that represents either the ear-tance,and resistance,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
impedancecoil [ELEC] A coil of wire designed liest or the latest date at which the activity can
be either started or finished,{ im|poˉzd vertstrokesuperiordaˉt}to provide impedance in an electric circuit.
{imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorko˙il } imposedload [CIVENG] Anyloadwhichastruc-
ture must sustain,other than the weight of theimpedance compensator [ELEC] Electric net-
work designed to be associated with another structure itself,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpoˉzd vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
impound [CIV ENG] To collect water for irriga-network or a line with the purpose of giving the
impedance of the combination a desired charac- tion,flood control,or similar purpose,{ im
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd }teristic with frequency over a desired frequency
range,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?r} impounding reservoir [CIV ENG] A reservoir
with outlets controlled by gates that releaseimpedancecomponent [ELEC] 1.Resistance or
reactance,2.A devicesuchasa resistor,induc- stored surface water as needed in a dry season;
may also store water for domestic or industrialtor,or capacitor designed to provide impedance
in an electric circuit,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns k?mvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080 use or for flood control,Also known as storage
reservoir,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}n?nt }
impedance coupling [ELEC] Coupling of two impregnate [ENG] To force a liquid substance
287
impregnatedbit
into the spaces of a porous solid in order to in-and-outbond [CIV ENG] Masonry bond com-
posed of vertically alternating stretchers andchange its properties,as the impregnation of
turquoisegemswithplastictoimprovecolorand headers,{ |in?n |au˙t vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }
inboard [ENG] Towardorclose tothelongitudi-durability,the impregnation of porous tungsten
withamoltenbariumcompoundtomanufacture nal axis of a ship or aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
inbond [CIV ENG] Pertaining to bricks or stonesa dispenser cathode,or the impregnation of
wood with creosote to preserve its integrity laid as headers across a wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
incandescent lamp [ELEC] An electric lampagainst water damage,{ imvertstrokesuperiorpregvertstrokeinferiornaˉt}
impregnatedbit [DES ENG] A sintered,powder- that produces light when a metallic filament is
heated white-hot in a vacuum by passing anmetal matrix bit with fragmented bort or whole
diamonds of selected screensizes uniformly dis- electric current through the filament,Also
known as filament lamp; light bulb,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080tributed throughout the entire crown section.
{imvertstrokesuperiorpregvertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorbit } k?nvertstrokesuperiordesH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorlamp }
incentive operator [IND ENG] An employeeimpulse [MECH] The integral of a force over an
interval of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls } whose wage is based on the quantity or quality
of output,{ invertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}impulsemodulation [CONT SYS] Modulation of
a signal in which it is replaced by a series of incentive wage system See wage incentive plan.
{invertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorwaˉj vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}impulses,equally spaced in time,whose
strengths (integrals over time) are proportional inch [MECH] A unit of length in common use
in the United States and the United Kingdom,to the amplitude of the signal at the time of the
impulse,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n } equalto1/12footor2.54centimeters,Abbrevi-
ated in,{ inch }impulseresponse [CONT SYS] The response of
a system to an impulse which differs from zero inch of mercury [MECH] The pressure exerted
by a 1-inch-high (2.54-centimeter) column offoraninfinitesimaltime,butwhoseintegralover
time is unity; this impulse may be represented mercury that has a density of 13.5951 grams per
cubiccentimeterwhentheaccelerationofgravitymathematically by a Dirac delta function.
{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns } hasthestandardvalueof9.80665m/s
2
orapprox-
imately 32.17398 ft/s
2
equal to 3386.388640341impulse sealing [ENG] Heat-sealing of plastic
materials by applying a pulse of intense thermal pascals; used as a unit in the measurement of
atmospheric pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorinch?v vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ }energy to the sealing area for a very short time,
followed immediately by cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls incidental element See irregular element,{ |inH11080
s?|dentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }|seˉlH11080i? }
impulse tachometer [ENG] A tachometer in incinerator [ENG] A furnace or other container
in which materials are burned,{ invertstrokesuperiorsinH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080which each rotation of a shaft generates an elec-
tric pulse and the time rate of pulses is then?r}
inclined cableway [MECH ENG] A monocablemeasured; classified as capacitory-current,in-
ductory,or interrupted direct-current tachome- arrangementin whichthetrackcable hasaslope
sufficientlysteeptoallowthecarriertorundownter,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
impulse train [CONT SYS] An input consisting under its own weight,{ invertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
inclineddrilling [ENG] Thedrillingofblastholesof an infinite series of unit impulses,equally
separated in time,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiortraˉn } at an angle with the vertical,{ invertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
inclined plane [MECH] A plane surface at animpulseturbine [MECH ENG] A prime mover in
which fluid under pressure enters a stationary angle to some force or reference line,{ vertstrokesuperiorin
vertstrokeinferiorkl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn}nozzle where its pressure (potential) energy is
converted to velocity (kinetic) energy and ab- inclined-tube manometer [ENG] A glass-tube
manometer with the leg inclined from the verti-sorbed by the rotor,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls |t?rvertstrokeinferiorb?n}
impulse welding [ENG] A welding process in caltoextendthescaleformoreminutereadings.
{invertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉnd vertstrokeinferiortu¨bm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}whichtwolayersofthermoplasticfilmareheated
and fused to form a welded seam by clamping inclinometer [ENG] 1,An instrument that
measures the attitude of an aircraft with respectthem together in close contact with a shielded
electric heating element,{ vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorp?ls vertstrokesuperiorweldH11080i? } to the horizontal,2.An instrument for measur-
ing the angle between the earth’s magnetic fieldimpulsiveforce See impact,{ imvertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080siv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
impulsive stimulated thermal scattering [ENG] vector and the horizontal plane,Also known as
dip circle,3,An apparatus used to ascertainAn optical,noncontacting method for character-
izingthehigh-frequencyacousticbehaviorofsur- the direction of the magnetic field of the earth
withreferencetotheplaneofthehorizon,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080faces,thin membrane,coatings,and multilayer
assemblies,in which picosecond pulses of light kl?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
incompetent rock [ENG] Soft or fragmentedfromanexcitationlaserstimulatemotionswhich
are then detected with a continuous-wave prob- rock in which an opening,such as a borehole or
an underground working place,cannot be main-ing laser,Abbreviated ISTS,Also known as
transient grating photoacoustics,{ im|p?lH11080sivtained unless artificially supported by casing,
cementing,or timbering,{ invertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?dH11080?nt|stimH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d |th?rmH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorskadH11080?rH11080i? }
in,See inch,vertstrokesuperiorra¨k}
288
indicatordiagram
incomplete lubrication [MECH ENG] Lubrica- index head [MECH ENG] A headstock that can
tion that takes place when the load on the rub- be affixed to the table of a milling machine,
bing surfaces is carried partly by a fluid viscous planer,or shaper; work may be mounted on it
film and partly by areas of boundary lubrication; by a chuck or centers,for indexing,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks
friction isintermediate betweenthat offluid and
vertstrokeinferiorhed }
boundary lubrication,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080k?mvertstrokesuperiorpleˉt vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?
indexing [MECH ENG] The process of providing
vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
discrete spaces,parts,or angles in a workpiece
incompressibility [MECH] Quality of a sub-
by using an index head,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordekH11080si? }
stance which maintains its original volume un-
indexing fixture [MECH ENG] A fixture that
der increased pressure,{ |inH11080k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
changes position with regular steplike move-
dH11080eˉ }
ments,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordekH11080si?vertstrokeinferiorfiksH11080ch?r}
increaser [ENG] An adapter for connecting a
index of work tolerance [IND ENG] A measure
small-diameter pipe to a larger-diameter pipe.
of the period of time during which an individual
{invertstrokesuperiorkreˉsH11080?r}
can perform a given task with the required effi-
incremental cost [IND ENG] 1,The difference
ciency while maintaining appropriate levels of
betweenthecostsandtherevenuesbetweentwo
physiological and emotional well-being,{ |in
alternative procedures,2,The cost of the last
vertstrokeinferiordeks?v vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns }
unit produced at a given level of production.
index plate [DES ENG] A plate with circular
{ vertstrokeinferiori?H11080kr?|mentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }
graduations or holes arranged in circles,each
indentedbolt [DES ENG] A type of anchor bolt
circle with different spacing; used for indexing
thathasindentationstoholdbetterincemented
on machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
grout,{ invertstrokesuperiordenH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt }
index thermometer [ENG] A thermometer in
independent chuck [DES ENG] A chuck for
whichsteelindexparticlesarecarriedbymercury
holding work by means of four jaws,each of
in the capillary and adhere to the capillary wall
which is moved independently of the others.
in the high and low positions,thus indicating{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperiorch?k}
minimum and maximum inertial scales,{ vertstrokesuperiorinindependent contractor [ENG] One who exer-
vertstrokeinferiordeks th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}cises independent control over the mode and
indicated horsepower [MECH ENG] The horse-method of operations to produce the results de-
power delivered by an engine as calculated frommanded bythe contract,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperiorka¨n
vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080t?r} the average pressure of the working fluid in the
independent footing [CIV ENG] A footing that cylinders and the displacement,Abbreviated
supports a concentrated load,such as a single ihp,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
column,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? } indicatinggage [ENG] Agageconsistingessen-
independentsuspension [MECH ENG] In auto- tially of a case and mounting,a spindle carrying
mobiles,a system of springs and guide links by
the contact point,an amplifying mechanism,a
whichwheelsaremountedindependentlyonthe
pointer,and a graduated dial; used to amplify
chassis,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080ch?n}
andmeasurethedisplacementofamovablecon-
independent wire-rope core [DES ENG] A core
tact point,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
of steel in a wire rope made in accordance with
indicating instrument [ENG] An instrument in
the best practice and design,either bright (un-
which the present value of the quantity being
coated) galvanized or drawn galvanized wire.
measured is visually indicated,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?
{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiorko˙r}
vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
indeterminate truss [CIV ENG] A truss having
indication [ENG] In ultrasonic testing,determi-
redundant bars,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiort?rmH11080?H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiortr?s}
nation of the presence of a flaw by detection of
indexcenter [MECH ENG] One of two machine-
a reflected ultrasonic beam,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
tool centers used to hold work and to rotate it
indicator [ELECTR] A cathode-ray tube or other
by a fixed amount,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080t?r}
device that presents information transmitted or
indexchart [MECHENG] 1.A chart used in con-
relayed from some other source,as from a radar
junctionwithanindexingordividinghead,which
receiver,[ENG] An instrument for obtaining a
correlates the index plate,hole circle,and index
diagram of the pressure-volume changes in a
crank motion with the desired angular subdivi-
runningpositive-displacementengine,compres-
sions,2.A chart indicating the arrangement of
sor,or pump cylinder during the working cycle.
levers in a machine to obtain desired output
{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
speed or fuel rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
indicatorcard [ENG] A chart on which an indi-
indexcounter [ENG] A counter indicating revo-
cator diagram is produced by an instrument
lutionsofthetapesupplyreel,makingitpossible
called an engine indicator which traces the real-
to index selections within a reel of tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorin
performance cycle diagram as the machine is
vertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
running,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨rd }
index crank [MECH ENG] The crank handle of
indicatordiagram [ENG] A pressure-volume di-
an index head used to turn the spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiorin
agram representing and measuring the workvertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorkrank }
done by or on a fluid while performing the workindex error [ENG] An error caused by the mis-
cycle in a reciprocating engine,pump,or com-alignmentofthevernierandthegraduatedcircle
(arc) of an instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r } pressor cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
289
indicatorunit
indicator unit [ENG] An instrument which de- and electrical logging,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?ni|lekH11080tr?H11080
k?l vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }tects the presence of an electrical quantity with-
induction flowmeter [ENG] An instrument forout necessarily measuring it,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r
measuring the flow of a conducting liquid pass-vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
ing through a tube,in which the tube is placedindifferent stability See neutral stability,{ invertstrokesuperiordifH11080
in a transverse magnetic field and the induced?rnt st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
electromotive force betweenelectrodes at oppo-indirect-arc furnace [ENG] A refractory-lined
siteendsofadiameterofthetubeperpendicularfurnace in which the burden is heated indirectly
to the field is measured,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
by the radiant heat from an electric arc,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt |a¨rk vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
induction furnace [ENG] An electric furnace in
indirectcost [INDENG] Acostthatisnotreadily
which heat is produced in a metal charge by
indentifiable with or chargeable to a specific
electromagnetic induction,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080
product or service,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt ko˙st }
n?s}
indirect heater [ENG] A vessel containing
inductiongenerator [ELEC] A nonsynchronous
equipment in which heat generated by a primary
alternating-current generator whose construc-
source is transferred to a fluid or solid which
tionisidenticaltothatofanacmotor,andwhich
then serves as the heating medium,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
is driven above synchronous speed by external
d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
sources of mechanical power,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n
indirectlabor [IND ENG] Labor not directly en-
|jenH11080?H11080raˉdH11080?r}
gaged in the actual production of the product or
inductionheating [ENG] Increasingthetemper-
performance of a service,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080b?r}
ature in a material by induced electric current.
indirect lighting [ENG] A system of lighting in
Also known as eddy-current heating,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
whichmorethan90%ofthelightfromluminaires
sh?n |heˉdH11080i? }
is distributed upward toward the ceiling,from
induction inclinometer See earth inductor.
which it is diffusely reflected,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt
{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080kl?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080i? }
induction instrument [ENG] Meter that de-
indirect material [IND ENG] Any material used
pends for its operation on the reaction between
in the manufacture of a product which does not
magneticfluxsetupbycurrentinfixedwindings,
itself become a part of the product and whose
and other currents set up by electromagnetic
cost is indirect,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekt m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
induction in conducting parts of the moving sys-
individual distributed numerical control [CONT
tem,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
SYS] A form of distributed numerical control in-
inductionlog [ENG] An electric log of the con-
volvingonly afew machines,each ofwhich oper-
ductivityofrockwithdepthobtainedbylowering
ates independently of the others and is unaf-
into an uncased borehole a generating coil that
fected by their failures,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorvijH11080?H11080w?ldi
induceseddycurrentsontherocksandtheseare
vertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?dnu¨vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
detected by a receiver coil,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
induced dipole [ELEC] An electric dipole pro-
induction loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] Loud-
duced by application of an electric field,{ in
speaker in which the current which reacts with
vertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
the steady magnetic field is induced in the mov-
induced draft [MECH ENG] A mechanical draft
ing member,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n |lau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
produced by suction stream jets or fans at the
induction motor [ELEC] An alternating-current
point where air or gases leave a unit,{ in
motor in which a primary winding on one mem-
vertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiordraft }
ber(usuallythestator)isconnectedtothepower
induced-draft cooling tower [MECH ENG] A
source,and a secondary winding on the other
structure for cooling water by circulating air
member (usually the rotor) carries only current
where the load is on the suction side of the fan.
induced by the magnetic field of the primary.
{invertstrokesuperiordu¨st |draft vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
induced moment [ELEC] The average electric
induction pump [MECH ENG] Any pump oper-
dipole moment per molecule which is produced
ated by electromagnetic induction,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
by the action of an electric field on a dielectric
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
substance,{ invertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }
inductionsalinometer [ENG] A device for mea-
inductance See coil,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }
suring salinity by taking voltage readings of the
inductancecoil See coil,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
current in seawater,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080
induction See electrostatic induction,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
dH11080?r}
sh?n} inductionsilencer [ENG] A device for reducing
induction burner [ENG] Fuel-air burner into engine induction noise,which consists essen-
which the fuel is fed under pressure to entrain tially of a low-pass acoustic filter with the in-
needed air into the combustion nozzle area,ertanceof theair-entrance tubeand theacoustic
{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r} compliance of the annular and central volumes
induction charging [ELEC] Production of elec- providing acoustic filtering elements,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
tric charge on a body by means of electrostatic sh?n |s?ˉH11080l?nH11080s?r}
induction,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rH11080ji? } induction valve See inlet valve,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n
induction-electricalsurvey [ENG] Studyofsub- vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
inductivecharge [ELEC] The charge that existsterranean formations by combined induction
290
inelasticstress
on an object as a result of its being near another industrialcar [IND ENG] Any of various narrow-
gagerailcarsusedforindoororoutdoorhandlingcharged object,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
inductive circuit [ELEC] A circuit containing a of bulk and package materials,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorka¨r}higher value of inductive reactance than capaci-
tive reactance,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t} industrialcostcontrol [INDENG] Aspecificsys-
tem or procedure used to keep manufacturinginductive coupler [ELEC] A mutual inductance
that provides electrical coupling between two costs in line,Also known as cost control.
{invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙st k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}circuits; used in radio equipment,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv
vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r} industrialecology [IND ENG] The development
and use of industrial processes that result ininductivecoupling [ELEC] Coupling of two cir-
cuits by means of the mutual inductance pro- products based on simultaneous consideration
of product functionality and competitiveness,vided by a transformer,Also known as trans-
former coupling,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? } natural-resource conservation,and environmen-
talpreservation,Alsoknownasdesignforenvi-inductive grounding [ELEC] Use of grounding
connections containing an inductance in order ronment; green design,{ in|d?sH11080treˉH11080?leˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080
H11080jeˉ }toreducethemagnitudeofshort-circuitcurrents
created by line-to-ground faults,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv industrialengineering [ENG] A branch of engi-
neering concerned with the design,improve-vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndH11080i? }
inductive load [ELEC] A load that is predomi- ment,and installation of integrated systems of
people,materials,and equipment,Also knownnantlyinductive,sothatthealternatingloadcur-
rent lags behind the alternating voltage of the as management engineering,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }load,Also known as lagging load,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
tiv vertstrokesuperiorloˉd} industrial mobilization [IND ENG] Transforma-
tion of industry and other productive facilitiesinductive reactance [ELEC] Reactance due to
the inductance of a coil or circuit,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tivand contributory services from their peacetime
activities to the fulfillment of the munitions pro-reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns }
inductive superconducting fault-current limiter gram necessary to support a military effort.
{invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080b?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}See shielded-core superconducting fault-current
limiter,{ in|d?kH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080k?n|d?kH11080ti?vertstrokesuperiorfo˙lt industrial railway [IND ENG] 1,A usually short
feeder line that is either owned or controlledvertstrokeinferiorc?rH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
inductivesusceptance [ELEC] In a circuit con- and wholly operated by an industrial firm.
2,Narrow-gage rail lines used on constructiontaining almost no resistance,thepart of the sus-
ceptance due to inductance,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tivjobs or around industrial plants,{ in vertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080
l vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }s?vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns }
inductivewaveform [ELEC] A graph or trace of industrial revolution [IND ENG] A widespread
change in industrial or production methods,to-the effect of current buildup across an inductive
network; proportional to the exponential of the wardproductionbymachineandawayfromman-
ual labor,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorreˉvH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}product of a negative constant and the time.
{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm } industrialsecurity [IND ENG] The portion of in-
ternal security which refers to the protection ofinductor See coil,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}
inductor microphone [ENG ACOUS] Moving- industrial installations,resources,utilities,ma-
terials,and classified information essential toconductor microphone in which the moving ele-
ment is in the form of a straight-line conductor,protection from loss or damage,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l
sivertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080?dH11080eˉ }{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
inductor tachometer [ENG] A type of impulse industrialtruck [ENG] A manually propelled or
powered wheeled vehicle for transporting mate-tachometer in which the rotating member,con-
sisting of a magnetic material,causes the mag- rials over level or slightly inclined running sur-
faces in a manufacturing or warehousing facility.neticfluxthreadingacircuitcontainingamagnet
and a pickup coil to rise and fall,producing { invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiortr?k}
industrial waste [ENG] Worthless materials re-pulses in the circuit which are rectified for a
permanent-magnet,movable-coil instrument,maining from industrial operations,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080
treˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst }{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?rt?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
inductosyn [CONT SYS] A resolver whose out- inelastic [MECH] Not capable of sustaining a
deformation without permanent change in sizeput phase is proportional to the shaft angle.
{invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorsin } or shape,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik }
inelastic buckling [MECH] Sudden increase ofInductrack [ENG] A magnetic levitation con-
cept for trains and other moving objects that deflection or twist in a column when compres-
sive stress reaches the elastic limit but beforeuses special arrays of permanent magnets to
achieve levitation forces,and is inherently sta- elastic buckling develops,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080
li? }ble,{ invertstrokesuperiord?kvertstrokeinferiortrak }
industrial anthropometry [IND ENG] Applica- inelastic collision [MECH] A collision in which
the total kinetic energy of the colliding particlestion of the knowledge of physical anthropology
to the design and construction of equipment for is not the same after the collision as before it.
{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tik k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n}human use,such as automobiles,{ invertstrokesuperiord?sH11080treˉH11080
l |anH11080thr?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨mH11080?H11080treˉ } inelastic stress [MECH] A force acting on a
291
inequalityofClausius
solid which produces a deformation such that a detonatorbut does not interferewith the deto-
nation of the explosive charge,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rt vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉH11080the original shape and size of the solid are not
m?r}restored after removal of the force,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlasH11080
inert retarder [CIV ENG] A braking device builttik vertstrokesuperiorstres }
into a railroad track and operating without aninequality of Clausius See Clausius inequality.
external source of power that reduces car speed{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080ivertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ?v vertstrokesuperiorklau˙H11080zeˉH11080?s}
by means of brake shoes applied to the lowerinert atmosphere [CHEM ENG] A nonreactive
sides of the wheels,{ i|n?rt rivertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080d?r}gas atmosphere,such as nitrogen,carbon diox-
inextensional deformation [MECH] A bending
ide,or helium; used to blanket reactive liquids
of a surface that leaves unchanged the length of
in storage,to purge process lines and vessels of
any line drawn on the surface and the curvature
reactive gases and liquids,and to cover a reac-
of the surface at each point,{ invertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokesuperiorstenH11080ch?nH11080
tion mix in a partially filled vessel,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rt
l vertstrokeinferiordefH11080?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokesuperioratH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir }
in-feed centerless grinding [MECH ENG] A
inert-gasblanketing [ENG] Purgingtheairfrom
metal-cutting process by which a cylindrical
a unit of a heat exchanger by using an inert gas
workpiece is ground to a prescribed surface
as the unit is being shut down,{ i|n?rt vertstrokeinferiorgas
smoothness and diameter by the insertion of
vertstrokesuperiorbla?H11080k?dH11080i? }
the workpiece between a grinding wheel and a
inertia [MECH] That property of matter which
cantedregulatingwheel;therotationoftheregu-
manifests itself as a resistance to any change in
lating wheel controls the rotation and feed rate
the momentum of a body,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }
of the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorfeˉd |senH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorles vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080
inertia ellipsoid [MECH] An ellipsoid used in
i? }
describing the motion of a rigid body; it is fixed
inferential flow meter [ENG] A flow meter in
in the body,and the distance from its center to
which the flow is determined by measurement
its surface in any direction is inversely propor-
of a phenomenon associated with the flow,such
tionaltothesquarerootofthemomentofinertia
as a drop in static pressure at a restriction in a
about the corresponding axis,Also known as
pipe,or the rotation of an impeller or rotor,
Poinsot ellipsoid,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? ivertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
rather than measurement of the actual mass
inertia governor [MECH ENG] A speed-control
flow,{ |inH11080f?|renH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
device utilizing suspended masses that respond
inferential liquid-level meter [ENG] A liquid-
to speed changes by reason of their inertia.
level meter inwhich the level of aliquid is deter-
{ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiorg?vH11080?H11080n?r}
mined by measurement of some phenomenon
inertial coordinate system See inertial reference
associated with this level,such as the buoyancy
frame,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?lkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nvertstrokeinferior?t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
ofasolidpartlyimmersedintheliquid,thepres-
inertialforce [MECH] The fictitious force acting
sure at a certain level,the conductance of the
onabodyasaresultofusinganoninertialframe
liquid,or its absorption of gamma radiation,
of reference; examples are the centrifugal and
ratherthanbydirectmeasurement,{ |inH11080f?|renH11080
Coriolisforcesthatappearinrotatingcoordinate
ch?l |likH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
systems,Also known as effective force.
infiltration [ENG] Leakage of outdoor air into a
{ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
building by natural forces,for example,by seep-
inertialmass [MECH] The mass of an object as
age through cracks or other openings,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080fil
determined by Newton’s second law,in contrast
vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
tothemassasdeterminedbytheproportionality
infiltrationgallery [CIV ENG] A large,horizontal
to the gravitational force,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?l vertstrokesuperiormas }
underground conduit of perforated or porous
inertial reference frame [MECH] A coordinate
material with openings on the sides for collect-
system in which a body moves with constant
ing percolating water by infiltration,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080fil
velocity as long as no force is acting on it,Also
vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080reˉ }
known as inertial coordinate system,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080
infinitebaffle [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker baf-
sh?l vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
fle which prevents interaction between the front
inertia matrix [MECH] A matrix M used to ex-
and back radiation of the loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080f?H11080
pressthekineticenergyTofamechanicalsystem
n?t vertstrokesuperiorbafH11080?l}
during small displacements from an equilibrium
infinite-capacityloading [CONT SYS] The delib-
position,bymeans ofthe equationTH11005
1
/
2
q˙
T
Mq˙,
erate overloading of a robotic work center with
where q˙ is the vector whose components are the
excessive force or weight in order to determine
derivatives of the generalized coordinates of the
the overload protection necessary to maintain
system with respect to time,and q˙
T
is the trans- proper load conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080f?H11080n?tk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080
pose of q˙.{ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks } e
ˉ vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080i? }
inertiastarter [MECHENG] Adeviceutilizingin- inflatable gasket [DES ENG] A gasket whose
ertialprinciplestostartthe rotatorofaninternal seal is activated by inflation with compressed
combustion engine,{ ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? |sta¨rdH11080?r} air,{ in|flaˉdH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorgasH11080k?t}
inertiatensor [MECH] A tensor associated with inflated [ENG] Filled or distended with air or
a rigid body whose product with the body’s rota- gas,{ invertstrokesuperiorflaˉdH11080?d}
tionvectoryieldsthebody’sangularmomentum,inflected arch See inverted arch,{ invertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?d
{ivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?r} vertstrokesuperiora¨rch }
influencediagram [SYS ENG] A graph-theoreticinertprimer [ENG] A cylinder which enshrouds
292
injectionelectroluminescence
representation of a decision,which may include inherent damping [MECH ENG] A method of
vibration damping which makes use of the me-fourtypes ofnodes (decision,chance,value,and
deterministic),directed arcs between the nodes chanical hysteresis of such materials as rubber,
felt,and cork,{ invertstrokesuperiorhirH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiordamH11080pi? }(which identify dependencies between them),a
marginal or conditional probability distribution inherentnoisepressureSeeequivalentnoisepres-
sure,{ invertstrokesuperiorhirH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}defined at each chance node,and a mathemati-
cal function associated with each of the other inhibitor sweetening [CHEM ENG] Petroleum-
refinery treating process to sweeten gasolinetypes of node,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorflu¨H11080?ns vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
influence line [MECH] A graph of the shear,(convert mercaptans to disulfides) of low mer-
captancontent;usesaphenylenediamineinhibi-stress,bendingmoment,orothereffectofamov-
able load on a structural member versus the tor,air,and caustic,{ invertstrokesuperiorhibH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsweˉtH11080?nH11080i? }
in-house [IND ENG] Pertaining to an operationposition of the load,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorflu¨H11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
informationprocessanalysischartSee form proc- produced or carried on within a plant or organi-
zation,rather than done elsewhere under con-ess chart,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n |pra¨H11080ses?|nalH11080?H11080
s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt } tract,{ vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
initial boiling point [CHEM ENG] According toinformation systems engineering [ENG] The
discipline concerned with the design,develop- American Society for Testing and Materials pe-
troleum-analysis distillation procedures,the re-ment,testing,and maintenance of information
systems,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080f?r|maˉH11080sh?n |sisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080 corded temperature when the first drop of dis-
tilled vapor is liquefied and falls from the endi? }
infrared array [ENG] A collection of several of the condenser,{ ivertstrokesuperiornishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
initial free space [MECH] In interior ballistics,thousandinfrareddetectorelementsarrangedin
a grid pattern and connected to readout elec- the portionof theeffective chambercapacity not
displaced by propellant,{ ivertstrokesuperiornishH11080?l |freˉ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs}tronics to display infrared images focused on
the array by an astronomical telescope,{ |inH11080 initial shot start pressure [MECH] In interior
ballistics,the pressure required to start the mo-fr?|red?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ }
infrared-emitting diode [ELECTR] A light-emit- tion of the projectile from its initial loaded posi-
tion; in fixed ammunition,it includes pressureting diode that has maximum emission in the
near-infrared region,typically at 0.9 micrometer required to separate projectile and cartridge
case and to start engraving the rotating band.for pn gallium arsenide,{ |inH11080fr?|red i|midH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} {ivertstrokesuperiornishH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t |sta¨rt vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
initial yaw [MECH] The yaw of a projectile theinfraredheating [ENG] Heating by means of in-
frared radiation,{ |inH11080fr?|red vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? } instant it leaves the muzzle of a gun,{ ivertstrokesuperiornishH11080
l vertstrokesuperioryo˙ }infrared homing [ENG] Homing in which the
target is tracked by means of its emitted infrared injection [ELECTR] 1.The method of applying a
signal to an electronic circuit or device,2,Theradiation,{ |inH11080fr?|red vertstrokesuperiorhoˉmH11080i? }
infrared imaging device [ENG] Any device process of introducing electrons or holes into a
semiconductor so that their total number ex-which converts an invisible infrared image into
a visible image,{ |inH11080fr?|red vertstrokesuperiorimH11080?H11080ji? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs } ceeds the number present at thermal equilib-
rium,[MECH ENG] The introduction of fuel,infrared thermography [ENG] A method of
measuring surface temperatures by observing fuel and air,fuel and oxidizer,water,or other
substance into an engine induction system orthe infrared emission from the surface,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
fr?|red th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ } combustion chamber,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n}
injectionblowmolding [ENG] Plastics moldinginfrared thermometer [ENG] An instrument
that focuses and detects the infrared radiation process in which a hollow-plastic tube is formed
by injection molding,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorbloˉ vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080emitted by an object in order to determine its
temperature,{ |inH11080fr?H11080vertstrokesuperiorred th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} di? }
injection carburetor [MECH ENG] A carburetorIngen-Hausz apparatus [THERMO] An appara-
tus for comparing the thermal conductivities of in which fuel is delivered under pressure into a
heated part of the engine intake system,Alsodifferent conductors; specimens consisting of
long wax-coated rods of equal length are placed known as pressure carburetor,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n
vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}with one end in a tank of boiling water covered
with a radiation shield,and the lengths along injectionefficiency [ELECTR] A measure of the
efficiency of a semiconductor junction when atherodsfromwhichthewaxmeltsarecompared.
{ |i?H11080g?n vertstrokesuperiorhau˙s vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorradH11080?s } forward bias is applied,equal to the current of
injected minority carriers divided by the totalinhabited building distance [ENG] The mini-
mum distance permitted between an ammuni- current across the junction,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }tion or explosive location and any building used
for habitation or where people are accustomed injection electroluminescence [ELECTR] Radi-
ation resulting from recombination of minorityto assemble,except operating buildings or mag-
azines,{ invertstrokesuperiorhabH11080?dH11080?d |bilH11080di?vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?ns } charge carriers injected in a pn or pin junction
that is biased in the forward direction,Alsoinhaul cable [MECH ENG] In a cable excavator,
the line that pulls the bucket to dig and bring known as Losseveffect; recombination elec-
troluminescence,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?ni|lekH11080troˉvertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080m?in soil,Also known as digging line,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorho˙l
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l} vertstrokesuperiornesH11080?ns }
293
injectionlocking
injectionlocking [ELECTR] The capture or syn- and parallel with its long axis,2.Of a drill mo-
tor,mounted so that its drive shaft and the drivechronization of a free-running oscillator by a
weak injected signal at a frequency close to the rod in the drill swivel head are parallel,or
mounted so that the shaft driving the drill-natural oscillator frequency or to one of its sub-
harmonics; used for frequency stabilization in swivel-head bevel gear and the drill-motor drive
shaft are centered in a direct line and parallelIMPATT or magnetron microwave oscillators,
gas-laser oscillators,and many other types of with each other,3,Having similar units
mounted together in a line,{ vertstrokesuperiorin |l?ˉn}oscillators,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n |la¨kH11080i? }
injection luminescent diode [ELECTR] Gallium in-lineassemblymachine [INDENG] Anassem-
bly machine that inserts components into a wir-arsenide diode,operating in either the laser or
the noncoherent mode,that can be used as a ing board one at a time as the board is moved
from station to station by a conveyor or othervisibleor near-infraredlight sourcefor triggering
such devices as light-activated switches,{ in transport mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorin |l?ˉn?|semH11080bleˉ
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080m?|nesH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
injection mold [ENG] A plastics mold into in-lineengine [MECH ENG] A multiple-cylinder
engine with cylinders aligned in a row,{ vertstrokesuperiorin |l?ˉnwhich the material to be formed is introduced
from an exterior heating cylinder,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080 vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
in-line equipment [ENG] 1,A sequence ofsh?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
injection molding [ENG] Molding metal,plas- equipment or processing items mounted along
thesameverticalorhorizontalplane,2.Equip-tic,or nonplastic ceramic shapes by injecting a
measured quantity of the molten material into ment mounted within a process line,such as an
in-linepump,pressure-dropflowmeter,ornozzledies,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080di? }
injectionpump [MECHENG] Apumpthatforces mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorin |l?ˉnivertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt }
in-line linkage [MECH ENG] A power-steeringa measured amount of fuel through a fuel line
and atomizing nozzle in the combustion cham- linkage which has the control valve and actuator
combined in a single assembly,{ vertstrokesuperiorin |l?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080ber of an internal combustion engine,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorp?mp } kij }
innage [ENG] The volume or the measuredinjection ram [ENG] In injection molding,the
ram that applies pressure to the feed plunger in height of liquid introduced into a tank or con-
tainer,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080ij }the process of either injection or transfer mold-
ing,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorram } innerbarrel See inner tube,{ |inH11080?r |barH11080?l}
innerhearth See back hearth,{ |inH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorha¨rth }injectionsignal [ENGACOUS] The sawtooth fre-
quency-modulated signal which is added to the inner tube [ENG] A rubber tube used inside a
pneumatictirecasingtoholdairunderpressure.firstdetectorcircuitformixingwiththeincoming
target signal,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l } Also known as tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
in-phasecomponent [ELEC] The component ofinjector [ELECTR] An electrode through which
charge carriers (holes or electrons) are forced to the phasor representing an alternating current
which isparallel to the phasorrepresenting volt-enter the high-field region in a spacistor.
[MECH ENG] 1,An apparatus containing a noz- age,{ vertstrokesuperiorin vertstrokeinferiorfaˉzk?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt }
in-placevalue [INDENG] Thesitevalueofprop-zle in an actuating fluid which is accelerated and
thus entrains a second fluid,so delivering the erty,that is,the market value of equipment plus
costs of transportation to the site and subse-mixture against a pressure in excess of the actu-
ating fluid,2,A plug with a valved nozzle quent installation,{ |invertstrokeinferiorplaˉs vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ }
input [ELECTR] 1,The power or signal fed intothroughwhichfuelismeteredtothecombustion
chambers in diesel- or full-injection engines,an electrical or electronic device,2,The termi-
nals to which the power or signal is applied.3.A jet through which feedwater is injected into
a boiler,or fuel is injected into a combustion { vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
input/output relation [SYS ENG] The relationchamber,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}
injector torch See low-pressure torch,{ invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080 between two vectors whose components are the
inputs (excitations,stimuli) of a system and thet?r vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
inkometer [ENG] An instrument for measuring outputs (responses) respectively,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokesuperiorau˙t
vertstrokeinferiorpu˙trivertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n}adhesion of liquids by rotating drums in contact
with the liquid,{ i?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r} insensitive time See dead time,{ invertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080tiv
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}inlet [ENG] Anentranceororifice fortheadmis-
sion of fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorlet } insertbit [DES ENG] A bit into which inset cut-
ting points of various preshaped pieces of hardinletbox [MECH ENG] A closure at the fan inlet
or inlets in a boiler for attachment of the fan to metal (usually a sintered tungsten carbide-
cobalt powder alloy) are brazed or hand-peenedthe duct system,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorlet vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
inlet valve [MECH ENG] The valve through into slots or holes cut or drilled into a blank bit.
Also known as slug bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?rt vertstrokeinferiorbit }which a fluid is drawn into the cylinder of a
positive-displacement engine,pump,or com- inserted-tooth cutter [DES ENG] A milling cut-
ter in which the teeth can be replaced.pressor,Also known as induction valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorin
vertstrokeinferiorlet vertstrokeinferiorvalv } { invertstrokesuperiors?rdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiortu¨th vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
insertion meter [ENG] A type of flowmeterin line [ENG] 1,Over the center of a borehole
294
instrumentshelter
which measures the rotation rate of a small pro- the passage of the electric current through the
peller or turbine rotor mounted at right angles detonator and its explosion,{ |inH11080st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?s
to the end of a support rod and inserted into vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
theflowingstreamorclosedpipe,{ invertstrokesuperiors?rH11080sh?n instantaneous fuse [ENG] A fuse with an igni-
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
tion rate of several thousand feet per minute;
insidecaliper [DES ENG] A caliper that has two
an example is PETN,{ |inH11080st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
legswithfeetthatturnoutward;usedtomeasure
instantaneous recording [ENG ACOUS] A re-
inside dimensions,as the diameter of a hole.
cordingintendedfordirectreproductionwithout
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080p?r}
further processing,{ |inH11080st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?srivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080
insidediameter [DES ENG] The length of a line
i? }
which passes through the center of a hollow
instantaneous recovery [MECH] The immedi-
cylindrical or spherical object,and whose end
ate reduction in the strain of a solid when a
points lie on the inner surface of the object.
stressisremovedorreduced,incontrasttocreep
Abbreviated ID,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdd?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080?r}
recovery,{ |inH11080st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?srivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ }
insideface [DESENG] Thatpartofthebitcrown
instantaneous strain [MECH] The immediate
nearest to or parallel with the inside wall of an
deformation of a solid upon initial application
annular or coring bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd |faˉs}
of a stress,in contrast to creep strain,{ |inH11080
inside gage [DES ENG] The inside diameter of
st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
a bit as measured between the cutting points,
instant center See instantaneous center,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
such as between inset diamonds on the inside-
st?nt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
wall surface of a core bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd |gaˉj}
instruction card [IND ENG] A written descrip-
insidemicrometer [DESENG] Amicrometercal-
tion of the standard method used by a worker,
iper with the points turned outward for measur-
to guide his activities,{ invertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨rd }
ing the internal dimensions of an object.
instrument [ENG] A device for measuring and
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sometimes also recording and controlling theinsidework See internal work,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiors?
ˉd vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
value of a quantity under observation,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080insitufoaming [ENG] Depositingoftheingredi-
str?H11080m?nt }ents of a foamable plastic onto the location
instrumental analysis [ENG] The use of an in-where foaming is to take place; for example,in
strument to measure a component,to detectsitu foam insulation on equipment or walls.
{invertstrokesuperiorsiH11080chu¨ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉmH11080i? } the completion of a quantitative reaction,or to
inspect [IND ENG] To examine an object to de- detect a change in the properties of a system.
termine whether it conforms to standards; may { vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?vertstrokesuperiormentH11080?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
employ sight,hearing,touch,odor,or taste,instrumentation [ENG] Designing,manufactur-
{invertstrokesuperiorspekt } ing,and utilizing physical instruments or instru-
inspection [IND ENG] The critical examination
ment systems for detection,observation,meas-
of a product to determine its conformance to
urement,automatic control,automatic compu-
applicable quality standards or specifications.
tation,communication,or data processing.
{invertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080menvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
inspection by variables [IND ENG] A quality-
instrument correction [ENG] A correction of
controlinspectionmethodinwhichthesampled
measurements made on a unit under test for
articlesareevaluatedonthebasisofquantitative
either inaccuracy of the instrument or eroding
criteria,{ in|spekH11080sh?nb?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lz }
effect of the instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt
instability [CONT SYS] A condition of a control
k?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
system in which excessive positive feedback
instrumenthousing [ENG] A case or enclosure
causes persistent,unwanted oscillations in the
to cover and protect an instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080
output of the system,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
m?nt vertstrokeinferiorhau˙H11080zi? }
installation [ENG] Procedures for setting up
instrument panel [ENG] A panel or board con-
equipmentforuseorservice,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080st?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
taining indicating meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt
instantaneous axis [MECH] The axis about
vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}
which a rigid body is carrying out a pure rotation
instrument reading time [ENG] The time,after
at a given instant in time,{ |inH11080st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?s
a change in a measured quantity,which it takes
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
for the indication of an instrument to come and
instantaneous center [MECH] A point about
remain within a specified percentage of its final
which a rigid body is rotating at a given instant
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
in time,Also known as instant center,{ |inH11080
instrument science [ENG] The systematically
st?n|taˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
organized body of general concepts and princi-
instantaneouscut [ENG] A cut that is set off by
plesunderlyingthedesign,analysis,andapplica-
instantaneous detonators to be certain that all
tion of instruments and instrument systems.
charges in the cut go off at the same time; the
{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080?ns }
drillingandignitionarecarriedoutsothatallthe
instrument shelter [ENG] A boxlike structureholesbreaksmallertopangles,{ |inH11080st?n|ta
ˉH11080neˉH11080
designed to protect certain meteorological in-?s vertstrokesuperiork?t}
strumentsfromexposuretodirectsunshine,pre-instantaneousdetonator [ENG] A type of deto-
nator that does not have a delay period between cipitation,and condensation,while providing
295
instrumentsystem
adequateventilation,Alsoknownasthermom- high-range ohmmeter having a hand-driven di-
rect-current generator as its voltage source.eter screen; thermometer shelter; thermoscreen.
{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorset }{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080t?r}
insulator [ELEC] A device having high electricalinstrumentsystem [ENG] A system which inte-
resistance andused for supportingor separating
grates one or more instruments with auxiliary
conductors to prevent undesired flow of current
or associated devices for detection,observation,
from them to other objects,Also known as
measurement,automatic control,automatic
electrical insulator,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
computation,communication,or data proc-
intake [ENG] 1,An entrance for air,water,fuel,
essing,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
or other fluid,or the amount of such fluid taken
insulated [ELEC] Separated from other con-
in,2,A main passage for air in a mine.
ducting surfaces by a nonconducting material.
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk}
{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d}
intakechamber [CIV ENG] Alarge chamber that
insulated-gate bipolar transistor [ELECTR] A
gradually narrows to an intake tunnel; designed
power semiconductor device that combines low
to avoid undesirable water currents,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk
forward voltage drop,gate-controlled turnoff,
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
and high switching speed,It structurally resem-
intake gate [CIV ENG] A movable partition for
bles a vertically diffused MOSFET,featuring a
opening or closing a water intake opening.
doublediffusion ofap-typeregion andann-type
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
region,but differs from the MOSFET in the use
intakemanifold [MECH ENG] A system of pipes
of a pH11001 substrate layer (in the case of an n-
which feeds fuel to the various cylinders of a
channel device) for the drain,The effect is to
multicylinder internal combustion engine.
change the transistor into a bipolar device,as
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉld }
this p-type region injects holes into the n-type
intakestroke [MECH ENG] The fluid admission
drift region,Abbreviated IGBT,{ |inH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080
phase or travel of a reciprocating piston and
dvertstrokeinferiorgaˉtb?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} cylinder mechanism as,for example,in an en-
insulated-gate field-effect transistor See metal gine,pump,or compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor,intake valve [MECH ENG] The valve which
{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d |gaˉt |feˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} opens to allow air or an air-fuel mixture to enter
insulated-substrate monolithic circuit [ELECTR] an engine cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiortaˉk vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
integerprogramming [SYSENG] Aseriesofpro-Integrated circuit which may be either an all-
ceduresusedinoperationsresearchtofindmax-diffuseddeviceoracompatiblestructuresocon-
ima or minima of a function subject to one orstructed that the components within the silicon
more constraints,including one which requiressubstrate are insulated from one another by a
that the values of some or all of the variableslayerofsilicondioxide,insteadofreverse-biased
be whole numbers,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080j?r vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }
pn junctions used for isolation in other tech-
integrablesystem [MECH] A dynamical system
niques,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d |s?bvertstrokeinferiorstraˉt |ma¨nH11080?|lithH11080ik
whose motion is governed by an integrable dif-
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
ferential equation,{ |intH11080iH11080gr?H11080b?l |sisH11080t?m}
insulatingstrength [ELEC] Measure of the abil-
integral action [CONT SYS] A control action in
ity ofan insulatingmaterial towithstand electric
which the rate of change of the correcting force
stress without breakdown; it is defined as the
is proportional to the deviation,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l
voltage per unit thickness necessary to initiate
vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
adisruptivedischarge;usuallymeasuredinvolts
integral compensation [CONT SYS] Use of a
per centimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
compensator whose output changes at a rate
insulation [BUILD] Material used in walls,ceil-
proportional to its input,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
ings,and floors to retard the passage of heat
p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
and sound,[ELEC] A material having high
integralcontrol [CONTSYS] Useofacontrolsys-
electrical resistivity and therefore suitable for
tem in which the control signal changes at a
separating adjacent conductors in an electric
rate proportional to the error signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080
circuit or preventing possible future contact
gr?lk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
between conductors,Also known as electrical
integral-furnace boiler [MECH ENG] A type of
insulation,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
steam boiler which incorporates furnace water-
insulation resistance [ELEC] The electrical
cooling in the circulatory system,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l
resistancebetweentwoconductorsseparatedby
|f?rH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
an insulating material,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?nri|zisH11080
integral-modecontroller [CONT SYS] A control-
t?ns }
ler which produces a control signal proportional
insulation sampler [ENG] A device for collect-
to the integral of the error signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l
ing deep water which prevents any significant
|moˉdk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉlH11080?r}
conduction of heat from the water sample
integral network [CONT SYS] A compensating
so that it maintains its original temperature as
network which produces high gain at low input
it is hauled to the surface,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n frequencies and low gain at high frequencies,
|samH11080pl?r} and is therefore useful in achieving low steady-
insulation testing set [ENG] An instrument for state errors,Also known as lagging network;
lag network,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }measuring insulation resistance,consisting of a
296
intelligentvehiclehighwaysystems
integralsquareerror [CONT SYS] A measure of integrating galvanometer [ENG] A modifica-
tionofthed’Arsonvalgalvanometerwhichmeas-system performance formed by integrating the
square of the system error over a fixed interval ures the integral of current over time; it is de-
signed to be able to measure changes of flux inoftime;thisperformancemeasureanditsgener-
alizations are frequently used in linear optimal an exploring coil which last over periods of sev-
eral minutes,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080control and estimation theory,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l
|skwer vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}?r}
integrating gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope thatintegral-type flange [DES ENG] A flange which
is forged or cast with,or butt-welded to,a nozzle senses the rate of angular displacement and
measures and transmits the time integral of thisneck,pressure vessel,or piping wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080
gr?l |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorflanj } rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
integratingmeter [ENG] An instrument that to-integral waterproofing [ENG] Waterproofing
concrete by adding the waterproofing material talizes electric energy or some other quantity
consumed over a period of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080to the cement or to the mixing water,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080
gr?l vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpru¨fH11080i? }i?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
integrating water sampler [ENG] A water sam-integraph [ENG] Adeviceusedforcompletinga
mathematical integration by graphical methods,pling device comprising a cylinder with a free
piston whose movement is regulated by the{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
integrated circuit [ELECTR] An interconnected evacuation of a charge of fresh water,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080
vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}array of active and passive elements integrated
with a single semiconductor substrate or depos- integration [SYSENG] Thearrangement ofcom-
ponents in a system so that they function to-ited on the substrate by a continuous series of
compatible processes,and capable of per- gether in an efficient and logical way,{ vertstrokeinferiorintH11080
vertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}forming at least one complete electronic circuit
function,AbbreviatedIC,Alsoknownasinte- intelligentagent [IND ENG] A computing hard-
ware- or software-based system that operatesgrated semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
k?t } without the direct intervention of humans or
other agents,examples include robots,smartintegratedelectronics [ELECTR] A generic term
for that portion of electronic art and technology sensors,and Web-search software agents,{ in
|telH11080?H11080j?nt vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080j?nt }in which the interdependence of material,de-
vice,circuit,and system-design consideration is intelligent machine [ENG] Any machine that
can accomplish its specific task in the presenceespeciallysignificant;morespecifically,thatpor-
tion of the art dealing with integrated circuits,of uncertainty and variability in its environment.
{invertstrokesuperiortelH11080?H11080j?nt m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?divertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
integratedinjectionlogic [ELECTR] Integrated- intelligentmanufacturing [IND ENG] 1,The use
of production process technology that can auto-circuit logic that uses a simple and compact bi-
polar transistor gate structure which makes pos- matically adapt to changing environments and
varyingprocessrequirements,withthecapabilitysible large-scale integration on silicon for logic
arrays,memories,watch circuits,and various of manufacturing various products with minimal
supervision and assistance from operators.other analog and digital applications,Abbrevi-
ated I
2
L,Also known as merged-transistor 2.The development and implementation of arti-
ficial intelligence in manufacturing,{ in|telH11080?H11080logic,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?dinvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
integrated semiconductor See integrated circuit,j?nt vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?|fakH11080ch?rH11080i? }
intelligentrobot [CONT SYS] A robot that func-{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r}
integratedsensor [ENG] A very small device in tions as an intelligent machine,that is,it can
be programmed to take actions or make choiceswhich the sensing of some physical quantity is
integrated with the functions of signal proc- based on input from sensors,{ invertstrokesuperiortelH11080?H11080j?nt
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}essing and information processing,{ |inH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r} intelligentsensorSeesmartsensor,{ in|telH11080?H11080j?nt
vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}integrating accelerometer [ENG] A device
whose output signals are proportional to the intelligent transportation systems [CIV ENG]
Theapplicationofadvancedtechnologiestosur-velocity of the vehicle or to the distance traveled
(depending on the number of integrations) in- face transportation problems,including traffic
and transportation management,travel demandstead of acceleration,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?dakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080
vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } management,advanced public transportation
management,electronic payment,commercialintegrating frequency meter [ENG] An instru-
ment that measures the total number of cycles vehicle operations,emergency services manage-
ment,and advanced vehicle control and safetythrough whichthe alternating voltage ofan elec-
tric power system has passed in a given period systems,Previously known as intelligent vehicle
highway systems,{ in|telH11080?H11080j?nt vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080of time,enabling this total to be compared with
the number of cycles that would have elapsed if sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?mz }
intelligentvehiclehighwaysystemsSeeintelligentthe prescribed frequency had been maintained.
Also known as master frequency meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080 transportation systems,{ in|telH11080?H11080j?nt vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?mz }?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
297
interactionbalancemethod
interactionbalancemethodSee goal coordination occurring when a machine operator,assigned to
two or more semiautomatic machines,is unablemethod,{ |inH11080t?|rakH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
interaction prediction method [CONT SYS] A to service a machine requiring attention,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
tervertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}method for coordinating the subproblem solu-
tions in plant decomposition,in which the inter- interferometric hydrophone [ENG] A hydro-
phone in which pressure changes act directly oractionvariablesarespecifiedbythesecond-level
controller according to overall optimality condi- indirectly to deform an optical fiber and thus
produce a phase change in light from a laser ortions,and the subproblems are solved to satisfy
local optimality conditions constrained by the light-emitting diode; the phase change is de-
tected in an interferometer,Also known as fi-specified values of the interaction variables.
Also known as feasible method,{ |inH11080t?|rakH11080 ber-optic hydrophone,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?r|firH11080?|meH11080trik
vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}sh?npr?vertstrokesuperiordikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
interbase current [ELECTR] The current that interfit [ENG] The distance extended by the
ends of one bit cone into the grooves of an adja-flows from one base connection of a junction
tetrode transistor to the other,through the base cent one in a roller cone bit,Also known as
intermesh,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorfit }region,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorbaˉs vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
intercepting sewer [CIV ENG] A sewer that re- interior ballistics [MECH] The science con-
cerned with the combustion of powder,develop-ceives flow from transverse sewers and conducts
the water to a treatment plant or disposal point,ment of pressure,and movement of a projectile
in the bore of a gun,{ invertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?rb?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tiks }{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080ti?vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?r}
interceptometer [ENG] A rain gage which is interlock [ENG] A switch or other device that
preventsactivationofapieceofequipmentwhenplaced under trees or in foliage to determine the
rainfall in that location; by comparing this catch a protective door is open or some other hazard
exists,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorla¨k}with that from a rain gage set in the open,the
amount of rainfall which has been intercepted interlocking cutter [DES ENG] A milling cutter
assembly consisting of two mating sections withby foliage is found,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorsepvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
interchange [CIV ENG] A junction of two or uniform or alternate overlapping teeth,{ |inH11080
t?r|la¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}more highways at a number of separate levels
so that traffic can pass from one highway to intermediate frequency [ELECTR] The fre-
quency produced by combining the received sig-another without the crossing at grade of traffic
streams,[ELEC] The current flowing into or nalwiththatofthe localoscillatorinasuperhet-
erodyne receiver,Abbreviated i-f,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rout of a power system which is interconnected
with one or more other power systems,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080 vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
intermediate-frequency amplifier [ELECTR]t?rvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnj }
interchangeability [ENG] The ability to replace The section of a superheterodyne receiver that
amplifies signals after they have been convertedthe components,parts,or equipment of one
manufacturer with those of another,without los- to the fixed intermediate-frequency value by the
frequency converter,Abbreviated i-f amplifier.ing function or suitability,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
dH11080eˉ }{vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?t |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
intermediategear [MECHENG] Anidlergearin-intercondenser [MECH ENG] A condenser be-
tween stages of a multistage steam jet pump,terposed between a driver and driven gear.
{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?t |gir }{ |inH11080t?rH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r}
interconnection [ELEC] A link between power intermediate material [IND ENG] A manufac-
tured product that requires additional proc-systems enablingthem to draw onone another’s
reserves in time of need and to take advantage essing before it becomes finished goods,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
t?rvertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?tm?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}of energy cost differentials resulting from such
factors as load diversity,seasonal conditions,intermesh See interfit,{ |inH11080t?r|mesh }
intermittent current [ELEC] A unidirectionaltime-zone differences,and shared investment in
larger generating units,{ |inH11080t?rH11080k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n } current that flows and ceases to flow at irregular
or regular intervals,{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }intercooler [MECH ENG] A heat exchanger for
cooling fluid between stages of a multistage intermittent defect [ENG] A defect that is not
continuously present,{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiordeˉcompressor with consequent saving in power.
{ |inH11080t?r|ku¨lH11080?r} vertstrokeinferiorfekt }
intermittent-dutyrating [ENG] An output ratinginterface resistance [THERMO] 1,Impairment
of heat flow caused by the imperfect contact based on operation of a device for specified in-
tervals of time rather than continuous duty.betweentwomaterialsataninterface,2.Quan-
titatively,the temperature difference across the Also known as intermittent rating,{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080
nt |du¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }interface divided by the heat flux through it.
{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorfaˉsrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns } intermittent firing [MECH ENG] Cyclic firing
whereby fuel and air are burned in a furnace forinterferencefit [DES ENG] A fit wherein one of
the mating parts of an assembly is forced into frequent short time periods,{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt
vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? }a space provided by the other part in such a way
that the condition of maximum metal overlap is intermittent operation [ENG] Condition in
whichadeviceoperatesnormallyforatime,thenachieved,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorfit }
interferencetime [IND ENG] Idle machine time becomes defective for a time,with the process
298
internationalpracticaltemperaturescale
repeating itself at regular or irregular intervals,subjected to fluctuating stress,2,In a powder,
the friction that is developed by the particles{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
intermittent rating See intermittent-duty rating,sliding over each other; it is greater than the
friction of the mass of solid that comprises the{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }
intermittent work [IND ENG] A type of task re- individual particles,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
internal furnace [MECH ENG] A boiler furnacequiring moderate to highly demanding physical
effort that is interrupted by short periods of rest having a firebox within a water-cooled heating
surface,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}or light work lasting a few seconds to a few min-
utes,{ |inH11080t?r|mitH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorw?rk } internalgear [DESENG] Anannulargearhaving
teeth on the inner surface of its rim,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080intermodulation [ELECTR] Modulation of the
components of a complex wave by each other,?l vertstrokesuperiorgir }
internal grinder [MECH ENG] A machine de-producing new waves whose frequencies are
equal to the sums and differences of integral signed for grinding the surfaces of holes.
{invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉnH11080d?r}multiples of the component frequencies of the
originalcomplexwave,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n} internally fired boiler [MECH ENG] A fire-tube
boiler containing an internal furnace which isinternal biomechanical environment [IND
ENG] A concept that is used in ergonomic de- water-cooled,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?lH11080eˉ |f?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
internal mechanical environment [IND ENG] Asign and considers that muscles,bones,and tis-
suesaresubjecttothesameNewtonianmechan- concept that considers parts of the human body,
such as muscles,bones,and tissues,in terms ofical forces as are objects external to the body.
{in|t?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080oˉH11080mi|kanH11080?H11080k?linvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080?rnH11080m?nt } how theyare subjectto Newtonianmechanics in
their interaction with the external environment.internal brake [MECH ENG] A friction brake in
which an internal shoe follows the inner surface { in|t?rnH11080?lmi|kanH11080?H11080k?linvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080r?nH11080m?nt }
internal mix atomizer [MECH ENG] A type ofof the rotating brake drum,wedging itself be-
tween the drum and the point at which it is pneumatic atomizer in which gas and liquid are
mixed prior to the gas expansion through theanchored; used in motor vehicles,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk } nozzle,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l |miks vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
internal spring safety relief valve [ENG] Ainternalbroaching [MECH ENG] The removal of
material on internal surfaces,by means of a tool spring-loaded valve with a portion of the op-
erating mechanism located inside the pressurewith teeth of progressively increasing size mov-
ing in a straight line or other prescribed path vessel,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l |spri?vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
internal stress [MECH] A stress system withinover the surface,other than for the origination
of a hole,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbroˉchH11080i? } a solid that is not dependent on external forces.
Also known as residual stress,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?linternal combustion engine [MECH ENG] A
prime mover in which the fuel is burned within vertstrokesuperiorstres }
internal thread [DES ENG] A screw thread cuttheengineandtheproductsofcombustionserve
as the thermodynamic fluid,as with gasoline on the inner surface of a hollow cylinder.
{invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }and diesel engines,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n} internalvibrator [MECHENG] Avibratingdevice
which is drawn vertically through placed con-internal dielectric field See dielectric field.
{invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld } crete to achieve proper consolidation.
{invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r}internaldiffusion [CHEM ENG] The diffusion of
liquid or gaseous reactants to the innermost internal work [IND ENG] Manual work done by
a machine operator while the machine is auto-pore depths of an adsorbent-base catalyst,nec-
essary for full catalytic effect,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l maticallyoperating,Alsoknownasfill-upwork;
inside work,[THERMO] The work done in sep-divertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
internal energy [THERMO] A characteristic aratingtheparticlescomposingasystemagainst
their forces of mutual attraction,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?lpropertyofthestateofathermodynamicsystem,
introduced in the first law of thermodynamics; vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
international ampere [ELEC] The current that,it includes intrinsic energies of individual mole-
cules,kinetic energies of internal motions,and when flowing through a solution of silver nitrate
in water,deposits silver at a rate of 0.001118contributions from interactions between mole-
cules,but excludes the potential or kinetic en- gram per second; it has been superseded by the
ampere as a unit of current,and is equal toergy of the system as a whole; it is sometimes
erroneously referred to as heat energy,{ in approximately 0.999850 ampere,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080
nH11080?l vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir }vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
internal floating-head exchanger [MECH ENG] international ohm [ELEC] A unit of resistance,
equal to that of a column of mercury of uniformTube-and-shellheatexchangerinwhichthetube
sheet (support for tubes) at one end of the tube cross section that has a length of 160.3 centime-
tersandamassof14.4521gramsatthetempera-bundleis freetomove,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉdH11080i? |hed
iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080?r } ture of melting ice; it has been superseded by
the ohm,and is equal to 1.00049 ohms,{ |inH11080internal force [MECH] A force exerted by one
part of a system on another,{ invertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfoˉrs } t?r|nashH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperioroˉm}
international practical temperature scaleinternal friction [MECH] 1,Conversion of me-
chanical strain energy to heat within a material [THERMO] Temperature scale based on six
299
internationalsystemofelectricalunits
points,the water triple point,the boiling points two straights or tangents to a railway or road
curve would meet if extended,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080of oxygen,water,sulfur,and the solidification
points of silver and gold; designated as H11034C,de- sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
interspace [BUILD] An air space,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rgrees Celsius,or t
int; replaced in 1990 by the
international temperature scale,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080 vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
interterminal switching [CIV ENG] The move-?nH11080?l |prakH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
international system of electrical units [ELEC] ment of railroad cars from one line to another
within a switching area,{ |inH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?nH11080?lSystemofelectricalunitsbasedonagreedfunda-
mental units for the ohm,ampere,centimeter,vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i? }
intertube burner [MECH ENG] A burner whichandsecond,inusebetween1893and1947,inclu-
sive; in 1948,the Giorgi,or meter-kilogram-sec- utilizes a nozzle that discharges between adja-
cent tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}ond-absolute system,was adopted for interna-
tional use,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080?nH11080?l |sist?m?vi|lekH11080 intervaltimer [ENG] A device which operates a
set of contacts during a preset time interval and,tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?ts }
internationaltableBritishthermalunit See British at the end of the interval,returns the contacts
totheirnormalpositions,Alsoknownastimer.thermal unit,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080?nH11080?l |taˉH11080b?l |bridH11080
ish vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t} {vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rH11080v?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmH11080?r}
intraline distance [ENG] The minimum dis-international table calorie See calorie,{ |inH11080
t?r|nashH11080?nH11080?l |taˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ } tance permitted between any two buildings
within an explosives operating line; to protectinternational temperature scale [THERMO] A
standard temperature scale,adopted in 1990,buildings from propagation of explosions due to
blast effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?ns }that approximates the thermodynamic scale,
basedonassignedtemperaturevaluesof17ther- intrinsic-barrierdiode [ELECTR] A pin diode,in
which a thin region of intrinsic material sepa-modynamic equilibrium fixed points and pre-
scribed thermometers for interpolation between rates the p-type region and the n-type region.
{invertstrokesuperiortrinH11080sik |barH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}them,Abbreviated ITS-90,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080?nH11080
l vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl} intrinsic-barrier transistor [ELECTR] A pnip or
npintransistor,in which a thin region of intrinsicinternational thread [DES ENG] A standardized
metric system in which the pitch and diameter material separates the base and collector,{ in
vertstrokesuperiortrinH11080sik |barH11080eˉH11080?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}of the thread are related,with the thread having
a rounded root and flat crest,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080?nH11080 intrinsic contact potential difference [ELEC]
True potential difference between two perfectly?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }
international volt [ELEC] A unit of potential clean metals in contact,{ invertstrokesuperiortrinH11080sik |ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt
p?|tenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiordifH11080?rns }difference or electromotive force,equal to
1/1.01858 of the electromotive force of a Weston intrinsic detector [ENG] A semiconductor de-
tector of electromagnetic radiation that utilizescell at 20H11034C; it has been superseded by the volt,
and is equal to 1.00034 volts,{ |inH11080t?r|nashH11080?nH11080 the generation of electron-hole pairs across the
semiconductor band gap,{ invertstrokesuperiortrinH11080sik divertstrokesuperiortekH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt }
interrupteddctachometer [ENG] A type of im- t?r}
intrinsicelectricstrength [ELEC] Theextremelypulse tachometer in which the frequency of
pulses generated by the interrupted direct cur- highdielectricstrengthdisplayedbyasubstance
at low temperatures,{ in|trinH11080sik i|lekH11080trikrent of an ignition-circuit primary of an internal
combustionengineisusedtomeasurethespeed vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
intrinsiclayer [ELECTR] A layer of semiconduc-of the engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?pH11080t?d |deˉ|seˉ t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080
dH11080?r } tor material whose properties are essentially
those of the pure undoped material,{ invertstrokesuperiortrinH11080interruptedscrew [DES ENG] A screw with lon-
gitudinal grooves cut into the thread,and which sik vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080?r}
intrusion grouting [ENG] A method of placinglocksquicklywheninsertedintoasimilarmating
part,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?pH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ } concrete by intruding the mortar component in
position and then converting it into concreteinterrupter [ELEC] An electric,electronic,or
mechanical device that periodically interrupts as it is introduced into voids,{ invertstrokesuperiortru¨H11080zh?n
vertstrokeinferiorgrau˙dH11080i? }the flow of a direct current so as to produce
pulses,{ vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?pH11080t?r} invariable line [MECH] A line which is parallel
to the angular momentum vector of a body exe-intersect [ENG] To find a position by the trian-
gulation method,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorsekt } cuting Poinsot motion,and which passes
through the fixed point in the body about whichintersection [CIV ENG] 1,A point of junction or
crossing of two or more roadways,2.A survey- there is no torque,{ invertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}
invariable plane [MECH] A plane which is per-ing method in which a plane table is used alter-
nately at each end of a measured baseline,pendicular to the angular momentum vector of
a rotating rigid body not subject to external{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}
intersection angle [CIV ENG] The angle of de- torque,and which is alwaystangent to its inertia
ellipsoid,{ invertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn}flection at the intersection point between the
straights of a railway or highway curve,{ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080 inventory [ENG] The amount of plastic in the
heating cylinder or barrel in injection moldingt?rvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
intersection point [CIV ENG] That point where or extrusion,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080v?nvertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ }
300
ionmicroprobemassspectrometer
inventory control [IND ENG] Systematic man- inverting amplifier [ELECTR] Amplifier whose
output polarity is reversed as compared to itsagement of the balance on hand of inventory
items,involvingthesupply,storage,distribution,input; such an amplifier obtains its negative
feedback by a connection from output to input,andrecordingofitems,{ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080v?nvertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
inversecam [MECH ENG] A cam that acts as a and with high gain is widely used as an opera-
tional amplifier,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080i?vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}follower instead of a driver,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorkam }
inversecurrent [ELECTR] The current resulting invertingfunction [ELECTR] A logic device that
inverts the input signal,so that the output isfrom an inverse voltage in a contact rectifier.
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt } out of phase with the input,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}inverse feedback See negative feedback.
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak } invert level [ENG] The level of the lowest por-
tionatanygivensectionofaliquid-carryingcon-inverse problem [CONT SYS] The problem of
determining,for a given feedback control law,duit,such asa drain or a sewer,and which deter-
mines the hydraulic gradient available for mov-the performance criteria for which it is optimal.
{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorpra¨bH11080l?m } ing the contained liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rt vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
invisiblehinge [DES ENG] A door hinge whoseinverse voltage [ELECTR] The voltage that ex-
ists across a rectifier tube or x-ray tube during parts are not exposed when the door is closed.
{in|vizH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorhinj }the half cycle in which the anode is negative
and current does not normally flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rs involute gear tooth [DES ENG] A gear tooth
whose profileis establishedby aninvolute curvevertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
inversion [ELEC] The solution of certain prob- outward from the base circle,{ |inH11080v?|lu¨t vertstrokesuperiorgir
vertstrokeinferiortu¨th }lems in electrostatics through the use of the
transformation in Kelvin’s inversion theorem,involute spline [DES ENG] A spline having the
same general form as involute gear teeth,except[MECH ENG] The conversion of basic four-bar
linkages to special motion linkages,such as par- that the teeth are one-half the depth and the
pressure angle is 30H11034.{|inH11080v?|lu¨t vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉn}allelogram linkage,slider-crank mechanism,and
slow-motionmechanismbysuccessivelyholding involute spline broach [MECH ENG] A broach
that cuts multiple keys in the form of internal orfast,as ground link,members of a specific link-
age (as drag link),[THERMO] A reversal of the external involute gear teeth,{ |inH11080v?|lu¨t vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉn
vertstrokeinferiorbroˉch }usual direction of a variation or process,such
asthechangeinsignoftheexpansioncoefficient ion-beam mixing [ENG] A process in which
bombardmentofasolidwithabeamofenergeticof water at 4H11034C,or a change in sign in the Joule-
Thomson coefficient at a certain temperature,ions causes the intermixing of atoms of two sep-
arate phases originally present in the near-sur-{invertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n}
inversion temperature [ENG] The temperature face region,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n |beˉm vertstrokeinferiormiksH11080i? }
ion-beam scanning [ELECTR] The process ofto which one junction of a thermocouple must
be raised in order to make the thermoelectric analyzing the mass spectrum of an ion beam
in a mass spectrometer either by changing theelectromotive force in the circuit equal to zero,
when the other junction of the thermocouple electricor magneticfieldsofthe massspectrom-
eter or by moving a probe,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080is held at a constant low temperature.
[THERMO] The temperature at which the Joule- i? }
ion-beam thinning See ion machining,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨nThomson effect of a gas changes sign,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080
zh?n vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r} vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm |thinH11080i? }
ionfractionation [CHEM ENG] Separation of ca-invert [CIV ENG] The floor or bottom of a con-
duit,{ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorv?rt } tions or anions from an ionic solution by use
of a membrane permeable to the desired ion;invertedarch [CIV ENG] An arch with the crown
downward,belowthelineofthespringings;com- equipment includes electrodialyzers and ion-
fractionation stills,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080sh?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}monly used in tunnels and foundations,Also
known as inflected arch,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiora¨rch } ionic membrane [CHEM ENG] Semipermeable
membrane thatconducts electricity;the applica-inverted engine [MECH ENG] An engine in
which the cylinders are below the crankshaft,tionofanelectricfieldtothemembraneachieves
an electrophoretic movement of ions through{invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
inverted siphon [CIV ENG] A pressure pipeline the membrane; used in electrodialysis,{?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080
ik vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn}crossing a depression or passing under a high-
way; sometimes called a sag line from its U- ion implantation [ENG] A process of introduc-
ing impurities into the near-surface regions ofshape,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?n}
inverter [ELEC] A device for converting direct solids by directing a beam of ions at the solid.
{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorimvertstrokeinferiorplanvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}current into alternating current; it may be elec-
tromechanical,as in a vibrator or synchronous ionization spectrometer See Bragg spectrometer.
{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}inverter,or electronic,as in a thyratron inverter
circuit,Also known as dc-to-ac converter; ionmachining [ENG] Use of a high-velocity ion
beam to remove material from a surface,Alsodc-to-acinverter,[ELECTR] Seephaseinverter.
{invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r } knownasionbeamthinning,ionmilling,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n
m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }invertercircuit See NOT circuit,{ invertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
k?t} ion microprobe mass spectrometer [ENG] A
301
ionmigration
type of secondary ion mass spectrometer in change in external conditions,{ vertstrokeinferioriH11080rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l
which primary ions are focused on a spot 1–2 vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
micrometers in diameter,mass-charge separa- irreversible thermodynamics See nonequilibrium
tion of secondary ions is carried out by a double thermodynamics,{ vertstrokeinferioriH11080rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l |th?rH11080m?H11080
focusing mass spectrometer or spectrograph,d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
and a magnified image of elemental or isotopic irrigation [CIV ENG] Artificial application of wa-
distributions on the sample surface is produced ter to arable land for agricultural use,{ vertstrokeinferiorirH11080
using synchronous scanning of the primary ion?vertstrokesuperiorga
ˉH11080sh?n}
beam and an oscilloscope,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorproˉb
irrigation canal [CIV ENG] An artificial open
|mas spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
channelfortransportingwaterforcropirrigation.
ion migration [ELEC] Movement of ions pro-
{ vertstrokeinferiorirH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?nk?vertstrokeinferiornal }
duced in an electrolyte,semiconductor,and so
irrigation pipe [CIV ENG] A conduit of con-
on,by the application of an electric potential
nected pipes for transporting water for crop irri-
between electrodes,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨nm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
gation,{ vertstrokeinferiorirH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
ionmilling See ion machining,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
isenergic flow [THERMO] Fluid flow in which
ionogram [ENG] A record produced by an iono-
the sum of the kinetic energy,potential energy,
sonde,that is,a graph of the virtual height of
and enthalpy of any part of the fluid does not
the ionosphere plotted against frequency.
change as that part is carried along with the
{?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
fluid,{ |?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorn?rH11080jik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
ionophone [ENG ACOUS] A high-frequency
isenthalpic expansion [THERMO] Expansion
loudspeaker inwhich theaudio-frequency signal
which takes place without any change in en-
modulates the radio-frequency supply to an arc
thalpy,{ |?ˉsH11080?n|thalH11080mik ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n}
maintained in a quartz tube,and the resulting
isenthalpic process [THERMO] A process that
modulated wave acts directly on ionized air to
is carried out at constant enthalpy,{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080
create sound waves,{?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
s?n|thalH11080pik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses }
ionosonde [ENG] A radar system for determin-
isentrope [THERMO] Alineofequalorconstant
ing the vertical height at which the ionosphere
entropy,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉsH11080?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉp}
reflects signals back to earth at various frequen-
isentropic [THERMO] Having constant entropy;
cies;a pulsedvertical beamis sweptperiodically
at constant entropy,{ |?ˉsH11080?n|tra¨pH11080ik }
through a frequency range from 0.5 to 20 mega-
isentropic compression [THERMO] Compres-
hertz,and the variation of echo return time with
sionwhichoccurswithoutanychangeinentropy.
frequency is photographically recorded,{?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080
{ |?ˉsH11080?n|tra¨pH11080ik k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
isentropic expansion [THERMO] Expansion
ion probe See secondary ion mass spectrometer.
which occurs without any change in entropy.
{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}
{ |?ˉsH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080ik ikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n}
ionretardation [CHEM ENG] Sorbent extraction
isentropic flow [THERMO] Fluid flow in which
of strong electrolytes with an anion-exchange
the entropy of any part of the fluid does not
resin in which a cationic monomer has been
change as that part is carried along with the
polymerized,or vice versa,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080ta¨rvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080
fluid,{ |?ˉsH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
sh?n}
isentropic process [THERMO] A change that
IRdrop See resistance drop,{ |?ˉ|a¨r vertstrokesuperiordra¨p}
takes place without any increase or decrease in
ironcount [CHEM ENG] An analytic determina-
entropy,such as a process which is both revers-
tion of the iron compounds in a product stream;
ible and adiabatic,{ |?ˉsH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080ses }
reflects the occurrence and the extent of corro-
islandofautomation [INDENG] Asinglerobotic
sion,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt }
system or other automatically operating ma-
iron oxide process [CHEM ENG] A process by
chine that functions independently of any other
which a gas is passed through iron oxide and
machine or process,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080l?nd?v vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
wood shavings to remove sulfides,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?rn
sh?n}
vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd pra¨H11080s?s}
isobaric [THERMO] Of equal or constant pres-
irradiation [ENG] The exposure of a material,
sure,with respect to either space or time,{ |iH11080
object,orpatienttox-rays,gammarays,ultravio-
s?|ba¨rH11080ik }
let rays,or other ionizing radiation,{ ivertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
isobaric process [THERMO] A thermodynamic
eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
process of a gas in which the heat transfer to or
irregularelement [IND ENG] An element whose
from the gaseous system causes a volume
frequency of occurrence is irregular but predict-
change at constant pressure,{ |iH11080s?|ba¨rH11080ikable,Also known as incidental element.
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}{ivertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
isochronism [MECH] The property of having airreversible energy loss [THERMO] Energy
uniform rate of operation or periodicity,for ex-transformation process in which the resultant
ample,of a pendulum or watch balance,{?ˉvertstrokesuperiorsa¨H11080condition lacks the driving potential needed to
kr?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}reverse the process; the measure of this loss is
isochronousgovernor [MECH ENG] A governorexpressed by the entropyincrease of the system.
that keeps the speed of a prime mover constant{ vertstrokeinferioriH11080rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080je vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
at all loads,Also known as astatic governor.irreversible process [THERMO] A process
which cannot be reversed by an infinitesimal {?ˉvertstrokesuperiorsa¨H11080kr?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorg?vH11080?rH11080n?r}
302
isothermalprocess
isoconcentration [CHEM ENG] Constant con- isometric process [THERMO] A constant-vol-
ume,frictionless thermodynamic process incentration values,{ |?ˉH11080soˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨nsH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
which the system is confined by mechanicallyisoconcentrationmap [CHEMENG] Mapor dia-
rigid boundaries,{ |?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}gram of a liquid or gas system’s concentration
isostatics [MECH] In photoelasticity studies ofwith respect to a single component of the sys-
stress analyses,those curves,the tangents to
tem,shown by constant-concentration contour
whichrepresenttheprogressivechangeinprinci-
lines,{ |?ˉH11080soˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨nsH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormap }
pal-plane directions,Also known as stress tra-
isocracking [CHEM ENG] A hydrocracking proc-
jectories,Also known as stress lines,{ |?ˉH11080
ess for conversion of hydrocarbons into more
s?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080iks }
valuable,lower-boilingproducts;operatesatrel-
isostatic surface [MECH] A surface in a three-
atively low temperatures and pressures in the
dimensionalelasticbodysuch thatateachpoint
presence of hydrogen and a catalyst,{ |?ˉH11080soˉ
of the surface one of the principal planes of
vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
stress at that point is tangent to the surface.
isodynamic [MECH] Pertaining to equality of
{ |?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
two or more forces or to constancy of a force.
isoteniscope [ENG] An instrument for measur-
{ |?ˉH11080soˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik }
ing the vapor pressure of a liquid,consisting of
isoelectric [ELEC] Pertaining to a constant
a U tube containing the liquid,one arm of which
electric potential,{ |?ˉH11080soˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik }
connects with a closed vessel containing the
isoforming [CHEM ENG] A petroleum refinery
same liquid,while the other connects with a
process in which olefinic naphtha is contacted
pressure gage where the pressure is adjusted
with an alumina catalyst at high temperature
until the levels in the arms of the U tube are
and low pressure to produce isomers of higher
equal,{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
octane number,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }
isotherm [THERMO] Acurveorformulashowing
isokinetic sampling [ENG] Any technique for
the relationship between two variables,such as
collecting airborne particulate matter in which
pressure and volume,when the temperature is
the collector is so designed that the airstream
held constant,Also known as isothermal.
entering it has a velocity equal to that of the air
{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorth?rm }
passing around and outside the collector,{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080
isothermal See isotherm,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l}
s?H11080ki|nedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? }
isothermal calorimeter [THERMO] A calorime-
isolate [CHEM ENG] To separate two portions
ter in which the heat received by a reservoir,
of a process system by means of valving or line
containing a liquid in equilibrium with its solid
blanks; used as safety measure during mainte-
at the melting point or with its vapor at the
nance or repair,or to redirect process flows.
boiling point,is determined by the change in
[ELEC] Todisconnectacircuitorpieceofequip-
volumeoftheliquid,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080
ment from an electric supply system,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080
dH11080?r}
s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉt}
isothermal compression [THERMO] Compres-
isolated footing [CIV ENG] A concrete slab or
sion at constant temperature,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l
block under an individual load or column,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080
k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }
isothermal equilibrium [THERMO] The condi-
isolatedsystemSee closed system,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d
tion in which two or more systems are at the
vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
sametemperature,sothatnoheatflowsbetween
isolation amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier used
them,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m}
to minimize the effects of a following circuit on
isothermal expansion [THERMO] Expansion of
the preceding circuit,{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperioramH11080
a substance while its temperature is held con-
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
stant,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?likvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080ch?n}
isolationdiode [ELECTR] A diode used in a cir-
isothermal flow [THERMO] Flow of a gas in
cuittoallowsignalstopassinonlyonedirection.
which its temperature does not change,{ |?ˉH11080
{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
isolation test [ENG] A leak detection method
isothermal layer [THERMO] A layer of fluid,all
which isolates the evacuated system from the
points of which have the same temperature.
pump,followed by observation of the rate of
{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080?r}
pressure rise,{ vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
isothermal magnetization [THERMO] Magneti-
isolator [ELECTR] Apassiveattenuatorinwhich
zation of a substance held at constant tempera-
the loss in one direction is much greater than
ture;usedincombinationwithadiabaticdemag-
that in the opposite direction; a ferrite isolator
netization to produce temperatures close to
for waveguides is an example,[ENG] Any de-
absolute zero,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?H11080t?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
vice that absorbs vibration or noise,or prevents
sh?n}
its transmission,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
isothermal process [THERMO] Any constant-
isolith [ELECTR] Integrated circuit of compo- temperature process,such as expansion or com-
nents formed on a single silicon slice,but with pression of a gas,accompanied by heat addition
thevariouscomponentsinterconnectedbybeam or removal from the system at a rate just ade-
leads and with circuit parts isolated by removal quate to maintain the constant temperature.
{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}of the silicon between them,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlith }
303
isothermaltransformation
isothermal transformation [THERMO] Any trans- ITS-90 See international temperature scale.
ivory point [ENG] A small pointer extendingformation of a substance which takes place at
a constant temperature,{ |?ˉH11080s?|th?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080 downward from the top of the cistern of a Fortin
barometer;thelevelofthemercuryinthecisternf?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
ISTS See impulsive stimulated thermal scattering,is adjusted so that it just comes in contact with
the end of the pointer,thus setting the zero ofITcalorie See calorie,{ |?ˉvertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }
ITS See intelligent transportation system,the barometer scale,{ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvH11080reˉ |po˙int }
304
J
mechanical equivalent of heat,in which a largeJ See joule.
mass of water,efficiently stirred,is used,thejack [ELEC] A connecting device into which a
temperature rise of the water is small,and theplugcanbeinsertedtomakecircuitconnections;
temperatureofthesurroundingsiscarefullycon-may also have contacts that open or close to
trolled,{ vertstrokesuperioryaˉH11080g?r vertstrokesuperiorsht?ˉnH11080ver vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}perform switching functions when the plug is
jag bolt [DES ENG] An anchor bolt with barbsinserted or removed,[MECH ENG] A portable
on a flaring shank,{ vertstrokesuperiorjagvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }device for lifting heavy loads through a short
jalousie [BUILD] A window that consists of adistance,operated by a lever,a screw,or a
number of long,narrow panels,each hinged athydraulic press,{ jak }
the top,{ vertstrokesuperiorjalH11080?H11080seˉ }jackbit [DES ENG] A drilling bit used to provide
jamb [BUILD] The vertical member on the sidethe cutting end in rock drilling; the bit is detach-
of an opening,as a door or window,{ jam }able and either screws on or is taper-fitted to a
jambliner [BUILD] Asmallstripofwoodappliedlength of drill steel,Also known as ripbit.
to the edge of a window jamb to increase its{ vertstrokesuperiorjakvertstrokeinferiorbit }
width for use in thicker walls,{ vertstrokesuperiorjam vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080?r}jack chain [DES ENG] 1,A chain made of light
jamnut See locknut,{ vertstrokesuperiorjam vertstrokeinferiorn?t}wire,with links arranged in figure-eights with
Janecke coordinates [CHEM ENG] Use of aloops at right angles,2,A toothed endless
rectangular or Ponchon-type diagram to plot thechain for moving logs,{ vertstrokesuperiorjak vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
solvent content of liquid-liquid equilibriumjacket [MECHENG] Thespacearoundanengine
phases;usedforsolvent-extractiondesigncalcu-cylinder through which a cooling liquid circu-
lations,{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨H11080n?H11080keˉ koˉvertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }lates,{ vertstrokesuperiorjakH11080?t}
jaw [ENG] A notched part that permits a rail-jacketedpipe [DES ENG] A double-walled pipe
road-car axle box to move vertically,{ jo˙ }in which liquids that are too viscous for pipeline
jawbreaker See jaw crusher,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r}transport at normal temperatures flow through
jaw clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch that providestheinnerpipethatissurroundedbyapipecircu-
positive connection of one shaft with another bylating hot fluids,{ |jakH11080?dH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp}
means of interlocking faces; may be square orjackladder [ENG] A V-shaped trough holding a
spiral; the most common type of positive clutch.toothed endless chain,and used to move logs
{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }from pond to sawmill,{ vertstrokesuperiorjak vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}
jawcrusher [MECH ENG] A machine for break-jackleg [ENG] A supporting bar used with a
ing rock between two steel jaws,one fixed andjackhammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorjakvertstrokeinferiorleg }
the other swinging,Also known as jawbreaker.jackplane [DES ENG] A general-purpose bench
{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ |kr?shH11080?r}plane measuring over 1 foot (30 centimeters) in
J bolt [DES ENG] A J-shaped bolt,threaded onlength,{ vertstrokesuperiorjak vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
the long leg of the J,{ vertstrokesuperiorjaˉ vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }jackrafter [BUILD] A short,secondary,or simu-
Jbox See junction box,{ vertstrokesuperiorjaˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }lated rafter,{ vertstrokesuperiorjak vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r}
Jeans viscosity equation [THERMO] An equa-jackscrew [MECH ENG] 1,A jack operated by a
tion which states that the viscosity of a gas isscrew mechanism,Also known as screw jack.
proportional to the temperature raised to a con-2,The screw of such a jack,{ vertstrokesuperiorjakvertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
jackshaft [MECH ENG] A countershaft,espe- stantpower,whichisdifferentfordifferentgases.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjeˉnz vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}cially when used as an auxiliary shaft between
two other shafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorjakvertstrokeinferiorshaft } jeep [MECH ENG] A one-quarter-ton,four-
wheel-drive utility vehicle in wide use in alljack truss [BUILD] A minor truss in a hip roof
where the roof has a reduced section,{ vertstrokesuperiorjak United States military services,{ jeˉp}
Jeremiassen crystallizer [CHEM ENG] Devicevertstrokeinferiortr?s}
Jacobs taper [DES ENG] A machine tool used used to grow solid crystals in a supersaturated
liquid solution and to separate them from it.for mounting drill chucks in drilling machines.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjaˉH11080k?bz vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r} {vertstrokeinferioryerH11080?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉzH11080?r}
jerk [MECH] 1,The rate of change of accelera-Jaeger-Steinwehr method [THERMO] A refine-
ment ofthe Griffithsmethod fordetermining the tion; it is the third derivative of position with
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
jerkpump
respect to time,2,A unit of rate of change of moldsection,asopposedtolaminar,progressive
flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorjedH11080i? }acceleration,equal to 1 foot (30.48 centimeters)
per second squared per second,{ j?rk } jettison [ENG] The throwing overboard of ob-
jects,especially to lighten a craft in distress.jerk pump [MECH ENG] A pump that supplies
a precise amount of fuel to the fuel injection { vertstrokesuperiorjedH11080?H11080s?n}
jewel [ENG] 1,A bearing usually made of syn-valve of an internal combustion engine at the
time the valve opens; used for fuel injection,theticcorundumandusedinprecisiontimekeep-
ing devices,gyros,and other instruments,2.A{ vertstrokesuperiorj?rk vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
jet bit [DES ENG] A modification of a drag bit bearingliningofsoftmetal,usedinrailroadcars,
for example,{ ju¨l}orarollerbitthatutilizesthehydraulicjetprinci-
ple to increase drilling rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet |bit } J factor [THERMO] A dimensionless equation
used for the calculation of free convection heatjetcompressor [MECH ENG] A device,utilizing
an actuating nozzle and a combining tube,for transmission through fluid films,{ vertstrokesuperiorjaˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
JFETSeejunction field-effect transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorjaˉvertstrokeinferiorfet }the pumping of a compressible fluid,{ |jet
k?m|presH11080?r} jib boom [MECH ENG] An extension that is
hinged to the upper end of a crane boom.jet condenser [MECH ENG] A direct-contact
steam condenser utilizing the aspirating effect { vertstrokesuperiorjib vertstrokeinferiorbu¨m}
jib crane [MECH ENG] Any of various cranesof a jet for the removal of noncondensables.
{ |jet k?n|denH11080s?r } having a projecting arm (jib),{ vertstrokesuperiorjib vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
jig [ENG] A machine for dyeing piece goods byjet drilling [MECH ENG] A drilling method that
utilizes a chopping bit,with a water jet run on moving the cloth at full width (open width)
through the dye liquor on rollers,[MECHa string of hollow drill rods,to chop through
soilsandwashthecuttingstothesurface,Also ENG] A device used to position and hold parts
for machining operations and to guide the cut-known as wash boring,{ |jet |drilH11080i? }
jet engine [MECH ENG] Any engine that ejects ting tool,{ jig }
jigback [MECH ENG] An aerial ropeway with aa jet or stream of gas or fluid,obtaining all or
most of its thrust by reaction to the ejection,pair of containers that move in opposite direc-
tions and are loaded or stopped alternately at{ |jet |enH11080j?n}
jet hole [ENG] A borehole drilled by use of a opposite stations but do not pass around the
terminals,Also known as reversible tramway;directed,forceful stream of fluid or air,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl } to-and-fro ropeway,{ vertstrokesuperiorjig vertstrokeinferiorbak }
jig borer [MECH ENG] A machine tool resem-jetmill See fluid-energy mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet vertstrokeinferiormil }
jet mixer [MECH ENG] A type of flow mixer or bling a vertical milling machine designed for
locatinganddrillingholesinjigs,{ vertstrokesuperiorjig vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080?r}line mixer,depending on impingement of one
liquid on the other to produce mixing,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet jiggering [ENG] A mechanization of the ce-
ramic-forming operation consisting of moldingvertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r}
jet molding [ENG] Molding method in which the outside of a piece by throwing plastic clay
on a plaster of paris mold,placing the mold andmost of the heat is applied to the material to
be molded as it passes through a nozzle or jet,clay on a rotating head,and forming the inner
surface by forcing a template or jigger kniferather than in a conventional heating cylinder.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjet vertstrokeinferiormoˉlH11080di? } againsttheclay;methodusedinmass-producing
dinnerware,{ vertstrokesuperiorjigH11080?H11080ri? }jetnozzle [DES ENG] A nozzle,usually specially
shaped,for producing a jet,such as the exhaust jig grinder [MECH ENG] A precision grinding
machine used to locate and grind holes to size,nozzle on a jet or rocket engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet |na¨zH11080?l}
jet-piercing drill See fusion-piercing drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet especially in hardened steels and carbides.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjig |gr?ˉnH11080d?r}|pirH11080si?vertstrokeinferiordril }
jetpropulsion [ENG] Propulsion by means of a jigsaw [MECH ENG] A tool with a narrow blade
suitable for cutting intricate curves and lines.jet of fluid,{ |jet pr?|p?lH11080sh?n}
jetpump [MECH ENG] A pump in which an ac- { vertstrokesuperiorjigvertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
jimcrow [DES ENG] A device with a heavy but-celerating jet entrains a second fluid to deliver
it at elevated pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorjet vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } tressscrewthreadusedforbendingrailsbyhand.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjim vertstrokesuperiorkroˉ }jetsam [ENG] Articles that sink when thrown
overboard,particularly those jettisoned for the JIT See just-in-time.
J-K flip-flop [ELECTR] A storage stage con-purpose of lightening a vessel in distress.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjetH11080s?m } sisting only of transistors and resistors con-
nected as flip-flops between input and outputjet spinning [ENG] Production of plastic fibers
in which a directed blast or jet of hot gas pulls gates,and working with charge-storage transis-
tors; gives a definite output even when both in-the molten polymer from a die lip; similar to
melt spinning,{ |jet |spinH11080i? } puts are 1,{ |jaˉ|kaˉ vertstrokesuperiorflipvertstrokeinferiorfla¨p}
job [IND ENG] 1,The combination of duties,jetting [CIV ENG] A method of driving piles or
well points into sand by using a jet of water to skills,knowledge,and responsibilities assigned
to an individual employee,2,A work order.break the soil,[ENG] During molding of plas-
tics,the turbulent flow of molten resin from an { ja¨b}
jobanalysis [IND ENG] A detailed study of theundersized gate or thin section into a thicker
306
Jollybalance
workperformed,thefacilities required,thework- on one fits into a recess in another,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨gH11080?l
ing conditions,and the skills required to com- vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
plete a specific job,Also known as job study,jogglepiece See joggle post,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨gH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpeˉs}
{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s} joggle post [BUILD] 1,A post constructed of
jobber’s reamer [DES ENG] A machine reamer twoormoresectionsoflumberjoinedbyjoggles.
that is solid with straight or helical flutes and 2,A king post with notches or shoulders at its
taper shanks,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨bH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080m?r} lower end that provide support for the feet of
jobbreakdown [IND ENG] Separation of an op- the struts,Also known as joggle piece,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨gH11080
eration into elements,Also known as opera-
l vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
tion breakdown,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
Johansson block [DES ENG] A type of gage
job characteristic See job factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080
block ground to an accuracy of at least 1/100,000
t?vertstrokeinferiorrisH11080tik }
inch(0.25micrometer),AlsoknownasJoblock.
job class [IND ENG] A group of jobs involving
{jovertstrokesuperiorhanH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
a similar type of work,difficulty of performance,
joint [ELEC] A juncture of two wires or other
or range of pay,Also known as job family; job
conductive paths for current,[ENG] The sur-
grade; labor grade,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorklas }
face at which two or more mechanical or struc-
job classification [IND ENG] Designating job
tural components are united,{ jo˙int }
classes on the basis of job factors or level of
joint bar [CIV ENG] A rigid steel member used
pay,or on the basis of job evaluation,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b
in pairs to join,hold,and align rail ends.
vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
job description [IND ENG] A detailed descrip-
joint clearance [ENG] The distance between
tion of the essential activities required to per-
mating surfaces of a joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int |klirH11080?ns }
form a task,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨bdivertstrokeinferiorskripH11080sh?n}
jointed-arm robot [CONT SYS] A robot whose
jobdesign [IND ENG] The arrangement of tasks
arm is constructed of rigid members connected
over a work shift with the goal of achieving tech-
byrotaryjoints,Alsoknownasrevolute-coordi-
nological and organizational requirements as
nate robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙inH11080t?d |a¨rm vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
well as reducing sources of fatigue and human
jointer [ENG] 1.Anytoolusedtoprepare,make,
error,Also known as work design,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨bdi
orsimulatejoints,suchasaplaneforsmoothing
vertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
wood surfaces prior to joining them,or a hand
job evaluation [IND ENG] Orderly qualitative
tool for inscribing grooves in fresh cement.
appraisal of each job or position in an establish-
2,A file for making sawteeth the same height.
ment either by a point system for the specific
3.Anattachmenttoaplowthatcoversdiscarded
job characteristics or by comparison of job fac-
material,4.Aworkerwhomakesjoints,particu-
tors; used for establishing a job hierarchy and
larly a construction worker who cuts stone to
wage plans,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨bivertstrokeinferiorvalH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}
proper fit,5,A pipe of random length made
job factor [IND ENG] An essential job element
from two joined,relatively short lengths.
which provides a basis for selecting and training
{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙intH11080?r}
employees and establishing the wage plan for
jointer gage [DES ENG] An attachment to a
the job,Also known as job characteristic.
bench vise that holds a board at any angle de-
{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
sired for planing,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙intH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
Joblock See Johansson block,{ vertstrokesuperiorjoˉ vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
jointing [CIV ENG] Caulking of masonry joints.
job plan [IND ENG] The organized approach to
[ENG] A basic woodworking process for trueing
production management involving formal,step-
orsmoothingonesurfaceofaworkpiecebyusing
by-step procedures,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorplan }
a single peripheral cutting head in order to pre-
job safety analysis [IND ENG] A method of
pare the workpiece for further processing.
studying a job by breaking it down into its com-
{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙intH11080i? }
ponents to determine any possible hazards it
jointpole [ELEC] Pole used in common by two
may involve and the qualifications needed by
or more utility companies,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl}
those who perform it,{ |ja¨b |saˉfH11080teˉ?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
jointring [DES ENG] A pipe-joint flange whose
job schedule [CONT SYS] A control program
outside diameter is less than the diameter of
that selects from a job queue the next job to be
the circle containing the connecting bolts and
processed,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorskedH11080yu¨l}
thus fits inside the bolts,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int vertstrokeinferiorri? }
job shop [IND ENG] A manufacturing facility
jointspace [CONT SYS] The space defined by a
that generates a variety of products in relatively
vector whose components are the translational
low numbers and in batch lots,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorsha¨p}
and angular displacements of each joint of ajobstream [CONT SYS] A collection of jobs in a
robotic link,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}job queue,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorstre
ˉm}
joist [CIV ENG] A steel or wood beam providingjobstudy See job analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨b vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
direct support for a floor,{ jo˙ist }joggle [DES ENG] 1.A flangelike offset on a flat
joistanchor See wall anchor,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ist vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}piece of metal,2,A projection or notch on a
Jolly balance [ENG] A spring balance used tosheet of building material to prevent protrusion.
measure specific gravity of mineral specimens3,A dowel for joining blocks of masonry.
by weighing a specimen when in the air and{ vertstrokesuperiorja¨gH11080?l}
when immersed in a liquid of known density.jogglejoint [CIV ENG] In masonry or stonework,
a joint between two blocks in which a projection { vertstrokesuperiorjalH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
307
joltmolding
joltmolding [ENG] Aprocessforshapingrefrac- Joule-Kelvin effect See Joule-Thomson effect.
{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?nivertstrokeinferiorfekt }tory blocks in which a mold containing prepared
batch is jolted mechanically to consolidate the Joule’slaw [ELEC] Thelawthatwhenelectricity
flows through a substance,the rate of evolutionmaterial,{ vertstrokesuperiorjoˉlt |moˉlH11080di? }
Joly steam calorimeter [ENG] 1,A calorimeter of heat in watts equals the resistance of the
substance in ohms times the square of the cur-in which the mass of steam that condenses on
a specimen and a pan holding it is measured,rent in amperes,[THERMO] The law that at
constanttemperaturetheinternalenergyofagasas well as the mass of steam that condenses on
an empty pan,2,See differential steam calo- tendstoafinitelimit,independentofvolume,as
the pressure tends to zero,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨lz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }rimeter,{ |ja¨lH11080eˉ |steˉm vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
jordan [MECH ENG] A machine or engine used Joule-Thomson coefficient [THERMO] The ra-
tio of the temperature change to the pressureto refine paper pulp,consisting of a rotating
cone,with cutters,that fits inside another cone,change of a gas undergoing isenthalpic expan-
sion,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }also with cutters,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙rdH11080?n}
Jordan sunshine recorder [ENG] A sunshine Joule-Thomson effect [THERMO] A change of
temperature ina gasundergoing Joule-Thomsonrecorder in which the time scale is supplied by
the motion of the sun; it consists of two opaque expansion,Also known as Joule-Kelvin effect.
{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080s?nivertstrokeinferiorfekt }metal semicylinders mounted with their curved
surfacesfacingeachother;eachofthesemicylin- Joule-Thomson expansion [THERMO] The adi-
abatic,irreversible expansion of a fluid flowingders has a short narrow slit in its flat side; sun-
lightentering oneof theslitsfalls onlight-sensi- through a porous plug or partially opened valve.
Also known as Joule-Thomson process,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨ltive paper (blueprint paper) which lines the
curved side of the semicylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙rdH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080s?nikvertstrokeinferiorspanH11080ch?n}
Joule-Thomsoninversiontemperature [THERMO]vertstrokesuperiors?nvertstrokeinferiorsh?ˉnrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
joule [MECH] The unit of energy or work in the A temperatureat which theJoule-Thomson coef-
ficient of a given gas changes sign,{ |ju¨l |ta¨mH11080meter-kilogram-second system of units,equal to
the work done by a force of 1 newton magnitude s?ninvertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
Joule-Thomson process See Joule-Thomsonwhen the point at which the force is applied is
displaced 1 meter in the direction of the force,expansion,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
journal [MECHENG] ThatpartofashaftorcrankSymbolized J,Also known as newton-meter of
energy,{ ju¨l or jau˙l } which is supported by and turns in a bearing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorj?rnH11080?l}Joule and Playfairs’ experiment [THERMO] An
experimentinwhichthetemperatureofthemax- journalbearing [MECH ENG] A cylindrical bear-
ing which supports a rotating cylindrical shaft.imum density of water is measured by taking
the mean of the temperatures of water in two { vertstrokesuperiorj?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
journalbox [ENG] Ametalhousingforajournalcolumns whose densities are determined to be
equal from the absence of correction currents in bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
journalfriction [MECH ENG] Friction of the axlea connecting trough,{ |ju¨l and vertstrokesuperiorplaˉvertstrokeinferiorfaˉrz ikvertstrokeinferiorsperH11080
H11080m?nt } in a journal bearing arising mainly from viscous
sliding friction between journal and lubricant.Joulecalorimeter [ENG] Anyelectricallyheated
calorimeter,such as that used in the Griffiths { vertstrokesuperiorj?rnH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
joystick [ENG] A two-axis displacement controlmethod,{ |ju¨l vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
Joulecycle See Brayton cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } operated by a lever or ball,for XY positioning of
a device or an electron beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ivertstrokeinferiorstik }Jouleequivalent [THERMO] Thenumericalrela-
tion between quantities of mechanical energy jumbo See drill carriage,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?mH11080boˉ }
jumper [ELEC] Ashortlengthofconductorusedand heat; the present acceptedvalue is 1 fifteen-
degrees calorie equals 4.1855 H11006 0.0005 joules,to make a connection between two points or
terminals ina circuitor toprovide a patharoundAlso known as mechanical equivalent of heat.
{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨livertstrokeinferiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt } a break in a circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?mH11080p?r}
jumpertube [MECH ENG] A short tube used toJoule experiment [THERMO] 1,An experiment
to detect intermolecular forces ina gas,in which bypass the flow of fluid in a boiler or tubular
heater,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?mp vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}one measures the heat absorbed when gas in a
small vessel is allowed to expand into a second jumpphenomenon [CONT SYS] A phenomenon
occurring in a nonlinear system subjected to avessel which has been evacuated,2.An experi-
ment to measure the mechanical equivalent of sinusoidal input at constant frequency,in which
the value of the amplitude of the forced oscilla-heat,in which falling weights cause paddles to
rotate in a closed container of water whose tem- tion can jump upward or downward as the input
amplitude is varied through either of two fixedperature rise is measured by a thermometer.
{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨likvertstrokeinferiorsperH11080?H11080m?nt } values,and the graph of the forced amplitude
versus the input amplitude follows a hysteresisJoule heat [ELEC] The heat which is evolved
when current flows through a medium having loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?mp f?vertstrokeinferiorna¨mH11080?H11080n?n}
jump resonance [CONT SYS] A jump disconti-electrical resistance,as given by Joule’s law.
{ vertstrokesuperiorju¨l vertstrokeinferiorheˉt } nuity occurring in the frequency response of a
308
justton
nonlinear closed-loop control system with satu- separate frequency bands for transmission over
separate paths,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}ration in the loop,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?mp vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns }
junction [CIV ENG] A point of intersection of junctionisolation [ELECTR] Electrical isolation
of a component on an integrated circuit by sur-roads or highways,especially where one termi-
nates,[ELEC] See major node,[ELECTR] A rounding it with a region of a conductivity type
that forms a junction,and reverse-biasing theregion of transition between two different semi-
conducting regions in a semiconductor device,junction so it has extremely high resistance.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}such as a pn junction,or between a metal and
a semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n} junction phenomena [ELECTR] Phenomena
which occur at the boundary between two semi-junctionbox [ENG] A protective enclosure into
which wires or cables are led and connected to conductor materials,or a semiconductor and a
metal,such as the existence of an electrostaticform joints,Also known as J box,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks } potential in the absence of current flow,and
large injection currents which may arise whenjunction capacitance See barrier capacitance.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?nk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?ns } external voltages are appliedacross the junction
in one direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?nf?vertstrokeinferiorna¨mH11080?H11080n? }junction capacitor [ELECTR] An integrated-cir-
cuit capacitor that uses the capacitance of a re- junctionpole [ELEC] Pole at the end of a trans-
position section of an open-wire line or the poleverse-biased pn junction,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?nk?|pasH11080
dH11080?r } common to two adjacent transposition sections.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}junction diode [ELECTR] A semiconductor di-
ode in which the rectifying characteristics occur junctionrectifierSeejunction diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n
|rekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}at an alloy,diffused,electrochemical,or grown
junctionbetweenn-typeandp-typesemiconduc- junction transistor [ELECTR] A transistor in
which emitter and collector barriers are formedtor materials,Also known as junction rectifier.
{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd } betweensemiconductorregionsofoppositecon-
ductivity type,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n tran|zisH11080t?r}junction field-effect transistor [ELECTR] A
field-effect transistor in which there is normally Junkers engine [MECH ENG] A double-
opposed-piston,two-cycle internal combustionachannelofrelativelylow-conductivitysemicon-
ductor joining the source and drain,and this enginewithintakeandexhaustportsatopposite
ends of the cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperioryu˙?H11080k?rz vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}channel is reduced and eventually cut off by
junction depletion regions,reducing the con- just-in-time [IND ENG] A systems approach to
developing and operating a manufacturingductivity,when a voltage is applied between the
gate electrodes,Abbreviated JFET,{ vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080 system so that the least amount of resources is
expended in producing the final products.sh?n vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tran|zisH11080t?r}
junction filter [ELECTR] A combination of a Abbreviated JIT,{ |j?st in vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
justton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorj?st vertstrokesuperiort?n}high-pass and a low-pass filter that is used to
309
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K
that they rotate with constant angular velocity,K See cathode.
while the other two pistons are controlled byKalman filter [CONT SYS] A linear system in
a gear-and-crank mechanism,so that angularwhich the mean squared error between the de-
velocity varies,{ vertstrokesuperiorkau˙H11080?rts vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}sired output and the actual output is minimized
kb See kilobar.when the input is a random signal generated by
kcal See kilocalorie.white noise,{ vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
keel block [CIV ENG] A docking block used tokanban [IND ENG] An inventory control system
support a ship’s keel,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉl vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}for tracking the flow of in-process materials
kellering [MECH ENG] Three-dimensional ma-
through the various operations of a just-in-time
chining of a contoured surface by tracer-milling
production process,Kanban means ‘‘card’’ or
the die block or punch; the cutter path is con-
‘‘ticket’’ in Japanese,{ |kan|ban }
trolled by a tracer that follows the contours on
Kapitzabalance [ENG] A magnetic balance for
a die model,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080?H11080ri? }
measuring susceptibilities of materials in large
Kellogg equation [THERMO] An equation of
magneticfieldsthatareappliedforbriefperiods.
state for a gas,of the form
{kavertstrokesuperiorpitH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
Kapitza expander [CHEM ENG] Reciprocating-
piston gas expander used for helium liquefac-
p H11005 RTH9267 H11001
H20858
H11009
nH110052
[b
n
T H11002 a
n
H11002 (c
n
//T
2
)]H9267
n
tion; relies on close fit rather than packing or
rings on the pistons,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨H11080pitH11080s? ik|spanH11080d?r}
Kaplan turbine [MECH ENG] A propeller-type
where p is the pressure,T the absolute tempera-
hydraulic turbine in which the positions of the
ture,H9267 the density,R the gas constant,and a
n
,
runner blades and the wicket gates are adjust-
b
n
,and c
n
are constants,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelvertstrokeinferiora¨givertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
able for load change with sustained efficiency.
Kellyballtest [ENG] A test for the consistency
{ vertstrokesuperiorkapH11080l?n vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}
of concrete using the penetration of a half
Karrer method [CHEM ENG] An industrial
sphere; a 1-inch (2.5-centimeter) penetration by
method for the chemical synthesis of riboflavin.
the Kelly ball corresponds to about 2 inches (5
{ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
centimeters) of slump,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙l vertstrokeinferiortest }
Katathermometer [ENG] An alcohol thermom-
kelvin [ELEC] Anameformerlygiventothekilo-
eterusedtomeasurelowvelocitiesinaircircula-
watt-hour,Also known as thermal volt.
tion,by heating the large bulb of the thermome-
[THERMO] Aunitofabsolutetemperatureequal
ter above 100H11034F (38H11034C) and noting the time it
to 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature of the
takes to cool from 100 to 95H11034F (38 to 35H11034C) or
triple point of water,Symbolized K,Formerly
someotherinterval aboveambienttemperature,
known as degree Kelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n}
the time interval being a measure of the air cur-
Kelvinabsolutetemperaturescale [THERMO] A
rent at that location,{ vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080? th?rvertstrokesuperiormamH11080?dH11080?r}
temperature scale in which the ratio of the tem-
Kater’s reversible pendulum [MECH] A gravity
peratures of two reservoirs is equal to the ratio
pendulum designedto measurethe acceleration
of the amount of heat absorbed from one of
ofgravityandconsistingofabodywithtwoknife-
thembyaheatengineoperatinginaCarnotcycle
edge supports on opposite sides of the center
to the amount of heat rejected by this engine to
of mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080d?rz ri|v?rH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m} the other reservoir; the temperature of the triple
katharometer [ENG] An instrument for de- point of water is defined as 273.16 K,Also
tecting the presence of small quantities of gases known as Kelvin temperature scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n
in air by measuring the resulting change in ther- |abH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorluˉt vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
mal conductivity of theair,Also known as ther- Kelvin body [MECH] An ideal body whose
mal conductivity cell,{ vertstrokeinferiorkathH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} shearing (tangential) stress is the sum of a term
Kauertzengine [MECH ENG] A type of cat-and- proportional to its deformation and a term pro-
mouse rotary engine in which the pistons are portionaltotherateofchangeofitsdeformation
vanes which are sections of a right circular cylin- with time,Also known as Voigt body,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080
v?n vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }der; two pistons are attached to one rotor so
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
Kelvinbridge
Kelvin bridge [ELEC] A specialized version of changes occur; rather,a uniformly contracting
the Wheatstone bridge network designed to scale is used to determine the effective height
eliminate,or greatly reduce,the effect of lead of the mercury column,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
andcontactresistance,andthuspermitaccurate key [BUILD] 1.Plasteringthatisforcedbetween
measurement of low resistance,Also known as laths to secure the rest of the plaster in place.
double bridge; Kelvin network; Thomson bridge,2,The roughening on a surface to be glued or
{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n vertstrokeinferiorbrij } plastered to increase adhesiveness,[CIV
Kelvin equation [THERMO] An equation giving ENG] Aprojectingportionthatservestoprevent
the increase in vapor pressure of a substance
movement of parts at a construction joint.
which accompanies an increase in curvature of
[DESENG] 1.Aninstrumentthatisinsertedinto
its surface; the equation describes the greater
a lock to operate the bolt,2,A device used
rate of evaporation of a small liquid droplet as
to move in some manner in order to secure or
compared to thatof a larger one,and the greater
tighten,3,One of the levers of a keyboard.
solubilityofsmallsolid particlesascomparedto
4,See machine key,[ELEC] 1,A hand-oper-
that of larger particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?nivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
ated switch used for transmitting code signals.
Kelvin network See Kelvin bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n
Also known as signaling key,2.A special lever-
vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
type switch used for opening or closing a circuit
Kelvinscale [THERMO] The basicscaleusedfor
only as long as the handle is depressed,Also
temperature definition; the triple point of water
known as switching key,[ENG] The pieces of
(comprising ice,liquid,and vapor) is defined as
corecausingablockinacorebarrel,theremoval
273.16 K; given two reservoirs,a reversible heat
of which allows the rest of the core in the barrel
engine is built operating in a cycle between
to slide out,{ keˉ }
them,and the ratio of their temperatures is de-
key activity [IND ENG] An activity that pos-
fined to be equal to the ratio of the heats trans-
sesses major significance,Also known as mile-
ferred,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
stone activity,{ |keˉ akvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
Kelvin’sstatementofthesecondlawofthermody-
keyboard [ENG] A set of keys or control levers
namics [THERMO] Thestatementthatitisnot
having a systematic arrangement and used to
possible that,at the end of a cycle of changes,
operate a machine or other piece of equipment
heat has been extracted from a reservoir and
such as a typewriter,typesetter,processing unit
an equal amount of work has been produced
of a computer,or piano,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
without producing some other effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080
keyboardperforator [ENG] A typewriterlike de-
v?nz vertstrokesuperiorstaˉtH11080m?nt?vth?vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080
vice that prepares punched paper tape for com-
d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
munications or computing equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ
Kelvin temperature scale [THERMO] 1,An In-
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
ternationalTemperatureScalewhichagreeswith
Keyesequation [THERMO] Anequationofstate
theKelvinabsolutetemperaturescalewithinthe
of a gas which is designed to correct the van
limits of experimental determination,2,See
der Waals equation for the effect of surrounding
Kelvin absolute temperature scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorkelH11080v?n
molecules on the term representing the volume
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
of a molecule,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉzivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
Kennedy and Pancu circle [MECH] For a har-
Keyesprocess [CHEMENG] Adistillationproc-
monic oscillator subject to hysteretic damping
ess used to obtain absolute alcohol; benzene is
and subjected to a sinusoidally varying force,a
added to a constant-boiling 95% alcohol-water
plotofthein-phaseandquadraturecomponents
solution,and on distillation anhydrous alcohol
of the displacement of the oscillator as the fre-
leaves the bottom of the column,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉz vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080
quencyoftheappliedvibrationisvaried,{ |kenH11080
s?s}
H11080deˉ?n vertstrokesuperiorpa¨nH11080chu¨ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
keygrasp See pinch grasp,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ vertstrokeinferiorgrasp }
Kennedykey [DES ENG] A square taper key fit-
keyhole [DESENG] Aholeoraslotforreceiving
ted into a keyway of square section and driven
a key,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
fromoppositeendsofthehub,{ vertstrokesuperiorkenH11080?H11080deˉ vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
keyhole saw [DES ENG] A fine compass saw
kerf [ENG] A cut made in wood,metal,or other
with a blade 11–16 inches (28–41 centimeters)
material by a saw or cutting torch,{ k?rf }
long,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
KerncounterSee dust counter,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rn |kau˙nH11080t?r}
keying [CIV ENG] Establishing a mechanical
ketenelamp [CHEMENG] Anelectricallyheated
bond in a construction joint,[ELEC] The
Chromelfilamentbythemeansofwhichacetone
forming of signals,such as for telegraph trans-
is hydrolyzed to produce ketene,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorteˉn
mission,by modulating a direct-current or othervertstrokeinferiorlamp }
carrier between discrete values of some charac-kettle reboiler [CHEM ENG] Tube-and-shell
teristic,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉH11080i? }heatexchangedeviceinwhichliquidisvaporized
key job [IND ENG] A job that has been evalu-on the shell side from heat transferred from hot
ated and is considered representative of similarliquid flowing through the tubes; dome space
jobs in the same labor market and is used as aallows liquid-vapor separation above the tube
benchmark to evaluate the similar jobs and tobundle,{ vertstrokesuperiorkedH11080?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
establish non-key-job wages,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ vertstrokeinferiorja¨b}Kewbarometer [ENG] Atypeofcisternbarome-
key joint [CIV ENG] A mortar joint with a con-ter; no adjustment is made for the variation of
the level of mercury in the cistern as pressure cave pointing,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
312
kingpost
keyseat See keyway,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ vertstrokeinferiorseˉt } at Se`vres,France,Abbreviated kg,2,Seekilo-
gram force,{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }keyseater [MECH ENG] A machine for milling
kilogram-calorie See kilocalorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgrambeds or grooves in mechanical parts which re-
vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }ceive keys,{ vertstrokesuperiorke
ˉvertstrokeinferiorseˉdH11080?r}
kilogramforce [MECH] A unit of force equal to
keyway [DES ENG] 1,An opening in a lock for
the weight of a 1-kilogram mass at a point on
passage of a flat metal key,2,The pocket in
theearth’ssurfacewheretheaccelerationofgrav-
the driven element to provide a driving surface
ity is 9.80665 m/s
2
,Abbreviated kgf,Also
for the key,3,A groove or channel for a key in
known as kilogram (kg); kilogram weight (kg-wt).
any mechanical part,Also known as key seat.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
[ENG] An interlocking channel or groove in a
kilogram-meter See meter-kilogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram
cement or wood joint to provide reinforce-
vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
kilogram weight See kilogram force,{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080
keywordspotting [ENGACOUS] Anapproachto
vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}
task-oriented speechunderstanding through de-
kiloliter [MECH] A unit of volume equal to 1000
tecting a limited number of keywords that would
liters or to 1 cubic meter,Abbreviated kl.
mostlikelyexpresstheintentofaspeaker,rather
{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r}
than attempting to recognize every word in an
kilometer [MECH] Aunitoflengthequalto1000
utterance,{ vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorw?rd vertstrokeinferiorspa¨tH11080i? }
meters,Abbreviated km,{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
kg See kilogram; kilogram force.
kilowatt-hour [ELEC] A unit of energy or work
kg-cal See kilocalorie.
equal to 1000 watt-hours,Abbreviated kWh;
kgf See kilogram force.
kW-hr,Also known as Board of Trade Unit.
kgf-m See meter-kilogram.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwa¨t vertstrokeinferiorau˙r}
kg-wt See kilogram force.
kinematically admissible motion [MECH] Any
kickback [MECH ENG] A backward thrust,such
motionofamechanicalsystemwhichisgeomet-
as the backward starting of an internal combus- rically compatible with the constraints,{ vertstrokeinferiorkinH11080
tion engine as it is cranked,or the reverse push?|madH11080?H11080kleˉ id|misH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
of a piece of work as it is fed to a rotary saw,kinematics [MECH] The study of the motion of
{ vertstrokesuperiorkikvertstrokeinferiorbak } a system of material particles without reference
kickdown [MECH ENG] 1.Shifting to lower gear to the forces which act on the system,{ |kinH11080
|madH11080iks }in an automotive vehicle,2,The device for
kineticenergy [MECH] Theenergywhichabodyshifting,{ vertstrokesuperiorkikvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
possessesbecauseofitsmotion;inclassicalme-kickover [MECHENG] To start firing;applied to
chanics,equal to one-half of the body’s massinternal combustion engines,{ vertstrokesuperiorkik vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
times the square of its speed,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080kickpipe [BUILD] A short pipe protecting an
rH11080jeˉ }
electrical cable at the point where it emerges
kinetic equilibrium See dynamic equilibrium.
from a floor,{ vertstrokesuperiorkikvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
{k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m}
kickplate [BUILD] A plate used on the bottom
kinetic friction [MECH] The friction between
of doors and cabinets or on the risers of steps
two surfaces which are sliding over each other.
to protect them from shoe marks,Also known
{k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
as toeplate,{ vertstrokesuperiorkikvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
kinetic momentum [MECH] The momentum
Kick’s law [ENG] The law that the energy
whichaparticlepossessesbecauseofitsmotion;
needed to crush a solid material to a specified
in classical mechanics,equal to the particle’s
fractionofitsoriginalsizeisthesame,regardless
mass times its velocity,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik m?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080
of the original size of the feed material.
t?m}
{ vertstrokesuperiorkiks vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
kinetic potential See Lagrangian,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
kickstarter [MECHENG] Amechanismforstart-
p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}
ing the operation of a motor by thrusting with
kinetic reaction [MECH] The negative of the
the foot,{ vertstrokesuperiorkik vertstrokeinferiorsta¨rdH11080?r}
mass of a body multiplied by its acceleration.
kickwheel [ENG] A potter’s wheel worked by a
{k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
foot pedal,{ vertstrokesuperiorkik vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
kinetics [MECH] The dynamics of material bod-
kiln [ENG] A heated enclosure used for drying,
ies,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornedH11080iks }
burning,orfiringmaterialssuch asoreorceram-
king closer [CIV ENG] In masonry work,a rect-
ics,{ kil }
angular brick having one corner cut diagonally
kilobar [MECH] Aunitofpressureequalto1000
to half the end of the brick and used to fill an
bars (100 megapascals),Abbreviated kb.
opening in a course larger than half a brick.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
Also known as beveled closer,{ |ki? |kloˉzH11080?r}
kilocalorie [THERMO] A unit of heat energy
kingpin [MECHENG] Thepinforarticulationbe-
equalto1000calories,Abbreviatedkcal,Also
tweenanautomobilestubaxleandanaxle-beam
known as kilogram-calorie (kg-cal); large calorie
or steering head,Also known as swivel pin.
(Cal),{ vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ } { vertstrokesuperiorki?vertstrokeinferiorpin }
kilogram [MECH] 1.Theunit ofmass inthe me- king post [BUILD] In a roof truss,the central
ter-kilogram-second system,equal to the mass vertical member against which the rafters abut
and which supports the tie beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorki?vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }of the international prototype kilogram stored
313
kingposttruss
king post truss [BUILD] A wooden roof truss laws from which the effect of blast at high alti-
tudes may be inferred,based upon observed re-having two principal rafters held by a horizontal
sults at ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d vertstrokesuperiorbri?kH11080leˉztie beam,a king post upright between tie beam
vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }and ridge,and usually two struts to the rafters
kiss-rollcoating [ENG] Procedure for coating afrom a thickening at the king post foot,{ vertstrokesuperiorki?
substrate web in which the coating roll carries
vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
a metered film of coating material; part of the
kink [ENG] A tightened loop in a wire rope re-
film transfers to the web,part remains on the
sulting in permanent deformation and damage
roll,{ vertstrokesuperiorkis vertstrokeinferiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
to the wire,{ ki?k}
kl See kiloliter.
kip [MECH] A 1000-pound (453.6-kilogram)
klaxon [ENG ACOUS] A diaphragm horn some-
load,{ kip }
times operated by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorklakH11080s?n}
Kirchhoff formula [THERMO] A formula for the
klydonograph [ENG] A device attached to elec-
dependence of vapor pressure p on temperature
tric power lines for estimating certain electrical
T,valid over limited temperature ranges; it may
characteristics of lightning by means of the fig-
be written log pH11005AH11002 (B/T) H11002C log T,where A,
uresproducedonphotographic filmbythelight-
B,andC are constants,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉf vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
ning-produced surge carried over the lines; the
Kirchhoff’s current law [ELEC] The law that at
size of the figure is a function of the potential
any given instant the sum of the instantaneous
and polarity of the lightning discharge.
values of all the currents flowing toward a point
{ kl?ˉvertstrokesuperiorda¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
is equal to the sum of instantaneous values of
km See kilometer.
all the currents flowing away from the point.
knappinghammer [ENG] A steel hammer used
Also known as Kirchhoff’s first law,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs
for breaking and shaping stone,{ vertstrokesuperiornapH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
Kirchhoff’s equations [THERMO] Equations
knee [MECH ENG] In a knee-and-column type
which state that the partial derivative of the
of milling machine,the part which supports the
change of enthalpy (or of internal energy) during
saddle and table and which can move vertically
a reaction,with respect to temperature,at con-
on the column,{ neˉ }
stant pressure (or volume) equals the change in
knee brace [BUILD] A stiffener between a col-
heat capacity at constant pressure (or volume).
umn and a supported truss or beam to provide
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz }
greater rigidity in a building frame under trans-
Kirchhoff’s first law See Kirchhoff’s current law.
verse loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉs}
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs vertstrokesuperiorf?rst vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
knee frequency See break frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080
Kirchhoff’slaw [ELEC] Either of the two funda-
kw?nH11080seˉ }
mental laws dealing with the relation of currents
kneeler [CIV ENG] In masonry,a stone cut to
atajunctionandvoltagesaroundclosedloopsin
provide a break in the horizontal-vertical pattern
anelectricnetwork;theyareknownasKirchhoff’s
to begin the curve or angle of an arch or vault.
current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉlH11080?r}
[THERMO] The law that the ratio of the emissiv-
knee pad [ENG] A protective cushion,usually
ity of a heat radiator to the absorptivity of the
made of sponge rubber,that can be strapped to
same radiator is the same for all bodies,de-
a worker’s knee,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorpad }
pending on frequency and temperature alone,
knee rafter [BUILD] A brace placed diagonally
and is equal to the emissivity of a blackbody.
between a principal rafter and a tie beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ
Also known as Kirchhoff’s principle,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rk
vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
kneeswitch [ENG] A control mechanism oper-
Kirchhoff’s principle See Kirchhoff’s law.
ated with knee movements by a seated worker.
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorswich }
Kirchhoff’ssecondlawSeeKirchhoff’s voltage law.
knee tool [MECH ENG] A tool holder with a
{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
shape resembling a knee,such as the holder for
Kirchhoff’s voltage law [ELEC] The law that at
simultaneous cutting and interval operations on
each instant of time the algebraic sum of the
a screw machine or turret lathe,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
voltage rises around a closed loop in a network
kneewall [BUILD] A partition that forms a side
is equal to the algebraic sum of the voltage
wallorsupportsroofraftersunderapitchedroof.
drops,both being taken in the same direction
{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
aroundtheloop,AlsoknownasKirchhoff’ssec-
knife [DES ENG] A sharp-edged blade for cut-
ond law,{ vertstrokesuperiork?rkvertstrokeinferiorhoˉfs vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
ting,{ n?ˉf}
Kirchhoff vapor pressure formula [THERMO]
knife coating [ENG] Procedure for coating a
An approximate formula for the variation of
continuous-web substrate in which coating
vapor pressure p with temperature T,valid over
thickness is controlled by the distance between
a limited temperature range; it is In p H11005 the substrate and a movable knife or bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?
ˉf
AH11002B/TH11002CInT,whereA,B,andCareconstants,vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
{ |kirchvertstrokeinferiorhoˉf vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpreH11080sh?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? } knife-edge [DES ENG] A sharp narrow edge re-
Kirkwood-Brinkely’s theory [MECH] In termi- semblingthatofaknife,suchasthefulcrumfora
lever arm in a measuring instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorej }nal ballistics,a theory formulating the scaling
314
Kullenbergpistoncorer
knife-edge bearing [MECH ENG] A balance is an electrically heated plate,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornu¨dH11080s?n
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}beam or lever arm fulcrum in the form of a hard-
Knudsen-Langmuir equation [CHEM ENG] Rel-ened steel wedge; used to minimize friction.
ationship of molecular distillation rate to vapor{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorej vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
saturation pressure,solution temperature,andknife-edgecamfollower [DES ENG] A cam fol-
molecular weight during evaporation and no-re-lower having a sharp narrow edge or point like
cycle condensation,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornu¨dH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorla?vertstrokeinferiormyu˙rthat of a knife; useful in developing cam profile
ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}relationships,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorej vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r}
Knudsen reversing water bottle [ENG] A type
knife file [DES ENG] A tapered file with a thin
of frameless reversing bottle for collecting water
triangular cross section resembling that of a
samples; carries reversing thermometers.
knife,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
{k?vertstrokesuperiornu¨dH11080s?nri|v?rsH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}
knife switch [ELEC] An electric switch con-
Knudsenvacuumgage [ENG] Device to meas-
sisting of a metal blade hinged at one end to a
ure negative gas pressures; a rotatable vane is
stationary jaw,so that the blade can be pushed
movedbythepressureofheatedmolecules,pro-
over to make contact between spring clips.
portionately to the concentration of molecules
{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf vertstrokeinferiorswich }
in the system,{ k?vertstrokesuperiornu¨dH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
knob [DES ENG] Acomponent that is placed on
knurl [ENG] To provide a surface,usually a
a control shaft to facilitate manual rotation of
metal,with small ridges or knobs to ensure a
the shaft; sometimes has a pointer or markings
firm grip or as a decorative feature,{ n?rl }
to indicate shaft position,{ na¨b}
Kolosov-Muskhelishvili formulas [MECH] For-
knocker See shell knocker,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kH11080?r}
mulas which express plane strain and plane
knock intensity [ENG] The intensity of knock
stress in terms of two holomorphic functions of
(detonation)recordedwhentesting amotorgas-
the complex variable z H11005 x H11001 iy,where x and
oline for octane or knock rating,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kinvertstrokeinferiortenH11080
y are plane coordinates,{ |koˉlH11080?vertstrokeinferiorso˙f vertstrokeinferiormu˙shvertstrokesuperiorkelH11080
s?dH11080eˉ }
ishvertstrokeinferiorvilH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l?z}
knockmeter [ENG] A fuels-testing device used
konimeter [ENG] An air-sampling device used
to measure the output of the detonation meter
to measure dust as in a cement mill or a mine;
used in American Societyfor Testing and Materi-
a measured volume of air drawn through a jet
als knock-test ratings of motor fuels,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨k
impacts on a glycerin-jelly-coated glass surface;
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
the particles are counted with a microscope.
knock-off [MECH ENG] 1,The automatic stop-
{koˉvertstrokesuperiornimH11080?dH11080?r}
ping of a machine when it is operating improp-
koniscope [ENG] An instrument which indi-
erly,2,The device that causes automatic stop-
catesthepresenceofdustparticlesintheatmos-
ping,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
phere,Also spelled coniscope,{ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?
knock-offbit See detachable bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorbit }
vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
knockout [ENG] A partially cutout piece in
kraft process See sulfate pulping,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraft vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080
metal or plastic that can be forced out when a
s?s}
hole is needed,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
kraft pulping See sulfate pulping,{ vertstrokesuperiorkraft vertstrokeinferiorp?lpH11080
knockoutpin See ejector pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorpin }
i? }
knockout vessel [CHEM ENG] A vessel,drum,
Kremserformula [CHEMENG] Equationforcal-
or trap used to remove fluid droplets from flow-
culating distillation-column material balances
ing gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorvesH11080?l}
andequilibrium,assumingtheidealdistribution
knock rating [ENG] Rating of gasolines ac-
law,thatis,theconcentrationsinthetwophases
cording to knocking tendency,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
(vaporandliquid)areproportionaltoeachother.
i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorkremH11080z?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
known-gooddie [ELECTR] Anunpackaged,fully
Krigar-Menzel law [MECH] A generalization of
tested integrated circuit chip,{ vertstrokeinferiornoˉn |gu˙d vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ }
the second Young-Helmholtz law which states
knucklejoint [DES ENG] A hinge joint between
that when a string is bowed at a point which is
two rods in which an eye on one piece fits be-
at a distance ofp/qtimes the string’s length from
tweentwoflatprojectionswith eyesontheother
one of the ends,where p and q are relative
piece and is retained by a round pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?kH11080
primes,then the string moves back and forth
l vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
with two constant velocities,one of which is
knucklejointpress [MECH ENG] A short-stroke
q H11002 1 times as large as the other,{ |kreˉH11080g?r
press in which the slide is actuated by a crank
vertstrokesuperiormenzH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
attached to a knuckle joint hinge,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?kH11080?l kryptoclimate See cryptoclimate,{ |kripH11080to
ˉvertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int vertstrokeinferiorpres } m?t}
knuckle pin [DES ENG] The pin of a knuckle Ktruss [BUILD] A building truss in the form of
joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?kH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpin } aKduetotheorientationoftheverticalmember
knucklepost [MECH ENG] A post which acts as and two oblique members in each panel.
the pivot for the steering knuckle in an automo- { vertstrokesuperiorkaˉ vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
bile,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?kH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst } Kullenbergpistoncorer [MECH ENG] A piston-
Knudsen gage [ENG] An instrument for mea- operated coring device used to obtain 2-inch-
suring very low pressures,which measures the diameter (5-centimeter) core samples,{ vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080
nvertstrokeinferiorb?rg vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}force of a gas on a cold plate beside which there
315
kWh
kWh See kilowatt-hour,kymograph [IND ENG] A device used to meas-
ure extremely short work time intervals by usingkW-hr See kilowatt-hour.
kyanize [CHEM ENG] To saturate wood with a system of transducers that are activated by an
operator performing a job,with the impulsesmercuric chloride as a decay preventive,{ vertstrokesuperiork?ˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉz } recorded as a function of time,{ vertstrokesuperiork?ˉH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
316
L
lactometer [ENG] A hydrometer used to meas-l See liter.
urethespecificgravityofmilk,{ lakvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}L See liter.
ladder [ENG] A structure,often portable,forlabeledcargo [IND ENG] Cargo of a dangerous
climbing up and down; consists of two parallelnature,suchasexplosivesandflammableorcor-
sides joined by a series of crosspieces that serverosive liquids,which is designated by different-
as footrests,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r}colored labels to indicate the requirements for
ladder-bucket dredge See bucket-ladder dredge.special handling and storage,{ vertstrokesuperiorla
ˉH11080b?ld vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r |b?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiordrej }go
ˉ }
ladderdiagram [CONT SYS] A diagram used to
laboratory coordinate system [MECH] A refer-
program a programmable controller,in which
ence frame attached to the laboratory of the
power flows through a network of relay contacts
observer,in contrast to the center-of-mass sys-
arrangedinhorizontalrowscalledrungsbetween
tem,{ vertstrokesuperiorlabH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nvertstrokeinferior?t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
two vertical rails on the side of the diagram con-
labor cost [IND ENG] That part of the cost of
taining the symbolic power,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?
goods and services attributable to wages,espe-
vertstrokeinferiorgram }
cially for direct labor,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙st }
ladder ditcher See ladder trencher,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r
laborfactor [IND ENG] The ratio of the number
|dichH11080?r}
ofhoursrequiredtoperformataskunderproject
ladder dredge See bucket-ladder dredge,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080
conditions to the number of hours required to
r |drej }
perform an identical task under standard condi-
ladderdrilling [MECH ENG] An arrangement of
tions of work measurement,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
retractable drills with pneumatic powered legs
labor relations [IND ENG] The management
mounted on banks of steel ladders connected to
function that deals with a company’s work force;
a holding frame; used in large-scale rock tunnel-
usually the term is restricted to relations with
ing,with the advantage that many drills can be
organized labor,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080b?rrivertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?nz }
worked at the same time by a small labor force.
labyrinth [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker enclo-
{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
sure having air chambers at the rear that absorb
ladder jack [ENG] A scaffold support which
rearward-radiated acoustic energy,to prevent it
hooks onto a ladder,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjak }
from interfering with the desired forward-radi-
ladder track [CIV ENG] A main track that joins
ated energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorlabH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrinth }
successivebodytracksinarailroadyard,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080
labyrinth seal [ENG] A minimum-leakage seal
r vertstrokeinferiortrak }
that offers resistance to fluid flow while provid-
ladder trencher [MECH ENG] A machine that
ing radial or axial clearance; a labyrinth of cir-
digs trenches by means of a bucket-ladder exca-
cumferential knives or touch points provides for
vator,Also known as ladder ditcher,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?r
successive expansion of the fluid being piped;
|trenchH11080?r}
used for gas pipes,steam engines,and turbines.
ladle [DES ENG] A deep-bowled spoon with a
{ vertstrokesuperiorlabH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrinth vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
long handle for dipping up,transporting,and
lacing [CIV ENG] 1.A lightweight metallic piece
pouring liquids,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉdH11080?l}
that is fixed diagonally to two channels or four
lag [CIV ENG] A flat piece of material,usually
angle sections,forming a composite strut.
wood,used to wedge timber or steel supports
2,A course of brick,stone,or tiles in a wall of againstthegroundandtomakesecurethespace
rubble to give strength,3,A course of upright between supports,[ELECTR] A persistence of
bricks forming a bond between two or more arch the electric charge image in a camera tube for a
rings,4,Distribution steel in a slab of rein- small number of frames,{ lag }
forced concrete,5,A light timber fastened to lagan [ENG] A heavy object thrown overboard
pairs of struts or walings in the timbering of and buoyed to mark its location for future recov-
excavations (including mines),[ELEC] Tying ery,{ vertstrokesuperiorlagH11080?n}
insulated wires together to support each other lagbolt See coach screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorlag vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
and form a single neat cable,with separately lagging [CIV ENG] 1,Horizontal wooden strips
fastened across an arch under constructionlaced branches,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉsH11080i? }
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
laggingnetwork
to transfer weight to the centering form,lambda [MECH] A unit of volume equal to 10
H110026
liter or 10
H110029
cubic meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080d? }2.Woodenmemberspositionedverticallytopre-
vent cave-ins in earthworking,{ vertstrokesuperiorlagH11080i? } lambdadispatch [IND ENG] The solution of the
problem of finding the most economical use oflagging network See integral network,{ vertstrokesuperiorlagH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk } generators to supply a given quantity of electric
power,using the method of Lagrange multipli-lag-lead network See lead-lag network,{ vertstrokesuperiorlag
vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk } ers,which are symbolized H9261.{vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080d? di
vertstrokeinferiorspach }lag network See integral network,{ vertstrokesuperiorlag vertstrokeinferiornet
vertstrokeinferiorw?rk } lambda point [THERMO] A temperature at
which the specific heat of a substance has aLagrangebracket [MECH] Given two functions
of coordinates and momenta in a system,their sharplypeakedmaximum,observedinmanysec-
ond-order transitions,{ vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }Lagrange bracket is an expression measuring
how coordinates and momenta change jointly Lambert surface [THERMO] An ideal,perfectly
diffusing surface for which the intensity of re-with respect to the two functions,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nj
vertstrokeinferiorbrakH11080?t } flected radiation is independent of direction.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080b?rt vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s}Lagrange function See Lagrangian,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nj
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n} Lame′ constants [MECH] Two constants which
relate stress to strain in an isotropic,elastic ma-Lagrange-Hamiltontheory [MECH] The formal-
ized study of continuous systems in terms of terial,{ la¨vertstrokesuperiormaˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?ns }
lamella [CIV ENG] A thin member made of rein-field variables where a Lagrangian density func-
tion and Hamiltonian density function are intro- forced concrete,metal,or wood that is joined
with similar members in an overlapping patternduced to produce equations of motion.
{l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nj vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?lH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ } to form an arch or a vault,{ l?vertstrokesuperiormelH11080? }
lamellaarch [CIV ENG] An arch consisting basi-Lagrange’s equations [MECH] Equations of
motionofamechanicalsystemforwhichaclassi- cally of a series of intersecting skewed arches
made up of relatively short straight members;cal (non-quantum-mechanical) description is
suitable,and which relate the kinetic energy of two members are bolted,riveted,or welded to
a third piece at its center,{ l?vertstrokesuperiormelH11080?vertstrokeinferiora¨rch }the system to the generalized coordinates,the
generalized forces,and the time,Also known lamellaroof [BUILD] A large span vault built of
members connected in a diamond pattern.as Lagrangian equations of motion,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080
j?zivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz } { l?vertstrokesuperiormelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
laminated spring [DES ENG] A flat or curvedLagrangian [MECH] 1,The difference between
the kinetic energy and the potential energy of a spring made of thin superimposed plates and
formingacantileverorbeamofuniformstrength.system of particles,expressed as a function of
generalized coordinates and velocities from { vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorspri? }
Lami’s theorem [MECH] When three forces actwhich Lagrange’s equations can be derived.
Also known as kinetic potential; Lagrange func- on a particle in equilibrium,the magnitude of
each is proportional to the sine of the angletion,2.Foradynamicalsystemoffields,afunc-
tionwhichplaysthesameroleastheLagrangian between the other two,{ lavertstrokesuperiormeˉz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
lamp [ENG] A device that produces light,suchof a system of particles; its integral over a time
interval is a maximum or a minimum with re- as an electric lamp,{ lamp }
lamphouse [ENG] 1.The light housing in a mo-spect to infinitesimal variations of the fields,
providedtheinitialandfinalfieldsareheldfixed,tionpictureprojector,locatedbehindtheprojec-
tor head ordinarily consisting of a carbon arc{l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?n}
Lagrangian coordinates See generalized coordi- lamp operating on direct current at about 60
volts,a concave reflector behind the arc whichnates,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?nkovertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }
Lagrangian density [MECH] For a dynamical collects the light and concentratesit on the film,
and cooling devices,2.A box with a small holesystem of fields or continuous media,a function
of the fields,of their time and space derivatives,containinganelectriclampandaconcavemirror
behind it,used as a concentrated source of lightand the coordinates and time,whose integral
over space is the Lagrangian,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?n in a microscope,photographic enlarger,or other
instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorlampvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}vertstrokesuperiordenH11080 s?dH11080eˉ }
Lagrangian equations of motion See Lagrange’s Lancashire boiler [MECH ENG] A cylindrical
steam boiler consisting of two longitudinal fur-equations,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?ni|kwaˉH11080zh?nz?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080
sh?n } nace tubes which have internal grates at the
front,{ vertstrokesuperiorla?H11080k?H11080shir vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}Lagrangian function [MECH] The function
which measures the difference between the ki- lance door [MECH ENG] The door to a boiler
furnace through which a hand lance is inserted.netic and potential energy of a dynamical sys-
tem,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorlans vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
Lanchester balancer [MECH ENG] A device forLagrangian generalized velocity See generalized
velocity,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorgra¨nH11080jeˉH11080?n |jenH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzdv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ } balancing four-cylinder engines; consists of two
meshed gears with eccentric masses,driven bylagscrew See coach screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorlag vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
lallycolumn [CIV ENG] A hollow and nearly cir- the crankshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080ch?H11080st?r vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nH11080s?r}
Lanchester’s rule [MECH] The rule that acular steel column that supports girders or
beams,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m } torque applied to a rotating body along an axis
318
large-systemscontroltheory
perpendicular to the rotation axis will produce drawing to scale as plans or maps,{ vertstrokesuperiorland
s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}precession in a direction such that,if the body
is viewed along a line of sight coincident with landtie [CIV ENG] A rod or chain connecting an
outside structure such as a retaining wall to athe torque axis,then a point on the body’s cir-
cumference,which initially crosses the line of buried anchor plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorland vertstrokeinferiort?ˉ }
land-use classes [CIV ENG] Categories intosight,will appear to describe an ellipse whose
sense is that of the torque,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanvertstrokeinferiorchesH11080t?rz which land areas can be grouped according to
present or potential economic use,{ vertstrokesuperiorland vertstrokeinferioryu¨svertstrokeinferiorru¨lz }
land [DES ENG] The top surface of the tooth of vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?z}
lane [CIV ENG] An established route,as an aira cutting tool,behind the cutting edge.
[ELECTR] 1.One of the regions between pits on lane,shipping lane,or highway traffic lane.
{laˉn}a track on an optical disk,2,See terminal area.
[ENG] 1,In plastics molding equipment,the langlay [DES ENG] A wire rope lay in which the
wires of each strand are twisted in the samehorizontal bearing surface of a semipositive or
flash mold to allow excess material to escape; direction as the strands,{ vertstrokesuperiorla?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
Langmuirdiffusionpump [ENG] Atypeofdiffu-or the bearing surface along the top of the screw
flight in a screw extruder; or the surface of an sion pump in which the mercury vapor emerges
from a nozzle,giving it motion in a directionextrusion die that is parallel to the direction of
melt flow,2,The surface between successive away from the high-vacuum side of the pump.
{ |la?H11080myu˙rdivertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }grooves of a diffraction grating or phonograph
record,{ land } lantern [ENG] A portable lamp,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080t?rn }
lantern pinion [DES ENG] A pinion with barslandaccretion [CIV ENG] Gaining land in a wet
area,such as a marsh or by the sea,by planting (betweenparalleldisks)insteadofteeth,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080
t?rn vertstrokeinferiorpinH11080y?n}maritime plants to encourage silt deposition or
bydumpingdredgedmaterialsinthearea,Also lanternring [DES ENG] A ring or sleeve around
a rotating shaft; an opening in the ring providesknownaslandreclamation,{ vertstrokesuperiorland?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉH11080sh?n}
land drainage [CIV ENG] The removal of water for forced feeding of oil or grease to bearing
surfaces; particularly effective for pumps han-from land to improve the soil as a medium for
plant growthand a surface forland management dling liquids,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080t?rn vertstrokeinferiorri? }
lap [CIV ENG] The length by which a reinforcingoperations,{ vertstrokesuperiorland vertstrokeinferiordraˉnH11080ij }
landfill [CIV ENG] Disposal of solid waste by bar must overlap the bar it will replace,{ lap }
lapelmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A small micro-burying in layers of earth in low ground.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlanvertstrokeinferiorfil } phone that can be attached to a lapel or pocket
on the clothing of the user,to permit free move-landing [CIV ENG] A place where boats receive
or discharge passengers,freight,and so on,ment while speaking,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorpel |m?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
lap joint [ENG] A simple joint between two{ vertstrokesuperiorlandH11080i? }
landing gear [MECH ENG] A pair of small membersmadebyoverlapping theendsandfas-
tening them together with bolts,rivets,or weld-wheels at the forward end of a semitrailer to
support the vehicle when it is detached from the ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorlap vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
lapping [ELECTR] Moving a quartz,semicon-tractor,{ vertstrokesuperiorlandH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgir }
landing stage [CIV ENG] A platform,usually ductor,or other crystal slab over a flat plate on
which a liquid abrasive has been poured,to ob-floating and attached to the shore,for the dis-
charge and embarkation of passengers,freight,tainaflatpolishedsurfaceortoreducethethick-
ness a carefully controlled amount,{ vertstrokesuperiorlapH11080i? }and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorlandH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉj}
landingtee See wind tee,{ vertstrokesuperiorlandH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortee } lapsiding [BUILD] Beveled boards used for sid-
ing that are similar to clapboards but longerlandmark [ENG] Any fixed natural or artificial
monument or object used to designate a land and wider,[CIV ENG] Two railroad sidings,the
turnout of one overlapping that of the other.boundary,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
land measure [MECH] 1,Units of area used in { vertstrokesuperiorlap vertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080i? }
Laray viscometer [ENG] An instrument de-measuring land,2,Any system for measuring
land,{ vertstrokesuperiorland vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?r } signedtomeasureviscosityandotherproperties
of ink,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}landmile See mile,{ vertstrokesuperiorlan |m?ˉl}
landreclamationSee land accretion,{ vertstrokesuperiorland vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080 largecalorie See kilocalorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨rj vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }
largedyne See newton,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨rj vertstrokesuperiord?ˉn}l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
landscapearchitecture [CIV ENG] The art of ar- large-scale integrated circuit [ELECTR] A very
complex integrated circuit,which contains wellranging and fitting land for human use and en-
joyment,{ vertstrokesuperiorlanvertstrokeinferiorskaˉp vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080k?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080ch?r } over100interconnectedindividualdevices,such
as basic logic gates and transistors,placed onlandscape engineer [CIV ENG] A person who
applies engineering principles and methods to a single semiconductor chip,Abbreviated LSI
circuit,Also known as chip circuit; multiple-planning,design,and construction of natural
scenery arrangements on a tract of land,{ vertstrokesuperiorlan function chip,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨rj |skaˉl vertstrokeinferiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
k?t}vertstrokeinferiorskaˉp vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉr}
landsurveyor [CIVENG] Aspecialistwhomeas- large-systems control theory [CONT SYS] A
branch of the theory of control systems con-ures land and its natural features and any con-
structed features such as buildings or roads for cerned with the special problems that arise in
319
Larson-Millerparameter
the design of control algorithms (that is,control in fog and provide three-dimensional images on
a viewing screen,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?rvertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}policies and strategies) for complex systems.
laser scriber [ENG] A laser-cutting setup used{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨rj vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?mz k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
inplaceofadiamondscriberfordicingthinslabsLarson-Millerparameter [MECH] The effects of
of silicon,gallium arsenide,and other semicon-time and temperature on creep,being defined
ductor materials used inthe production of semi-empirically as P H11005 T (C H11001 log t) H11003 10
H110023
,where
conductordiodes,transistors,andintegratedcir-T H11005 test temperature in degrees Rankine (de-
cuits;alsousedforscribingsapphireandceramicgrees Fahrenheit H11001 460) and t H11005 test time in
substrates,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r |skr?ˉbH11080?r}
hours;theconstantCdependsuponthematerial
laser seismometer [ENG] A laser interferome-
but is frequently taken to be 20,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨rsH11080?n vertstrokesuperiormilH11080
ter system that detects seismic strains in the
rp?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?dH11080?r}
earthbymeasuringchangesindistancebetween
laryngophone [ENG ACOUS] A microphone de-
two granite piers located at opposite ends of an
signed to be placed against the throat of a
evacuated pipe through which a helium-neon or
speaker,topick up voice vibrationsdirectly with-
otherlaserbeammakesaroundtrip;movements
out responding to background noise,{ l?vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080
assmallas80nanometers(one-eighththewave-
g?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
length of the 632.8-nanometer helium-neon la-
LASCR See light-activated silicon controlled
ser radiation) can be detected,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?rs?ˉz
rectifier.
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
LASCS See light-activated silicon controlled
laserthreshold [ELECTR] The minimum pump-
switch.
ing energy required to initiate lasing action in a
laser amplifier [ELECTR] A laser which is used
laser,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r |threshH11080hoˉld }
to increase the output of another laser,Also
laser tracking [ENG] Determination of the
known as light amplifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r |amH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
range and direction of a target by echoed coher-
laser anemometer [ENG] An anemometer in
ent light,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r |trakH11080i? }
which the wind being measured passes through
lasertransit [ENG] A transit in which a laser is
twoperpendicularlaserbeams,andtheresulting
mounted over the sighting telescope to project
changeinvelocityofoneorbothbeamsismeas-
a clearly visible narrow beam onto a small target
ured,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?ranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
at the survey site,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r |tranzH11080?t}
laser ceilometer [ENG] A ceilometer in which
lashing [ENG] A rope,chain,or wire used for
the time taken by a light pulse from a ground
binding,fastening,or wrapping,{ vertstrokesuperiorlashH11080i? }
laser to travel straight up to a cloud ceiling and
lash-up [ENG] Amodelortestsampleofequip-
be reflected to a receiving photomultiplier is
ment required in the testing of a new concept or
measured and converted into a cathode-ray dis-
idea which is in the embryo stage,{ vertstrokesuperiorlashvertstrokeinferior?p}
play that indicates cloud-base height,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r
last in,first out [IND ENG] A method of de-
seˉvertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
termining the inventory costs by transferring the
laserearthquakealarm [ENG] Anearly-warning
costs of material to the product in reverse chro-
system proposed for earthquakes,involving the
nological order,Abbreviated LIFO,{ vertstrokeinferiorlast vertstrokesuperiorin
use of two lasers with beams at right angles,
vertstrokeinferiorfirst vertstrokesuperiorau˙t}
positionedacrossaknowngeologicfaultforcon-
latch [ELECTR] An electronic circuit that re-
tinuous monitoring of distance across the fault.
verses and maintains its state each time that
{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r vertstrokesuperior?rthvertstrokeinferiorkwaˉk?vertstrokeinferiorla¨rm }
powerisapplied,[ENG] 1.Anyofvariousclos-
laser/fiber-optic gyroscope See fiber-optic gyro-
ing devices on a door that fit into a hook,notch,
scope,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r |a¨pH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
or cavityin theframe,2.Inplastics fabrication,
laser gyro [ENG] A gyro in which two laser
a device used to hold together the two members
beams travel in opposite directions over a ring-
of a mold,{ lach }
shaped path formed by three or more mirrors;
latch bolt [DES ENG] A self-acting spring bolt
rotation is thus measured without the use of a
with a beveled head,{ vertstrokesuperiorlach vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
spinningmass,Alsoknownasringlaser,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
latch-upphenomenon [ELECTR] In a bipolar or
z?r |j?ˉvertstrokeinferiorroˉ }
MOS integrated circuit,the generation of pho-
laser intrusion detector [ENG] A photoelectric
tocurrents by ionizing radiation which can pro-
intrusion detector in which a laser is a light
vide a trigger signal for a parasitic pnpn circuit
source that produces an extremely narrow and
and possibly result in permanent damage or
essentially invisible beam around the perimeter
operational failure if the circuit remains in this
of the area being guarded,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?rinvertstrokesuperiortru¨H11080zh?n
state,{ vertstrokesuperiorlach vertstrokeinferior?pf?vertstrokeinferiorna¨mH11080?vertstrokeinferiorna¨n}
divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r} latent defect [IND ENG] A flaw or other imper-
laserranging [ENG] A technique for determin- fection in any article which is discovered after
ing the distance to a target by precise measure- delivery; usually,latent defects are inherent
ment of the time required for a laser pulse to weaknesses which normally are not detected by
travel from a transmitter to a reflector on the examinationorroutinetests,butwhicharepres-
target and return to a detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080z?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080 ent at time of manufacture and are aggravated
i? } by use,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorfekt }
laserscope [ENG] A pulsed high-power laser latent heat [THERMO] The amount of heat ab-
used with appropriate scanning and imaging de- sorbed or evolved by 1 mole,or a unit mass,of
a substance during a change of state (such asvices to sense objects over the sea at night or
320
lay-up
fusion,sublimation or vaporization) at constant L-C parallel-resonant circuits shunted by quartz
crystals,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}temperature and pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080t vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
latentheatoffusionSee heat of fusion,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080?nt lattice girder [CIV ENG] An open girder,beam,
orcolumnbuiltfrommembersjoinedandbraced|heˉt?v vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
latentheatofsublimationSeeheat of sublimation,by intersecting diagonal bars,Also known as
open-web girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorg?rdH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080?nt |heˉt?v vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
latentheatofvaporizationSeeheatofvaporization,lattice truss [CIV ENG] A truss that resembles
latticework because of diagonal placement of{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080?nt |heˉt?v vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
members connecting the upper and lowerlatentload [MECH ENG] Cooling required to re-
chords,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?s vertstrokeinferiortr?s}move unwanted moisture from an air-condi-
launching [CIV ENG] The act or process of float-tioned space,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉtH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
ing a ship after only hull construction is com-lateral [ENG] In a gas distribution or transmis-
pleted; in some cases ships are not launchedsion system,a pipe branching away from the
until after all construction is completed.central,primary part of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nH11080chi? }r?l}
launchingcradle [CIV ENG] A framework madelateral compliance [ENG ACOUS] That charac-
of wood to support a vessel during launching
teristic of a stylus based on the force required
from sliding ways,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nH11080chi?vertstrokeinferiorkraˉdH11080?l}
to move it from side to side as it follows the
launching ways [CIV ENG] Two (or more) sets
grooves of a phonograph record,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l
of long,heavy timbers arranged longitudinally
k?mvertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns }
under the bottom of a ship during building and
lateral extensometer [ENG] An instrument
launching,withonesetoneachside,andsloping
used in photoelastic studies of the stresses on
toward the water; the lower set,or ground ways,
a plate; it measures the change in the thickness
remain stationary and support the upper set,or
of the plate resulting from the stress at various
sliding ways,which carry the weight of the ship
points,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokeinferiorstenvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
after the shores and keel blocks are removed.
lateral flow spillway See side-channel spillway.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nH11080chi?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉz}
{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
launder [ENG] Aninclinedchannelortroughfor
lateral recording [ENG ACOUS] A type of disk
the conveyance of a liquid,such as for water
recordinginwhichthegroovemodulationispar-
in mining and construction engineering or for
allel to the surface of the recording medium so
molten metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nH11080d?r}
that the cutting stylus moves from side to side
Lauson engine [ENG] Single-cylinder engine
during recording,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?lrivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? }
used in screening tests prior to the L-series lube
lateralsearch See profiling,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiors?rch }
oil tests (such as L-1 or L-2 tests),{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙zH11080?n
lateral sewer [CIV ENG] A sewer discharging
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
intoabranchorothersewerandhavingnotribu-
lawnmower [ELECTR] Type of radio-frequency
tary sewer,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?r}
preamplifier used with radar receivers.
lateral support [CIV ENG] Horizontal propping
[ENG] A helix-type recorder mechanism.
applied to a column,wall,or pier across its
[MECH ENG] A machine for cutting grass on
smallest dimension,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?ls?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt }
lawns,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙nvertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080?r}
laterlog [ENG] A downhole resistivity measure-
lawofactionandreactionSee Newton’s third law.
ment method wherein electric current is forced
{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n?n vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
to flow radially through the formation in a sheet
lawofcorrespondingtimes [MECH] The princi-
ofpredeterminedthickness;usedtomeasurethe
ple that the times for corresponding motions of
resistivity in hard-rock reservoirs as a method
dynamically similar systems are proportional to
of determining subterranean structural features.
{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorla¨g} L/V and also to H20906(L/G),where L is a typical
dimension of the system,V a typical velocity,lath [CIV ENG] 1,A narrow strip of wood used
in making a level base,as for plaster or tiles,or and G a typical force per unit mass,{ |lo˙?v
vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080?|spa¨ndH11080i?vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmz }in constructing a light framework,as a trellis.
2,A sheet of material used as a base for plas- lawofelectriccharges [ELEC] The law that like
charges repel,and unlike charges attract,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ter,{ lath }
lathe [MECH ENG] A machine for shaping a?vi|lekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rjH11080?z}
law of electrostatic attraction See Coulomb’s law.workpiece by gripping it in a holding device and
rotatingitunderpoweragainstasuitablecutting { vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vi|lekH11080tr?|stadH11080ik?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
lawofgravitation See Newton’s law of gravitation.tool for turning,boring,facing,or threading.
{laˉth } { vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
lay [DES ENG] The direction,length,or angle oflathingboard See backup strip,{ vertstrokesuperiorlathH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
latrine [ENG] A toilet facility,either fixed or of twist of the strands in a rope or cable,{ laˉ }
layoff [ENG] Theprocessoffairingaship’slinesa portable nature,such as is maintained under-
ground for use by miners,{ l?vertstrokeinferiortreˉn } or an airplane’s in a mold loft in order to make
molds and templates for structural units,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉlattice [CIV ENG] A network of crisscrossed
strips of metal or wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?s} |o˙f}
lay-up [ENG] Production of reinforced plasticslattice filter [ELECTR] An electric filter con-
sisting of a lattice network whose branches have by positioning the reinforcing material (such as
321
lazyjack
glass fabric) in the mold prior to impregnation lead-ingroove [DES ENG] A blank spiral groove
at the outside edge ofa disk recording,generallywith resin,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉvertstrokeinferior?p}
lazy jack [ENG] A device that accommodates of apitch muchgreater thanthat of therecorded
grooves,provided to bring the pickup styluschanges in length of a pipeline or similar struc-
ture through the motion of two linked bell quicklytothefirstrecordedgroove,Alsoknown
as lead-in spiral,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdvertstrokeinferiorin vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}cranks,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorjak }
lb See pound,leading truck [MECH ENG] A swiveling frame
with wheels under the front end of a locomotive.lbap See pound.
lbapoth See pound,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiortr?k}
lead-in spiral See lead-in groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdvertstrokeinferiorin vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080lbf See pound.
lbf-ft See foot-pound,r?l}
leadjoint [ENG] A pipe joint made by caulkinglbt See pound.
lbtr See pound,with lead wool or molten lead,{ vertstrokesuperiorled vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
lead-lag network [CONT SYS] CompensatingLCA See life-cycle assessment.
LCD See liquid crystal display,network which combines the characteristics of
the lag and lead networks,and in which theLCL See less-than-carload.
L/Dratio [ENG] Length to diameter ratio,a fre- phase of a sinusoidal response lags a sinusoidal
input at low frequencies and leads it at highquently used engineering relationship,{ vertstrokesuperiorelvertstrokesuperiordeˉ
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } frequencies,Also known as lag-lead network.
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokesuperiorlag vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }leaching [CHEM ENG] The dissolving,by a liq-
uid solvent,of soluble material from its mixture leadline See sounding line,{ vertstrokesuperiorled vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
with an insoluble solid; leaching is an industrial leadlining [ENG] Leadsheetingusedtolinethe
separation operation based on mass transfer; inside surfaces of liquid-storage vessels and
examples are the washing of a soluble salt from process equipment to prevent corrosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorled
the surface of an insoluble precipitate,and the vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080i? }
extractionofsugarfromsugarbeets,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉchH11080i? } lead network See derivative network,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd
lead [DES ENG] The distance that a screw will vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
advanceormoveintoanutinonecompleteturn,lead-out groove [DES ENG] A blank spiral
[ELEC] A wire used to connect two points in groove at the end of a disk recording,generally
a circuit,[ENG] A mass of lead attached to
of apitch much greaterthan that ofthe recorded
a line,as used for sounding at sea,{ led }
grooves,connectedtoeitherthelockedoreccen-
lead angle [DES ENG] The angle that the tan-
tric groove,Also known as throw-out spiral.
gent to a helix makes with the plane normal to
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}
the axis of the helix,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
lead-over groove [DES ENG] A groove cut be-
lead-chamber process [CHEM ENG] A process
tween separate selections or sections on a disk
for the preparation of impure or dilute (60–78)
recording to transfer the pickup stylus from one
sulfuric acid; sulfur dioxide is oxidized by moist
cuttothenext,Alsoknownascross-overspiral.
air with nitrogen oxide catalysts in a series of
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}
lead-lined chambers,the Gay-Lussac tower and
lead rail [CIV ENG] In an ordinary rail switch,
the Glover tower; used primarily in the manufac-
the turnout rail lying between the rails of the
ture of fertilizer,{ vertstrokesuperiorled vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
main track,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
leadcompensation [CONT SYS] A type of feed-
leadscrew [MECH ENG] A threaded shaft used
backcompensationprimarilyemployedforstabi-
to convert rotation to longitudinal motion; in a
lization or for improving a system’s transient re-
lathe it moves the tool carriage when cutting
sponse; it is generally characterized by a series
threads; in a disk recorder it guides the cutter at
compensation transfer function of the type
adesiredrateacrossthesurfaceofanungrooved
disk,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
G
c
(s) H11005 K
(s H11002 z)
(s H11002 p)
leadsusceptibility [CHEMENG] The increase in
octanenumberofgasolineimpartedbytheaddi-
tion of a specified amount of TEL (tetraethyl-
where z H11021 p and K is a constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
lead),{ vertstrokesuperiorled s?vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
lead time [IND ENG] The time allowed or re-
lead curve [CIV ENG] The curve in a railroad
quired to initiate and develop a piece of equip-
turnout between the switch and the frog.
ment that must be ready for use at a given time.
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
leader [BUILD] Seedownspout,[ENG] Theun-
leadtrack [CIVENG] Adistancemeasuredalongrecorded length of magnetic tape that enables
a straight railroad track from a switch to a frog.theoperatortothreadthetapethroughthedrive
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉd vertstrokeinferiortrak }and onto the take-up reel without losing data or
leadwire [ENG] Oneoftheheavywiresconnect-recorded music,speech,or such,[MECH ENG]
ing a firing switch with the cap wires,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdIn a hot-air heating system,a duct that conducts
vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}heated air to an outlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080?r}
leaf [BUILD] 1.Aseparately movabledivision ofleaderstreamer See leader,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstreˉmH11080?r}
a folding or sliding door,2,One of a pair ofleading edge [DES ENG] The surfaces or inset
doors or windows,3,One of the two halves ofcutting points on a bit that face in the same
directionastherotationofthebit,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorej } a cavity wall,{ leˉf}
322
left-laid
leafspring [DES ENG] A beam of cantilever de- the land,usually upon payment of an agreed
sign,firmly anchoredat oneend andwith alarge rental,bonus,or royalty,2.A pieceof land that
deflection under a load,Also known as flat is leased,{ leˉs}
spring,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorspri? } least-actionprincipleSee principle of least action.
league [MECH] Aunitoflengthequalto3miles { |leˉst vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
or 4828.032 meters,{ leˉg} least-energy principle [MECH] The principle
leakage [ENG] Undesired and gradual escape that the potential energy of a system in stable
or entry of a quantity,such as loss of neutrons equilibrium is a minimum relative to that of
by diffusion from the core of a nuclear reactor,
nearby configurations,{ |leˉst vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080
escape of electromagnetic radiation through
s?H11080p?l}
joints in shielding,flow of electricity over or
least-worktheory [MECH] A theory of statically
through an insulating material,and flow of mag-
indeterminate structures based on the fact that
netic lines of force beyond the working region.
when a stress is applied to such a structure the
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉkH11080ij }
individual parts of it are deflected so that the
leakage current [ELEC] 1,Undesirable flow of
energy stored in the elastic members is mini-
current throughor over the surfaceof an insulat-
mized,{ |leˉst vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
ing material or insulator,2,The flow of direct
LED See light-emitting diode.
current through a poor dielectric in a capacitor.
LEDE room [ENG ACOUS] A control room in a
[ELECTR] The alternating current that passes
sound-recording studio in which the rear wall is
through a rectifier without being rectified.
made reflective or diffusive,while the dead or
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉkH11080ij vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }
sound-absorbent treatment is applied at the
leakage rate [ENG] Flow rate of all leaks from
frontalsidewallsneartheloudspeakertoprevent
an evacuated vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉkH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
lateralreflectionsfrommixingwithdirectsignals
leakage resistance [ELEC] The resistance of
from the loudspeaker,Derived from live-end-
the path over which leakage current flows; it is
dead-end room,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉvertstrokeinferiordeˉ vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
normally high,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉkH11080ij ri|zisH11080t?ns }
ledge [BUILD] A horizontal timber on the back
leak detector [ENG] An instrument used for
of a batten door or ona framed and braced door.
finding small holes or cracks in the walls of a
[ENG] 1.Araisededgeormolding,2.Anarrow
vessel; the helium mass spectrometer is an ex-
shelf projecting from the side of a vertical struc-
ample,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉkdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
ture,3,A horizontal timber that supports the
leaktestpressure [MECH ENG] The inlet pres-
put-logs of scaffolding,{ lej }
sure used for a standard quantitative seat leak-
ledgeddoor See batten door,{ vertstrokesuperiorlejd vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
age test,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉk |test vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
ledger [CIV ENG] A main horizontal member of
lean fuel mixture See lean mixture,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉn vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l
formwork,supportedonuprightsandsupporting
vertstrokeinferiormiksH11080ch?r}
the soffitof theformwork,[ENG] The horizon-
leaning wheel grader [CIV ENG] A grader with
tal support for a scaffold platform,{ vertstrokesuperiorlejH11080?r}
skewed wheels to help cut or spread the soil.
Ledouxbellmeter [ENG] A type of manometer
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉnH11080i? |weˉl vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080?r}
used to measure the difference in pressure be-
lean manufacturing [IND ENG] A production
tweentwopointsgeneratedbyanyoneofseveral
system consisting of manufacturing cells linked
types of flow measurement devices such as a
together with a functionally integrated system
pitot tube; it is equipped with a shaped plug
for inventory and production control that uses
which makes the reading of the meter directly
less of the key resources needed to make goods.
proportional to the flow rate,{ l?vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokesuperiorbel
{ |leˉn vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
leanmanufacturingcells [INDENG] TypicallyU-
leer See lehr,{ ler }
shaped manufacturing cells in which workers,
Lee’s disk [THERMO] A device for determining
cross-trained on all the related processes,move
the thermal conductivity of poor conductors in
from machine to machine in counterclockwise
which a thin,cylindrical slice of the substance
loops,{ |leˉn vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorselz }
under study is sandwiched between two copper
lean mixture [MECH ENG] A fuel-air mixture
disks,a heating coil is placed between one of
containing a low percentage of fuel and a high
these disks and a third copper disk,and the
percentage of air,as compared with a normal or
temperaturesofthethreecopperdisksaremeas-
rich mixture,Also known as lean fuel mixture.
ured,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉz vertstrokeinferiordisk }
{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉn |miksH11080ch?r}
left-hand [DES ENG] Of drilling and cutting
lean-to [BUILD] A single-pitched roof whose
tools,screwthreads,andotherthreadeddevices,summitissupportedbythewallofahigherstruc-
designed to rotate clockwise or cut to the left.ture,{ vertstrokesuperiorle
ˉnvertstrokeinferiortu¨ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorleft |hand }lear See lehr,{ lir }
left-handed See left-laid,{ vertstrokesuperiorleft |handH11080?d}learning control [CONT SYS] A type of auto-
left-hand screw [DES ENG] A screw that ad-matic control in which the nature of control pa-
vances when turned counterclockwise,{ vertstrokesuperiorleftrameters and algorithms is modified by the ac-
|hand vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }tual experience of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?rnH11080i? k?n
left-laid [DESENG] Thelayofawireorfiberropevertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
or cable in which the individual wires or fiberslease [INDENG] 1.Contractbetweenlandowner
and another granting the latter the right to use in the strands are twisted to the right and the
323
leg
strands to the left,Also known as left-handed; letterspatent See patent,{ vertstrokesuperiorledH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorpatH11080?nt }
regular-lay left twist,{ vertstrokesuperiorleft |laˉd} levee [CIVENG] 1.Adikeforconfiningastream.
leg [ENG] 1.Anythingthatfunctionallyorstruc- 2,A pier along a river,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080eˉ }
turally resembles an animal leg,2,One of the level [CIV ENG] 1,A surveying instrument with
branches of a forked or jointed object,3,One a telescope and bubble tube used to take level
of the main upright members of a drill derrick sightsovervariousdistances,commonly100feet
ortripod,[MECH ENG] Thecase thatencloses (30 meters),2,To make the earth surface hori-
the vertical part of the belt carrying the buckets zontal,[DES ENG] A device consisting of a
within a grain elevator,{ leg }
bubble tube that is used to find a horizontal line
legwire [ENG] One of the two wires forming a
or plane,Also known as spirit level.
part of an electric blasting cap or squib.
[ELEC] A single bank of contacts,as on a step-
{ vertstrokesuperiorleg vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
ping relay,[ELECTR] 1,The difference be-
lehr [ENG] A long oven in which glass is cooled
tween a quantity and an arbitrarily specified ref-
and annealed after being formed,Also spelled
erence quantity,usually expressed as the loga-
lear; leer,{ ler }
rithm of the ratio of the quantities,2.A charge
Leidenfrost point [THERMO] The lowest tem-
value that can be stored in a given storage ele-
perature at which a hot body submerged in a
ment of a charge storage tube and distinguished
pool of boiling water is completely blanketed by
in the output from other charge values.
a vapor film; there is a minimum in the heat flux
{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l}
from the body to the water at this temperature.
leveled element time See normal element time.
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorfro˙st vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?ld vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorment vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
Leidenfrost’s phenomenon [THERMO] A phe-
leveledtime See normal time,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?ld vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
nomenon in which a liquid dropped on a surface
leveler [ENG] A back scraper,drag,or other
that is above a critical temperature becomes in-
form of device for smoothing land,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080l?r}
sulated from the surface by a layer of vapor,and
level indicator [ENG] An instrument that indi-
does not wet the surface as a result,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080
cates liquid level,[ENG ACOUS] An indicator
nvertstrokeinferiorfro˙sts f?vertstrokeinferiornamH11080?vertstrokeinferiorna¨n}
that shows the audio voltage level at which a
Lenard spiral [ENG] A type of magnetometer
recording is being made; may be a volume-unit
consisting of a spiral of bismuth wire and a
meter,neon lamp,or cathode-ray tuning indica-
Wheatstone bridge to measure changes in the
tor,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
resistance of the wire produced by magnetic
leveling [ENG] Adjusting any device,such as a
fields and as a result of the transverse magneto-
launcher,gun mount,or sighting equipment,so
resistance of bismuth,{ vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080na¨rd vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉH11080r?l}
thatallhorizontalorverticalangleswillbemeas-
length [MECH] Extension in space,{ le?kth }
ured in the true horizontal and vertical planes.
lengthening joint [ENG] A joint between two
[IND ENG] A method of performance rating
members running in the same direction.
which seeks to rate the principal factors that
{ vertstrokesuperiorle?kH11080th?vertstrokeinferiorni?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
cause the speed of motions rather than speed
lengthoflay [DES ENG] The distance measured
itself; it considers that the level at which the
along a line parallel to the axis of the rope in
operator works is influenced by effort and skill.
whichthestrandmakesonecompleteturnabout
{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li? }
theaxisoftherope,orthewiresmakeacomplete
leveling instrument [ENG] An instrument for
turn about the axis of the strand,{ vertstrokesuperiorle?kth?v
establishing a horizontal line of sight,usually by
vertstrokesuperiorlaˉ }
means of a spirit level or a pendulum device.
lengthofshot [ENG] Thedepthoftheshothole,
{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
in which powder is placed,or the size of the
leveling screw [ENG] An adjusting screw used
block of coal or rock to be loosened by a single
to bring an instrument into level,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li?
blast,measuredparallelwiththehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorle?kth
vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
v vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t}
level measurement [MECH] The determination
leo [MECH] A unit of acceleration,equal to 10
of the linear vertical distance between a refer-
meters per second per second; it has rarely been
ence point or datum plane and the surface of a
employed,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080oˉ }
liquidorthetopofapileofdividedsolid,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080
Lesliecube [THERMO] A metal box,with faces
l vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
having different surface finishes,in which water
levelpoint See point of fall,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
is heated and next to which a thermopile is
levelrod [ENG] A straight rod or bar,with a flat
placed in order to compare the heat emission
face graduatedin plainly visible linearunits withproperties of different surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorlezH11080le
ˉ vertstrokeinferiorkyu¨b}
zero at the bottom,used in measuring the verti-Leslie effect [ENG ACOUS] A dynamic timbre-
cal distance between a point of the earth’s sur-changing effect created by rotating one or more
faceandthelineofsightofalevelinginstrumentdirectional speakers inside a cabinet such that
that has been adjusted to the horizontal posi-a mixtureof Doppler-shifted reflectionsis gener-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}ated in the output of an electronic instrument.
levelsurface [ENG] A surface which is perpen-{ vertstrokesuperiorlezH11080leˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
dicular to the plumb line at every point,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080less-than-carload [IND ENG] Too light to fill a
l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}freight car and therefore not eligible for carload
rate,Abbreviated LCL,{ vertstrokesuperiorles th?n vertstrokesuperiorka¨rvertstrokeinferiorloˉd} level valve [MECH ENG] A valve operated by a
324
light-activatedsiliconcontrolledrectifier
lever which travels through a maximum arc of breathingmixturesupplysystem,airpurification
180H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorvalv } and filtering system,or carbon dioxide removal
Levensteinprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for system; used in oceanographic submersibles
the manufacture of mustard gas from ethene,and spacecraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉfs?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
CH
2
H11005CH
2
,and sulfur chloride,S
2
Cl
2
.{vertstrokesuperiorleH11080 life test [CHEM ENG] In petroleum testing,an
v?nvertstrokeinferiorst?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s} American Society for Testing and Materials oxi-
lever [ENG] A rigid bar,pivoted about a fixed dationtestmadeoninhibitedsteam-turbineoils
point(fulcrum),usedtomultiplyforceormotion; to determine their stability under oxidizing con-
used for raising,prying,or dislodging an object.
ditions,[ENG] Atestinwhichadeviceisoper-
{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?r,leˉH11080v?r}
ated under conditions that simulate a normal
leverage [MECH] The multiplication of force or
lifetime of use,to obtain an estimate of service
motion achieved by a lever,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080rij }
life,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf vertstrokeinferiortest }
lever shears [DES ENG] A shears in which the
LIFO See last in,first out,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfoˉ }
inputforceatthehandlesisrelatedtotheoutput
lift See elevator,{ lift }
force at the cutting edges by the principle of the
liftbridge [CIV ENG] A drawbridge whose mov-
lever,Also known as alligator shears; crocodile
able spans are raised vertically,{ vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
shears,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorshirz }
lifterflight [DES ENG] Spaced plates or projec-
levitated vehicle [MECH ENG] A train or other
tions on the inside surfaces of cylindrical rotat-
vehicle which travels at high speed at some dis-
ing equipment (such as rotary dryers) to lift and
tance above an electrically conducting track by
showerthesolidparticlesthroughthegas-drying
means of levitation,{ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
stream during their passage through the dryer
lewis [DES ENG] A device for hoisting heavy
cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorlifH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorfl?ˉt}
stones; employs a dovetailedtenon that fits into
lifterroof [ENG] Gas storage tank in which the
a mortise in the stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080?s}
roof is raised by the incoming gas as the tank
lewis bolt [DES ENG] A bolt with an enlarged,
fills,{ vertstrokesuperiorlifH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
tapered head that is inserted into masonry or
liftingblock [MECHENG] A combinationof pul-
stone and fixed with lead; used as a foundation
leys and ropes which allows heavy weights to be
bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080?s vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
lifted with least effort,{ vertstrokesuperiorliftH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
Lewis-Matheson method [CHEM ENG] Trial-
liftingdevice [ENG] A device to manually open
and-error calculation method for the design of
a pressure relief valve by decreasing the spring
multicomponent distillation columns,or for the
loading in order to determine if the valve is in
determination of the separating ability of an ex-
working order,{ vertstrokesuperiorliftH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
isting column,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080?s vertstrokesuperiormathH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
lifting dog [ENG] 1,A component part of the
L-head engine [MECH ENG] A type of four-
overshotassemblythatgraspsandliftstheinner
stroke cycle internal combustion engine having
tube or a wire-line core barrel,2,A clawlike
both inlet and exhaust valves on one side of the
hook for grasping cylindrical objects,such as
engine block which are operated by pushrods
drill rods or casing,while raising and lowering
actuated by a single camshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorel vertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
them,{ vertstrokesuperiorliftH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordo˙g}
j?n}
liftingmagnet [ENG] A large circular,rectangu-
liedetector [ENG] An instrument that indicates
lar,orspeciallyshapedmagnetusedforhandling
or records one or more functional variables of a
pig iron,scrap iron,castings,billets,rails,and
person’s body while the person undergoes the
other magnetic materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorliftH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?t}
emotional stress associated with a lie,Also
liftingtask [INDENG] Ataskthatinvolvesappli-
known as polygraph; psychintegroammeter.
cation of a moment to the vertebral column of
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉ d?ˉvertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
the worker,{ vertstrokesuperiorliftH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortask }
life-cycle assessment [SYS ENG] A methodol-
lift pump [MECH ENG] A pump for lifting fluid
ogy that identifies the environmental impacts
to the pump’s own level,{ vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
associated with the life cycle of a material or
lift-slab construction [CIV ENG] Pouring rein-
productinaspecificapplication,thusidentifying
forced concrete roof and floor slabs at ground
opportunitiesforimprovementinenvironmental
level,then lifting them into position after hard-
performance,Abbreviated LCA,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l
ening,{ vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiorslab k?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080m?nt }
lift truck [MECH ENG] A small hand- or power-
life-cyclecost [ENG] A measurement of the to-
operated dolly equipped with a platform or fork-
tal cost of using equipment over the entire time
lift,{ vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
of service of the equipment; includes initial,op-
lift valve [MECH ENG] A valve that moves per-erating,and maintenance costs,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?
ˉf vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l
pendicularly to the plane of the valve seat.vertstrokeinferiorko
˙st }
{ vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiorvalv }lifeexpectancy [ENG] The predicted useful ser-
ligament [ENG] The section of solid material invice life of an item of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉfikvertstrokesuperiorspekH11080
a tube sheet or shell between adjacent holes.t?nH11080seˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorligH11080?H11080m?nt }life preserver [ENG] A buoyant device that is
light-activated silicon controlled rectifierusedtopreventdrowningbysupportingaperson
[ELECTR] A silicon controlled rectifier having ain the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf privertstrokeinferiorz?rH11080v?r}
glass window for incident light that takes thelife support system [ENG] A system providing
atmospheric control and monitoring,such as a place of,or addsto the actionof,anelectric gate
325
light-activatedsiliconcontrolledswitch
current in providing switching action,Abbrevi- conductor of an electrical system and ground to
limit the magnitude of transient overvoltages onatedLASCR,Alsoknownasphoto-SCR;photo-
thyristor,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt |akH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?d |silH11080?H11080k?nk?n|troˉld equipment,Also known as arrester; surge ar-
rester,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉtH11080nivertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?r}vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
light-activatedsiliconcontrolledswitch[ELECTR] lightsectioncar [MECH ENG] A railway motor-
car weighing 750–900 pounds (340–408 kilo-A semiconductor device that has four layers of
silicon alternately doped with acceptor and do- grams)andpropelledby4–6-horsepower(3000–
4500-watt) engines,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}nor impurities,but with all four of the p and n
layersmadeaccessiblebyterminals;whenalight light-sensitive [ELECTR] Having photoconduc-
tive,photoemissive,or photovoltaic characteris-beam hits the active light-sensitive surface,the
photons generate electron-hole pairs that make tics,Alsoknownasphotosensitive,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080
s?dH11080iv}the device turn on; removal of light does not
reverse the phenomenon; the switch can be light-sensitive cell See photodetector,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt |senH11080
s?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorsel }turned off only by removingor reversing its posi-
tivebias,AbbreviatedLASCS,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt |akH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080 light-sensitive detector See photodetector,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt
|senH11080s?dH11080ivdi vertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}?d |silH11080?H11080k?nk?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiorswich }
light amplifier [ELECTR] 1,Any electronic de- light valve [ELECTR] 1,A device whose light
transmission can be made to vary in accordancevice which,when actuated by a light image,re-
produces a similar image of enhanced bright- with an externally applied electrical quantity,
such as volatage,current,electric field,or mag-ness,and which is capable of operating at very
low light levels without introducing spurious netic field,or an electron beam,2,Any direct-
view electronic display optimized for reflectingbrightness variations (noise) into the repro-
duced image,Also known as image intensifier,or transmitting an image with an independent
collimated light source for projection pur-2.See laser amplifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
light-beam galvanometer See d’Arsonval galva- poses,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉtvertstrokeinferiorvalv }
Lillycontroller [MECH ENG] A device on steamnometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
light-beampickup [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph and electric winding engines that protects
against overspeed,overwind,and other inci-pickup in which a beam of light is a coupling
element of the transducer,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p } dents injurious to workers and the engine.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlilH11080eˉ k?n|troˉlH11080?r}light blasting [ENG] Loosening of shallow or
small outcrops of rock and breaking boulders by limb [DES ENG] 1,The graduated margin of an
arc or circle in an instrument for measuringexplosives,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }
light-emittingdiode [ELECTR] Arectifyingsemi- angles,as that part of a marine sextant carrying
the altitude scale,2,The graduated staff of aconductor device which converts electrical en-
ergy into electromagnetic radiation,The wave- leveling rod,{ limb }
lime kiln [CHEM ENG] Furnace-type apparatus,length of the emitted radiation ranges from the
near-ultraviolettothenear-infrared,thatis,from usually a long,tilted cylinder that is slowly ro-
tated,used to heat calcium carbonate,CaCO
3
,about 400 to over 1500 nanometers,Abbrevi-
ated LED,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉtivertstrokeinferiormidH11080i?vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd } above 900H11034C to produce lime,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorkil }
limelight [ENG] A light source once used inlighteninghole [CIVENG] An openingcutintoa
strengthening member that decreases its weight spotlights; it consisted of a block of lime heated
to incandescence by means of an oxyhydrogenwithout significantlyaltering its strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉtH11080
ni?vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl } flame torch,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉmvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
limestonelog [ENG] Alogthatemploysanelec-lighterage [IND ENG] 1,Loading or unloading
ships by means of a lighter,2,The fee charged trical resistivity element in the form of four sym-
metrically arranged current electrodes to givefor this operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080?H11080rij }
lighting-off torch [ENG] A torch used to ignite accurate readings in borehole surveying of hard
formations,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉmvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn vertstrokesuperiorla¨g}a fuel oil burner; it consists of asbestos cloth
wrapped aroundan iron rod andsoaked with oil,liming [CHEM ENG] Soaking hides and skins in
milk of lime and causing them to swell,to facili-{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
light-inspectioncar [MECH ENG] A railway mo- tate the removal of hair,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉmH11080i? }
limitcontrol [MECHENG] 1.Inboileroperation,torcar weighing 400–600 pounds (180–270 kilo-
grams)andhavinga capacityof650–800pounds usually a device,electrically controlled,that
shuts down a burner at a prescribed operating(295–360 kilograms),{ |l?ˉtinvertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
light meter [ENG] A small,portable device for point,2,In machine-tool operation,a sensing
devicewhichterminatesmotionoftheworkpiecemeasuring illumination; an exposure meter is
a specific application,being calibrated to give or tool at prescribed points,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?tk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
limitdimensioningmethod [DES ENG] Methodphotographic exposures,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
lightmodulator [ELECTR] The combination of a of dimensioning and tolerancing wherein the
maximum and minimum permissible values forsource of light,an appropriate optical system,
and a means for varying the resulting light beam a dimension are stated specifically to indicate
the size or location of the element in question.to produce an optical sound track on motion
picture film,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?td?vertstrokeinferiormenH11080ch?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
limited-access highway See expressway,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080lightning arrester [ELEC] A protective device
designed primarily for connection between a?dH11080?d |akH11080ses vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
326
linearscanning
limited-degree-of-freedom robot [CONT SYS] limnimeter [ENG] A type of tide gage for mea-
suring lake level variations,{ limvertstrokesuperiornimH11080?dH11080?r}Robot whose end effector can be positioned and
limnograph [ENG] Arecordingmadeonalimni-oriented in fewer than six degrees of freedom.
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?ddivertstrokesuperiorgreˉ?v vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080d?m vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
Lindecoppersweetening [CHEMENG] Apetro-limitedintegrator [ELECTR] Adeviceusedinan-
leum-refinery process to treat gasolines and dis-alog computers that has two input signals and
tillates with a slurry of clay and cupric chlorideone output signal whose value is proportional
to remove mercaptans,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorka¨pH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsweˉtH11080to the integral of one of the input signals with
nH11080i? }
respect to the other as long as this output signal
LindedrillSeefusion-piercingdrill,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiordril }
does not exceed specified limits,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?d
line-and-stafforganization [IND ENG] A form of
vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}
organization structure which combines func-
limited-pressurecycleSeemixedcycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080
tional subunits with staff officers in line func-
d |preshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
tions,{ |l?ˉn?n |staf vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080g?H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
limited-rotation hydraulic actuator [MECH
linear [CONT SYS] Having an output that varies
ENG] A typeof hydraulic actuatorthat produces
in direct proportion to the input,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r}
limited reciprocating rotary force and motion;
linearactuator [MECH ENG] A device that con-
used for lifting,lowering,opening,closing,in-
verts some kind of power,such as hydraulic or
dexing,and transferring movements; examples
electric power,into linear motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
are the piston-rack actuator,single-vane actua-
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
tor,and double-vane actuator,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?d
linear control system [CONT SYS] A linear sys-
roˉ|taˉH11080sh?nh?ˉ|dro˙H11080lik vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
tem whose inputs are forced to change in a de-
limited-sequence robot See fixed-stop robot.
sired manner as time progresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?d |seˉH11080kw?ns vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
limiter [ELECTR] An electronic circuit used to
linearexpansitySeecoefficientoflinearexpansion.
prevent theamplitude of anelectronic waveform
{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rikvertstrokesuperiorspanH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
fromexceedingaspecifiedlevelwhilepreserving
linear feedback control [CONT SYS] Feedback
the shape of the waveform at amplitudes less
control in a linear system,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak
than the specified level,Also known as ampli-
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
tude limiter; amplitude-limiting circuit; auto-
linearintegratedcircuit [ELECTR] Anintegrated
matic peak limiter; clipper; clipping circuit; lim-
circuit that provides linear amplification of sig-
iter circuit; peak limiter,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
nals,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r |intH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
limit governor [MECH ENG] A mechanical gov-
linearization [CONT SYS] 1,The modification of
ernor that takes over control from the main gov-
a system so that its outputs are approximately
ernor to shut the machine down when speed
linearfunctionsofitsinputs,inordertofacilitate
reachesapredeterminedexcessabovetheallow-
analysis of the system,2,The mathematical
able rate,Also known as topping governor.
approximation of a nonlinear system,whose de-
{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorg?vH11080?rH11080n?r}
partures from linearity are small,by a linear sys-
limiting friction See static friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080i?
tem corresponding to small changes in the vari-
vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
ables about their average values,{ vertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rH11080
limitlines [IND ENG] Lines on a chart designat-
vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
ing specification limits,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnz }
linearmeter [ENG] A meter in which the deflec-
limit-load design See ultimate-load design.
tionofthepointerisproportionaltothequantity
{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorloˉddivertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
limits [DES ENG] In dimensioning,the maxi-
linear momentum See momentum,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
mum and minimum values prescribed for a spe-
m?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m}
cific dimension; the limits may be of size if the
linear motion See rectilinear motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
dimensionconcernedisasizedimension,orthey
vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
may be of location if the dimension concerned
linear-quadratic-Gaussian problem [CONT SYS]
is a location dimension,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?ts }
An optimal-state regulator problem,containing
limit state [CIV ENG] The condition beyond
Gaussian noise in both the state and measure-
which a structure or a structural member is
ment equations,in which the expected value of
deemedunsafeduetoone ormoreloadsorload
the quadratic performance index is to be mini-
effects,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorstaˉt}
mized,Abbreviated LQG problem,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
limitswitch [ELEC] A switch designed to cut off
kw?vertstrokesuperiordradH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorgau˙sH11080eˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
power automatically at or near the limit of travel linear regulator problem [CONT SYS] A type of
of a moving object controlled by electrical optimal control problem in which the system to
means,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorswich } be controlled is described by linear differential
limit velocity [MECH] In armor and projectile equationsandtheperformanceindextobemini-
testing,thelowestpossiblevelocityatwhichany mized is the integral of a quadratic function of
one of the complete penetrations is obtained; the system state and control functions,Also
since the limit velocity is difficult to obtain,a known as optimal regulator problem; regulator
more easily obtainable value,designated as the problem,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
ballistic limit,is usually employed,{ vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t linear scanning [ENG] Radar beam which
moves with constant angular velocity throughv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
327
linearstrain
the scanning sector,which may be a complete line-of-sight velocity See radial velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v
vertstrokesuperiors?ˉtv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }360H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i? }
linearstrain [MECH] The ratio of the change in line of thrust [MECH] Locus of the points
through which the resultant forces pass in anthe length of a body to its initial length,Also
known as longitudinal strain,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r |straˉn } arch or retaining wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorthr?st }
line of tunnel [ENG] The width marked by thelinearsystem [CONTSYS] Asysteminwhichthe
outputs are components of a vector which is exterior lines or sides of a tunnel,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v
vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l}equal to the value of a linear operator applied
to a vector whose components are the inputs,lineoiler [MECH ENG] An apparatus inserted in
alineconductingairorsteamtoanair-orsteam-{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
linearsystemanalysis [CONT SYS] The study of activated machine that feeds small controllable
amounts of lubricating oil into the air or steam.a system by means of a model consisting of a
linear mapping between the system inputs Also known as air-line lubricator; line lubricator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferioro˙iH11080l?r}(causes or excitations),applied at the input ter-
minals,and the system outputs (effects or re- linepack [ENG] The actual amount of gas in a
pipeline or distribution system,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorpak }sponses),measured or observed at the output
terminals,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r |sisH11080t?m?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s} liner [DESENG] Areplaceabletubularsleevein-
side a hydraulic or pump-pressure cylinder inlinear velocity See velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080
dH11080eˉ } which the piston travels,[ENG] A string of
casing in a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080?r}lineclinometer [ENG] Aclinometerdesignedto
be inserted between rods at any point in a string liner bushing [DES ENG] A bushing,provided
with or without a head,that is permanently in-of drill rods,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn kl?ˉvertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
line driver [ELECTR] An integrated circuit that stalled in a jig to receive the renewable wearing
bushings,Also known as master bushing.acts as the interface between logic circuits and
a two-wire transmission line,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉvH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbu˙shH11080i? }
linerod See range rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}line functions [IND ENG] Organizational func-
tions having direct authority and responsibility,liner plate cofferdam [CIV ENG] A cofferdam
madefromsteelplatesabout16inches(41centi-{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?nz }
linehydrophone [ENGACOUS] Adirectionalhy- meters) high and 3 feet (91 centimeters) long,
and corrugated for added stiffness,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080?rdrophone consisting of one straight-line ele-
ment,an array of suitably phased elements vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt vertstrokesuperiorko˙fH11080?rvertstrokeinferiordam }
linescanner [ENG] An infrared imaging devicemounted in line,or the acoustic equivalent of
such an array,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn } which utilizes the motion of a moving platform,
such as an aircraft or satellite,to scan infraredline level [ENG] A small spirit level fitted with
hooks at each end so that it can be hung on a radiation from the terrain,Also known as ther-
mal mapper,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080?r}horizontally stretched line,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
line loss [ELEC] Total of the various energy line shafting [MECH ENG] One or more pieces
of assembled shafting to transmit power fromlosses occurring in a transmission line,[ENG]
The quantity of gas that is lost in a distribution a central source to individual machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn
vertstrokeinferiorshaftH11080i? }system or pipeline,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
linelubricatorSee line oiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} linesman [ENG] 1,A worker who sets up and
repairs communication and power lines,2,Anline microphone [ENG ACOUS] A highly direc-
tionalmicrophoneconsistingofasinglestraight- assistant to a surveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnzH11080m?n}
linespacelever [MECH ENG] A lever on a type-lineelementoranarrayofsmallparalleltubesof
differentlengths,withoneendofeachabuttinga writer used to move the carriage to a new line.
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn |spaˉs vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?r}microphone element,Also known as machine-
gun microphone,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} line voltage [ELEC] The voltage provided by a
power line at the point of use,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }linemixer See flow mixer,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
lineofaction [MECH ENG] The locus of contact lining bar [DES ENG] A crowbar with a pinch,
wedge,or diamond point at its working end.points as gear teeth profiles go through mesh.
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
liningpole See range rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}line of balance [IND ENG] A production plan-
ning system that schedules key events leading link [CIV ENG] A standardized part of a survey-
or’schain,whichis7.92inches(20.1168centime-to completion of an assembly on the basis of
thedeliverydateforthecompletedsystem,Ab- ters)intheGunter’schainand1foot(30.48centi-
meters) in the engineer’s chain,[DES ENG]breviated LOB,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
lineoffall [MECH] Thelinetangenttotheballis- 1,One of the rings of a chain,2,A connecting
piece in the moving parts of a machine,{ li?k}tic trajectory at the level point,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn?v |fo˙l}
line of flight [MECH] The line of movement,or linkage [MECH ENG] A mechanism that trans-
fers motion in a desired manner by using somethe intended line of movement,of an aircraft,
guided missile,or projectile in the air,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn combination of bar links,slides,pivots,and ro-
tating members,{ vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij }?v |fl?ˉt}
lineofimpact [MECH] A line tangent to the tra- link V belt [DES ENG] A V belt composed of a
largenumberofrubberized-fabriclinksjoinedbyjectory ofa missile at thepoint of impact,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn
v vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt } metal fasteners,{ vertstrokesuperiorli?k vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
328
liquid-sorbentdehumidifier
lintel [BUILD] A horizontal member over an liquid-in-metal thermometer [ENG] A ther-
mometer in which the thermally sensitive ele-opening,such as a door or window,usually car-
ment is a liquid contained in a metal envelope,rying the wall load,{ vertstrokesuperiorlintH11080?l}
frequently inthe formof aBourdon tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080linter [MECH ENG] A machine for removing fuzz
w?din|medH11080?lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}linters from ginned cottonseed,{ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080t?r}
liquid knockout See impingement,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?dlip [CIV ENG] A parapet placed on the down-
vertstrokesuperiorna¨vertstrokeinferiorkau˙t}stream margin of a millrace or apron in order to
liquidlevelcontrol [ENG] Regulation of the lin-minimize scouring of the river bottom,[DES
ear vertical distance between the surface of a
ENG] Cutting edge of a fluted drill formed by
liquidandsomereferencepoint,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?dvertstrokesuperiorlevH11080
theintersection ofthefluteand thelipclearance
lk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
angle,and extending from the chisel edge at the
liquid-liquid extraction [CHEM ENG] The re-
web to the circumference,{ lip }
movalofasolublecomponentfromaliquidmix-
LippmannelectrometerSee capillary electrometer.
ture by contact with a second liquid,immiscible
{ vertstrokesuperiorlipH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
with the carrier liquid in which the component
liqpt See pint.
is preferentially soluble,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?dik
liquefier [ENG] Equipment or system used to
vertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}
liquefy gases; usually employs a combination
liquidmeasure [MECH] A system of units used
of compression,heat exchange,and expansion
to measure the volumes of liquid substances in
operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
the United States; the units are the fluid dram,
liquid-columngageSeeU-tubemanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080
fluid ounce,gill,pint,quart,and gallon,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080
w?d |ka¨lH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
w?d |mezhH11080?r}
liquid compass [ENG] A compass in a bowl
liquidpenetranttest [ENG] Apenetrantmethod
filled with liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080p?s}
of nondestructive testing used to locate defects
liquid-cooleddissipatorSeecoldplate,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d
opentothesurfaceofnonporousmaterials;pen-
|ku¨ld vertstrokesuperiordisH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpaˉdH11080?r}
etratingliquidisappliedtothesurface,andafter
liquid-cooled engine [MECH ENG] An internal
1–30 minutes excess liquid is removed,and a
combustion engine with a jacket cooling system
developer is applied to draw the penetrant out
in which liquid,usually water,is circulated to
of defects,thus showing their location,shape,
maintain acceptable operating temperatures of
and size,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080?H11080tr?nt vertstrokeinferiortest }
machine parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |ku¨ld vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
liquid-phase hydrogenation [CHEM ENG] Hy-
liquidcooling [ENG] Useofcirculatingliquidto
drogen reaction with liquid-phase hydrogenata-
cool processequipment andhermetically sealed
ble material,such as unsaturated aliphatic or
components such as transistors,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d
aromatic hydrocarbons,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokeinferiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉH11080dr?H11080
vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
j?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080hs?n}
liquidcrystaldisplay [ELECTR] Adigitaldisplay
liquidpint See pint,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉnt }
that consists of two sheets of glass separated by
liquidpistonrotarycompressor [MECH ENG] A
a sealed-in,normally transparent,liquid crystal
rotary compressor in which a multiblade rotor
material; the outer surface of each glass sheet
revolves in a casing partly filled with liquid,for
has a transparent conductive coating such as
example,water,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |pisH11080t?n |roˉdH11080?H11080reˉ
tin oxide or indium oxide,with the viewing-side
k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
coating etched into character-forming segments
liquid seal [CHEM ENG] 1,The depth of liquid
thathaveleadsgoingtotheedgesofthedisplay;
above an opening from which gas or vapor is-
a voltage applied between front and back elec-
sues,as for a riser in a distillation-column tray.
trode coatings disrupts the orderly arrangement
2,Product drawoff in which a depth of liquid
of the molecules,darkening the liquid enough
prevents the outflow of gas or vapor,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080
toformvisiblecharacterseventhoughnolightis
w?d vertstrokesuperiorseˉl}
generated,AbbreviatedLCD,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080
liquid-sealed meter [ENG] A type of positive-
ldivertstrokesuperiorsplaˉ }
displacement meter for gas flows consisting of
liquidextractionSeesolventextraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d
acylindricalchamberthatismorethanhalffilled
ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}
with water and divided into four rotating com-
liquid filter [CHEM ENG] A device for the re-
partments formed by trailing vanes; gas entering
moval of solids or coalesced droplets out of a
through the center shaft into one compartment
liquid stream by use of a filter medium,such as
after another forces rotation that allows the gas
a screen,cartridge,or granular bed,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d
then to exhaust out the top as it is displaced by
vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r} the water,Also known as drum meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080
liquid-in-glassthermometer [ENG] Athermom- w?d vertstrokeinferiorse
ˉld vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
eter in which the thermally sensitive element is liquidsemiconductor [ELECTR] An amorphous
aliquidcontainedinagraduatedglassenvelope; material in solid or liquid state that possesses
the indication of such a thermometer depends the properties of varying resistance induced by
upon the difference between the coefficients of charge carrier injection,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080
thermal expansion of the liquid and the glass; k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
mercury and alcohol are liquids commonly used liquid-sorbentdehumidifier [MECHENG] Asor-
in meteorological thermometers,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?din bent type of dehumidifier consisting of a main
circulating fan,sorbent-air contactor,sorbent|glas th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
329
liquidsulfurdioxide-benzeneprocess
pump,and reactivator; dehumidification and re- thisinstrumentissupposedtobesomewhatrep-
resentative of that from plant growth,{ vertstrokesuperiorlivH11080i?H11080activation are continuous operations,with a
st?n vertstrokeinferiorsfir }smallpartofthesorbentconstantlybledofffrom
livre [MECH] A unit of mass,used in France,the main circulating system and reactivated to
equal to 0.5 kilogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080r? }the concentration required for the desired efflu-
lixiviate [CHEM ENG] To extract a soluble com-
ent dew point,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |so˙rH11080b?nt vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080yu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080
ponentfromasolidmixturebywashingorperco-
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
lation processes,{ likvertstrokesuperiorsivH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉt}
liquid sulfur dioxide-benzene process [CHEM
lixuration See leaching,{ vertstrokeinferiorlikH11080syu˙vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
ENG] A petroleum-refinery process using a
Ljungstro¨m heater [MECH ENG] Continuous,
mixedsolvent (SO
2
andbenzene)to dewaxlubri-
regenerative,heat-transfer air heater (recupera-
cating oils or improve their viscosity indices.
tor) made of slow-moving rotors packed with
{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokesuperiors?lH11080f?rd?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd benvertstrokesuperiorzeˉn vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
closelyspacedmetalplatesorwireswithahous-
liquidus line [THERMO] For a two-component
ingtoconfinethehotandcoldgasestoopposite
system,acurveonagraphoftemperatureversus
sides,{ vertstrokesuperioryu˙?H11080str?m vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
concentration which connects temperatures at
Ljungstro¨msteamturbine [MECHENG] Aradial
which fusion is completed as the temperature is
outward-flow turbine having two opposed rota-
raised,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?dH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
tion rotors,{ vertstrokesuperioryu˙?H11080str?m |steˉm vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
liquor [CHEM ENG] 1,Supernatant liquid de-
load [ELEC] 1,A device that consumes electric
canted from a liquid-solids mixture in which the
power,2,The amount of electric power that is
solids have settled,2,Liquid overflow from a
drawn from a power line,generator,or other
liquid-liquid extraction unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080?r}
power source,3,The material to be heated by
list [ENG] To lean to one side,or deviate from
an induction heater or dielectric heater,Also
the vertical,{ list }
known as work,[ELECTR] The device that re-
listeningstation [ENG] A radio or radar receiv-
ceives the useful signal output of an amplifier,
ing station that is continuously manned for vari-
oscillator,or other signal source,[ENG] 1,To
ous purposes,such as for radio direction finding
place ammunition in a gun,bombs on an air-
or for gaining information about enemy elec-
plane,explosives in a missile or borehole,fuel
tronic devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
in a fuel tank,cargoor passengers into a vehicle,
listing See lashing,{ vertstrokesuperiorlistH11080i? }
and the like,2.The quantityof gas delivered or
liter [MECH] A unit of volume or capacity,equal
required at any particular point on a gas supply
to 1 decimeter cubed,or 0.001 cubic meter,or
system; develops primarily at gas-consuming
1000 cubic centimeters,Abbreviated l; L.
equipment,[MECH] 1.Theweight thatis sup-
{leˉdH11080?r}
ported by a structure,2,Mechanical force that
lithography [ELECTR] A technique used for in-
is applied to a body,3,The burden placed on
tegrated circuit fabrication in which a silicon
any machine,measured by units such as horse-
slice is coated uniformly with a radiation-sensi-
power,kilowatts,or tons,{ loˉd}
tivefilm,theresist,andanexposingsource(such
load-and-carry equipment [MECH ENG] Earth-
as light,x-rays,or an electron beam) illuminates
moving equipment designed to load and trans-
selectedareasofthesurfacethroughaninterven-
port material,{ |loˉd?n vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉ ivertstrokeinferiorkwipH11080m?nt }
ing master template for a particular pattern.
load-carrying capacity [MECH ENG] The great-
{l?vertstrokesuperiortha¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
est weight that the end effector of a robot can
live axle [MECH ENG] An axle to which wheels
manipulate without reducing its level of perfor-
are rigidly fixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}
mance,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd |karH11080eˉH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
livecenter [MECH ENG] A lathe center that fits
load chart [IND ENG] A graph showing the
into the headstock spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
amount ofwork still tobe performed bya factory
live-end-dead-end room See LEDE room,{ |l?ˉv
producing unit such as a machine or assembly
vertstrokeinferiorend vertstrokesuperiordedvertstrokeinferiorend vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
group,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
live load [MECH] A moving load or a load of
load compensation [CONT SYS] Compensation
variableforceactinguponastructure,inaddition
in which the compensator acts on the output
to its own weight,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
signal after it has generated feedback signals.
liveloadallowance [ENG] Thepermissibleload
Also known as load stabilization,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdka¨mH11080
thatmaybeaddedtoacompletedbuildingstruc-
p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
ture,including installations,equipment,and
loaddeflection [MECH ENG] The change in po-
personnel,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorloˉd?vertstrokeinferiorlau˙H11080?ns }
sition of a body when a load is applied to it.
live-roller conveyor [MECH ENG] Conveying
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉddivertstrokeinferiorflekH11080sh?n}
machine which moves objects over a series of
loaddiagram [CIV ENG] A diagram showing the
rollers bythe application ofpower to allor some
distributionandintensityofloadsonastructure.
of the rollers,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv |roˉlH11080?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
livesteam [MECH ENG] Steam that is being de- loadedQ [ELEC] The Q factor of an impedance
livered directly from a boiler under full pressure,which is connected or coupled under working
{ vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm} conditions,Also known as working Q,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080
Livingstonesphere [ENG] A clay atmometer in?d kyu¨ }
loaded wheel [ENG] A grinding wheel that isthe form of a sphere; evaporation indicated by
330
locationfit
dull as a result of becoming filled with particles load stress [MECH] Stress that results from a
pressure or gravitational load,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorstres }fromthematerialbeingground,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}
loader [MECH ENG] A machine such as a me- LOB See line of balance.
lobe [DES ENG] A projection on a cam wheelchanical shovel used for loading bulk materials.
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r } or a noncircular gear wheel,[ENG ACOUS] A
portion of the directivity pattern of a transducerloadfactor [ELEC] The ratio of average electric
load to peak load,usually calculated over a 1- representing an area of increased emission or
response,{ loˉb}hour period,[MECH] The ratio of load to the
maximum rated load,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} lobed impeller meter [ENG] A type of positive
displacement meter in which a fluid stream isloading [CHEMENG] Conditionofvaporoverca-
pacity in a liquid-vapor-contact tower,in which separated into discrete quantities by rotating,
meshing impellers driven by interlocking gears.rising vapor lifts or holds falling liquid,[ELEC]
The addition of inductance to a transmission { loˉbd imvertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
local buckling [MECH] Buckling of thin ele-line to improve its transmission characteristics
throughout a given frequency band,Also ments of a column section in a series of waves
or wrinkles,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080li? }known as electrical loading,[ENG] 1.Buildup
on a cutting tool of the material removed in localcoefficientofheattransfer [THERMO] The
heat transfer coefficient at a particular point oncutting,2.Filling the pores of a grinding wheel
with material removed in the grinding process,a surface,equal to the amount of heat trans-
ferred to an infinitesimal area of the surface at[ENG ACOUS] Placing material at the front or
rear of a loudspeaker to change its acoustic im- the point by a fluid passing over it,divided by
the product of this area and the difference be-pedance and thereby alter its radiation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? } tween the temperatures of the surface and the
fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?r}loading board [ENG] A device that holds pre-
formsinpositionscorrespondingtothemultiple localcontroller See first-level controller,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?l
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}cavities in a compression mold,thus facilitating
the simultaneous insertion of the preforms,localizedvector [MECH] A vector whose line of
application or point of application is prescribed,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
loading density [ENG] The number of pounds in addition to its direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080
t?r}of explosive per foot length of drill hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiordenH11080 s?dH11080eˉ } local networking [CONT SYS] The system of
communication linking together the compo-loadinghead [MECH ENG] The part of a loader
which gathers the bulk materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? nents of a single robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rkH11080i? }
localstructuraldiscontinuity [MECH] Theeffectvertstrokeinferiorhed }
loadingrack [ENG] The shelter and associated ofintensifiedstressonasmallportionofastruc-
ture,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080k?lvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?ldisvertstrokeinferiorka¨ntH11080?nvertstrokesuperioru¨H11080?dH11080eˉ }equipment for the withdrawal of liquid petro-
leum or a chemical product from a storage tank locating [MECH ENG] A function of tooling
operations accomplished by designing andand loading it into a railroad tank car or tank
truck,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorrak } constructing the tooling device so as to bring
together the proper contact points or surfacesloading space [ENG] Space in a compression
mold for holding the plastic molding material between the workpiece and the tooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? }before it is compressed,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
loadingstation [MECH ENG] A device which re- locatinghole [MECH ENG] A hole used to posi-
tion the part in relation to a cutting tool or toceives material and puts it on a conveyor; may
be one or more plates or a hopper,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? other parts and gage points,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
locatingsurface [MECH ENG] A surface used tovertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
loadingtray [ENG] A tray with a sliding bottom positionanitembeingmanufacturedinanumer-
ical control or robotic system for clamping.used to simultaneously load the plastic charge
into the cavities of a multicavity mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080 { vertstrokesuperiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s}
location analysis [DES ENG] An initial step ini?vertstrokeinferiortraˉ }
loading weight [ENG] Weight of a powder put the design of a robotic system consisting of a
detailed study of all aspects of the placement ofinto a container,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
loadlimit [CIV ENG] The maximum weight that components such as work stations,buffers,and
materials-handling equipment,as well as acces-can be supported by a structure,[MECH ENG]
The maximum recommended or permitted over- sories,tools,and workpieces within a work sta-
tion,{ loˉvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}allweight ofacontaineror acargo-carryingvehi-
cle that is determined by combining the weight location dimension [DES ENG] A dimension
whichspecifiesthepositionordistancerelation-oftheemptycontainerorvehiclewiththeweight
of the load,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t } ship of one feature of an object with respect to
another,{ loˉvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nd?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080ch?n}loadprofile [ENG] A measure of the time distri-
bution of a building’s energy requirements,in- location fit [DES ENG] The characteristic
wherein mechanical sizes of mating parts arecludingtheheating,cooling,andelectricalloads.
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl } such that,when assembled,the parts are accu-
rately positioned in relation to each other.load stabilization See load compensation,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉd
vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080b?H11080l?vertstrokeinferiorzaˉH11080sh?n} {loˉvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfit }
331
locator
locator [ENG] A radar or other device designed 2,A jig or template for making cuts in a door
to detect and locate airborne aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ for holding a lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kvertstrokeinferiorset }
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} lockwasher [DES ENG] A solid or split washer
lock [CIV ENG] A chamber with gates on both placed underneath a nut or screw that prevents
ends connecting two sections of a canal or other looseningbyexertingpressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kvertstrokeinferiorwa¨shH11080?r}
waterway,to raise or lower the water level in locomotive [MECH ENG] A self-propelling ma-
each section,[DESENG] A fastening device in chine with flanged wheels,for moving loads on
which a releasable bolt is secured,[ELECTR] railroadtracks;utilizesfuel(forsteamorinternal
To fasten onto and automatically follow a target
combustionengines),compressedair,orelectric
by means of a radar beam,[ENG] See air
energy,{ vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv}
lock,{ la¨k}
locomotive boiler [MECH ENG] An internally
lockbolt [ENG] 1.The bolt of a lock,2,A bolt
fixed horizontal fire-tube boiler with integral fur-
equipped with a locking collar instead of a nut.
nace; the doubled furnace walls contain water
3,A bolt for adjusting and securing parts of a
whichmixeswithwaterintheboilershell,{ vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080
machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv |bo˙ilH11080?r}
lock chamber [CIV ENG] A compartment be-
locomotive crane [MECH ENG] A crane
tween lock gates in a canal,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
mountedonarailroadflatcaroraspecialchassis
locked-coil rope [DES ENG] A completely
with flanged wheels,Also known as rail crane.
smooth wire rope that resists wear,made of spe-
{ vertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv |kraˉn}
cially formed wires arranged in concentric layers
loft [BUILD] 1,An upper part of a building.
about a central wire core,Also known as
2.A workareaina factoryorwarehouse,{ lo˙ft }
locked-wire rope,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kt |ko˙il vertstrokeinferiorroˉp}
loft building [BUILD] A building with a large
lockedgroove [DES ENG] A blank and continu-
open floor area,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ft vertstrokeinferiorbildH11080i? }
ous groove placed at the end of the modulated
log [ENG] The record of,or the act or process
grooves on a disk recording to prevent further
of recording,events or the type and characteris-
travel of the pickup,Also known as concentric
tics of the rock penetrated in drilling a borehole
groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kt vertstrokesuperiorgru¨v}
as evidenced by the cuttings,core recovered,or
locked-wire rope See locked-coil rope,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kt
information obtained from electronic devices.
|w?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorroˉp}
{la¨g}
lock front [DES ENG] On a door lock or latch,
logarithmic amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier
the plate through which the latching or locking
whose output signal is a logarithmic function of
bolt (or bolts) projects,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorfr?nt }
theinputsignal,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrithH11080mik vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
lockgate [CIV ENG] A movable barrier separat-
logarithmicdiode [ELECTR] Adiodethathasan
ing the water in an upper or lower section of
accurate semilogarithmic relationship between
waterway from that in the lock chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k
current and voltage over wide and forward dy-
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
namic ranges,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrithH11080mik vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
locking [ELECTR] Controlling the frequency of
logarithmic multiplier [ELECTR] A multiplier in
an oscillator by means of an applied signal of
which each variable is applied to a logarithmic
constant frequency,[ENG] Automatic follow-
function generator,and the outputs are added
ing of a target by a radar antenna,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kH11080i? }
together and applied to an exponential function
lockingfastener [DESENG] A fastening used to
generator,to obtain an output proportional to
prevent loosening of a threaded fastener in ser-
the product of two inputs,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrithH11080mik
vice,for example,a seating lock,spring stop
vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r}
nut,interference wedge,blind,or quick release.
logging [ENG] Continuous recording versus
{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfasH11080n?r}
depthofsomecharacteristicdatumoftheforma-
lock joint [DES ENG] A joint made by inter-
tions penetrated by a drill hole; for example,
locking the joined elements,with or without
resistivity,spontaneous potential,conductivity,
other fastening,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
fluid content,radioactivity,or density,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080
locknut [DESENG] 1.Anutscreweddownfirmly
i? }
against another or against a washer to prevent
logic [ELECTR] 1,The basic principles and ap-
loosening,Also known as jam nut,2,A nut
plicationsoftruthtables,interconnectionsofon/
that is self-locking when tightened,3,A nut
off circuit elements,and other factors involved
fittedtotheendofapipetosecureitandprevent
in mathematical computation in a computer.
leakage,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨kvertstrokeinferiorn?t}
2,General term for the various types of gates,
lockout circuit [ELECTR] A switching circuit
flip-flops,and other on/off circuits used to per-which responds to concurrent inputs from a
form problem-solving functions ina digital com-numberofexternalcircuitsbyrespondingtoone,
puter,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }andonlyone,ofthesecircuitsatanytime,Also
logicalgate See switching gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}known as finding circuit; hunting circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k
logic card [ELECTR] A small fiber chassis onvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
whichresistors,capacitors,transistors,magneticlock rail [BUILD] An intermediate horizontal
cores,and diodes are mounted and intercon-structuralmemberofadoor,betweenthevertical
nected in such a way as to perform some com-stiles,at the height of the lock,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
puter function; computers employing this typelockset [ENG] 1,A complete lock including the
lock mechanism,keys,plates,and other parts,of construction may be repaired by removing
332
loop
the faulty card and replacing it with a new card,longitudinalvibration [MECH] A continuing pe-
riodic change in the displacement of elements{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorka¨rd }
logic high [ELECTR] The electronic representa- of a rod-shaped object in the direction of the
long axis of the rod,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?lv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080tion of the binary digit 1 in a digital circuit or
device,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉ }sh?n}
long-nose pliers [DES ENG] Small pincer withlogic level [ELECTR] One of the two voltages
whose values have been arbitrarily chosen to long,tapered jaws,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiornoˉz vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?rz }
long-playing record [ENG ACOUS] A 10- or 12-representthe binarynumbers1 and0in apartic-
ular data-processing system,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l } inch (25.4- or 30.48-centimeter) phonograph re-
cord that operates at a speed of 33
1
/
3
rpm (revo-logic low [ELECTR] The electronic representa-
tion of the binary digit 0 in a digital circuit or lutions per minute) and has closely spaced
grooves,to give playing times up to about 30device,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
logicswing [ELECTR] Thevoltagedifferencebe- minutes for one 12-inch side,Also known as
LP record; microgroove record,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉH11080i?tween the logic levels used for 1 and 0; magni-
tude is chosen arbitrarily for a particular system vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080?rd }
long span [ENG] Span of open wire exceedingand is usually well under 10 volts,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik
vertstrokeinferiorswi? } 250 feet (76 meters) in length,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙? |span }
long-span steel framing [BUILD] Framing sys-logic switch [ELECTR] A diode matrix or other
switching arrangement that is capable of direct- tem used when there is a greater clear distance
between supports than can be spanned withing an input signal to one of several outputs.
{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorswich } rolled beams; girders,simple trusses,arches,
rigid frames,and cantilever suspension spanslogline See current line,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨g vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
log-mean temperature difference [THERMO] are used in this system,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiorspan vertstrokesuperiorsteˉl
vertstrokesuperiorfraˉmH11080i? }The log-mean temperature difference T
LM
H11005
(T
2
H11002T
1
)/lnT
2
/T
1
,whereT
2
andT
1
aretheabsolute long-term repeatability [CONT SYS] The close
agreement of positional movements of a robotic(KorH11034R)temperaturesofthetwoextremesbeing
averaged; used in heat transfer calculations in system repeated under identical conditions over
long periods of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiort?rm rivertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080which one fluid is cooled or heated by a second
held separate by pipes or process vessel walls,?dH11080eˉ }
longton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokesuperiort?n}{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨g |meˉn vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordifH11080r?ns }
long column [CIV ENG] A column so slender long-tube vertical evaporator [CHEM ENG] A
liquid evaporator in which the material is force-that bending is the primary deformation,gener-
ally having a slenderness ratio greater than fed into the bottom of a bundle olong,vertical
tubes; hot liquid on the outsides of the tubes120–150,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙? |ka¨lH11080?m}
Longhurst-Hardy plankton sampler [ENG] A transfers heat to the rising liquid feed,causing
partial evaporation,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiortu¨b |v?rdH11080?H11080k?lnonquantitativemetal-shroudednetfortrapping
plankton,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?vertstrokeinferiorh?rst vertstrokesuperiorha¨rH11080deˉ vertstrokesuperiorpla?kH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080 ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
look angle [ENG] The solid angle in which anpl?r}
longitudinal acceleration [MECH] The compo- instrument operates effectively,generally used
to describe radars,optical instruments,andnentofthelinearaccelerationofanaircraft,mis-
sile,or particle parallel to its longitudinal,or X,space radiation detectors,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu˙k vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
look box [CHEM ENG] Box with glass windowsaxis,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?lakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
longitudinalbaffle [CHEMENG] Bafflesheetsor built into distillation-column rundown lines (or
other flow lines) so that the stream of conden-plates within a process vessel (such as a heat
exchanger) that are parallel to the long dimen- sate from the condenser can be watched.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlu˙k vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }sion of the vessel; used to direct fluid flow in
the desired flow pattern,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?l lookout [BUILD] A horizontal wood framing
member that extends out from the studs to thevertstrokesuperiorbafH11080?l}
longitudinal drum boiler [MECH ENG] A boiler end of rafters and overhangs a part of a roof,
such as a gable,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu˙kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}in which the axis of the horizontal drum is paral-
lel to the tubes,both lying in the same plane,lookout station [ENG] A structure or place on
shore at which personnel keep watch of events{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordr?m vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
longitudinalflowreactor [CHEMENG] Theoreti- at sea or along the shore,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu˙kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
lookouttower [ENG] In marine operations,anycalreactor systemin whichthereis nolongitudi-
nal mixing (back mixing) of reactants and prod- tower surmounted by a small house in which a
watch is habitually kept,as distinguished fromucts as they flow through the reactor,but in
whichthereiscompleteradial(side-to-side)mix- an observation tower in which no watch is kept.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlu˙kvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}ing,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
longitudinalstability [ENG] Theabilityof aship loop [ELEC] 1,A closed path or circuit over
which a signal can circulate,as in a feedbackor aircraft to recover a horizontal position after
a vertical motion of its ends about a horizontal control system,2,Commercially,the portion
of a connection from central office to subscriberaxis perpendicular to the centerline,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080
j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080?nH11080?lst?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } in a telephone system,[ENG] 1.A reel of mo-
tion picture film or magnetic tape whose endslongitudinalstrainSee linear strain,{ vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?vertstrokesuperiortu¨dH11080
nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn } are spliced together,so that it may be played
333
loopcontrol
repeatedly without interruption,2,A closed loose pulley [MECH ENG] In belt-driven ma-
chinery,a pulley which turns freely on a shaft socircuit of pipe in which materials and compo-
nentsmaybeplacedtotestthemunderdifferent that the belt can be shifted from the driving
pulley to the loose pulley,thereby causing theconditions of temperature,irradiation,and so
forth,{ lu¨p } machine to stop,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨s vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
lopping shears [DES ENG] Long-handledloop control See photoelectric loop control.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨pk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } shears used for pruning branches,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨pH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorshirz }loopfilter [ELECTR] Alow-passfilter,whichmay
be asimpleRCfilter ormay include anamplifier,loss [ENG] Power that is dissipated in a device
or system without doing useful work,Alsoand which passes the original modulating fre-
quenciesbutremovesthecarrier-frequencycom- known as internal loss,{ lo˙s}
Lossev effect See injection electroluminescence.ponents and harmonicsfrom a frequency-modu-
lated signal in a locked-oscillator detector,{ vertstrokeinferiorlo˙vertstrokeinferiorsef ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
lossfactor [ELEC] The power factor of a mate-{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
loop gain [CONT SYS] The ratio of the magni- rial multiplied by its dielectric constant; deter-
mines the amount of heat generated in a mate-tudeoftheprimaryfeedbacksignalinafeedback
controlsystemtothemagnitudeoftheactuating rial,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙s vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
loss-in-weight feeder [MECH ENG] A device tosignal,[ELECTR] Total usable power gain of a
carrier terminal or two-wire repeater; maximum apportion the output of granulated or powdered
solids at a constant rate from a feed hopper;usable gain is determined by,and may not ex-
ceed,thelossesintheclosedpath,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn } weight-measureddecreaseinhoppercontentac-
tuates further opening of the discharge chute tolooping [ENG] Laying a parallel pipeline along
another,or along just a section of it,to increase compensate for flow loss as the hopper overbur-
den decreases; used in the chemical,fertilizer,capacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨pH11080i? }
loop ratio See loop transfer function,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080 and plastics industries,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙sinvertstrokesuperiorwaˉt vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
loss-of-head gage [ENG] A gage on a rapidshoˉ }
loopseal [CHEM ENG] Antivapor seal for liquid sand filter,which indicates loss of head for a
filtering operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙s?v vertstrokesuperiorhed vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}drawoffs from process or storage vessels; liquid
drawoff is made to flow through an immersed lostmotion [MECHENG] Thedelay betweenthe
movement of a driver and the movement of aloop or beneath an obstruction,thus sealing off
vapor flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiorseˉl } follower,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙st vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
lost time [ENG ACOUS] The period in a fre-loopstrength See loop tenacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
looptenacity [ENG] A measure of the strength quency-modulationsonar,just afterflyback,dur-
ingwhich thesoundfieldmust bereestablished;of a fibrous material determined by a test in
whichtwolinkedloopsofthematerialarepulled its duration equals travel time of the signal to
and from the target,{ vertstrokesuperiorlo˙st vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}against each other to determine if the material
will cut or crush itself,Also known a loop lot [CIV ENG] A piece of land with fixed bound-
aries,[IND ENG] A quantity of material,suchstrength,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨pt?vertstrokeinferiornasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
loop transfer function [CONT SYS] For a feed- as propellant,the units of which were manufac-
tured under identical conditions,Also knownback control system,the ratio of the Laplace
transform of the primary feedback signal to the as lot batch,{ la¨t}
lotbatch See batch,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨t vertstrokeinferiorbach }Laplace transform of the actuating signal,Also
known as loop ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080 lot line [CIV ENG] The legal boundary line of a
piece of property,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨t vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}sh?n}
looptransmittance [CONTSYS] 1.The transmit- lotnumber [INDENG] Identificationnumberas-
signed to a particular quantity or lot of materialtance between the source and sink created by
the splitting of a specified node in a signal flow from a single manufacturer,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨t vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
lot plot method [IND ENG] A variables accep-graph,2,The transmittance between the
sourceandsinkcreatedbythesplittingofanode tancesamplingplanbasedonthefrequencyplot
of a random sample of 50 items taken from awhich has been inserted in a specified branch
of a signal flow graph in such a way that the lot,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨t |pla¨t vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
lot tolerance percent defective [IND ENG] Thetransmittance of the branch is unchanged.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p tranzvertstrokeinferiormitH11080?ns } percent ofdefectives in a lotwhich is considered
bad and should be rejected for some specifiedlooptunnel [ENG] A tunnel which is looped or
folded back on itself to gain grade in a tunnel fraction,usually 90,of the time,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨t |ta¨lH11080?H11080
r?ns p?r|sent divertstrokesuperiorfekH11080tiv}location,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨p vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
loose-detail mold [ENG] A plastics mold with loudness control [ENG ACOUS] A combination
volume and tone control that boosts bass fre-parts that come out with the molded piece.
{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨s |deˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉl vertstrokeinferiormoˉld } quencies when the control is set for low volume,
to compensate automatically for the reduced re-loosefit [DES ENG] A fit with enough clearance
to allow free play of the joined members,sponse of the ear to low frequencies at low vol-
ume levels,Also known as compensated vol-{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨s vertstrokeinferiorfit }
loose-joint butt [DES ENG] A knuckle hinge in ume control,{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dH11080n?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A device that con-which the pin on one half slides easily into a
slot on the other half,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨s |jo˙int vertstrokesuperiorb?t } verts electrical signal energy into acoustical
334
low-passfilter
energy,which it radiates into a bounded space,low-frequency impedance corrector [ELEC]
Electric network designed to be connected to asuch as a room,or into outdoor space,Also
basic network,or to a basic network and a build-known as speaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
ing-out network,so that the combination willloudspeaker dividing network See crossover net-
simulate,at low frequencies,the sending-endwork,{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspe
ˉkH11080?rdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
impedance,including dissipation,of a line.
loudspeaker voice coil See voice coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙d
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ imvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns k?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
low-frequency induction furnace [ENG] An in-
louver [BUILD] An opening in a wall or ceiling
ductionfurnaceinwhichcurrentflowatthecom-
with slanted or sloping slats to allow sunlight
mercial power-line frequency is induced in the
and ventilation and exclude rain; may be fixed
charge to be heated,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ in|d?kH11080
or adjustable,and may be at the opening of a
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
ventilating duct,Also known as outlet ventila-
low heat value [THERMO] The heat value of a
tor,[ENG] Anyarrangementoffixedoradjust-
combustion process assuming that none of the
able slatlike openings to provide ventilation.
water vapor resulting from the process is con-
[ENG ACOUS] An arrangement of concentric or
densed out,so that its latent heat is not avail-
parallel slats or equivalent grille members used
able,Also known as lower heating value; net
to conceal and protect a loudspeaker while
heating value,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
allowing sound waves to pass,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080v?r}
low-helixdrill [DES ENG] A two-flute twist drill
lowboy [MECH ENG] A trailer with low ground
withalowerhelixanglethanaconventionaldrill.
clearance for hauling construction equipment.
Also known as slow-spiral drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080liks
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
vertstrokeinferiordril }
Lowenhertz thread [DES ENG] A screw thread
low-impedance measurement [ELECTR] The
that differs from U.S,Standard form in that the
measurement of an impedance which is small
angle between the flanks measured on an axial
enough to necessitate use of indirect methods.
planeis53H110348H11032;heightequals0.75timesthepitch,
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ imvertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
andwidthofflatsattopandbottomequals0.125
low-intensity atomizer [MECH ENG] A type of
times the pitch,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorh?rts vertstrokeinferiorthred }
electrostatic atomizer operating on the principle
lower chord [CIV ENG] The bottom member of
that atomization is the result of Rayleigh insta-
a truss,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?r |ko˙rd }
bility,in which the presence of charge in the
lower control limit [IND ENG] The horizontal
surface counteracts surface tension,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ in
line drawn on a control chart at a specified dis-
vertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
tance below the central line; points plotted be-
lowlevel [ELECTR] The less positive of the two
lowthelowercontrollimitindicatethattheproc-
logic levels or states in a digital logic system.
ess may be out of control,{ |loˉH11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
low-levelcondenser [MECH ENG] A direct-con-
lower half-power frequency [ELECTR] The fre-
tact water-cooled steam condenser that uses a
quency on an amplifier response curve which is
pump to remove liquid from a vacuum space.
smaller than the frequency for peak response
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r}
and at which the output voltage is 1H209062 of its
low-levellogiccircuit [ELECTR] A modification
midband or other refer { vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorhaf vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080
ofadiode-transistorlogiccircuitinwhicharesis-
kw?nH11080seˉ }
tor and capacitor in parallel are replaced by a
lower heating value See low heat value,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?r
diode,with the result thata relatively small volt-
vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
ageswingisrequiredatthebaseofthetransistor
lower pair [MECH ENG] A link in a mechanism
to switch it on or off,Abbreviated LLL circuit.
in which the mating parts have surface (instead
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
of line or point) contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorp?r}
low-lift truck [MECH ENG] A hand or powered
lowest safe waterline [MECH ENG] The lowest
lift truck that raises the load sufficiently to make
water level in a boiler drum at which the burner
it mobile,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
may safely operate,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉH11080?st |saˉf vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
low-loss [ELEC] Having a small dissipation of
low-frequency compensation [ELECTR] Com-
electric or electromagnetic power,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ |lo˙s}
pensation that serves to extend the frequency
low-noise preamplifier [ELECTR] A low-noise
range of a broad-band amplifier to lower fre-
amplifier placed in a system prior to the main
quencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
amplifier,sometimes close to the source; used
low-frequency current [ELEC] An alternating
toestablishasatisfactorynoisefigureatanearly
current having a frequency of less than about
point in the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz preˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080
300 kilohertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
r}
low-frequencycutoff [ELECTR] A frequency be-
low-passband-passtransformationSee frequency
low which the gain of a system or device de-
transformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080
creases rapidly,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiork?vertstrokeinferiordo˙f} f?rvertstrokeinferiorma
ˉH11080sh?n}
low-frequency gain [ELECTR] The gain of the low-passfilter [ELEC] A filter that transmits al-
voltage amplifier at frequencies less than those ternatingcurrentsbelowagivencutofffrequency
frequencies at which this gain is close to its and substantially attenuates all other currents.
{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}maximum value,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn}
335
low-populationzone
low-populationzone [ENG] An area of low pop- of electric motors due to loss of electromotive
force,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }ulation density sometimes required around a
nuclear installation; the number and density of low-waterfuelcutoff [MECHENG] Afloatdevice
which shuts off fuel supply and burner whenresidentsisofconcerninproviding,withreason-
able probability,that effective protection meas- boiler water level drops below the lowest safe
waterline,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiork?vertstrokeinferiordo˙f}ures can be taken if a serious accident should
occur,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn} lozenge file [DES ENG] A small file with four
sides and a lozenge-shaped cross section; usedlow-pressure area [MECH ENG] The point in a
bearing where the pressure is the least and the in forming dies,{ vertstrokesuperiorla¨zH11080?nj vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
L pad [ENG ACOUS] A volume control havingareaorspaceforalubricantisthegreatest,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ
|preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? } essentially the same impedance at all settings.
{ vertstrokesuperiorel vertstrokeinferiorpad }low-pressure torch [ENG] A type of torch in
which acetylene enters a mixing chamber,where LP record See long-playing record,{ |el|peˉ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
rd }it meets a jet of high-pressure oxygen; the
amountofacetylenedrawnintotheflameiscon- LQGproblem See linear-quadratic-Gaussian prob-
lem,{ |el|kyu¨|jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}trolled by the velocity of this oxygen jet,Also
known as injector torch,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ |preshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorto˙rch } LSAdiode [ELECTR] A microwave diode in
which a space charge is developed in the semi-low-Qfilter [ELECTR] Afilterinwhichtheenergy
dissipatedineachcycleisafairlylargefractionof conductor by the applied electric field and is
dissipated during each cycle before it builds upthe energy stored in the filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ |kyu¨ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
low-reactance grounding [ELEC] Use of appreciably,thereby limiting transit time and in-
creasing the maximum frequency of oscillation.grounding connections with a moderate amount
of inductance to effect a moderate reduction in Derivedfromlimitedspace-chargeaccumulation
diode,{ |el|es|aˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}the short-circuit current created by a line-to-
ground fault,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ reˉ|akH11080t?ns vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndH11080i? } LSI circuit See large-scale integrated circuit.
{ |el|esvertstrokesuperior?ˉ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}Lowryprocess [ENG] A system for wood pres-
ervation which uses atmospheric pressure at the L-1test [ENG] A 480-hour engine test in a sin-
gle-cylinder Caterpillar diesel engine to deter-start and then introduces preservative into the
wood in a vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorlau˙H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s } mine the detergency of heavy-duty lubricating
oils,{ |el vertstrokesuperiorw?n vertstrokeinferiortest }low-speed wind tunnel [ENG] A wind tunnel
thathasaspeedupto300miles(480kilometers) L-2test [ENG] An engine test made in a single-
cylinder Caterpillar diesel engine to determineper hour and the essentialfeatures of most wind
tunnels,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l } the oiliness of an engine oil,Also known as
scoring test,{ |el vertstrokesuperiortu¨ vertstrokeinferiortest }low-technologyrobot [CONT SYS] The simplest
type of robot,with only two or three degrees L-3test [ENG] An engine test in a four-cylinder
Caterpillar engine to determine stability ofof freedom,and only the end points of motion
specified,using fixed and adjustable stops,crankcase oil at high temperatures and under
severe operating conditions,{ |el vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ tek|na¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
low-temperature carbonization [CHEM ENG] L-4 test [ENG] An engine test in a six-cylinder
spark-ignition Chevrolet engine to evaluateLow-temperature destructive distillation of coal
to produce liquid products,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r crankcase oil oxidation stability,bearing corro-
sion,and engine deposits,{ |el vertstrokesuperiorfo˙r vertstrokeinferiortest }vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080b?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
low-temperature hygrometry [ENG] The study L-5 test [ENG] An engine test in a General
Motors diesel engine to determine detergency,that deals with the measurement of water vapor
at low temperatures; the techniques used differ corrosiveness,ringsticking,andoxidationstabil-
ity properties of lubricating oils,{ |el vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉv vertstrokeinferiortest }from those of conventional hygrometry because
oftheextremelysmallamountsofmoisturepres- LTPD See lot tolerance percent defective.
lubricator [ENG] A device for applying a lubri-ent at low temperatures and the difficulties
imposed by the increase of the time constants cant,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
Luckiesh-Mossvisibilitymeter [ENG] A type ofof the standard instruments when operated
at these temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?rh?ˉ photometerthatconsistsoftwovariable-density
filters (one for each eye) that are adjusted sovertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
low-temperature separation [CHEM ENG] Li- that an object seen through them is just barely
discernible; the reduction in visibility producedquidcondensaterecoveryfromwetgasesattem-
peratures of 20 to H1100220H11034F(H110026.7 to H1100228.9H11034C),the bythefiltersisreadonascaleofrelativevisibility
related to a standard task,{ lu¨vertstrokesuperiorkeˉsh vertstrokesuperiormo˙s vertstrokeinferiorvizH11080temperaturerangeatwhichthegas-oilseparator
operates,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Ludwig-Soreteffect [THERMO] A phenomenonlowvelocity [MECH] Muzzle velocity of an artil-
lery projectile of 2499 feet (762 meters) per sec- in which a temperature gradient in a mixture of
substances gives rise to a concentration gradi-ond or less,{ vertstrokesuperiorloˉ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
low voltage [ELEC] 1,Voltage which is small ent,{ |lu˙dvertstrokeinferiorvik s?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
Luenbergerobserver [CONT SYS] A compensa-enough to be regarded as safe for indoor use,
usually 120 volts in the United States,2,Volt- tor driven by both the inputs and measurable
outputs of a control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorlu¨nvertstrokeinferiorb?rgH11080?rage which is less than that needed for normal
operation;aresultoflowvoltagemaybeburnout?bvertstrokesuperiorz?rH11080v?r}
336
lysimeter
lug [DES ENG] A projection or head on a metal (usuallynonlinear)byexaminingthesign-defini-
tive properties of an associated Lyapunov func-part to serve as a cap,handle,support,or fitting
connection,{ l?g } tion,{ leˉvertstrokesuperiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorno˙fst?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ kr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
lugbolt [DESENG] 1.Aboltwithaflatextension
lyophilization [CHEM ENG] Rapid freezing of a
or hook instead of a head,2,A bolt designed
material,especially biological specimens for
for securing a lug,{ vertstrokesuperiorl?g vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
preservation,at a very low temperature followed
lung-governed breathing apparatus [ENG] A
by rapid dehydration by sublimation in a high
breathing apparatus in which the oxygen that is
vacuum,{ l?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨fH11080?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
supplied to the wearer is governed by the wear-
lysimeter [ENG] An instrument for measuringer’s demand,{ vertstrokesuperiorl |g?vH11080?rnd vertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080i? apH11080
the water percolating through soils and de-?vertstrokeinferiorradH11080?s}
termining the materials dissolved by the water.Lyapunov stability criterion [CONT SYS] A
{l?ˉvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}method of determining the stability of systems
337
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M
clampedinthechuckofapower-drivenmachine.m See meter.
macadam [CIV ENG] Uniformly graded stones {m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
consolidated by rolling to form a road surface; machine-gun microphone See line microphone.
may be bound with water or cement,or coated {m?vertstrokesuperiorshe
ˉn vertstrokeinferiorg?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
with tar or bitumen,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorkadH11080?m}
machine-hour [IND ENG] A unit representing
maceration [CHEM ENG] The process of ex-
the operation of one machine for 1 hour; used
tracting fragrant oils from flower petals by im-
in the determination of costs and economics.
mersing them in hot molten fat,{ vertstrokeinferiormasH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn |au˙r}
sh?n}
machineidletime [INDENG] Timeduringawork
machete [DES ENG] A knife with a broad blade
cycle when a machine is idle,awaiting comple-
2 to 3 feet (60 to 90 centimeters) long.
tion of manual work,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
{m?vertstrokesuperiorshedH11080eˉ or m?vertstrokesuperiorchedH11080eˉ }
machineinterference [IND ENG] A situation in
Mach indicator See Machmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨k vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?
which two or more units of equipment simulta-
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
neously require service,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080
machine [MECHENG] A combination of rigid or
ns }
resistant bodies having definite motions and
machine key [DES ENG] A piece inserted be-
capable of performing useful work,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
tween a shaft and a hub to prevent relative rota-
machineattentiontime [IND ENG] Time during
tion,Also known as key,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
which a machine operator must observe the
machine loading [IND ENG] 1,Feeding work
machine’s functioning and be available for im-
into a machine,2.Planning the amount of use
mediate servicing,while not actually operating
of a unit of equipment during a given time pe-
orservicingthemachine,Alsoknownasservice
riod,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080i? }
time,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
machine-paced operation [IND ENG] The pro-
machine bolt [DES ENG] A heavy-weight bolt
portion of an operation cycle during which thewith a square,hexagonal,or flat head used in
machine controls the speed of work progress.the automotive,aircraft,and machinery fields.
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn |paˉst vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
machine capability [IND ENG] A qualitative or machine rating [MECH ENG] The power that a
quantitative statement of the performance po- machine can draw or deliver without overheat-
tential of a specific item of power equipment.
ing,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
{m?|sheˉn vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
machinerun See run,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn |r?n}
machine controlled time [IND ENG] The time
machinery [MECHENG] A group of partsor ma-
necessary for a machine to complete the auto-
chines arranged to perform a useful function.
matic portion of a work cycle,Also known as
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080reˉ }
independent machine time; machine element;
machinescrew [DESENG] Ablunt-endedscrew
machine time,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnk?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
with a standardized thread and a head that may
machine design [DES ENG] Application of sci-
be flat,round,fillister,or oval,and may be slot-
ence and invention to the development,specifi-
ted,or constructed for wrenching; used to fasten
cation,and construction of machines,{ m?
machine parts together,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
vertstrokesuperiorsheˉndivertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
machine setting See mechanical setting,{ m?
machine drill [MECH ENG] Any mechanically
vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }
driven diamond,rotary,or percussive drill.
machineshop [ENG] Aworkshopinwhichwork,
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiordril }
metalorothermaterial,ismachinedtospecified
machineelement [DESENG] Anyoftheelemen-
size and assembled,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorsha¨p}
tary mechanical parts,such as gears,bearings,
machine shot capacity [ENG] In injection
fasteners,screws,pipes,springs,and bolts used
molding,themaximumweightofagiventhermo-asessentiallystandardizedcomponentsformost
plastic resin which can be displaced by a singledevices,apparatus,and machinery,See machine
stroke of the injection ram,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tcontrolled time,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
machine file [DES ENG] A file that can be k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
machinetaper
machine taper [MECH ENG] A taper that pro- MADT See microalloy diffused transistor.
MAG See maximum available gain.vides aconnection between atool,arbor,or cen-
ter and its mating part to ensure and maintain magazine [ENG] 1,A storage area for explo-
sives,2.A building,compartment,or structureaccurate alignment between the parts; permits
easy separation of parts,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080p?r } constructedandlocatedfor thestorageofexplo-
sives or ammunition,{ |magH11080?|zeˉn}machine-tight [ENG] The extent of the tight-
ening of a screwed fitting that can be accom- magnesitewheel [ENG] A grinding wheel made
with magnesium oxychloride as the bondingplished without damaging or stripping the
thread,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiort?ˉt } agent,{ vertstrokesuperiormagH11080n?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
magnetic balance [ENG] 1,A device for de-machine time See machine controlled time.
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm } termining the repulsion or attraction between
magnetic poles,in which one magnet is sus-machine tool [MECH ENG] A stationary power-
driven machine for the shaping,cutting,turning,pended and the forces needed to cancel the ef-
fects of bringing a pole of another magnet closeboring,drilling,grinding,or polishing of solid
parts,especially metals,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferiortu¨l } to one end are measured,2,Any device for
measuringthesmallforcesinvolvedindetermin-machine utilization [ENG] The percentage of
time that a machine is actually in use,ing paramagnetic or diamagnetic susceptibility.
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn vertstrokeinferioryu¨dH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
machining [MECHENG] Performingvariouscut- magnetic bearing [MECH ENG] A device incor-
porating magneticforces to cause ashaft to levi-ting or grinding operations on a piece of work.
{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? } tate and float in a magnetic field without any
contact between the rotating and stationary ele-machining center [MECH ENG] Manufacturing
equipment that removes metal under computer ments,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
magnetic brake [MECH ENG] A friction brakenumerical control by making use of several axes
and a variety of tools and operations,under the control of an electromagnet.
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}{m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080t?r}
machinist’sfile [DES ENG] A type of double-cut magneticchuck [MECH ENG] A chuck in which
the workpiece is held by magnetic force.filethatremovesmetalfastandisusedforrough
metal filing,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉH11080n?sts vertstrokeinferiorfil } { magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorch?k}
magnetic clutch See magnetic fluid clutch; mag-Machmeter [ENG] An instrument that meas-
ures and indicates speed relative to the speed netic friction clutch,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }
magneticcutter [ENG ACOUS] A cutter in whichof sound,that is,indicates the Mach number.
Also known as Mach indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨kvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } the mechanical displacements of the recording
stylus are produced by the action of magneticmacroanalytical balance [ENG] A relatively
large type of analytical balance that can weigh fields,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
magnetic drag dynamometer See eddy-currentloads of up to 200 grams to the nearest 0.1 milli-
gram,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080roˉvertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlidH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns } brake,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik |drag vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
magneticdrum See drum,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordr?m}macroelement [IND ENG] An element of a work
cycle whose time span is long enough to be magnetic drum storage See drum,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
|dr?m vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij }observed and measured with a stopwatch.
{ |makH11080roˉvertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt } magneticearphone [ENG ACOUS] An earphone
in which variations in electric current producemacromechanicsSeecomposite macromechanics.
{ |makH11080roˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks } variations in a magnetic field,causing motion of
a diaphragm,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorirvertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}macrorheology [MECH] Abranchofrheologyin
which materials are treated as homogeneous or magneticelement [ENG] That part of an instru-
ment producing or influenced by magnetism.quasi-homogeneous,and processes are treated
as isothermal,{ |makH11080roˉH11080reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ } { magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
magnetic field sensor [ENG] A proximity sen-macroscopic anisotropy [ENG] Phenomenon
in electrical downhole logging wherein electric sor that uses a combination of a reed switch and
a magnet to detect the presence of a magneticcurrent flows more easily along sedimentary
stratabedsthanperpendiculartothem,{ |makH11080 field,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik feˉld vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
magneticfilter [CHEM ENG] Filtration device inr?|ska¨pH11080ik vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨H11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorpeˉ }
macroscopic property See thermodynamic prop- which the filter screen is magnetized to trap and
remove fine iron from liquids or liquid suspen-erty,{ |makH11080r?|ska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }
macrotome [ENG] Adeviceformakinglargean- sions being filtered,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
magnetic fluid clutch [MECH ENG] A frictionatomical sections,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080r?vertstrokeinferiortoˉm}
madistor [ELECTR] A cryogenic semiconductor clutch that is engaged by magnetizing a liquid
suspension of powdered iron located betweendevice in which injection plasma can be steered
or controlled by transverse magnetic fields,to pole pieces mounted on the input and output
shafts,Also known as magnetic clutch.give the action of a switch,{ mavertstrokesuperiordisH11080t?r}
Madsen impedance meter [ENG] An instru- { magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik |flu¨H11080?d vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }
magnetic flux quantum [ELEC] A fundamentalment for measuring the acoustic impedance of
normal and deaf ears,based on the principle of unit of magnetic flux,the total magnetic flux in
a fluxoid in a type II superconductor,equal tothe Wheatstone bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiormadH11080z?nimvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} h/(2e),where h is Planck’s constant and e is the
340
magnetoelectronics
magnitude of the electron charge,or approxi- iron,nickel,or titanium,or nonmagnetic depos-
mately 2.07 H11003 10
H1100215
weber,{ magvertstrokeinferiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks its which either contain magnetic gangue miner-
vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨nH11080t?m} als or are associated with magnetic structures.
magnetic force microscopy [ENG] The use of { magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ti? }
an atomic force microscope to measure the gra- magnetic pulley [ENG] Magnetized pulley de-
dient of a magnetic field acting on a tip made viceforaconveyorbelt;removestrampironfrom
of a magnetic material,by monitoring the shift dry products being moved by the belt.
of the natural frequency of the cantilever due to { magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080e
ˉ }
the magnetic force as the tip is scanned over the
magnetic read/write head See magnetic head.
sample,{ mag|nedH11080ik |fo˙rs m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨H11080sk?H11080peˉ }
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik |reˉd |r?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorhed }
magneticfrictionclutch [MECH ENG] A friction
magnetic resonance imaging [ENG] A tech-
clutchinwhichthe pressurebetweenthefriction
nique in which an object placed in a spatially
surfaces is produced by magnetic attraction.
varying magnetic field is subjected to a pulse
Also known as magnetic clutch,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
of radio-frequency radiation,and the resulting
vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are com-
magnetichardnesscomparator [ENG] Adevice
bined to give cross-sectional images,Abbrevi-
for checking the hardness of steel parts by plac-
ated MRI,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ijH11080i? }
ing a unit of known proper hardness within an
magneticseparator [ENG] A machine for sepa-
induction coil; the unit to be tested is then
rating magnetic from less magnetic or nonmag-
placed within a similar induction coil,and the
netic materials by using strong magnetic fields;
behavior of the induction coils compared; if the
used for example,in tramp iron removal,or con-
standard and test units have the same magnetic
centration and purification,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080
properties,the hardness of the two units is con-
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
sidered to bethe same,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s
magneticsoundtrack [ENGACOUS] Amagnetic
k?mvertstrokeinferiorparH11080?dH11080?r}
tape,attachedtoamotionpicturefilm,onwhich
magnetic head [ELECTR] The electromagnet
a sound recording is made,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
used for reading,recording,or erasing signals
vertstrokesuperiorsau˙n vertstrokeinferiortrak }
on a magnetic disk,drum,or tape,Also known
magnetic source imaging [ENG] A method of
as magnetic read/write head,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik
mapping electric currents within an object,
vertstrokesuperiorhed }
particularly currents associated with biological
magnetic induction gyroscope [ENG] A gyro-
activity,by using an array of SQUID magneto-
scope without moving parts,in which alternat-
meters to detect the resulting magnetic fields
ing- and direct-current magnetic fields act on
surrounding the object,Abbreviated MSI.
water doped with salts which exhibit nuclear
{ magvertstrokeinferiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorso˙rs vertstrokeinferiorimH11080ijH11080i? }
paramagnetism,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik in|d?kH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080
magnetic speaker See magnetic loudspeaker.
r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorspeˉkH11080?r}
magnetic loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] Loud-
magnetictunneljunction [ELECTR] A magnetic
speaker in which acoustic waves are produced
storage and switching device in which two mag-
by mechanical forces resulting from magnetic
netic layers are separated by an insulating bar-
reactions,Also known as magnetic speaker.
rier,typically aluminum oxide,that is only 1–2
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
nanometers thick,allowing an electronic current
magnetic microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
whose magnitude depends on the orientation
phone consisting of a diaphragm acted upon
of both magnetic layers to tunnel through the
by sound waves and connected to an armature
barrier when it is subject to a small electric bias.
which varies the reluctance in a magnetic field
{ mag|nedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
surroundedbyacoil,Alsoknownasreluctance
magneto [ELEC] An alternating-current genera-
microphone; variable-reluctance microphone.
tor that uses one or more permanent magnets
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
to produce its magnetic field; frequently used as
magnetic pickup See variable-reluctance pickup.
a source of ignition energy on tractor,marine,
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpivertstrokeinferiork?p}
industrial,and aviation engines,Also known
magneticpotentiometer [ENG] Instrument that
as magnetoelectric generator,{ magvertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080oˉ }
measures magnetic potential differences.
magneto anemometer [ENG] A cup anemome-
{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080cheˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ter withits shaft mechanically coupledto a mag-
magneticpressuretransducer [ENG] A type of
net; both the frequency and amplitude of the
pressure transducer in which a change of pres-
voltage generated are proportional to the windsure is converted into a change of magnetic re-
speed,andmaybeindicatedorrecordedbysuit-luctance or inductance when one part of a mag-
able electrical instruments,{ magvertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferioranH11080netic circuit is moved by a pressure-sensitive
vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}element,such as a bourdon tube,bellows,or
magnetocaloric effect [THERMO] The revers-diaphragm,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080
ible change of temperature accompanying thes?r}
change of magnetization of a ferromagnetic ma-magnetic prospecting [ENG] Carrying out air-
terial,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlo˙rH11080ik ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }borne or ground surveys of variations in the
magnetoelectronics [ELECTR] The use of elec-earth’s magnetic field,using a magnetometer or
other equipment,to locate magnetic deposits of tron spin (as opposed to charge) in electronic
341
magnetometer
devices,Also known as spin electronics; spin- aluminum wire used in the coils of all types of
electromagneticmachinesanddevices,{ vertstrokesuperiormagH11080tronics,{ magvertstrokeinferiornedH11080oˉH11080iH11080lekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
magnetometer [ENG] An instrument for mea- n?t vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
magnistor [ELECTR] A device that utilizes thesuring the magnitude and sometimes also the
direction of a magnetic field,such as the earth’s effects of magnetic fields on injection plasmas
in semiconductors such as indium antimonide.magnetic field,{ vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
magnetooptic recording [ENG] An erasable { magvertstrokesuperiornisH11080t?r}
main [ELEC] 1,One of the conductors ex-datastoragetechnologyinwhichdataarestored
on a rotating disk in a thin magnetic layer that tending from the service switch,generator bus,
or converter bus to the main distribution centermay be switched between two magnetization
statesbythecombinationofamagneticfieldand in interior wiring,2,See power transmission
line,[ENG] A duct or pipe that supplies ora pulse of light from a diode laser,{ magvertstrokeinferiornedH11080
oˉvertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080tik rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? } drains ancillary branches,{ maˉn}
mainbearing [MECH ENG] One of the bearingsmagnetoresistance [ELECTR] The change in
the electrical resistance of a material when it that support the crankshaft in an internal com-
bustion engine,{ |maˉn vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }is subjected to an applied magnetic field,this
property has widespread application in sensors mainfiring [ENG] The firing of a round of shots
by means of current supplied by a transformerand magnetic read heads,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉH11080rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080
t?ns } fed from a main power supply,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉn vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? }
mainshaft [MECH ENG] The line of shafting re-magnetoresistivememory [ELECTR] Arandom-
access memory that uses the magnetic state of ceiving its power from the engine or motor and
transmitting power to other parts,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉnsmall ferromagnetic regions to store data,plus
magnetoresistive devices to read the data,all vertstrokesuperiorshaft }
maintainability [ENG] 1,The ability of equip-integrated with silicon integrated-circuit elec-
tronics,{ magvertstrokeinferiornedH11080oˉH11080rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiormemH11080reˉ } menttomeetoperationalobjectiveswithamini-
mum expenditure of maintenance effort undermagnetoresistor [ELECTR] Magnetic field-con-
trolledvariableresistor,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉH11080rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } operational environmental conditions in which
scheduledandunscheduledmaintenanceisper-magnetostrictive filter [ELECTR] Filter network
which uses the magnetostrictive phenomena to formed,2,Quantitatively,the probability that
an item will be restored to specified conditionsform high-pass,low-pass,band-pass,or band-
elimination filters; the impedance characteristic within a given period of time when maintenance
action is performed in accordance with pre-is the inverse of that of a crystal,{ mag|neˉdH11080
oˉ|strikH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r } scribed procedures and resources,{ maˉnvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080
n?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }magnetostrictive loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS]
Loudspeaker in which the mechanical forces re- maintenance [IND ENG] The upkeep of indus-
trial facilities and equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080?ns }sult from the deformation of a material having
magnetostrictive properties,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉ|strikH11080 maintenance engineering [IND ENG] The func-
tion of providing policy guidance for mainte-tiv vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
magnetostrictive microphone [ENG ACOUS] nance activities,and of exercising technical and
management review of maintenance programs.Microphone which depends for its operation on
the generation of an electromotive force by the { vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
maintenancekit [ENG] Acollectionofitemsnotdeformation of a material having magneto-
strictive properties,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉ|strikH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080 all having the same basic name,which are of a
supplementary nature to a major component orkr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
magnetostrictive oscillator [ELECTR] An oscil- equipment; the items within the collection may
provide replacement parts and facilitate suchlator whose frequency is controlled by a magne-
tostrictive element,{ mag|neˉdH11080oˉ|strikH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080 functionsasinspection,testrepair,orpreventive
types of maintenance,for the specific purpose?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
magnetovision [ENG] A method of measuring of restoring and improving the operational sta-
tus of a component or equipment comparableand displaying magnetic field distributions in
which scanning results from a thin-film Permal- to its original capacity and efficiency,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080
nH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorkit }loy magnetoresistive sensor are processed nu-
merically and presented in the form of a color maintenance vehicle [ENG] Vehicle used for
carrying parts,equipment,and personnel formap on a video display unit,{ magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080
vertstrokeinferiorvizhH11080?n } maintenance or evacuation of vehicles.
{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}magnetron [ELECTR] One of a family of
crossed-field microwave tubes,wherein elec- majorassembly [ENG] A self-contained unit of
individual identity; a completed assembly oftrons,generated from a heated cathode,move
underthecombinedforceofaradialelectricfield component parts ready for operation,but uti-
lized as a portion of,and intended for furtherand an axial magnetic field in such a way as to
produce microwave radiation in the frequency installation in,an end item or major item.
{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080j?r?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }range 1–40 gigahertz; a pulsed microwave radia-
tion source for radar,and continuous source for majordefect [INDENG] Defectwhichcausesse-
rious malfunctioning of a product,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080j?rmicrowave cooking,{ vertstrokesuperiormagH11080n?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
magnet wire [ELEC] The insulated copper or vertstrokesuperiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorfekt }
342
M-A-Nscavengingsystem
majordiameter [DESENG] Thelargestdiameter with special reference to the atomic bomb.
{ manvertstrokesuperiorhatH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorjekt }of a screw thread,measured at the crest for an
external (male) thread and at the root for an manhead See manhole,{ vertstrokesuperiormanvertstrokeinferiorhed }
manhole [ENG] An opening to provide accessinternal (female) thread,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080j?rd?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080
r } to a tank or boiler,to underground passages,or
in a deck or bulkhead of a ship; usually coveredmajority carrier [ELECTR] The type of carrier,
that is,electron or hole,that constitutes more with a cast iron or steel plate,Also known as
access hole; manhead,{ vertstrokesuperiormanvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}than half the carriers in a semiconductor.
{m?vertstrokesuperiorja¨rH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r} man-hour [IND ENG] A unit of measure repre-
senting one person working for one hour.majority emitter [ELECTR] Of a transistor,an
electrode from which a flow of minority carriers { vertstrokesuperiormanvertstrokeinferiorau˙r}
manifold [ENG] The branch pipe arrangemententers the interelectrode region,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorja¨rH11080?dH11080eˉ
ivertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r } whichconnectsthevalve partsofamulticylinder
engine to a single carburetor or to a muffler.majorrepair [ENG] Repairworkonitemsofma-
terialorequipmentthatneedcompleteoverhaul { vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉld }
manifolding [ENG] The gathering of multiple-or substantial replacement of parts,or that re-
quire special tools,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080j?rrivertstrokesuperiorper } line fluid inputs into a single intake chamber
(intakemanifold),orthedivisionofasinglefluidmakeup air [ENG] The volume of air required
to replace air exhausted from a given space,supply into several outlet streams (distribution
manifold),{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉldH11080i? }{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉkvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorer }
makeupwater [CHEM ENG] Water feed needed manifoldpressure [MECHENG] Thepressurein
the intake manifold of an internal combustionto replace that which is lost by evaporation or
leakage in a closed-circuit,recycle operation,engine,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉld vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
manikin [ENG] A correctly proportioned doll-{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉvertstrokeinferiork?p vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
maleconnector [ELEC] An electrical connector like figure that is jointed and will assume any
human position andhold it; useful inart to drawwith protruding contacts for joining with a fe-
male connector,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉlk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r } a human figure in action,or in medicine to show
the relations of organs by means of movablemallet [DES ENG] An implement with a barrel-
shapedhead madeofwood,rubber,orothersoft parts,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?H11080k?n}
manipulativegrasp See tripodal grasp,{ m?|nipH11080material; used for driving another tool,such as
a chisel,or for striking a surface without causing y?H11080l?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorgrasp }
manipulative skill [IND ENG] The ability of adamage,{ vertstrokesuperiormalH11080?t}
Mallory bonding [DES ENG] Hermetically seal- worker to handle an object with the appropriate
control and speed of movement required by aing polished silicon chips to polished glass
plates by placing the two pieces together,heat- task,{ m?|nipH11080y?H11080l?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorskil }
manipulators [CONT SYS] An armlike mecha-ing them to about 350H11034C (662H11034F),and applying
approximately 8000 volts across the assembly,nismonaroboticsystemthatconsistsofaseries
of segments,usually sliding or jointed which{ vertstrokesuperiormalH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
management control system [IND ENG] Any grasp and move objects with a number of de-
grees of freedom,under automatic control,Seeone of the various systems used by a contractor
to plan,control the cost,and schedule the work remote manipulator,{ m?vertstrokesuperiornipH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?rz }
man-machine chart See human-machine chart.required to undertake and complete a project.
{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt |k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} {vertstrokesuperiorman m?|sheˉn vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt }
man-machinesystemSeehuman-machinesystem.management engineering See industrial engi-
neering,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperiorman m?|sheˉn vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
manocryometer [THERMO] An instrument formanagement game [IND ENG] A training exer-
ciseinwhichprospectivedecisionmakersactout measuring the change of a substance’s melting
point with change in pressure; the height of amanagerialdecision-makingrolesinasimulated
environment,Also known as business game; mercury column in a U-shaped capillary sup-
ported by an equilibrium between liquid andoperational game,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉm}
mandrel [ENG] The core around which continu- solid in an adjoining bulb is measured,and the
whole apparatus is in a thermostat,{ vertstrokeinferiormanH11080oˉousstrandsofimpregnatedreinforcementmate-
rialsarewoundto fabricatehollowobjectsmade vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
manometer [ENG] A double-leg liquid-columnof composite materials,[MECH ENG] A shaft
inserted through a hole in a component to sup- gage used to measure the difference between
two fluid pressures,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}port the work during machining,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080dr?l}
mandrelpress [MECH ENG] A press for driving manometry [ENG] The use of manometers to
measure gas and vapor pressures,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080mandrels into holes,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080dr?l vertstrokeinferiorpres }
mangle gearing [MECH ENG] Gearing for pro-?H11080treˉ }
manostat [ENG] Fluid-filled,upside-down ma-ducing reciprocating motion; a pinion rotating
in a single direction drives a rack with teeth at nometer-type device used to control pressures
within an enclosure,as for laboratory analyticalthe ends and on both sides,{ vertstrokesuperiorma?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorgirH11080i? }
ManhattanProject [ENG] A United States proj- distillation systems,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
M-A-N scavenging system [MECH ENG] A sys-ect lasting from August 1942 to August 1946,
which developed the atomic energy program,tem for removing used oil and waste gases from
343
mantle
a cylinder of an internal combustion engine in marine engineering [ENG] The design,con-
which the exhaust ports are located above the struction,installation,operation,and mainte-
intake ports on the same side of the cylinder,so nance of main power plants,as well as the asso-
that gases circulate in a loop,leaving a dead ciated auxiliary machinery and equipment,for
spot in the center of the loop,{ |em|aˉ|en vertstrokesuperiorskavH11080
the propulsion of ships,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
njH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
marine railway [CIV ENG] A type of dry dock
mantle [ENG] A lacelike hood or envelope
consistingofacradleofwoodorsteelwithrollers
(sack) of refractory material which,when posi-
onwhichtheshipmaybehauledoutofthewater
tioned over a flame and heated to incandes-
along a fixed inclined track leading up the bank
cence,gives light,{ vertstrokesuperiormantH11080?l}
of a waterway,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
manual control unit [CONT SYS] A portable,
marine terminal [CIV ENG] That part of a port
hand-held device that allows an operator to pro-
or harbor with facilities for docking,cargo-han-
gram andstore instructions related torobot mo-
dling,and storage,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiortermH11080?nH11080?l}
tions and positions,Also known as program-
market analysis [IND ENG] The collection and
ming unit,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080y?H11080w?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
evaluationofdataconcernedwiththepast,pres-
manual element [IND ENG] A specific measur-
ent,or future attributes of potential consumers
able subdivision of a work cycle or operation
foraproduct orservice,{ vertstrokesuperiormarH11080k?t?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
that is completed entirely by hand or with the
marmon clampband [DES ENG] A metal band
use of tools,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080y?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
that wrapsaround the circumference ofa special
manually controlled work See effort-controlled
cylindrical joint between two structures,hold-
cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080y?H11080leˉ k?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
ing the structures together,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080m?n vertstrokesuperiorklamp
manualtime See hand time,{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080y?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
vertstrokeinferiorban }
manualtracking [ENG] Systemoftrackingatar-
Marvinsunshinerecorder [ENG] Asunshinere-
get in which all the power required is supplied
corder in which the time scale is supplied by a
manually through the tracking handwheels.
chronograph,andconsistingoftwobulbs(oneof{ vertstrokesuperiormanH11080y?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? }
whichisblackened)thatcommunicatethroughamanufacturer’spartnumber [INDENG] Identifi-
glass tube of small diameter,which is partiallycation number of symbol assigned by the manu-
filled with mercury and contains two electricalfacturer to a part,subassembly,or assembly.
contacts;whentheinstrumentisexposedtosun-{ vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
many-body problem [MECH] The problem of shine,the air in the blackened bulb is warmed
predicting the motions of three or more objects more than that in the clear bulb; the warmed
obeying Newton’s laws of motion and attracting air expands and forces the mercury through the
each other according to Newton’s law of gravita- connecting tube to a point where the electrical
tion,Also known as n-body problem,{ vertstrokesuperiormenH11080 contacts are shorted by the mercury; this com-
eˉ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
pletes the electrical circuit to the pen on the
Marangonieffect [CHEM ENG] The effect that a
chronograph,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080v?n vertstrokesuperiors?nvertstrokeinferiorsh?ˉnrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
disturbance of the liquid-liquid interface (due to
mask [DES ENG] A frame used in front of a tele-
interfacial tension) has on mass transfer in a
visionpicturetubetoconcealtheroundededges
liquid-liquid extraction system,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080a¨?vertstrokesuperiorgoˉH11080
of the screen,[ELECTR] A thin sheet of metal
neˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
or other material containing an open pattern,
marbling [ENG] The use of antiquing tech-
used to shield selected portions of a semicon-
niques to achieve the appearance of marble in
ductororothersurfaceduringadepositionproc-
a paint film,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080bli? }
ess,[ENG] A protective covering for the face
marginalcost [INDENG] Theextracostincurred
or head in the form of a wire screen,a metal
for an extra unit of output,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080j?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙st }
shield,or a respirator,{ mask }
marginal product [IND ENG] The extra unit of
masking [ELECTR] 1,Using a covering or coat-
outputobtainedbyoneextraunitofsomefactor,
ing on a semiconductor surface to provide a
all other factors being held constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080
masked area for selective deposition or etching.
j?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨dH11080?kt }
2.Aprogrammedprocedureforeliminatingradar
marginalrevenue [IND ENG] The extra revenue
coverage inareas where suchtransmissions may
achieved by selling an extra unit of output.
be of use to the enemy for navigation purposes,
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080j?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorrevH11080?vertstrokeinferiornu¨ }
byweakeningthebeaminappropriatedirections
marginofsafety [DES ENG] A design criterion,
or by use of additional transmitters on the same
usually the ratio between the load that would
frequencyatsuitablesites tointerferewithhom-
cause failure of a member or structure and the
ing; also used to suppress the beam in areas
load that is imposed upon it in service,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rH11080
where it would interfere with television recep-
j?n?v vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }
tion,[ENG] Preventing entrance of a tracer
Margoulis number See Stanton number,{ ma¨r
gas into a vessel by covering the leaks.
vertstrokesuperiorgu¨H11080l?s vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiormaskH11080i? }
marigraph [ENG] Aself-registeringgagethatre-
masonry [CIV ENG] A construction of stone orcords the heights of the tides,{ vertstrokesuperiormarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
similar materials such as concrete or brick.marina [CIV ENG] A harbor facility for small
{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉsH11080?nH11080reˉ }boats,yachts,andsoon,wheresupplies,repairs,
and various services are available,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080n? } masonry dam [CIV ENG] A dam constructed of
344
mat
stone or concrete blocks set in mortar,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉsH11080 massunits [MECH] Units of measurement hav-
ing to do with masses of materials,such as?nH11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
masonrydrill [DES ENG] A drill tipped with ce- pounds or grams,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?ts }
mast [ENG] 1,A vertical metal pole serving asmented carbide for drilling in concrete or ma-
sonry,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉsH11080?nH11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiordril } an antenna or antenna support,2,A slender
vertical pole which must be held in position bymasonry nail [DES ENG] Spiral-fluted nail de-
signedtobedrivenintomortarjointsinmasonry,guy lines,3.A drill,derrick,or tripod mounted
on a drill unit,which can be raised to operating{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉsH11080?nH11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
Mason’stheorem [CONT SYS] A formula for the position by mechanical means,4,A single
pole,used as a drill derrick,supported in itsoverall transmittance of a signal flow graph in
terms of transmittances of various paths in the upright or operating position by guys,[MECH
ENG] A support member on certain industrialgraph,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉsH11080?nz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
mass [MECH] A quantitative measure of a bo- trucks,suchasaforklift,thatprovidesguideways
for the vertical movement of the carriage.dy’sresistance tobeing accelerated;equal tothe
inverse of the ratio of the body’s acceleration { mast }
master [ENG] 1,A device which controls sub-to the acceleration of a standard mass under
otherwise identical conditions,{ mas } sidiary devices,2.A precise workpiece through
which duplicates are made,[ENG ACOUS] Seemass burning rate [CHEM ENG] The loss in
mass per unit time by materials burning under master phonograph record,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r}
master arm [ENG] A component of a remotespecified conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorb?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
massconcrete [CIV ENG] Concrete set without manipulator whose motions are automatically
duplicated by a slave arm,sometimes withstructural reinforcement,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt}
mass-distance [ENG] The mass carried by a ve- changes of scale in displacement or force.
{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiora¨rm }hicle multiplied by the distance it travels.
{ vertstrokesuperiormas |disH11080t?ns } master bushing See liner bushing,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r
vertstrokesuperiorbu˙shH11080i? }mass flow [ENG] A pattern of powder flow oc-
curring in hoppers that is characterized by the mastercylinder [MECH ENG] The container for
the fluid and the piston,forming part of a devicepowder flowing at every point,including points
adjacent to the hopper wall,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ } such as a hydraulic brake or clutch,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r
vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}mass-flowbin [ENG] A bin whose hopper walls
aresufficientlysteepandsmoothtocauseflowof masterfrequencymeterSee integrating frequency
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}allthesolid,withoutstagnantregions,whenever
any solid is withdrawn,{ vertstrokesuperiormas |floˉ vertstrokeinferiorbin } mastergage [DES ENG] A locating device with
fixed hole locations or part positions; locatesmass flowmeter [ENG] An instrument that
measures the mass of fluid that flows through a in three dimensions and generally occupies the
same space as the part it represents,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080pipe,duct,or open channel in a unit time.
{ vertstrokesuperiormas |floˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} t?r vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
master layout [DES ENG] A permanent tem-mass-haulcurve [CIVENG] Acurveshowingthe
quantityof excavationin acuttingwhich isavail- plate record laid out in reference planes and
used as a standard of reference in the develop-able for fill,{ vertstrokesuperiormas |ho˙l vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
Massieu function [THERMO] The negative of ment and coordination of other templates.
{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorlaˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}theHelmholtzfreeenergydividedbythetemper-
ature,{ mavertstrokesuperiorsyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n} master mechanic [ENG] The supervisor,as at
the mine,in charge of the maintenance and in-mass law of sound insulation [CIV ENG] The
rule stating that sound insulation for a single stallation of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?rm?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080ik }
master phonograph record [ENG ACOUS] Thewall is determined almost wholly by its weight
per unit area; doubling the weight of the parti- negative metal counterpart of a disk recording,
produced by electroforming as one step in thetion increases the insulation by 5 decibels.
{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n } productionofphonographrecords,Alsoknown
as master,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080?rd }mass spectrograph [ENG] A mass spectro-
scope in which the ions fall on a photographic master/slavemanipulator [ENG] A mechanical,
electromechanical,or hydromechanical deviceplate which after development shows the distri-
bution of particle masses,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr? which reproduces the hand or arm motions of
an operator,enabling the operator to performvertstrokeinferiorgraf }
mass spectrometer [ENG] A mass spectro- manual motions while separated from the site
of the work,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorslaˉvm?vertstrokesuperiornipH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}scope in which a slit moves across the paths of
particles with various masses,and an electrical masticate [CHEM ENG] To process rubber on a
machine to make it softer and more pliable be-detector behind it records the intensity distribu-
tion of masses,{ vertstrokesuperiormas spekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } fore mixing with other substances,{ vertstrokesuperiormasH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉt}massspectroscope [ENG] An instrument used
for determining the masses of atoms or mole- mat [CIV ENG] 1.A steel or concrete footing un-
derapost,2.Meshreinforcementinaconcretecules,in which a beam of ions is sent through
a combination of electric and magnetic fields so slab,3,A heavy steel-mesh blanket used to
suppress rock fragments during blasting.arranged that the ions are deflected according
to their masses,{ vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } { mat }
345
match
match [ENG] 1,A charge of gunpowder put in coding process for recording or for stereo fre-
quency-modulation broadcasting and decodeda paper several inches long and used for igniting
back into four channels for playback of re-explosives,2,A short flammable piece of
cordings or for quadraphonic stereo reception.wood,paper,orothermaterialtippedwithacom-
{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080triks vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}bustible mixture that bursts into flame through
matte feeder [IND ENG] A heavy-duty apronfriction,{ mach }
feeder composed of thick steel flights attachedmatchededges [ENG] Diefaceedgesmachined
to a solid chain-link mat supported by closelyat right angles to each other to provide for align-
spaced rollers,{ vertstrokesuperiormat vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
ment of the dies in machining equipment.
Matthiessen sinker method [THERMO] A
{ vertstrokesuperiormacht vertstrokesuperiorejH11080?z}
method of determining the thermal expansion
matched-metalmolding [ENG] Formingofrein-
coefficient of a liquid,in which the apparent
forced-plastic articles between two close-fitting
weight of a sinker when immersed in the liquid
metal molds mounted in a hydraulic press.
is measured for two different temperatures of
{ vertstrokesuperiormacht |medH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
the liquid,{ |mathH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080k?r vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
material balance [CHEM ENG] A calculation to
mattock [DES ENG] A tool with the combined
inventory material inputs versus outputs in a
featuresofanadz,anax,andapick,{ vertstrokesuperiormadH11080?k}
process system,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
mattress [CIV ENG] A woven mat,often of wire
material particle [MECH] An object which has
and cement blocks,used to prevent erosion of
rest-mass and an observable position in space,
dikes,jetties,or river banks,{ vertstrokesuperiormaH11080tr?s}
but has no geometrical extension,being con-
maul See rammer,{ mo˙l}
fined to a single point,Also known as particle.
Maupertius’ principle [MECH] The principle of
{m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l}
leastactionissufficienttodeterminethemotion
material requirements planning [IND ENG] A
of a mechanical system,{ moˉvertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080sh?s vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080
formalcomputerizedapproachtoinventoryplan-
s?H11080p?l}
ning,manufacturing scheduling,supplier sched-
max-flow min-cut theorem [IND ENG] In the
uling,andoverall corporate planning,Abbrevi-
analysis of networks,the concept that for any
ated MRP,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiorkw?ˉrH11080m?ns vertstrokeinferiorplanH11080i? }
network with a single source and sink,the maxi-
materials control [IND ENG] Inventory control
mum feasible flow from source to sink is equal
ofmaterialsinvolvedinmanufacturingorassem-
to the minimum cut value for any of the cuts of
bly,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?lz k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
the network,{ vertstrokeinferiormaks|floˉ vertstrokeinferiorminvertstrokesuperiork?t vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
materialshandling [ENG] The loading,moving,
maximal flow [IND ENG] Maximum total flow
and unloading of materials,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?lz
from the source to the sink in a connected net-
vertstrokeinferiorhandH11080li? }
work,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
materials science [ENG] The study of the na-
maximum allowable working pressure [MECH
ture,behavior,and use of materials applied to
ENG] Themaximumgagepressureinapressure
science and technology,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?lz vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080?ns }
vessel at a designated temperature,used for the
materialwell [CHEM ENG] In a plastics process,
determination of the set pressure for relief
the space provided in a compression or transfer
valves,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m?|lau˙H11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?
mold to allow for the bulk factor,{ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
l vertstrokeinferiorwel }
maximum-and-minimumthermometer [ENG] A
matfoundation [CIV ENG] Alarge,thick,usually
thermometer that automatically registers both
reinforced concrete mat which transfers loads
the maximum and the minimum temperatures
fromanumberofcolumns,orcolumnsandwalls,
attained during an interval of time,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080
to the underlying rock or soil,Also known as
m?m?n vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?mth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
raft foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiormat fau˙nvertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}
maximumangleofinclination [MECH ENG] The
Mathesonjoint [DESENG] Awrought-pipejoint
maximum angle at which a conveyor may be
made by enlarging the end of one pipe length
inclinedandstilldeliveranamountofbulkmate-
to receive the male end of the next length.
rial within a given time,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l
{ vertstrokesuperiormathH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
v vertstrokeinferiorinH11080kl?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
matrix [ELECTR] 1.The section of a color televi-
maximumavailablegain [ELECTR] The theoret-
sion transmitter that transforms the red,green,
ical maximum power gain available in a transis-
and blue camera signals into color-difference
tor stage; it is seldom achieved in practical cir-
signals and combines them with the chromi-
cuits because it can be approached only when
nance subcarrier,Also known as color coder;
feedback is negligible,Abbreviated MAG.
color encoder; encoder,2,The section of a { vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m?|va
ˉlH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉn}
color television receiver that transforms the maximum belt slope [MECH ENG] A slope be-
color-difference signals into the red,green,and yondwhichthematerialonthebeltofaconveyor
blue signals needed to drive the color picture tends to roll downhill,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorbelt
tube,Also known as color decoder; decoder,vertstrokeinferiorsloˉp}
[ENG] A recessed mold in which something is maximumbelttension [MECHENG] Thetotalof
formed or cast,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080triks } the starting and operating tensions in a con-
matrix sound system [ENG ACOUS] A quadra- veyor,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?n}
phonic sound system in which the four input maximum continuous load [MECH ENG] The
maximum load that a boiler can maintain for achannels are combined into two channels by a
346
meanstress
designated length of time,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m states that the difference between the specific
k?n|tinH11080y?H11080w?s vertstrokesuperiorloˉd} heatofagasatconstantpressureanditsspecific
maximum gradability [MECH ENG] Steepest heat at constant volume is equal to the gas con-
slopeavehiclecannegotiateinlowgear;usually stant divided by the molecularweight of the gas.
expressed in precentage of slope,namely,the
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
ratio betweenthe vertical rise andthe horizontal
mb See millibar.
distance traveled; sometimes expressed by the
McCabe-Thiele diagram [CHEM ENG] Graphi-
angle between the slope and the horizontal.
calmethodforcalculationofthenumberoftheo-
{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
retical plates or contacting stages required for
maximum ordinate [MECH] Difference in alti-
a given binary distillation operation,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉb
tude between the origin and highest point of the
vertstrokesuperiorteˉlH11080?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
trajectory of a projectile,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080
Mcontour [CONT SYS] A line on a Nyquist dia-
nH11080?t}
gram connecting points having the same magni-
maximum production life [MECH ENG] The
tude of the primary feedback ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorem
length of time that a cutting tool performs at
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080tu˙r}
cutting conditions of maximum tool efficiency.
M-design bit [DES ENG] A long-shank,box-
{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?mpr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
threaded core bit made to fit M-design core bar-
maximum thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
rels,{ vertstrokesuperiorem divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorbit }
that registers the maximum temperature at-
M-designcorebarrel [DES ENG] A double-tube
tained during an interval of time,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080
core barrel in which a 2
1
/
2
H11034-taper core lifter is
m?mth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
carried inside a short tubular sleeve coupled to
maximumworkingarea [INDENG] Thatportion
the bottom end of the inner tube,and the sleeve
of the working area that is readily accessible
extends downward inside the bit shank to within
to the hands of a worker when in his normal
a very short distance behind the face of the core
operating position,{ vertstrokesuperiormakH11080s?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?
bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorem divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?l}vertstrokeinferiorerH11080e
ˉH11080? }
meadow [ENG] Range of air-fuel ratio withinMaxwellequal-arearule [THERMO] Attempera-
which smooth combustion may be had.tures for which the theoretical isothermal of a
{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080oˉ }substance,on a graph of pressure against vol-
mean-average boiling point [CHEM ENG]ume,hasaportionwithpositiveslope(asoccurs
in a substance with liquid and gas phases obey- Pseudo boiling point for a hydrocarbon mix-
ing the van der Waals equation),a horizontal ture; calculated from the American Society for
linedrawnattheequilibriumvaporpressureand Testing and Materials distillation curve’s volu-
connecting twoparts ofthe isothermalwith neg- metric average boiling point,{ |meˉn |avH11080rij
ative slope has the property that the area be- vertstrokesuperiorbo
˙ilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
tween the horizontal and the part of the isother-
meanBritishthermalunitSee British thermal unit.
mal above it is equal to the area between the
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn |bridH11080ish vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
horizontal and the part of the isothermal below
mean calorie [THERMO] One-hundredth of the
it,{ vertstrokesuperiormakvertstrokeinferiorswel |eˉH11080kw?l vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
heat needed to raise 1 gram of water from 0 to
Maxwell relation [THERMO] One of four equa-
100H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }
tions for a system in thermal equilibrium,each
mean effective pressure [MECH ENG] A term
of which equates two partial derivatives,involv-
commonly used in the evaluation for positive
ing the pressure,volume,temperature,and en-
displacement machinery performance which ex-
tropy of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiormakvertstrokeinferiorswel rivertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
presses the average net pressure difference in
Maxwell’sdemon See demon of Maxwell,{ vertstrokesuperiormak
pounds per square inch on the two sides of the
vertstrokeinferiorswelz vertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080m?n}
piston in engines,pumps,and compressors.
Maxwell’sstressfunctions [MECH] Three func-
Abbreviated mep; mp,Also known as mean
tions of position,H9278
1
,H9278
2
,and H9278
3
,in terms of
pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉni|fekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
which the elements of the stress tensor H9268 of a
mean normal stress [MECH] In a system
body may be expressed,if the body is in equilib-
stressed multiaxially,the algebraic mean of the
rium and is not subjected to body forces; the
three principal stresses,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn |no˙rmH11080?l
elements of the stress tensor are given by
vertstrokesuperiorstres }
H9268
11
H11005H11128
2
H9278
2
/H11128x
3
2
H11001H11128
2
H9278
3
/H11128x
2
2
,H9268
23
H11005H11002H11128
2
H9278
1
/H11128x
2
H11128x
3
,and
mean pressure See mean effective pressure.
cyclic permutations of these equations,{ vertstrokesuperiormak
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorswelz vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?nz }
meanspecificheat [THERMO] The averageover
Maxwell’stheorem [MECH] If a load applied at
a specified range of temperature of the specific
one point A of an elastic structure results in a
heat of a substance,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉnsp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
given deflection at another point B,then the
mean-square-errorcriterion [CONT SYS] Evalu-
same load applied at B will result in the same
ation of the performance of a control system by
deflection at A.{vertstrokesuperiormakvertstrokeinferiorswelz vertstrokesuperiorthirH11080?m}
calculating the square root of the average over
mayer [THERMO] A unit of heat capacity equal
time of the square of the difference between theto the heat capacity of a substance whose tem-
actual output and the output that is desired.perature is raised 1H11034 Celsius by 1 joule,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r kr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}?r}
Mayer’s formula [THERMO] A formula which mean stress [MECH] 1,The algebraic mean of
347
meantemperaturedifference
the maximum and minimum values of a periodi- separation of soil,sediment,or rock by sieving,
cally varying stress,2,See octahedral normal screening,or other means to determine particle-
stress,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiorstres } size distribution,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
mean temperature difference [CHEM ENG] In mechanical area [BUILD] The areas in a build-
heat exchange calculations,a pseudo average ingthatincludeequipmentrooms,shafts,stacks,
temperature difference between the warmer and tunnels,and closets used for heating,ventilat-
colder fluids at inlet and outlet conditions,ing,air conditioning,piping,communication,
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordifH11080r?ns } hoisting,conveying,and electrical services.
meantimetofailure [ENG] A measure of relia-
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
bility of a piece ofequipment,giving the average
mechanical bearing cursor See bearing cursor.
time before the first failure,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmt?
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080s?r}
vertstrokesuperiorfaˉlH11080y?r}
mechanical classification [MECH ENG] A sort-
mean time to repair [ENG] A measure of relia-
ing operation in which mixtures of particles of
bility of a piece of repairable equipment,giving
mixed sizes,and often of different specific gravi-
the average time between repairs,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm
ties,are separated into fractions by the action
t? rivertstrokesuperiorper }
of a stream of fluid,usually water,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080
meantrajectory [MECH] Thetrajectoryofamis-
k?l vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
sile that passes through the center of impact or
mechanicalclassifier [MECH ENG] Any of vari-
center of burst,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉntr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
ousmachinesthatarecommonlyusedtoclassify
measureddaywork [INDENG] Workdoneforan
mixturesofparticlesofdifferentsizes,andsome-
hourlywageonwhichspecificproductivitylevels
times of different specific gravities; the Dorr
have been determined but which provides no
classifier is an example,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080
incentive pay,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rd vertstrokesuperiordaˉvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
measured drilling depth [ENG] The apparent
mechanical comparator [ENG] A contact com-
depth ofa borehole as measuredalong its longi-
parator in which movement is amplified usually
tudinal axis,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rd vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordepth }
by a rack,pinion,and pointer or by a parallelo-
measuredmile [CIVENG] Thedistanceof1mile
gram arrangement,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080
(1609.344 meters),the units of which have been
dH11080?r}
accurately measured and marked,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rd
mechanicaldamping [ENG ACOUS] Mechanical
vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉl}
resistance whichis generally associatedwith the
measured relieving capacity [DES ENG] The
moving parts of an electromechanically trans-
measured amounts of fluid which can be ex-
ducersuchasacutterorareproducer,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080
hausted through a relief device at its rated op-
H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiordampH11080i? }
erating pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rd rivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080
mechanical draft [MECH ENG] A draft that de-
dH11080eˉ }
pends upon the use of fans or other mechanical
measuredwork [IND ENG] Work,operations,or
devices; may be induced or forced,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080
cycles for which a standard has been set.
k?l vertstrokesuperiordraft }
{ |mezhH11080?rd vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
mechanical-draft cooling tower [MECH ENG]
measurementtonSeeton,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiort?n}
Cooling tower that depends upon fans for intro-
measuringmachine [ENG] Adeviceinwhichan
duction and circulation of its air supply,{ mi
astronomical photographic plate is viewed
vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l |draft ku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
through a fixed low-power microscope with
mechanical efficiency [MECH ENG] In an en-
cross-hairs and which is mounted on a carriage
gine,the ratio of brake horsepower to indicated
that is moved by micrometer screws equipped
horsepower,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?livertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
withscales,inordertomeasuretherelativeposi-
mechanical engineering [MECH ENG] The
tions of images on the plate,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?H11080ri?
branch of engineering concerned with energy
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
conversion,mechanics,and mechanisms and
measuringtank [ENG] Atankthathasbeencal-
devices for diverse applications,ranging form
ibrated and fitted with devices to measure a vol-
automotive parts through nanomachines,{ mi
ume of liquid and then release it,Also known
vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
as dump tank; metering tank,{ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?H11080ri?
mechanical equivalent of heat [THERMO] The
vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
amount of mechanical energy equivalent to a
mechanical [ENG] Of,pertaining to,or con-
unit of heat,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?livertstrokesuperiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt?v
cerned with machinery or tools,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080
vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
k?l}
mechanicalexpressionSeeexpression,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080mechanical advantage [MECH ENG] The ratio
H11080k?likvertstrokesuperiorspreshH11080?n}of the force produced by a machine such as a
mechanicalgripper [MECH ENG] A robot com-lever or pulley to the force applied to it,Also
ponent that uses movable,fingerlike levers toknown as force ratio,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l?dvertstrokesuperiorvanH11080tij }
grasp objects,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}mechanical analog [IND ENG] A mechanical
mechanicalhygrometer [ENG] A hygrometer inmodelofanonmechanicalsystemthatresponds
which an organic material,most commonly ato an input with an output corresponding to the
bundle of human hair,which expands and con-response of the real system,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iH11080k?l
tracts with changes in the moisture in the sur-vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
mechanical analysis [MECH ENG] Mechanical rounding air or gas is held under slight tension
348
mechanicalunits
by a spring,and a mechanical linkage actuates mechanical resistance See resistance,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080
H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }a pointer,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
mechanical hysteresis [MECH] The depen- mechanical rotational impedance See rotational
impedance,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?limdence of the strain of a material not only on the
instantaneous value of the stress but also on vertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }
mechanicalrotationalreactanceSee rotational re-the previous history of the stress; for example,
the elongation is less at a given value of tension actance,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080
t?ns }when the tension is increasing than when it is
decreasing,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s} mechanical rotational resistance See rotational
resistance,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lroˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080mechanical impedance [MECH] The complex
ratio of a phasor representing a sinusoidally var- t?ns }
mechanicalscale [ENG] Aweighing devicethatying force applied to a system to a phasor repre-
senting the velocity of a point in the system,incorporates a number of levers with precisely
located fulcrums to permit heavy objects to be{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?limvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }
mechanical lift dock [CIV ENG] A type of dry balanced with counterweights or counterpoises.
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorskaˉl}dock or marine elevator in which a vessel,after
being placed on the keel and bilge blocks in the mechanical seal [MECH ENG] Mechanical as-
sembly that forms a leakproof seal between flat,dock,is bodily lifted clear of the water so that
work may be performed on the underwater body,rotating surfaces to prevent high-pressure leak-
age,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorseˉl}{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l |lift vertstrokesuperiorda¨k}
mechanical linkage [MECH ENG] A set of rigid mechanicalseparation [MECH ENG] A group of
industrial operations by means of which parti-bodies,called links,joined together at pivots by
means of pins or equivalent devices,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080 cles of solid or drops of liquid are removed from
a gas or liquid,or are separated into individual?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij }
mechanical loader [MECH ENG] A power ma- fractions,or both,by gravity separation (set-
tling),centrifugal action,and filtration,{ michine for loading mineral,coal,or dirt,{ mi
vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
mechanicalsetting [MECHENG] Producingbitsmechanical mucking [ENG] Loading of dirt or
stone in tunnels or mines by machines,{ mi by setting diamonds in a bit mold into which a
cast or powder metal is placed,thus embeddingvertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorm?kH11080i? }
mechanical ohm [MECH] A unit of mechanical the diamonds and forming the bit crown; op-
posed to hand setting,Also known as cast set-resistance,reactance,and impedance,equal to
a force of 1 dyne divided by a velocity of 1 centi- ting; machine setting; sinter setting,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080
H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i? }meter per second,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioroˉm}
mechanical oscillograph See direct-writing re- mechanical shovel [MECH ENG] A loader lim-
ited to level or slightly graded drivages; whencorder,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?la¨vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
mechanical patent [ENG] A patent granted for full,the shovel is swung over the machine,and
theloadisdischargedintocontainersorvehiclesaninventiveimprovementinaprocess,manufac-
ture,or machine,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpatH11080?nt } behind,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}
mechanicalsplice [ENG] A splice made to ter-mechanical press [MECH ENG] A press whose
slide is operated by mechanical means,{ mi minate wire rope by pressing one or more metal
sleeves over the rope junction,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?lvertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpres }
mechanical property [MECH] A property that vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉs}
mechanical spring See spring,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?linvolvesarelationshipbetweenstressandstrain
or a reaction to an applied force,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080 vertstrokesuperiorspri? }
mechanical stage [ENG] A stage on a micro-k?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }
mechanical puddling See vibration puddling,scope provided with a mechanical device for po-
sitioning or changing the position of a slide.{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?dH11080li? }
mechanical pulping [MECH ENG] Mechanical,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorstaˉj}
mechanicalsteppingmotor [ELEC] A device inrather than chemical,recovery of cellulose fibers
from wood; unpurified,finely ground wood is which a voltage pulse through a solenoid coil
causes reciprocating motion by a solenoidmade into newsprint,cheap Manila papers,and
tissues,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080i? } plunger,and this is transformed into rotary mo-
tionthroughadefiniteanglebyratchet-and-pawlmechanical pump [MECH ENG] A pump
throughwhichfluidisconveyedbydirectcontact mechanisms or other mechanical linkages.
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorstepH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}with a moving part of the pumping machinery.
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?mp } mechanical stoker See automatic stoker,{ mi
vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorstoˉkH11080?r}mechanical reactance [MECH] The imaginary
part of mechanical impedance,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l mechanical torque converter [MECH ENG] A
torque converter,such as a pair of gears,thatreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns }
mechanical refrigeration [MECH ENG] The re- transmits power with only incidental losses.
{mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080?r}moval of heat by utilizing a refrigerant subjected
to cycles of refrigerating thermodynamics and mechanicalunits [MECH] Units of length,time,
and mass,and of physical quantities derivableemploying a mechanical compressor,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080
H11080k?lrivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n } from them,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?ts }
349
mechanicalvibration
mechanical vibration [MECH] The continuing Melde’s experiment [MECH] An experiment to
study transverse vibrations in a long,horizontalmotion,often repetitive and periodic,of parts of
machines and structures,{ mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l thread when one end of the thread is attached
to a prong of a vibrating tuning fork,while thev?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
mechanism [MECHENG] Thatpartofamachine other passes over a pulley and has weights sus-
pended from it to control the tension in thewhich contains two or more pieces so arranged
that the motion of one compels the motion of thread,{ vertstrokesuperiormelH11080deˉzikvertstrokeinferiorsperH11080?H11080m?nt }
meltback transistor [ELECTR] A junction tran-the others,{ vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
mechanize [MECH ENG] 1,To substitute ma- sistor in which the junction is made by melting
a properly doped semiconductor and allowing itchinery for human or animal labor,2,To pro-
duce or reproduce by machine,{ vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉz } to solidify again,{ vertstrokesuperiormeltvertstrokesuperiorback tranvertstrokesuperiorzistH11080?r}
melter [ENG] A chamber used for melting.mechanized dew-point meter See dew-point re-
corder,{ vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiordu¨ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiormeltH11080?r}
melt extractor [ENG] A device used to feed anmechanomotive force [MECH] The root-mean-
square value of a periodically varying force,injection mold,separating molten feed material
from partially molten pellets,{ vertstrokesuperiormelt ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080{ |mekH11080?H11080noˉ|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
mechanooptical vibrometer [ENG] A vibrome- t?r}
melt fracture [MECH] Melt flow instabilityter in which the motion given to a probe by
a surface whose vibration amplitude is to be through a die during plastics molding,leading
to helicular,rippled surface irregularities on themeasured is used to rock a mirror; a light beam
reflected from the mirror and focused onto a finished product,{ vertstrokesuperiormelt vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080ch?r}
meltindex [ENG] Number of grams of thermo-scale provides an indication of the vibration am-
plitude,{ |mekH11080?H11080noˉvertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?lv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } plastic resin at 190H11034C that can be forced through
a 0.0825-inch (2.0955-millimeter) orifice in 10mechatronics [ENG] A branch of engineering
that incorporates the ideas of mechanical and minutesbya2160-gramforce,{ vertstrokesuperiormelt vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
melting furnace [ENG] A furnace in which theelectronic engineering into a whole,and,in par-
ticular,covers those areas of engineering con- frit for glass is melted,{ vertstrokesuperiormeltH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
meltingpoint [THERMO] 1,The temperature atcerned with the increasing integration of me-
chanical,electronic,and software engineering which a solid of a pure substance changes to a
liquid,Abbreviated mp,2,For a solution ofinto a production process,{ vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
media migration [CHEM ENG] Carryover of fi- two or more components,the temperature at
which the first trace of liquid appears as thebers or other filter material by liquid effluent
from a filter unit,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉH11080deˉH11080? m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n } solution is heated,{ vertstrokesuperiormeltH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
meltinstability [MECH] Instability of the plasticmediamill See shot mill,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiormil }
medianstrip [CIV ENG] A paved or planted sec- melt flow through a die,{ vertstrokesuperiormelt vertstrokeinferiorinH11080st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
dH11080eˉ }tion dividing a highway into lanes according to
direction of travel,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉH11080deˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorstrip } melt strength [MECH] Strength of a molten
plastic,{ vertstrokesuperiormelt vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }medical chemical engineering [CHEM ENG]
Theapplicationofchemicalengineeringtomedi- member [CIV ENG] A structural unit such as a
wall,column,beam,or tie,or a combination ofcine,frequently involving mass transport and
separation processes,especially at the molecu- any of these,{ vertstrokesuperiormemH11080b?r}
membrane [BUILD] In built-up roofing,alar level,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
medium [CHEM ENG] 1,The carrier in which a weather-resistant (flexible or semiflexible) cov-
ering consisting of alternate layers of felt andchemical reaction takes place,2,Material of
controlled pore size used to remove foreign par- bitumen,fabricatedinacontinuouscoveringand
surfaced with aggregate or asphaltic material.ticles or liquid droplets from fluid carriers.
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉH11080deˉH11080?m} [CHEM ENG] 1,The medium through which the
fluid stream is passed for purposes of filtration.medium-technologyrobot [CONTSYS] Anauto-
matically controlled machine that employs ser- 2,The ion-exchange medium used in dialysis,
diffusion,osmosis and reverse osmosis,andvomechanisms and microprocessor control
units,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉH11080deˉH11080?m tek|na¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t } electrophoresis,{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn}
membrane analogy [MECH] A formal identitymegasecond [MECH] A unit of time,equal to
1,000,000 seconds,Abbreviated Ms; Msec,between the differential equation and boundary
conditions for a stress function for torsion of an{ vertstrokesuperiormegH11080?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080?nd }
megawatt [MECH] A unit of power,equal to elasticprismaticbar,andthoseforthedeflection
of a uniformly stretched membrane with the1,000,000 watts,Abbreviated MW,{ vertstrokesuperiormegH11080
vertstrokeinferiorwa¨t } same boundary as the cross section of the bar,
subjected to a uniform pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉnmegohm [ELEC] A unit of resistance,equal to
1,000,000 ohms,{ vertstrokesuperiormevertstrokeinferiorgoˉm}?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080jeˉ }
membrane curing See membrane waterproofing.megohmmeter [ELEC] An instrument which is
usedformeasuringthehighresistanceofelectri- { vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiorkyu˙rH11080i? }
membrane distillation [CHEM ENG] A separa-cal materials of the order of 20,000 megohms at
1000 volts; one direct-reading type employs a tion method that uses a nonwetting,micropo-
rous membrane,with a liquid feed phase on onepermanent magnet and a moving coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorme
vertstrokeinferiorgoˉmeˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } side and a condensing permeate phase on the
350
messenger
other,Also known as membrane evaporation; which the instrument fluid is mercury; used to
record or control difference of pressure or fluidthermopervaporation; transmembrane distilla-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
mercury switch [ELEC] A switch that is closedmembraneevaporationSeemembranedistillation.
{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉnivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n } by making a large globule of mercury move up
to the contacts and bridge them; the mercurymembrane separation [CHEM ENG] The use of
thin barriers (membranes) between miscible flu- is usually moved by tilting the entire switch.
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorswich }ids for separating a mixture; a suitable driving
forceacross themembrane,for exampleconcen- mercury thermometer [ENG] A liquid-in-glass
thermometer or a liquid-in-metal thermometertrationorpressuredifferential,leadstopreferen-
tial transport of one or more feed components,using mercury as the liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
membrane stress [MECH] Stress which is meridian circle See transit circle,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorridH11080eˉH11080?n
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}equivalent to the average stress across the cross
section involved and normal to the reference meridian transit See transit circle,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorridH11080eˉH11080?n
vertstrokeinferiortranH11080z?t}plane,{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiorstres }
membrane waterproofing [CIV ENG] Curing merit [ELECTR] A performance rating that gov-
erns the choice of a device for a particular appli-concrete,especially in pavements,by spraying a
liquid material over the surface to form a solid,cation; it must be qualified to indicate type of
rating,as in gain-bandwidth merit or signal-to-imperviouslayerwhichholdsthemixingwaterin
the concrete,Also knownas membrane curing,noise merit,{ vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?t}
meritpayplan [IND ENG] Work performed for a{ vertstrokesuperiormemvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpru˙fH11080i? }
memomotion study [IND ENG] A technique of set hourly wage that varies from one pay period
to another as a function of the worker’s produc-work measurement and methods analysis using
a motion picture camera operated at less than tivity,but never declines below a guaranteed
minimum wage,{ vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?t |paˉ vertstrokeinferiorplan }normal camera speed,Also known as camera
study; micromotion study,{ |memH11080oˉ|moˉH11080sh?n Mersenne’s law [MECH] The fundamental fre-
quency of a vibrating string is proportional tovertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
MEMS See micro-electro-mechanical system,the square root of the tension and inversely pro-
portional both to the length and the square root{ memz or |em|eˉ|emvertstrokesuperiores }
MEMS microphone [ENG ACOUS] A very small of the mass per unit length,{ m?rvertstrokesuperiorsenz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
Mertonnut [DES ENG] A nut whose threads aremicrophone,generally less than 1 millimeter,
that can be incorporated directly onto an elec- made of an elastic material such as cork,and
are formed by compressing the material into atronic chip and commonly uses a small thin
membrane fabricated on the chip to detect screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rtH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
mesadevice [ELECTR] Any device produced bysound,{ |memz or |em|eˉ|em|es vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
mep See mean effective pressure,diffusing the surface of a germanium or silicon
wafer and then etching down all but selectedMercer engine [MECH ENG] A revolving-block
engine in which two opposing pistons operate areas,which then appear as physical plateaus
or mesas,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080s? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}in a single cylinder with two rollers attached to
each piston; intake ports are uncovered when mesadiode [ELECTR] A diode produced by dif-
fusing theentire surface ofa largegermanium orthe pistons are closest together,and exhaust
portsareuncoveredwhentheyarefarthestapart,silicon wafer and then delineating the individual
diodeareasbyaphotoresist-controlledetchthat{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080s?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
mercurybarometer [ENG] Aninstrumentwhich removes the entire diffused area except the is-
land or mesa at each junction site,{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080s?determines atmospheric pressure by measuring
the height of a column of mercury which the vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
mesatransistor [ELECTR] A transistor in whichatmosphere will support; the mercury is in a
glass tube closed at one end and placed,open a germanium or silicon wafer is etched down in
steps so the base and emitter regions appearend down,in a well of mercury,Also known as
Torricellian barometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ b?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080 as physical plateaus above the collector region.
{ vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080s? tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}?dH11080?r}
mercury-cathode cell [CHEM ENG] Electrolytic MESFETSeemetalsemiconductorfield-effecttran-
sistor,{ vertstrokesuperiormesvertstrokeinferiorfet }cell used to manufacture chlorine and caustic
soda from sodium chloride brine; includes Cast- mesh [DES ENG] A size of screen or of particles
passed by it in terms of the number of openingsner and DeNora cells,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ |kathvertstrokeinferioroˉd
vertstrokeinferiorsel } occurringperlinearinchineachdirection,Also
known as mesh size,[ELEC] A set of branchesmercury jet magnetometer [ENG] A type of
magnetometer in which the magnetic field forming a closed path in a network so that if any
one branch is omitted from the set,the re-strengthisdeterminedbymeasuringtheelectro-
motive force between electrodes at opposite mainingbranchesofthesetdonotformaclosed
path,Also known as loop,[MECH ENG] En-ends of a narrow pipe made of insulating mate-
rial,through which mercury is forced to flow,gagement or working contact of teeth of gears
or of a gear and a rack,{ mesh }{ |m?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorjet vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
mercury manometer [ENG] A manometer in messenger [ENG] A small,cylindrical metal
351
metaboliccost
weightthatisattachedaroundanoceanographic tension,and rate processes,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?H11080reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080
wire and sent down to activate the tripping jeˉ }
mechanism on various oceanographic devices,meteorogram [ENG] A record obtained from a
{ vertstrokesuperiormesH11080?nH11080j?r} meteorograph,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
metaboliccost [INDENG] Theamountofenergy meteorograph [ENG] An instrument that meas-
consumed as the result of performing a given ures andrecords meteorologicaldata suchas air
worktask;usuallyexpressedincalories,{ |medH11080 pressure,temperature,and humidity,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080
vertstrokeinferiorba¨lH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorko˙st } e
ˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
metallath [ENG] A mesh of metal used to pro-
meteorological balloon [ENG] A balloon,usu-
vide a base for plaster,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorlath }
ally of high-quality neoprene,polyethylene,or
metallic disk rectifier See metallic rectifier.
Mylar,used to lift radiosondes to high altitudes.
{m?vertstrokesuperiortalH11080ik |disk vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080eˉH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080?H11080k?lb?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨n}
metallize [ENG] To coat or impregnate a metal
meteorologicalinstrumentation [ENG] Appara-
or nonmetal surface with a metal,as by metal
tus and equipment used to obtain quantitative
spraying or by vacuum evaporation,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080
information about the weather,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080eˉH11080?H11080
lvertstrokeinferior?ˉz}
r?vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
metallized slurry blasting [ENG] The breaking
meteorological rocket [ENG] Small rocket sys-
ofrocksbyusingslurriedexplosivemediumcon-
tem used to extend observation of atmospheric
taining a powdered metal,such as powdered
characterabovefeasiblelimitsforballoon-borne
aluminum,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉzd |sl?rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }
observing and telemetering instruments,Also
metallurgical engineer [ENG] A person who
known as rocketsonde,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080eˉH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080?H11080k?l
specializes in metallurgical engineering.
vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?t}
{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?lvertstrokesuperior?rH11080j?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornir }
meter [MECH] The international standard unit
metallurgicalengineering [ENG] Applicationof
oflength,equaltothelengthofthepathtraveled
the principles of metallurgy to the engineering
by light in vacuum during a time interval of
sciences,{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?lvertstrokesuperior?rH11080j?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
1/299,792,458 of a second,Abbreviated m.
metallurgical microscope [ENG] A microscope
[ENG] A device for measuring the value of a
used in the study of metals,usually optical.
quantity under observation; the term is usually
{ vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?lvertstrokesuperior?rH11080j?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
applied to an indicating instrument alone.
metaloxidesemiconductorfield-effecttransistor
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
[ELECTR] A field-effect transistor having a gate
meterbar [ENG] Ametalbarformountingagas
that is insulated from the semiconductor sub-
meter,having fittings at the ends for the inlet
strate by a thin layer of silicon dioxide,Abbre-
and outlet connections of the meter,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080
viatedMOSFET;MOST; MOStransistor.Formerly
r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
known as insulated-gate field-effect transistor
meter density [ENG] In an energy distribution
(IGFET),{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r
system,the number of meters per unit area or
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
per unit length,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit
meter factor [ENG] A factor used with a meter
[ELECTR] An integrated circuit using metal ox-
to correct for ambient conditions,for example,
ide semiconductor transistors; it can have a
the factor for a fluid-flow meter to compensate
higher density of equivalent parts than a bipolar
forsuchconditionsasliquidtemperaturechange
integrated circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080
and pressure shrinkage,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
meteringpinSeemeteringrod,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorpin }
metalrolling See rolling,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorroˉlH11080i? }
metering pump [CHEM ENG] Plunger-type
metal semiconductor field-effect transistor
pumpdesignedtocontrolaccuratelysmall-scale
[ELECTR] A field-effect transistor that uses a
fluid-flow rates; used to inject small quantities
thin film of gallium arsenide,with a Schottky
ofmaterialsintocontinuous-flowliquidstreams.
barriergateformedbydepositingalayerofmetal
Also known as proportioning pump,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080
directly onto the surface of the film,Abbrevi-
ri?vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
ated MESFET,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r
metering rod [ENG] A device consisting of a
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
long metallic pin of graduated diameters fitted
metal-slittingsaw [MECH ENG] A milling cutter
tothemainnozzleofacarburetor(onaninternal
similar to a circular saw blade but sometimes
combustion engine) or passage leading thereto
with side teeth as well as teeth around the cir-
in such a way that it measures or meters the
cumference; used for deep slotting and sinking
amount of gasoline permitted to flow by it atin cuts,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l |slidH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorso
˙ }
various speeds,Also known as metering pin.metalspinning See spinning,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorspinH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}metal spraying [ENG] Coating a surface with
meteringscrew [MECH ENG] An extrusion-typedroplets of molten metal or alloy by using a
screw feeder or conveyor section used to feedcompressed gas stream,{ vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorspraˉH11080i? }
pulverized or doughy materialat a constant rate.metarheology [MECH] A branch of rheology
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }whose approach is intermediate between those
metering tank See measuring tank,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?of macrorheology and microrheology; certain
vertstrokeinferiorta?k}processes that are not isothermal are taken into
consideration,such as kinetic elasticity,surface metering valve [MECH ENG] In an automotive
352
microacceleratometer
hydraulic braking system,a valve that momen- methodofmixtures [THERMO] A method of de-
termining the heat of fusion of a substancetarily delays application of the front disk brakes
whose specific heat is known,in which a knownuntil therear drumbrakes beginto act,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080
amount of the solid is combined with a known?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
amount of the liquid in a calorimeter,and themeter-kilogram [MECH] 1,A unit of energy or
decrease in the liquid temperature during melt-work in a meter-kilogram-second gravitational
ing of the solid is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d?vsystem,equal to the work done by a kilogram-
vertstrokesuperiormiksH11080ch?rz }forcewhenthepointatwhichtheforceisapplied
methods design [IND ENG] Design for a new,
is displaced 1 meter in the direction of the force;
more efficient method of job performance.
equal to 9.80665 joules,Abbreviated m-kgf.
{ vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?dz divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
Also known as meter kilogram-force,2,A unit
methods engineering [IND ENG] A technique
of torque,equal to the torque produced by a
used by management to improve working meth-
kilogram-forceactingataperpendiculardistance
ods and reduce labor costs in all areas where
of1meterfromtheaxisofrotation,Alsoknown
human effort is required,{ vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?dz vertstrokeinferiorenH11080
as kilogram-meter (kgf-m),{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?
j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorgram }
methods study [IND ENG] An analysis of the
meter kilogram-force See meter-kilogram.
methods in use,of the means and potentials
{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
for their improvement,and of reducing costs.
meter-kilogram-secondsystem [MECH] A met-
{ vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?dz vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
ric system of units in which length,mass,and
metriccentner [MECH] 1,A unit of mass equal
time are fundamental quantities,and the units
to 50 kilograms,2.A unit of mass equal to 100
of these quantities are the meter,the kilogram,
kilograms,Also known as quintal,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik
and the second respectively,Abbreviated mks
vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080n?r}
system,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
metric grain [MECH] A unit of mass,equal to
t?m}
50 milligrams; used in commercial transactions
meter prover [ENG] A device that determines
in precious stones,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorgraˉn}
the accuracy of a gas meter; a quantity of air is
metricline See millimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}
collectedoverwateroroilinacalibratedcylindri-
metricounce See mounce,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorau˙ns }
cal bell,and then the bell is allowed to sink into
metric slug See metric-technical unit of mass.
the liquid,forcing the air through the meter; the
{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsl?g}
calibrated measurement is then compared with
metric system [MECH] A system of units used
the reading on the meter dial,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpru¨H11080
in scientific work throughout the world and em-
v?r}
ployed in general commercial transactions and
meter-proving tank See calibrating tank,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080
engineering applications; its units of length,
r vertstrokeinferiorpru¨H11080vi?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
time,and mass are the meter,second,and kilo-
meter run [ENG] The length of straight,unob-
gramrespectively,ordecimal multiplesand sub-
structed fluid-flow conduit preceding an orifice
multiples thereof,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
or venturi meter,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorr?n}
metric-technicalunitofmass [MECH] A unit of
meter sensitivity [ENG] The accuracy with
mass,equal to the mass which is accelerated by
which a meter can measure a voltage,current,
1 meter per second per second by a force of 1
resistance,or other quantity,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080
kilogram-force; it is equal to 9.80665 kilograms.
s?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
Abbreviated TME,Also known as hyl; metric
meter stop [MECH ENG] A valve installed in a
slug,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik |tekH11080niH11080k?l |yu¨H11080n?t?v vertstrokesuperiormas }
water servicepipe forcontrol ofthe flow ofwater
metric thread gearing [DES ENG] Gears that
to a building,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
may be interchanged in change-gear systems to
meter-ton-second system [MECH] A modifica-
provide feeds suitable for cutting metric and
tion of the meter-kilogram-second system in
module threads,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorthred vertstrokeinferiorgirH11080i? }
which the metric ton (1000 kilograms) replaces
metricton See tonne,{ vertstrokesuperiormeH11080trik vertstrokesuperiort?n}
thekilogramasthe unitofmass,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiort?n
mg See milligram.
vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
mGal See milligal.
meterwheel [ENG] A specialblockusedtosup-
mho See siemens,{ moˉ }
port the oceanographic wire paid out over the
mi See mile.
side of a ship; attached directly or connected by
MIC See microwave integrated circuit.
means of a speedometer cable to a gearbox
Michaelson actinograph [ENG] A pyrheliome-
which measures the length of wire,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r ter of the bimetallic type used to measure the
vertstrokeinferiorweˉl} intensity of direct solar radiation; the radiation
methanation [CHEM ENG] In coal gasification,is measured in terms of the angular deflection
the catalytic conversion of hydrogen and carbon of a blackened bimetallic strip which is exposed
monoxide to methane,{ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n} to the direct solar beams,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080k?lH11080s?nak
method of joints [ENG] Determination of vertstrokesuperiortinH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
stresses for joints at which there are not more microacceleratometer [ENG] A MEMS device
than two unknown forces by the methods of the developedfortheautomotiveindustrytocontrol
stress polygon,resolution,or moments,air-bag inflation,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080ikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080
r}{ vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d?v vertstrokesuperiorjo˙ins }
353
microactuator
microactuator [ENG] Averysmallactuator,with an electrode with a microscopic tip dimension
physical dimensions in the submicrometer to that may be placed adjacent to or inside a cell
millimeter range,generally batch-fabricated for the purpose of recording the electric poten-
from silicon wafers,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
tials of single cells,passing electrical currents,
micro air vehicle [ENG] A very small airborne
or injecting electrically charged substances into
autonomous vehicle that can operate inside a
thecell,2.Inphysicalchemistry,aminuteelec-
buildingusingprimarilyvisualandothersensory
trodeusedtoperformelectrolysisofsmallquan-
information tonavigate,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
tities of material,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
microalloy diffused transistor [ELECTR] A mi-
micro-electro-mechanicalsystem [ENG] A sys-
croalloy transistor in which the semiconductor
teminwhichmicromechanismsarecoupledwith
wafer is first subjected to gaseous diffusion to
microelectronics,most commonly fabricated as
produce a nonuniform base region,Abbrevi-
microsensors or microactuators,Abbreviated
ated MADT,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperioralvertstrokeinferioro˙id?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zd tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080
MEMS,Also known as microsystem,{ |m?ˉH11080
t?r}
kroˉivertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tr?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
microalloy transistor [ELECTR] A transistor in
microelectronic circuitry See microcircuitry.
which the emitter and collector electrodes are
{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?H11080treˉ }
formedbyetchingdepressions,thenelectroplat-
microelectronics [ELECTR] The technology of
ing and alloying a thin film of the impurity metal
constructing circuits and devices in extremelyto the semiconductor wafer,somewhat as in a
small packages by various techniques,Alsosurface-barrier transistor,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperioralvertstrokeinferioro˙i tran
vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } known as microminiaturization; microsystem
microangstrom [MECH] A unit of length equal electronics,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
to one-millionth of an angstrom,or 10
H1100216
meter,microelement [ELECTR] Resistor,capacitor,
Abbreviated H9262A,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiora?H11080str?m} transistor,diode,inductor,transformer,or other
microbalance [ENG] A small,light type of ana-
electronic element or combination of elements
lytical balance that can weigh loads of up to 0.1
mounted on a ceramic wafer 0.025 centimeter
gram to the nearest microgram,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorbalH11080
thick and about 0.75 centimeter square; individ-
ns }
ual microelements are stacked,interconnected,
microbar See barye,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
and potted to form micromodules,[IND ENG]
microbarogram [ENG] Therecordortracemade
An element of a work cycle whose time span is
by a microbarograph,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
too short to be observed by the unaided eye.
microcalorimeter [ENG] A calorimeter for mea-
{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
suring very small amounts of heat,in which the
microencapsulation [CHEM ENG] Enclosing of
heat source and a small heating coil are placed
materials in capsules from well below 1 microm-
in identical vessels and the amount of current
eter to over 2000 micrometers in diameter.
through the coil is varied until the temperatures
{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080invertstrokeinferiorkapH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
of the vessels are identical,as indicated by ther-
microengineering [ENG] The design and pro-
mocouples,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
duction of small,three-dimensional objects,
microcapacitor [ELECTR] Any very small capac-
usually for manufacture in high volumes at low
itor used in microelectronics,usually consisting
cost,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
of a thin film of dielectric material sandwiched
microfabrication [ENG] Thetechnologyoffabri-
between electrodes,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
cating microsystems from silicon wafers,usingmicrocapsule [CHEM ENG] A capsule with a
standardsemiconductorprocesstechnologiesinplastic orwaxlike coating having adiameter any-
wherefromwellbelow1micrometertoover2000 combination with specially developed proc-
micrometers,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorkapH11080s?l} esses,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorfabH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
microcircuitry [ELECTR] Electronic circuit microfiltration [CHEM ENG] A membrane sepa-
structures that are orders of magnitude smaller
ration process in which particles greater than
and lighter than circuit structures produced by
about 20 nanometers in diameter are screened
themostcompactcombinationsofdiscretecom-
out of a liquid in which they are suspended.
ponents,Also known as microelectronic cir-
{ vertstrokeinferiormiH11080kroˉH11080filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
cuitry; microminiature circuitry,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
microfluoroscope [ENG] A fluoroscope in
k?H11080treˉ }
which a very fine-grained fluorescent screen is
microcontroller [ELECTR] A microcomputer,
optically enlarged,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorflu˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
microprocessor,or other equipment used for
microforge [ENG] In micromanipulation tech-
precise process control in data handling,com-
niques,anoptical-mechanicaldeviceforcontrol-
munication,and manufacturing,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080
ling the position of needles or pipets in the field
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
of a low-power microscope by a simple micro-
microdiffusiometer [ENG] A type of diffusio-
manipulator,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rj }
meterinwhichdiffusionismeasuredovermicro-
microgram [MECH] Aunitofmassequaltoone-
scopic distances,greatly reducing the time re-
millionth of a gram,Abbreviated H9262g,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
quired for the measurement and the effects of
kr?vertstrokeinferiorgram }vibration and temperature changes,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kro
ˉH11080
micrograph [ENG] An instrument for makingd?vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨zH11080?r}
microelectrode [ENG] 1.In biological research,very tiny writing or engraving,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
354
microreactor
microgravity [MECH] A state of very weak grav- to which a deposited material conforms,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
kroˉvertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }ity,suchthatthegravitationalaccelerationexpe-
micromotionfilm [IND ENG] A record of a spe-riencedbyanobserverinsidethesysteminques-
cific task made with motion picture film or videotion is of the order of one-millionth of that on
tape in which each component of the activity isearth,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ }
recorded in an individual frame,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080microgroove record See long-playing record.
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfilm }{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080?rd }
micromotion study See memomotion study.micro heat pipe [ENG] A very small heat pipe
{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ|moˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorst?dH11080eˉ }
thathasadiameterbetweenabout100microme-
micron [MECH] 1,A unit of pressure equal to
ters and 2 millimeters (0.004 and 0.08 inch) and
the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1
a triangular cross section or other cross section
micrometer high,having a density of 13.5951
with sharp corners,and that uses the sharp cor-
grams per cubic centimeter,under the standard
ner regions instead of a wick to return the work-
acceleration of gravity; equal to 0.133322387415
ing fluid from the condenser to the evaporator;
pascal; it differs from the millitorr by less than
it has potential applications in the electronics
one part in seven million,Also known as mi-
(cooling circuit chips),medical,space,and air-
crometer of mercury,2,Seemicrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉ
craft industries,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
vertstrokeinferiorkra¨n}
micromachining [ENG] The use of standard
micro-opto-electro-mechanical system [ENG]
semiconductor process technologies in combi-
A microsystem that combines the functions of
nationwithspeciallydevelopedprocessestofab-
optical,mechanical,and electronic components
ricateminiaturemechanicaldevicesandcompo-
inasingle,verysmallpackageorassembly,Ab-
nents on siliconand other materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080
breviated MOEMS,{ |m?ˉH11080kro| a¨pH11080toˉ i|lekH11080troˉ
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉnH11080i? }
m?|kanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
micromanipulator [ENG] A device for holding
micro-opto-mechanicalsystem [ENG] A micro-
and moving fine instruments for the manipula-
system that combines optical and mechanical
tion of microscopic specimens under a micro-
functions without the use of electronic devices
scope,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiornipH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
or signals,Abbreviated MOMS,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ |opH11080
micromanometer [ENG] Anymanometerthatis
toH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
designed to measure very small pressure differ-
microphone [ENG ACOUS] An electroacoustic
ences,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
devicecontainingatransducerwhichisactuated
micromechanical display [ENG] A video dis-
by sound waves and delivers essentially equiva-
play based on an array of mirrors on a silicon
lent electric waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
chipthatcanbedeflectedbyelectrostaticforces.
microphonetransducer [ENG ACOUS] A device
Abbreviated MMD,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorkanH11080iH11080k?l
whichconvertsvariationinthepositionorveloc-
divertstrokesuperiorsplaˉ }
ity of some body into corresponding variations
micromechanics [ENG] 1.Thedesignandfabri-
of some electrical quantity,in a microphone.
cation of micromechanisms,2,See composite
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
micromechanics,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
microphotometer [ENG] A photometer that
micromechanism [ENG] A mechanical compo-
provides highly accurate illumination measure-
nent with submillimeter dimensions and corres-
ments; in one form,the changes in illumination
ponding tolerances of the order of 1 micrometer
are pickedup by aphototube andconverted into
or less,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
current variations that are amplified by vacuum
micromechatronics [ENG] The branch of engi-
tubes,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
neering concerned with micro-electro-mechani-
micropipet [ENG] 1.A pipet withcapacity of 0.5
cal systems,{ |m?ˉH11080krovertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
milliliter or less,to measure small volumes of
micrometer [ENG] 1.Aninstrumentattachedto
liquids with a high degree of accuracy; types
a telescope or microscope for measuring small
include lambda,straight-bore,and Lang-Levy.
distancesorangles,2.Acaliperformakingpre-
2.Afine-pointedpipetteusedformicroinjection.
cise measurements; a spindle is moved by a
{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorpet }
screw thread so that it touches the object to be
microporousbarrier [CHEM ENG] A metallic or
measured; the dimension can then be read on
plastic membrane with micrometer-sized pores
a scale,Also known as micrometer caliper.
used for dialysis and other membrane-separa-
[MECH] A unit of length equal to one-millionth
tion processes,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r}
of a meter,Abbreviated H9262m,Also known as
microprocessor [ELECTR] A single silicon chip
micron (H9262),{ m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} on which the arithmetic and logic functions of
micrometer caliper See micrometer,{ m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080 a computer are placed,{ |m?
ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080?r}
dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080p?r} micropycnometer [ENG] A small-volume pyc-
micrometer of mercury See micron,{ m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080 nometer with a capacity from 0.25 to 1.6 milli-
dH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ } liters; weighing precision is 1 part in 10,000,or
micromicrowatt See picowatt,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ|m?ˉH11080 better,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kroˉH11080pikvertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
kroˉvertstrokesuperiorwa¨t} microreactor [CHEM ENG] A microsystem for
micromolding [ENG] An alternative technique chemical and biochemical reactions,including
tomicromachining forfabricatingmicrosystems,separation,fluid handling,and unit operations
of chemical engineering,as well as analyticalin which a sacrificial material serves as a mold
355
micro-reciprocal-degree
systems,Its small reaction volumes and high tension is developed in a wall or foundation if
the resultant force lies within the middle thirdheat and mass transfer rates allow for precise
adjustment of process conditions,short re- of the structure,{ vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?l |th?rd vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
midrange [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker de-sponse times,and defined residence times,re-
sulting in greater process control and higher signed to reproduce medium audio frequencies,
generally used in conjunction with a crossoveryields and selectivity,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
micro-reciprocal-degree See mired,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉ network,a tweeter,and a woofer,Also known
as squawker,{ vertstrokesuperiormidvertstrokeinferiorraˉnj }rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?ldivertstrokesuperiorgreˉ }
microrheology [MECH] A branch of rheology in Mie-Gru¨neisen equation [THERMO] An equa-
tion of state particularly useful at high pressure,which the heterogeneous nature of dispersed
systems is taken into account,{ |m?ˉH11080kroˉH11080reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080 which states that the volume of a system times
the difference between the pressure and the?H11080jeˉ }
microsecond [MECH] A unit of time equal to pressure at absolute zero equals the product of
a number which depends only on the volumeone-millionth of a second,Abbreviated H9262s.
{ |m?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080?nd } times the difference between the internal energy
and the internal energy at absolute zero,{ vertstrokesuperiormeˉmicrosensor [ENG] A submicrometer- to milli-
meter-size device that converts a nonelectrical vertstrokesuperiorgru˙vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080?nivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
migration See bleeding,{ m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}physical or chemical quantity,such as pressure,
acceleration,temperature,or gas concentration,mil [MECH] 1,A unit of length,equal to 0.001
inch,or to 2.54 H11003 10
H110025
meter,Also known asinto an electrical signal; it is generally able to
offer better sensitivity,accuracy,dynamic range,milli-inch; thou,2,See milliliter,{ mil }
mile [MECH] A unit of length in common use inand reliability,as well as lower power consump-
tion,compared to larger counterparts,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080 theUnitedStates,equalto5280feet,or1609.344
meters,Abbreviated mi,Also known as landkroˉvertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
microsystem See micro-electro-mechanical sys- mile; statute mile,{ m?ˉl}
milepost [CIVENG] 1.Apostplacedamileawaytem,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
microtome [ENG] An instrument for cutting from a similar post,2,A post indicating mile-
age from a given point,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉlvertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }thin sections of tissues or other materials for
microscopical examination,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiortoˉm} milestoneactivity See key activity,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉlvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn vertstrokeinferiorak
vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }microwatt [MECH] Aunitofpowerequaltoone-
millionth of a watt,Abbreviated H9262W,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080 military engineering [ENG] Science,art,and
practice involved in design and construction ofkr?vertstrokeinferiorwa¨t}
microwave early warning [ENG] High-power,defensive and offensive military works as well as
construction and maintenance of transportationlong-range radar with a number of indicators,
giving high resolution,and with a large traffic- systems,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080ivertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
military geology [ENG] The application of thehandling capacity; used for early warning of mis-
siles,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv |?rH11080leˉ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rH11080ni? } earth sciences to such military concerns as ter-
rain analysis,water supply,foundations,andmicrowave impedance measurement [ENG]
The determination of parameters,associated construction of roads and airfields,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080ivertstrokeinferiorterH11080
eˉ jeˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }with microwave propagation in transmission
lines or waveguides,which are generalizations military technology [ENG] The technology
needed to develop and support the armamentof the impedance concept at lower frequencies
and are derived from ratios of electric- or mag- used by the military,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080ivertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
mill [IND ENG] 1,A machine that manufacturesnetic-field amplitudes,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉvim vertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080
ns vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt } paper,textiles,or other products by the continu-
ous repetition of some simple process or action.microwave integrated circuit [ELECTR] A mi-
crowave circuit that uses integrated-circuit pro- 2.Abuildingthathousesmachineryformanufac-
turing processes,{ mil }duction techniques involving such features as
thin or thick films,substrates,dielectrics,con- mill building [CIV ENG] A steel-frame building
in which roof trusses span columns in the out-ductors,resistors,and microstrip lines,to build
passive assemblies on a dielectric,Abbrevi- side wall; originally,this type of building housed
milling machinery,as for wood or metal,henceated MIC,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
microwave noise standard [ENG] An electrical the name,{ vertstrokesuperiormil vertstrokeinferiorbildH11080i? }
miller See milling machine,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?r}noise generator of calculable intensity that is
used to calibrate other noise sources by using millibar [MECH] Aunitofpressureequaltoone-
thousandth of a bar,Abbreviated mb,Alsocomparisonmethods,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉvvertstrokesuperiornoizvertstrokeinferiorstanH11080
d?rd } known as vac,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
millier See tonne,{ milvertstrokesuperioryaˉ }microwave oven [ENG] An oven that uses mi-
crowave heating for fast cooking of meat and milligal [MECH] A unit of acceleration com-
monly used in geodetic measurements,equal toother foods,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv vertstrokesuperior?vH11080?n}
microwavesolid-statedevice [ELECTR] Asemi- 10
H110023
galileo,or 10
H110025
meter per second per sec-
ond,Abbreviated mGal,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgal }conductordeviceforthegenerationoramplifica-
tion of electromagnetic energy at microwave fre- milligram [MECH] A unit of mass equal to one-
thousandth of a gram,Abbreviated mg.quencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv |sa¨lH11080?d |staˉtdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
middle-third rule [CIV ENG] The rule that no { vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
356
minordiameter
millihg See millimeter of mercury,at the bottom used for hauling bulk materials.
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}milli-inch See mil.
mineral engineering See mining engineering.milliliter [MECH] A unit of volume equal to 10
H110023
{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }liter or 10
H110026
cubic meter,Abbreviated ml.
minim [MECH] A unit of volume in the apothe-Also known as mil,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorleˉdH11080?r}
caries’ measure; equals 1/60 fluidram (approxi-millimeter [MECH] A unit of length equal to
mately 0.061612 cubic centimeter) or about 1one-thousandth of a meter,Abbreviated mm.
drop(ofwater),Abbreviatedmin,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?m}Also known as metric line; strich,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080
minimalrealization [CONTSYS] Inlinearsystem
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
theory,a set of differential equations,of the
millimeter of mercury [MECH] A unit of pres-
smallest possible dimension,which have an in-
sure,equal to the pressure exerted by a column
put/output transfer function matrix equal to a
of mercury 1 millimeter high with a density of
given matrix function G(s),{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?H11080
13.5951 grams per cubic centimeter under the
l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
standard acceleration of gravity; equal to
mini-maxiregret [CONTSYS] Indecisiontheory,
133.322387415 pascals; it differs from the torr
a criterion which selects that strategy which has
by less than 1 part in 7,000,000,Abbreviated
the smallest maximum difference between its
mmHg,Also known as millihg,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
payoff and that of the best hindsight choice.
r?v vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080ky?H11080reˉ }
{ |minH11080eˉ |makH11080seˉ rivertstrokesuperiorgret }
millimeter of water [MECH] A unit of pressure,
minimum metal condition [DES ENG] The con-
equal to the pressure exerted by a column of
ditioncorrespondingtotheremovalofthegreat-
water 1 millimeter high with a density of 1 gram
est amount of material permissible in a ma-
percubiccentimeterunder thestandardacceler-
chined part,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiormedH11080?lk?nvertstrokeinferiordishH11080
ation of gravity; equal to 9.80665 pascals,Ab-
n}
breviated mmH
2
O,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorwo˙d?r}
minimum-phase system [CONT SYS] A linear
millimicron See nanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kro˙n}
systemforwhichthepolesandzerosofthetrans-
milling [MECH ENG] Mechanical treatment of
fer function all have negative or zero real parts.
materials to produce a powder,to change the
{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
size or shape of metal powder particles,or to
minimumrefluxratio [CHEM ENG] The smallest
coat one powder mixture with another,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080
reflux ratio in a two-component liquid distilla-
i? }
tion system that will produce the desired over-
millingcutter [DESENG] Arotary tool-steelcut-
head and bottom compositions,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?m
ting tool with peripheral teeth,used in a milling
vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
machine to remove material from the workpiece
minimum resolvable temperature difference
through the relative motion of workpiece and
[THERMO] The change in equivalent blackbody
cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
temperature that corresponds to a change in
millingmachine [MECHENG] A machineforthe
radiance which will produce a just barely resolv-
removalofmetalby feedingaworkpiecethrough
able change in the output of an infrared imaging
the periphery of a rotating circular cutter,Also
device,taking into account the characteristics of
known as miller,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
the device,the display,and the observer,Ab-
milling planer [MECH ENG] A planer that uses
breviated MRTD,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?mrivertstrokesuperiorza¨lH11080v?H11080b?l
a rotary cutter rather than single-point tools.
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordifH11080r?ns }
{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉnH11080?r}
minimum thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
millisecond [MECH] A unit of time equal to
that automatically registers the lowest tempera-
one-thousandth of a second,Abbreviated ms;
ture attainedduring an intervalof time,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080
msec,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080?nd }
H11080m?mth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
millisecond delay cap [ENG] A delay cap with
minimumturningcircle [ENG] The diameter of
an extremely short (20–500 thousandths of a
the circle described by the outermost projection
second) interval between passing of current and
of a vehicle when the vehicle is making its short-
explosion,Also known as short-delay detona-
est possible turn,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080
tor,{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080?nd divertstrokeinferiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorkap }
k?l}
milliwatt [MECH] A unit of power equal to one-
minimum wetting rate [CHEM ENG] The small-
thousandth of a watt,Abbreviated mW.
est liquid-flow rate through a packed column
{ vertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwa¨t}
that will thoroughly wet the column packing.
milllength See random length,{ vertstrokesuperiormil vertstrokeinferiorle?kth }
{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorwedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
millrace [CIV ENG] A canal filled with water that mining engineering [ENG] Engineering con-
flows to and from a waterwheel acting as the cerned with the discovery,development,and ex-
power supply for a mill,{ vertstrokesuperiormilvertstrokeinferiorraˉs} ploitation of coal,ores,and minerals,as well as
millwright [ENG] 1.A person who plans,builds,the cleaning,sizing,and dressing of the product.
or sets up the machinery for a mill,2.A person Also known as mineral engineering,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉnH11080i?
who repairs milling machines,{ vertstrokesuperiormilvertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt} vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
min See minim,{ min } minordefect [IND ENG] A defect which reduces
minecar [MECH ENG] An industrial car,usually theeffectiveness oftheproduct,withoutcausing
of the four-wheel type,with a low body; the door serious malfunctioning,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉnH11080?rdivertstrokesuperiorfekt }
minor diameter [DES ENG] The diameter of ais at one end,pivoted at the top with a latch
357
minorloop
cylinder bounding the root of an external thread mistuning [MECH] The difference between the
or the crest of an internal thread,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉnH11080?r square of the natural frequency of vibration of a
d?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080?r} vibrating system,without the effect of damping,
minorloop [CONT SYS] A portion of a feedback and the square of the frequency of an external,
controlsystemthatconsistsofacontinuousnet- oscillating force,{ misvertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080i? }
workcontainingbothforwardelementsandfeed- miter bend [DES ENG] A pipe bend made by
back elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉnH11080?r |lu¨p} mitering (angle cutting) and joining pipe ends.
minus angle See angle of depression,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080n?s { vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbend }
vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}
miterbox [ENG] A troughlike device of metal or
minussight See foresight,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiors?ˉt}
wood with vertical slots set at various angles in
minute [MECH] A unit of time,equal to 60 sec-
the upright sides,for guiding a handsaw in mak-
onds,{ vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?t}
ing a miter joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
mired [THERMO] A unit used to measure the
miter gate [CIV ENG] Either of a pair of canal
reciprocal of color temperature,equal to the re-
lock gatesthat swingout fromthe side wallsand
ciprocal of a color temperature of 10
6
kelvins.
meetatananglepointingtowardtheupperlevel.
Derived from micro-reciprocal-degree,{ m?ˉrd }
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
mirror-image programming [CONT SYS] Pro-
mitergear [DESENG] Abevelgearwhosebevels
gramming of a robot in which the x and y axes
are in 1:1 ratio,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }
arereversed inall instructions,inorder tocreate
miter joint [DES ENG] A joint,usually perpen-
mirror images of workpieces,{ vertstrokesuperiormirH11080?r |imH11080ij
dicular,in which the mating ends are beveled.
vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
mirror interferometer [ENG] An interferometer
miter saw [DES ENG] A hollow-ground saw in
usedinradioastronomy,inwhichtheseasurface
diameters from 6 to 16 inches (15.24 to 40.64
acts as a mirror to reflect radio waves up to a
centimeters),usedforcuttingoffandmiteringon
single antenna,where the reflected waves inter-
light stock such as moldings and cabinet work.
fere with the waves arriving directly from the
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
source,{ vertstrokesuperiormirH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
miter valve [DES ENG] A valve in which a disk
mirror nephoscope [ENG] A nephoscope in
fits in a seat making a 45H11034 angle with the axis of
which the motion of a cloud is observed by its
the valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
reflection in a mirror,Also known as cloud
mixed cycle [MECH ENG] An internal combus-
mirror; reflecting nephoscope,{ vertstrokesuperiormirH11080?r vertstrokesuperiornefH11080?
tion engine cycle which combines the Otto cycle
vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
constant-volume combustion and the Diesel cy-
mirror scale [ENG] A scale with a mirror used
cle constant-pressurecombustion in high-speed
to align the eye perpendicular to the scale and
compression-ignition engines,Also known as
pointer when taking a reading; improves accu-
combinationcycle;commercialDieselcycle;lim-
racy by eliminating parallax,{ vertstrokesuperiormirH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
ited-pressure cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiormikst vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l}
mirror transit circle [ENG] A development of
mixedflow [CHEMENG] Flowstreamexistingin
theconventionaltransitcircleinwhichlightfrom
two or more phases,such as gas,hydrocarbon,
astarisreflectedintofixedhorizontaltelescopes
and water,Also known as mixed-phase flow.
pointing due north and south by a plane mirror
{ vertstrokesuperiormikst vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
that is mounted on a horizontal east-west axis
mixed-flow impeller [MECH ENG] An impeller
and attached to a large circle with accurately
for a pump or compressor which combines radi-
calibrated markings to determine the mirror’s
al- and axial-flow principles,{ vertstrokesuperiormikst |floˉ im
position,{ vertstrokesuperiormirH11080?r vertstrokesuperiortranH11080zit vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
mismatch [ELEC] The condition in which the
mixed-phase flow See mixed flow,{ vertstrokesuperiormikst |faˉz
impedance of a source does not match or equal
vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
the impedance of the connected load or trans-
mixer-settler [CHEM ENG] Solvent-extraction
mission line,{ vertstrokesuperiormisvertstrokeinferiormach }
system with alternating or combined arrange-
missedhole See failed hole,{ vertstrokesuperiormist vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl}
ment of mixers and settlers; used for chemicals
missed round [ENG] A round in which all or
extraction,lubricating-oil refining,and uranium
part of the explosive has failed to detonate.
oxide recovery,Also known as mixer-settler ex-
{ vertstrokesuperiormist vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd }
tractor,{ vertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080l?r}
missileattitude [MECH] The position of a mis-
mixer-settler extractor See mixer-settler,{ vertstrokesuperiormikH11080
sile as determined by the inclination of its axes
s?r |setH11080l?rikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
(roll,pitch,and yaw) in relation to another ob-
mixing [CHEM ENG] The intermingling of differ-ject,as to the earth,{ vertstrokesuperiormisH11080?l vertstrokeinferioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d}
ent materials (liquid,gas,solid) to produce amissilesiteradar [ENG] Phased array radar lo-
homogeneous mixture,[ELECTR] Combiningcated at a missile launch area to provide a guid-
two or more signals,such as the outputs of sev-ance link with interceptor missiles enroute to
eral microphones,{ vertstrokesuperiormikH11080si? }their targets,{ vertstrokesuperiormisH11080?l |s?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
mixing chamber [ENG] The space in a weldingmistextractor [ENG] A device that removes liq-
torch in which the gases are mixed,{ vertstrokesuperiormikH11080si?uid mist or droplets from a gas stream via im-
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}pingement,flow-direction change,velocity
mixing valve [ENG] Multi-inlet valve used tochange,centrifugal force,filters,or coalescing
packs,{ vertstrokesuperiormist ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r } mix two or more fluid intakes to give a mixed
358
modulation
product of desired composition,{ vertstrokesuperiormikH11080si? model reference system [CONT SYS] An ideal
vertstrokeinferiorvalv } systemwhoseresponseisagreedtobeoptimum;
m-kgf See meter-kilogram,computer simulation in which both the model
mks system See meter-kilogram-second system,system and the actual system are subjected to
{ |em|kaˉvertstrokesuperiores vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} thesamestimulusiscarriedout,andparameters
ml See milliliter,of the actual system are adjusted to minimize
mm See millimeter,the difference in the outputs of the model and
MMD See micromechanical display,theactual system,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
M meter [ENG] A class of instruments which
modeltank See model basin,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
measure the liquid water content of the atmos-
modem [ELECTR] A combination modulator
phere,{ vertstrokesuperiorem vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
anddemodulatorateachendofatelephoneline
mmHg See millimeter of mercury.
to convert binary digital information to audio
mmH
2
O See millimeter of water.
tone signals suitable for transmission over the
MMSCFD [CHEM ENG] Abbreviation for million
line,and vice versa,Also known as dataset.
standard cubic feet per day; usually refers to
Derived from modulator-demodulator,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉ
gas flow.
vertstrokeinferiordem }
MMSCFH [CHEM ENG] Abbreviation for million
modeofoscillationSeemodeofvibration,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉd
standard cubic feet per hour; usually refers to
v vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
gas flow.
modeofvibration [MECH] Acharacteristicman-
MMSCFM [CHEMENG] Abbreviationformillion
ner in which a system which does not dissipate
standard cubic feet per minute; usually refers to
energy and whose motions are restricted by
gas flow.
boundaryconditionscanoscillate,havingachar-
mobilecrane [MECHENG] 1.Acable-controlled
acteristicpatternofmotionandoneofadiscrete
crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carri-
set of frequencies,Also known as mode of os-
ers,2,A hydraulic-powered crane with a tele-
cillation,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉd?vv? ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
scoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or
modern control [CONT SYS] A control system
as self-propelled models,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
that takes account of the dynamics of the proc-
mobile hoist [MECH ENG] A platform hoist
esses involvedand the limitationson measuring
mounted on a pair of pneumatic-tired road
them,withthe aim of approachingthe condition
wheels,so it can be towed from one site to an-
of optimal control,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?rn k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
other,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorho˙ist }
MODFET See high-electron-mobility transistor.
mobile loader [MECH ENG] A self-propelling
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dvertstrokeinferiorfet }
power machine for loading coal,mineral,or dirt.
modification [ENG] A major or minor change in
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r}
thedesignofanitem,effectedinordertocorrect
mobile robot [CONT SYS] A robot mounted on
a deficiency,to facilitate production,or to im-
a movable platform that transports it to the area
prove operational effectiveness,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?H11080f?
where it carries out tasks,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
mobility [ENG] The ability of an analytical bal-
modificationkit [ENG] Acollection ofitems not
ance to react to small load changes; affected by
all having the same basic name which are em-
friction and degree of looseness in the balance
ployed individually or conjunctively to alter the
components,{ moˉvertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
design of a component or equipment,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080
mobilitythreshhold [ENG] Onananalyticalbal-
H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkit }
ance,the smallest load change that will cause a
MOD room [ENG ACOUS] A control room in a
noticeable change in the weight measurement.
sound-recording studio in which the acoustic
{moˉvertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ |threshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld }
treatment comprises a uniform disposition of
mockup [ENG] A model,often full-sized,of a
the sound-absorbent material all about the
piece of equipment,or installation,so devised
room,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨d vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
as to expose its parts for study,training,or test-
modular structure [BUILD] A building that is
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨kvertstrokeinferior?p}
constructedofpreassembledorpresizedunitsof
model basin [ENG] A large basin or tank of
standard sizes; uses a 4-inch (10.16-centimeter)
waterwhere scalemodels ofshipscan betested.
cubicalmoduleasareference,[ELECTR] 1.An
Alsoknownasmodeltank;towingtank,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080
assembly involving the use of integral multiples
l vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsH11080?n}
ofagivenlengthforthedimensionsofelectronic
model-following problem [CONT SYS] The
components and electronic equipment,as well
problem of determining a control that causes
as for spacings of holes in a chassis or printedthe response of a given system to be as close
wiring board,2.An assembly made from mod-as possible to the response of a model system,
ules,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r}given the same input,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?l |fa¨lH11080?H11080wi?
modulate [ELECTR] To vary the amplitude,fre-vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
quency,or phase of a wave,or vary the velocitymodelreduction [CONTSYS] Theprocessofdis-
of the electrons in an electron beam in somecarding certain modes of motion while retaining
characteristic manner,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉt}others in the model used by an active control
modulation [MECHENG] Regulationofthefuel-system,inorderthatthecontrolsystemcancom-
air mixture to a burner in response to fluctua-pute control commands with sufficient rapidity.
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n } tions of load on a boiler,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
359
modulation-dopedfield-effecttransistor
modulation-dopedfield-effecttransistorSee high- can withstand without breaking when it is bent,
as calculated from the breaking load under theelectron-mobility transistor,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n
|doˉpt vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld i|fekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } assumption that the specimen is elastic until
rupture takes place,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v vertstrokesuperiorr?pH11080ch?rinmodulation meter [ENG] Instrument for mea-
suring the degree of modulation (modulation vertstrokesuperiorbendH11080i? }
modulusofruptureintorsion [MECH] Themax-factor) of a modulated wave train,usually ex-
pressed in percent,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } imum stress per unit area that a specimen can
withstand without breaking when its ends aremodulation transformer [ENG ACOUS] An
audio-frequency transformer which matches im- twisted,as calculated from the breaking load
under the assumption that the specimen is elas-pedances and transmits audio frequencies be-
tween one or more plates of an audio output tic until rupture takes place,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v
vertstrokesuperiorr?pH11080ch?rinvertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}stageandthegridorplateofamodulatedampli-
fier,{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r} modulusofsimplelongitudinalextensionSeeaxial
modulus,{ |ma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v |simH11080p?l vertstrokeinferiorla¨nH11080j?|tu¨dH11080modulator [ELECTR] 1,The transmitter stage
thatsuppliesthemodulatingsignaltothemodu-?nH11080?likvertstrokesuperiorstenH11080ch?n}
modulus of torsion See torsional modulus.lated amplifier stage or that triggers the modu-
lated amplifier stage to produce pulses at de- { vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}
modulus of volume elasticity See bulk modulussired instants as in radar,2,A device that pro-
duces modulation by any means,such as by of elasticity,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080
dH11080eˉ }virtue of a nonlinear characteristic or by control-
lingsomecircuitquantity inaccordancewiththe MOEMS See micro-opto-electro-mechanical sys-
tem,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉvertstrokeinferioremz }waveform of a modulatingsignal,3.One of the
electrodes of a spacistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} mohm [MECH] A unit of mechanical mobility,
equal to the reciprocal of 1 mechanical ohm.modulator-demodulator See modem,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080
vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?rdeˉvertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} {moˉm}
Mohr cubic centimeter [CHEM ENG] A unit ofmodule [ELECTR] Apackagedassemblyofwired
components,built in a standardized size and volume used in saccharimetry,equal to the vol-
ume of 1 gram of water at a specified tempera-having standardized plug-in or solderable termi-
nations,[ENG] A unit of size used as a basic ture,usually 17.5H11034C,in which case,it is equal
to 1.00238 cubic centimeters,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙r vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080bikcomponent for standardizing the design and
constructionofbuildings,buildingparts,andfur- vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Mohrliter [CHEM ENG] A unit of volume,equalniture,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080u¨l}
modulusofcompressionSeebulkmodulusofelas- to1000Mohrcubiccentimeters,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rvertstrokesuperiorleˉdH11080?r}
Mohr’scircle [MECH] A graphical constructionticity,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vk?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
modulus of decay [MECH] The time required making itpossible to determine thestresses in a
cross section if the principal stresses are known.for the amplitude of oscillation of an under-
damped harmonic oscillator to drop to 1/e of its { vertstrokesuperiormo˙rz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?l}
moire′ interferometry [ENG] An optical tech-initialvalue;thereciprocalofthedampingfactor.
{ |ma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vdi vertstrokesuperiorkaˉ } nique that measures the components of defor-
mation of a specimen surface in the plane of themodulus of deformation [MECH] The modulus
ofelasticityofamaterialthatdeformsotherthan surface by superposing a reference grating and a
diffractiongratingthatisappliedto,anddeformsaccording to Hooke’s law,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?v vertstrokeinferiordeˉ
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n } with,the surface,{ mo˙vertstrokesuperiorraˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
moist-heatsterilization [ENG] Sterilizationwithmodulus of elasticity [MECH] The ratio of the
increment of some specified form of stress to steam under pressure,as in an autoclave,pres-
surecooker,orretort;mostbacteriologicalmediathe increment of some specified form of strain,
such as Young’s modulus,the bulk modulus,or are sterilized by autoclaving at 121H11034C,with 15
pounds(103 kilopascals)of pressure,for 20min-the shear modulus,Also known as coefficient
ofelasticity;elasticitymodulus;elasticmodulus,utes or more,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙ist |heˉt vertstrokeinferiorsterH11080?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
moist room [ENG] An enclosed space that is{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
modulusofelasticityinshear [MECH] A meas- maintained at a specified temperature,usually
73H11034F(23H11034C),withthehumiditymaintainedat98%ure of a material’s resistance to shearing stress,
equalto theshearingstressdivided bytheresul- or above and that is used to cure and store test
specimens of cementitious material,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙isttant angle of deformation expressed in radians.
Also known as coefficient of rigidity; modulus of vertstrokeinferiorru¨m}
moisturecontent [MECH] The quantity of waterrigidity; rigidity modulus; shear modulus.
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ in vertstrokesuperiorshir } in a mass of soil,sewage,sludge,or screenings;
expressed in percentage by weight of water inmodulus of resilience [MECH] The maximum
mechanicalenergystoredperunitvolumeofma- the mass,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙isH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080tent }
moisture gradient [ENG] The difference interial when it is stressed to its elastic limit.
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vri vertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?ns } moisture content between the surface and the
innerportionofasectionofwood,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙isH11080ch?rmodulus of rigidity See modulus of elasticity in
shear,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s?vri vertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ } vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt }
moisture loss [MECH ENG] The difference inmodulus of rupture in bending [MECH] The
maximum stress per unit area that a specimen heat content between the moisture in the boiler
360
momentum
exit gases and that of moisture at ambient air moleculargage [ENG] Any instrument,such as
a rotating viscometer gage or a decrement gage,temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙isH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
mold [ENG] 1,A pattern or template used as a that uses the dependence of the viscosity of a
gas on its pressure to measure pressures on theguideinconstruction,2.Acavitywhichimparts
its form to a fluid or malleable substance,order of 1 pascal or less,Also known as viscos-
ity gage; viscosity manometer,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r[ENG ACOUS] The metal part derived from the
master by electroforming in reproducing disk re- vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
molecularheat [THERMO] Theheatcapacitypercordings; has grooves similar to those of the
recording,{ moˉld } mole of a substance,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
molecularheatdiffusion [THERMO] Transfer ofmold base [ENG] The assembly of all parts of
an injection mold except the cavity,cores,and heat through the motion of molecules.
{m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r |heˉtdivertstrokeinferiorfyu¨H11080sh?n}pins,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉld vertstrokeinferiorbaˉs}
molded-fabric bearing [DES ENG] A bearing molecularpump [MECH ENG] A vacuum pump
in which the molecules of the gas to be ex-composed of laminations of cotton or other fab-
ric impregnated with a phenolic resin and hausted are carried away by the friction between
them and a rapidly revolving disk or drum.molded under heat and pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080d?d
|fabH11080rik vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }{m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
moledrain [CIV ENG] A subsurface channel formolded lines [ENG] Full-size lines of a ship or
airplane which are laid out in a mold loft,water drainage; formed by pulling a solid object,
usually a solid cylinder having a wedge-shaped{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉnz }
mold efficiency [ENG] In a multimold blow- point at one end,through the soil at the proper
slope and depth,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉl vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}moldingsystem,thepercentageofthetotalturn-
around time actually required for the forming,Mollier diagram [THERMO] Graph of enthalpy
versus entropy of a vapor on which isobars,iso-cooling,and ejection of the formed objects.
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉld ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } thermals,and lines of equal dryness are plotted.
{mo˙lvertstrokesuperioryaˉ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }moldingcycle [ENG] 1,The time required for a
complete sequence of molding operations,Moll thermopile [ENG] A thermopile used in
some types of radiation instruments; alternate2.The combinedoperations requiredto produce
a set of moldings,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080di?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } junctions of series-connected manganan-con-
stantan molybdenum,added as ferromolybde-molding pressure [ENG] Pressure needed to
force softened plastic to fill a mold cavity,num or calcium molybdenum; increases
strength,toughness,and wear resistance.{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080di?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
moldingshrinkage [ENG] Difference in dimen- { vertstrokesuperiormo˙l vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
moment [MECH] Static moment of some quan-sions between the molding and the mold cavity,
measuredatnormalroomtemperature,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080 tity,except in the term ‘‘moment of inertia.’’
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }di?vertstrokeinferiorshri?kH11080ij }
moldingtime See curing time,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080di?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm} momentalellipsoid [MECH] Aninertiaellipsoid
whose size is specified to be such that the tipmoldloft [ENG] A large building with a smooth
wooden floor where full-size lines of a ship or of the angular velocity vector of a freely rotating
object,with origin at the center of the ellipsoid,airplane are laid down and templates are con-
structedfromthemtolayoffthesteelforcutting,always lies on the ellipsoid’s surface,Also
known as energy ellipsoid,{ moˉvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?l?{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉld vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ft }
moldseam See seam,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉld vertstrokeinferiorseˉm} vertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
momentdiagram [MECH] A graph of the bend-mole [CIV ENG] A breakwater or berthing facil-
ity,extending from shore to deep water,with a ing moment at a section of a beam versus the
distance of the section along the beam,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080core of stone or earth,[MECH ENG] A me-
chanical tunnel excavator,{ moˉl} m?nt vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
momentofforceSeetorque,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }molecular circuit [ELECTR] A circuit in which
the individual components are physically indis- momentofinertia [MECH] Thesumoftheprod-
ucts formed by multiplying the mass (or some-tinguishable from each other,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t } times,the area) of each element of a figure by
the square of its distance from a specified line.molecular drag pump [ENG] A vacuum pump
in which pumping is accomplished by imparting Also known as rotational inertia,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt
vivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }a high momentum to the gas molecules by im-
pingementofabodyrotatingatveryhighspeeds,moment of momentum See angular momentum.
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt?vmoˉvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m}as much as 16,000 revolutions per minute; such
pumps achieve a vacuum as high as 10
H110026
torr,moment sensor [ENG] A device that measures
the force applied at a remote point in a robotic{m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiordrag vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
molecular engineering [ELECTR] The use of system,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
momentum [MECH] 1.Alsoknownaslinearmo-solid-state techniques to build,in extremely
small volumes,the components necessary to mentum; vector momentum,2,For a single
nonrelativistic particle,the product of the massprovide the functional requirements of overall
equipments,which when handled in more con- and the velocity of a particle,3,For a single
relativistic particle,mv/(1 H11002 v
2
/c
2
)
1/2
,where m isventional ways are vastly bulkier,{ m?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080y?H11080
l?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } the rest-mass,v the velocity,and c the speed of
361
momentumconservation
light,4,For a system of particles,the vector monument [ENG] Anaturalorartificial(butper-
sum of the momenta (as in the first or second manent) structure that marks the location on
definition) of the particles,{ moˉvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m} the ground of a corner or other survey point.
momentumconservation See conservation of mo- { vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080y?H11080m?nt }
mentum,{ moˉmvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n} Moody formula [MECH ENG] A formula giving
MOMS See micro-opto-mechanical system,the efficiency eH11032 of a field turbine,whose runner
{ma¨mz or |em|oˉ|emvertstrokesuperiores } has diameter DH11032,in terms of the efficiency e of
monauralsound [ENGACOUS] Soundproduced a model turbine,whose runner has diameter D;
by a system in which one or more microphones
eH11032H110051H11002(1H11002e)(D/DH11032)
1/5
.{vertstrokesuperiormu¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
are connected to a single transducing channel
Mooneyunit [CHEMENG] Anarbitraryunitused
which is coupled to one or two earphones worn
to measure the plasticity of raw,or unvulcanized
by the listener,{ ma¨nvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd }
rubber; the plasticity in Mooney units is equal
monitor [ENG] 1,An instrument used to meas-
to the torque,measured on an arbitrary scale,
ure continuously or at intervals a condition that
on a disk in a vessel that contains rubber at a
must be kept within prescribed limits,such as
temperature of 100H11034C and rotates at two revolu-
radioactivityatsomepointinanuclearreactor,a
tions per minute,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨nH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
variablequantityinanautomaticprocesscontrol
moor [ENG] Securing a ship or aircraft by at-
system,the transmissions in a communication
taching it to a fixed object or a mooring buoy
channel or bank,or the position of an aircraft in
with chains or lines,or with anchors or other
flight,2,To use meters or special techniques
devices,{ mu˙r}
to measure such a condition,3,A person who
mooringbuoy [ENG] Abuoysecuredtothebot-
watches a monitor,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080?dH11080?r}
tom by permanent moorings and provided with
monkey wrench [DES ENG] A wrench having
means for mooring a vessel by use of its anchor
one jaw fixed and the other adjustable,both of
chain or mooring lines; in its usual form a moor-
which are perpendicular to a straight handle.
ing buoy is equipped with a ring,{ vertstrokesuperiormu˙rH11080i?
{ vertstrokesuperiormH11080keˉ vertstrokeinferiorrench }
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
monocable [MECHENG] Anaerial ropewaythat
Morera’s stress functions [MECH] Three func-
uses one rope to both support and haul a load.
tionsofposition,H9274
1
,H9274
2
,andH9274
3
,intermsofwhich
{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
the elements of the stress tensor H9268 of a body
monochromaticemissivity [THERMO] The ratio
may be expressed,if the body is in equilibrium
of the energy radiated by a body in a very narrow
andisnotsubjectedtobodyforces;theelements
band of wavelengths to the energy radiated by
of the stress tensor are given by H9268
11
H11005H110022H11128
2
H9274
1
/
a blackbody in the same band at the same tem-
H11128x
2
H11128x
3
,H9268
23
H11005H11128
2
H9274
2
/H11128x
1
H11128x
2
H11001H11128
2
H9274
3
/H11128x
1
H11128x
3
,and cyclic
perature,Also known as color emissivity.
permutations of these equations,{ mo˙vertstrokesuperiorrerH11080?z
{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?H11080kr?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080mivertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?nz }
monochromatic temperature scale [THERMO]
Morgan equation [THERMO] A modification of
A temperature scale based upon the amount of
the Ramsey-Shields equation,in which the ex-
power radiated from a blackbody at a single
pressionforthemolarsurfaceenergyissetequal
wavelength,{ ma¨nH11080?H11080kr?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r
toaquadraticfunction ofthetemperaturerather
vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
than to a linear one,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rH11080g?nivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
monolithic [CIV ENG] Pertaining to concrete
morning glory spillway See shaft spillway.
construction which is castin one jointless piece.
{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorglo˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
{ vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlithH11080ik }
Morse taper reamer [DES ENG] A machine
monophonic sound [ENG ACOUS] Sound pro-
reamer with a taper shank,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rs vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r
duced by a system in which one or more micro-
reˉmH11080?r}
phones feed a single transducing channel which
mortise [ENG] A groove or slot in a timber for
is coupled to one or more loudspeakers.
holding a tenon,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rdH11080?s}
{ |ma¨nH11080?|fa¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsau˙nd }
mortise and tenon [DES ENG] A type of joint,
monopulse radar [ENG] Radar in which direc-
principally used for wood,in which a hole,slot,
tional information is obtained with high preci-
or groove (mortise) in one member is fitted with
sion by using a receiving antenna system having
a projection (tenon) from the second member.
two or more partially overlapping lobes in the
{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rdH11080?s?n vertstrokesuperiortenH11080?n}
radiation patterns,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorp?ls vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
mortise lock [DES ENG] A lock designed to be
monorail [CIVENG] A single rail usedas a track;
installed in a mortise rather than on a door’s
usually elevated,with cars straddling or hanging
surface,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rdH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorla¨k}from it,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorra
ˉl}
mortisingmachine [MECHENG] Amachineem-monostat [ENG] Fluid-filled,upside-down ma-
ployinganaugerandachiseltoproduceasquarenometer-type device used to control pressures
or rectangular mortise in wood,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙rdH11080?H11080si?within an enclosure,as for laboratory analytical
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}distillation systems,{ vertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
MOS-controlled thyristor [ELECTR] A type ofmonostaticradar [ENG] Conventional radar,in
thyristorinwhich thereisavery thinmetaloxidewhich the transmitter and receiver are at the
semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit in thesame location and share the same antenna;
top surface of the high-power thyristor compo-in contrast to bistatic radar,{ |ma¨nH11080?|stadH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r } nents,sothatonlyasmallgatecurrentisneeded
362
moving-coilgalvanometer
to turn the entire device off or on,Abbreviated motortruck [MECH ENG] An automotive vehicle
MCT,{ |em|oˉ|es k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉld th?ˉvertstrokesuperiorrisH11080t?r} which is used to transport freight,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080
MOSFET See metal oxide semiconductor field-?rvertstrokeinferiortr?k}
effect transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiormo˙svertstrokeinferiorfet } motorvehicle [MECH ENG] Any automotive ve-
MOST See metal oxide semiconductor field-effect hicle that does not run on rails,and generally
transistor,having rubber tires,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}
MOS transistor See metal oxide semiconductor mounce [MECH] A unit of mass,equal to 25
field-effect transistor,{ |em|oˉvertstrokesuperiores tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} grams,Also known as metric ounce.
mother [ENGACOUS] Amoldderivedbyelectro-
{ mau˙ns }
forming from a master; used to produce the
mount [ENG] 1.Structure supporting any appa-
stampers from which disk records are molded in
ratus,as a gun,searchlight,telescope,or survey-
large quantities,Also known as metal positive.
ing instrument,2,To fasten an apparatus in
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?thH11080?r}
position,such as a gun on its support.
mother liquor See discharge liquor,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?thH11080?r
{ mau˙nt }
vertstrokeinferiorlikH11080?r}
Mount Rose snow sampler [ENG] A particular
motion [MECH] A continuous change of posi-
patternofsnowsamplerhavinganinternaldiam-
tion of a body,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
eter of 1.485 inches(3.7719 centimeters),so that
motion analysis [IND ENG] Detailed study of
each inch of water in the sample weighs 1 ounce
the motions used in a work task or at a given
(28.3495 grams),{ vertstrokesuperiormau˙nt vertstrokesuperiorroˉz vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}
work area,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
mousetrap [ENG] Acylindricalfishingtoolhav-
motion cycle [IND ENG] The complete se-
ing the open bottom end fitted with an inward
quence of motions and activities required to
opening valve,{ vertstrokesuperiormau˙s vertstrokeinferiortrap }
complete one work cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
mouth [ENG ACOUS] The end of a horn that has
motioneconomy [IND ENG] Simplification and
the larger cross-sectional area,{ mau˙th }
reduction of body motions to simplify and re-
movable-activetooling [MECHENG] Anyequip-
duce work content,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?nivertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080?H11080meˉ }
mentinaroboticsystemthatisabletomoveand
motionpictureprojector [ENG] An optical and
that operates under power,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨H11080v?H11080b?l |akH11080tiv
mechanical device capable of flashing pictures
vertstrokesuperiortu¨lH11080i? }
taken by a motion picture camera on a viewing
movablebridge [CIV ENG] A bridge in which ei-
screen at the same frequency the action was
ther the horizontal or vertical alignment can be
photographed,thusproducinganimagethatap-
readily changed to permit the passage of traffic
pears to move,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n |pikH11080ch?rpr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080
beneathit,Oftencalled drawbridge(an anachro-
t?r}
nism),{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
motionspathway [INDENG] Thelocusofmove-
movable-passive tooling [MECH ENG] Equip-
ment of an anatomical segment in moving from
mentinaroboticsystemthatmovesbutrequires
one point of the workplace to another; includes
nopowertooperate,suchasworkpieces,clamps,
the elemental increments in such motions as
and templates,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨H11080v?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiortu¨lH11080i? }
reaching,changing position,examining,and
movable platen [ENG] The large platen at the
holding,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?nz vertstrokesuperiorpathvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
back of an injection-molding machine to which
motor [ELEC] A machine that converts electric
the back half of the mold is fastened,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨H11080
energyintomechanicalenergy byutilizingforces
v?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorplatH11080?n}
produced by magnetic fields on current-carrying
movable-point crossing [CIV ENG] A small-
conductors,Also known as electric motor.
angle rail crossing with two center frogs,each
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r}
ofwhichconsistsessentiallyofaknucklerailand
motorcycle [MECH ENG] An automotive vehi-
two opposed movable center points,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨H11080v?H11080
cle,essentiallyamotorizedbicycle,withtwotan-
b?l |po˙int vertstrokesuperiorkro˙sH11080i? }
dem and sometimes three rubber wheels.
movingbed [CHEMENG] Granulatedsolidsina
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?rvertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
process vesselthat are circulated(moved) either
motorelement [ENG ACOUS] That portion of an
mechanically or by gravity flow; used in catalytic
electroacoustic receiver which receives energy
and absorption processes,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbed }
from the electric system and converts it into
moving-bedcatalyticcracking [CHEMENG] Pe-
mechanical energy,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
troleum refining process for cracking (breaking)
motorgraderSee autopatrol,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}
of long hydrocarbon molecules by use of heat,
motormeter [ENG] An integrating meter which
pressure,and a granular cracking catalyst that is
has a rotor,one or more stators,a retarding
continuously cycled between the reactor vesselelement whichmakes the speed ofthe rotor pro-
and the catalyst regenerator,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |bedportional to the quantity (such as power or cur-
vertstrokeinferiorkadH11080?lvertstrokeinferioridH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }rent) whose integral over time is being meas-
moving-coil galvanometer [ENG] Any galva-ured,and a register which counts the total num-
nometer,such as the d’Arsonval galvanometer,ber of revolutions of the rotor,{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r
in which the current to be measured is sentvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
through a coil suspended or pivoted in a fixedmotor reducer [MECH ENG] Speed-reduction
magnetic field,and the current is determinedpower transmission equipment in which the re-
by measuring the resulting motion of the coil.ducing gears are integral with drive motors.
{ vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r} {vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
363
moving-coilloudspeaker
moving-coil loudspeaker See dynamic loud- MSI See magnetic source imaging.
speaker,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r} M synchronization [ENG] A linking arrange-
moving-coilmicrophoneSeedynamicmicrophone,ment between a camera lens and the flashbulb
{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} unit to allow a 15-millisecond delay of the shut-
moving-coil voltmeter [ENG] A voltmeter in ter so that the bulb burns to its brightest point
which the current,produced when the voltage before the shutter opens,{ vertstrokesuperiorem vertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?
to be measured is appliedacross a known resist- vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
ance,is sent through coils pivoted in the mag- MTTF See mean time to failure.
netic field of permanent magnets,and the re-
muck [CIV ENG] Rock or earth removed during
sultingtorqueonthecoilsisbalancedbycontrol
excavation,{ m?k}
springs so that the deflection of a pointer
mucking [ENG] Clearing and loading broken
attached to the coils is proportional to the cur-
rockandotherexcavatedmaterials,asintunnels
rent,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
or mines,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?kH11080i? }
moving-coil wattmeter See electrodynamic watt-
mud See slime,{ m?d}
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
mudauger [DESENG] Adiamond-pointbitwith
moving-conductor loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS]
the wings of the point twisted in a shallow
A loudspeaker in which the mechanical forces
augerlike spiral,Also known as clay bit; dia-
result fromreactions between asteady magnetic
mond-point bit; mud bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferioro˙gH11080?r}
field and the magnetic field produced by current
mud berth [CIV ENG] A berth where a vessel
flow through a moving conductor,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i?
rests on the bottom at low water,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d
k?n|d?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorb?rth }
moving constraint [MECH] A constraint that
mudbit See mud auger,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiorbit }
changes with time,as in the case of a system
mudblasting [ENG] The detonation of sticks of
on a moving platform,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiorstraˉnt }
explosive stuck on the side of a boulder with a
moving-ironmeter [ENG] Ameterthatdepends
mud covering,so that little of the explosive en-
on current in one or more fixed coils acting on
ergy is used in breaking the boulder,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d
one or more pieces of soft iron,at least one of
vertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
which is movable,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
mudcake [ENG] A caked layer of clay adhering
moving-iron voltmeter [ENG] A voltmeter in
to the walls of a well or borehole,formed where
which a field coil is connected to the voltage to
the water in the drilling mud filtered into a po-
be measured through a series resistor; current
rous formation during rotary drilling,Also
in the coil causes two vanes,one fixed and one
known as filter cake,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiorkaˉk}
attached to the shaft carrying the pointer,to be
mudcap [ENG] A quantity of wet mud,wet
similarlymagnetized;theresultingtorqueonthe
earth,orsandusedtocoverachargeofdynamite
shaft is balanced by control springs,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i?
or other high explosive fired in contact with the
|?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
surface of a rock in mud blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiorkap }
moving load [MECH] A load that can move,
mudpit See slushpit,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiorpit }
suchasvehiclesorpedestrians,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
mudsill [CIV ENG] The lowest sill of a structure,
moving-magnetvoltmeter [ENG] Avoltmeterin
usually embedded in the earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?dvertstrokeinferiorsil }
which a permanent magnet aligns itself with the
mudstill [ENG] Aninstrument usedto separate
resultant magnetic field produced by the current
oil,water,and other volatile materials in a mud
in a field coil and another permanent control
sample by distillation,permitting determination
magnet,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i? |magH11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
of the quantities of oil,water,and total solid
moving sidewalk [CIV ENG] A sidewalk con-
contents in the original sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiorstil }
structed on the principle of an endless belt,on
mud sump [CHEM ENG] Upstream area in a
which pedestrians are moved,{ vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080i?
processvesselwhere,because ofavelocitydrop,
vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙k}
entrained solids drop out and are collected in a
mp See mean effective pressure; melting point.
sump,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?d vertstrokeinferiors?mp }
MRI See magnetic resonance imaging.
mufactor [ELECTR] Ratio of the change in one
MRP See material requirements planning.
electrode voltage to the change in another elec-
MRTD See minimum resolvable temperature
trode voltage under the conditions that a speci-
difference.
fied current remains unchanged and that all
ms See millisecond.
other electrode voltages are maintained con-
Ms See megasecond.
stant; a measure of the relative effect of the volt-
MSCFD [CHEMENG] Abbreviationforthousand
ages on two electrodes upon the current in thestandard cubic feet per day; usually refers to
circuit of any specified electrode,{ vertstrokesuperiormyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080gas flow.
t?r}MSCFH [CHEM ENG] Abbreviation for thou-
muffle furnace [ENG] A furnace with an exter-sand standard cubic feet per hour; usually refers
nally heated chamber,the walls of which radi-to gas flow.
antly heat the contents of the chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080MSCFM [CHEM ENG] Abbreviation for thou-
l vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}sand standard cubic feet per minute; usually
muffler [ENG] Adevicetodeadenthenoisepro-refers to gas flow.
duced by escaping gases or vapors,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080l?r}msec See millisecond.
Msec See megasecond,mull [ENG] Tomix thoroughlyorgrind,{ m?l}
364
multiple-purposetester
muller [ENG] A foundry sand-mixing machine,multimeter See volt-ohm-milliammeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r or m?lvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080?r}
mulling [ENG] Thecombiningofclay,water,and multiphaseflow [CHEM ENG] Mixture of two or
more distinct phases (such as oil,water,andsand,prior to molding,by compressing with a
roller to ensure development of optimum sand gas) flowing through a closed conduit,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }properties by the adequate distribution of ingre-
dients,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080i? } multiple-activity process chart [IND ENG] A
chart showing the coordinated synchronous ormullion [BUILD] A vertical bar separating two
windows in a multiple window,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080y?n } simultaneous activities of a work system com-
prising one or more machines or individuals;multicellularhorn [ENG ACOUS] A combination
of individual horn loudspeakers having individ- separate,parallel columns indicate each ma-
chine’s or person’s activities as related to theual driver units or joined in groups to a common
driver unit,Also known as cellular horn,other parts of the work system,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l
ak|tivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }{ |m?lH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorselH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }
multichannelfield-effecttransistor [ELECTR] A multiple-archdam [CIV ENG] A dam composed
of a series of arches inclined at about 45H11034 andfield-effect transistor in which appropriate volt-
ages are applied to the gate to control the space carried on parallel buttresses or piers,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
t?H11080p?l |a¨rch vertstrokesuperiordam }within the current flow channels,{ |m?lH11080
teˉvertstrokesuperiorchanH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld i|fekt tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} multiplecartridges [CHEM ENG] Filter medium
made up of two or more filter cartridges,eithermultichipmicrocircuit [ELECTR] Microcircuit in
which discrete,miniature,active electronic ele- fastened end to end or arranged side by side (in
series or parallel flow respectively),{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080ments (transistor or diode chips) and thin-film
or diffused passive components or component p?l vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080tr?H11080j?z}
multiple connector [ENG] A flow chart symbolclusters are interconnected by thermocompres-
sion bonds,alloying,soldering,welding,chemi- that indicates the merging of several flow lines
into one line or the dispersal of a flow line intocal deposition,or metallization,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorchip
vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t } several lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?lk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080t?r}
multiple-effect evaporation [CHEM ENG] Series-multicomponent distillation [CHEM ENG] The
distillation separation of a single liquid feed operation energy economizer system in which
heat from the steam generated (evaporated liq-stream containing three or more components
into a single overhead product and a single bot- uid) in the first stage is used to evaporate addi-
tional liquid in the second stage (by reducingtoms product,{ |m?lH11080teˉH11080k?m|poˉH11080n?nt vertstrokeinferiordistH11080
lvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n } system pressure),and so on,up to 10 or more
effects; commonly used in the pulp and papermultideck clarifiers [ENG] Extraction units
which remove pollutants from recycled plant industry,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?li|fekt ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
multiple-effect evaporator [CHEM ENG] Anwaste water,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiordek vertstrokesuperiorklarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?rz }
multifuel burner [ENG] A burner which utilizes evaporation systemin which a seriesof evapora-
torbodiesareconnectedso thatthevaporsfrommore than one fuel simultaneously for combus-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorfyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r } one body act as a heat source for the next body.
{ |m?lH11080t?H11080p?li|fkt ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}multifunction array radar [ENG] Electronic
scanning radar which will perform target detec- multiple-factor incentive plan [IND ENG] A
wage incentive plan based on productivity andtion and identification,tracking,discrimination,
and some interceptor missile tracking on a large other factors such as yield,material usage,and
reduction of scrap,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |fakH11080t?rinvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080numberoftargetssimultaneouslyandasasingle
unit,{ |m?lH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?n?vertstrokesuperiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r } tiv vertstrokeinferiorplan }
multiplefiring [ENG] Electrically firing with de-multifuse igniter [ENG] A black powder car-
tridge that allows several fuses to be fired at lay blasting caps in a number of holes at one
time,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? }the same time by lighting a single fuse,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨zigvertstrokesuperiorn?ˉdH11080?r} multiple-function chip See large-scale integrated
circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |fkH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorchip }multilayer bit [DES ENG] A bit set with dia-
mondsarrangedinsuccessivelayersbeneaththe multiple-loop system [CONT SYS] A system
whose block diagram has at least two closedsurface of the crown,{ |m?lH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
multilayer board [ELECTR] A printed wiring paths,along each of which all arrows point in
the samedirection,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |lu¨p vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}board that contains circuitry on internal layers
throughoutthecrosssectionoftheboardaswell multiplemidstop [MECH ENG] A peripheral de-
vice that allows a pick-and-place robot to swingas on the external layers,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd }
multilevel control theory [CONT SYS] An ap- and stop in several positions,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l
vertstrokesuperiormidvertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}proach to the control of large-scale systems
based on decomposition of the complex overall multiple piece rate plan [IND ENG] A wage in-
centiveplanwhereinincreasinglyhigherunitpaycontrol problem into simpler and more easily
managed subproblems,and coordination of the rates are given to the worker as his productivity
increases,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorpeˉs vertstrokeinferiorraˉt vertstrokeinferiorplan }subproblems so that overall system objectives
and constraints are satisfied,{ |m?lH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l multiple-purpose tester See volt-ohm-milliamme-
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |p?rH11080p?s vertstrokesuperiortesH11080t?r}k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokesuperiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
365
multiple-rowblasting
multiple-rowblasting [ENG] Thedrilling,charg- Also known as multiport reflectometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt |netvertstrokeinferiorw?rk vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}ing,and firing of rows of vertical boreholes.
multiportreflectometerSeemultiportnetworkana-{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |roˉ vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }
lyzer,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorflekvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}multiplesampling [IND ENG] A plan for quality
multirole programmable device [CONT SYS] Acontrolinwhichagivennumberofsamplesfrom
devicethatcontainsa programmablememoryto
a group are inspected,and the group is either
storedataonpositioningrobotsandsequencing
accepted,resampled,or rejected,depending on
their motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorroˉl proˉ|gramH11080?H11080b?l
the number of failures found in the samples.
divertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? }
multirope friction winder [MECH ENG] A wind-
multiple series [ENG] A method of wiring a
ing system in which the drive to the winding
large group of blasting charges by connecting
ropes is the frictional resistance between the
small groups in series and connecting these
ropes and the driving sheaves,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorroˉp
seriesinparallel,Alsoknownasparallelseries.
vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉnH11080d?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz}
multistage [ENG] Functioning or occurring in
multipleshooting [ENG] The firing of an entire
separate steps,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorstaˉj}
face at one time by means of connecting shot
multistage compressor [MECH ENG] A ma-
holes in a single series and shooting all holes
chine for compressing a gaseous fluid in a se-
at the same instant,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorshu¨dH11080i? }
quence of stages,with or without intercooling
multiple-slide press [MECH ENG] A press with
between stages,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorstaˉjk?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
individual adjustable slides built into the main
multistagepump [MECHENG] Apumpinwhich
slide or connected independently to the main
the head is developed by multiple impellers
shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |sl?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorpres }
operating in series,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorstaˉj vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
multiple-strand conveyor [MECH ENG] A con-
multistage queuing [IND ENG] A situation in-
veyor with two or more spaced strands of chain,
volving two or more sequential stages in a proc-
belts,or cords as the supporting or propelling
ess,each of which involves waiting in line.
medium,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |strand k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorstaˉj vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080i? }
multiplex [ENG] Stereoscopic device to project
multistaticradar [ENG] Radar in which succes-
aerial photographs onto surfaces so that the im-
sive antenna lobes are sequentially engaged to
agesmaybeviewedinthreedimensionsbyusing
provide a tracking capability without physical
anaglyphic spectacles; used to prepare topo-
movement of the antenna,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080teˉvertstrokeinferiorstadH11080ik
graphic maps,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpleks }
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
multiplexer [ELECTR] A device for combining
multitrack recording system [ENG] Recording
twoormoresignals,asformultiplex,orforcreat- system which provides two or more recording
ing the composite color video signal from its paths on a medium,which may carry either re-
components in color television,Also spelled lated or unrelated recordings in common time
relationship,{ |m?lH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiortrak rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}multiplexor,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorplekH11080s?r}
multivariable system [CONT SYS] A dynamicalmultiplexor See multiplexer,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorplekH11080s?r}
system in which the number of either inputs ormultiplex-yrecorder [ENG] Recorderthatplots
outputs is greater than 1,{ |m?lH11080teˉvertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lanumber ofindependent chartssimultaneously,
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
each showing the relation of two variables,
municipalengineering [CIV ENG] Branch of en-
neither of which is time,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?H11080p?l |eksvertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ
gineering dealing with the form and functions of
rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
urban areas,{ myu¨vertstrokesuperiornisH11080?H11080p?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
multiplication [ELECTR] An increase in current
muntin See sash bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ntH11080?n}
flow through a semiconductor because of in-
Murphree efficiency [CHEM ENG] In a plate-
creased carrier activity,{ vertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080t?H11080plivertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
distillation column,the ratio of the actual
multiplier [ELEC] A resistor used in series with
change in vapor composition when the vapor
a voltmeter to increase the voltage range,Also
passes through the liquid on a tray (plate) to
known as multiplier resistor,[ELECTR] 1,A
the composition change of the vapor if it were
devicethathastwoormoreinputsandanoutput
in vapor-liquid equilibrium with the tray liquid.
that is a representation of the product of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080freˉ ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
quantities represented by the input signals;vol-
Muskhelishvili’s method [MECH] A method of
tages are the quantities commonly multiplied.
solving problems concerning the elastic defor-
2,See electron multiplier; frequency multiplier.
mation of a planar body that involves using
{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r}
methods from the theory of functions of a com-
multiportburner [ENG] A burner having several
plex variable to calculate analytic functions
nozzles which discharge fuel and air,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080
which determine the plane strain of the body.
t?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}
{m?vertstrokesuperiorskelH11080ishvertstrokeinferiorvilH11080eˉz vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
multiportnetworkanalyzer [ENG] Alinear,pas- mW See milliwatt.
sivemicrowavenetworkhavingfiveormoreports MW See megawatt.
which is used for measuring power and the com- myotome [ENG] An instrument used to divide
a muscle,{ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiortoˉm}plex reflection coefficient in a microwave circuit.
366
N
bottle; reversing water bottle,{ vertstrokesuperiornanH11080s?nN See newton.
vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}nail [DES ENG] A slender,usually pointed fas-
narrow-band pyrometer [ENG] A pyrometer intener with a head,designed for insertion by im-
which light from a source passes through a colorpact,[ENG] To drive nails in a manner that
filter,which passes only a limited band of wave-will position and hold two or more members,
lengths,before falling on a photoelectric detec-usually of wood,in a desired relationship.
tor,Also known as spectral pyrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiornarH11080{naˉl}
oˉ |band p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}nailcoat See devil float,{ vertstrokesuperiornaˉl vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
narrowgage [CIV ENG] A railway gage narrowernailer [ENG] A wood strip or block which serves
than the standard gage of 4 feet 8
1
/
2
inchesas a backing into which nails can be driven.
(143.51 centimeters),{ vertstrokesuperiornarH11080oˉ |gaˉj}{ vertstrokesuperiornaˉlH11080?r}
nailhead [DES ENG] Flat protuberance at the natural convection [THERMO] Convection in
whichfluidmotionresultsentirelyfromthepres-end of a nail opposite the point,{ vertstrokesuperiornaˉlvertstrokeinferiorhed }
nailset [DESENG] Asmallcylindricalsteeltool,ence of a hot body in the fluid,causing tempera-
ture and hence density gradients to develop,sousually tapered at one end,that is used to drive
a nail or a brad below or flush with a wood that the fluid moves under the influence of grav-
ity,Alsoknownasfreeconvection,{ vertstrokesuperiornachH11080r?lsurface,Also known as punch,{ vertstrokesuperiornaˉl vertstrokeinferiorset }
NAND circuit [ELECTR] A logic circuit whose k?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n}
natural-draftcoolingtower [MECHENG] Acool-output signal is a logical 1 if any of its inputs is
alogical0,andwhoseoutput signalisalogical0 ing tower that depends upon natural convection
of air flowing upward and in contact with theifallofitsinputsarelogical1,{ vertstrokesuperiornand vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
nanoelectronics [ELECTR] The technology of water to be cooled,{ vertstrokesuperiornachH11080r?l |draft vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}electronicdeviceswhosedimensionsrangefrom
atoms up to 100 nanometers,{ vertstrokeinferiornanH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlek natural-gasoline plant [CHEM ENG] Compres-
sion,distillation,and absorption process facilityvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
nanogram [MECH] One-billionth (10
H110029
) of a usedtoremovenaturalgasoline(mostlybutanes
and heavier components) from natural gas.gram,Abbreviated ng,{ vertstrokesuperiornanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
nanometer [MECH] A unit of length equal to { vertstrokesuperiornachH11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorgasH11080?vertstrokesuperiorleˉn vertstrokeinferiorplant }
nauticalchain [MECH] A unit of length equal toone-billionth of a meter,or 10
H110029
meter,Also
known as millimicron (H9262m); nanon,{ vertstrokesuperiornanH11080 15 feet or 4.572 meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙dH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn}
navalarchitecture [ENG] Thestudyofthephys-?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
nanon See nanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiornavertstrokeinferiorna¨n } ical characteristics and the design and construc-
tion of buoyant structures,such as ships,boats,nanosecond [MECH] A unit of time equal to
one-billionth of a second,or 10
H110029
second,barges,submarines,and floats,which operate in
water; includes the construction and operation{ vertstrokesuperiornanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080?nd }
nanotechnology [ENG] 1,Systems for trans- of the power plant and other mechanical equip-
ment of these structures,{ vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080v?l vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080k?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080forming matter,energy,and information that are
basedonnanometer-scalecomponentswithpre- ch?r}
Navier’s equation [MECH] A vector partial dif-cisely defined molecular features,2,Tech-
niques that produce or measure features less ferential equation for the displacement vector of
an elastic solid in equilibrium and subjected tothan 100 nanometers in size,{ |nanH11080oˉH11080tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080
H11080jeˉ } a body force,{ na¨vertstrokesuperiorvyaˉzivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
navigation [ENG] The process of directing theNansen bottle [ENG] A bottlelike water-sam-
pling device with valves at both ends that is movement of a craft so that it will reach its in-
tended destination; subprocesses are positionlowered into the water by wire; at the desired
depthitisactivatedbyamessengerwhichstrikes fixing,dead reckoning,pilotage,and homing.
{ vertstrokeinferiornavH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}the reversing mechanism and inverts the bottle,
closingthevalvesandtrappingthewatersample navigationdam [CIV ENG] A structure designed
to raise the level of a stream to increase theinside,Also known as Petterson-Nansen water
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
n-bodyproblem
depth for navigation purposes,{ vertstrokeinferiornavH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080 used in hydraulic turbines and hydroelectric
systems,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorvalv }sh?n vertstrokeinferiordam }
needle weir [CIV ENG] A type of frame weir inn-body problem See many-body problem,{ vertstrokesuperioren
which the wooden barrier is constructed of verti-|badH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
cal square-section timbers placed side by siden-channel [ELECTR] A conduction channel
against the iron frames,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l wer }formed by electrons in ann-type semiconductor,
needling [CIV ENG] Underpinning the upperas in an n-type field-effect transistor,{ vertstrokesuperioren
partofabuildingwithhorizontallyplacedtimbervertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
or steel beams,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?lH11080i? }
n-channelmetal-oxidesemiconductorSee NMOS.
negativeacceleration [MECH] Accelerationina
{ |en vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
directionoppositetothevelocity,orinthedirec-
neatline [CIV ENG] The line defining the limits
tion of the negative axis of a coordinate system.
of an aspect of construction,such as an excava-
{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080ivik vertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
tion or a wall,Also known as net line,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉt
negative charge [ELEC] The type of charge
vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
which ispossessed by electrons inordinary mat-
neck [ENG] The part of a furnace where the
ter,and which may be produced in a resin object
flame is contracted before reaching the stack.
by rubbing with wool,Also known as negative
{ nek }
electricity,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
neck-in [ENG] When coating by extrusion,the
negativeeasement [CIVENG] Aneasementthat
width difference between the extruded web leav-
can be exercised to prevent the owner of a piece
ing the die and that of the coating on the sur-
of land from using it in certain ways that he or
face,{ vertstrokesuperiornekvertstrokeinferiorin }
she would otherwise be entitled to,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080
needle [DES ENG] 1,A device made of steel
iv vertstrokesuperioreˉzH11080m?nt }
pointedatoneendwithaholeattheother;used
negative electrode See cathode; negative plate.
for sewing,2,A device made of steel with a
{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080ivi vertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
hook at one end; used for knitting,[ENG]
negative feedback [CONT SYS] Feedback in
1,A piece of copper or brass about 1/2 inch (13
which a portion of the output of a circuit,device,
millimeters) in diameter and 3 or 4 feet (90 or
or machine is fed back 180H11034 out of phase with
120centimeters)long,pointedatoneend,thrust
theinputsignal,resultinginadecreaseofampli-
into a charge of blasting powder in a borehole
fication so as to stabilize the amplification with
and then withdrawn,leaving a hole for the prim-
respect to time or frequency,and a reduction in
ing,fuse,or squib,Also known as pricker.
distortion and noise,Also known as inverse
2.Athinpointedindicatoronaninstrumentdial.
feedback; reverse feedback; stabilized feedback.
[ENG ACOUS] See stylus,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
needle beam [CIV ENG] A temporary member
negativeg [MECH] In designating the direction
thrust under a building or a foundation for use
of acceleration on a body,the opposite of posi-
in underpinning,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
tiveg; for example,the effect of flying an outside
needlebearing [DES ENG] A roller-type bearing
loop in the upright seated position,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080
with long rollers of small diameter; the rollers
iv vertstrokesuperiorjeˉ }
are retained in a flanged cup,have no retainer,
negative potential [ELEC] An electrostatic po-
andbeardirectlyontheshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
tential which is lower than that of the ground,
needle blow [ENG] A blow-molding technique
or of some conductor or point in space that is
in which air is injected into the plastic article
arbitrarily assigned to have zero potential.
through a hollow needle inserted in the parison.
{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080ivp?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbloˉ }
negativerake [MECH ENG] The orientation of a
needle dam [CIV ENG] A barrier made of hori-
cutting tool whose cutting edge lags the surface
zontal bars across a pass through a dam or of
of the tooth face,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorraˉk}
planks that can be removed in case of flooding.
negative temperature [THERMO] The property
{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordam }
of a thermally isolated thermodynamic system
needle file [DES ENG] A small file with an ex-
whose elements are in thermodynamic equilib-
tended tang that serves as a needle,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080
rium among themselves,whose allowed states
l vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
have an upper limit on their possible energies,
needle nozzle [MECH ENG] A streamlined hy-
andwhosehigh-energystatesaremoreoccupied
draulic turbine nozzle with a movable element
than the low-energy ones,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiortemH11080
for converting the pressure and kinetic energy in
pr?H11080ch?r}
thepipeleadingfromthereservoirtotheturbine negativeterminal [ELEC] The terminal of a bat-
into a smooth jet of variable diameter and dis- tery or other voltage source that has more elec-
charge butpractically constant velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080 trons than normal; electronsflow from the nega-
l vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l} tive terminal through the external circuit to the
needletubing [ENG] Stainlesssteeltubingwith positive terminal,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?nH11080?l}
outside diameters from 0.014 to 0.203 inch (0.36 negative work [IND ENG] Work that is per-
to 5.16 millimeters); used for surgical instru- formed with the assistance of gravity so that the
mentsand radonimplanters,{ vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortu¨bH11080i? } muscular effort required involves only control of
needle valve [MECH ENG] A slender,pointed the load,{ vertstrokesuperiornegH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
negotiated contract [IND ENG] A purchase orrod fitting in a hole or circular or conoidal seat;
368
neuristor
sales agreement made by a United States gov- arranged so as to provide a check on the consis-
ernment agency without normally employing tency of the measured values,Also known as
techniques required by formal advertising,network,{ net }
{n?vertstrokesuperiorgoˉH11080sheˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakt } NETDSeenoise equivalenttemperaturedifference.
Nelson diaphragm cell [CHEM ENG] Obsolete net floor area [BUILD] Gross floor area of a
carbon-electrode type of electrolytic diaphragm building,excluding the area occupied by walls
cell once widely used to produce chlorine and and partitions,the circulation area (where peo-
caustic soda from brine,{ vertstrokesuperiornelH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfram ple walk),and the mechanical area (where there
vertstrokeinferiorsel }
is mechanical equipment),{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokesuperiorflo˙r vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
neohexane alkylation [CHEM ENG] A noncata-
netflowarea [DESENG] Thecalculatednetarea
lytic petroleum-refinery alkylation process that
which determines the flow after the complete
forms neohexane from a feed of ethylene and
bursting of a rupture disk,{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
isobutane,{ |neˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorhekvertstrokeinferiorsaˉn vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
netheatingvalueSee low heat value,{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080
nepheloscope [ENG] An instrument for the
i?vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
production of clouds in the laboratory by con-
netline See neat line,{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
densation or expansion of moist air,{ vertstrokesuperiornefH11080?H11080
netloadcapacity [ENG] The weight of a mate-
l?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
rial that can be handled,without failure,by a
nephometer [ENG] A general term for instru-
machine or process plus the weight of the con-
ments designed to measure the amount of
tainer or device,{ |net vertstrokeinferiorloˉdk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
cloudiness; an early type consists of a convex
net positive suction head [MECH ENG] The
hemispherical mirror mapped into six parts; the
minimum suction head required for a pump to
amount of cloud coverage on the mirror is noted
operate; depends on liquid characteristics,total
by the observer,{ nevertstrokesuperiorfa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
liquid head,pump speed and capacity,and im-
nephoscope [ENG] An instrument for de-
peller design,Abbreviated NPSH,{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080
termining the direction of cloud motion.
dH11080iv |s?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorhed }
{ vertstrokesuperiornefH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
netradiometer [ENG] A Moll thermopile modi-
Nernst approximation formula [THERMO] An
fied so that both sides are sensitive to radiation
equation for the equilibrium constant of a gas
and the resulting electromotive force is propor-
reaction based on the Nernst heat theorem and
tionaltothedifferenceinintensitiesofradiation
certain simplifying assumptions,{ vertstrokesuperiornernst
incident on the two sides; used to measure the
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨kH11080s?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
difference in intensity between radiation enter-
Nernst heat theorem [THERMO] The theorem
ing and leaving the earth’s surface,{ |net vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
expressing that the rate of change of free energy
eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ofahomogeneoussystemwithtemperature,and
netton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiornet vertstrokesuperiort?n}
alsotherateofchangeofenthalpywithtempera-
network [ELEC] A collection of electric ele-
ture,approaches zero as the temperature ap-
ments,such as resistors,coils,capacitors,and
proaches absolute zero,{ vertstrokesuperiornernst vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080
sources of energy,connected together to form
m}
several interrelated circuits,Also known as
Nernst-Lindemann calorimeter [ENG] A calo-
electric network,See net,{ vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
rimeter for measuring specific heats at low tem-
networkanalysis [ELEC] Derivation of the elec-
peratures,in which the heat reservoir consists
trical properties of a network,from its configura-
of a metal of high thermal conductivity such as
tion,element values,and driving forces,[IND
copper,to promote rapid temperature equaliza-
ENG] An analytic technique used during project
tion; none of the material under study is more
planning to determine the sequence of activities
than a few millimeters from a metal surface,and
and their interrelationship within the network of
the whole apparatus is placed in an evacuated
activities that will be required by the project.
vessel andheated by current througha platinum
Also known as network planning,{ vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk
heating coil,{ vertstrokesuperiornernst vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080d?H11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080
vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
dH11080?r}
Neugebauer effect [ELEC] A small change in
Nernst-Simon statement of the third law of ther-
thepolarizationofanopticallyisotropicmedium
modynamics [THERMO] The statement that
in an external electric field,related to the elec-
the change in entropy which occurs when a
trooptical Kerr effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iH11080g?vertstrokeinferiorbau˙H11080?rivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
homogeneous system undergoes an isothermal
Neumann-Kopp rule [THERMO] The rule that
reversible process approaches zero as the tem-
the heat capacity of 1 mole of a solid substance
perature approaches absolute zero,{ vertstrokesuperiornernst
is approximately equal to the sum over the ele-vertstrokesuperiors?
ˉH11080m?n vertstrokesuperiorstaˉtH11080m?nt?vth?vertstrokesuperiorth?rd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080
mentsformingthesubstanceoftheheatcapacityd?
ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
of agram atom ofthe element timesthe numbernesting [IND ENG] A production technique in
of atoms of the element in a molecule of thewhich parts with similar patterns are manufac-
substance,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙ivertstrokeinferiorma¨n vertstrokesuperiorko˙p vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}tured together,{ vertstrokesuperiornestH11080i? }
neuristor [ELECTR] A device that behaves like anet [ENG] 1,Threads or cords tied together at
nerve fiber in having attenuationless propaga-regular intervals to form a mesh,2,A series
tion of signals; one goal of research is develop-of surveying or leveling stations that have been
ment of a complete artificial nerve cell,con-interconnected in such a manner that closed
loops or circuits have been formed,or that are taining many neuristors,that could duplicate
369
neuromorphicengineering
thefunctionofthehumaneyeandbraininrecog- fluid-contentpropertiesdownawellholebyneu-
tron bombardment and detection of resultantnizing characters and other visual images.
radiation (neutrons or gamma rays),Also{nu˙vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080t?r}
known as neutron logging,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n |welneuromorphic engineering [ENG] Use of the
vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }functional principles of biological nervous sys-
newel post [CIV ENG] 1,A pillar at the end oftems to inspire the design and fabrication of
an oblique retaining wall of a bridge,2,Theartificial nervous systems,such as vision chips
post about which a circular staircase winds.and roving robots,{ |nu˙H11080ro
ˉvertstrokeinferiormo˙rH11080fik vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080
3,A large post at the foot of a straight stairway
i? }
or on a landing,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
neuronal interface [ENG] An artificial synapse
newton [MECH] The unit of force in the meter-
capable of reversible chemical-to-electrical
kilogram-second system,equal to the force
transduction processes between neural tissue
which will impart an acceleration of 1 meter per
and conventional solid-state electronic devices
second squared to the International Prototype
for applications such as aural,visual,and me-
Kilogram mass,Symbolized N,Formerly known
chanicalprostheses,aswellasexpandinghuman
as large dyne,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?n}
memory and intelligence,{ nu˙|roˉnH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
Newtonian attraction [MECH] The mutual at-
t?rvertstrokeinferiorfaˉs}
traction of any two particles in the universe,as
neurotechnology [ENG] The application of mi-
given by Newton’s law of gravitation,{ nu¨vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080
crofabricated devices to achieve direct contact
neˉH11080?n?vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
with the electrically active cells of the nervous
Newtonian mechanics [MECH] The system of
system (neurons),{ vertstrokeinferiornu˙H11080roˉH11080tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
mechanics based upon Newton’s laws of motion
neutral [ELEC] Referringtotheabsence ofanet
inwhich massandenergyare consideredassep-
electric charge,[MECH ENG] That setting in
arate,conservative,mechanical properties,in
an automotive transmission in which all the
contrast to their treatment in relativistic me-
gears are disengaged and the output shaft is
chanics,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080neˉH11080?nmivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
disconnectedfromthedrivewheels,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?l}
Newtonian reference frame [MECH] One of a
neutral atmosphere [ENG] An atmosphere
set of reference frames with constant relative
which neither oxidizes nor reduces immersed
velocity and within which Newton’s laws hold;
materials,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?l vertstrokesuperioratH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir }
the frames have a common time,and coordi-
neutralaxis [MECH] In a beam bent downward,
nates are related by the Galilean transformation
the line of zero stress below which all fibers are
rule,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080neˉH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
in tension and above which they are in compres-
Newtonian velocity [MECH] The velocity of an
sion,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
object in a Newtonian reference frame,S,which
neutral fiber [MECH] A line of zero stress in
canbedeterminedfromthevelocityoftheobject
cross section of a bent beam,separating the
in any other such frame,SH11032,by taking the vector
region of compressive stress from that of tensile
sum of the velocity of the object in SH11032 and the
stress,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r}
velocity of the frame SH11032relative to S.{vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080
neutrally buoyant float See swallow float,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080
neˉH11080?nv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tr?H11080leˉ |bo˙iH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt}
newton-meter of energy See joule,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?n
neutralstability [CONT SYS] Condition in which
|meˉdH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
the natural motion of a system neither grows
newton-meter of torque [MECH] The unit of
nor decays,but remains at its initial amplitude.
torque in the meter-kilogram-second system,
{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?lst?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
equal to the torque produced by 1 newton of
neutral surface [MECH] A surface in a bent
force acting at a perpendicular distance of 1 me-
beam along which material is neither com-
ter from an axis of rotation,Abbreviated N-m.
pressed nor extended,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080tr?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk }
neutron-gamma well logging [ENG] Neutron
Newton’s equations of motion [MECH] New-
well logging in which the varying intensity of
ton’s laws of motion expressed in the form of
gamma rays produced artificially by neutron
mathematical equations,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080
bombardment is recorded,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n |gamH11080?
zh?nz?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
Newton’sfirstlaw [MECH] The law that a parti-
neutron logging See neutron well logging,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨
cle not subjected to external forces remains at
vertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
rest or moves with constant speed in a straight
neutronshield [ENG] Ashieldthatprotectsper-
line,Also known as first law of motion; Gali-
sonnel from neutron irradiation,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n leo’s law of inertia,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiorf?rst vertstrokesuperiorlo
˙ }
vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld } Newton’slawofcooling [THERMO] Thelawthat
neutron soil-moisture meter [ENG] An instru- the rate of heat flow out of an object by both
mentformeasuringthewatercontentofsoiland natural convection and radiation is proportional
rocks as indicated by the scattering and absorp- tothetemperaturedifferencebetweentheobject
tion of neutrons emitted from a source,and re- and its environment,and to the surface area of
sulting gamma radiation received by a detector,the object,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
in a probe lowered into an access hole,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨ Newton’s law of gravitation [MECH] The law
vertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiormo˙isH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} that every two particles of matter in the universe
attract each other with a force that acts alongneutronwelllogging [ENG] Study of formation
370
noise
the line joining them,and has a magnitude pro- by counting the number of flashes of the center
light during an interval of time; direction,indi-portional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the dis- cated by the positionof illuminated outer bulbs,
is given to points of the compass,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉn |l?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorinH11080tance between them,Also known as law of
gravitation,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n} d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
Nipher shield [ENG] A conically shaped,cop-Newton’slawsofmotion [MECH] Three funda-
mental principles (called Newton’s first,second,per,rain-gage shield; used to prevent the forma-
tion of vertical wind eddies in the vicinity of theand third laws) which form the basis of classical,
or Newtonian,mechanics,and haveproved valid mouth of the gage,thereby making the rainfall
catch a representative one,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }forallmechanicalproblemsnotinvolvingspeeds
comparable with the speed of light and not in- nippers [DES ENG] Small pincers or pliers for
cutting or gripping,{ vertstrokesuperiornipH11080?rz }volving atomic or subatomic particles,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080
nz vertstrokesuperiorlo˙z?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n} nipple [DES ENG] A short piece of tubing,usu-
ally with an internal or external thread at eachNewton’ssecondlaw [MECH] The law that the
acceleration of a particle is directly proportional end,usedtocouplepipes,Alsoknownasbush-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiornipH11080?l}totheresultantexternalforceactingontheparti-
cle and is inversely proportional to the mass nipple chaser [ENG] A member of a drilling
crew who procures and delivers the tools andof the particle,Also known as second law of
motion,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ } equipment necessary for an operation,{ vertstrokesuperiornipH11080
l vertstrokeinferiorchaˉH11080s?r}Newton’sthirdlaw [MECH] The law that,if two
particles interact,the force exerted by the first nitrogen fixation [CHEM ENG] Conversion of
atmospheric nitrogen into compounds such asparticle on the second particle (called the action
force) is equal in magnitude and opposite in ammonia,calcium cyanamide,or nitrogen ox-
idesbychemicalorelectric-arcprocesses,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉH11080directiontotheforceexertedbythesecondparti-
cleonthefirstparticle(calledthereactionforce),tr?H11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorfik|saˉH11080sh?n}
NLGInumber [ENG] One ofaseriesofnumbersAlso known as law of action and reaction; third
law of motion,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨tH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiorth?rd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙ } developed by the National Lubricating Grease
Institute and used to classify the consistencyng See nanogram.
nib [ENG] A small projecting point,{ nib } range of lubricating greases; NLGI numbers are
based on the American Society for Testing andnibbling [MECH ENG] Contour cutting of mate-
rial by the action of a reciprocating punch that Materialsconepenetrationnumber,{ |en|el|jeˉvertstrokesuperior?ˉ
vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}takes repeated small bites as the work is passed
beneath it,{ vertstrokesuperiornibH11080li? } N-m See newton-meter of torque.
NMOS [ELECTR] Metal-oxide semiconductorsNichol’s chart [CONT SYS] A plot of curves
along which the magnitude M or argument H9251 of that are made on p-type substrates,and whose
active carriers are electrons that migrate be-thefrequencycontrolratioisconstantonagraph
whose ordinate is the logarithm of the magni- tween n-type source and drain contacts,Derived
from n-channel metal-oxide semiconductor.tude of the open-loop transfer function,and
whose abscissa is the open-loop phase angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorenvertstrokeinferiormo˙s}
nnjunction [ELECTR] In a semiconductor,a re-{ vertstrokesuperiornikH11080?lz vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
Nicholson’s hydrometer [ENG] A modification gion of transition between two regions having
different properties in n-type semiconductingof Fahrenheit’s hydrometer in which the lower
end of the instrument carries a scale pan to per- material,{ |en|en vertstrokeinferiorj?nkH11080sh?n}
no-bottom sounding [ENG] A sounding in themit the determination of the relative density of
a solid,{ vertstrokesuperiornikH11080?lH11080s?nz h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } oceaninwhichthebottomisnotreached,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ
vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorsau˙ndH11080i? }Nicholsradiometer [ENG] An instrument,used
to measure the pressure exerted by a beam of node [ELEC] See branch point,[ELECTR] A
junction point within a network,[IND EN-light,in which there are two small,silvered glass
mirrors at the ends of a light rod that is sus- G] Onagraphicpresentationofaproject,asym-
bol placed at the intersection of arrows that rep-pended at the center from a fine quartz fiber
within an evacuated enclosure,{ vertstrokesuperiornikH11080?lz vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080 resent activities to identify the completion or
start of an activity,{ noˉd}eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nigre [CHEM ENG] Dark-colored layer formed nodulizing [ENG] Creation of spherical lumps
frompowdersbyworkingthemtogether,coalesc-betweenneatsoapandlyeduringsoapmanufac-
ture; contains more soap than lye,and a high ing them with binders,drying fluid-solid mix-
tures,heating,or chemical reaction,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨jH11080concentration of salts and colored impurities.
{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉH11080g?r}?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080i? }
no-gogage [ENG] A limit gage designed not tonine-light indicator [ENG] A remote indicator
forwindspeedanddirectionusedinconjunction fit a part being tested; usually employed with a
go gage to set the acceptable maximum andwith a contact anemometer and a wind vane; the
indicator consists of a center light,connected to minimum dimension limits of the part,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ
vertstrokesuperiorgoˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}the contact anemometer,surrounded by eight
equally spacedlights which areindividually con- noise [ELEC] Interferingandunwantedcurrents
or voltages in an electrical device or system.nectedto asetofsimilarly spacedelectricalcon-
tactsonthewindvane;windspeedisdetermined { no˙iz }
371
noise-cancelingmicrophone
noise-cancelingmicrophoneSee close-talking mi- noncoringbit [ENG] A general type of bit made
crophone,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz |kansH11080li?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} in many shapes which does not produce a core
noiseequivalenttemperaturedifference [THER- and with which all the rock cut in a borehole
MO] The change in equivalent blackbody tem- is ejected as sludge; used mostly for blasthole
perature that corresponds to a change in radi- drillingandintheunmineralizedzonesinabore-
ance which will produce a signal-to-noise ratio hole where a core sample is not wanted,Also
of 1 in an infrared imaging device,Abbreviated known as borehole bit; plug bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080i?
NETD,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz i|kwivH11080?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordifH11080 vertstrokesuperiorbit }
r?ns }
noncyclicelement [IND ENG] An element of an
noiseradial [ENG] The brightening of all range
operationorprocessthatdoesnotoccurinevery
points on a particular plan position indicator
cycle but has a frequency of occurrence that is
bearingon aradarscreencaused bynoiserecep-
specified by the method,{ |na¨nvertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080klik vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080
tion from the indicated direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
m?nt }
eˉH11080?l}
nondestructive evaluation [IND ENG] A tech-
noise reduction [ENG ACOUS] A process
nique forprobing and sensingmaterial structure
whereby the average transmission of the sound
and properties without causing damage (as op-
track of a motion picture print,averaged across
posed to revealing flaws and defects),{ vertstrokeinferiorna¨nH11080
the track,is decreased for signals of low level;
divertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080tivi vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}
sincebackgroundnoiseintroducedbythesound
nondestructive testing [ENG] A technique for
track is less at low transmission,this process
revealing flaws and defects in a material or de-
reduces noise during soft passages,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz
vice without damaging or destroying the test
rivertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
sample; includes use of x-rays,ultrasonics,radi-
noise-type flowmeter [ENG] A flowmeter that
ography,and magnetic flux,{ |na¨nH11080divertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080div
measures the noise generated in a selected fre-
vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i? }
quency band,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
nondissipative muffler See reactive muffler.
no-loadcurrent [ELEC] The current which flows
{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiordisH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpaˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080l?r}
in a network when the output is open-circuited.
nondurablegoods [ENG] Productsthat areser-
{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ |loˉd vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
viceable for a comparatively short time or are
no-loadloss [ELEC] The power loss of a device
consumed or destroyed in a single usage.
that is operated at rated voltage and frequency
{ vertstrokeinferiorna¨n|du˙rH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorgu˙dz }
but is not supplying power to a load,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ
nonequilibrium thermodynamics [THERMO] A
|loˉd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙s}
quantitative treatment of irreversible processes
no-load voltage See open-circuit voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉ
and of rates at which they occur,Also known
|loˉd vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
as irreversible thermodynamics,{ |na¨nvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080
nominal bandwidth [ENG] The difference be-
kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
tween the nominal upper and lower cutoff fre-
nonexpendable [ENG] Pertaining to a supply
quenciesofanacousticorelectricfilter,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080
itemorpieceofequipmentthatisnotconsumed,
H11080n?l vertstrokesuperiorbandvertstrokeinferiorwidth }
and does not lose its identity,in use,as a
nominal pass-band center frequency [ENG]
weapon,vehicle,machine,tool,piece of furni-
The geometric mean of the nominal upper and
ture,or instrument,{ |na¨nH11080ikvertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?H11080b?l}
lowercutofffrequenciesofanacousticorelectric
nonfeasible method See goal coordination
filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080n?l vertstrokesuperiorpas vertstrokeinferiorband |senH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080
method,{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiorfeˉH11080z?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d}
kw?nH11080seˉ }
nonflowingwell [ENG] A well that yields water
nominalsize [DES ENG] Size used for purposes
at the land surface only by means of a pump or
of general identification; the actual size of a part
other lifting device,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorfloˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwel }
will be approximately the same as the nominal
nonholonomicsystem [MECH] Asystemofpar-
size but need not be exactly the same; for exam-
ticles which is subjected to constraints of such
ple,arodmaybereferredtoas1/4inch,although
a nature that the system cannot be described by
the actual dimension on the drawing is 0.2495
independent coordinates; examples are a rolling
inch,and in this case 1/4 inch is the nominal
hoop,or an ice skate which must point along its
size,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?H11080n?l vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz}
path,{ |na¨nvertstrokeinferiorha¨lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
nonadiabatic See diabatic.
nonhoming [CONT SYS] Not returning to the
nonanticipatory system See causal system.
starting or home position,as when the wipers
{ |na¨nH11080anvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?H11080p?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
of a stepping relay remain at the last-used set
nonbearingwall [CIV ENG] A wall that bears no
of contacts instead of returning to their homevertical weight other than its own,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorberH11080
position,{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiorhoˉmH11080i? }i?vertstrokesuperiorwo
˙l}
nonintegrablesystem [MECH] Adynamicalsys-nonblackbody [THERMO] A body that reflects
tem whose motion is governed by an equationsome fraction of the radiation incident upon it;
that is not an integrable differential equation.all real bodies are of this nature,{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiorblak
{ vertstrokeinferiorna¨n|intH11080iH11080gr?H11080b?l |sisH11080t?m}{}vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
noninteracting control [CONT SYS] A feedbacknoncontact sensor See proximity sensor,{ |na¨n
control in a system with more than one input{}vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
and more than one output,in which feedbacknoncontactthermometer See radiation pyrometer.
{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } transferfunctionsareselectedsothateachinput
372
normal-incidencepyrheliometer
influences only one output,{ |na¨nvertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorakH11080 nonrelativisticmechanics [MECH] The study of
ti? k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl} the dynamics of systems in which all speeds are
nonlinearcircuitcomponent [ELECTR] An elec- small compared to the speed of light,{ |na¨n
trical device for which a change in applied volt- vertstrokeinferiorrelH11080?H11080t?vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080tik mivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
age does not produce a proportional change in nonreturn valve See check valve,{ |na¨nH11080rivertstrokesuperiort?rn
current,Also known as nonlinear device; non- vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
linear element,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r |s?rH11080k?tk?m nonselectiveradiatorSee graybody,{ |na¨nH11080sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
{}vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt } tiv vertstrokesuperiorra
ˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
nonlinearcontrolsystem [CONT SYS] A control
nonservo robot See fixed-stop robot,{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
system thatdoes not havethe propertyof super-
voˉ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
position,that is,one in which some or all of the
nonskid [CIV ENG] Pertaining to a surface that
outputs are not linear functions of the inputs.
is roughened to reduce slipping,as a concrete
{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?mz }
floor treated with iron filings or carborundum
nonlineardeviceSeenonlinear circuit component.
powder,or indented while wet,{ |na¨n|skid }
{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
nonstranded rope [DES ENG] A wire rope with
nonlinear distortion [ELECTR] Distortion in
the wires in concentric sheaths instead of in
whichtheoutputofasystemorcomponentdoes
strands,and in opposite directions in the differ-
not have the desired linear relation to the input.
entsheaths,givingtheropenonspinningproper-
[ENG ACOUS] The ratio of the total root-mean-
ties,Also known as nonspinning rope,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨n
square (rms) harmonic distortion output of a
vertstrokeinferiorstranH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorroˉp}
microphone tothe rms value ofthe fundamental
nonworkunit [INDENG] Atimeunitonasched-
component of the output,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?rdi
ule during which work may not be performed on
{}vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080sh?n}
a given activity,for example,a weekend or a
nonlinear element See nonlinear circuit compo-
holiday,{ |na¨nvertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
nent,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
NORcircuit [ELECTR] A circuit in which output
nonlinear feedback control system [CONT
voltage appears only when signal is absent from
SYS] Feedback control system in which the rela-
all of its input terminals,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
tionshipsbetweenthepertinentmeasuresofthe
normalacceleration [MECH] 1.The component
system input and output signals cannot be ade-
of the linear acceleration of an aircraft or missile
quately described by linear means,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080
along its normal,or Z,axis,2,The usual or
eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
typical acceleration,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?lakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
nonlinear vibration [MECH] A vibration whose
sh?n}
amplitude is large enough so that the elastic
normalaxis [MECH] The vertical axis of an air-
restoring force on the vibrating object is not
craft or missile,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
proportional to its displacement,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨nvertstrokeinferiorlinH11080eˉH11080
normal barometer [ENG] A barometer of such
rv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
accuracy that it can be used for the determina-
non-minimum-phasesystem [CONT SYS] A lin-
tion of pressure standards; an instrument such
ear system whose transfer function has one or
as a large-bore mercury barometer is usually
more poles or zeros with positive,nonzero real
used,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?lb?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
parts,{ |na¨n|minH11080?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
normal coordinates [MECH] A set of coordi-
nonpointsource [CIV ENG] A dispersed source
nates for a coupled system such that the equa-
of stormwater runoff; the water comes from land
tions of motion each involve only one of these
dedicated to uses such as agriculture,develop-
coordinates,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?lkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }
ment,forest,andlandfillsandentersthesurface
normaleffort [IND ENG] The effort expended by
water system as sheet flow at irregular rates.
the average operator in performing manual work
{ vertstrokeinferiorna¨nvertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs }
with average skill and application,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l
nonquantum mechanics [MECH] The classical
vertstrokesuperiorefH11080?rt }
mechanics of Newton and Einstein as opposed
normalelementtime [IND ENG] The selected or
tothequantummechanicsofHeisenberg,Schro¨d-
averageelementtimeadjustedtoobtaintheele-
inger,and Dirac; particles have definite position
menttimeusedbyanaveragequalifiedoperator.
and velocity,and they move according to New-
Also known as base time; leveled element time.
ton’s laws,{ vertstrokeinferiorna¨n|kwa¨nH11080t?mmivertstrokesuperiorkanH11080iks }
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?|ment vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
nonreclosing pressure relief device [MECH
normalfrequencies [MECH] The frequencies of
ENG] A device which remains open after reliev-
the normal modes of vibration of a system.
ing pressure and must be reset before it can
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nvertstrokeinferiorseˉz}operate again,{ |na¨nH11080re
ˉvertstrokesuperiorkloˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorleˉf
normal impact [MECH] 1,Impact on a planedivertstrokeinferiorv?
ˉs}
perpendicular to the trajectory,2,Striking of anonrecording rain gage [ENG] A rain gage
projectile against a surface that is perpendicularwhich indicates but does not record the amount
to the line of flight of the projectile,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080of precipitation,{ |na¨nH11080rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
m?l vertstrokesuperiorimvertstrokeinferiorpakt }nonrelativistickinematics [MECH] The study of
normal-incidence pyrheliometer [ENG] An in-motions of systems of objects at speeds which
strument that measures the energy in the solararesmallcomparedtothespeedoflight,without
beam; it usually measures the radiation thatreference to the forces which act on the system.
{ |na¨nvertstrokeinferiorrelH11080?H11080t?vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorkinH11080?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080iks } strikes a target at the end of a tube equipped
373
normalinspection
with a shutter and baffles to collimate the beam,in the back rake or top rake plane of a cutting
tool,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉz vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s}{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l |inH11080s?dH11080?ns |p?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nose sill [ENG] A short timber located undernormal inspection [IND ENG] The number of
the end of the main sill of a standard rig frontitems inspected as specified by the sampling
of a well,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉz vertstrokeinferiorsil }inspection plan at the outset; if the quality of
nosing [BUILD] Projection of a tread of a stairthe product improves,the number of units to be
beyond the riser below it,[CIV ENG] A trans-inspected is reduced; if quality deteriorates,the
verse,horizontal motion of a locomotive thatnumber of units inspected is increased,{ |no
˙rH11080
exerts a lateral force on the track,{ vertstrokesuperiornoˉzH11080i? }
m?linvertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n}
notch [ELECTR] Rectangular depression ex-
normal mode of vibration [MECH] Vibration of
tendingbelowthesweeplineoftheradarindica-
a coupled system in which the value of one of
tor in some types of equipment,[ENG] AV-
thenormalcoordinatesoscillatesandthevalues
shaped indentation or cut in a surface or edge.
of all the other coordinates remain stationary.
{na¨ch }
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rm?l |moˉd?vv? ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
notching [ELEC] Term indicating that a prede-
normaloperation [MECHENG] Theoperationof
termined number of separate impulses are re-
a boileror pressure vesselat or belowthe condi-
quiredtocompleteoperationofarelay,[MECH
tions ofcoincident pressure andtemperature for
ENG] Cutting out various shapes from the ends
whichthevesselhasbeendesigned,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l
or edges of a workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨chH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
notching press [MECH ENG] A mechanical
normal pace [IND ENG] The manual pace
press for notching straight or rounded edges.
achieved by normal effort,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorpaˉs}
{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨chH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpres }
normal pitch [MECH ENG] The distance be-
NOT circuit [ELECTR] A logic circuit with one
tween working faces of two adjacent gear teeth,
input and one output that inverts the input sig-
measured between the intersections of the line
nal at the output; that is,the output signal is a
of action with the faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorpich }
logical 1 if the input signal is a logical 0,and
normal-plate anemometer [ENG] A type of
vice versa,Also known as inverter circuit.
pressure-plate anemometer in which the plate,
{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨t vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
restrained by a stiff spring,is held perpendicular
nozzle [DES ENG] A tubelike device,usually
to the wind; the wind-activated motion of the
streamlined,for accelerating and directing a
plate is measured electrically; the natural fre-
fluid,whose pressure decreases as it leaves the
quency of this system can be made high enough
nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
so that resonance magnification does not occur.
nozzle-contraction-area ratio [DES ENG] Ratio
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l |plaˉt vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
of the cross-sectional area for gas flow at the
normalreaction [MECH] The force exerted by a
nozzle inlet to that at the throat,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l
surface on an object in contact with it which
k?nvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n |erH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
prevents the object from passing through the
nozzle efficiency [MECH ENG] The efficiency
surface;theforceisperpendiculartothesurface,
with which a nozzle converts potential energy
and is the only force that the surface exerts on
into kinetic energy,commonly expressed as the
the object in the absence of frictional forces.
ratio of the actual change in kinetic energy to
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
the ideal change at the given pressure ratio.
normalstress [MECH] Thestresscomponentat
{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?livertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
a point in a structure which is perpendicular to
nozzleexitarea [DES ENG] The cross-sectional
the reference plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }
area of a nozzle available for gas flow measured
normaltime [IND ENG] 1,The time required by
at the nozzle exit,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l |egH11080z?t vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
a trained worker to perform a task at a normal
nozzle-expansionratio [DES ENG] Ratio of the
pace,2,The total of all the normal elemental
cross-sectional area for gas flow at the exit of a
times constituting a cycle or operation,Also
nozzle to the cross-sectional area available for
known as base time; leveled time,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?l
gas flow at the throat,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?likvertstrokesuperiorpanH11080sh?n
vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
north-stabilized plan-position indicator [ENG]
nozzle-mixgasburner [ENG] A burner in which
A heading-upward plan-position indicator; this
injection nozzles mix air and fuel gas at the
term is deprecated because it may be confused
burner tile,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormiks vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
with azimuth-stabilized plan-position indicator,
nozzlethroat [DESENG] Theportionof anozzle
a north-upward plan-position indicator.
with the smallest cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l
{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rth |staˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd |plan p?|zishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080 vertstrokeinferiorthro
ˉt}
r} nozzle throat area [DES ENG] The area of the
north-upward plan position indicator [ENG] A minimum cross section of a nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l
plan position indicator on which north is main- |throˉt vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
tained at the top of the indicator,regardless of npin transistor [ELECTR] An npn transistor
the heading of thecraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorno˙rth vertstrokesuperior?pH11080w?rd |plan which has a layer of high-purity germanium be-
p?|zishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} tween the base and collector to extend the fre-
nose [ENG] The foremost point or section of a quency range,{ vertstrokesuperiorenvertstrokeinferiorpin tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
bomb,missile,or something similar,{ noˉz} N-P-K [CHEM ENG] The code identifying the
components in a fertilizer mixture,nitrogen (N),noseradius [MECH ENG] The radius measured
374
Nusseltequation
phosphorus pentoxide (P),and potassium oxide and a detector downstream measures the
amount of decay of the resonance,thereby sens-(K),Fertilizers are graded in the order N-P-K,
with the numbers indicating the percentage of ing fluid velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080
nH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}the total weight of each component,For exam-
ple,5-10-10 represents a mixture containing by nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope [ENG]
A gyroscope that obtains information from theweight 5% nitrogen,10% phosphorus pentoxide,
and 10% potassium oxide,dynamic angular motion of atomic nuclei.
{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}npnp diode See pnpn diode,{ |envertstrokeinferiorpeˉ|envertstrokeinferiorpeˉ
vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} nuclearmagnetometer [ENG] Anymagnetome-
ter which is based on the interaction of a mag-npnptransistor [ELECTR] Annpn-junction tran-
sistor having a transition or floating layer be- neticfield withnuclearmagnetic moments,such
as the proton magnetometer,Also known astween p and n regions,to which no ohmic con-
nectionismade,Alsoknownaspnpntransistor,nuclear resonance magnetometer,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r
magH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}{ |envertstrokeinferiorpeˉ|envertstrokeinferiorpeˉ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
npn semiconductor [ELECTR] Double junction nuclearpowerplant [MECHENG] Apowerplant
in which nuclear energy is converted into heatformed by sandwiching a thin layer of p-type
material between two layers of n-type material for use in producing steam for turbines,which
in turn drive generators that produce electricof a semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorenvertstrokeinferiorpeˉvertstrokesuperioren vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080
k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r } power,Also known as atomic power plant.
{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }npn transistor [ELECTR] A junction transistor
having a p-type base between an n-type emitter nuclear resonance magnetometer See nuclear
magnetometer,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormagH11080and an n-type collector; the emitter should then
be negative with respect to the base,and the n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nuclearsnowgage [ENG] Any type of gage us-collector should be positive with respect to the
base,{ vertstrokesuperiorenvertstrokeinferiorpeˉvertstrokesuperioren tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } ing a radioactive source and a detector to meas-
ure,by the absorption of radiation,the water-np semiconductor [ELECTR] Region of transi-
tion between n- and p-type material,{ |en|peˉ equivalent mass of a snowpack,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
NPSH See net positive suction head,nucleate boiling [CHEM ENG] Boiling in which
bubble formation is at the liquid-solid interfaceNrodbit [DES ENG] A Canadian standard non-
coring bit having a set diameter of 2.940 inches rather than from external or mechanical devices;
occurs in kettle-type and natural-circulation(74.676 millimeters),{ vertstrokesuperioren vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokeinferiorbit }
n-typeconduction [ELECTR] The electrical con- heaters or reboilers,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉvertstrokeinferioraˉt vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080i? }
nucleonics [ENG] The technology based onduction associated with electrons,as opposed
to holes,in a semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperioren vertstrokeinferiort?ˉpk?n phenomenaoftheatomicnucleussuchasradio-
activity,fission,and fusion; includes nuclearvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
n-type germanium [ELECTR] Germanium to reactors,various applications of radioisotopes
and radiation,particle accelerators,and radia-which more impurity atoms of donor type (with
valence 5,such as antimony) than of acceptor tion-detection devices,{ vertstrokeinferiornu¨H11080kleˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080iks }
nucleus counter [ENG] An instrument whichtype (with valence 3,such as indium) have been
added,with the result that the conduction elec- measures the number of condensation nuclei or
ice nuclei per sample volume of air,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080tron densityexceeds the holedensity,{ vertstrokesuperioren vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp
j?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080neˉH11080?m}?s vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
null-balance recorder [ENG] An instrument inn-type semiconductor [ELECTR] An extrinsic
semiconductor inwhich theconduction electron which a motor-driven slide wire in a measuring
circuit is continuously adjusted so that the volt-density exceeds the hole density,{ vertstrokesuperioren vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp
vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r } age or current to be measured will be balanced
against the voltage or current from this circuit;nuclearchemicalengineering [CHEMENG] The
branch of chemical engineering that deals with a pen linked to the slide wire makes a graphical
record of its position as a function of time.theproductionanduseofradioisotopes,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080
kleˉH11080?r |kemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }{vertstrokesuperiorn?l |balH11080?ns rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
nulldetector See null indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ldivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}nuclear excavation [ENG] The use of nuclear
explosions to remove earth for constructing har- null indicator [ENG] A galvanometer or other
device that indicates when voltage or current isbors,canals,and other facilities,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sk?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n } zero; used chiefly to determine when a bridge
circuit is in balance,Also known as null detec-nucleargyroscope [ENG] A gyroscopein which
the conventional spinning mass is replaced by tor,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
null method [ENG] A method of measurementthe spin of atomic nuclei and electrons; one ver-
sion uses optically pumped mercury isotopes,in which the measuring circuit is balanced to
bring the pointer of the indicating instrument toand another uses nuclear magnetic resonance
techniques,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080kleˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } zero,asin a Wheatstonebridge,andthe settings
of the balancing controls are then read,Alsonuclear magnetic resonance flowmeter [ENG]
A flowmeter in which nuclei of the flowing fluid known as balance method; zero method,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?l
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}areresonatedbyaradio-frequencyfieldsuperim-
posed on an intense permanent magnetic field,Nusselt equation [THERMO] Dimensionless
375
Nusseltnumber
equation used to calculate convection heat Nyquist contour [CONT SYS] A directed closed
path in the complex frequency plane used intransfer for heating or cooling of fluids outside
a bank of 10 or more rows of tubes to which the constructing a Nyquist diagram,which runs up-
ward,parallel to the whole length of the imagi-fluid flow is normal,{ vertstrokesuperiornu˙sH11080?lt ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
Nusselt number [THERMO] A dimensionless nary axis at an infinitesimal distance to the right
of it,and returnsfromH11001j
n
toH11002j
n
alonga semicir-number used in the study of forced convection
which gives a measure of the ratio of the total cle of infinite radius in the right half-plane.
{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkwist vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙r}heat transfer to conductive heat transfer,and
is equal to the heat-transfer coefficient times Nyquistdiagram [CONT SYS] A plot in the com-
plex plane of the open-loop transfer function asa characteristic length divided by the thermal
conductivity,Symbolized N
Nu
.{vertstrokesuperiornu˙sH11080?lt vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080 the complex frequency is varied along the
Nyquist contour; used to determine stability ofb?r}
nut [DES ENG] An internally threaded fasterner a control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkwist vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
NyquiststabilitycriterionSeeNyquiststabilitythe-for bolts and screws,{ n?t}
nutating antenna [ENG] An antenna system orem,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkwist st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ kr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
Nyquiststabilitytheorem [CONTSYS] Thetheo-used in conical scan radar,in which a dipole
or feed horn moves in a small circular orbit rem that the net number of counterclockwise
rotations about the origin of the complex planeabout the axis of a paraboloidal reflector with-
out changing its polarization,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? an carried out by the value of an analytic function
of a complex variable,as its argument is variedvertstrokesuperiortenH11080? }
nutating-disk meter [ENG] An instrument for aroundtheNyquistcontour,isequaltothenum-
berofpolesofthevariableintherighthalf-planemeasuring flow of a liquid in which liquid pass-
ing through a chamber causes a disk to nutate,minus the number of zeros in the right half-
plane,Also known as Nyquist stability crite-or roll back and forth,and the total number of
rollsis mechanicallycounted,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? |disk rion,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkwist st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
Nyquist’s theorem [ELECTR] The mean square|meˉdH11080?r}
nutation [MECH] Abobbingornoddingup-and- noisevoltageacrossaresistanceinthermalequi-
librium is four times the product of the resist-down motion of a spinning rigid body,such as
a top,as it precesses about its vertical axis,ance,Boltzmann’s constant,the absolute tem-
perature,and the frequency range within which{nu¨vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
nutator [ENG] A mechanical or electrical device the voltage is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkwists vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
nystagmogram [IND ENG] A recording of sac-used to move a radar beam in a circular,conical,
spiral,or other manner periodically to obtain cadic eye movements,that is,quick,rhythmic,
and usually involuntary oscillations of the eyes.greater air surveillance than could be obtained
with a stationary beam,{ vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r} {nivertstrokesuperiorstagH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
376
O
equipment concepts and the methodical im-OBA See octave-band analyzer.
provement of techniques which allow humansobliquevalve [MECHENG] Atypeofglobevalve
to operate successfully beneath the ocean sur-having an inclined orifice that serves to reduce
face in order to develop and utilize marine re-the disruption of the flow pattern of the working
sources,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }fluid,{?|bleˉk vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
oceanographic dredge [ENG] A device usedobliteratedcorner [CIVENG] Insurveying,acor-
aboard ship to bring up large samples of depos-ner for which visible evidence of the previous
its and sediments from the ocean bottom,{ |oˉH11080surveyor’sworkhasdisappeared,butwhoseorig-
sh?H11080n?|grafH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordrej }
inalpositioncanbeestablishedfromotherphys-
oceanographic platform [ENG] A construction
ical evidence and testimony,{?vertstrokesuperiorblidH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d
with a flat horizontal surface higher than the
vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080n?r}
water,on which oceanographic equipment is
observability [CONT SYS] Property of a system
suspended orinstalled,{ |oˉH11080sh?H11080n?|grafH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorplat
for which observation of the output variables at
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
all times is sufficient to determine the initial
oceanthermal-energyconversion [MECH ENG]
values of all the state variables,{?bvertstrokeinferiorz?rH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
The conversion of energy arising from the tem-
dH11080eˉ }
perature difference between warm surface water
observation spillover [CONT SYS] The part of
ofoceansandcolddeep-oceancurrentintoelec-
the sensor output of an active control system
trical energy or other useful forms of energy.
caused by modes that have been omited from
Abbreviated OTEC,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080
the control algorithm in the process of model
jeˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080zh?n}
reduction,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨bH11080z?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
octahedral normal stress [MECH] The normal
observer [CONT SYS] A linear system B driven
componentofstressacrossthe facesofaregular
by the inputs and outputs of another linear sys-
octahedron whose vertices lie on the principal
tem A which produces an output that converges
axes of stress; it is equal in magnitude to the
to some linear function of the state of system A.
sphericalstressacrossanysurface,Alsoknown
Also known as state estimator; state observer.
asmeanstress,{ |a¨kH11080t?|heˉH11080dr?lvertstrokesuperiorno˙rH11080m?lvertstrokeinferiorstres }
{?bvertstrokesuperiorz?rH11080v?r}
octahedralshearstress [MECH] The tangential
obsolescence [ENG] Decreasing value of func-
componentofstressacrossthe facesofaregular
tional and physical assets or value of a product
octahedron whose vertices lie on the principal
orfacilityfromtechnologicalchangesratherthan
axes of stress; it is a measure of the strength
deterioration,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨bH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlesH11080?ns }
of the deviatoric stress,{ |a¨kH11080t?|heˉH11080dr?l vertstrokesuperiorshir
obsolete [ENG] No longer satisfactory for the
vertstrokeinferiorstres }
purpose for which obtained,due to improve-
octane number [ENG] A rating that indicates
ments or revised requirements,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨bH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉt}
the tendency to knock when a fuel is used in
occlusion [ENG] The retention of undissolved
a standard internal combustion engine under
gas in a solid during solidification,{?vertstrokesuperiorklu¨H11080
standard conditions; n-heptane is 0,isooctane
zh?n}
is 100; different test methods yield other values
occupational ecology [IND ENG] A discipline
variously known as research octane,motor oc-
concerned with the interaction of workers with
tane,and road octane,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
the environment,and with matching humans octane requirement [MECH ENG] The fuel oc-
with the environment in the most ergonomically tane number needed for efficient operation
efficient way and with minimal disturbance of (without knocking or spark retardation) of an
the environment,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨H11080ky?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080shenH11080?livertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?H11080 internal combustion engine,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉnrivertstrokeinferiorkw?ˉrH11080
jeˉ } m?nt }
occupy [ENG] To set a surveying instrument octanescale [ENG] Series of arbitrary numbers
over a point for the purpose of making observa- from 0 to 120.3 used to rate the octane number
tions or measurements,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉ } of a gasoline; n-heptane is 0 octane,isooctane
ocean engineering [ENG] A subfield of engi- is 100,and isooctane H11001 6 milliliters TEL (tetra-
ethyllead) is 120.3,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}neering involved with the development of new
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
octave-bandanalyzer
octave-bandanalyzer [ENG ACOUS] A portable off-roadvehicle [MECH ENG] A conveyance de-
signed to travel on unpaved roads,trails,sound analyzer which amplifies a microphone
signal,feeds it into one of several band-pass beaches,or rough terrain rather than on public
roads,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙f|roˉd vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}filters selected by a switch,and indicates the
magnitude of sound in the corresponding fre- offset [BUILD] A horizontal ledge on the face
of a wall or other member that is formed byquencybandonalogarithmicscale;allthebands
except the highest and lowest span an octave in diminishing the thickness of the wall at that
point,Also known as setback,[CONT SYS]frequency,Abbreviated OBA,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080tiv |band
vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r } The steady-state difference between the desired
control point and that actually obtained in aoctave-band filter [ENG ACOUS] A band-pass
filter inwhich the upper cutofffrequency is twice process control system,[ENG] 1,A short per-
pendicular distance measured to a traversethe lower cutoff frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080tiv |band vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080
t?r } course or a surveyed line or principal line of
measurement in order to locate a point withoctoid [DES ENG] Pertaining to a gear tooth
form used to generate the teeth in bevel gears; respect to a point on the course or line.
2.Inseismicprospecting,thehorizontaldistancethe octoid form closely resembles the involute
form,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiorto˙id } betweenashotholeandthelineofprofile,meas-
ured perpendicular to the line,3,In seismicOD See outside diameter.
odd-leg caliper [DES ENG] A caliper in which refraction prospecting,the horizontal displace-
ment,measured from the detector,of a pointthe legs bend in the same direction instead of
opposite directions,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨d vertstrokeinferiorleg vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080p?r } for which a calculated depth is relevant,4,In
seismic reflection prospecting,the correction ofodograph [ENG] An instrument installed in a
vehicletoautomaticallyplotonamapthecourse a reflecting element from its position on a pre-
liminary working profile to its actual positionand distance traveled by the vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080d?
vertstrokeinferiorgraf } in space,[MECH] The value of strain between
theinitiallinearportionofthestress-straincurveodometer [ENG] 1,An instrument for measur-
ing distance traversed,as of a vehicle,2,The and a parallel line that intersects the stress-
strain curve of an arbitrary value of strain; usedindicating gage of such an instrument,3,A
wheel pulled by surveyors to measure distance as an index of yield stress; a value of 0.2% is
common,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset }traveled,{ oˉvertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
odorize [CHEM ENG] To add an unpleasant offset cab [ENG] Operator’s cab positioned to
one side of earthmoving equipment for greaterodor asa safety measureto anodorless material
such as fuel gas,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉz } visibility and safety,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiorkab }
offset cylinder [MECH ENG] A reciprocatingOehman’s survey instrument [ENG] A drill-
hole surveying apparatus that makes a photo- part in which the crank rotates about a center
off the centerline,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}graphic record of the compass and clinometer
readings,{ vertstrokesuperioraˉH11080m?nz vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt } offset line [ENG] A secondary line established
close to and roughly parallel with the primaryoff [ENG] Designating the inoperative state of
a device,or one of two possible conditions (the survey lineto which itis referencedby measured
offsets,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}other being ‘‘on’’) in a circuit,{ o˙f}
off-count mesh [DES ENG] A mesh in a wire offset screwdriver [DES ENG] A screwdriver
with the blade set perpendicular to the shankcloth inwhich thecount is notthe samefor both
directions,{ |o˙f vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt vertstrokesuperiormesh } foraccesstoscrewsinotherwiseawkwardplaces.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiorskru¨vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉvH11080?r}offhand grinding [MECH ENG] Grinding opera-
tions performed with hand-held tools,Also offset voltage [ELECTR] The differential input
voltage that must be applied to an operationalknown as freehand grinding,{ |o˙fvertstrokeinferiorhand vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080
i? } amplifier to return the zero-frequency output
voltage to zero volts,due to device mismatchingoff-highway vehicle [MECH ENG] A bulk-han-
dling machine,such as an earthmover or dump at the input stage,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
offset yield strength [MECH] That stress attruck,that is designed to operate on steep or
rough terrain and has a height and width that which the strain surpasses by a specific amount
(called the offset) an extension of the initial pro-may exceed highway legal limits,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ
vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l } portional portion of the stress-strain curve; usu-
ally expressed in pounds per square inch,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙foff-line [ENG] 1,A condition existing when the
drive rod of the drill swivel head is not centered vertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
offshoremooring [CIVENG] Ananchorageserv-and parallel with the borehole being drilled.
2.Aboreholethathasdeviatedfromitsintended inganareaforwhichitisnotconsideredfeasible
or cost-effective to construct a dock or providecourse,3.A conditionexisting whereinany lin-
ear excavation (shaft,drift,borehole) deviates a protected harbor,and providing equipment to
whichshipscanattachmooringlines,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙f|sho˙rfromapreviouslydeterminedorintendedsurvey
line or course,[IND ENG] State in which an vertstrokesuperiormu¨rH11080i? }
off-sitefacility [CHEM ENG] In a chemical proc-equipment or subsystem is in standby,mainte-
nance,or mode of operation other than on- ess plant,any supporting facility that is not a
direct part of the reaction train,such as utilities,line,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙f|l?ˉn}
378
ombroscope
steam,and waste-treatment facilities,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙f|s?ˉt oil-gasprocess [CHEM ENG] Process to manu-
facturehigh-caloric-valuefuelgasbythedestruc-f?vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tive distillation of high-boiling petroleum oils.off-the-shelf [INDENG] Availableforimmediate
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorgas vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}shipment,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙fth? |shelf }
oil groove [DES ENG] One of the grooves in aohm [ELEC] The unit of electrical resistance in
bearing which distribute and collect lubricatingthe rationalized meter-kilogram-second system
oil,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}of units,equal to the resistance through which
oilhole [ENG] A small hole for injecting oil fora current of 1 ampere will flow when there is a
a bearing,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
potential difference of 1 volt across it,Symbol-
oil-holedrill [DES ENG] A twist drill containing
ized H9024.{oˉm}
holes through which oil can be fed to the cutting
ohmic [ELEC] Pertaining to a substance or cir-
edges,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiordril }
cuit component that obeys Ohm’s law,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
oiliness [ENG] The effect of a lubricant to re-
mik }
duce friction between two solid surfaces in con-
ohmicdissipation [ELECTR] Lossof electricen-
tact; the effect is more than can be accounted
ergy when a current flows through a resistance
for by viscosity alone,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙iH11080leˉH11080n?s}
due to conversion into heat,Also known as
oilless bearing [MECH ENG] A self-lubricating
ohmic loss,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080mik vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080sh?n}
bearing containing solid or liquid lubricants in
ohmicloss See ohmic dissipation,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorlo˙s}
its material,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙ilH11080les vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
ohmmeter [ENG] An instrument for measuring
oillift [MECH ENG] Hydrostatic lubrication of a
electric resistance; scale may be graduated in
journal bearing by using oil at high pressure in
ohms or megohms,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
the area between the bottom of the journal and
Ohm’s law [ELEC] The law that the direct cur-
the bearing itself so that the shaft is raised and
rent flowing in an electric circuit is directly pro-
supported by an oil film whether it is rotating
portional to the voltage applied to the circuit; it
or not,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorlift }
is valid for metallic circuits and many circuits
oilpump [MECHENG] Apumpofthegear,vane,
containing an electrolytic resistance,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉmz
or plunger type,usually an integral part of the
vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
automotive engine; it lifts oil from the sump
ohmspervolt [ENG] Sensitivity rating for mea-
to the upper level in the splash and circulating
suring instruments,obtained by dividing the
systems,and in forced-feed lubrication it pumps
resistanceoftheinstrumentinohmsataparticu-
the oil to the tubes leading to the bearings and
lar range by the full-scale voltage value at that
other parts,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
range,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉmz p?r vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt }
oil reclaiming [ENG] 1,A process in which oil
OHV engine See overhead-valve engine,{ |oˉ
ispassedthroughafilterasitcomesfromequip-
|aˉchvertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
ment and then returned for reuse,in the same
oil bath [ENG] 1,Oil,in a container,within
manner that crank case oil is cleaned by an en-
which a mechanism works or into which it dips.
gine filter,2,A method in which solids are re-
2,Oil in which a piece of apparatus is sub-
moved from oil by treatment in settling tanks.
merged,3.Oil that is poured on a cutting tool.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il rivertstrokesuperiorklaˉmH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorbath }
oil ring [MECH ENG] 1,A ring located at the
oil burner [ENG] Liquid-fuel burner device us-
lower part of a piston to prevent an excess
ing a mixture of air and vaporized or atomized
amount of oil from being drawn up onto the
oil for combustion,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
piston during the suction stroke,2,A ring on
oilcooler [MECH ENG] A small radiator used to
ajournal,dippingintoanoilbathforlubrication.
cooltheoilthatlubricatesanautomotiveengine.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorri? }
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080l?r}
oilseal [ENG] 1.A device for preventing the en-
oilcup [ENG] Apermanentlymountedcupused
try or return of oil from a chamber,2,A device
to feed lubricant to a gear,usually with some
using oil as the sealing medium to prevent the
means of regulating the flow,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiork?p}
passage of fluid from one chamber to another.
oil dilution valve [MECH ENG] A valve used to
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}
mix gasoline with engine oil to permit easier
Oldham coupling See slider coupling,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉlH11080d?m
starting of the gasoline engine in cold weather.
vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il divertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
oleometer [ENG] 1.Adeviceformeasuringspe-
oil filter [ENG] Cartridge-type filter used in au-
cific gravity of oils,2,An instrument for de-
tomotive oil-lubrication systems to remove
termining the proportion of oil in a substance.
metalparticles andproductsof heatdecomposi- { vertstrokeinferioro
ˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
tion from the circulating oil,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r} oleo strut [MECH ENG] A shock absorber con-
oil fogging [ENG] Spraying a fine oil mist into sisting of a telescoping cylinder that forces oil
the gas stream of a distribution system to allevi- intoanairchamber,therebycompressingtheair;
ate the drying effects of gas on certain kinds used on aircraft landing gear,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080leˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorstr?t}
ofdistributionandutilizationequipment,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il ombrometer See rain gage,{ a¨mvertstrokesuperiorbra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorfa¨gH11080i? } ombroscope [ENG] An instrument consisting
oilfurnace [MECHENG] Acombustionchamber of a heated,water-sensitive surface which indi-
in which oil is the heat-producing fuel,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙il cates by mechanical or electrical techniques the
occurrence of precipitation; the output of thevertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
379
omnibearingconverter
instrument may be arranged to trip an alarm or one-way slab [CIV ENG] A concrete slab in
which the reinforcing steel runs perpendicularto record on a time chart,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080br?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
omnibearing converter [ENG] An electrome- to the supporting beams,that is,one way.
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?n vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokesuperiorslab }chanical device which combines an omnirange
signal with heading information to furnish elec- ongrade [CIVENG] 1.At groundlevel,2.Sup-
ported directly on the ground,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n vertstrokesuperiorgraˉd}trical signals for the operation of the pointer
of a radio magnetic indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? oniondiagram [SYS ENG] A schematic diagram
of a system that is composed of concentric cir-k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
omnibearing indicator [ENG] An instrument cles,with the innermost circle representing the
core,and all the outer layers dependent on theproviding automatic and continuous indication
of omnibearing,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r } core,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080y?n vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
on-offcontrol [CONT SYS] A simple control sys-omnibearing selector [ENG] A device capable
of being set manually to any desired omnibear- teminwhichthedevicebeingcontrollediseither
full on or full off,with no intermediate operatinging,or its reciprocal,to control a course-line
deviationindicator,Alsoknownasradialselec- positions,Also known as on-off system,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n
vertstrokesuperioro˙fk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}tor,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
omnidirectional hydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A on-off system See on-off control,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n vertstrokesuperioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
t?m}hydrophone whose response is fundamentally
independent of the incident sound wave’s angle Onsager reciprocal relations [THERMO] A set
of conditions which state that the matrix,whoseof arrival,{ |a¨mH11080n?H11080divertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
omnigraph [ENG] An automatic acetylene cut- elements express various fluxes of a system
(suchasdiffusionandheatconduction)aslineartercontrolledbyamechanicalpointerthattraces
a pattern; capable of cutting several duplicates functions of the various conjugate affinities
(such as mass and temperature gradients) forsimultaneously,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
omnimeter [ENG] A theodolite with a micro- systemsclose toequilibrium,is symmetricwhen
certain definitions are chosen for these fluxesscope that can be used to observe vertical angu-
lar movement of the telescope,{ a¨mvertstrokesuperiornimH11080?dH11080 and affinities,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙nvertstrokeinferiorsa¨gH11080?rrivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
sh?nz }?r}
on [ENG] Designating the operating state of a on stream [CHEM ENG] Of a plant or process-
operations unit,being in operation,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙ndevice or one of two possible conditions (the
other being ‘‘off’’) in a circuit,{ o˙n} vertstrokeinferiorstreˉm}
on-stream factor [IND ENG] The ratio of theoncenter [BUILD] The measurement made be-
tween the centers of two adjacent members,number of operating days to the number of cal-
endar days per year,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n vertstrokeinferiorstreˉm vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080t?r}{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
once-through boiler [MECH ENG] A boiler in on-streamtime [CHEMENG] Inplantorprocess
operations,the actual time that a unit is op-whichwaterflows,withoutrecirculation,sequen-
tially through the economizer,furnace wall,and erating and producing product,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙n vertstrokeinferiorstreˉm
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}evaporating and superheating tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ns
|thru¨ vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r} OPDAR [ENG] Alasersystemformeasuringele-
vation angle,azimuth angle,and slant range ofon composition See on grade,{ |o˙n vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?
vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n } a missile during its firing period,Derived from
optical direction and ranging,Also known ason-conditionmaintenance [INDENG] Examina-
tion of those aspects of an installation that are optical radar,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
open [ELEC] 1,Condition in which conductorspredictive of pending failure,followed by perfor-
mance of preventative maintenance activities are separated so that current cannot pass.
2,Break or discontinuity in a circuit which canbefore occurrence of total failure,{ |o˙n
k?n|dishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080?ns } normally pass a current,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n}
open-belt drive [DES ENG] A belt drive havingone-digit subtracter See half-subtracter,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?n
vertstrokeinferiordijH11080?ts?bvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r } both shafts parallel and rotating in the same
direction,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokeinferiorbelt vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}one-hundred-percent premium plan [IND ENG]
A wage incentive plan wherein each unit pro- openberth [CIV ENG] An anchorage berth in an
open roadstead,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorb?rth }duced by an employee in excess of standard is
compensated at the same rate paid for each unit open caisson [CIV ENG] A caisson in the form
of a cylinder or shaft that is open at both ends;ofstandardproduction,Also knownasstraight
piecework system; straight proportional system,it is set in place,pumped dry,and filled with
concrete,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}{ vertstrokesuperiorw?n vertstrokeinferiorh?nH11080dr?dp?r|sent vertstrokesuperiorpreˉH11080meˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorplan }
one-shot molding [ENG] Production of ure- open-center plan position indicator [ENG] A
plan position indicator on which no signal isthane-plastic foam in which the isocynate,po-
lyol,and catalyst and other additives are mixed displayed within a set distance from the center.
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorplan p?vertstrokeinferiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}directly together and a foam is produced imme-
diately,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?n vertstrokeinferiorsha¨t vertstrokesuperiormoˉldH11080i? } opencircuit [ELEC] An electric circuit that has
been broken,so that there is no complete pathone-sidedacceptancesamplingtest [IND ENG]
Atestagainstasinglespecificationonly,inwhich for current flow,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
open-circuit grinding [MECH ENG] Grindingpermissible values in one direction are not lim-
ited,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080?dikvertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns vertstrokesuperiorsampH11080li?vertstrokeinferiortest } system in which material passes through the
380
operationprocesschart
grinder without classification of product and supporting timbers are left uncovered,forming
part of the ceiling,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n |timH11080b?rd vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}without recycle of oversize lumps; in contrast
to closed-circuit grinding,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n |s?rH11080k?t open traverse [ENG] A surveying traverse in
which the last leg,because of error,does notvertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
open-circuitscuba [ENG] The simplest type of terminate at the origin of the first leg,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
p?n vertstrokesuperiortravertstrokeinferiorv?rs }scuba equipment,in which all exhaled gas is
dischargeddirectlyintothewaterandtheutiliza- open valley [BUILD] A valley formed at the in-
tersection of two roof surfaces and lined withtion of gas is therefore equal to the mass
exhaled,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n |s?rH11080k?t vertstrokesuperiorsku¨H11080b? } either metal or a mineral-surfaced roofing mate-
rial; the lining is exposed at the intersection.opencut [CIV ENG] An open trench,such as
across a hill,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080pH11080?n|k?t} {vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080eˉ }
open-webgirder See lattice girder,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n |webopen cycle [THERMO] A thermodynamic cycle
in which new mass enters the boundaries of the vertstrokesuperiorg?rdH11080?r}
open well [CIV ENG] 1,A well whose diametersystem and spent exhaust leaves it; the automo-
tive engine and the gas turbine illustrate this is great enough (1 meter or more) for a person
to descend to the water level,2,An artificialprocess,{ |oˉH11080p?n |s?ˉH11080k?l}
open-cycle engine [MECH ENG] An engine in pond filling a large excavation in the zone of
saturation up to thewater table,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorwel }which the working fluid is discharged after one
pass through boiler and engine,{ |oˉH11080p?n |s?ˉH11080k?l operatingline [CHEM ENG] In the graphical so-
lution of equilibrium processes (such as distilla-vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
open-cyclegasturbine [MECH ENG] A gas tur- tion absorption extraction),the actual liquid-
vapor relationship of a key component,in con-bine prime mover in which air is compressed
in the compressor element,fuel is injected and trast to a true equilibrium relationship,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}burned in the combustor,and the hot products
are expanded in the turbine element and ex- operatingpressure [ENG] The system pressure
at which a process is operating,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?haustedtotheatmosphere,{ |oˉH11080p?n |s?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgas
vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n} vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
operatingstress [MECH] The stress to which aopen-end wrench [DES ENG] A wrench con-
sisting of fixed jaws at one or both ends of a structural unit is subjected in service,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstres }handle,{ |oˉH11080p?n |end vertstrokesuperiorrench }
openhole [ENG] 1.Awellorborehole,orapor- operating water level [MECH ENG] The water
level in a boiler drum which is normally main-tion thereof,that has not been lined with steel
tubing at the depth referred to,2,An unob- tained above the lowest safe level,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
i?vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}structed borehole,3,A borehole being drilled
without cores,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl} operation [IND ENG] A job,usually performed
in one location,and consisting of one or moreopeningdie [MECH ENG] A die head for cutting
screws that opens automatically to release the work elements,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
operational [ENG] Of equipment such as air-cut thread,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉpH11080?H11080ni?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
openingpressure [MECH ENG] The static inlet craftorvehicles,beinginsuchastateofrepairas
to be immediately usable,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nH11080?l}pressure at which discharge is initiated,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉpH11080
H11080ni?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r} operational game See management game,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉm}open-loopcontrolsystem [CONTSYS] Acontrol
system in which the system outputs are con- operational maintenance [ENG] The cleaning,
servicing,preservation,lubrication,inspection,trolled by system inputs only,and no account
is taken of actual system output,{ |oˉH11080p?n |lu¨p and adjustment of equipment; it includes that
minor replacement of parts not requiring highk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
open plan [BUILD] Arrangement of the interior technical skill,internal alignment,or special
locative training,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080of a building without distinct barriers such as
partitions,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokeinferiorplan }?ns }
operationanalysis [IND ENG] An analysis of allopenshop [IND ENG] A shop in which employ-
ment is not restricted to members of a labor procedures concerned with the design or im-
provement of production,thepurpose of the op-union,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n |sha¨p}
open-side planer [DES ENG] A planer con- eration,inspection standards,materials used
and the manner of handling them,the setup,structed with one upright or housing to support
the crossrail and tools,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080?r } tool equipment,and working conditions and
methods,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}open-side tool block [DES ENG] A toolholder
on a cutting machine consisting of a T-slot operationanalysischart [IND ENG] A form that
lists all the essential factors influencing theclamp,a C-shaped block,and two or more tool
clamping screws,Also known as heavy-duty effectiveness of an operation,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n
vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }tool block,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
opensystem [THERMO] Asystem acrosswhose operation breakdown See job breakdown,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}boundaries both matter and energy may pass.
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080p?n vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m} operation process chart [IND ENG] A graphic
representation that gives an overall view of anopen-timberedroof [BUILD] A roof inwhich the
381
operationssequence
entireprocess,includingthepointsatwhichma- photodiode,Also known as fiber-optic sensor.
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l |f?ˉH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}terials are introduced,the sequence of inspec-
tions,andalloperationsnotinvolvedinmaterial optical fluid-flow measurement [ENG] Any
method of measuring the varying densities of ahandling,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
operations sequence [CONT SYS] The logical fluid in motion,such as schlieren,interferome-
ter,or shadowgraph,which depends on the factseries of procedures that constitute the task for
a robot,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nz vertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080kw?ns } that light passing through a flow field of varying
density is retarded differently through the field,operator [ENG] A person whose duties include
the operation,adjustment,and maintenance of resulting in refraction of the rays,and in a rela-
tive phase shift among different rays,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080a piece of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
operatorprocesschart [INDENG] Achartofthe k?l vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d |floˉ vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
optical gage [ENG] A gage that measures antime relationship of the movements made by
the body members of a workman performing an imageofanobject,anddoesnottouchtheobject
itself,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}operation,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
operator productivity [IND ENG] The ratio of optical indicator [ENG] An instrument which
makes a plot of pressure in the cylinder of anstandard hours to actual hours for a given task.
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨dH11080?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ } engine as a function of piston (or volume) dis-
placement,making use of magnification by opti-operator training [IND ENG] The process used
to prepare the employee to make his expected cal systems and photographic recording; for ex-
ample,thesmallmotionofapressurediaphragmcontribution to his employer,usually involving
the teaching of specialized skills,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r may betransmitted toa mirrorto deflect abeam
of light,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiortraˉnH11080i? }
operatorutilization [INDENG] Theratioofwork- optical isolator See optoisolator,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080
s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}ing time to total clock time; a ratio of 1.00 (or
100) indicates full utilization of the operator’s optical lantern [ENG] A device for projecting
positive transparent pictures from glass or filmwork time,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferioryu¨dH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
opisometer [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuring onto a reflecting screen; it consists of a concen-
trated source of light,a condenser system,athe length of curved lines,such as those on a
map; a wheel on the instrument is traced over holder (or changer) for the slide,a projection
lens,and(usually) a blowerfor coolingthe slide.the line,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
opposed engine [MECH ENG] A reciprocating Also known as slide projector,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiorlanH11080t?rn }engine having the pistons on opposite sides of
the crankshaft,with the piston strokes on each optical lithography [ELECTR] Lithography in
whichanintegratedcircuitpatternisfirstcreatedside working in a directionopposite to the direc-
tion of the strokes on the other side,{?vertstrokesuperiorpoˉzd on a glass plate or mask and is then transferred
to the resist by one of a number of optical tech-vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
optical amplifier [ENG] An optoelectronic am- niques by using visible or ultraviolet light.
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?llivertstrokesuperiortha¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }plifier in which the electric input signal is con-
vertedtolight,amplifiedaslight,thenconverted opticallycoupledisolator See optoisolator.
opticallypumped magnetometer [ENG] A typeback to an electric signal for the output,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080
t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } of magnetometer that measures total magnetic
field intensity by observation of the precessionoptical bench [ENG] A rigid horizontal bar or
track for holding optical devices in experiments; frequency of magnetic atoms,usually gaseous
rubidium,cesium,or helium,which are magne-it allows device positions to be changed and
adjusted easily,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbench } tized by irradiation with circularly polarized light
of a suitable wavelength,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080kleˉ |p?mptoptical comparator [ENG] Any comparator in
which movement of a measuring plunger tilts a vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
opticalmask [ELECTR] A thin sheet of metal orsmall mirror which reflects light in an optical
system,Also known as visual comparator,other substance containing an open pattern,
used to suitably expose to light a photoresistive{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080?r}
optical coupler See optoisolator,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l substance overlaid on a semiconductor or other
surface to form an integrated circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r}
optical coupling [ELECTR] Coupling between k?l vertstrokesuperiormask }
optical microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-two circuits by means of a light beam or light
pipehavingtransducersatoppositeends,toiso- phone in which the motion of a membrane is
detected using a light beam reflected from it,late the circuits electrically,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080
li? } either with the aid of an interferometer or by
detecting the deflection of the beam,{ |a¨pH11080t?H11080optical direction andranging See OPDAR,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080
t?H11080k?ldivertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }k?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
optical proximity sensor [ENG] A device thatoptical-fiber sensor [ENG] An instrument in
which the physical quantity to be measured is uses the principle of triangulation of reflected
infrared or visible light to measure small dis-made to modulate the intensity,spectrum,
phase,or polarization of light from a light-emit- tances in a robotic system,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l pra¨k
vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}ting diode or laser diode traveling through an
opticalfiber;themodulatedlightisdetectedbya optical pyrometer [ENG] An instrument which
382
orbitalangularmomentum
determinesthetemperatureof averyhotsurface algorithm which generates the best estimate of
a dynamical variable at a certain time based onfrom its incandescent brightness; the image of
the surface is focused in the plane of an electri- all available data,both past and future,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080
t?H11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨thH11080?r}cally heated wire,and current through the wire
is adjusted until the wire blends into the image optimization [SYS ENG] 1,Broadly,the efforts
and processes of making a decision,a design,ofthesurface,Alsoknownasdisappearingfila-
ment pyrometer,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?lp?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } or a system as perfect,effective,or functional as
possible,2,Narrowly,the specific methodol-opticalradar See OPDAR,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
optical rangefinder [ENG] An optical instru- ogy,techniques,and procedures used to decide
on the one specific solution in a defined setment for measuring distance,usually from its
positiontoatargetpoint,bymeasuringtheangle of possible alternatives that will best satisfy a
selected criterion,Also known as system opti-betweenraysoflightfromthetarget,whichenter
the rangefinder through the windows spaced mization,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
optimizing control function [CONT SYS] Thatapart,the distance between the windows being
termed the baselength of the rangefinder; the level in the functional decomposition of a large-
scale control system which determines the nec-two types are coincidence and stereoscopic.
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080?r } essary relationships among the variables of the
system to achieve an optimal,or suboptimal,opticalrecording [ENG] Production of a record
by focusing on photographic paper a beam of performance based on a given approximate
model of the plant and its environment,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080light whose position on the paper depends on
the quantity to be measured,as in a light-beam t?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
optimumcure [CHEMENG] Thedegreeofvulca-galvanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? }
optical reflectometer [ENG] An instrument nization at which maximum desired property is
reached,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?m vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙r}which measures on surfaces the reflectivity of
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in or optocoupler See optoisolator,{ |a¨pH11080toˉvertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r}
optoelectronic amplifier [ENG] An amplifier innearthevisibleregion,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?lvertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorflekvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080
dH11080?r } which the input and output signals and the
methodofamplificationmaybeeitherelectronicopticalrelay [ELECTR] Anoptoisolatorinwhich
the output device is a light-sensitive switch that or optical,{ |a¨pH11080toˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
optoelectronicintegration [ELECTR] A technol-provides the same on and off operations as the
contacts of a relay,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ } ogy that combines optical components with
electronic components such as transistors on aopticalsquare [ENG] A surveyor’s hand instru-
ment used for laying of right angles; employs single wafer to obtain highly functional circuits.
{ vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080toˉvertstrokeinferioriH11080lek|tra¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}two mirrors at a 45H11034 angle,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorskwer }
optical tracking [ENG] The determination of optoelectronicisolatorSeeoptoisolator,{ |a¨pH11080toˉH11080
ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}spatial positions of distant airplanes,missiles,
and artificial satellites as a function of time,or optoelectronics [ELECTR] 1.Thebranchofelec-
tronicsthatdealswithsolid-stateandotherelec-the recording of engineering events,by precise
time-correlated observations with various types tronic devices for generating,modulating,trans-
mitting,and sensing electromagnetic radiationof telescopes or ballistic cameras,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080k?l
vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? } in the ultraviolet,visible-light,and infrared por-
tionsofthespectrum,2,Seephotonics,{ |a¨pH11080optician [ENG] A maker of optical instruments
or lenses,{ a¨pvertstrokesuperiortishH11080?n} toˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks }
optoelectronic shutter [ENG] A shutter thatoptimal control theory [CONT SYS] An exten-
sion of the calculus of variations for dynamic uses a Kerr cell to modulate a beam of light.
{ |a¨pH11080toˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?r}systems with one independent variable,usually
time,inwhichcontrol(input)variablesaredeter- optoisolator [ELECTR] A coupling device in
which a light-emitting diode,energized by themined to maximize (or minimize) some measure
of the performance (output) of a system while input signal,is optically coupled to a photode-
tector such as a light-sensitive output diode,satisfying specified constraints,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?l
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ } transistor,or silicon controlled rectifier,Also
known as optical coupler; optical isolator; opti-optimal feedback control [CONT SYS] A sub-
field of optimal control theory in which the con- cally coupled isolator; optocoupler; optoelec-
tronic isolator; photocoupler; photoisolator.trol variables are determined as functions of the
current state of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfeˉd{|a¨pH11080toˉvertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
optophone [ENGACOUS] Adevicewithaphoto-vertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
optimalprogramming [CONT SYS] A subfield of electric cell to convert ordinary printed letters
into a series of sounds; used by the blind.optimal control theory in which the control vari-
ables are determined as functions of time for a { vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
orange-peel bucket [DES ENG] A type of grabspecified initial state of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080
m?l vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? } bucket that is multileaved and generally round
in configuration,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080inj vertstrokeinferiorpeˉl vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}optimal regulator problem See linear regulator
problem,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080 orbitalangularmomentum [MECH] Theangular
momentum associated with the motion of a par-l?m}
optimal smoother [CONT SYS] An optimal filer ticle about an origin,equal to the cross product
383
orbitalmoment
ofthepositionvectorwiththelinearmomentum,circle is parallel to the direction it had in the
Also known as orbital momentum,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?dH11080?l preceding or initial setup,or parallel to a stand-
vertstrokesuperiora?H11080gy?H11080l?rm?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m} ard reference line,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nt }
orbital moment See orbital angular momentum,orientation [ENG] Establishment of the correct
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt } relationship in direction with reference to the
orbitalmomentumSeeorbital angular momentum,points of the compass,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?dH11080?lm?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m} orientationvector [MECH ENG] A vector whose
orbitalplane [MECH] The plane which contains direction indicates the orientation of a robot
the orbit of a body or particle in a central force
gripper,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080eˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
field;itpassesthroughthecenterofforce,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080
oriented core [ENG] A core that can be posi-
b?dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn}
tioned on the surface in the same way that it
orbital sander [MECH ENG] An electric sander
was arranged in the borehole before extraction.
that moves the abrasive in an elliptical pattern.
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorentH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorko˙r}
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080b?dH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsanH11080d?r}
orifice meter [ENG] An instrument that meas-
ORcircuit See OR gate,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
ures fluid flow by recording differential pressure
order of phase transition [THERMO] A phase
across a restriction placed in the flow stream
transition in which there is a latent heat and an
and the static or actual pressure acting on the
abrupt change in properties,such as in density,
system,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?r}
is a first-order transition; if there is not such a
orifice mixer [MECH ENG] Arrangement in
change,the order of the transition is one greater
which two or more liquids are pumped through
thanthelowestderivativeofsuchpropertieswith
an orifice constriction to cause turbulence and
respect to temperature which has a discontinu-
consequentmixingaction,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
ity,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?r?v vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz tranvertstrokeinferiorzishH11080?n}
orifice plate [DES ENG] A disk,with a hole,
order point [IND ENG] The inventory level at
placed in a pipeline to measure flow,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080
which a replenishment order must be placed.
f?s vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
originalduration [INDENG] Theinitialestimate
orderquantity [IND ENG] The number of pieces
of length of time required to complete a given
ordered to replenish the inventory,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?r
activity,{?|rijH11080?nH11080?ld?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨nH11080?dH11080eˉ }
O ring [DES ENG] A flat ring made from syn-
ordinarygeartrain [MECH ENG] A gear train in
thetic rubber,used as an airtight seal or a seal
which all axes remain stationary relative to the
against high pressures,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉ vertstrokeinferiorri? }
frame,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
orograph [ENG] A machine that records both
ordnance [ENG] Militarymateriel,suchascom-
distance and elevations as it is pushed across
bat weapons of all kinds,with ammunition and
landsurfaces;usedinmakingtopographicmaps.
equipment for their use,vehicles,and repair
{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
tools and machinery,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080n?ns }
orometer [ENG] A barometer with a scale that
organic bonded wheel [DES ENG] A grinding
indicates elevation above sea level,{ o˙vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
wheel in which organic bonds are used to hold
dH11080?r}
the abrasive grains,{ o˙rvertstrokesuperiorganH11080ik |ba¨nH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}
orthometriccorrection [ENG] A systematic cor-
organizational reengineering [SYS ENG] The
rection that must be applied to a measured dif-
study,capture,and modification of the internal
ference in elevation since level surfaces at vary-
mechanisms or functionality of existing system-
ing elevations are not absolutely parallel,{ |o˙rH11080
managementprocessesandpracticesinanorga-
th?|meH11080trik k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n}
nization in order to reconstitute them in a new
orthometric height [ENG] The distance above
form and with new features,often to take advan-
sea level measured along a plumb line,{ |o˙rH11080
tage of newly emerged organizational competi-
th?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt}
tivenessrequirements,butwithout changingthe
orthotropic [MECH] Having elastic properties
inherent purpose of the organization itself.
such as those of timber,that is,with consider-
Alsoknownassystemsmanagementreengineer-
able variations of strength in two or more direc-
ing,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080g?H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorzaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
tions perpendicular to one another,{ |o˙rH11080
organizationchart [INDENG] Graphicrepresen-
th?|tra¨pH11080ik }
tation of the interrelationships within an organi-
orthotropicdeck [CIV ENG] A bridge deck con-
zation,depicting linesof authorityand responsi-
structedtypicallyofflatsteelplateandlongitudi-
bility andprovisions for control,{ vertstrokeinferioro˙rH11080g?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
nalandtransverseribs;functionsincarryingtraf-
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
fic and acting as top flanges of floor beams.ORgate [ELECTR] A multiple-input gate circuit
{ |o˙rH11080th?|tra¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordek }whoseoutputisenergizedwhenanyoneormore
oscillating conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyorof the inputs is in a prescribed state; performs
on which pulverized solids are moved by a panthe function of the logical inclusive-or; used in
ortroughbedattachedtoavibratororoscillatingdigital computers,Also known as OR circuit.
mechanism,Also known as vibrating conveyor.{ vertstrokesuperioro˙r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}orient [ENG] 1,To place or set a map so that
oscillatinggranulator [MECH ENG] Solids size-the map symbols are parallel with their corres-
reducer in which particles are broken by a set ofponding ground features,2,To turn a transit
sothatthedirectionofthe0H11034lineofitshorizontal oscillating bars arranged in cylindrical form over
384
output-meteradapter
a screen of suitable mesh,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorgranH11080 two constant-volume phases,Also known as
y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} spark-ignition combustion cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080
oscillating screen [MECH ENG] Solids separa- k?l}
tor in which the sifting screen oscillates at 300 Otto engine [MECH ENG] An internal combus-
to 400 revolutions per minute in a plane parallel
tion engine that operates on the Otto cycle,
to the screen,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn}
where the phases of suction,compression,com-
oscillation See cycling,{ vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
bustion,expansion,and exhaust occur sequen-
oscillator [ELECTR] 1,An electronic circuit that
tially in a four-stroke-cycle or two-stroke-cycle
converts energy from a direct-current source to
reciprocating mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
a periodically varying electric output,2,The
Otto-Lardillon method [MECH] A method of
stage of a superheterodyne receiver that gener-
computing trajectories of missiles with low ve-
ates a radio-frequency signal of the correct fre-
locities(sothatdragisproportionaltotheveloc-
quency to mix with the incoming signal and pro-
ity squared) and quadrant angles of departure
duce the intermediate-frequency value of the re-
that may be high,in which exact solutions of the
ceiver,3,The stage of a transmitter that
equations of motion are arrived at by numerical
generates the carrier frequency of the station
integrationandarethentabulated,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorla¨rH11080
or some fraction of the carrier frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080
deˉvertstrokesuperioryo˙n vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
ounce [MECH] 1,A unit of mass in avoirdupois
oscillatorycircuit [ELEC] Circuit containing in-
measure equal to 1/16 pound or to approxi-
ductanceorcapacitance,orboth,andresistance,
mately 0.0283495 kilogram,Abbreviated oz.
connectedsothatavoltageimpulsewillproduce
2,A unit of mass in either troy or apothecaries’
an output current which periodically reverses or
measure equal to 480 grains or exactly
oscillates,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?H11080l?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
0.0311034768 kilogram,Also known as apothe-
oscillistor [ELECTR] A bar of semiconductor
caries’ ounce or troy ounce (abbreviations are
material,such as germanium,that will oscillate
oz ap and oz t in the United States,and oz apothmuch like a quartz crystal when it is placed in a
and oz tr in the United Kingdom),{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙ns }magnetic field and is carrying direct current that
ouncedal [MECH] A unit of force equal to theflows parallel to the magnetic field,{ |a¨sH11080
force which will impart an acceleration of 1 foot?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080t?r}
per second per second to a mass of 1 ounce;oscillogram [ENG] The permanent record pro-
ducedby anoscillograph,oraphotograph ofthe equal to 0.0086409346485 newton,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙nH11080
trace produced by an oscilloscope,{?vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080 s?vertstrokeinferiordal }
vertstrokeinferiorgram } outfall [CIV ENG] The point at which a sewer or
oscillograph [ENG] A measurement device for drainage channel discharges to a body of wa-
determiningwaveformbyrecordingtheinstanta- ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorau
˙tvertstrokeinferiorfo˙l}
neous values of a quantity such as voltage as a
outflow [CHEM ENG] Flow of fluid product out
function of time,{?vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
of a process facility,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
Ostwald process [CHEM ENG] An industrial
outgassing [ENG] The release of adsorbed or
preparation of nitric acid by the oxidation of
occluded gases or water vapor,usually by heat-
ammonia; the oxidation takes place in succes-
ing,as from a vacuum tube or other vacuum
sive stages to nitric oxide,nitrogen dioxide,and
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorgasH11080i? }
nitric acid; a catalyst of platinum gauze is used
outlet ventilator See louver,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorlet vertstrokesuperiorventH11080
and high temperatures are needed,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙stvertstrokeinferiorva¨lt
lvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
output [ELECTR] 1,The current,voltage,power,
Ostwald’s adsorption isotherm [THERMO] An
driving force,or information which a circuit or
equation stating that at a constant temperature
device delivers,2,Terminals or other places
theweightofmaterialadsorbedonanadsorbent
whereacircuitordevicecandelivercurrent,volt-
dispersed through a gas or solution,per unit
age,power,driving force,or information.
weight of adsorbent,is proportional to the
{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
concentration of the adsorbent raised to some
outputindicator [ENG] A meter or other device
constant power,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙stvertstrokeinferiorva¨lts advertstrokesuperiorso¨rpH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080s?
that is connected to a radio receiver to indicate
vertstrokeinferiorth?rm }
variations in output signal strength for align-
Ostwald viscometer [ENG] A viscometer in
mentandotherpurposes,withoutindicatingthe
whichliquidisdrawnintothehigheroftwoglass
exact value of output,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
bulbs joined by a length of capillary tubing,and
output-limited [ENG] Restricted by the need to
the time for its meniscus to fall between calibra-
await completion of an output operation,as in
tion marks above and below the upper bulb is
process control or data processing,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t
compared with that for a liquid of known viscos-
vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?dH11080?d}
ity,{ vertstrokesuperioro˙stvertstrokeinferiorva¨lt vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
outputmeter [ENG] Analternating-currentvolt-
OTEC See ocean thermal energy conversion.
meter connected to the output of a receiver or
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉvertstrokeinferiortek }
amplifier to measure output signal strength inotter See paravane,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?r}
volume units or decibels,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}Otto cycle [THERMO] A thermodynamic cycle
output-meteradapter [ENG] Device that can befor the conversion of heat into work,consisting
of two isentropic phases interspersed between slipped over the plate prong of the output tube
385
outputpower
of a radio receiver to provide a conventional ter- overflowchannel [CIV ENG] An artificial water-
minal to which an output meter can be con- way for conducting wateraway from an overflow-
nected during alignment,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r ing structure such as a reservoir or canal,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiordapH11080t?r} v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
outputpower [ELEC] Power delivered by a sys- overflowdam [CIVENG] Adambuiltwithacrest
tem or transducer to its load,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080 to allow the overflow of water,Also known as
r} overfall dam; spillway dam,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
output shaft [MECH ENG] The shaft that trans- overflowgroove [ENG] Small groove on a plas-
fers motion from the prime mover to the driven
tics mold that allows material to flow freely,to
machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t vertstrokeinferiorshaft }
preventweldlinesandlowdensityinthefinished
output standard See standard time,{ vertstrokesuperiorau¨tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t
productandtodisposeofexcessmaterial,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }
v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorgru¨v}
outrigger [ENG] A steel beam or lattice girder
overflow pipe [ENG] Open pipe protruding
extending from a crane to provide stability by
above the surface of a liquid in a container,such
widening the base,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorrigH11080?r}
as a distillation or absorption column or a toilet
outsidecaliper [DES ENG] A caliper having two
tank,to control the height of the liquid; excess
curved legs which point toward each other; used
liquid enters the pipe’s open end and drains
for measuring outside dimensions of a work-
away,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
piece,{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080p?r}
overgear [MECH ENG] A gear train in which the
outside diameter [DES ENG] The outer diame-
angular velocity ratio of the driven shaft to driv-
terofapipe,includingthewallthickness;usually
ing shaft is greater than unity,as when the pro-
measured with calipers,Abbreviated OD.
pelling shaft of an automobile revolves faster
{ vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdd?ˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080?dH11080?r}
than the engine shaft,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorgir }
oven [ENG] A heated enclosure for baking,
overhang [BUILD] The distance measured hori-
heating,or drying,{ vertstrokesuperior?vH11080?n}
zontally that a roof projects beyond a wall.
overallplateefficiency [CHEMENG] Foraspec-
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorha? }
ified liquid-mixture separation in a fractionation
overhaul [ENG] A maintenance procedure for
(ordistillation) tower,the ratioof actualto theo-
machineryinvolvingdisassembly,theinspecting,
reticalplates(ortrays)required,{ |oˉH11080v?r|o˙lvertstrokesuperiorplaˉt
refinishing,adjusting,andreplacingofparts,and
ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
reassembly and testing,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorho˙l}
overarm [MECH ENG] One of the adjustable
overhead [CHEM ENG] Pertaining to fluid (gas
supports for the end of a milling-cutter arbor
or liquid) effluent from the top of a process ves-
farthest from the machine spindle,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
sel,such as a distillation column,See fixed cost.
v?rvertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed }
overbreak [CIV ENG] Rock excavated in excess
overhead camshaft [MECH ENG] A camshaft
of the neat lines of a tunnel or cutting,Also
mounted above the cylinder head,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
known as backbreak,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokesuperiorkamvertstrokeinferiorshaft }
overcoating [ENG] Extruding a plastic web be-
overheadcost See fixed cost,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorko˙st }
yond the edge of the substrate web in extrusion
overhead shovel [MECH ENG] A tractor which
coating,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
digs with a shovel at its front end,swings the
overcuring [CHEM ENG] A condition resulting
shovelrearwardoverhead,anddumpstheshovel
from vulcanizing longer than necessary to
at its rear end,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}
achieve full development of physical strength;
overhead traveling crane [MECH ENG] A
causes softness or brittleness and impaired age-
hoisting machine with a bridgelike structure
resisting quality of the material,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorkyu˙rH11080
movedonwheelsalongoverheadtrackagewhich
i? }
is usually fixed to the building structure,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
overcurrent protection See overload protection.
v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed |travH11080?H11080li?vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
{ |oˉH11080v?r|k?H11080r?nt pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
overhead-valve engine [MECH ENG] A four-
overdrilling [ENG] The act or process of drilling
stroke-cycle internal combustion engine having
arunorlengthofboreholegreaterthanthecore-
its valves located in the cylinder head,operated
capacity length of the core barrel,resulting in
bypushrods thatactuate rockerarms,Abbrevi-
loss of the core,{ |oˉH11080v?rvertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
ated OHV engine,Also known as valve-in-head
overdrive [MECH ENG] An automobile engine
engine,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorhed |valv vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
device that lowers the gear ratio,thereby reduc-
overlapradar [ENG] Radar located in one sec-
ing fuel consumption,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
tor whose area of useful radar coverage includesoverfalldamSeeoverflowdam,{ vertstrokesuperioro
ˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorfo˙l vertstrokeinferiordam }
aportionofanothersector,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorlapvertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}overfire draft [MECH ENG] The air pressure in
overlay [CIV ENG] A repair topping of asphalta boiler furnace during occurrence of the main
or concrete placed on a worn roadway,[ENG]flame,{ |oˉH11080v?r|f?ˉr vertstrokesuperiordraft }
1,Nonwoven fibrous mat (glass or other fiber)overflow [CIV ENG] Any device or structure that
used as the top layer in a cloth or mat lay-upconducts excess water or sewage from a conduit
to give smooth finish to plastic products or toor container,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
minimize the fibrous pattern on the surface.overflow capacity [ENG] Capacity of a con-
Alsoknownassurfacingmat,2.Anornamentaltainer measured to its top,or to the point of
overflow,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorfloˉ k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } covering,as of wood or metal,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
386
oxidepassivation
overload [CIV ENG] A load on a structure that overshotwheel [MECH ENG] A horizontal-shaft
waterwheel with buckets around the circumfer-is greater than that for which the structure was
designed,[ELECTR] A load greater than that ence; the weight of water pouring into the buck-
ets from the top rotates the wheel,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080which a device is designed to handle; may cause
overheating of power-handling components and v?rvertstrokeinferiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
oversite concrete [BUILD] A layer of concretedistortion in signal circuits,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
overload capacity [ELEC] Current,voltage,or that is installed below a slab or other type of
floor surface,{ |oˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorka¨?vertstrokeinferiorkreˉt}power level beyond which permanent damage
occurs to the device considered,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorloˉd overspeed governor [MECH ENG] A governor
thatstopstheprimemover whenspeedisexces-k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
overloadlevel [ELEC] Levelabovewhichopera- sive,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorspeˉd vertstrokeinferiorg?vH11080?H11080n?r}
overspin [MECH] Ina spin-stabilizedprojectile,tionceasestobesatisfactoryasaresultofsignal
distortion,overheating,damage,and so forth,the overstability that results when the rate of
spin is too great for the particular design of pro-{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
overload protection [ELEC] Effect of a device jectile,so that its nose does not turn downward
as it passes the summit of the trajectory andoperativeonexcessivecurrent,butnotnecessar-
ily on short circuit,to cause and maintain the follows the descending branch,Also known as
overstabilization,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorspin }interruption of current flow to the device gov-
erned,[MECH ENG] A safeguard against the oversquareengine [MECHENG] Anenginewith
bore diameter greater than the stroke length.application of excessive force against the wrist
socket or end effector of a robot,Also known { vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorskwer vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
overstabilization See overspin,{ |oˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080b?H11080as overcurrent protection,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorloˉdpr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080
sh?n} l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
oversteer [MECH ENG] The tendency of an au-overoccult [ENG] The action of a coronagraph
that occults a region whose diameter is signifi- tomotive vehicle to steer into a turn to a sharper
degree than was intended by the driver; some-cantly greater than that of the photosphere and
thereby cuts off the inner corona from observa- times causes the vehicle’s rear end to swing out.
{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorstir }tion,as may be necessary for a coronagraph
aboard a spacecraft due to limitations on space- overstressing [ENG] Cyclically stressing a ma-
terial at a level higher than that used at the endcraft control,{ vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?rH11080?vertstrokesuperiork?lt }
overpass [CIV ENG] 1,A grade separation in of a fatigue test,{ |oˉH11080v?r|stresH11080i? }
overtone [MECH] One of the normal modes ofwhich traffic at the higher level is raised,and
traffic at the lower level moves at approximately vibration of a vibrating system whose frequency
is greater than that of the fundamental mode.its original level,2,The upper level at such a
grade separation,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorpas } { vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiortoˉn}
overtopping [CIV ENG] The flow of water over aoverpotential See overvoltage,{ |oˉH11080v?rH11080p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080
ch?l } dam or embankment,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorta¨pH11080i? }
overturning [CIVENG] Failureofaretainingwalloverride [CONT SYS] To cancel the influence of
an automatic control by means of a manual con- caused by the soil pressure overcoming the sta-
bility of the structure,{ |oˉH11080v?r|t?rnH11080i? }trol,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉd}
overridingprocesscontrol [CONT SYS] Process overvoltage [ELEC] A voltage greater than that
at which a device or circuit is designed to oper-control in which any one of several controllers
associated with one control valve can be made ate,Also known as overpotential,[ELECTR]
The amount by which the applied voltage ex-to override another in accordance with a priority
requirement of the process,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080 ceedstheGeigerthresholdinaradiationcounter
tube,{ |oˉH11080v?r|voˉlH11080tij }s?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
overrun [CIV ENG] A cleared area extending be- overwind [ENG] Towindaspring,rope,orcable
too tightly or too far,{ |oˉH11080v?r|w?ˉnd }yond the end of a runway,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?n}
overrunning clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch that Ovshinskyeffect [ELECTR] Thecharacteristicof
a special thin-film solid-state switch that re-allows the driven shaft to turn freely only under
certain conditions; for example,a clutch in an sponds identically to both positive and negative
polarities so that current can be made to flowengine starterthat allows thecrank toturn freely
when the engine attempts to run,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?nH11080 in both directions equally,{ oˉvvertstrokesuperiorshinH11080skeˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
oxidation pond [CIV ENG] A shallow lagoon ori?vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }
oversail [BUILD] To project beyond the general basin in which wastewater is purified by sedi-
mentationandaerobicandanaerobictreatment.face of a structure,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorsaˉl}
overshoot [ENG] 1,An initial transient re- { vertstrokeinferiora¨kH11080s?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }
oxide isolation [ELECTR] Isolation of the ele-sponsetoaunidirectionalchangeininputwhich
exceedsthesteady-stateresponse,2.Themax- ments of an integrated circuit by forming a layer
of silicon oxide around each element,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdimum amount by which this transient response
exceeds the steady-state response,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080 vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
oxide passivation [ELECTR] Passivation of av?rvertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
overshot [ENG] 1,A fishing tool for recovering semiconductor surface by producing a layer of
an insulating oxide on the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉdlost drill pipe or casing,2,See bullet,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080
v?rvertstrokeinferiorsha¨t} vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?H11080vaˉH11080sh?n}
387
oxoprocess
oxoprocess [CHEM ENG] Catalytic process for atomized kerosine for combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?H11080j?n
vertstrokesuperiorkerH11080?vertstrokeinferiorseˉn vertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080?r}production ofalcohols,aldehydes,andother ox-
ygenated organic compounds by reaction of ole- oxygen mask [ENG] A mask that covers the
fin vapors with carbon monoxide and hydrogen,nose and mouth and is used to administer oxy-
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080soˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s} gen,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?H11080j?n vertstrokeinferiormask }
oxyacetylene cutting [ENG] The flame cutting
oxygen point [THERMO] The temperature at
of ferrous metals in which the preheating of the
which liquid oxygen and its vapor are in equilib-
metal is accomplished with a flame produced by
rium,that is,the boiling point of oxygen,at
anoxyacetylenetorch,Alsoknownasacetylene
standard atmospheric pressure; it is taken as a
cutting,{ |a¨kH11080seˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉn |k?dH11080i? }
fixedpointontheInternationalPracticalTemper-
oxyacetylene torch [ENG] A torch that mixes
ature Scale of 1968,at H11002182.962H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?H11080
acetylene and oxygen to produce a hot flame for
j?n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
the welding or cutting of metal,Also known as
oxyl process [CHEM ENG] Modified Fischer-
acetylene torch,{ |a¨kH11080seˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉn |to˙rch }
Tropsch process used to make alcohols,other
oxyamination See ammoxidation,{ |a¨kH11080seˉvertstrokeinferioramH11080
oxygenatedcompounds,paraffins,andolefinhy-
vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
drocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydro-
oxygen bomb calorimeter [ENG] Device to
gen,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
measure heat of combustion; the sample is
oz See ounce.
burned with oxygen in a closed vessel,and the
ozap See ounce.
temperature rise is noted,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?H11080j?n vertstrokesuperiorba¨m
ozapoth See ounce.
vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
ozone generator [ENG] Apparatus that con-
oxygen cutting [ENG] Any of several types of
verts oxygen,O
2
,into ozone,O
3
,by subjecting
cuttingprocessesinwhichmetalisremovedwith
theoxygento anelectric-brushdischarge,Also
or without a flux by a chemical reaction of the
known as ozonizer,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉvertstrokeinferiorzoˉn vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
base metal with oxygen at high temperatures.
ozonizer See ozone generator,{ vertstrokesuperioroˉvertstrokeinferiorzoˉvertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiora¨kH11080s?H11080j?n vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i? }
ozt See ounce.
oxygen-kerosine burner [ENG] Liquid-fuel de-
oztr See ounce.vice using a mixture of oxygen and vaporized or
388
P
holebeinggroutedtopreventreturnofthegroutPa See pascal.
around the injection pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080?r}pacerating See effort rating,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉs vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
packing [ENG] See stuffing,[ENG ACOUS]pachimeter [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuring
Excessive crowding of carbon particles in a car-the limit beyond which shear of a solid ceases
bon microphone,produced by excessive pres-to be elastic,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorkimH11080?dH11080?r}
sure or by fusion particles due to excessive cur-Pachuca tank [CHEM ENG] Air-agitated,solid-
rent,and causing lowered resistance and sensi-liquid mixing vessel in which the air is injected
tivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080i? }into the bottom of a center draft tube; air and
packing density [ELECTR] The number of de-
solids rise through the tube,with solids exiting
vices or gates per unit area of an integrated cir-
the top of the tube and falling through the bulk
cuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
of the liquid,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorchu¨H11080k?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
packingring See piston ring,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
pachymeter [ENG] An instrument used to
pad [ELECTR] 1,An arrangement of fixed resis-
measurethethicknessofamaterial,forexample,
tors used to reduce the strength of a radio-fre-
a sheet of paper,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorkimH11080?dH11080?r}
quency or audio-frequency signal by a desired
pack [IND ENG] To provide protection for an ar-
fixed amount without introducing appreciable
ticleorgroupofarticlesagainstphysicaldamage
distortion,Also known as fixed attenuator.
during shipment; packing is accomplished by
2,Seeterminal area,[ENG] 1.Alayer ofmate-
placing articles in a shipping container,and
rial used as a cushion or for protection,2,A
blocking,bracing,and cushioning them when
projection of excess metal on a casting forging,
necessary,orbystrappingthearticlesorcontain-
or welded part,3,An area within an airstrip or
ers on a pallet or skid,{ pak }
airway that is used for warming up the motors
packagedcircuit See rescap,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080ijd |s?rH11080k?t}
ofanairplanebeforetakeoff,4.Ablockofstone
package freight [IND ENG] Freight shipped in
or masonry set on a wall to distribute a load
lots insufficient to fill a complete car; billed by
that is concentrated at that portion of the wall.
the unit instead of by the carload,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080ij
Also known as padstone,5,That portion of an
vertstrokeinferiorfraˉt}
airstrip or airway from which an airplane leaves
packaging [ELEC] The process of physically
thegroundontakeoffor firsttouchestheground
locating,connecting,and protecting devices or
on landing,6,See helipad,{ pad }
components,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080?H11080ji? }
paddle [DES ENG] Any of various implements
packaging density [ELECTR] The number of
consisting of a shaft with a broad,flat blade or
componentsperunitvolumeinaworkingsystem
bladelike part at one or both ends,{ vertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?l}
or subsystem,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080?H11080ji?vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
paddlewheel [MECH ENG] 1,A device used to
packedbed [CHEM ENG] A fixed layer of small
propel shallow-draft vessels,consisting of a
particles or objects arranged in a vessel to pro-
wheel with paddles or floats on its circumfer-
mote intimate contact between gases,vapors,
ence,the wheel rotating in a plane parallel to
liquids,solids,or various combinations thereof;
the ship’s length,2.Awheel with paddles used
used in catalysis,ion exchange,sand filtration,
to move leather in a processing vat,{ vertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?l
distillation,absorption,and mixing,{ vertstrokesuperiorpakt
vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
vertstrokesuperiorbed }
padlock [DES ENG] An unmounted lock with a
packed tower [CHEM ENG] A fractionating or shackle that can be opened and closed; the
absorber tower filled with small objects (pack- shackle is usually passed through an eye,then
ing) to bring about intimate contact between closed to secure a hasp,{ vertstrokesuperiorpadvertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
rising fluid (vapor or liquid) and falling liquid,pail [DES ENG] A cylindrical or slightly tapered
{ vertstrokesuperiorpakt vertstrokesuperiortau˙H11080?r} container,{ paˉl}
packedtube [CHEM ENG] A pipe or tube filled pair [ELEC] Two like conductors employed to
with high-heat-capacity granular material; used form an electric circuit,[MECH ENG] Two
to heat gases when tubes are externally heated,parts in a kinematic mechanism that mutually
{ vertstrokesuperiorpakt vertstrokesuperiortu¨b} constrain relative motion; for example,a sliding
pair composed of a piston and cylinder,{ per }packer [ENG] A device that is inserted into a
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
pairingelement
pairingelement [MECH ENG] Either of two ma- wall panels of the space which is to be heated.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080i? }chinepartsconnectedtopermitmotion,{ vertstrokesuperiorperH11080
panel length [CIV ENG] The distance betweeni?vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
adjacent joints on a truss,measured along thepalladiumbarrierleakdetector [ENG] A type of
upper or lower chord,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorle?kth }leak detector in which hydrogen is diffused
panel point [CIV ENG] The point in a framedthroughabarrierofhotpalladiumintoanevacu-
structure where a vertical or diagonal memberated vacuum gage,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉdH11080eˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorleˉk
and a chord intersect,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
panelsystem [BUILD] A wall composed of fac-
pallet [BUILD] A flat piece of wood laid in a wall
tory-assembled units connected to the building
to which woodwork may be securely fastened.
frame and to each other by means of anchors.
[ENG] 1,A lever that regulates or drives a
{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
ratchet wheel,2,A hinged valve on a pipe
panel wall [BUILD] A nonbearing partition be-
organ,3.Atrayorplatformusedinconjunction
tween columns or piers,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
with a fork lift for lifting and moving materials.
panhead [DESENG] Theheadofascreworrivet
[MECH ENG] One of the disks or pistons in a
in the shape of a truncated cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorpan vertstrokeinferiorhed }
chain pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorpalH11080?t}
panic exit device [ENG] A locking device in-
palletize [INDENG] Topackagematerialforcon-
stalled on an exit door to release the latch when
venient handling on a pallet or lift truck.
the crash bar is pushed,Also known as fire-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpalH11080?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉz}
exit bolt; panic hardware,{ |panH11080ik |egH11080zit
pall ring [CHEM ENG] A specially shaped steel
divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
ring used as packing for distillation columns.
panic hardware See panic exit device,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080ik
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙l vertstrokeinferiorri? }
vertstrokeinferiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorwer }
palpable coordinate [MECH] A generalized co-
pannier See gabion,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080y?r}
ordinate that appears explicitly in the Lagran-
panoramic radar [ENG] Nonscanning radar
gian of a system,{ vertstrokesuperiorpalH11080p?H11080b?lkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?t}
which transmits signals over a wide beam in the
pan bolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a head resem-
direction of interest,{ |panH11080?|ramH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
bling an upside-down pan,{ vertstrokesuperiorpan vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
pantank See rundown tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorpan vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
pancakeauger [DES ENG] An auger having one
pantograph [ENG] A device that sits on the top
spiralweb,12to15inches(30to38centimeters)
of an electric locomotive or cars in an electric
in diameter,attached to the bottom end of a
trainandpicksupelectricityfromoverheadwires
slender central shaft; used as removable dead-
to run the train,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
man to which a drill rig or guy line is anchored.
pantography [ENG] System for transmitting
{ vertstrokesuperiorpanvertstrokeinferiorkaˉk |o˙gH11080?r}
and automatically recording radar data from an
pancakeengine [MECHENG] Acompactengine
indicator to a remote point,{ panvertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
with cylinders arranged radially,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanvertstrokeinferiorkaˉk
pantometer [ENG] An instrument that meas-
|enH11080j?n}
ures all the angles necessary for determining
pan conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor con-
distances and elevations,{ panvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sisting of a series of pans,{ vertstrokesuperiorpan k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
papercutter [DESENG] Ahand-operateddevice
pan crusher [MECH ENG] Solids-reduction de-
to cut and trim paper,consisting of a cutting
vice in which one or more grinding wheels or
blade bolted at one end to a ruled board; when
mullers revolve in a pan containing the material
the blade is drawn flush with the board,which
to be pulverized,{ vertstrokesuperiorpan vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r}
has a metal strip at the cutting edge,a shearing
pane [BUILD] A sheet of glass in a window or
action takes place which cuts the paper cleanly
door,[DES ENG] One of the sides on a nut or
and evenly,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
on the head of a bolt,{ paˉn}
papermachine [MECHENG] Asynchronizedse-
panel [CIV ENG] 1,One of the divisions of a
ries of mechanical devices for transforming a
lattice girder,2,A sheet of material held in a
dilute suspension of cellulose fibers into a dry
frame,3,A distinct,usually rectangular,raised
sheet of paper,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080p?rm?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
or sunken part of a construction surface or a
papermill [IND ENG] A building or complex of
material,[DES ENG] See frog,[ENG] A me-
buildings housing paper machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080p?r
tallic or nonmetallic sheet on which operating
vertstrokeinferiormil }
controls and dials of an electronic unit or other
parabolic microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
equipment are mounted,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l}
phone used at the focal point of a parabolic
panelboard [ELEC] See control board,[ENG]
sound reflector to give improved sensitivity and
A drawing board with an adjustable outer frame directivity,as required for picking up a band
that is forced over the drawing paper to hold marching down a football field,{ |parH11080?|ba¨lH11080ik
and strain it,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd } vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
panelcoil See plate coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorko˙il } paraboloid [ENG] A reflecting surface which is
panelcooling [CIV ENG] A system in which the aparaboloidofrevolutionandisusedasareflec-
heat-absorbing units are in the ceiling,floor,or tor for sound waves and microwave radiation.
wall panels of the space which is to be cooled,{p?vertstrokesuperiorrabH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlo˙id }
{ vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? } parabomb [ENG] An equipment container with
panelheating [CIV ENG] A system in which the a parachute which is capable of opening auto-
matically after a delayed drop,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorba¨m}heat-emitting units are in the ceiling,floor,or
390
parametrizedvoiceresponsesystem
paracentric [DES ENG] Pertaining to a key and to another in an electric network over multiple
paths,in accordance with Kirchhoff’s laws.keyway with longitudinal ribs and grooves that
projectbeyondthecenter,asusedinpin-tumbler 2,In particular,the flow of electric current
through electric power systems over paths othercylinder locks to deter lockpicking,{ |parH11080
|senH11080trik } than the contractual path,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
parallelgripper [CONTSYS] Arobotendeffectorparachute flare [ENG] Pyrotechnic device
attached toa parachuteand designedto provide made up of two jawlike components that grasp
objects,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}intense illumination for a short period; it may
be discharged from aircraft or from the surface,parallel linkage [MECH ENG] An automotive
steering system that has a short idler arm{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t vertstrokeinferiorfler }
parachute radiosonde See dropsonde,{ |parH11080 mountedparalleltothepitmanarm,{ |parH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel
vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij }?vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
parachute weather buoy [ENG] A general-pur- parallel-plate reactor [ENG] A type of plasma
reactor in which a process gas is introduced intopose automatic weather station which can be
air-dropped; it is 10 feet (3 meters) long and the space between two closely spaced parallel
plane electrodes,and a plasma,generated by a22 inches (56 centimeters) in diameter,and is
designed to operate for 2 months on a 6-hourly radio-frequency excitation applied to the elec-
trodes,acts directly on substrates placed onschedule,transmitting station identification,
windspeed,winddirection,barometricpressure,either electrode,{ |parH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiorplaˉtreˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
parallel reliability [SYS ENG] Property of a sys-air temperature,and sea-water temperature.
{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i } tem composed of functionally parallel elements
in such a way that if one of the elements fails,paracrate [ENG] Rigid equipment container for
dropping equipment from an airplane by para- the parallel units will continue to carry out the
system function,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel rivertstrokesuperiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }chute,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkraˉt}
paraffinpress [ENG] A filter press used during parallels [ENG] 1,Spacers located between
steam plate and press platen of the mold topetroleum refining for the separation of paraffin
oil and crystallizable paraffin wax from distil- preventbendingofthemiddlesection,2.Spac-
ers or pressure pods located between steamlates,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?H11080f?n vertstrokeinferiorpres }
parallel [ELEC] Connected to the same pair of plates of a mold to regulate height and prevent
crushing of mold parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlelz }terminals,Also known as multiple; shunt.
{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel } parallel series [ELEC] Circuit in which two or
more parts are connected together in parallel toparallelaxistheorem [MECH] A theorem which
statesthatthemomentofinertiaofabodyabout form parallel circuits,andin which these circuits
are then connected together in series so thatany given axis is the moment of inertia about a
parallel axis through the center of mass,plus both methods of connection appear,[ENG]
See multiple series,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz}the moment of inertia that the body would have
about the given axis if all the mass of the body parallel shot [ENG] In seismic prospecting,a
test shot which is made with all the amplifierswerelocated atthe centerof mass,Alsoknown
as Steiner’s theorem,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel |akH11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080 connected in parallel and activated by a single
geophonesothatlead,lag,polarity,andphasing?m}
parallelbafflemuffler [DESENG] Amufflercon- in the amplifier-to-oscillograph circuits can be
checked,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t}structed of a series of ducts placed side by side
in which the duct cross section is a narrow but parameter identification [SYS ENG] The prob-
lem of estimating the values of the parameterslong rectangle,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel |bafH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080l?r}
parallel circuit [ELEC] An electric circuit in that govern a dynamical system from data on
theobservedbehaviorofthesystem,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080which the elements,branches (having elements
inseries),orcomponentsareconnectedbetween?dH11080?r?ˉvertstrokeinferiordentH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
parametric equalizer [ENG ACOUS] A devicetwo points,with one of the two ends of each
component connected to each point,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080 that allows control over the center frequencies,
bandwidths,and amplitudes (parameters) of?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
parallel compensation See feedback compensa- band-pass filters that determine the frequency
response of audio equipment,{ |parH11080?|meH11080triktion,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
parallelcut [ENG] Agroupofparallel holes,not vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
parametricexcitation [ENG] The method of ex-all charged with explosive,to create the initial
cavitytowhichtheloadedholesbreakinblasting citing and maintaining oscillations in either an
electrical or mechanical dynamic system,ina development round,Also known as burn cut.
{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiork?t } whichexcitationresultsfromaperiodicvariation
inanenergystorageelementinasystemsuchasparallel drum [DES ENG] A cylindrical form of
drum on which the haulage or winding rope is a capacitor,inductor,orspring constant,{ |parH11080
|meH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorekH11080sivertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}coiled,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel vertstrokesuperiordr?m}
parallelfiring [ENG] Amethodofconnectingto- parametrized voice response system [ENG
ACOUS] A voice response system which first ex-gether a number of detonators which are to be
firedelectricallyinoneblast,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlelvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? } tracts informative parameters from human
speech,such as natural resonant frequenciesparallel flow [ELEC] Also known as loop flow.
1,The flow of electric current from one point (formants) of the speaker’s vocal tract and the
391
parapack
fundamental frequency (pitch) of the voice,and steam turbine having a reaction-type stage in
whichlaterreconstructsspeechfromsuchstored which the pressure drop occurs partially across
parameters,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?vertstrokeinferiortr?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns thestationarynozzlesandpartlyacrosstherotat-
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} ing blades,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080s?nz |staˉj vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
parapack [ENG] A package or bundle with a part [ENG] An element of a subassembly,not
parachuteattachedfordroppingfromanaircraft,normally useful by itself and not amenable to
{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpak } further disassembly for maintenance purposes.
parasitic [ELECTR] An undesired and energy- {pa¨rt }
wasting signal current,capacitance,or other pa-
partclassification [IND ENG] A coding scheme
rameter of an electronic circuit,{ |parH11080?|sidH11080ik }
employed in automated manfacturing processes
parasitic current [ELEC] An eddy current in a
that uses four or more digits to assign discrete
pieceofelectricalmachinery;givesrisetoenergy
products to families of parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080
losses,{ |parH11080?|sidH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
f?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
paravane [ENG] A torpedo-shaped device with
part detection [IND ENG] The recognition of
sawlike teeth along its forward end,towed with
parts and workpieces by a robot or a computer
a wire rope underwater from either side of the
vision system,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt divertstrokeinferiortekH11080sh?n}
bow of a ship to cut the cables of anchored
part family [IND ENG] In the group technology
mines,Also known as otter,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉn}
concept,a set of related parts that can be
Pareto diagram [IND ENG] A histogram of de-
produced by the same sequence of machining
fects or quality problems,classified by type and
operations because of similarity in shape and
sortedin theorderofdescending frequency,that
geometry or similarity in production operation
is used to focus on the major sources of prob-
processes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt vertstrokeinferiorfamH11080leˉ }
lems,{ pa¨vertstrokesuperiorreH11080toˉ vertstrokeinferiordiH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
partial condensation [CHEM ENG] The cooling
Pareto’s law [IND ENG] The principle that in
(or pressurization) of a saturated vapor until a
most activities a small fraction (around 20%) of
partofitis condensedoutasliquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080sh?l
the total activity accounts for a large fraction
vertstrokeinferiorka¨ndH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
(around 80%) of the result,Also known as rule
particle See material particle,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l}
of 80-20,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080oˉz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
particledynamics [MECH] The study of the de-
parging [CIV ENG] A thin coating of mortar or
pendence of the motion of a single material par-
plaster on a brick or stone surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rjH11080i? }
ticle onthe external forcesacting uponit,partic-
paring [MECH ENG] A method of wood turning
ularly electromagnetic and gravitational forces.
in which the piece is trimmed or reduced in size
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?ld?ˉvertstrokeinferiornamH11080iks }
by cutting or shaving thin sections from the sur-
particle energy [MECH] For a particle in a po-
face,{ vertstrokesuperiorperH11080i? }
tential,the sum of the particle’s kinetic energy
paringchisel [DES ENG] A long-handled chisel
and potential energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
used to pare wood manually,{ vertstrokesuperiorperH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
particleimagevelocimetry [ENG] A method of
paring gouge [DES ENG] A long,thin concave
measuring local fluid velocities at thousands of
woodworker’s gouge with the cutting edge bev-
locations in a fluid flow by optically observing
eled on the inside of the blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorperH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgau˙j}
large numbers of particles that are suspended
parison [ENG] Ahollowplastictubefromwhich
inthefluidandmovewithit,usingaphotograph
a bottle or other hollow object is blow-molded.
oftheflowilluminatedbytwoormoresuccessive
{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?H11080s?n}
pulses of light or continuously for a known time
parisonswell [ENG] In blow molding,the ratio
interval,Also known as particle tracking velo-
of the cross-sectional area of the parison to that
cimetry,{ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨rdH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorimH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorvelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
of the die opening,{ vertstrokesuperiorparH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorswel }
particle mechanics [MECH] The study of the
parking apron [CIV ENG] A hard-surfaced area
motion of a single material particle,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080
used for parking aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080pr?n}
k?lmivertstrokeinferiorkanH11080iks }
parking brake [MECH ENG] In an automotive
particle-size analysis [ENG] Determination of
vehicle,a brake that functions independently of
the proportion of particles of a specified size in
the service brake and is set after the vehicle has
a granular or powder sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l |s?ˉz
been brought to a stop,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
parkinglot [CIVENG] Anoutdoorlotforparking
particle-size distribution [ENG] The percent-
automobiles,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorla¨t}
ages of each fraction into which a granular or
parkway [CIV ENG] A broad landscaped ex-
powder sample is classified,with respect to par-
pressway which is not open to commercial vehi-
ticle size,by number or weight,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080?H11080k?lcles,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rkvertstrokeinferiorwa
ˉ }
|s?ˉz vertstrokeinferiordiH11080str?vertstrokesuperiorbyu¨H11080sh?n}parquet flooring [BUILD] Wood flooring made
particle tracking velocimetry See particle imageof strips laid in a pattern to form designs.
velocimetry,{ |pa¨rdH11080?H11080k?l |trakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?H11080{pa¨rvertstrokesuperiorkaˉ vertstrokesuperiorflo˙rH11080i? }
treˉ }Parshall flume [ENG] A calibrated device for
particulate mass analyzer [ENG] A unit whichmeasuring the flow of liquids in open conduits
measuresdustconcentrationsinemissionsfromby measuring the upper and lower beads at a
furnaces,kilns,cupolas,and scrubbers,{ pa¨rspecified distance from an obstructing sill.
vertstrokesuperiortikH11080y?H11080l?t vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080sh?l vertstrokeinferiorflu¨m}
Parsons-stage steam turbine [MECH ENG] A parting stop [BUILD] A thin strip of wood that
392
patent
separates the sashes in a double-hung window,bending or deforming of the manipulator com-
ponents in response to forces exerted on the{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
parting tool [DES ENG] A narrow-bladed hand robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv?vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080?vertstrokesuperiordaˉH11080sh?n}
passive AND gate [ELECTR] See AND gate.toolwithaV-shapedgougeusedinwoodworking
for cutting grooves and in wood turning for cut- [ENG] Afluidicdevicewhich achievesanoutput
signal,by stream interaction,only when bothting a piece in two,Also known as V-tool.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l } of two control signals appear simultaneously.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorand vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}partition [BUILD] An interior wall having a
height ofone storyor less,which divides astruc- passivecomponent See passive element,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080
ivk?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt }ture into sections,[IND ENG] A slotted sheet
of paperboard that can be assembled with simi- passive earth pressure [CIV ENG] The maxi-
mum value of lateral earth pressure exerted bylar sheets to form cells for holding goods during
shipment,{ pa¨rvertstrokesuperiortishH11080?n } soil on a structure,occurring when the soil is
compressed sufficiently to cause its internalpart programming [CONT SYS] The planning
and specification of the sequence of steps or shearing resistance along a potential failure sur-
face to be completely mobilized,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperior?rthevents in the operation of a numerically con-
trolled machine tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt vertstrokeinferiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? } vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
passiveelement [ELEC] An element of an elec-partskit [ENG] A group of parts,not all having
the same basic name,used for repair or replace- tric circuit that is not a source of energy,such
asaresistor,inductor,orcapacitor,Alsoknownment of the worn broken parts of an item; it
may include instruction sheets and material,as passive component,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
passive method [CIV ENG] A constructionsuch as sandpaper,tape,cement,and gaskets.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rts vertstrokeinferiorkit } method in permafrost areas in which the frozen
ground near the structure is not disturbed orparts list [ENG] One or more printed sheets
showing a manufacturer’s parts or assemblies of altered,and the foundations are provided with
additional insulation to prevent thawing of thean end item by illustration or a numerical listing
of part numbers and names; it does not outline underlying ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiormethH11080?d}
passive radar [ENG] A technique for detectingany assembly,maintenance,or operating in-
structions,and it may or may not have a price objectsatadistancebypickingupthemicrowave
electromagneticenergythatisbothradiatedandlist cover sheet,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rts vertstrokeinferiorlist }
partywall [BUILD] Awallproviding jointservice reflected by all bodies,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
passive radiator [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeakerbetween two buildings,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rdH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
pascal [MECH] A unit of pressure equal to the driver with no voice-coil or magnet assemblies
thatismountedinaboxwithawooferandexhib-pressureresultingfromaforceof1newtonacting
uniformly over an area of 1 square meter,Sym- its a resonance that can be used to improve the
low-frequency response of the system,{ |pasH11080bolized Pa,{ pavertstrokesuperiorskal }
pass [MECH ENG] 1,The number of times that iv vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
passivesolarsystem [MECHENG] Asolarheat-combustion gases are exposed to heat transfer
surfaces in boilers (that is,single-pass,double- ing or cooling system that operates by using
gravity,heat flows,or evaporation rather thanpass,and so on),2,In metal rolling,the pas-
sageinonedirectionofmetaldeformedbetween mechanical devices to collect and transfer en-
ergy,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}rolls,3.In metal cutting,transit of a metal cut-
ting tool past the workpiece with a fixed tool passive sonar [ENG] Sonar that uses only un-
derwater listening equipment,with no transmis-setting,{ pas }
passband [ELECTR] A frequency band in which sion of location-revealing pulses,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080iv
vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}the attenuation of a filter is essentially zero.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpasvertstrokeinferiorband } passivetransducer [ELECTR] Atransducercon-
taining no internal source of power,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080ivpass-by [ENG] Thedouble-trackpartofanysin-
gle-track system of rail transport,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasvertstrokeinferiorb?ˉ } tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
paste mixer [ENG] Device for the blending to-passengercar [ENG] 1,A railroad car in which
passengers are carried,2,An automobile for gether of solid particles and a liquid,with the
final formation of a single paste phase,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉstcarrying as many as nine passengers,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080
nH11080j?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r} vertstrokeinferiormikH11080s?r}
paste-up See mechanical,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉstvertstrokeinferior?p}passing track [ENG] A sidetrack with switches
at both ends,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortrak } pasteurizer [ENG] An apparatus used for pas-
teurization of fluids,{ vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}passivation [ELECTR] Growth of an oxide layer
on the surface of a semiconductor to provide patch [ELEC] A temporary connection between
jacks or other terminations on a patch board.electrical stability by isolatingthe transistor sur-
face from electrical and chemical conditions in { pach }
patchbolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a countersunkthe environment; this reduces reverse-current
leakage,increasesbreakdownvoltage,andraises head having a square knob that twists off when
the bolt is screwed in tightly; used to repair boil-power dissipation rating,{ vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
passiveaccommodation [CONT SYS] The alter- ers and steel ship hulls,{ vertstrokesuperiorpach vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
patent [IND ENG] A certificate of grant by a gov-ation in the positioning or motion of the end
point of a robot manipulator that results from ernment of an exclusive right with respect to
393
pathcomputation
an invention for a limited period of time,Also of solid substances,equal to 8 dry quarts,or
1/4 bushel,or 537.605 cubic inches,orknown as letters patent,{ vertstrokesuperiorpatH11080?nt }
pathcomputation [CONT SYS] The calculations 0.00880976754172cubic meter,2.Aunit ofvol-
ume used in the United Kingdom for measure-involved in specifying the trajectory followed by
a robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorpath vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080py?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080sh?n } ment of solid and liquid substances,although
usually the former,equal to 2 gallons,orpattern [ENG] A form designed and used as a
model for making things,{ vertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?rn } 0.00909218 cubic meter,{ pek }
Peclet number [CHEM ENG] Dimensionlesspatternshooting [ENG] In seismic prospecting,
firing ofexplosive charges arrangedin geometric group used to determine the chemical reaction
similitude for the scale-up from pilot-plant datapattern,{ vertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?rn vertstrokeinferiorshu¨dH11080i? }
pavement [BUILD] A hard floor of concrete,to commercial-sized units; incorporates heat ca-
pacity,density,fluidvelocity,andotherpertinentbrick,tiles,or other material,[CIV ENG] A
paved surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080m?nt } physical parameters,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorklaˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
pedal [DES ENG] A lever operated by foot.pavement light [CIV ENG] A window built into
the surface of a pavement to admit daylight to { vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?l}
pedestal [CIVENG] 1.Thesupportforacolumn.a space below ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
paver [MECH ENG] Any of several machines 2,A metal support carrying one end of a bridge
truss or girder and transmitting any load to thewhich,moving along the road,carry and lay pav-
ing material,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080?r } topofapierorabutment,[ELECTR] Seeblank-
ing level,[ENG] A supporting part or the basepawl [MECH ENG] The driving link or holding
link of a ratchet mechanism,permits motion in of an upright structure,such as a radar antenna.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?stH11080?l}one direction only,{ po˙l}
paybackperiod [IND ENG] The amount of time pedestal design [MECH ENG] A robot design
centeredontheverticalaxisofacentralpedestal,required for achieving an amount in profits to
offset the cost of a capital expenditure,such as inwhichthemotionofanyworkpieceisconfined
to a spherical working envelope,{ vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?stH11080?lthe cost of investment in modifications in an
industrial facility for the purpose of conserving divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
pedestal flooring See raised flooring,{ vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?H11080energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorpirH11080eˉH11080?d}
payouttime [IND ENG] A measurement of prof- st?l vertstrokeinferiorflo˙rH11080i? }
pedestal pile [CIV ENG] A concrete pile with aitability or liquidity of an investment,being the
time required to recover the original investment bulbous enlargement at the bottom,{ vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080
stH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}indepreciablefacilitiesfromprofitanddeprecia-
tion; usually,but not always,calculated after in- pedometer [ENG] 1.An instrument for measur-
ingandweighinganewbornchild,2.Aninstru-come taxes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
p-channelmetal-oxidesemiconductor See PMOS,ment that registers the number of footsteps and
distance covered in walking,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080?r}{ |peˉ vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormedH11080?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
pchart [IND ENG] A chart of the fraction defec- peel-back [ENG] The separation of two bonded
materials,one or both of which are flexible,bytive,either observed in the sample or in some
production period,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt } stripping or pulling the flexible material from
the mating surface at a 90 or 180H11034 angle to thepdl-ft See foot-poundal.
PDM See precedence diagram method,plane in which it is adhered,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉl vertstrokeinferiorbak }
peel-offtime [ENG] In seismic prospecting,thePDR See precision depth recorder.
peakload [ELEC] The maximum instantaneous time correction applied to observed data to ad-
just them to a depressed reference datum.load or the maximum average load over a desig-
nated interval of time,Also known as peak { vertstrokesuperiorpeˉl vertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
peeltest [ENG] A test to ascertain the adhesivepower,[ENG] The maximum quantity of a
specified material to be carried by a conveyor strength of bonded strips of metals by peeling
or pulling the metal strips back and recordingper minute in a specified period of time.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉk vertstrokeinferiorloˉd } the adherence values,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉl vertstrokeinferiortest }
peen [DESENG] Theendofahammerheadwithpeakpower See peak load,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉk vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r}
Peaucellier linkage [MECH ENG] A mechanical a hemispherical,wedge,or other shape; used to
bend,indent,or cut,{ peˉn}linkage to convert circular motion exactly into
straight-line motion,{ po˙vertstrokesuperiorselH11080yaˉ vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij } peepdoor [MECH ENG] A small door in a fur-
nace with a glass opening through which com-pebbleheater [CHEM ENG] Gas-heating device
(for air,hydrogen,methane,and steam) in which bustion may be observed,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉpvertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
peg [ENG] 1,A small pointed or tapered piece,heatistransferredtothegasviaacountercurrent
movement of preheated pebbles,{ vertstrokesuperiorpebH11080?l often cylindrical,used to pin down or fasten
parts,2,A projection used to hang or supportvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
pebblemill [MECHENG] Asolidssize-reduction objects,{ peg }
pegcountmeter [ENG] A meter or register thatdevice with a cylindrical or conical shell rotating
onahorizontalaxis,andwithagrindingmedium counts the number of trunks tested,the number
of circuits passed busy,the number of test fail-suchasballsofflint,steel,orporcelain,{ vertstrokesuperiorpebH11080
l vertstrokeinferiormil } ures,or the number of repeat tests completed.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpeg vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}peck [MECH] Abbreviated pk,1,A unit of vol-
ume used in the United States for measurement PEL See permissible exposure limit,{ pel }
394
Penningtrap
pellet cooler [CHEM ENG] Gas-cooled,gravity- pendulumpress [MECHENG] Apunchpressac-
tuated by a swinging treadle operated by thebeddeviceforthecoolinganddryingofextruded
foot,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokeinferiorpres }pellets and briquets,{ vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080?r}
pendulumsaw [MECH ENG] A circular saw thatpelleting [ENG] Method of accelerating solidifi-
swings in a vertical arc for crosscuts,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080cation of cast explosivecharges by blending pre-
l?m vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
cast pellets of the explosives into the molten
pendulum scale [ENG] Weight-measurement
charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?dH11080i? }
deviceinwhichtheloadisbalancedbythemove-
pelletizer [CHEM ENG] A machine for cutting
ment of one or more pendulums from vertical
bulk plastic into pellets,suitable for use as feed-
(zero weight) to horizontal (maximum weight).
stock,either from solidified polymer at the end
{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
ofthemanufacturingprocessorfromthemolten
pendulum seismograph [ENG] A seismograph
polymer as it emerges from the die,{ vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080
that measures the relative motion between the
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzH11080?r}
ground and a loosely coupled inertial mass; in
pelletmill [MECHENG] Device for injecting par-
some instruments,optical magnification is used
ticulate,granular or pasty feed into holes of a
whereas others exploit electromagnetic trans-
roller,then compacting the feed into a continu-
ducers,photocells,galvanometers,and elec-
ous solid rod to be cut off by a knife at the
tronic amplifiers to achieve higher magnifica-
periphery of the roller,{ vertstrokeinferiorpelH11080?t vertstrokeinferiormil }
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
Pelton turbine See Pelton wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080t?n vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080
penetration ballistics [MECH] A branch of ter-
b?n}
minal ballistics concerned with the motion and
Peltonwheel [MECH ENG] An impulse hydrau-
behavior of a missile during and after penetrat-
lic turbine in which pressure of the water supply
ing a target,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?nb?vertstrokeinferiorlisH11080tiks }
is converted into velocity by a few stationary
penetrationdepth [ELEC] In induction heating,
nozzles,and the water jets then impinge on the
the thickness of a layer,extending inward from
buckets mounted on the rim of a wheel; usually
a conductor’s surface,whose resistance to direct
limitedtohighheadinstallations,exceeding500
current equals the resistance of the whole con-
feet (150 meters),Also known as Pelton tur-
ductortoalternatingcurrentofagivenfrequency.
bine,{ vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
[ENG] The greatest depth in an ultrasonic test
pen [ENG] 1,A small place for confinement,
piece at which indications can be measured.
storage,or protection,2,A device for writing
{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiordepth }
with ink,{ pen }
penetration number [ENG] The consistency of
pencil [ENG] An implement for writing or mak-
greases,waxes,petrolatum,andasphalt orother
ing marks with a solidsubstance; the three basic
bituminous materials expressed as the distance
kinds are graphite,carbon,and colored.
that a standard needle penetrates the sample
{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080s?l}
underspecifiedAmericanSocietyforTestingand
pencil cave [ENG] A driller’s term for hard,
Materials test conditions,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n
closely jointed shale that caves into a well in
vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
pencil-shaped fragments,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorkaˉv}
penetrationrate [MECH ENG] The actual rate of
pendant atomizer See hanging-drop atomizer.
penetration of drilling tools,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n
{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiormizH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
pendantpost [BUILD] Apost ona solidsupport
penetration speed [MECH ENG] The speed at
and set against a wall to support a collar beam
which a drill can cut through rock or other mate-
or other part of a roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?nt vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
rial,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
pendulous gyroscope [MECH] A gyroscope
penetrationtest [ENG] A test to determine the
whose axis of rotation is constrained by a suit-
relative values of density of noncohesive sand
able weight to remain horizontal; it is the basis
or silt at the bottom of boreholes,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080
of one type of gyrocompass,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
penetrometer [ENG] 1,An instrument that
pendulumanemometer [ENG] Apressure-plate
measures the penetrating power of a beam of x-
anemometer consisting of a plate which is free
rays or other penetrating radiation,2,An in-
to swing about a horizontal axis in its own plane
strument used to determine the consistency of
aboveitscenterofgravity;theangulardeflection
amaterialbymeasurementofthedepthtowhich
of the plate is a function of the wind speed; this
astandardneedlepenetratesintoitunderstand-
instrumentisnotusedforstationmeasurements
ard conditions,{ vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
because of the false reading which results when
Penex process [CHEM ENG] A continuous,
the frequency of the wind gusts and the natural
nonregenerative petroleum-refinery process for
frequency of the swinging plate coincide.
isomerization of C
5
or C
6
fractions in the pres-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ence of hydrogen and a platinum catalyst.
pendulumlevel [ENG] A leveling instrument in { vertstrokesuperiorpevertstrokeinferiorneks vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
whichthelineofsightisautomaticallykepthori- Penningtrap [ENG] A device for trapping elec-
zontal by a built-in pendulum device (such as a trons and isolating single electrons,consisting
horizontal arm and a plumb line at right angles of a large,homogeneous magnetic field plus a
superimposed weak parabolic electric potentialto the arm),{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
395
Penning-trapmassspectrometer
created by a positive charge H11001Q on a ring elec- the suitability of a soil for the installation of a
trode and two negative charges H11002Q/2 each on domestic sewage-disposal system,in which a
two cap electrodes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortrap } hole is dug and filled with water and the rate
Penning-trap mass spectrometer [ENG] A de- of water-level decline is measured,{ p?rH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorla
ˉH11080
vice for making highly accurate comparisons of
sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
the masses of charged atoms and molecules by
percussionbit [MECH ENG] A rock-drilling tool
comparing the cyclotron frequencies of single
with chisellike cutting edges,which when driven
ions in a Penningtrap,{ |penH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortrap vertstrokeinferiormas spek
by impacts against a rock surface drills a hole
vertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
by a chipping action,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiork?shH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorbit }
Pennsylvaniatruss [CIVENG] Atrusscharacter-
percussion drill [MECH ENG] A drilling ma-
ized by subdivided panels,curved top chords on
chine usually using compressed air to drive a
through trusses,and curved bottom chords on
piston that delivers a series of impacts to the
deck spans; used on long bridge spans,{ |penH11080
shank end of a drill rod or steel and attached
s?l|vaˉH11080ny?vertstrokesuperiortr?s}
bit,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiork?shH11080?n vertstrokeinferiordril }
pennyweight [MECH] A unit of mass equal to
percussion drilling [MECH ENG] A drilling
1/20troy ounceorto1.55517384 grams;theterm
method in which hammer blows are transmitted
is employed in the United States and in England
by the drill rods to the drill bit,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiork?shH11080?n
for thevaluation ofsilver,gold,and jewels,Ab-
vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
breviated dwt; pwt,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
perfect dielectric See ideal dielectric,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080fikt
penrecorder [ENG] A device in which the vary-
vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik }
ing inputs (electrical,pneumatic,mechanical)
perfectgas See ideal gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080fikt vertstrokesuperiorgas }
are marked by a signal-controlled pen onto a
perfect lubrication [ENG] A complete,unbro-
continuous recorder chart (circular or roll chart).
ken film of liquid formed over each of two metal
{ vertstrokesuperiorpen rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
surfaces moving relatively to one another with
Pensky-Martensclosedtester [CHEMENG] De-
no contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080fikt vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}vice to determine the American Society for Test-
perforated-pipedistributor [CHEMENG] Liquiding and Materials flash point of fuel oils and
distribution device consisting of a length of pip-cutback asphalts and other viscous materials
ingortubingwithholesatspacedintervalsalongandsuspensionsofsolids,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080skeˉ vertstrokesuperiorma¨rtH11080?nz
the length; used in spray columns,liquid-vaporvertstrokesuperiorkloˉsd vertstrokesuperiortesH11080t?r}
penstock [CIV ENG] A valve or sluice gate for contactors,and spray driers,Also known as a
regulating water or sewage flow,[ENG] A sparger,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d |p?ˉpdivertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r}
closed water conduit controlled by valves and perforatedplate [CHEMENG] Flatplatewithse-
located between the intake and the turbine in a ries of holes used to control fluid distribution,
hydroelectric plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorpenvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k} as in a perforated-plate (distillation) column.
pentane lamp [ENG] A pentane-burning lamp
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt}
formerly used as a standard for photometry.
perforated-plate column [CHEM ENG] Distilla-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpenvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorlamp }
tioncolumninwhichvapor-liquidcontactispro-
penthouse [BUILD] 1,An enclosed space built
vided byperforated plates insteadof bubble-cap
on a flat roof to cover a stairway,elevator,or
trays,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d |plaˉt vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
other equipment,2,A dwelling built on top of
perforated-plate distributor [CHEM ENG] 1,A
the main roof,3,A sloping shed or roof
perforated plate or screen used to even out liq-
attached to a wall or building,{ vertstrokesuperiorpentvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
uid-flow fluctuations through flow channels.
percentage log [ENG] A sample log in which
2,A perforated plate as used in a distillation
the percentage of each type of rock (except obvi-
column or liquid-liquid extraction column.
ous cavings) present in each sample of cuttings
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d |plaˉtdivertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r}
is estimated and plotted,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
perforated-plate extractor [CHEM ENG] A liq-
percentcompaction [ENG] Theratio,expressed
uid-liquid extraction vessel in which perforated
as a percentage,of dry unit weight of a soil to
plates are used to bring about contact between
maximum unit weight obtained in a laboratory
the two or more liquid phases,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080f?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d
compaction test,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorsent k?mvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080sh?n}
|plaˉtikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
percentdefective [IND ENG] The ratio of defec-
performance bond [ENG] A bond that guaran-
tive pieces per lot or sample,expressed as a
tees performance of a contract,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080
percentage,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorsent divertstrokesuperiorfekH11080div}
m?ns vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
perch [MECH] Also known as pole; rod,1,A
performancecharacteristic [ENG] A character-
unit of length,equal to 5.5 yards,or 16.5 feet,
istic of a piece of equipment,determined during
or 5.0292 meters,2,A unit of area,equal to
its test or during its operation,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns
30.25 square yards,or 272.25 square feet,or
vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tik }
25.29285264 square meters,{ p?rch }
performancechart [ENG] A graph used in eval-
percolationfiltration [CHEMENG] Acontinuous
uating the performance of any device,for exam-
petroleum-refinery process in which lubricating
ple,theperformanceofanelectricalorelectronicoils and waxes are percolated through a clay
device,such as a graph of anode voltage versusbed to improve color,odor,and stability,{ p?rH11080
anode current for a magnetron,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n filvertstrokeinferiortraˉH11080sh?n}
percolation test [CIV ENG] A test to determine m?ns vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
396
permeameter
performancecurves [ENG] Graphicalrepresen- subsoil and rocks in which the contained water
is permanently frozen,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorfro˙st vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }tations showing the abilities of rotating equip-
ment at various operating conditions; for exam- permanentaxis [MECH] Theaxisofthegreatest
moment of inertia of a rigid body,about whichple,the performance curve for a compressor
would include rotor speed for various intake and it can rotate in equilibrium,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?nt
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}outletpressuresversusgasflowrateadjustedfor
temperature,density,viscosity,head,and other permanentbenchmark [ENG] Areadilyidentifi-
able,relatively permanent,recoverable bench-factors,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns vertstrokeinferiork?rvz }
performance data [ENG] Data on the manner mark that is intended to maintain its elevation
without change over a long period of time withinwhichagivensubstanceorpieceofequipment
performs during actual use,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns reference to an adopted datum,and is located
where disturbing influences are believed to bevertstrokeinferiordadH11080? }
performance evaluation [IND ENG] The analy- negligible,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?nt vertstrokesuperiorbenchvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
permanent gas [THERMO] A gas at a pressuresis in terms of initial objectives and estimates,
and usually made on site,of accomplishments andtemperaturefarfromitsliquidstate,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080
m?H11080n?nt vertstrokesuperiorgas }using an automatic data-processing system,to
provide information on operating experience permanent-magnetdynamicloudspeakerSeeper-
manent-magnet loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?ntandtoidentifycorrectiveactionsrequired,ifany.
{p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns ivertstrokeinferiorvalH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n} |magH11080n?td?ˉ|namH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
permanent-magnet loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS]performance index [IND ENG] The ratio of
standard hours to the hours of work actually A moving-conductor loudspeaker in which the
steady magnetic field is produced by a perma-used; a ratio exceeding 1.00 (or 100) indicates
standard output is being exceeded,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080 nent magnet,Also known as permanent-mag-
netdynamicloudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?nt |magH11080m?ns vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
performancemeasurementbaseline [IND ENG] n?t vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
permanent-magnet moving-coil instrumentA time-phased budget plan developed for use in
measuring contract performance; includes the [ENG] An ammeter or other electrical instru-
ment in which a small coil of wire,supported onbudgets assigned to scheduled work elements
and the related indirect budgets,{ p?r|fo˙rmH11080 jeweled bearings between the poles of a perma-
nent magnet,rotates when current is carried to?ns |mezhH11080?rH11080m?nt vertstrokesuperiorbaˉsvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
performance number [ENG] One of a series of it through spiral springs which also exert a re-
storing torque on the coil; the position of thenumbers (constituting the PN,or performance-
number,scale) used to convert fuel antiknock coil is indicated by an attached pointer,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080
m?H11080n?nt |magH11080n?t |mu¨vH11080i? |koˉil vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }values in terms of a reference fuel into an index
which is an indication of relative engine perfor- permanent-magnet moving-iron instrument
[ENG] A meter that depends for its operationmance; used mostly to rate aviation gasolines
with octane values greater than 100,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080 on a movable iron vane that aligns itself in the
resultant magnetic field of a permanent magnetm?ns vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
performance rating See effort rating,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080 and adjacent current-carrying coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080
n?nt |magH11080n?t |mu¨vH11080i? |?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }m?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
performance sampling [IND ENG] A technique permanent set [MECH] Permanent plastic de-
formation of a structure or a test piece afterin workmeasurement used to determinethe lev-
eling factor to be applied to an operator or a removaloftheappliedload,Alsoknownasset.
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?nt vertstrokesuperiorset }group of operators by short,randomly spaced
observations of the performance index,permanent stop [IND ENG] In a flexible manu-
facturing system a type of controlled stop where{p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pli? }
peridynamic loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] Box- an automated guided vehicle will always halt,
regardless of programming,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080m?H11080n?nttype loudspeaker baffle designed to give good
bass response by minimizing acoustic standing,vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p}
permeability number [ENG] A numbered value{ |perH11080?H11080d?vertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
periodickiln [ENG] A kiln in which the cycle of assignedtomoldingmaterialsindicatingtherel-
ative ease of passage of gases through them.setting ware in the kiln,heating up,‘‘soaking’’
or holding at peak temperature for some time,{ vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080meˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
permeameter [ENG] 1,A laboratory device forcooling,and removing or ‘‘drawing’’ the ware is
repeated for each batch,{ |pirH11080eˉ|a¨dH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkil } measurement of permeability of materials,for
example,soil or rocks; consists of a powder bedperiodic motion [MECH] Any motion that re-
peats itself identically at regular intervals,of known dimension and degree of packing
through which the particles are forced; pressure{ |pirH11080eˉ|a¨dH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
peripheral speed See cutting speed,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorrifH11080?H11080 drop and rate of flow are related to particle size,
and pressure drop is related to surface area.r?l |speˉd}
peristalticpump [MECHENG] Adevice formov- 2,A device for measuring the coefficient of per-
meability by measuring the flow of fluid throughing fluids by the action of multiple,equally
spacedrollers,whichrotateandcompressaflexi- a sample across which there is a pressure drop
produced by gravity,3.An instrument for mea-ble tube,{ vertstrokeinferiorperH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstalH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
permafrost drilling [ENG] Boreholes drilled in suringthemagneticfluxorfluxdensityproduced
397
permeate
in a test specimen of ferromagnetic material by peterout [ENG] To fail gradually in size,quan-
tity,or quality; for example,a mine may be saida given magnetic intensity,to permit computa-
tionofthemagneticpermeabilityofthematerial,to have petered out,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?r |au˙t}
Petersen grab [ENG] A bottom sampler con-{ vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080meˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
permeate [CHEM ENG] The clear fluid that pas- sisting of two hinged semicylindrical buckets
held apart by a cocking device which is releasedsesthrough themembrane ina membranefiltra-
tion process,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080meˉvertstrokeinferioraˉt } when the grab hits the ocean floor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?rH11080
s?n vertstrokeinferiorgrab }permeator [CHEM ENG] A membrane assembly
that performs an ion-exchange function,for ex- petroleum engineering [ENG] The application
of almost all types of engineering to the drillingample,desalting in a membrane water-desalting
process,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080meˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r } for and production of oil,gas,and liquefiable
hydrocarbons,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortroˉH11080leˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }permissibleexposurelimit [IND ENG] The level
of air contaminants that represents an accept- petroleum isomerization process [CHEM ENG]
A fixed-bed,vapor-phase petroleum-refineryable exposure level as specified in standards set
by a national government agency; generally ex- process using a precious-metal catalyst and ex-
ternal hydrogen; feedstocks include natural gas,pressed as 8-hour time-weighted average con-
centrations,Abbreviated PEL,{ p?r|misH11080?H11080 pentane,and hexane cuts; the product is high-
octane blending stock,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortroˉH11080leˉH11080?m?ˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨mH11080?H11080b?likvertstrokesuperiorspoˉH11080zh?r vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
permissiblevelocity [CIV ENG] The highest ve- r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
petroleum processing [CHEM ENG] The recov-locityatwhichwaterispermittedtopassthrough
astructureorconduitwithoutexcessivedamage,ery and processing of various usable fractions
from the complex crude oils; usable fractions{p?rvertstrokesuperiormisH11080?H11080b?lv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
permissiveblocksystem [CIVENG] Ablocksys- include gasoline,kerosine,diesel oil,fuel oil,
andasphalt,Alsoknownaspetroleumrefining.tem in which a railroad train is permitted to
enterablocksectionalreadyoccupiedbyatrain,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortroˉH11080leˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080i? }
petroleum refining See petroleum processing.{p?r|misH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
permissivestop [CIVENG] Arailwaysignalindi- { p?vertstrokesuperiortroˉH11080leˉH11080?mrivertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080i? }
Petterson-NansenwaterbottleSee Nansen bottle.catingthetrainmuststopbutcanproceedslowly
and cautiously after a specified interval,usually { vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?rH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiornanH11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}
Pettit truss [CIV ENG] A bridge truss in which1 minute,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiormisH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p}
permittivity [ELEC] The dielectric constant the panel is subdivided by a short diagonal and
a short vertical member,both intersecting themultiplied by the permittivity of empty space,
where the permittivity of empty space (H9280
0
) is a main diagonal at its midpoint,{ vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?t vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
PGR See precision depth recorder.constantappearinginCoulomb’s law,havingthe
value of 1 in centimeter-gram-second electro- pharmaceutical chemistry [CHEM ENG] The
chemistryofdrugsandofmedicinalandpharma-static units,and of 8.854 H11003 10
H1100212
farad/meter in
rationalized meter-kilogram-second units,Sym- ceutical products,{ vertstrokeinferiorfa¨rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsu¨dH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080
streˉ }bolized H9280.{vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
pernetti [ENG] 1.Smallironpinsortripodsthat phase [THERMO] The type of state of a system,
such as solid,liquid,or gas,{ faˉz}support ware while it is being fired in a kiln.
2.The marks left on baked pottery by these sup- phase advancer [ELEC] Phase modifier which
supplies leading reactive volt-amperes to theporting pins,{ p?rvertstrokesuperiornedH11080eˉ }
perpend [CIV ENG] A bondstone that extends system to which it is connected; may be either
synchronous or asynchronous,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzidvertstrokeinferiorvanH11080completely through a masonry wall and is ex-
posed on each side of the wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rvertstrokeinferiorpend } s?r}
phase-anglemeterSeephase meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |a?H11080g?lperpendicularaxistheorem [MECH] Atheorem
which states that the sum of the moments of vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
phase-balance relay [ELEC] Relay which func-inertia of a plane lamina about any two perpen-
dicular axes in the plane of the lamina is equal tions by reason of a difference between two
quantities associated with different phases of ato the moment of inertia about an axis through
their intersection perpendicular to the lamina,polyphase circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |balH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
phase-changematerial [ENG] A material which{ |p?rH11080p?n|dikH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
Pers sunshine recorder [ENG] A type of sun- is used to store the latent heat absorbed in the
material duringa phasetransition,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjshinerecorderinwhichthetimescaleissupplied
by the motion of the sun,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rs vertstrokesuperiors?nvertstrokeinferiorsh?ˉnm?vertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
phase-comparison relaying [ELEC] A methodrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
PERT [SYSENG] Amanagementcontroltoolfor of detecting faults in an electric power system
inwhichsignalsaretransmittedfromeachoftwodefining,integrating,and interrelating what
must be done to accomplish a desired objective terminals every half cycle so that a continuous
signal is received at an intermediate point ifon time; a computer is used to compare current
progress against planned objectives and give there is no fault between the terminals,while a
periodic signal is received if there is a fault.management the information needed for plan-
ninganddecisionmaking.Derivedfromprogram { vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzk?mvertstrokeinferiorparH11080?H11080s?n vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080i? }
phaseconductor [ELEC] In a polyphase circuit,evaluation and review technique,{ p?rt }
398
phonemicsynthesizer
any conductor other than the neutral conductor,angle between two circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |shifH11080ti? tranz
{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzk?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r} vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
phase converter [ELEC] A converter that phasesplitter [ELEC] A circuit that takes a sin-
changes the number of phases in an alternating- gle input alternating voltage and produces two
current power source without changing the fre- or more output alternating voltages that differ
quency,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzk?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080?r} in phase from one another,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorsplidH11080?r}
phase crossover [CONT SYS] A point on the phasetransformation [ELEC] A change of poly-
plot of the loop ratio at which it has a phase phasepowerfromthree-phasetosix-phase,from
angle of 180H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
three-phase to twelve-phase,and so forth,by
phase diagram [THERMO] 1,A graph showing
use of transformers,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080sh?n}
the pressures at which phase transitions be-
phase transformer [ELEC] A transformer for
tweendifferentstatesofapurecompoundoccur,
changing a two-phase current to a three-phase
as a function of temperature,2.A graph show-
current,or vice versa,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
ing the temperatures at which transitions be-
phase undervoltage relay [ELEC] Relay which
tween different phases of a binary system occur,
functions by reason of the reduction of one
as a function of the relative concentrations of
phase voltage in a polyphase circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokesuperior?nH11080
its components,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
d?rvertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
phasefactor See power factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
phasing See framing,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzH11080i? }
phaseintegral See action,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |intH11080?H11080gr?l}
phenolate process [CHEM ENG] A process
phase-locked system [ENG] A radar system,
which employs sodium phenolate to remove hy-
havingastablelocaloscillator,inwhichinforma-
drogen sulfide from gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉnH11080?lvertstrokeinferioraˉt vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
tion regarding the target is gained by measuring
phenol extraction [CHEM ENG] Petroleum-re-
thephaseshiftoftheecho,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |la¨kt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
finery solvent-extraction process using phenol
phase margin [CONT SYS] The difference be-
as the solvent to remove aromatic,unsaturated
tween 180H11034 and the phase of the loop ratio of a
and naphthenic constituents from lubricating-
stable system at the gain-crossover frequency.
oil stocks,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉvertstrokeinferiorno˙likvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080j?n}
phenol process [CHEM ENG] A single-solvent
phasemeter [ENG] Aninstrumentforthemeas-
petroleum-refining process in which phenol is
urementofelectricalphaseangles,Alsoknown
the selective solvent,{ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉvertstrokeinferiorno˙l vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
as phase-angle meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Philips hot-air engine [MECH ENG] A compact
phase modifier [ELEC] Machine whose chief
hot-air engine that is a Philips Research Lab
purpose is to supply leading or lagging reactive
(Holland) design; it uses only one cylinder and
volt-amperes to the system to which it is con-
piston,andoperatesat3000revolutionspermin-
nected; may be either synchronous or asynchro-
ute,with hot-chamber temperature of 1200H11034F
nous,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
(650H11034C),maximum pressure of 50 atmospheres
phaseplaneanalysis [CONT SYS] A method of
(5.07 megapascals),and mean effective pressure
analyzing systems in which one plots the time
of 14 atmospheres (1.42 megapascals),{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080
derivative of the system’s position (or some
ps vertstrokesuperiorha¨t |er vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
other quantity characterizing the system) as a
Phillipsscrew [DES ENG] A screw having in its
function of position for various values of initial
head a recess in the shape of a cross; it is in-
conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |plaˉn?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
serted or removed with a Phillips screwdriver
phaseportrait [CONT SYS] A graph showing the
that automatically centers itself in the screw.
time derivative of a system’s position (or some
{ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?ps vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
other quantity characterizing the system) as a
phleger corer [ENG] A device for obtaining
function of position for various values of initial
ocean bottom cores up to about 4 feet (1.2 me-
conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rH11080tr?t}
ters) in length; consists of an upper tube,main
phase-rotation relay See phase-sequence relay.
body weight,and tailfin assembly with a check
{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉzroˉ|taˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
valve that prevents the flow of water into the
phase-sequence relay [ELEC] Relay which
upper section and a consequent washing out of
functions according to the order in which the
thecoresamplewhilehoistingthecorer,{ vertstrokesuperiorflejH11080
phase voltages successively reach their maxi-
r vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}
mum positive values,Also known as phase-
pH meter [ENG] An electronic voltmeter using
rotation relay,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz |seˉH11080kw?ns vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
a pH-responsive electrode that gives a direct
phaseshift [ELECTR] The phase angle between
conversion of voltage differences to differences
the input and output signals of a network or
of pH at the temperature of the measurement.system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa
ˉz vertstrokeinferiorshift }
{ vertstrokeinferiorpeˉvertstrokesuperioraˉch vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}phase-shift circuit [ELECTR] A network that
phonation [ENG ACOUS] Production of speechprovidesavoltagecomponentwhichisshiftedin
sounds,{ foˉvertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}phase withrespect to areference voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz
phone See headphone,{ foˉn}|shift vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
phonemicsynthesizer [ENGACOUS] Avoicere-phase shifter [ELEC] A device used to change
sponse system in which each word is abstractlythe phase relation between two alternating-cur-
represented as a sequence of expected vowelsrent values,{ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorshifH11080t?r}
and consonants,and speech is composed byphase-shifting transformer [ELEC] A trans-
former which produces a difference in phase juxtaposing the expected phonemic sequence
399
phonograph
for eachword with thesequences forthe preced- direction and magnitude of well deviations from
the vertical,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080kl?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}ing and following words,{ f?vertstrokesuperiorneˉH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080
th?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080?r} photoconductive device [ELECTR] A photo-
electric device which utilizes the photoinducedphonograph [ENG ACOUS] An instrument for
recordingorreproducingacousticalsignals,such change in electrical conductivity to provide an
electrical signal,{ foˉdH11080oˉH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tivdi vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}as voice or music,by transmission of vibrations
fromortoastylusthatisincontactwithagroove photoconductivefilm [ELECTR] A film of mate-
rial whose current-carrying ability is enhancedin a rotating disk,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
phonograph cartridge See phonograph pickup,when illuminated,{ foˉdH11080oˉH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfilm }
photoconductor diode See photodiode,{ foˉdH11080oˉH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080trij }
phonograph cutter See cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080 k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
photodetector [ELECTR] A detector that re-?r}
phonograph needle See stylus,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf spondstoradiantenergy;examplesincludepho-
toconductivecells,photodiodes,photoresistors,vertstrokeinferiorneˉdH11080?l}
phonographpickup [ENGACOUS] Apickupthat photoswitches,phototransistors,phototubes,
and photovoltaic cells,Also known as light-converts variations in the grooves of a phono-
graph record into corresponding electric signals,sensitive cell; light-sensitive detector; light sen-
sor photodevice; photodevice; photoelectric de-Also known as cartridge; phonograph cartridge.
{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p } tector; photosensor,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
photodiffusioneffectSeeDember effect,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080phonograph record [ENG ACOUS] A shellac-
composition or vinyl-plastic disk,usually 7 or 12 divertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?nivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
photodiode [ELECTR] A semiconductor diodeinches (18 or 30 centimeters) in diameter,on
which sounds have been recorded as modula- inwhich thereverse currentvaries withillumina-
tion; examples include the alloy-junction photo-tions in grooves,Also known as disk; disk re-
cording,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080?rd } cell and the grown-junction photocell,Also
known as photoconductor diode,{ |foˉdH11080phonon friction [MECH] Friction that arises
when atoms close to a surface are set into mo- oˉvertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
photodraft [DES ENG] A photographic repro-tion by the sliding action of atoms in an oppos-
ing surface,and the mechanical energy needed duction of a master layout or design on a spe-
cially prepared emulsion-coated piece of sheetto slide one surface over the other is thereby
converted to the energy of atomic lattice vibra- metal; used as a master in a tool-construction
department,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiordraft }tions (phonons) and is eventually transformed
into heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨n vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n} photoecology [ENG] Theapplicationofairpho-
tography to ecology,integrated land resourcephonotelemeter [ENG] A device consisting es-
sentially of a stopwatch,for estimating the dis- studies,and forestry,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
photoelectric [ELECTR] Pertaining to the elec-tanceofgunsinaction bymeasuringtheinterval
between the flash and the arrival of the sound trical effects of light,such as the emission of
electrons,generation of voltage,or a change inwaves from the discharge,{ |foˉH11080noˉH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlemH11080?dH11080
r } resistance when exposed to light,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080i
vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik }phosphatedesulfurization [CHEM ENG] A con-
tinuous,regenerative petroleum-refinery proc- photoelectric absorption [ELECTR] Absorption
of photons in one of the several photoelectricess using a tripotassium phosphate solution to
remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas,refin- effects,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik?bvertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}
photoelectric cell See photocell,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080ery gas,or liquid hydrocarbons,{ vertstrokesuperiorfa¨vertstrokeinferiorsfaˉt
deˉvertstrokeinferiors?lH11080f?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n } trik vertstrokesuperiorsel }
photoelectric colorimeter [ENG] A colorimeterphosphoricacidpolymerization [CHEMENG] A
petroleum-refinery process using phosphoric thatusesaphototubeorphotocell,asetofcolor
filters,an amplifier,and an indicating meter foracid catalyst to convert propylene,butylene,or
both,intohigh-octanegasolineorpetrochemical quantitative determination of color,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080
ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiork?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}polymers,{ fa¨vertstrokesuperiorsfo˙rH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?dp?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
sh?n} photoelectric constant [ELECTR] The ratio of
the frequency of radiation causing emission ofphotoalidade [ENG] A photogrammetric instru-
ment which has a telescopic alidade,a photoelectrons to the voltage corresponding to
theenergyabsorbedbyaphotoelectron;equaltoplateholder,and a hinged ruling arm and is
mounted on a tripod frame; used for plotting Planck’sconstant dividedbythe electroncharge.
{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt }lines of direction and measuring vertical angles
to selected features appearing on oblique and photoelectriccontrol [ELECTR] Control of a cir-
cuitorpieceofequipmentbychangesinincidentterrestrial photographs,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokesuperioralH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉd}
photocapacitative effect [ELEC] A change in light,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
photoelectric densitometer [ENG] An elec-thecapacitanceofabulksemiconductororsemi-
conductor surface film upon exposure to light,tronic instrument used to measure the density
or opacity of a film or other material; a beam of{ vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080tivi vertstrokeinferiorfekt }
photoclinometer [ENG] A directional surveying light is directed through the material,and the
amount of light transmitted is measured withinstrument which records photographically the
400
photogoniometer
a photocell and meter,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiordenH11080 when a change occurs in the amount of light
s?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r} reflected from a moving surface due to register
photoelectricdetector See photodetector,{ |foˉdH11080 marks,dark areas of a design,or surface defects.
oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r} Also known as photoelectric scanner,{ |fo
ˉdH11080oˉH11080
photoelectric device [ELECTR] A device which
ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorrejH11080?H11080st?rk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
gives an electrical signal in response to visible,
photoelectric scanner See photoelectric register
infrared,or ultraviolet radiation,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
control,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080?r}
trik di|v?ˉs}
photoelectric smoke-density control [CONT SYS]
photoelectric door opener [CONT SYS] A con-
A photoelectric control system used to measure,
trol system that employs a photocell or other
indicate,and control the density of smoke in a
photo device,used to open and close a power-
flue or stack,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080
operated door,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiordo˙r vertstrokeinferioroˉpH11080?H11080
eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
n?r}
photoelectric sorter [CONT SYS] A photoelec-
photoelectriceffectSeephotoelectricity,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080
triccontrolsystemusedtosortobjectsaccording
ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
to color,size,shape,or other light-changing
photoelectric flame-failure detector [CONT
characteristics,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorso˙rdH11080?r}
SYS] A photoelectric control that cuts off fuel
photoelectrictransmissometer [ENG] A device
flow when the fuel-consuming flame is extin-
to measure the runway visibility at an airport
guished,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm vertstrokeinferiorfaˉlH11080y?rdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080
by measuring the degree to which a light beam
t?r}
falling on a photocell is obscured by clouds or
photoelectricfluorometer [ENG] Deviceusinga
fog,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
photoelectric cell to measure fluorescence in a
photoelectric turbidimeter [ENG] Device for
chemical sample that has been excited (one or
measurementofsolutionturbiditybyuseofpho-
moreelectronshavebeenraisedtohigherenergy
tocells to detect the loss of intensity of light
level)byultravioletorvisiblelight;usedforanal-
beamedthroughthesolution,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trikysis of chemical mixtures,{ |fo
ˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik
vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?vertstrokesuperiordimH11080?dH11080?r}flu˙vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
photoelectromotive force [ELECTR] Electro-photoelectricity [ELECTR] The liberation of an
motive force caused by photovoltaic action.electricchargebyelectromagneticradiationinci-
{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080i|lekH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }dent on a substance; includes photoemission,
photoionization,photoconduction,the photo- photoelectron [ELECTR] Anelectronemittedby
voltaic effect,and the Auger effect (an internal the photoelectric effect,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
photoelectric process),Also known as photo- photoemission [ELECTR] The ejection of elec-
electric effect; photoelectric process,{ |foˉdH11080 trons from a solid (or less commonly,a liquid)
oˉvertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortrisH11080?dH11080eˉ } by incident electromagnetic radiation,Also
photoelectric liquid-level indicator [ENG] A
known as external photoelectric effect,{ |foˉdH11080
level indicator in which rising liquid interrupts
oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
thelight beamofaphotoelectric controlsystem;
photoemissive tube photometer [ENG] A pho-
used in a tank or process vessel,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
tometerwhichusesatubemadeofaphotoemis-
trik |likH11080w?d |levH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
sive material; it is highly accurate,but requires
photoelectricloopcontrol [CONTSYS] Aphoto-
electronic amplification,and is used mainly in
electriccontrolsystemusedasapositionregula-
laboratories,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiormisH11080iv |tu¨bf?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080
tor for a loop of material passing from one strip-
r}
processing line to another that may travel at a
photoemissivity [ELECTR] The property of a
different speed,Also known as loop control.
substance that emits electrons when struck by
{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorlu¨pk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
light,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
photoelectricphotometer [ENG] A photometer
photofabrication [ELECTR] In manufacturing
that uses a photocell,phototransistor,or photo-
circuit boards and integrated circuits,a process
tube to measure the intensity of light,Also
in which the etching pattern is placed over the
known as electronic photometer,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
circuit board or semiconductor material,the
trik f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
board or chipis placed in aspecial solution,and
photoelectric pyrometer [ENG] An instrument
the assembly is exposed to light,{ vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorfabH11080
thatmeasureshightemperaturesbyusingapho-
r?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
toelectric arrangement to measure the radiant
photoflash bomb [ENG] A missile dropped
energy given off by the heated object,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080
from aircraft; it contains a photoflash mixture
ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
and a means for ignition at a distance above
photoelectricreflectometer [ENG] A reflectom-
the ground,to produce a brilliant light of short
eter thatuses a photocell orphototube to meas-
duration for photographic purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉdH11080
ure the diffuse reflection of surfaces,powders,
vertstrokeinferiorflash vertstrokeinferiorba¨m}
pastes,and opaque liquids,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik
photogoniometer [ENG] A goniometer that
vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorflekvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
uses a phototube or photocell as a sensing de-photoelectric register control [CONT SYS] A
vice for studying x-ray spectra and x-ray diffrac-registercontrolusingalightsource,oneormore
tion effects in crystals,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorgoˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080phototubes,a suitable optical system,an ampli-
fier,and a relay to actuate control equipment?r}
401
photogrammetry
photogrammetry [ENG] 1,The science of mak- and a camera mounted on the same tripod.
ing accurate measurements and maps from ae- { |foˉdH11080oˉH11080theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
rial photographs,2,The practice of obtaining photothyristor See light-activated silicon con-
surveys by means of photography,{ vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080 trolled rectifier,{ |fo
ˉdH11080oˉH11080th?ˉvertstrokesuperiorrisH11080t?r}
vertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080treˉ }
phototopography [ENG] The science of map-
photographic barograph [ENG] A mercury ba-
ping and surveying in which details are plotted
rometer arranged so that the position of the
entirely from photographs taken at suitable
upper or lower meniscus may be measured pho-
ground stations,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
tographically,{ |foˉdH11080?|grafH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
phototransistor [ELECTR] A junction transistor
photographic interpretation See photointerpreta-
that may have only collector and emitter leads
tion,{ |foˉdH11080?|grafH11080ik invertstrokeinferiort?rH11080pr?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
or also a base lead,with the base exposed to
photographic surveying [ENG] Photographing
lightthroughatinylensinthehousing;collector
ofplumbbobs,clinometers,ormagneticneedles
current increases with light intensity,as a result
inboreholesurveyingtoprovideanaccurateper-
of amplification of base current by the transistor
manent record,{ |foˉdH11080?|grafH11080ik s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080i? }
structure,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
photointerpretation [ENG] The science of iden-
phototriangulation [ENG] The extension of
tifying and describing objects in a photograph,
horizontal or vertical control points,or both,by
such as deducing the topographic significance
photogrammetric methods,whereby the meas-
or the geologic structure of landforms on an
urementsofanglesanddistancesonoverlapping
aerial photograph,Also known as photo-
photographs are related into a spatial solution
graphic interpretation,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080invertstrokeinferiorterH11080pr?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
using the perspective principles of the photo-
sh?n}
graphs,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
photomask [ELECTR] A film or glass negative
phototube current meter [ENG] A device for
that has many high-resolution images,used in
measuring the speed of water currents in which
the production of semiconductor devices and
a perforated disk,which rotates with the currentintegrated circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo
ˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiormask }
by means of a propeller,is placed in the path ofphotometer [ENG] Aninstrumentusedformak-
a beam of light that is then reflected from aing measurements of light or electromagnetic
mirror onto a phototube,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?ntradiation,in the visible range,{ foˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}photoncoupling [ELECTR] Coupling of two cir-
cuits by means of photons passing through a photovoltaic [ELECTR] Capable of generating a
light pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉvertstrokeinferiorta¨n vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? } voltage asa resultof exposureto visible orother
photonegative [ELECTR] Having negative pho- radiation,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080voˉlvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080ik }
toconductivity,hence decreasing in conductivity photovoltaic cell [ELECTR] A device that de-
(increasing in resistance) under the action of tects or measures electromagnetic radiation by
light; selenium sometimes exhibits photonega-
generating a potential at a junction (barrier
tivity,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiornegH11080?H11080tiv}
layer) between two types of material,upon ab-
photonephelometer [ENG] A nephelometer
sorption of radiant energy,Also known as bar-
that uses a photocell or phototube to measure
rier-layer cell; barrier-layer photocell; boundary-
the amount of light transmitted by a suspension
layer photocell; photronic photocell,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080
of particles,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiornefH11080?vertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
voˉlvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsel }
photonics [ELECTR] The electronic technology
photovoltaiceffect [ELECTR] The production of
involved with the practical generation,manipu-
a voltage in a nonhomogeneous semiconductor,
lation,analysis,transmission,and reception of
such as silicon,or at a junction between two
electromagnetic energy in the visible,infrared,
types of material,by the absorption of light or
and ultraviolet portions of the light spectrum,It
other electromagnetic radiation,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080
contributes tomany fields,including astronomy,
voˉlvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080ik ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
biomedicine,datacommunications and storage,
photovoltaic meter [ELECTR] An exposure cell
fiber optics,imaging,optical computing,opto-
in which a photovoltaic cell produces a current
electronics,sensing,and telecommunications.
proportional to the light falling on the cell,and
Also known as optoelectronics,{ foˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨nH11080iks }
this current is measured by a sensitive microam-
photopositive [ELECTR] Having positive photo-
meter,{ |foˉdH11080oˉH11080voˉlvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080ik vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
conductivity,hence increasing in conductivity
physicalcompatibility [ENG] The ability of two
(decreasing in resistance) under the action of
or more materials,substances,or chemicals to
light; selenium ordinarily has photopositivity.
be used together without ill effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorfizH11080?H11080k?l
{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv}
k?mvertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
photoscanner [ENG] A scanner used to make a
physical modeling synthesis [ENG ACOUS] A
filmrecordofgammarayspassingthroughtissue
method of synthesizing the sounds of a musical
from an injected radioactive material,{ vertstrokesuperiorfoˉdH11080
instrument that uses computational algorithms
oˉvertstrokeinferiorskanH11080?r}
that are based directly on the mathematical
photosensitive See light-sensitive,{ |foˉdH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080
physics of the instrument,{ vertstrokeinferiorfizH11080iH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?lH11080s?dH11080iv}
i?vertstrokeinferiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}phototheodolite [ENG] A ground-surveying in-
physicalrealizability [CONT SYS] For a transferstrument used in terrestrial photogrammetry
which combines the functions of a theodolite function,the possibility of constructing a net-
402
piezoelectricelement
work with this transfer function,{ vertstrokesuperiorfizH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080 10
H1100212
second,orone-millionthofamicrosecond.
Abbreviated ps; psec,{ vertstrokeinferiorpeˉH11080koˉvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd }?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
picowatt [MECH] A unit of power equal to 10
H1100212
physical system See causal system,{ vertstrokesuperiorfizH11080?H11080k?l
watt,or one-millionth of a microwatt,Abbrevi-vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
ated pW,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorwa¨t}physicaltesting [ENG] Determination of physi-
picture element [ELECTR] 1,That portion,incal properties of materials based on observation
facsimile,of the subject copy which is seen byand measurement,{ vertstrokesuperiorfizH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i? }
the scanner at any instant; it can be consideredphytometer [ENG] A device for measuring tran-
a square area having dimensions equal to the
spiration,consisting of a vessel containing soil
width of the scanning line,2.In television,any
in which one or more plants are rooted and
segment of a scanning line,the dimension of
sealed so that water can escape only by transpi-
whichalongthelineisexactlyequaltothenomi-
ration from the plant,{ f?ˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nal line width; the area which is being explored
Picatinnytest [ENG] An impact test used in the
at any instant in the scanning process,Also
United States for evaluating the sensitivity of
known as critical area; elemental area; pixel; re-
high explosives; a small sample of the explosive
cording spot; scanning spot,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080
is placed in a depression in a steel die cup and
m?nt }
capped by a thin brass cover,a cylindrical steel
picturewindow [BUILD] Alargewindowframing
plug is placed in the center of the cover,and a
an exterior view,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikH11080ch?r |winH11080doˉ }
2-kilogram weight is dropped from varying
piecemark [ENG] Identification number for an
heights on the plug; the reported sensitivity fig-
individual part,subassembly,or assembly;
ure is the minimum height,in inches,at which
shown on the drawing,but not necessarily on
at least 1 firing results from 10 trials,{ pikH11080
the part,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉsvertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
vertstrokesuperiortinH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }
piece rate [IND ENG] Wages paid per unit of
Piche evaporimeter [ENG] A porous-paper-
production,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉs vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
wick atmometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉsh ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
piecewise linear system [CONT SYS] A system
pick [DES ENG] 1.The steel cutting points used
for which one can divide the range of values of
on a coal-cutter chain,2,A miner’s steel or
input quantities into a finite number of intervals
iron digging tool with sharp points at each end.
such thatthe output quantityis alinear function
[ENG] 1,To dress the sides of a shaft or other
of the input quantity within each of these inter-
excavation,2,To remove shale,dirt,and such
vals,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉsvertstrokeinferiorw?ˉz |linH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
from coal,{ pik }
piecework [IND ENG] Work paid for in accor-
pick-and-place robot [CONT SYS] A simple ro-
dance with the amount done rather than the
bot,often with only two or three degrees of
hours taken,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉsvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
freedon and little orno trajectory control,whose
pier [BUILD] A concrete block that supports the
sole function is to transfer items from one place
floor of a building,[CIV ENG] 1,A vertical,
to another,{ |pik?n |plaˉs vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
rectangular or circular support for concentrated
pickax [DES ENG] A pointed steel or iron tool
loads from an arch or bridge superstructure.
mounted on a wooden handle and used for
2,A structure with a platform projecting from
breaking earth and stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferioraks }
the shore into navigable waters for mooring ves-
pickhammer [DESENG] Ahammerwithapoint
sels,{ pir }
at one end of the head and a blunt surface at
piercing See fusion piercing,{ vertstrokesuperiorpirsH11080i? }
the other end,{ vertstrokesuperiorpik vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
piercing gripper [CONT SYS] A robot compo-
picklacing [DES ENG] The pattern to which the
nentthatfirstpuncturesamaterialsuchascloth,
picks are set in a cutter chain,{ vertstrokesuperiorpik vertstrokeinferiorlaˉsH11080i? }
rubber,or porous sheets,or soft plastic in order
pickling [CHEM ENG] A method of preparing
to lift and handle it,{ vertstrokesuperiorpirsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgripH11080?r}
hidesfortanningbyimmersion inasaltsolution
pier foundation See caisson foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiorpir
with a pH of 2.5 or less,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikH11080li? }
vertstrokeinferiorfau˙nvertstrokeinferiordaˉH11080sh?n}
pickoff [ELECTR] A device used to convert me-
pierhead line [CIV ENG] The line in navigable
chanical motion into a proportional electric sig-
waters beyond which construction is prohibited;
nal,[MECH ENG] A mechanical device for au-
open-pier construction may extend outward
tomaticremovalofthefinishedpartfromapress
from the bulkhead line to the pierhead line.
die,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
{ vertstrokesuperiorpirvertstrokeinferiorhed vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
pickup [ELEC] 1,A device that converts a
pie`ze [MECH] A unit of pressure equal to 1
sound,scene,measurablequantity,orotherform
sthe`ne per square meter,or to 1000 pascals.
of intelligence into corresponding electric sig- Abbreviated pz,{ pe
ˉvertstrokesuperiorez }
nals,as in a microphone,phonograph pickup,piezoelectric detector [ENG] A seismic detec-
or television camera,2,The minimum current,torconstructedfromastackofpiezoelectriccrys-
voltage,power,orothervalueatwhicharelaywill tals with an inertial mass mounted on top and
complete its intended function,3.Interference intervening metal foil to collect the charges pro-
from a nearby circuit or system,{ vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p} duced on the crystal faces when the crystals are
picoammeter [ENG] Anammeterwhosescaleis strained,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
calibratedto indicatecurrentvalues inpicoamp- piezoelectricelement [ELECTR] A piezoelectric
eres,{ vertstrokeinferiorpeˉH11080koˉvertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r} crystal used in an electric circuit,for example,as
a transducerto convert mechanicalor acousticalpicosecond [MECH] A unit of time equal to
403
piezoelectricgage
signals to electric signals,or to control the fre- same principle as the Philips ionization gage.
quency of a crystal oscillator,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080 2,See Philips ionization gage,[ENG] In-line
trik vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt } scraper (brush,blade cutter,or swab) forced
piezoelectric gage [ENG] A pressure-measur- through pipelines by fluid pressure; used to re-
ing gage that uses a piezoelectric material to movescale,sand,water,andotherforeignmatter
develop a voltage when subjected to pressure; from the interior surfaces of the pipe,{ pig }
used for measuring blast pressures resulting pigtail [ELEC] A short,flexible wire,usually
from explosions and pressures developed in stranded or braided,used between a stationary
guns,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
terminal and a terminal having a limited range
piezoelectricloudspeakerSeecrystal loudspeaker.
of motion,as in relay armatures,{ vertstrokesuperiorpigvertstrokeinferiortaˉl}
{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
pigtailsplice [ELEC] A splice made by twisting
piezoelectricmicrophoneSee crystal microphone.
together the bared ends of parallel conductors.
{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorpigvertstrokeinferiortaˉl |spl?ˉs}
piezoelectric oscillator See crystal oscillator.
pike pole [ENG] 1,A pole with a sharp metal
{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
pointinoneendthatisusedtoholdutilitypoles
piezoelectricpickupSeecrystalpickup,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080
upright while they are being installed,2,See
vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p}
fire hook,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉk vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
piezoelectric resonator See crystal resonator.
pilaster [CIV ENG] A vertical rectangular archi-
{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
tectural member that is structurally a pier and
piezoelectrictransducer [ELECTR] A piezoelec-
architecturally a column,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorlasH11080t?r}
triccrystalusedasatransducer,eithertoconvert
pile [ENG] A long,heavy timber,steel,or rein-
mechanical or acoustical signals to electric sig-
forced concrete post that has been driven,
nals,as in a microphone,or vice versa,as in
jacked,jetted,or cast vertically into the ground
ultrasonicmetalinspection,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik
to support a load,{ p?ˉl}
tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
pilebent [CIV ENG] A row of timber or concrete
piezojunction effect [ELECTR] A change in the
bearing piles with a pile cap forming that part
current-voltage characteristic of a pn junction
of a trestle which carries the adjacent ends of
thatisproducedbyamechanicalstress,{ peˉvertstrokeinferioraˉH11080
timber stringers or concrete slabs,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorbent }
zoˉvertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?nivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
pile cap [CIV ENG] A mass of reinforced con-
piezometer [ENG] 1.An instrumentformeasur-
crete cast around the head of a group of piles
ing fluid pressure,such as a gage attached to a
to ensure that they act as a unit to support the
pipe containing a gas or liquid,2,An instru-
imposed load,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorkap }
ment for measuring the compressibility of mate-
piledike [CIV ENG] A dike consisting of a group
rials,suchasavesselthatdeterminesthechange
of piles braced and lashed together along a riv-
in volume of a substance in response to hydro-
erbank,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiord?ˉk}
static pressure,{ vertstrokeinferiorpeˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pile driver [MECH ENG] A hoist and movable
piezometer opening See pressure tap,{ vertstrokeinferiorpeˉH11080
steel frame equipped to handle piles and drive
vertstrokesuperiorza¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferioroˉH11080p?nH11080i? }
them into the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉvH11080?r}
piezoresistivemicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
pile extractor [MECH ENG] 1,A pile hammer
crophone in which a piezoresistive material is
which strikes the pile upward so as to loosen
deposited on the edges of a membrane,and
its grip and remove it from the ground,2,A
variations in the resistance of this material re-
vibratory hammer which loosens the pile by
sulting from motion of the membrane are
high-frequency jarring,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉlikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r}
sensed,typically in a Wheatstone bridge.
pileformula [MECH] An equation for the forces
{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080ri|zisH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
acting on a pile at equilibrium,P H11005 pA H11001 tS H11001
piezoresistive sensor [ENG] A transducer
Sn sin H9278,where P is the load,A is the area of
which converts variations in mechanical stress
the pile point,p is the force per unit area on the
into an electrical output; it consists of an ele-
point,S is the embedded surface of the pile,t
mentofpiezoresistivematerialthatisconnected
is the force per unit area parallel to S,n is the
to a Wheatstone bridge circuit and is placed on
force per unit area normal to S,and H9278 is the
a highly stressed part of a suitable mechanical
taper angle of the pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
structure,usually attached to a cantilever or
pile foundation [CIV ENG] A substructure sup-
other beam configuration,{ peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080ri|zisH11080tiv
ported on piles,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl fau˙nvertstrokeinferiordaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
pilehammer [MECHENG] Theheavyweightofa
piezotransistoraccelerometer [ENG] An accel-
pile driverthat depends ongravity forits strikingerometer in which a seismic mass supported by
power and is used to drive piles into the ground.a stylus transmits a concentrated force to the
Also known as drop hammer,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}upper diode surface of a transistor and accelera-
pile shoe [CIV ENG] A cast-iron point on thetion is determined from the resulting change in
foot of a timber or concrete driven pile to facili-current across the pn junction of the transistor.
tate penetration of the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }{peˉ|aˉH11080zoˉH11080tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?rakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pillar [CIV ENG] A column for supporting part ofpi filter [ELECTR] A filter that has a series ele-
a structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpilH11080?r}ment and two parallel elements connected in
pillar bolt [DES ENG] A bolt projecting from atheshapeoftheGreekletterpi(H9266),{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
pig [ELECTR] 1,An ion source based on the part so as to support it,{ vertstrokesuperiorpilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
404
pinch-tubeprocess
pillarcrane [MECHENG] Acrane whosemecha- andtestingmanufacturingprocessestofacilitate
later reactivation,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?tm?vertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?lz }nism can be rotated about a fixed pillar,{ vertstrokesuperiorpilH11080
pilot model [IND ENG] An early production?r vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
model of a product used to debug the manufac-pillarpress [MECH ENG] A punch press framed
turing process,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?l}by two upright columns; the driving shaft passes
pilot plant [IND ENG] A small version of athrough the columns,and the slide operates be-
plannedindustrialplant,builttogainexperiencetween them,{ vertstrokesuperiorpilH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpres }
in operating the final plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t |plant }pilot [DES ENG] A bullet-nosed cylindrical com-
pilot reaming bit See reaming bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokesuperiorreˉmH11080
ponent used in a die that enters prepunched
i?vertstrokeinferiorbit }
holes ofa metal stripadvancing througha series
pilot-scale chemical reaction [CHEM ENG]
of operations to assure precise registration at
Small-scale chemical reaction used to test op-
each station,[MECH ENG] A cylindrical steel
erating conditions and product yields; used as
bar extending through,and about 8 inches (20
apilotfordesignoflarge-scalereactionsystems.
centimeters) beyond the face of,a reaming bit;
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t |skaˉl |kemH11080?H11080k?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
it acts as a guide that follows the original un-
pilottunnel [ENG] A small tunnel or shaft exca-
reamed part of the borehole and hence forces
vated in advance of the main drivage in mining
thereamingbittofollow,andbeconcentricwith,
and tunnel building to gain information about
the smaller-diameter,unreamed portion of the
the ground,create a free face,and thus simplify
original borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t}
the blasting operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
pilot balloon [ENG] A small balloon whose as-
pilot wire regulator [CONT SYS] Automatic de-
centisfollowedbyatheodoliteinordertoobtain
vice for controlling adjustable gains or losses
data forthe computation of thespeed and direc-
associatedwithtransmissioncircuitstocompen-
tion of winds in the upper air,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?tb?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨n}
satefortransmissionchangescausedbytemper-
pilotbit [DES ENG] A noncoring bit with a cylin-
ature variations,the control usually depending
drical diamond-set plug of somewhat smaller
upon the resistance of a conductor or pilot wire
diameter than the bit proper,set in the center
having substantially the same temperature con-
and projecting beyond the main face of the bit.
ditions as the conductors of the circuits being
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorbit }
regulated,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t |w?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
pilotchannel [CIV ENG] One of a series of cut-
pin [DES ENG] 1,A cylindrical fastener made of
offs for converting a meandering stream into a
wood,metal,or other material used to join two
straight channel of greater slope,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t
membersorpartswithfreedomofangularmove-
vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
mentatthejoint,2.Ashort,pointedwirewitha
pilot drill [MECH ENG] A small drill to start a
head used for fastening fabrics,paper,or similar
hole to ensure that a larger drill will run true to
materials,[ELECTR] Aterminalonanelectron
center,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiordril }
tube,semiconductor,integrated circuit,plug,or
pilotedignition [ENG] The accidental initiation
connector,Also known as base pin; prong.
of combustion by means of contact of gaseous
{ pin }
material with an external high-energy source,
pinch [ENG] The closing-in of borehole walls
such as a flame,spark,electrical arc,or glowing
before casing is emplaced,resulting from rock
wire,{ |p?ˉlH11080?dH11080?digvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n}
failure when drilling in formations having a low
pilot hole [DES ENG] In metal-forming opera-
compressional strength,{ pinch }
tions,a prepunched hole in a metal strip into
pinch bar [DES ENG] A pointed lever,used
which the pilot component of the die enters in
somewhat like a crowbar,to roll heavy wheels.
ordertoassurepreciseregistrationofthestripat
{ vertstrokesuperiorpinch vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
each work station,[ENG] A small hole drilled
pinch grasp [IND ENG] A grasp by the human
ahead of a larger borehole,[MECH ENG] A
handthatinvolvesthethumbandthefacingside
hole drilled in a piece of wood to serve as a
of the index finger at the knuckle; used to apply
guide for a nail or a screw or for drilling a larger
a large force to a small object,Also known as
hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
key grasp,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinch vertstrokeinferiorgrasp }
pilotlamp [ELEC] Asmalllampusedtoindicate
pinch-off blades [ENG] In blow molding,the
that a circuit is energized,Also known as pilot
part that compresses the parison to seal it prior
light,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorlamp }
to blowing,and to allow easy cooling and re-
pilot light [ELEC] See pilot lamp,[ENG] A
moval of flash,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinchvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorblaˉdz }
small,constantly burning flame used to ignite a
pinchpoint [IND ENG] A point in a plant layout
gas burner,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt} or onan automated guidedvehicle suchthat the
pilot line operation [IND ENG] Minimum pro- distance between the automated guided vehicle
ductionofaniteminordertopreserveordevelop and the surrounding equipment and structures
the art of its production,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080 is so small that it represents a safety hazard to
sh?n} personnel,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinch vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
pilotmaterials [IND ENG] A minimum quantity pinch-tube process [ENG] A plastics blow-
of special materials,partially finished compo- molding process in which the extruder drops a
nents,forgings,andcastings,identifiedwithspe- tube between mold halves,and the tube is
cific production equipment and processes and pinchedoffwhenthemoldcloses,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinch vertstrokeinferiortu¨b
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}required for the purpose of proofing,tooling,
405
pindiode
pindiode [ELECTR] A diode consisting of a sili- pipeclamp [DESENG] Adevicesimilartoacas-
ing clamp,but used on a pipe to grasp it andcon wafer containing nearly equal p-type and n-
facilitate hoisting or suspension,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉptypeimpurities,withadditionalp-typeimpurities
vertstrokeinferiorklamp }diffused from one side and additionaln-type im-
pipeculvert [CIVENG] Aburiedpipeforcarryingpurities from the other side; this leaves a lightly
a watercourse below ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiork?lH11080doped intrinsic layer in the middle,to act as a
v?rt }dielectric barrier between the n-type and p-type
pipe cutter [DES ENG] A hand tool consistingregions,Also known as power diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorpin
of a clamplike device with three cutting wheels
vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
which are forced inward by screw pressure to cut
pinger [ENG ACOUS] A battery-powered,low-
into apipe asthe tool isrotated aroundthe pipe
energy source for an echo sounder,{ vertstrokesuperiorpi?H11080?r}
circumference,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
pinhole detector [ENG] A photoelectric device
pipeelbowmeter [ENG] A variable-head meter
that detects extremely small holes and other de-
for measuring flow around the bend in a pipe.
fects in moving sheets of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorelH11080boˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
pipefitter [ENG] A technician who fits,threads,
pinion [MECHENG] Thesmallerofapairofgear
installs,and repairs pipes in a pipework system.
wheels or the smallest wheel of a gear train.
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorpinH11080y?n}
pipe fitting [ENG] A piece,such as couplings,
pin joint [DES ENG] A joint made with a pin
unions,nipples,tees,and elbows for connecting
hinge which has a removable pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorpin vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
lengths of pipes,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }
pin junction [ELECTR] A semiconductor device
pipeflow [ENG] Conveyance of fluids in closed
having three regions,p-type impurity,intrinsic
conduits,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
(electrically pure),and n-type impurity,{ vertstrokesuperiorpin
pipelaying [ENG] Theplacingofpipeintoposi-
vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
tion in a trench,as with buried pipelines for oil,
pinnatejoint See feather joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorpivertstrokeinferiornaˉt vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
water,or chemicals,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080i? }
pinpointgate [ENG] In plastics molding,an ori-
pipeline [ENG] A line of pipe connected to
fice of 0.030 inch (0.76 millimeter) or less in
valves and other control devices,for conducting
diameter through which molten resin enters a
fluids,gases,orfinelydividedsolids,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
mold cavity,{ vertstrokesuperiorpinvertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
pipe pile [CIV ENG] A steel pipe 6–30 inches
pin rod [DES ENG] A rod designed to connect
(15–76 centimeters) in diameter,usually filled
two parts so they act as one,{ vertstrokesuperiorpin vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
with concrete and used for underpinning.
pint [MECH] Abbreviated pt,1,A unit of vol-
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
ume,used intheUnitedStates formeasurement
pipe run [ENG] The path followed by a piping
of liquid substances,equal to 1/8 U.S,gallon,or
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorr?n}
231/8 cubic inches,or 4.73176473 H11003 10
H110024
cubic
pipe scale [ENG] Rust and corrosion products
meter,Also known as liquid pint (liq pt).
adhering to the inner surfaces of pipes; serve to
2,A unit of volume used in the United States
decrease ability to transfer heat and to increase
for measurement of solid substances,equal to
the pressure drop for flowing fluids,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp
1/64 U.S,bushel,or 107,521/3200 cubic inches,
vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
or approximately 5.50610 H11003 10
H110024
cubic meter.
pipe sleeve [ENG] A hollow,cylindrical insert
Also known as dry pint (dry pt),3,A unit of
placed in a form for a concrete wall at the posi-
volume,used in the United Kingdom for meas-
tion where a pipe is to penetrate in order to
urementofliquidandsolidsubstances,although
prevent flow of concrete into the opening.
usually the former,equal to 1/8 imperial gallon,
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorsleˉv}
or 5.6826125 H11003 10
H110024
cubic meter,Also known
pipestill [CHEMENG] A petroleum-refinery still
as imperial pint,{ p?ˉnt }
in which heat is applied to the oil while it is
pintle [DES ENG] A vertical pivot pin,as on a
being pumped through a coil or pipe arranged
rudder or a gun carriage,{ vertstrokesuperiorpintH11080?l}
inafirebox,theoilthenrunningtoafractionator
pintlechain [DES ENG] A chain with links held
with continuous removal of overhead vapor and
together by pivot pins; used with sprocket
liquid bottoms,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorstil }
wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorpintH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
pipe tap [ENG] A small threaded hole or entry
pin-type mill [MECH ENG] Solids pulverizer in
made into the wall of a pipe; used for sampling
which protruding pins on high-speed rotating
of pipe contents,or connection of control de-
disk provide the breaking energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorpin vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp
vices or pressure-drop-measurement devices.
vertstrokeinferiormil } { vertstrokesuperiorp?
ˉp vertstrokeinferiortap }
pipe [DES ENG] A tube made of metal,clay,pipetee [DES ENG] A T-shaped pipe fitting with
plastic,wood,or concrete and used to conduct two outlets,one at 90H11034 to the connection to the
a fluid,gas,or finely divided solid,{ p?ˉp} main line,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorteˉ }
pipe bit [DES ENG] A bit designed for attach- pipe thread [DES ENG] Most commonly,a 60H11034
ment to standard coupled pipe for use in sock- thread used on pipes and tubes,characterized
eting the pipe in bedrock,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorbit } by flat crests and roots and cut with 3/4-inch
pipebox [ENG] Inapipeworkinstallation,acas- taper per foot (about 1.9 centimeters per 30 cen-
ing packed with loose insulation to enclose a timeters),Also known as taper pipe thread.
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorthred }set of pipes,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
406
pitman
pipe-threadprotectorSeethread protector,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp around a piston and extending to the cylinder
wall to prevent leakage,Also known as packingvertstrokeinferiorthred pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
pipetongs [ENG] Heavy tongs that are hung on ring,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorri? }
piston rod [MECH ENG] The rod which is con-a cable and used for screwing pipe and tool
joints,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorta¨?z } nected to the piston,and moves or is moved by
the piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}pipetrain [ENG] Intheextrusionofplasticpipe,
the entireequipment assembly usedto fabricate piston skirt [MECH ENG] That part of a piston
below the piston pin bore,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorsk?rt }the pipe (such as the extruder,die,cooling bath,
haul-off,and cutter),{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiortraˉn} pistonspeed [MECH ENG] The total distance a
piston travels in a given time; usually expressedpipework See piping,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
pipewrench [DES ENG] A tool designed to grip in feet per minute,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
piston-type area meter See piston meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080and turn a pipe or rod about its axis in one
direction only,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorrench } t?n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
piston valve [MECH ENG] A cylindrical type ofpiping [ENG] A system of pipes provided to
carry a fluid,Also known as pipework,steam engine slide valve for admission and ex-
haust of steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |valv }{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉpH11080i? }
piston [ENG] See force plug,[MECH ENG] A pistonviscometer [ENG] Adeviceforthemeas-
urement of viscosity by the timed fall of a pistonslidingmetalcylinderthatreciprocatesinatubu-
lar housing,either moving against or moved by through the liquid being tested,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n
vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}fluid pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n}
piston blower [MECH ENG] A piston-operated,pitch [DES ENG] The distance between similar
elements arranged in a pattern or between twopositive-displacement air compressor used for
stationary,automobile,andmarineduty,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080 points of a mechanical part,as the distance be-
tween the peaks of two successive grooves on at?n |bloˉH11080?r}
pistoncorer [MECH ENG] A steel tube which is disk recording or on a screw,[MECH] 1,Of
an aerospace vehicle,an angular displacementdriven into the sediment by a free fall and by
lead attached to the upper end,and which is about an axis parallel to the lateral axis of the
vehicle,2,The rising and falling motion of thecapable of recovering undistorted vertical sec-
tions of sediment,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |ko˙rH11080?r } bow of a ship or the tail of an airplane as the
craft oscillates about a transverse axis,{ pich }piston displacement [MECH ENG] The volume
which a piston in a cylinder displaces in a single pitchacceleration [MECH] The angular acceler-
ation of an aircraft or missile about its lateral,stroke,equal to the distance the piston travels
times the internal cross section of the cylinder,or Y,axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich ikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}
pitch attitude [MECH] The attitude of an air-{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?ndivertstrokeinferiorsplaˉsH11080m?nt }
piston drill [MECH ENG] A heavy percussion- craft,rocket,or other flying vehicle,referred to
the relationship between the longitudinal bodytype rock drill mounted either on a horizontal
bar or on a short horizontal arm fastened to axisanda chosenreferencelineor planeasseen
from the side,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d}a vertical column; drills holes to 6 inches (15
centimeters) in diameter,Also known as recip- pitchaxis [MECH] A lateral axis through an air-
craft,missile,or similar body,about which therocating drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |dril }
piston engine [MECH ENG] A type of engine body pitches,Also known as pitching axis.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}characterized by reciprocating motion of pistons
in a cylinder,Also known as displacement en- pitch circle [DES ENG] In toothed gears,an
imaginary circle concentric with the gear axisgine; reciprocating engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |enH11080j?n}
pistongageSee free-piston gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } whichisdefinedatthethickestpointontheteeth
and along which the tooth pitch is measured.piston head [MECH ENG] That part of a piston
above the top ring,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorhed } { vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
pitch cone [DES ENG] A cone representing thepiston meter [ENG] A variable-area,constant-
head fluid-flow meter in which the position of pitch surface of a bevel gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}
pitch cylinder [DES ENG] A cylinder represent-the piston,moved by the buoyant force of the
liquid,indicates the flow rate,Also known as ing the pitch surface of a spur gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080
nH11080d?r}piston-type area meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |meˉdH11080?r}
pistonphone [ENG ACOUS] A small chamber pitch diameter [DES ENG] The diameter of the
pitch circle of a gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich d?ˉvertstrokeinferioramH11080?dH11080?r}equipped with a reciprocating piston having a
measurable displacement and used to establish pitched roof [BUILD] 1,A roof that has one or
more surfaces with a slope greater than 10H11034.a known sound pressure in the chamber,as for
testing microphones,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?nvertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} 2.Aroofthathastwoslopesmeetingatacentral
ridge,{ |picht vertstrokesuperiorru¨f}piston pin [MECH ENG] A cylindrical pin that
connectstheconnectingrodtothepiston,Also pitchingaxis See pitch axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorpichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
pitching moment [MECH] A moment about aknown as wrist pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiorpin }
pistonpump [MECHENG] Apumpinwhichmo- lateral axis of an aircraft,rocket,or airfoil.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt }tion and pressure are applied to the fluid by a
reciprocating piston in a cylinder,Also known pitchline See cam profile,{ vertstrokesuperiorpich vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
pitman [ENG] 1,A worker in or near a pit,asas reciprocating pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n |p?mp }
piston ring [DES ENG] A sealing ring fitted in a quarry,mine,garage,or foundry,2,On a
407
pitmanarm
pumping unit,an arm connecting the crank with for milling plain or flat surfaces,Also known
the walking beam for converting rotary motion as slab cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn |milH11080i?vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
to reciprocating motion,[MECH ENG] In an plainturning [MECH ENG] Lathe operations in-
automotive steering system,the arm that is con-
volved when machining a workpiece between
nected to the shaft of the steering gear sector
centers,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn |t?rnH11080i? }
and the tie rod,and swings back and forth as
planar linkage [MECH ENG] A linkage that in-
the steering wheel is turned,Also known as
volves motion in only two dimensions,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉH11080
pitman arm,{ vertstrokesuperiorpitH11080m?n}
n?r vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij }
pitmanarm See pitman,{ vertstrokesuperiorpitH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
planarprocess [ENG] A silicon-transistor man-
pitometer [ENG] Reversedpitot-tube-typeflow-
ufacturing process in which a fractional-microm-
measurement device with one pressure opening
eter-thick oxide layer is grown on a silicon sub-
facing upstream and the other facing down-
strate; a series of etching and diffusion steps is
stream,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
then used to produce the transistor inside the
pitometer log [ENG] A log consisting essen-
silicon substrate,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉH11080n?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
tially of a pitot tube projecting into the water,
planchet [ENG] Asmallmetalcontainerorsam-
and suitable registering devices,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080
ple holder; usually used to hold radioactive ma-
r vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
terials that are being checked for the degree of
pitot tube [ENG] An instrument that measures
radioactivity in a proportional counter or scintil-the stagnation pressure of a flowing fluid,con-
lation detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080ch?t}sisting of an open tube pointing into the fluid
and connected to a pressure-indicating device,Planckfunction [THERMO] The negative of the
Also known as impact tube,{ peˉvertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b} Gibbs free energy divided by the absolute tem-
pitot-tube anemometer [ENG] A pressure-tube perature,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla¨?k vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
anemometer consisting of a pitot tube mounted plane [DES ENG] Atool consisting of a smooth-
on the windward end of a wind vane and a suit-
soled stock from the face of which extends a
ablemanometertomeasurethedevelopedpres-
wide-edged cutting blade for smoothing and
sure,and calibrated in units of wind speed.
shaping wood,[ELECTR] Screen of magnetic
{peˉvertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
cores; planes are combined to form stacks.
pitot-venturi flow element [ENG] Liquid-flow
{ plaˉn}
measurement device in which a pair of concen-
planecorrection [ENG] A correction applied to
tric venturi elements replaces the pitot-tube
observed surveying data to reduce them to a
probe,{ peˉvertstrokesuperiortoˉ venvertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080eˉ |floˉ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
common reference plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnk?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
pivot [MECH] Ashort,pointedshaftformingthe
plane lamina [MECH] A body whose mass is
center and fulcrum on which something turns,
concentrated in a single plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080
balances,or oscillates,{ vertstrokesuperiorpivH11080?t}
H11080n? }
pivotanchor [DESENG] An anchorthat permits
plane of departure [MECH] Vertical plane con-
a pipe to swivel around a fixed point,{ vertstrokesuperiorpivH11080?t
taining the path of a projectile as it leaves the
vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}
muzzle of the gun,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn?vdi vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rH11080ch?r}
pivotbridge [CIV ENG] A bridgein which a span
plane of fire [MECH] Vertical plane containing
can open by pivoting about a vertical axis.
the gun and the target,or containing a line of
{ vertstrokesuperiorpivH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
site,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉr}
pivot-bucketconveyor-elevator [MECH ENG] A
planeofmaximumshearstress [MECH] Eitherbucket conveyor having overlapping pivoted
of two planes that lie on opposite sides of andbuckets on long-pitch roller chains; buckets are
always level except when tripped to discharge at angels of 45H11034to the maximum principal stress
materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorpivH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?tk?n|vaˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080 axis and that are parallel to the intermediate
r} principal stress axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla
ˉn?v |makH11080siH11080m?m
pivoted window [BUILD] A window having a
vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorstres }
section which is pivoted near the center so that
plane of work [IND ENG] The plane in which
the top of the section swings in and the bottom
most of a worker’s motions occur in the perfor-
swings out,{ vertstrokesuperiorpivH11080?dH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080doˉ }
mance of a task,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
pixel [ELECTR] The smallest addressable ele-
planeofyaw [MECH] The plane determined by
ment in an electronic display; a short form for
the tangent to the trajectory of a projectile in
pictureelement,Alsoknownaspel,{ pikvertstrokesuperiorsel }
flight and the axis of the projectile,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn?v
pk See peck.
vertstrokesuperioryo˙ }
plainconcrete [CIVENG] Concretewithoutrein-
plan equation [MECH ENG] The mathematical
forcement but often with light steel to reduce
statement that horsepowerH11005plan/33,000,where
shrinkage and temperature cracking,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn
pH11005 mean effective pressure (pounds per square
ka¨nvertstrokesuperiorkreˉt}
inch),l H11005 length of piston stroke (feet),a H11005 net
plain-laid [DESENG] Pertainingtoaropewhose
area of piston (square inches),and n H11005 number
strands are twisted together in a direction oppo-
of cycles completed per minute,{ vertstrokesuperiorplan ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080
site to that of the twist in the strands.
zh?n}{ vertstrokesuperiorpla
ˉnvertstrokeinferiorlaˉd}
planer [MECH ENG] A machine for the shapingplainmillingcutter [DESENG] Acylindricalmill-
ing cutter with teeth on the periphery only; used oflong,flat,orflatcontouredsurfacesbyrecipro-
408
plasticdeformation
cating the workpiece under a stationary single- plant protection [IND ENG] That portion of in-
dustrial security which concerns the safe-point tool or tools,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080?r}
plane strain [MECH] A deformation of a body guarding of industrial installations,resources,
utilities,and materials by physical measuresin which the displacements of all points in the
bodyareparalleltoagivenplane,andthevalues such as guards,fences,and lighting designation
of restricted areas,{ vertstrokesuperiorplant pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080sh?n}of these displacements do not depend on the
distance perpendicular to the plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn plasma-arc cutting [ENG] Metal cutting by
melting a localized area with an arc followed byvertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
planestress [MECH] A state of stress in which removalofmetalbyhigh-velocity,high-tempera-
ture ionized gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorplazH11080m? |a¨rk vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i? }two of the principal stresses are always parallel
to a given plane and are constant in the normal plasma processing [ENG] Methods and tech-
nologiesthatutilizeaplasmatotreatandmanu-direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn vertstrokeinferiorstres }
plane surveying [ENG] Measurement of areas facture materials,generally through etching,de-
position,or chemical alteration at a surface in-on theassumption that the earthis flat,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn
s?r|vaˉH11080i? } side or at the boundary of the plasma,{ vertstrokesuperiorplazH11080
m? pra¨vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080i? }planetable [ENG] A surveying instrument con-
sisting of a drawing board mounted on a tripod plasma-source ion implantation [ENG] A
method of ion implantation in which the work-and fitted with a compass and a straight-edge
ruler; used to graphically plot survey lines di- pieceisplacedinaplasmacontainingtheappro-
priate ion species and is repetitively pulse-bi-rectly from field observations,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}
planetary gear train [MECH ENG] An assembly asedtoahighnegativepotentialsothatpositive
plasma ions are accelerated to the surface andof meshed gears consisting of a central gear,a
coaxial internal or ring gear,and one or more implant in the bulk material,Abbreviated PSII.
{ |plazH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorimH11080planvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080sh?n}intermediate pinions supported on a revolving
carrier,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiortraˉn} plasmatorch [ENG] A torch in which tempera-
tures as high as 50,000H11034C are achieved by in-planet carrier [MECH ENG] A fixed member in
a planetary gear train that contains the shaft jecting a plasma gas tangentially into an electric
arcformedbetweenelectrodesinachamber;theupon which the planet pinion rotates,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080
t |karH11080eˉH11080?r } resulting vortex of hot gases emerges at very
high speed through a hole in the negative elec-planetgear [MECHENG] Apinioninaplanetary
gear train,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorgir } trode,to form a jet for welding,spraying of mol-
ten metal,and cutting of hard rock or hard met-planetpinion [MECH ENG] One of the gears in
a planetary gear train that meshes with and re- als,{ vertstrokesuperiorplazH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
plastercoat [BUILD] A thin layer of plaster lin-volvesaroundthesungear,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080?tvertstrokeinferiorpinH11080y?n}
planimeter [ENG] A device used for measuring ing walls in buildings,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?r |koˉt}
plaster ground [BUILD] A piece of wood usedthe area of any plane surface by tracing the
boundary of the area,{ pl?vertstrokesuperiornimH11080?dH11080?r } as a gage to control the thickness of a plaster
coat placed on a wall; usually put around win-planing [ENG] Smoothing or shaping the sur-
face of wood,metal,or plastic workpieces,dows and doors and at the floor,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?r
|grau˙nd }{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉnH11080i? }
planishing [MECH ENG] Smoothing the surface plaster shooting [ENG] A surface blasting
method used when no rock drill is necessary orof a metal by a rapid series of overlapping,light
hammerlike blows or by rolling in a planishing one is not available; consists of placing a charge
of gelignite,primed with safety fuse and detona-mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080ishH11080i? }
plankton net [ENG] A net for collecting plank- tor,in close contact with the rock or boulder
and covering it completely with stiff damp clay.ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla?kH11080t?n vertstrokeinferiornet }
planning horizon [IND ENG] In a materials-re- { vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorshu¨dH11080i? }
plastic [MECH] Displaying,or associated with,quirements planning system,the time from the
present to some future date for which plans are plasticity,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080tik }
plasticate [ENG] Tosoftenamaterialbyheatingbeing generated for acquisition of materials.
{ vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080i? h?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?n } or kneading,Also known as plastify,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080
t?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉt}plant [INDENG] Theland,buildings,andequip-
ment used in an industry,{ plant } plastic bonding [ENG] The joining of plastics
by heat,solvents,adhesives,pressure,or radioplant decomposition [CONT SYS] The parti-
tioning of a large-scale control system into sub- frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndH11080i? }
plastic collision [MECH] A collision in whichsystems along lines of weak interaction.
{ vertstrokesuperiorplant deˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n } oneorbothofthecollidingbodiessuffersplastic
deformation and mechanical energy is dissi-plant factor [ELEC] The ratio of the average
power load of an electric power plant to its rated pated,{ |plasH11080tik k?vertstrokesuperiorlizhH11080?n}
plasticdeformation [MECH] Permanent changecapacity,Also known as capacity factor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorplant vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r } in shape or size of a solid body without fracture
resultingfromtheapplicationofsustainedstressplant layout [IND ENG] The location of equip-
ment and facilities in a manufacturing plant,beyond the elastic limit,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080tik vertstrokeinferiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
sh?n}{ vertstrokesuperiorplant vertstrokeinferiorlaˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
409
plasticdesign
plastic design See ultimate-load design,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080 plate cut [BUILD] The cut made in a rafter to
rest on the plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiork?t}tik divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
plated circuit [ELECTR] A printed circuit pro-plasticity [MECH] The property of a solid body
duced by electrodeposition of a conductive pat-whereby it undergoes a permanent change in
tern on an insulating base,Also known asshape or size when subjected to a stress ex-
plated printed circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}ceeding aparticular value,called theyield value.
plated printed circuit See plated circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉdH11080{ plasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }
d vertstrokesuperiorprintH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}plasticize [ENG] To soften a material to make
plate efficiency [CHEM ENG] The equilibrium
it plastic or moldable by adding a plasticizer or
produced by an actual plate of a distillation col-
by using heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
umnorcountercurrenttowerextractorcompared
plasticorder [ENG] Laboratory device used to
with that of a perfect plate,expressed as a ratio.
predict the performance of a plastic material by
[ELECTR] See anode efficiency,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉtivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080
measurement of temperature,viscosity,and
nH11080seˉ }
shear-rate relationships,Also known as plasti-
platefeeder See apron feeder,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt |feˉdH11080?r}
graph,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
plate-fin exchanger [MECH ENG] Heat-transfer
plasticoviscosity [MECH] Plasticity in which
device made up of a stack or layers,with each
the rate of deformation of a body subjected to
layer consisting of a corrugated fin between flat
stresses greater than the yield stress is a linear
metalsheetssealedoffon twosidesbychannels
function of the stress,{ |plasH11080t?H11080koˉH11080vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080
or bars to form passages for the flow of fluids.
dH11080eˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiorfin iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
plastify See plasticate,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉ }
plategirder [CIV ENG] A riveted or welded steel
plastigraph See plasticorder,{ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
girder having a deep vertical web plate with a
plastometer [ENG] Instrument used to deter-
pairofanglesalongeachedgetoactascompres-
minetheflowpropertiesofathermoplasticresin
sion and tension flanges,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiorg?rdH11080?r}
by forcing molten resin through a specified die
plate girder bridge [CIV ENG] A fixed bridge
opening or orifice at a given pressure and tem-
consisting,in its simplest form,of two flange
perature,{ plavertstrokesuperiorsta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
platesweldedtoawebplateintheoverallshape
plate [BUILD] 1,A shoe or base member,such
of an I,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt |g?rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
as of a partition or other kind of frame,2,The
plate modulus [MECH] The ratio of the stress
top horizontal member of a row of studs used
componentT
xx
inanisotropic,elasticbodyobey-
in a frame wall,[DES ENG] A rolled,flat piece
ing ageneralized Hooke’s law tothe correspond-
of metal of some arbitrary minimum thickness
ing strain component S
xx
,when the strain com-
and width depending on the type of metal.
ponentsS
yy
andS
zz
are 0; the sum of the Poisson
[ELEC] 1,One of the conducting surfaces in a
ratio and twice the rigidity modulus,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt
capacitor,2.One of the electrodes in a storage
vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
battery,[ELECTR] See anode,{ plaˉt}
platen [ENG] 1.Aflatplateagainstwhichsome-
plateanemometerSeepressure-plateanemometer.
thingrestsorispressed,2.Therubber-covered
{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
roller of a typewriter against which paper is
platebearingtest [ENG] Former method to es-
pressed when struck by the typebars,[MECH
timate the bearing capacity ofa soil; a rigid steel
ENG] A flat surface for exchanging heat in a
plate about 1 foot (30 centimeters) square was
boiler or heat exchanger which may have ex-
placed on the foundation level and then loaded
tended heat transfer surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorplatH11080?n}
untilthefoundationfailed,asevidencedbyrapid
plate-shear test [ENG] A method used to get
sinking of the plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortest }
truesheardataonahoneycombcorebybonding
plate-belt feeder See apron feeder,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiorbelt
the core between two thick steel plates and sub-
vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
jecting the core to shear by displacing the plates
plate cam [MECH ENG] A flat,open cam that
relativetoeachotherbyloadingineithertension
imparts a sliding motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiorkam }
or compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt |shir vertstrokeinferiortest }
plate coil [MECH ENG] Heat-transfer device
plate tower [CHEM ENG] A distillation tower
made from two metal sheets held together,one
along the internal height of which is a series of
or both plates embossed to form passages
transverse plates (bubble-cap or sieve) to force
between them for a heating or cooling medium
intimate contact between downward flowing liq-
to flow through,Also known as panel coil.
uid and upward flowing vapor,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt |ko˙il }
plate-type exchanger [MECH ENG] Heat-ex-
plateconveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor with a change device similar to a plate-and-frame filter
series of steel plates as the carrying medium; press; fluidsflow between theframe-held plates,
each plate is a short trough,all slightly over- transferring heat between them,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp
lappedtoformanarticulatedband,andattached iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
to one center chain or to two side chains; the plate vibrator [ENG] A mechanically operated
chains join rollers running on an angle-iron tamperfittedwithaflatbase,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉtv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉdH11080?r}
framework and transmit the drive from the platformbalance [ENG] A weighing device with
driveheads,installed at intermediate points and a flat plate mounted above a balanced beam.
sometimes also at the head or tail ends,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt { vertstrokesuperiorplatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
platform blowing [ENG] Special technique fork?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
410
plumbbond
blow-molding large parts made of plastic with- plot [CIV ENG] A measured piece of land.
{ pla¨t}out sagging of the part being formed,{ vertstrokesuperiorplat
plotter [ENG] Avisualdisplayorboardonwhichvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080i? }
a dependent variable isgraphed by an automati-platform conveyor [MECH ENG] A single- or
cally controlled pen or pencil as a function ofdouble-strand conveyor with plates of steel or
one or more variables,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla¨dH11080?r}hardwood forming a continuous platform on
plotting board [ENG] The surface portion of awhich the loads are placed,{ vertstrokesuperiorplatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm k?n
plotter,on which graphs are recorded,Alsovertstrokeinferiorva
ˉH11080?r}
known as plotting table,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla¨dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
platform framing [BUILD] A construction
plotting table See plotting board,{ vertstrokesuperiorpla¨dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080
method in which each floor is framed indepen-
b?l}
dently by nailing the horizontal framing member
plough [ENG] A groove cut lengthwise with the
to the top of the wall studs,{ vertstrokesuperiorplatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm
grain in a piece of wood,{ plau˙ }
vertstrokeinferiorfraˉmH11080i? }
ploughed-and-tongued joint See feather joint.
platinum resistance thermometer [ENG] The
{ |plau˙d?n vertstrokesuperiortd vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
basis of the International Practical Temperature
plowshare [DES ENG] The pointed part of a
Scale of 1968 from 259.35H11034 to 630.74H11034C; used in
moldboard plow,which penetrates and cuts the
industrial thermometers in the range 0 to 650H11034C;
soil first,{ vertstrokesuperiorplau˙vertstrokeinferiorsher }
capable of high accuracy because platinum is
plug [ELEC] The half of a connector that is nor-
noncorrosive,ductile,and nonvolatile,and can
mally movable and is generally attached to a
be obtained in a very pure state,Also known
cable or removable subassembly; inserted in a
as Callendar’s thermometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorplatH11080?nH11080?m
jack,outlet,receptacle,or socket,{ pl?g}
ri|zisH11080t?ns th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
plug-and-feather hole [ENG] A hole drilled in
play [MECH ENG] Free or unimpeded motion of
quarries for the purpose of splitting a block of
an object,such as the motion between poorly
stone by the plug-and-feather method,{ |pl?g
fitted or worn parts of a mechanism,{ plaˉ }
n vertstrokesuperiorfethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
playback [ENG ACOUS] Reproduction of a
plugbit See noncoring bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorbit }
sound recording,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉvertstrokeinferiorbak }
plugcock See plug valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
playbackrobot [CONTSYS] Arobotthatrepeats
plug cutter [DES ENG] A device for boring out
the same sequence of motions in all its opera-
short dowels or plugs from wood that exactly
tions,and is first instructed by an operator who
match standard drill sizes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
puts it through this sequence,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉvertstrokeinferiorbak
plugforming [ENG] Thermoforming process for
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
plastics molding in which a plug or male mold
playforposition [IND ENG] The prepositioning
is used to partially preform the part before form-
of an object by a worker for a subsequent opera-
ing is completed,using vacuum or pressure.
tion in the performance of a task,{ vertstrokesuperiorplaˉ fo˙r
{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
pluggage [DES ENG] A steel gage that is used
pleated cartridge [DES ENG] A filter cartridge
to test the dimension of a hole; may be straight
made into a convoluted form that resembles the
or tapered,plain or threaded,and of any cross-
folds of an accordion,{ vertstrokesuperiorpleˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080trij }
sectional shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
plenum [ENG] Aconditioninwhichairpressure
plugging [ELEC] Braking an electric motor by
within an enclosed space is greater than that in
reversing its connections,so it tends to turn
the outside atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorplenH11080?m}
in the opposite direction; the circuit is opened
plenumblowerassembly [MECHENG] Inanau-
automatically when the motor stops,so the
tomotive air-conditioning system,the assembly
motor does not actually reverse,[ENG] The
throughwhichairpassesonitswaytotheevapo-
formation of a barrier (plug) of solid material in
rator or heater core,{ |pleˉH11080n?m vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080?r?vertstrokeinferiorsemH11080
a process flow system,such as a pipe or reactor.
bleˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?gH11080i? }
plenum chamber [ENG] An enclosed space in
plug meter [ENG] A variable-area flowmeter in
which a plenum condition exists; air is forced
which a tapered plug,located in an orifice and
into it for slow distribution through ducts.
raised until the resulting opening is sufficient to
{ vertstrokesuperiorplenH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
handle the fluid flow,is used to measure the
plenum system [MECH ENG] A heating or air
flow rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
conditioning system in which air is forced
plug valve [MECH ENG] A valve fitted with a
through a plenum chamber for distribution to
plug that has a hole through which fluid flows
ducts,{ vertstrokesuperiorplenH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} and that is rotatable through 90H11034 for operation
pli [MECH] A unit of line density (mass per unit in the open or closed position,Also known as
length) equal to 1 pound per inch,or approxi- plug cock,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
mately 17.8580 kilograms per meter,{ pleˉ } plumb [ENG] Pertaining to an object or struc-
pliers [DES ENG] A small instrument with two ture in true vertical position as determined by a
handles and two grasping jaws,usually long and plumb bob,{ pl?m}
roughened,working on a pivot; used for holding plumb bob [ENG] A weight suspended on a
small objects and cutting,bending,and shaping string to indicate the direction of the vertical.
wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?rz } { vertstrokesuperiorpl?m vertstrokeinferiorba¨b}
plumb bond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond inplinthblock See skirting block,{ vertstrokesuperiorplinth vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
411
plumbing
which corresponding joints (for example,on which transports dry,free-flowing,granular ma-
alternate courses) are aligned,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?m vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd } terial in suspension,or a cylindrical carrier,
plumbing [CIV ENG] The system of pipes and within a pipe or duct by means of a high-velocity
fixtures concerned with the introduction,distri- airstreamorbypressure ofvacuumgeneratedby
bution,and disposal of water in a building,an air compressor,Also known as air conveyor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?mH11080i? } {nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
plumbline [ENG] The string on which a plumb pneumatic drill [MECH ENG] Compressed-air
bob hangs,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?m vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn} drill worked by reciprocating piston,hammer ac-
plummet [ENG] A loose-fitting metal plug in a
tion,or turbo drive,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordril }
tapered rotameter tube which moves upward (or
pneumatic drilling [MECH ENG] Drilling a hole
downward)withanincrease(ordecrease)influid
when using air or gas in lieu of conventional
flowrate upwardthroughthe tube,Alsoknown
drillingfluidasthecirculatingmedium;anadap-
as float,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?mH11080?t}
tation of rotary drilling,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
plunge [ENG] To set the horizontal cross hair
pneumatic hammer [MECH ENG] A hammer in
of a theodolite in the direction of a grade when
which compressed air is utilized for producing
establishing a grade between two points of
theimpactingblow,Alsoknownasairhammer;
known level,{ pl?nj }
jack hammer,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
plungegrinding [MECHENG] Grindinginwhich
pneumatichoistSeeairhoist,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ikvertstrokesuperiorho˙ist }
the wheel moves radially toward the work.
pneumatic loudspeaker [ENG ACOUS] A loud-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?nj vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
speaker inwhich theacoustic ouputresults from
plunger [DES ENG] A wooden shaft with a large
controlled variation of an airstream,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080
rubber suction cup at the end,used to clear
ik vertstrokesuperiorlau˙dvertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r}
plumbing traps and waste outlets,[ENG] See
pneumatic riveter [MECH ENG] A riveting ma-
force plug,[MECH ENG] The long rod or pis-
chine having a rapidly reciprocating piston
ton of a reciprocating pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?nH11080j?r}
driven by compressed air,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080
plunger pump [MECH ENG] A reciprocating
r}
pump where the packing is on the stationary
pneumaticservo See valve positioner.
casing instead of the moving piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?nH11080
pneumaticservomechanism [CONT SYS] A ser-
j?r vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
vomechanism in which power is supplied and
plunger-type instrument [ENG] Moving-iron
transmissionofsignalsiscarriedoutthroughthe
instrument in which the pointer is attached to
medium of compressed air,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik |s?rH11080voˉ
a long and specially shaped piece of iron that
vertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
is drawn into or moved out of a coil carrying
pneumatic telemetering [ENG] The transmis-
the current to be measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorpl?nH11080j?r vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorinH11080
sion of a pressure impulse by means of pneu-
str?H11080m?nt }
matic pressure through a length of small-bore
pluviograph See recording rain gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorplu¨H11080veˉH11080
tubing; used for remote transmission of signals
vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
from primary process-unit sensing elements for
pluviometer See rain gage,{ vertstrokeinferiorplu¨H11080veˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pressure,temperature,flow rate,and so on.
PMOS [ELECTR] Metal-oxide semiconductors
{nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri? }
that are made on n-type substrates,and whose
pneumatic test [ENG] Pressure testing of a
active carriers are holes that migrate between
process vessel by the use of air pressure,{ nu˙
p-type source and drain contacts,Derived from
vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortest }
p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ
pneumatic weighing system [ENG] A system
vertstrokeinferiormo˙s}
for weight measurement in which the load is
pneumatic [ENG] Pertaining to or operated by
detectedbyanozzleandbalancedbymodulating
air or other gas,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik }
the air pressure in an opposing capsule,{ nu˙
pneumatic atomizer [MECH ENG] An atomizer
vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
that uses compressed air to produce drops in
pn hook transistor See hook collector transistor.
the diameter range of 5–100 micrometers,{ nu˙
{ |peˉ|en vertstrokesuperiorhu˙k tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
pnip transistor [ELECTR] An intrinsic junction
pneumaticcaisson [CIV ENG] A caisson having
transistor in which the intrinsic region is sand-
a chamber filled with compressed air at a pres-
wiched between the n-type base and the p-type
sure equal to the pressure of the water outside.
collector,{ |peˉvertstrokeinferiorenvertstrokeinferior?ˉ|peˉ tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
{nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
pn junction [ELECTR] The interface between
pneumaticcontroller [MECH ENG] A device for
two regions in a semiconductor crystal whichthe mechanical movement of another device
have been treated so that one is a p-type semi-(suchasavalvestem)whoseactioniscontrolled
conductor and the other is an n-type semicon-by variations in pneumatic pressure connected
ductor; it contains a permanent dipole chargeto the controller,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
layer,{ |peˉ|en vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}pneumatic control valve [MECH ENG] A valve
pnpn diode [ELECTR] A semiconductor devicein which the force of compressed air against a
consisting of four alternate layers of p-type anddiaphragm is opposed by the force of a spring
n-type semiconductor material,with terminalto control the area of the opening for a fluid
connections to the two outer layers,Alsostream,{ nu˙vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
pneumatic conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor known as npnp diode,{ |peˉ|en|peˉ|en vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
412
pointsystem
pnpntransistorSeenpnptransistor,{ |peˉ|en|peˉ|en pressure but sometimes welded or bonded.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
pnp transistor [ELECTR] A junction transistor point-contactdiode [ELECTR] A semiconductor
rectifier that uses the barrier formed between ahaving an n-type base between a p-type emitter
and a p-type collector,{ |peˉ|en|peˉ tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r } specially prepared semiconductor surface and
a metal point to produce the rectifying action.pocket [BUILD] A recess in a wall designed to
receive a folding or sliding door in the open { vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int |ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
point-contact transistor [ELECTR] A transistorposition,[CIVENG] Arecessmadeinmasonry
to receive the end of a beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨kH11080?t } having a base electrode and two or more point
contacts located near each other on the surfacepod [DESENG] 1.Thesocketforabitinabrace.
2,A straight groove in the barrel of a pod of an n-type semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int |ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt
tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}auger,{ pa¨d}
Podbielniak extractor [CHEM ENG] A solvent- pointer [ENG] The needle-shaped rod that
moves over the scale of a meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙intH11080?r}extraction device in which centrifugal action
enhances liquid-liquid contact and increases pointing [CIV ENG] 1,Finishing a mortar joint.
2,Pressing mortar into a raked joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙intH11080resultant separation efficiency,{ pa¨dvertstrokesuperiorbeˉlH11080neˉvertstrokeinferiorak
ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r} i? }
pointing trowel [ENG] A tool used to applyPohle′ air lift pump [MECH ENG] A pistonless
pump in which compressed air fills the annular pointing to the joints between bricks,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙intH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiortrau˙l}space surrounding the uptake pipe and is free
to enter the rising column at all points of its point initiation [ENG] Application of the initial
impulse from the detonator to a single point onperiphery,{ poˉvertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
poidometer [ENG] An automatic weighing de- the main charge surface; for a cylindrical charge
this point is usually the center of one face.vice for use on belt conveyors,{ po˙ivertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080
r} {vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int ivertstrokeinferiornishH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
point-junction transistor [ELECTR] TransistorPoincare′ surfaceofsection [MECH] A method
of displaying the character of a particular trajec- having a base electrode and both point-contact
and junction electrodes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?ntory without examining its complete time devel-
opment,in which the trajectory is sampled peri- tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
pointofcontraflexure [MECH] A point at whichodically,and the rate of change of a quantity
under study is plotted against the value of that the direction of bending changes,Also known
as point of inflection,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080quantity at the beginning of each period,Also
known as surface of section,{ vertstrokeinferiorpwa¨nvertstrokeinferiorka¨vertstrokesuperiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080 sh?r}
pointofcontrol [IND ENG] Fraction defective inf?s?v vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}
Poinsot ellipsoid See inertia ellipsoid,thoselots thathavea probabilityof.50 ofaccep-
tance according to a specific sampling accep-{ pwa¨nvertstrokesuperiorsoˉ?vertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
Poinsot motion [MECH] The motion of a rigid tance plan,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?vk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
point of fall [MECH] The point in the curvedbody with a point fixed in space and with zero
torque or moment acting on the body about the path of a falling projectile that is level with the
muzzle of the gun,Also known as level point.fixed point,{ pwa¨nvertstrokesuperiorsoˉ vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n}
Poinsot’scentralaxis [MECH] A line through a { vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙l}
pointoffrog [CIVENG] Theplaceofintersectionrigid body which is parallel to the vector sum F
of a system of forces acting on the body,and of the gagelines of the main trackand a turnout.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokesuperiorfro˙g}which is located so that the system of forces is
equivalenttotheforceFappliedanywherealong point of inflection See point of contraflexure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?vin vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n}the line,plus a couple whose torque is equal to
the component of the total torque T exerted by point of intersection [CIV ENG] The point at
whichtwostraightsectionsor tangentstoaroadthe system in the direction F.{|pwa¨nH11080soˉz |senH11080
tr?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s } curve or rail curve meet when extended.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}Poinsot’smethod [MECH] Amethodofdescrib-
ing Poinsot motion,by means of a geometrical point ofswitch [CIV ENG] That place in a track
where a car passes from the main track to aconstruction in which the inertia ellipsoid rolls
on the invariable plane without slipping,turnout,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokesuperiorswich }
pointoftangency [CIV ENG] The point at which{ pwa¨nvertstrokesuperiorsoˉz |methH11080?d}
point angle [DES ENG] The angle at the point aroadcurveorrailwaycurvebecomesstraightor
changes its curvature,Also known as tangentor edge of a cutting tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
point-bearing pile See end-bearing pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int point,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int?v vertstrokesuperiortanH11080j?nH11080seˉ }
point source [CIV ENG] A municipal or indus-|berH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
point-blankrange [MECH] Distance to a target trial wastewater discharge through a discrete
pipe or channel,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs }that is so short that the trajectory of a bullet or
projectile is practically a straight,rather than a pointsystem [INDENG] 1.A system ofjob eval-
uation wherein job requirements are rated ac-curved,line,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int|bla?k vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj }
point contact [ELECTR] A contact between a cording to a scale of point values,2,A wage
incentive plan based on points instead of man-specially prepared semiconductor surface and a
metal point,usually maintained by mechanical minutes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
413
point-to-pointprogramming
point-to-point programming [CONT SYS] A given plane,or a similar response pattern for a
microphone,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?rn }method of programming a robot in which each
major change in the robot’s path of motion is polartimingdiagram [MECHENG] Adiagramof
the events of an engine cycle relative to crank-recorded and stored for later use,{ |po˙int t?
|po˙int vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? } shaft position,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
polder [CIV ENG] Land reclaimed from the seapoison [ELECTR] A material which reduces the
emission of electrons from the surface of a cath- or other body of water by the construction of an
embankment to restrain the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉlH11080d?r}ode,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙izH11080?n}
Poissonbracket [MECH] Foranytwodynamical pole [ELEC] 1.One of the electrodes in an elec-
tric cell,2,An output terminal on a switch; avariables,X and Y,the sum,over all degrees of
freedom of the system,of (H11128X/H11128q)(H11128Y/H11128p) H11002 double-pole switch has two output terminals.
[MECH] 1,A point at which an axis of rotation(H11128X/H11128p)(H11128Y/H11128q),where q is a generalized coordi-
nate and pis the corresponding generalized mo- or of symmetry passes through the surface of a
body,2,See perch,{ poˉl}mentum,{ pwa¨vertstrokesuperiorsoˉn vertstrokeinferiorbrakH11080?t}
Poisson number [MECH] The reciprocal of the pole-dipole array [ENG] An electrode array
used in a lateral search conducted during a re-Poisson ratio,{ pwa¨vertstrokesuperiorsoˉn vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
Poisson ratio [MECH] The ratio of the trans- sistivityorinducedpolarizationsurvey,orindrill
hole logging,in which one current electrode isverse contracting strain to the elongation strain
when a rod is stretched by forces which are ap- placedatinfinitywhileanothercurrentelectrode
and two potential electrodes in proximity areplied at its ends and which are parallel to the
rod’s axis,{ pwa¨vertstrokesuperiorsoˉn vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } moved across the structure to be investigated.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉl?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ }polarityeffect [ELECTR] An effect for which the
breakdown voltage across a vacuum separating polelathe [MECH ENG] A simple lathe in which
the work is rotated by a cord attached to a trea-two electrodes,one of which is pointed,is much
higher when the pointed electrode is the anode,dle,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
pole-polearray [ENG] An electrode array,used{p?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
polarizability [ELEC] The electric dipole mo- in lateral search or in logging,in which one cur-
rent electrode and the other potential electrodement induced in a system,such as an atom or
molecule,by an electric field of unit strength,are kept in proximity and traversed across the
structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ }{ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
polarization [ELEC] 1.Theprocessofproducing pole-positioning [CONT SYS] A design tech-
nique used in linear control theory in whicha relative displacement of positive and negative
bound charges in a body by applying an electric many or all of a system’s closed-loop poles are
positioned as required,by proper choice of afield,2,A vector quantity equal to the electric
dipole moment per unit volume of a material,linearstatefeedbacklaw;ifthesystemiscontrol-
lable,all of the closed-loop poles can be arbi-Alsoknownasdielectricpolarization;electricpo-
larization,3,A chemical change occurring in trarily positioned by this technique,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl
p?vertstrokeinferiorzishH11080?nH11080i? }dry cells during use,increasing the internal
resistance of the cell and shortening its useful polestarrecorder [ENG] An instrumentused to
determine approximately the amount of cloudi-life,{ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
polarization charge See bound charge,{ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?H11080 ness during the dark hours; consists of a fixed
long-focus camera positioned so that Polaris isr?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
polarized meter [ENG] A meter having a zero- permanentlywithinitsfieldofview;theapparent
motionofthestarappearsasacirculararconthecenter scale,with the direction of deflection of
the pointer depending on the polarity of the photograph and is interrupted as clouds come
between the star and the camera,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉlvertstrokeinferiorsta¨rvoltage or the direction of the current being
measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r} rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
pole-zero configuration [CONT SYS] A plot ofpolarized-vaneammeter [ENG] An ammeter of
only moderate accuracy in which the current to the poles and zeros of a transfer function in the
complex plane; used to study the stability of abe measured passes through a small coil,dis-
torting the field of a circular permanent magnet,system,its natural motion,its frequency re-
sponse,and its transient response,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl |zirH11080and an iron vane aligns itself with the axis of
the distorted field,the deflection being roughly oˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiorfigH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
polhode [MECH] For a rotating rigid body notproportional to the current,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzd vertstrokeinferiorvaˉn
vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r } subject to external torque,the closed curve
tracedoutontheinertiaellipsoidbytheintersec-polarizing pyrometer [ENG] A type of pyrome-
ter,such as the Wanner optical pyrometer,in tion with this ellipsoid of an axis parallel to the
angular velocity vector and through the center.which monochromatic light from the source un-
der investigation and light from a lamp with fila- { vertstrokesuperiorpa¨vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
polhodecone See body cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨vertstrokeinferiorloˉd vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}ment maintained at a constant but unknown
temperaturearebothpolarizedandtheirintensi- poling [ELEC] Adjustment of polarity; specifi-
cally,in wire-line practice,the use of transposi-ties compared,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080i? p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
polar radiation pattern [ENG ACOUS] Diagram tions between transposition sections of open
wire or between lengths of cable,to cause theshowing the strength of sound waves radiated
from a loudspeaker in various directions in a residual cross-talk couplings in individual
414
porcupineboiler
sections or lengths to oppose one another,Testing and Materials analysis of paraffins (P),
olefins (O),naphthenes (N),and aromatics (A){ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉlH11080i? }
poling board [CIV ENG] A timber plank driven in gasolines,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n? or |peˉ|oˉ|envertstrokesuperioraˉ avertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
Ponchon-Savarit method [CHEM ENG] Graphi-into soft soil to support the sides of an excava-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd } cal solution on an enthalpy-concentration dia-
gramofliquid-vaporequilibriumvaluesbetweenpolishing [CHEM ENG] In petroleum refining,
removal of final traces of impurities,as for a traysofadistillationcolumn,{ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙nvertstrokeinferiorsho˙nvertstrokeinferiorsavH11080
vertstrokesuperiorreˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}lubricant,by clay adsorption or mild hydrogen
treating,[MECH ENG] Smoothing and bright- pond See gram-force,{ pa¨nd }
ponding [BUILD] An accumulation of water oneningasurface suchasametalor arockthrough
the use of abrasive materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ishH11080i? } a flat roof because of clogged or inadequate
drains,[CIV ENG] 1,The impoundment ofpolishing roll [MECH ENG] A roll or series of
rolls on a plastics mold; has highly polished stream water to form a pond,2,Covering the
surface of newly poured concrete with a thinchrome-plated surfaces; used to produce a
smooth surface on a plastic sheet as it is ex- layer of water to promote curing,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨ndH11080i? }
pontoon bridge [CIV ENG] A fixed floatingtruded,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ishH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
polishing wheel [DES ENG] An abrasive wheel bridge supported by pontoons,{ pa¨njvertstrokesuperiortu¨n
vertstrokesuperiorbrij }used for polishing,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ishH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
polyforming [CHEMENG] Anoncatalytic,petro- pontoon-tankroof [ENG] Atypeof floatingtank
roof,supported by buoyant floats on the liquidleum-refinery process charging C
3
and C
4
gases
with naphtha or gas oil at high temperature to surface of a tank; the roof rises and falls with
the liquid level in the tank; used to minimizeproduce high-quality gasoline and fuel oil;
mostlyreplaced bycatalytic reforming;the prod- vapor space above the liquid,thus reducing va-
por losses during tank filling and emptying.uct is known as polyformdistillate,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080
eˉvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }{p¨nhvertstrokesuperiortu¨n |ta?k vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
ponytruss [CIV ENG] A truss too low to permitpolygraph See lie detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorgraf }
polyimide [CHEM ENG] A group of polymers overhead braces,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080neˉ vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
pool [CIV ENG] A body of water contained in athat contain a repeating imide group (H11002CON-
HCOH11002),Aromatic polyimides are noted for their reservoir,by a dam,or by the gates of a lock.
{pu¨l}resistancetohightemperatures,wear,andcorro-
sion,{ |pa¨lH11080eˉvertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiorm?ˉd} Poole-Frenkeleffect [ELEC] An increase in the
electrical conductivity of insulators and semi-polyliner [ENG] A perforated sleeve with longi-
tudinal ribs that is used inside the cylinder of conductorsinstrong electricfields,{ |pu¨l vertstrokesuperiorfre?H11080
k?livertstrokeinferiorfekt }an injection-molding machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080?r}
polyphase [ELEC] Having or utilizing two or pop action [MECH ENG] The action of a safety
valve asit opens under steampressure when themore phases of an alternating-current power
line,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfaˉz } valve disk is lifted off its seat,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨p vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
Popov’s stability criterion [CONT SYS] A fre-polyphasecircuit [ELEC] Group of alternating-
current circuits (usually interconnected) which quency domain stability test for systems con-
sisting of a linear component described by aenter (or leave) a delimited region at more than
two points of entry; they are intended to be so transfer function preceded by a nonlinear com-
ponent characterized by an input-output func-energized that,in the steady state,the alternat-
ing currents through the points of entry,and the tion),with a unity gain feedback loop sur-
rounding the series connection,{ pa¨vertstrokesuperiorpo˙fsalternating potential differences between them,
all have exactly equal periods,but have differ- st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ kr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
poppet [CIV ENG] One of the timber and steelences in phase,and may have differences in
waveform,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfaˉz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t } structures supporting the fore and aft ends of
a ship for launching from sliding ways,[DESpolyphase meter [ENG] An instrument which
measures some electrical quantity,such as ENG] A spring-loaded ball engaging a notch; a
ball latch,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨pH11080?t}power factor or power,in a polyphase circuit.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfaˉz vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r} poppet valve [MECH ENG] A cam-operated or
spring-loaded reciprocating-engine mushroom-polyphasewattmeter [ENG] Aninstrumentthat
measures electric power in a polyphase circuit,type valve used for control of admission and
exhaust of working fluid; the direction of move-{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfaˉz vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
polysulfidetreating [CHEM ENG] A petroleum- ment is at right angles to the plane of its seat.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨pH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorvalv }refineryprocessusedtoremoveelementalsulfur
from refinery liquids by contacting them with a popping pressure [MECH ENG] In compress-
ible fluid service,the inlet pressure at which anonregenerable solution of sodium polysulfide.
{ |pa¨lH11080ivertstrokesuperiors?lvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉd vertstrokesuperiortreˉdH11080i? } safety valve disk opens,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨pH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
population [ELECTR] The set of electronic com-polytropicprocess [THERMO] An expansion or
compression of a gas in which the quantity pV
n
ponents on a printed circuit board,{ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨pH11080
y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}is held constant,where p and V are the pressure
and volume of the gas,and n is some constant,porcupine boiler [MECH ENG] A boiler having
dead end tubes projecting from a vertical shell.{ |pa¨lH11080i|tra¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
PONAanalysis [ENG] American Society for { vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉn |bo˙ilH11080?r}
415
porediameter
porediameter [DES ENG] The average or effec- position indicator [ENG] An electromechanical
dead-reckoning computer,either an air-positiontive diameter of the openings in a membrane,
screen,or other porous material,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rd?ˉvertstrokeinferioramH11080 indicator or a ground-position indicator.
{p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}?dH11080?r}
porosimeter [ENG] Laboratorycompressed-gas positioning [MECH ENG] A tooling function
concerned with manipulating the workpiece indevice used for measurement of the porosity of
reservoir rocks,{ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r } relationship to the working tools,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
nH11080i? }porous bearing [DES ENG] A bearing made
from sintered metal powder impregnated with positioning action [CONT SYS] Automatic con-
trol action in which there is a predeterminedoil by a vacuum treatment,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
porous mold [ENG] A plastic-forming mold relation between the value of a controlled vari-
able and the position of a final control element.made from bonded or fused aggregates (such as
powdered metal or coarse pellets) so that the { p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
positioning time [MECH ENG] The time re-resulting mass contains numerous open inter-
stices through which air or liquids can pass,quired to move a machining tool from one coor-
dinate position to the next,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nH11080i?{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080?s vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
porouswheel [DES ENG] A grinding wheel hav- vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
position sensor [ENG] A device for measuringing a porous structure and a vitrified or resinoid
bond,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorweˉl } apositionandconvertingthismeasurementinto
a form convenient for transmission,Alsoport [ELEC] An entrance or exit for a network.
[ENG] The side of a ship or airplane on the left known as position transducer,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n
vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}of a person facing forward,[ENG ACOUS] An
opening in a bass-reflex enclosure for a loud- positiontelemetering [ENG] A variation of volt-
age telemetering in which the system transmitsspeaker,designed and positioned to improve
bass response,{ po˙rt } the measurand by positioning a variable resistor
or other component in a bridge circuit so as toportable [ENG] Capable of being easily and
conveniently transported,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rdH11080?H11080b?l } producerelativemagnitudesofelectricalquanti-
ties or phase relationships,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n |telH11080portal [ENG] A redundant frame consisting of
two uprights connected by a third member at?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri? }
position transducer See position sensor.the top,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rdH11080?l}
portalcrane [MECH ENG] A jib crane carried on { p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
positive [ELEC] Having fewer electrons thana four-legged portal built to run on rails.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn } normal,and hence having ability to attract elec-
trons,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv}porthole [DESENG] Theopeningorpassageway
connecting the inside of a bit or core barrel to positive acceleration [MECH] 1,Accelerating
force in an upward sense or direction,such asthe outside and through which the circulating
mediumisdischarged,[ENG] Acircularopen- from bottom to top,or from seat to head.
2.Theaccelerationinthedirectionthatthisforceing in the side of a ship or airplane,usually
serving as a window and containing one or more is applied,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080ivak vertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
positive charge [ELEC] The type of chargepanes of glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorportvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
portofentry [CIV ENG] A location for clearance which is possessed by protons in ordinary mat-
ter,and which may be produced in a glass objectof foreign goods and citizens through a custom-
house,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt?v vertstrokesuperiorenH11080treˉ } by rubbing with silk,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
positive click adjustment [IND ENG] A meanspositional-errorconstant [CONT SYS] For a sta-
ble unity feedback system,the limit of the trans- ofadjustingdialsor pushbuttonstoincorporate
audibleclicksortheirtactilecounterpartsatpre-fer function as its argument approaches zero.
{p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nH11080?l |erH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt } determined positions in order to provide appro-
priate motor-sensory feedback to the operator.positionalservomechanism [CONT SYS] A feed-
back control system in which the mechanical { |pa¨zH11080?dH11080iv |klik?vertstrokesuperiorj?zH11080m?nt }
positive clutch [MECH ENG] A clutch designedposition (as opposed to velocity) of some object
is automatically maintained,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nH11080?l to transmit torque without slip,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv
vertstrokesuperiorkl?ch }|s?rH11080voˉvertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
position-analog unit [ENG] A device employed positive-displacement compressor [MECH ENG]
A compressor that confines successive volumesin machining operations to transmit analog in-
formation about the positions of machine parts of fluid within a closed space in which the pres-
sureofthefluidisincreasedasthevolumeoftheto a servoamplifier which then compares it with
input data,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n |anH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨g vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t } closedspaceisdecreased,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080ivdis |plaˉsH11080
m?nt k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}position-contouring system [CONT SYS] A nu-
merical control system that exerts contouring positive-displacement meter [ENG] A fluid
quantity meter that separates and captures defi-control in two dimensions and position control
in a third,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } nite volumes of the flowing stream one after
another and passes them downstream,whileposition control [CONT SYS] A type of auto-
matic control in which the input commands are counting the number of operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080
ivdis |plaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}the desired position of a body,{ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl} positive-displacement pump [MECH ENG] A
416
potentiometer
pump in which a measured quantity of liquid is postemphasis See deemphasis,{ |poˉstvertstrokesuperioremH11080f?H11080
s?s}entrapped in a space,its pressure is raised,and
then it is delivered; for example,a reciprocating postequalization See deemphasis,{ |poˉstvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?H11080
l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}piston-cylinder or rotary-vane,gear,or lobe
mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080ivdis |plaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } postforming [ENG] Forming,bonding,or shap-
ing of heated,flexible thermoset laminates be-positive draft [MECH ENG] Pressure in the fur-
nace or gas passages of a steam-generating unit fore the final thermoset reaction has occurred;
upon cooling,the formed shape is held,{ poˉstwhich is greater than atmospheric pressure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiordraft } vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
posthole [CIV ENG] A hole bored in the groundpositive drive belt See timing belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv
vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv vertstrokeinferiorbelt } to hold a fence post,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉstvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
postsynchronizing studio See ADR studio.positive electrode See anode,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv
ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortroˉd} {vertstrokeinferiorpoˉstvertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorstu¨dH11080eˉH11080oˉ }
posttensioning [ENG] Compressing of castpositive feedback [CONT SYS] Feedback in
which a portion of the output of a circuit or concrete beams or other structural members to
impart the characteristics of prestressed con-device is fed back in phase with the input so as
to increase the total amplification,Also known crete,{ poˉsvertstrokesuperiortenH11080sh?nH11080i? }
pot See potentiometer; pothole,{ pa¨t}as reaction (British usage); regeneration; regen-
erative feedback; retroaction (British usage),potdie forming [MECH ENG] Forming sheet or
plate metal through a hollow die by the appli-{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
positive mold [ENG] A plastics mold designed cation of pressure which causes the workpiece
to assume the contour of the die,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨t vertstrokesuperiord?ˉto trap all of the molding resin when the mold
closes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiormoˉld } vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
potential See electric potential,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l}positive motion [MECH ENG] Motion trans-
ferred fromone machinepart toanother without potential difference [ELEC] Between any two
points,the work which must be done againstslippage,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
positivetemperaturecoefficient [THERMO] The electric forces to move a unit charge from one
point to the other,Abbreviated PD,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080condition wherein the resistance,length,or
some other characteristic of a substance in- ch?l |difH11080r?ns }
potential divider See voltage divider,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080creaseswhentemperatureincreases,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080
iv vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt } ch?ldivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?r}
potential drop [ELEC] The potential differencepositiveterminal [ELEC] The terminal of a bat-
tery or other voltage source toward which elec- between two points in an electric circuit.
{p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l |dra¨p}trons flow through the external circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080
dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiort?rmH11080?nH11080?l} potential energy [MECH] The capacity to do
work that a body or system has by virtue of itspositron camera [ENG] An instrument that
uses photomultiplier tubes in combination with position or configuration,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
rH11080jeˉ }scintillation counters to detect oppositely di-
rected gamma-ray pairs resulting from the anni- potential flow analyzer See electrolytic tank.
{p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l |floˉ vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}hilation with electrons of positrons emitted by
short-lived radioisotopes used as tracers in the potentialgradient [ELEC] Difference in the val-
uesofthevoltageperunitlengthalongaconduc-human body,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n vertstrokeinferiorkamH11080r? }
post [CIV ENG] 1,A vertical support such as a tor or through a dielectric,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorgraˉdH11080
eˉH11080?nt }pillar,upright,or fence stake,2,A pole used
as a boundary marker,{ poˉst } potentialtemperature [THERMO] The tempera-
ture that would be reached by a compressiblepost-and-beamconstruction [BUILD] A type of
wall construction using posts instead of studs,fluid if it were adiabatically compressed or ex-
panded to a standard pressure,usually 1 bar.{ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst?n vertstrokesuperiorbeˉmk?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
postauricularhearingaid [ENG ACOUS] A hear- { p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
potential transformer See voltage transformer.ing aid that fits behind the ear and has a sound
tip attached to plastic tubing that conducts { p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l tranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
potential transformer phase angle [ELEC] An-sound through an ear mold to the ear canal.
{ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉstH11080o˙vertstrokeinferiorrikH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorheˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉd } gle between the primary voltage vector and the
secondary voltage vector reversed; this angle ispost brake [MECH ENG] A brake occasionally
fitted on a steam winder or haulage,and con- conveniently considered as positive when the
reversed,secondary voltage vector leads the pri-sisting of two upright posts mounted on either
side of the drum that operate on brake paths maryvoltagevector,{ p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?ltranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?r
vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}bolted to the drum cheeks,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉst vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
postcurebonding [ENG] A method of postcur- potentiometer [ELEC] A resistor having a con-
tinuously adjusted sliding contact that is gener-ing at elevated temperatures of parts previously
subjectedtoautoclaveorpressinordertoobtain ally mounted on a rotating shaft; used chiefly as
a voltage divider,Also known as pot (slang).higher heat-resistant properties of the adhesive
bond,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉstvertstrokeinferiorkyu˙r vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndH11080i? } [ENG] A device for the measurement of an elec-
tromotive force by comparison with a knownpostdrill [ENG] An auger or drill supported by
a post,{ vertstrokesuperiorpoˉstvertstrokeinferiordril } potential difference,{ p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080cheˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
417
potentiometriccontroller
potentiometric controller [CONT SYS] A con- 7000 avoirdupois pound,or 0.3732417216 kilo-
gram,Also known as apothecaries’ pound (ab-troller that operates on the null balance princi-
breviated lb ap in the United States or lb apothple,in which an error signal is produced by bal-
intheUnitedKingdom);troypound(abbreviatedancingthe sensorsignalagainsta set-pointvolt-
lb t in the United States,or lb tr or lb in theage in the input circuit; the error signal is
United Kingdom),{ pau˙nd }amplifiedforuseinkeepingtheloadatadesired
poundal [MECH] A unit of force in the Britishtemperature or other parameter,{ p?|tenH11080cheˉH11080
absolute system of units equal to the force?|meH11080trik k?nvertstrokesuperiortro
ˉlH11080?r}
which will impart an acceleration of 1 ft/s
2
to a
potentiostat [ENG] An automatic laboratory in-
pound mass,or to 0.138254954376 newton.
strumentthatcontrolsthepotentialofaworking
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙ndH11080?l}
electrode to within certain limits during coulo-
poundal-foot See foot-poundal,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙ndH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t}
metric (electrochemical reaction) titrations.
pound-foot See foot-pound,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t}
{p?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080cheˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
poundforce See pound,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
potfurnace [ENG] 1,A furnace containing sev-
poundmass See pound,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd vertstrokesuperiormas }
eral pots in which glass is melted,2.A furnace
pound per square foot [MECH] A unit of pres-
in which the charge is contained in a pot or
sure equal to the pressure resulting from a force
crucible,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨t vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
of 1 pound applied uniformly over an area of
pothole [CIV ENG] A pot-shaped hole in a pave-
1 square foot,Abbreviated psf,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd p?r
ment surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨tvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
|skwer vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t}
Potierdiagram [ELEC] Vector diagram showing
poundpersquareinch [MECH] A unit of pres-
the voltage and current relations in an alternat-
sure equal to the pressure resulting from a force
ing-current generator,{ poˉvertstrokesuperiortyaˉ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
of 1 pound applied uniformly over an area of
potlife [CHEM ENG] Seework life,[ENG] The
1 square inch,Abbreviated psi,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd p?r
periodoftimeduringwhichpaintremainsuseful
|skwer vertstrokesuperiorinch }
after its original package has been opened or
pounds per square inch absolute [MECH] The
after a catalyst or other additive has been incor-
absolute,thermodynamicpressure,measuredby
porated,Also known as spreadable life; usable
the number of pounds-force exerted on an area
life,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨t vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
of1squareinch,Abbreviatedlbfin.
H110022
abs;psia.
potometer [ENG] A device for measuring tran-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙ns p?r |skwer vertstrokesuperiorinch vertstrokesuperiorabH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t}
spiration,consistingofasmallvesselcontaining
poundspersquareinchdifferential [ENG] The
waterandsealedsothattheonlyescapeofmois-
difference in pressure between two points in a
ture isby transpirationfrom aleaf,twig,orsmall
fluid-flow system,measured in pounds per
plant with its cut end inserted in the water.
square inch,Abbreviated psid,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙ns p?r
{poˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
|skwer vertstrokesuperiorinch difH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l}
potomology [CIV ENG] The systematic study of
poundspersquareinchgage [MECH] Thegage
thefactorsaffectingriverchannelstoprovidethe
pressure,measured by the number of pounds-
basis for predictions of the effects of proposed
force exerted on an area of 1 square inch,Ab-
engineering works on channel characteristics.
breviated psig,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙ns p?r |skwer vertstrokesuperiorinch vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
{ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨dH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
pour test [ENG] The chilling of a liquid under
potplunger [ENG] A plunger used to force soft-
specifiedtestconditionstodeterminetheAmeri-
ened plastic molding material into the closed
can Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
cavity of a transfer mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨t vertstrokeinferiorpl?nH11080j?r}
pour point,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙r vertstrokeinferiortest }
potter’s wheel [ENG] A revolving horizontal
powder clutch [MECH ENG] A type of electro-
disk that turns when a treadle is operated; used
magneticdiskclutchin whichthespacebetween
to shape clay by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨dH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}
the clutch members is filled with dry,finely di-
potting [ELECTR] Process of filling a complete
vided magnetic particles; application of a mag-
electronic assembly with a thermosetting com-
netic field coalesces the particles,creating fric-
pound for resistance to shock and vibration,and
tion forces between clutch members,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080
for exclusion of moisture and corrosive agents.
r vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
{ vertstrokesuperiorpa¨dH11080i? }
powder flowmeter [ENG] A device used to
pound [MECH] 1,A unit of mass in the English
measure the flow rate of a metal powder.
absolute system of units,equal to 0.45359237
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
kilogram,Abbreviated lb,Also known as av-
powder house [CIV ENG] A magazine for the
oirdupois pound; pound mass,2,A unit of
temporary storage of explosives,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r
forceintheEnglishgravitationalsystemofunits,vertstrokeinferiorhau
˙s}
equal to the gravitational force experienced by powderkeg [ENG] A small metal keg for black
a pound mass when the acceleration of gravity blasting powder,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkeg }
has its standard value of9.80665 meters per sec- powder-moisture test [ENG] Determination of
ond per second (approximately 32.1740 ft/s
2
) moisture in a propellant by drying under pre-
equal to 4.4482216152605 newtons,Abbrevi- scribed conditions; expressed as percentage by
ated lb,Also spelledPound (Lb),Also known weight,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormo˙isH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiortest }
as pound force (lbf),3,A unit of mass in the powder molding [ENG] Generic term for plas-
troy and apothecaries’ systems,equal to 12 troy tics-molding techniques to produce objects of
varyingsizesandshapesbymeltingpolyethyleneor apothecaries’ ounces,or 5760 grains,or 5760/
418
powerresistor
powder,usually against the heated inside of a to vary it according to a predetermined plan.
mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? } { vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
powder train [ENG] 1,Train,usually of com- power frequency [ELEC] The frequency at
pressedblackpowder,usedtoobtaintimeaction which electric power is generated and distrib-
in older fuse types,2,Train of explosives laid uted; in most of the United States it is 60 hertz.
out for destruction by burning,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙dH11080?r { vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
vertstrokeinferiortraˉn} powergenerator [ELEC] A device for producing
power-actuated pressure relief valve [MECH electric energy,such as an ordinary electric gen-
ENG] A pressure relief valve connected to and
erator or a magnetohydrodynamic,thermionic,
controlled by a device which utilizes a separate
or thermoelectric power generator,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
energysource,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r |akH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
rri|leˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
powergrasp See power grip,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgrasp }
power amplifier [ELECTR] The final stage in
power grip [IND ENG] A basic grasp whereby
multistage amplifiers,such as audio amplifiers
the fingers are wrapped around an object and
andradiotransmitters,designedtodelivermaxi-
the thumb placed against it; used,for example,
mum power to the load,rather than maximum
in certain hammering operations,Also known
voltage gain,for a given percent of distortion.
as power grasp,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgrip }
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r |amH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
power level [ELEC] The ratio of the amount of
powerbarker See barker,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨rkH11080?r}
power being transmitted past any point in an
powerbrake [MECH ENG] An automotive brake
electric system to a reference power value; usu-
with engine-intake-manifold vacuum used to
ally expressed in decibels,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
amplify the atmospheric pressure on a piston
power line [ELEC] Two or more wires conduct-
operated by movement of the brake pedal.
ing electric power from one location to another.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
Also known as electric power line,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
power car [MECH ENG] 1,A railroad car with
vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
equipmentforfurnishingheatandelectricpower
power-line carrier [ELEC] The use of transmis-
to a train,2.A railroad car with controls,which
sion lines to transmit speech,metering indica-
can be operated by itself or as part of a train.
tions,control impulses,and other signals from
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
one station to another,without interfering with
power circuit [ELEC] The wires that carry cur-
the lines’ normal function of transmitting power.
rent to electric motors and other devices that
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r}
use electric power,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
power-line filter See line filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080
powercomponentSee active component,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080
t?r}
rk?mvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080n?nt }
power meter See electric power meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
powercontrolvalve [MECH ENG] A safety relief
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
device operated by a power-driven mechanism
powerpack [ELECTR] Unitforconvertingpower
rather than by pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl
fromanalternating-ordirect-currentsupplyinto
vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
an alternating- or direct-current power at volt-
power cylinder [CONT SYS] A linear actuator
ages suitable for supplying an electronic device.
consisting of a piston in a cylinder,driven by
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpak }
pneumatic or hydraulic fluid under high pres-
power package [MECH ENG] A complete en-
sure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?nH11080d?r}
gine and its accessories,designed as a single
powerdam [CIV ENG] A dam designed to raise
unit for quick installation or removal,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
the level of a stream to create or concentrate
vertstrokeinferiorpakH11080ij }
hydrostatic head for power purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080
powerplant [MECHENG] Anyunitthatconverts
r vertstrokeinferiordam }
some form of energy into electrical energy,such
powerdiode See pin diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
as a hydroelectric or steam-generating station,
powerdrill [MECH ENG] A motor-driven drilling
a diesel-electric engine in a locomotive,or a
machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiordril }
nuclear power plant,Also known as electric
power-driven [MECH ENG] Of a component or
power plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
pieceof equipment,moved,rotated,oroperated
powerrating [ELEC] The power available at the
byelectricalormechanicalenergy,asinapower-
output terminals of a component or piece of
driven fan or power-driven turret,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
equipment that is operated according to the
vertstrokeinferiordrivH11080?n}
manufacturer’s specifications,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
powerfactor [ELEC] Theratiooftheaverage(or
i? }active)powertotheapparentpower(root-mean-
powerrectifier [ELEC] A device which convertssquare voltage times rms current) of an alternat-
alternatingcurrenttodirectcurrentandoperatesing-current circuit,Abbreviated pf,Also
at high power loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}known as phase factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
power relay [ELEC] Relay that functions at apower-factor meter [ENG] A direct-reading in-
predetermined value of power; may be an over-strument for measuring power factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
power relay,an underpower relay,or a combina-vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
tion of both,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }power-factorregulator [ELEC] Regulator which
power resistor [ELEC] A resistor used in elec-functions to maintain the power factor of a line
or an apparatus at a predetermined value,or tric power systems,ranging in size from 5 watts
419
powersaw
to many kilowatts,and cooled by air convection,and ground,to prevent corona discharge.
air blast,or water,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r} { vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
power saw [MECH ENG] A power-operated powerwinding [ELEC] In a saturable reactor,a
woodworking saw,such as a bench or circular winding to which is supplied the power to be
saw,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorso˙ } controlled; commonly the functions of the out-
powersemiconductor [ELECTR] Asemiconduc- putandpowerwindingsareaccomplishedbythe
tor device capable of dissipating appreciable same winding,which is then termed the output
power (generally over 1 watt) in normal opera- winding,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉndH11080i? }
tion; may handle currents of thousands of am-
Poyntingeffect [MECH] The effect of torsion of
peres or voltages up into thousands of volts,at
averylongcylindricalrodonitslength,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙inH11080
frequencies up to 10 kilohertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080
ti? ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
Poynting’slaw [THERMO] A special case of the
power shovel [MECH ENG] A power-operated
Clapeyron equation,in which the fluid is re-
shovel that carries a short boom on which rides
moved as fast as it forms,so that its volume
a movable dipper stick carrying an open-topped
may be ignored,{ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙intH11080i?z vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
bucket; used to excavate and remove debris.
pp junction [ELECTR] A region of transition
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsh?vH11080?l}
between two regions having different properties
powerslipsSee automatic slips,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorslips }
in p-type semiconducting material,{ |peˉ|peˉ
power station See generating station,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
practical entropy See virtual entropy,{ vertstrokesuperiorprakH11080tiH11080
powersteering [MECH ENG] A steering control
k?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080tr?H11080peˉ }
system for a propelled vehicle in which an auxil-
Prandtl number [THERMO] A dimensionless
iary power source assists the driver by providing
number used in the study of forced and free
the major force required to direct the road
convection,equal tothe dynamicviscosity times
wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstirH11080i? }
the specific heat at constant pressure divided
powerstroke [MECH ENG] The stroke in an en-
by the thermal conductivity,Symbolized N
Pr
.
gine during which pressure is applied to the pis-
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨ntH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
ton by expanding steam or gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
Pratttruss [CIV ENG] A truss having both verti-
vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
cal and diagonal members between the upper
power supply circuit [ELEC] An electrical net-
and lower chords,with the diagonals sloped to-
workusedtoconvertalternatingcurrenttodirect
ward the center,{ vertstrokesuperiorprat vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
current,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?rs?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
preamplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier whose pri-
power switch [ELEC] An electric switch which
mary function is boosting the output of a low-
energizes or deenergizes an electric load; ranges
levelaudio-frequency,radio-frequency,or micro-
from ordinary wall switches to load-break
wave source to an intermediate level so that the
switches and disconnecting switches in power
signal may be further processed without appre-
systems operating at voltages of hundreds of
ciable degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio
thousands of volts,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorswich }
of the system,Also known as preliminary am-
power train [MECH ENG] The part of a vehicle
plifier,{ preˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
connectingtheenginetopropellerordrivenaxle;
preassembled [ENG] Assembled beforehand.
may include drive shaft,clutch,transmission,
{ |preˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080b?ld }
anddifferentialgear,Alsoknown asdrivetrain.
prebreaker [MECH ENG] Device used to break
{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
down large masses of solids prior to feeding
power transformer [ELEC] An iron-core trans-
them to a crushing or grinding device,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉ
former having a primary winding that is con-
|braˉkH11080?r}
nected to an alternating-current power line and
precedencediagrammethod [INDENG] Atech-
one or more secondary windings that provide
nique for constructing a network in which the
different alternating voltage values,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r
activities are represented by symbols that are
tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
connected by lines to indicate the logical rela-
powertransistor [ELECTR] Ajunctiontransistor
tionships between them,Abbreviated PDM.
designedtohandlehighcurrentandpower;used
{ |presH11080?dH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
chiefly in audio and switching circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080
precession [MECH] The angular velocity of the
r tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
axisofspinofaspinningrigidbody,whicharises
power transmission line [ELEC] The facility in
asaresultofexternaltorquesactingonthebody.
an electric power system used to transfer large
{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorseshH11080?n}amounts of power from one location to a distant
precessional torque [MECH] A torque whichlocation; distinguished from a subtransmission
causes a rotating body to precess,{ preˉ|seshH11080or distribution line by higher voltage,greater
nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk }power capability,and greater length,Also
prechlorination [CIVENG] Chlorinationofwaterknown as electric main; main (both British us-
before filtration,{ |preˉvertstrokeinferiorklo˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}ages),{ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
precipitationgage [ENG] Anydevicethatmeas-powertransmissiontower [ELEC] A rigid steel
ures the amount of precipitation; principally,atower supporting a high-voltage electric power
rain gage or snow gage,{ pr?vertstrokeinferiorsipH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?ntransmissionline,havingalargeenoughspacing
between conductors,and between conductors vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
420
presspolish
precipitator See electrostatic precipitator,{ pr? resin with reinforcing material or substrate be-
fore molding takes place,{ |preˉH11080imvertstrokeinferiorpregvertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080vertstrokesuperiorsipH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
sh?n}precision block See gage block,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n
preloading [ENG] For back-pressure-controlvertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
gas valves,a weight or spring device to controlprecisiondepthrecorder [ENG] Amachinethat
the gas pressure at which the valve will open orplots sonar depth soundings on electrosensitive
close,{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? }paper; can plot variations in depth over a range
premix [ENG] In plastics molding,materials inof 400 fathoms (730 meters) on a paper 18.85
whichtheresin,reinforcement,extenders,fillers,
inches (47.9 centimeters) wide,Abbreviated
and so on have been premixed before mold-
PDR,Also known as precision graphic recorder
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉvertstrokeinferiormiks }
(PGR),{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n vertstrokesuperiordepth rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
premix gas burner [ENG] Fuel (gas or oil)
precision graphic recorder See precision depth
burner in which fuel and air are premixed prior
recorder,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorgrafH11080ik rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
to ignition in the combustion chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉ
precisiongrinding [MECHENG] Machinegrind-
vertstrokeinferiormiks vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
ing to specified dimensions and low tolerances.
preplastication [ENG] Premelting of injection-
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorsizhH11080?n |gr?ˉndH11080i? }
molding powders in a chamber separate from
precoat filter [ENG] A device designed to filter
the injection cylinder,{ |preˉvertstrokeinferiorplasH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
solid particles from a liquid-solid slurry after a
prepolymer molding [ENG] A urethane-foam-
precoat of builtup solid material (filter aid or
producing system in which a portion of the po-
filtered solid) has been applied to the inner sur-
lyol is prereacted with the isocyanate to form
face of the filter medium,{ |preˉvertstrokesuperiorkoˉt vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
a liquid prepolymer with a pumpable viscosity;
precoating [ENG] The depositing of an inert
when combined with a second blend containing
material,such as filter aid,onto the filter me-
more polyol,catalyst,or blowing agent,the two
dium prior to the filtration of suspended solids
components react and a foamed plastic results.
from a solid-liquid slurry,{ |preˉvertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080i? }
{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorpa¨lH11080iH11080m?r vertstrokesuperiormoˉldH11080i? }
precombustion chamber [MECH ENG] A small
prepreg [ENG] A reinforced-plastics term for
chamber before the main combustion space
the reinforcing material that contains or is com-
of a turbine or reciprocating engine in which
bined with the full complement of resin before
combustion is initiated,{ |preˉH11080k?m|b?sH11080ch?n
the molding operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉvertstrokeinferiorpreg }
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
preprogrammedrobot [CONT SYS] A robot that
precooler [MECH ENG] A device for reducing
cannot adapt itself to the task it is carrying out,
the temperature of a working fluid before it is
and must follow a built-in program,Also
used by a machine,{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080?r}
known as sequence robot,{ |preˉvertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramd
preferential shop [IND ENG] An establishment
vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
in which preference is given to union members
preset guidance [ENG] Guidance in which a
inhiring,layoffs,and dismissals,with theunder-
predetermined path is set into the guidance
standing that nonunion workers may be em-
mechanism of a craft,drone,or missile and is
ployed without being required to join the union
notaltered afterlaunching,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdH11080?ns }
when the union cannot supply workers,{ vertstrokeinferiorprefH11080
preset tool [MECH ENG] A machine tool that
vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080ch?l vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p}
is used to set an initial value of a parameter
prefilter [ENG] Filterusedtoremovegrosssolid
controlling another device,{ vertstrokesuperiorprevertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokesuperiortu¨l}
contaminants before the liquid stream enters a
press [MECH ENG] Any of various machines by
separator-filter,{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
which pressure is applied to a workpiece,by
preform [ENG] 1,A preshaped fibrous rein-
whichamaterialiscutorshapedunderpressure,
forcement,2,A compact mass of premixed
bywhichasubstanceiscompressed,orbywhich
plastic material that has been prepared for con-
liquid is expressed,{ pres }
venient handling and control of uniformity dur-
press bonding [ENG] A method of bonding
ing the mold loading process,[ENG ACOUS]
structures or materials through the application
The small slab of record stock material that is
of pressure by a platen press or other tool.
loaded into a press to be formed into a disk
{ vertstrokesuperiorpres vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
recording,Also known as biscuit (deprecated
pressed loading [ENG] A loading operation in
usage),{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rm }
whichbulkmaterial,suchasanexplosiveingran-
preheater [MECH ENG] A device for preliminary
ular form,is reduced in volume by the applica-
heating of a material,substance,or fluid that
tion of pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorprest vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? }
willundergo furtheruseortreatment byheating,press fit [ENG] An interference or force fit as-
{ preˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r} sembled through the use of a press,Also
preheatroll [ENG] In plastic-extrusion coating,known as force fit,{ vertstrokesuperiorpres vertstrokeinferiorfit }
theheatedrollbetweenthepressurerollandthe pressing [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph record
unwind roll; used to heat the substrate before it produced in a record-molding press from a mas-
is coated,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉvertstrokeinferiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorroˉl} ter or stamper,{ vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080i? }
preignition [MECH ENG] Ignition of the charge press polish [ENG] High-sheen finish on plas-
in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine tic sheet stock produced by contact with a
before ignition by the spark,{ |preˉH11080igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n} smooth metal under heat and pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpres
vertstrokeinferiorpa¨lH11080ish }preimpregnation [ENG] The mixing of a plastic
421
pressslide
press slide [MECH ENG] The reciprocating pressure-drop manometer [ENG] Manometer
device (liquid-filled U tube) open at both ends,member of a power press on which the punch
and upper die are fastened,{ vertstrokesuperiorpres vertstrokeinferiorsl?ˉd } eachendconnectedbytubingtoadifferentloca-
tion in a flow system (such as fluid- or gas-car-pressure [MECH] A type of stress which is ex-
erted uniformly in all directions; its measure is rying pipe) to measure the drop in system pres-
sure between the two points,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r |dra¨pthe force exerted per unit area,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
pressurealtimeter [ENG] A highly refined aner- mavertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pressure dye test [ENG] A leak detectionoid barometer that precisely measures the pres-
sure of the air at the altitude an aircraft is flying,method in which a pressure vessel is filled with
liquid dye and is pressurized under water toand converts the pressure measurement to an
indication of height above sea level according to make possible leakage paths visible,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080
r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ vertstrokeinferiortest }astandard pressure-altituderelationship,Also
known as barometric altimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?ral pressure elements [ENG] Those portions of a
pressure-measurementgagewhicharemovedorvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
pressureangle [MECH ENG] The angle that the temporarily deformed by the gas or liquid of
the system to which the gage is connected; theline of force makes with a line at right angles to
the center line of two gears at the pitch points,amount of movement or deformation is propor-
tional to the pressure and is indicated by the{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
pressurebag [ENG] Abagmadeofrubber,plas- position of a pointer or movable needle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?ns }tic,or other impermeable material that provides
a flexible barrier between the pressure medium pressure forming [ENG] A plastics thermo-
formingprocessusingpressuretopushtheplas-and the part being bonded,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbag }
pressurebar [MECH ENG] A bar that holds the tic sheet to be formed against the mold surface,
as opposed to using vacuum to suck the sheetedge of a metal sheet during press operations,
suchaspunching,stamping,orforming,andpre- flat against the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
pressure gage [ENG] An instrument havingvents the sheet from buckling or becoming
crimped,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } metallic sensing element (as in a Bourdon pres-
sure gage or aneroid barometer) or a piezoelec-pressure-basefactor [CHEM ENG] Factor used
in orifice pressure-drop calculations to allow for triccrystal(asinaquartzpressuregage)tomeas-
ure pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rgaˉj}conditions where the pressure base used for cal-
culating the orifice factor is not 14.73 pounds pressurehydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A pressure
microphone that responds to waterborne soundper square inch absolute (101.56 megapascals);
calculated as F
pb
H11005 14.73/pressure base (abso- waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
pressuremeasurement [ENG] Measurement oflute),{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbaˉs vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
pressure bulb [CIV ENG] The zone in a loaded the internal forces of a process vessel,tank,or
piping caused by pressurized gas or liquid; cansoil massbounded byan arbitrarilyselected iso-
bar of stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorb?lb } be for a static or dynamic pressure,in English
or metric units,either absolute (total) or gagepressure carburetor See injection carburetor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080?r } (absolute minus atmospheric) pressure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }pressure chamber [ENG] A chamber in which
an artificial environment is established at low pressure microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
phone whose output varies with the instanta-or high pressures totest equipment under simu-
lated conditions of operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r neouspressureproducedbyasoundwaveacting
on a diaphragm; examples are capacitor,carbon,vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
pressurecoefficient [THERMO] The ratio of the crystal,and dynamic microphones,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?H11080foˉn}fractional change in pressure to the change in
temperature under specified conditions,usually pressure pad [ENG] A steel reinforcement in
the face of a plastics mold to help the land ab-constant volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }
pressure-containingmember [MECH ENG] The sorb the closing pressure,[ENGACOUS] A felt
pad mounted on a spring arm,used to holdpart of a pressure-relieving device which is in
direct contact with the pressurized medium in magnetic tape in close contact with the head on
some tape recorders,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpad }the vessel being protected,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rk?n|taˉnH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiormemH11080b?r} pressure pillow [ENG] A mechanical-hydraulic
snow gage consisting of a circular rubber orpressure control [ENG] Any device or system
able to maintain,raise,or lower the pressure in metal pillow filled with a solution of antifreeze
and water,and containing either a pressurea vessel or processing system as desired.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } transducer or a riser pipe to record increase in
pressure of the snow,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpilH11080oˉ }pressure cooker [ENG] An autoclave designed
for high-temperature cooking,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r pressureplate [MECHENG] Thepartofanauto-
mobile disk clutch that presses against the fly-vertstrokeinferiorku˙kH11080?r}
pressuredeflection [ENG] In a Bourdon or bel- wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
pressure-plate anemometer [ENG] An ane-lows-typepressure gage,the deflectionor move-
ment of the primary sensing element when pres- mometer which measures wind speed in terms
of the drag which the wind exerts on a solidsured by the fluid being measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r
divertstrokeinferiorflekH11080sh?n } body; may be classified according to the means
422
pressurize
by which the wind drag is measured,Also or interconnections thereof,operating with an
internal pressure greater than atmospheric.known as plate anemometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r |plaˉt
vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
pressure tank [CHEM ENG] A pressurized tankpressure process [CHEM ENG] Treatment of
timber toprevent decay by forcinga preservative into which timber is inserted for impregnation
with preservative,[CIV ENG] An airtight watersuch as creosote and zinc chloride into the cells
of the wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s } tankinwhichairis compressedtoexertpressure
on the water and which is used in connectionpressure rating [ENG] The operating (allow-
able)internalpressureofavessel,tank,orpiping with a water distribution system,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorta?k}used to hold or transport liquids or gases.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? } pressuretap [ENG] A small perpendicular hole
inthewallofapressurized,fluid-containingpipepressure-regulating valve [ENG] A valve that
releases or holds process-system pressure (that or vessel; used for connection of pressure-sensi-
tiveelementsforthemeasurementofstaticpres-is,opens or closes) either by preset spring ten-
sion or by actuation by a valve controller to as- sures,Also known as piezometer opening;
static pressure tap,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortap }sume any desired position between full open
and full closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r |regH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalv } pressure transducer [ENG] An instrument
componentthatdetectsafluidpressureandpro-pressure regulator [ENG] Open-close device
used on the vent of a closed,gas-pressured sys- ducesanelectricalsignalrelatedtothepressure.
Also known as electrical pressure transducer.tem to maintain the system pressure within a
specified range,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
pressure-travel curve [MECH] Curve showingpressurerelief [ENG] Avalveorothermechani-
caldevice(suchasarupturedisk)thateliminates pressure plotted against the travel of the projec-
tile within the bore of the weapon,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rsystem overpressure by allowing the controlled
or emergency escape of liquid or gas from a |travH11080?l vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
pressure treater [CHEM ENG] Any chemicalpressured system,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorleˉf}
pressure-relief device [MECH ENG] 1,In pres- treating device operated at higher-than-atmo-
spheric pressure,as in the chemical and petro-sure vessels,a device designed to open in a
controlled manner to prevent the internal pres- leum industries,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080?r}
pressure-tube anemometer [ENG] An ane-sure of a component or system from increasing
beyond a specified value,that is,a safety valve,mometer which derives wind speed from meas-
urements of the dynamic wind pressures; wind2.A spring-loadedmachinepartwhich willyield,
or deflect,when a predetermined force is ex- blowing into a tube develops a pressure greater
than the static pressure,while wind blowingceeded,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorleˉfdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
pressure-relief valve [MECH ENG] A valve across a tube develops a pressure less than the
static; this pressure difference,which is propor-which relieves pressure beyond a specified limit
and recloses upon return to normal operating tional to the square of the wind speed,is meas-
ured by a suitable manometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r |tu¨bconditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
pressure-retaining member [MECH ENG] That vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pressure tunnel [CIV ENG] A waterway tunnelpart of a pressure-relieving device loaded by the
restrained pressurized fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rri|taˉnH11080 under pressure because the hydraulic gradient
lies above the tunnel crown,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormemH11080b?r}
pressure roll [ENG] In plastics-extrusion coat-?l}
pressurevector [IND ENG] A stress on the hu-ing,the roll that with the chill roll applies pres-
sure to the substrate and the molten extruded man bodyproduced atthe interfacebetween the
operator and the equipment during the use ofweb,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
pressureseal [ENG] A seal used to make pres- hand tools or other equipment,and described
in terms of direction and magnitude,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080sure-prooftheinterface(contactingsurfaces)be-
tween two parts that have frequent or continual?r vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
pressurevessel [ENG] A metal container,gen-relative rotational or translational motion.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorseˉl } erally cylindrical or spheroid,capable of with-
standing bursting pressures,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvesH11080pressure still [CHEM ENG] A continuous-flow,
petroleum-refinery still in which heated oil (liq-?l}
pressurization [ENG] 1,Use of an inert gas oruid and vapor) is kept under pressure so that it
will crack (decompose into smaller molecules) dry air,at several pounds above atmospheric
pressure,inside the components of a radar sys-to produce lower-boiling products (pressure dis-
tillate or pressure naphtha),{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstil } tem or in a sealed coaxial line,to prevent corro-
sion by keeping out moisture,and to minimizepressure storage [ENG] The storage of a vola-
tile liquid or liquefied gas under pressure to high-voltage breakdown at high altitudes.
2,The act of maintaining normal atmosphericprevent evaporation,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080ij }
pressure switch [ELEC] A switch that is actu- pressure in a chamber subjected to high or low
external pressure,{ vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}ated by a change in pressure of a gas or liquid.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorswich } pressurize [ENG] To maintain normal atmo-
spheric pressure in a chamber subjected to highpressure system [ENG] Any system of pipes,
vessels,tanks,reactors,and other equipment,or low external pressures,{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉz}
423
pressurizedblastfurnace
pressurized blast furnace [ENG] A blast fur- primary crusher See primary breaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080
eˉ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}nace operated under pressure above the ambi-
ent; pressure is obtained by throttling the off- primary detector See sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ divertstrokesuperiortekH11080
t?r}gas line,which permits a greater volume of air
to be passed through the furnace at a lower primary drilling [ENG] The process of drilling
holes in a solid rock ledge in preparation for avelocity,and results in increase in smelting rate.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorblast vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s } blastbymeansofwhichtherockisthrowndown.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }presswork [ENG] The entire range of bending
and drawing operations in the cold forming of primary energy [ENG] Energy that exists in a
naturally occurring form,such as coal,beforesheet metal products,{ vertstrokesuperiorpresvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
prestress [ENG] To apply a force to a structure being converted into an end-use form.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }to condition it to withstand its working load
more effectively or with less deflection,primary excavation [ENG] Digging performed
in undisturbed soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferioreksH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080{ |preˉvertstrokesuperiorstres }
pretensioning [ENG] Processofprecastingcon- sh?n}
primary instrument [ENG] A measuring instru-crete beams with tensioned wires embedded in
them,Also known as Hoyer method of pre- ment that can be calibrated without reference
to another instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080stressing,{ preˉvertstrokesuperiortenH11080sh?nH11080i? }
pretersonics See acoustoelectronics,{ |preˉdH11080 m?nt }
primarymeasuringelement [ENG] The portion?r|sa¨nH11080iks }
pretravel [CONT SYS] The distance or angle of a measuring or sensing device that is in direct
contact with the variables being measured (suchthrough which the actuator of a switch moves
from the free position to the operating position,as temperature,pressure,pH,or velocity).
{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }{ vertstrokesuperiorpreˉvertstrokeinferiortravH11080?l}
preventive maintenance [ENG] A procedure of primary phase [THERMO] The only crystalline
phase capable of existing in equilibrium with ainspecting,testing,and reconditioning a system
at regular intervals according to specific instruc- given liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz}
primaryphaseregion [THERMO] Onaphasedi-tions,intended to prevent failures in service or
to retard deterioration,{ privertstrokesuperiorvenH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080 agram,the locus of all compositions having a
common primary phase,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?ns }
Prevost’stheory [THERMO] A theory according j?n}
primary radar [ENG] Radar in which the inci-to which a body is constantly exchanging heat
with its surroundings,radiating an amount of dent beam is reflected from the target to form
the return signal,Also known as primary sur-energywhichisindependentofitssurroundings,
and increasingor decreasing itstemperature de- veillance radar (PSR),{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
primarysewagesludge [CIV ENG] A semiliquidpending on whether it absorbs more radiation
thanitemits,orviceversa,{ vertstrokesuperiorpraˉH11080voˉzvertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ } waste resulting from sedimentation with no ad-
ditional treatment,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsl?j}Price meter [ENG] The ocean current meter in
use in the United States,six conical cups,primarystress [MECH] Anormalorshearstress
componentinasolidmaterialwhichresultsfrommountedaroundaverticalaxis,rotateandcause
a signal in a set of headphones with each rota- an imposed loading and which is under a condi-
tion of equilibrium and is not self-limiting.tion; tail vanes and a heavy weight stabilize the
instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉs vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorstres }
primary surveillance radar See primary radar.prickpunch [DES ENG] A tool that has a sharp
conical point ground to an angle of 30–60H11034C; { vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080l?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
primary treatment [CIV ENG] Removal of float-usedtomakeaslightindentationonaworkpiece
to locate the intersection of centerlines,ing solids and suspended solids,both fine and
coarse,from raw sewage,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiortreˉtH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorprik vertstrokeinferiorp?nch }
prill [CHEM ENG] To form pellet-sized crystals m?nt }
prime [ENG] 1,Main or primary,as in primeor agglomerates of material by the action of up-
ward-blowing air on falling hot solution; used in contractor,2,In blasting,to place a detonator
in a cartridge or charge of explosive,3.To treatthe manufacture of ammonium nitrate and urea
fertilizers,{ pril } wood with a primer or penetrant primer,4,To
add waterto a pump toenable it tobegin pump-primary air [MECH ENG] That portion of the
combustion air introduced with the fuel in a ing,{ pr?ˉm}
prime contractor [ENG] A contractor having aburner,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorer }
primarybreaker [MECH ENG] A machine which direct contract for an entire project; the contrac-
tor may in turn assign portions of the work totakes over the work of size reduction from blast-
ing operations,crushing rock to maximum size subcontractors,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉm vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakH11080t?r}
primemover [MECH ENG] 1.The component ofof about 2-inch (5-centimeter) diameter; may be
a gyratory crusher or jaw breaker,Also known a power plant that transforms energy from the
thermal or the pressure form to the mechanicalas primary crusher,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080?r}
primary creep [MECH] The initial high strain- form,2,A tractor or truck,usually with four-
wheel drive,used for hauling tasks,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmrate region in a material subjected to sustained
stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉvertstrokeinferiormerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp} vertstrokesuperiormu¨vH11080?r}
424
principleofvirtualwork
primer [ENG] In general,a small,sensitive ini- which the shearing stress vanishes,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080
p?l vertstrokesuperiorplaˉn?v vertstrokesuperiorstres }tial explosive train component which on being
actuated initiates functioning of the explosive principalstrain [MECH] Theelongationorcom-
pression of one of the principal axes of straintrain,and will not reliably initiate high explosive
charge; classified according to the method of relative to its original length,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l
vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}initiation,for example,percussion primer,elec-
tric primer,or friction primer,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080?r} principal stress [MECH] A stress occurring at
right angles to a principal plane of stress.primercup [ENG] Asmallmetalcup,intowhich
the primer mixture is loaded,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080?r vertstrokeinferiork?p} {vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }
principleofcoincidence [ENG] The principle ofprimer-detonator [ENG] Aunit,inametalhous-
ing,in which are assembled a primer,a detona- operation of a vernier,according to which the
fractionofthesmallestdivisionofthemainscaletor,and when indicated,an intervening delay
charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080?r vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r } isdeterminedbythedivisionofthevernierwhich
isexactlyinlinewithadivisionofthemainscale.primer leak [ENG] Defect in a cartridge which
allows partial escape of the hot propelling gases { vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?vkoˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?H11080d?ns }
principle of dynamical similarity [MECH] Thein a primer,caused by faulty construction or an
excessive charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorleˉk } principle that two physical systems which are
geometrically and kinematically similar at apriming [MECH ENG] In a boiler,the excessive
carryover of fine water particles along with the given instant,and physically similar in constitu-
tion,will retain this similarity at later corres-steambecauseofinsufficientsteamspace,faulty
boiler design,or faulty operating conditions,ponding instants if and only if the Froude num-
ber 1 for each independent type of force has{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080i? }
priming pump [MECH ENG] A device on motor identical values in the two systems,Also
known as similarity principle,{ |prinH11080s?H11080p?l?vvehicles and tanks,providing a means of in-
jectingasprayoffuelintotheenginetofacilitate di|namH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ }
principle of inaccessibility See Carathe′odory’sstarting,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
primitive [CONT SYS] A basic operation of a ro- principle,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokeinferiorinH11080akvertstrokeinferiorsesH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
dH11080eˉ }bot,initialized by a single command statement
inthe programthat controlsthe robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorprimH11080 principle of least action [MECH] The principle
that,forasystemwhosetotalmechanicalenergy?dH11080iv}
principal axis [ENG ACOUS] A reference direc- is conserved,the trajectory of the system in con-
figuration space is that path which makes thetion for angular coordinates used in describing
the directional characteristics of a transducer; it value of the action stationary relative to nearby
paths between the same configurations and foris usually an axis of structural symmetry or the
direction of maximum response,[MECH] One which the energy has the same constant value.
Also known as least-action principle,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080of three perpendicular axes in a rigid body such
that the products of inertia about any two of s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokeinferiorleˉst vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
principle of optimality [CONT SYS] A principlethem vanish,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s}
principalaxisofstrain [MECH] Oneofthethree which states that for optimal systems,any por-
tion of the optimal state trajectory is optimalaxes of a body that were mutually perpendicular
before deformation,Also known as strain axis,between the states it joins,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v
vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080t?vertstrokesuperiormalH11080?dH11080eˉ }{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s?v vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
principalaxisofstress [MECH] Oneofthethree principle of reciprocity See reciprocity therorem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokeinferiorresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }mutually perpendicular axes of a body that are
perpendicular to the principal planes of stress,principleofsuperposition [ELEC] 1.The princi-
ple that the total electric field at a point due toAlsoknownasstressaxis,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?s
v vertstrokesuperiorstres } thecombinedinfluenceofadistributionofpoint
charges is the vector sum of the electric fieldprincipal function [MECH] The integral of the
Lagrangian of a system over time; it is involved intensities which the individual point charges
would produce at that point if each acted alone.in the statement of Hamilton’s principle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?n} 2,The principle that,in a linear electrical net-
work,the voltage or current in any element re-principalitem [ENG] Item which,because of its
majorimportance,requiresdetailedanalysisand sulting from several sources acting together is
the sum of the voltages or currents resultingexamination of all factors affecting its supply
and demand,as well as an unusual degree of from each source acting alone,Also known as
superpositiontheorem,[MECH] Theprinciplesupervision; its selection is based upon such
criteria as strategic importance,high monetary that when two or more forces act on a particle
atthesametime,theresultantforceisthevectorvalue,unusual complexity of issue,and procure-
ment difficulties,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080?m } sum of the two,{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080p?
vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}principalmeridian [CIVENG] Oneofthemeridi-
ansestablishedbytheUnitedStatesgovernment principle of virtual work [MECH] The principle
that the total work done by all forces acting onas a reference for subdividing public land.
{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?lm?vertstrokesuperiorridH11080eˉH11080?n } a system in static equilibrium is zero for any
infinitesimal displacement from equilibriumprincipalplaneofstress [MECH] For a point in
an elastic body,a plane at that point across which is consistent with the constraints of the
425
printedcircuit
system,Also known as virtual work principle,directly,or for measuring the physical para-
meters indicative of composition,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s{ vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l?v vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}printed circuit [ELECTR] A conductive pattern
processchart [IND ENG] A graphic representa-that may or may not include printed compo-
tionofeventsoccurringduringaseriesofactionsnents,formed in a predetermined design on the
or operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }surface of an insulating base in an accurately
process control [ENG] Manipulation of therepeatable manner,{ vertstrokesuperiorprintH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
conditions of a process to bring about a desiredprinted circuit board [ELECTR] A flat board
change in the output characteristics of the proc-
whose front contains slots for integrated circuit
ess,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
chips and connections for a variety of electronic
process control chart [IND ENG] A tabulated
components,and whose back is printed with
graphical arrangement of test results and other
electrically conductive pathways between the
pertinent data for each production assembly
components,Also known as circuit board.
unit,arranged in chronological sequence for the
{ vertstrokesuperiorprintH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
entire assembly,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
printed wiring board [ELECTR] A copper-clad
process control engineering [ENG] A field of
dielectric material with conductors etched on
engineering dealing with ways and means by
the external or internal layers,{ |printH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrH11080
which conditions of continuous processes are
i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
automatically kept as close as possible to de-
prior-artsearch [ENG] 1,A search for prior art
sired values or within a required range.
which may possibly anticipate an invention
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
which is being considered for patentability.
process control system [CONT SYS] The auto-
2,A similar search but for the purpose of de-
matic control of a continuous operation.
termining what the status of existing technology
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?sk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
is before going ahead with new research; it is
process dynamics [ENG] The dynamic re-
done to avoid unwittingly retracing new steps
sponse interrelationships between components
taken by other workers in the field,{ vertstrokesuperiorpr?ˉH11080?r
(units) of a complex system,such as in a chemi-
vertstrokeinferiora¨rt vertstrokeinferiors?rch }
cal process plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?sd?ˉvertstrokeinferiornamH11080iks }
prismatic astrolabe [ENG] A surveying instru-
process engineering [ENG] A service function
mentthatmakesuseofapanofmercuryforming
of production engineering that involves selec-
an artificial horizon,and a prism mounted in
tion of the processes to be used,determination
front of a horizontal telescope to determine the
ofthesequenceofalloperations,andrequisition
exact times at which stars reach a fixed altitude,
of special tools to make a product,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s
and thereby to establish an astronomical posi-
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
tion,{ prizvertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorasH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉb}
process furnace [CHEM ENG] Furnace used to
prismatic compass [ENG] A hand compass
heatprocess-streammaterials(liquids,gases,or
usedbysurveyorswhichisequippedwithaprism
solids) in a chemical-plant operation; types are
that allows the compass to be read while the
direct-fired,indirect-fired,and pebble heaters.
site is being taken,{ prizvertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?mH11080p?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
prism joint [MECH ENG] A robotic articulation
processheater [CHEM ENG] Equipment for the
that has only one degree of freedom,in sliding
heating of chemical process streams (gases,liq-
motion only,{ vertstrokesuperiorprizH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
uids,or solids); usually refers to furnaces,in
prismlevel [ENG] Asurveyor’slevelwithprisms
contrasttoheatexchangers,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?svertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
that allow the levelman to view the level bubble
processing [ENG] The act of converting mate-
without moving his eye from the telescope.
rial from one form into another desired form.
{ vertstrokesuperiorprizH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080i? }
probe [ENG] A small tube containing the sens-
processlayout [INDENG] Inaprocessingplant,
ing element of electronic equipment,which can
the layout of machines,equipment,and loca-
be lowered into a borehole to obtain measure-
tions which groups the same or similar opera-
ments and data,{ proˉb}
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s vertstrokeinferiorlaˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
probe gas [ENG] Tracer gas emitted from a
process monitoring [CHEM ENG] The observa-
small orifice for impingement on a restricted
tion of chemical process variables by means of
area being tested for leaks,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉb vertstrokeinferiorgas }
pressure,temperature,flow,and other types of
probe-type liquid-level meter [ENG] Device to
indicators; usually occurs in a central control
sense or measure the level of liquids in storage
room,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiors?s vertstrokeinferiorma¨nH11080?H11080tri? }
or process vessels by means of an immersed process piping [ENG] In an industrial facility,
electrode or probe,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉb vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |levH11080?l pipeworkwhosefunctionistoconveythemateri-
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} als used for the manufacturing processes.
process [ENG] Asystemorseriesofcontinuous { vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉpH11080i? }
or regularly occurring actions taking place in a process planning [IND ENG] Determining the
predetermined or planned manner to produce a conditions necessary to convert material from
desired result,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses } one state to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiorplanH11080i? }
process analyzer [CHEM ENG] An instrument process reengineering [SYS ENG] The study,
for determining the chemical composition of capture,andmodification of theinternal mecha-
nisms or functionality of an existing process orthe substances involved in a chemical process
426
programcontrol
systems-engineering life cycle in order to recon- productive time [IND ENG] Time during which
usefulworkisperformedinanoperationorproc-stitute it in a new form and with new functional
and nonfunctional features,often to take advan- ess,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
productivity [IND ENG] The ratio of output pro-tage of newly emerged or desired organizational
or technological capabilities without changing duction to input effort,it is an indicator of the
efficiency with which an enterprise converts itstheinherentpurposeofthe processthatisbeing
reengineered,{ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokesuperiors?s vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? } resources (inputs) into finished goods or ser-
vices (outputs),{ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }processsequencing [INDENG] Specificationof
the appropriate order for the processes required product life-cycle [IND ENG] All the phases,
from conception and scale-up,through produc-to manufacture a part,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080kw?nsH11080i? }
process time [IND ENG] 1,Time needed for tion,growing use,maturity,and obsolescence of
a product,{ |pra¨dH11080?kt vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉfvertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}completionofthemachine-controlledportionof
a work cycle,2,Time required for completion productline [INDENG] 1.Therangeofproducts
offeredbyafirm,2.Agroupofbasicallysimilarof an entire process,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
processvariable [CHEM ENG] Anyof those var- products,differentiatedonlybysuchcharacteris-
tics as color,style,or size,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080d?kt vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}ying operational and physical conditions associ-
ated with a chemical processing operation,such productofinertia [MECH] Relative to two rect-
angular axes,the sum of the products formed byas temperature,pressure,flowrate,density,pH,
viscosity,or chemical composition,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses multiplyingthemass(or,sometimes,thearea)of
each element of a figure by the product of thevertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
producer’srisk [IND ENG] The probability that coordinates corresponding to those axes.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080d?kt?vivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }in an acceptance sampling plan,material of an
acceptable quality level will be rejected,product reengineering [SYS ENG] The study,
capture,and modificationof theinternal mecha-{pr?vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?rz |risk }
product [CHEM ENG] See discharge liquor,nisms or functionality of an existing system or
product in order to reconstitute it in a new form[IND ENG] 1,An item or goods made by an in-
dustrial firm,2,The total of such items or with new features,often to take advantage of
newly emerged technologies without majorgoods,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨dH11080?kt }
product design [DES ENG] The determination changetotheinherentfunctionalityandpurpose
of the system,{ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨dH11080?kt vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorenvertstrokesuperiorj?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }and specification of the parts of a product and
their interrelationship so that they become a productwater [CHEM ENG] Fresh water that is
produced by a desalination process; Also knownunified whole,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨dH11080?kt divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
production [ENG] Output,such as units made as converted water,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiord?kt vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
profiledie [ENG] A plastics extrusion die usedin a factory,oil from a well,or chemicals from a
processing plant,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n } to produce continuous shapes,but not tubes or
sheets,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }production control [IND ENG] The procedure
for planning,routing,scheduling,dispatching,profiled keyway [DES ENG] A keyway for a
straight key formed by an end-milling cutter.and expediting the flow of materials,parts,sub-
assemblies,and assemblies within a plant,from Also known as end-milled keyway,{ |proˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉld
vertstrokesuperiorkeˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }the raw state to the finished product,in an or-
derly and efficient manner,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n profiling [ENG] Electrical exploration wherein
thetransmitterandreceiveraremovedinunisonk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
production engineering [IND ENG] The plan- across a structure to obtain a profile of mutual
impedance between transmitter and receiver.ning and control of the mechanical means of
changing the shape,condition,and relationship Also known as lateral search,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlH11080i? }
profilingmachine [MECHENG] Amachineusedofmaterialswithinindustry towardgreatereffec-
tiveness and value,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080 for milling irregular profiles; the cutting tool is
guided by the contour of a model,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlH11080i? }
productionmodel [IND ENG] A model in its fi- i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
profilograph [ENG] An instrument for measur-nal mechanical and electrical form of final pro-
duction design made by production tools,jigs,ing and recording roughness of the surface over
which it travels,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉlH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }fixtures,andmethods,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?nvertstrokeinferiorma¨dH11080?l}
productionrequirements [INDENG] Thesumof profilometer [ENG] An instrument for measur-
ing the roughness of a surface by means of aauthorized stock levels and pipeline needs less
stocks expected to become available,stock on diamond-pointed tracer arm attached to a coil
in an electric field; movement of the arm acrosshand,stocks due in,returned stocks,and stocks
from salvage,reclamation,rebuild,and other the surface induces a current proportional to
surface roughness,{ vertstrokeinferiorproˉH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}sources,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?nrivertstrokeinferiorkw?ˉrH11080m?ns }
production standard See standard time,profit sharing [IND ENG] Sharing of company
profits with the employees,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨fH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorsherH11080i? }{pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }
production track [ENG ACOUS] A sound track program [IND ENG] An undertaking of signifi-
cant scope that is enduring rather than occurr-which is either prerecorded or recorded directly
on the set,and which exists in the film at that ing within a limited time span,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080gr?m or
vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgram }time when the music breakdown for scoring is
about to begin,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortrak } program control [CONT SYS] A control system
427
programdevice
whose set point is automatically varied during executes all the instructions of a given program.
{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080gr?m vertstrokeinferiorskan }definite timeintervals in order tomake the proc-
progresschart [INDENG] Agraphicalrepresen-ess variable vary in some prescribed manner.
tation of the degree of completion of work in{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080gr?mk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
progress,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨gH11080r?s vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }program device [CONT SYS] In missile guid-
progressivebonding [ENG] Amethodofcuringance,tha automatic device used to control time
a resin adhesive wherein heat and pressure areand sequence of events of a program,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080
appliedinsuccessivesteps,Alsoknownaspro-gr?mdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
gressive gluing,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorgresH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndH11080i? }
program evaluation and review technique See
progressive gluing See progressive bonding.
PERT,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080gr?mivertstrokeinferiorvalH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n?nrivertstrokesuperiorvyu¨
{pr?|gresH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorglu¨H11080i? }
tekvertstrokeinferiorneˉk}
project [ENG] A specifically defined task within
program level [ENG ACOUS] The level of the
aresearchanddevelopmentfield,whichisestab-
program signal in an audio system,expressed in
lished to meet a single requirement,either
volume units,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080gr?m vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
stated or anticipated,for research data,an end
programmablecontroller [CONT SYS] A control
item of material,a major component,or a tech-
device,normallyusedinindustrialcontrolappli-
nique,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorjekt }
cations,that employs the hardware architecture
projected-scale instrument [ENG] An indicat-
of a computer and a relay ladder diagram lan-
ing instrument in which a light beam projects
guage,Alsoknownasprogrammablelogiccon-
an image of the scale on a screen,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?d
troller,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
|skaˉl vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
programmable counter [ELECTR] A counter
projected window [BUILD] A window having
that divides an input frequency by a number
one or more rotatable sashes which swing either
which can be programmed into decades of syn-
inward or outward,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080doˉ }
chronous down counters; these decades,with
project engineering [ENG] 1,The engineering
additional decoding and control logic,give the
design and supervision (coordination) aspects
equivalent of a divide-by-N counter system,
of building a manufacturing facility,2,The en-
where N can be made equal to any number.
gineering aspects of a specific project,such as
{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
development of a product or solution to a prob-
programmabledecaderesistor [ELECTR] A de-
lem,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorjekt enH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
cade box designed so that the value of its resist-
projection thermography [ENG] A method of
ancecanberemotelycontrolledbyprogramming
measuringsurfacetemperatureinwhichthermal
logic as required for the control of load,time
radiation from a surface is imaged by an optical
constant,gain,and other parameters of circuits
systemon athin screenof luminescentmaterial,
usedinautomatictestequipmentandautomatic
and the pattern formed corresponds to the heat
controls,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiordevertstrokeinferiorkaˉdrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
radiation of the surface,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?nth?r
programmable electronic system [SYS ENG] A
vertstrokesuperiorma¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
system based on a computer and connected to
projectlife See economic life,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080jikt vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
sensors or actuators for the purpose of control,
projector [ENG ACOUS] 1,A horn designed to
protection,or monitoring,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?l
project sound chiefly in one direction from a
ivertstrokesuperiorlekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
loudspeaker,2,An underwater acoustic trans-
programmablelogicarraySeefield-programmable
mitter,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r}
logic array,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?l |la¨jH11080ik?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ }
pronate [CONT SYS] To orient a robot toward a
programmablelogiccontrollerSee programmable
position in which the back or protected side of
controller,{ proˉvertstrokesuperiorgramH11080?H11080b?l |la¨jH11080ik k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉlH11080?r}
a manipulator faces up and is exposed.
programmed logic array [ELECTR] An array of
{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiornaˉt}
AND/ORlogicgatesthatprovideslogicfunctions
prong See pin,{ pra¨? }
for a given set of inputs programmed during
prony brake [MECH ENG] An absorption dyna-
manufacture and serves as a read-only memory.
mometer that applies a friction load to the out-
Abbreviated PLA,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramd |la¨jH11080ik?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ }
put shaft by means of wood blocks,a flexible
programmer [CONT SYS] A device used to con-
band,or other friction surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉH11080neˉ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
trol the motion of a missile in accordance with
proof [ENG] Reproduction of a die impression
a predetermined plan,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080?r}
by means of a cast,{ pru¨f}
programming [ENG] In a plastics process,ex-
proof load [ENG] A predetermined test load,
truding a parison whose thickness differs longi-
greater than the service load,to which a speci-
tudinally in order to equalize wall thickness of men is subjected before acceptance for use.
the blown container,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i? } { vertstrokesuperiorpru¨f vertstrokeinferiorlo
ˉd}
programming panel [CONT SYS] A device used proof resilience [MECH] The tensile strength
to edit a program or insert and monitor it in a necessarytostretchanelastomerfromzeroelon-
programmable controller,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080 gation to the breaking point,expressed in foot-
l} pounds per cubic inch of original dimension.
programming unit See manual control unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorpru¨frivertstrokeinferiorzilH11080y?ns }
{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorgramH11080i?vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t} proof stress [MECH] 1,The stress that causes
programscan [CONTSYS] Thespanoftimedur- a specified amount of permanent deformation
inamaterial,2.Aspecifiedstresstobeapplieding which a programmable controller processor
428
proportioningprobe
to a member or structure in order to assess its propeller pump See axial-flow pump,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080
r |p?mp }ability to support service loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorpru¨f vertstrokeinferiorstres }
propagatedblast [ENG] A blast of a number of propellershaft [MECH ENG] A shaft,carrying a
screw propeller at its end,that transmits powerunprimed charges of explosives plus one hole
primed,generally for the purpose of ditching,from an engine to the propeller,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorshaft }whereeachchargeisdetonatedbytheexplosion
of the adjacent one,the shock being transmitted propellerslipangle [MECH ENG] The angle be-
tween the plane of the blade face and its direc-through the wet soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorblast }
propanedeasphalting [CHEM ENG] Petroleum- tion of motion,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
propeller tip speed [MECH ENG] The speed inrefinery solvent process using propane to re-
move and precipitate asphalt from petroleum feet per minute swept by the propeller tips.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokesuperiortip vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}stocks,such as for lubricating oils,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorpaˉn
deˉvertstrokesuperiorasvertstrokeinferiorfo˙ldH11080i? } propeller turbine [MECH ENG] A form of reac-
tive-type hydraulic turbine using an axial-flowpropane decarbonizing [CHEM ENG] Petro-
leum-refinery solvent process using propane to propeller rotor,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r |t?rH11080b?n}
propellerwindmill [MECHENG] A windmill thatrecover catalytic-cracking feedstock from heavy-
fuel residues; when butane or butane-propane extracts wind power from horizontal air move-
ments to rotate the blades of a propeller.solvent is used,the process is called solvent
decarbonizing,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorpaˉndeˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080i? }{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r |winvertstrokeinferiormil }
proportionalband [CONTSYS] The range of val-propane dewaxing [CHEM ENG] Petroleum-
refinery solvent process using propane to re- ues of the controlled variable that will cause a
controller to operate over its full range.move waxes from lubricating oils to lower the
lube-oil pour point,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorpaˉndeˉvertstrokesuperiorwaksH11080i? }{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorband }
proportional control [CONT SYS] Control inpropane fractionation [CHEM ENG] Continu-
ous,petroleum-refinery solvent process using which the amount of corrective action is propor-
tional to the amount of error; used,for example,liquid propane to segregate long-vacuum resi-
due into two or more grades of lube-oil stock inchemicalengineeringtocontrolpressure,flow
rate,or temperature in a process system.(such as heavy neutral stock or bright stock) and
asphalt,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorpaˉn vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080sh?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n} {pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortro˙l}
proportionalcontroller [CONTSYS] A controllerpropellant-actuateddevice [ENG] Adevicethat
employs the energy supplied by the gases pro- whose output is proportional to the error signal.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}duced by burning propellants to accomplish or
initiate a mechanical action other than propel- proportional dividers [DES ENG] Dividers with
twolegs,pointedatbothends,andanadjustableling a projectile,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?nt |akH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?d
divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs } pivot; distances measured by the points at one
endcanbemarkedoffinproportionbythepointspropeller [MECH ENG] A bladed device that ro-
tates on a shaft to produce a useful thrust in the at the other end,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?ldivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080?rz }
proportional elastic limit [MECH] The greatestdirection of the shaft axis,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
propeller anemometer [ENG] A rotation ane- stress intensity for which stress is still pro-
portional to strain,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?livertstrokesuperiorlasH11080tikmometerwhichisencasedinastrongglassouter
shell that protects it against hydrostatic pres- vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
proportionallimit [MECH] The greatest stress asure,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
propellerblade [DES ENG] One of two or more material can sustain without departure from lin-
ear proportionality of stress and strain.plates radiating out from the hub of a propeller
and normally twisted to form part of a helical { pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?t}
proportional-plus-derivative control [CONT SYS]surface,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd}
propeller boss [DES ENG] The central portion Control in which the control signal is a linear
combinationoftheerrorsignalanditsderivative.of the screw propeller which carries the blades,
and formsthe medium ofattachment tothe pro- { pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpl?sd?vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080ivk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
proportional-plus-integral control [CONT SYS]peller shaft,Also known as propeller hub.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙s } Control in which the control signal is a linear
combination of the error signal and its integral.propeller efficiency [MECH ENG] The ratio of
the thrust horsepower delivered by the propeller { pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpl?s vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?lk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivativecontrolto the shaft horsepower as delivered by the en-
gine to the propeller,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?rivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } [CONT SYS] Control in which the control signal
is a linear combination of the error signal,itspropellerfan [MECHENG] An axial-flow blower,
with or without a casing,using a propeller-type integral,and its derivative,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l
vertstrokeinferiorpl?s vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l vertstrokeinferiorpl?sd?vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080ivk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}rotor to accelerate the fluid,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r |fan }
propeller hub See propeller boss,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r proportional-speed control See floating control.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorspeˉdk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}vertstrokeinferiorh?b}
propeller meter [ENG] A quantity meter in proportioning probe [ENG] A leak-testing
probecapableofchangingtheair-tracergasratiowhich the flowing stream rotates a propellerlike
device and revolutions are counted,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080 withoutchangingtheamountofflowittransmits
to the testing device,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}?r |meˉdH11080?r}
429
proportioningpump
proportioning pump See metering pump,proteins,fats,esters,free acids,and so on; this
type of analysis of solid fuels allows a prediction{pr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
propped cantilever [CIV ENG] A beam having to be made as to how the fuel will behave in a
furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨kH11080s?H11080m?t?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}one built-in support and one simple support.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pt vertstrokesuperiorkantH11080?lvertstrokeinferioreˉH11080v?r} proximitydetector [ENG] A sensing device that
produces an electrical signal when approachedproprioceptor [CONT SYS] A device that senses
the position of an arm or other computer-con- by an object or when approaching an object.
{ pra¨kvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080eˉ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}trolled articulated mechanism of a robot and
provides feedback signals,{ vertstrokeinferiorproˉH11080preˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080 proximity sensor [CONT SYS] Any device that
measures short distances within a robotic sys-t?r}
propulsion [MECH] The process of causing a tem,Alsoknownasnoncontactsensor,{ pra¨k
vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}body to move by exerting a force against it.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080sh?n} ps See picosecond.
psec See picosecond.propulsion system [MECH ENG] For a vehicle
moving in a fluid medium,such as an airplane psf See pound per square foot.
psi See pound per square inch.or ship,a system that produces a required
change inmomentum in the vehicleby changing psia See pounds per square inch absolute.
psid See pounds per square inch differential.the velocity of the air or water passing through
the propulsive device or engine; in the case of psig See pounds per square inch gage.
PSII See plasma-source ion implantation.a rocket-propelled vehicle operating without a
fluid medium,the required momentum change psophometer [ENG] An instrument for measur-
ing noise in electric circuits; when connectedis produced by using up some of the propulsive
device’s own mass,called the propellant,across a 600-ohm resistance in the circuit under
study,the instrument gives a reading that by{pr?vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
protectedthermometer [ENG] A reversing ther- definition is equal to half of the psophometric
electromotive force actually existing in the cir-mometerwhichisencasedinastrongglassouter
shell that protects it against hydrostatic pres- cuit,{ soˉvertstrokesuperiorfa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
psophometric electromotive force [ELECTR]sure,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?dth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
protective device See electric protective device,The true noise voltage that exists in a circuit.
{ |sa¨fH11080?|meH11080trik i|lekH11080tr?|moˉdH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }{pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080tivdi vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
protective finish [ENG] A coating applied to psophometricvoltage [ELECTR] Thenoisevolt-
ageasactuallymeasuredinacircuitunderspeci-equipmenttoprotectitfromcorrosionandwear;
many substances,including metals,glass,and fied conditions,{ |sa¨fH11080?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
PSR See primary radar.ceramics,are used,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish }
protective grounding [ELEC] Grounding of the psychogalvanometer [ENG] An instrument for
testing mental reaction by determining how skinneutralconductorofasecondarypower-distribu-
tion system,and of all metal enclosures for con- resistance changes when a voltage is applied to
electrodes in contact with the skin,{ |s?ˉH11080koˉvertstrokeinferiorgalH11080ductors,to protect persons from dangerous cur-
rents,{ pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndH11080i? }v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
psychointegroammeter See lie detector,{ |s?ˉH11080protectiverelay [ELEC] A relay whose principal
function is to protect service from interruption koˉ|inH11080t?H11080groˉvertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
psychomotor performance [IND ENG] The de-or to prevent or limit damage to apparatus.
{pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ } gree of skill demonstrated by an operator in the
completion of a task,{ |s?ˉH11080k?vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?rp?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080prototype [ENG] A model suitable for use in
complete evaluation of form,design,and perfor- m?ns }
psychomotortask [INDENG] Anaspectof ajobmance,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉdH11080?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp}
protractor [ENG] A semicircular instrument that requires the operator to use controlled
movements of the body,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortask }used to construct and measure angles formed
by intersecting lines of a plane; the midpoint of psychosomatograph [ENG] An instrument for
recording muscular action currents or physicalthe diameter of the semicircle is marked and
serves as the vertex of angles constructed or movementsduringtestsofmental-physicalcoor-
dination,{ |s?ˉH11080koˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiortrakH11080t?r}
provingring [DES ENG] Aring used for calibrat- psychromatic ratio [THERMO] Ratio of the
heat-transfer coefficient to the product of theing test machines; the diameter of the ring
changes when a force is applied along a diame- mass-transfer coefficient and humid heat for a
gas-vapor system; used in calculation of humid-ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorpru¨vH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
proximal [CONT SYS] Located close to the base ity or saturation relationships,{ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ }or pedestal and away from the end effector of a
robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨kH11080s?H11080m?l} psychrometer [ENG] A device comprising two
thermometers,one a dry bulb,the other a wetproximate analysis [CHEM ENG] A technique
that separates and identifies categories of com- or wick-covered bulb,used in determining the
moisture content or relative humidity of air orpounds in a mixture; reported are moisture and
ash content,the extracts of the mixture made other gases,Also known as wet and dry bulb
thermometer,{ s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}with alcohol,petroleum ether,water,hydrochlo-
ric acid and resins,starches,reducing sugars,psychrometric calculator [ENG] A device for
430
pulsealtimeter
quickly computing certain psychrometric data,puff [ELEC] See picofarad,[MECH ENG] A
smallexplosion withinafurnacedue tocombus-usually the dew point and the relative humidity,
from knownvalues of the dry-and wet-bulb tem- tion conditions,{ p?f}
pugmill [MECH ENG] A machine for mixing andperatures and the atmospheric pressure,{ |s?ˉH11080
kr?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r } tempering a plastic material by the action of
blades revolving in a drum or trough,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?gpsychrometric chart [THERMO] A graph each
point of which represents a specific condition of vertstrokeinferiormil }
puking [CHEM ENG] In a distillation column,a gas-vapor system (such as air and water vapor)
withregardtotemperature(horizontalscale)and the foaming and rising of liquid so that part of
it is driven out of the vessel through the vaporabsolute humidity (vertical scale); other charac-
teristics ofthe system,such asrelative humidity,line,{ vertstrokesuperiorpyu¨kH11080i? }
puller [MECH ENG] A lever-operated chain orwet-bulb temperature,and latent heat of vapor-
ization,areindicatedbylinesonthechart,{ |s?ˉH11080 wire-rope hoist for lifting or pulling at any angle,
which has a reversible ratchet mechanism in thekr?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt }
psychrometric formula [THERMO] The sem- lever permitting short-stroke operation for both
tensioning and relaxing,and which holds theiempirical relation giving the vapor pressure in
terms of the barometer and psychrometer read- loads with a Weston-type friction brake or a re-
leasable ratchet,Also known as come-along.ings,{ |s?ˉH11080kr?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
psychrometric tables [THERMO] Tables pre- { vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080?r}
pulley [DES ENG] A wheel with a flat,round,orpared from the psychrometric formula and used
to obtain vapor pressure,relative humidity,and grooved rim that rotates on a shaft and carries a
flatbelt,V-belt,rope,orchaintotransmitmotiondew point from values of wet-bulb and dry-bulb
temperature,{ |s?ˉH11080kr?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080b?lz } and energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
pulley lathe [MECH ENG] A lathe for turningpsychrometry [ENG] The science and tech-
niques associated with measurements of the pulleys,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
pulley stile [BUILD] The upright part of a win-water vapor content of the air or other gases.
{s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?H11080treˉ } dow frame which holds the pulley and guides
the sash,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorst?ˉl}pt See pint.
p-type conductivity [ELECTR] The conductivity pulleytop [MECH ENG] A top with a long shank
used to tap setscrew holes in pulley hubs.associated with holes in a semiconductor,which
are equivalent to positive charges,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ |t?ˉp{vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorta¨p}
pull-in torque [MECH ENG] The largest steadyvertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
p-type crystal rectifier [ELECTR] Crystal recti- torque with which a motor will attain normal
speed after accelerating from a standstill.fier in which forward current flows when the
semiconductor is positive with respect to the { vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lvertstrokeinferiorin vertstrokeinferiorto˙rk }
pull-out torque [MECH ENG] Th largest torquemetal,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
p-type semiconductor [ELECTR] An extrinsic underwhichamotorcanoperatewithoutsharply
losing speed,{ vertstrokesuperiorpuˉlvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiorto˙rk }semiconductor in which the hole density exeeds
theconductionelectrondensity,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ |t?ˉpvertstrokesuperiorsemH11080 pullshovel See backhoe,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lvertstrokeinferiorsh?vH11080?l}
pull strength [MECH] A unit in tensile testing;iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
p
+
-type semiconductor [ELECTR] A p-type the bond strength in pounds per square inch.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙l vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }semiconductor in which the excess mobile hole
concentration is very large,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ|pl?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080 pulp See slime,{ p?lp }
pulper [MECH ENG] A machine that convertsiH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
p-type silicon [ELECTR] Silicon to which more materials to pulp,for example,one that reduces
paper waste to pulp,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080?r}impurity atoms of acceptor type (with valence of
3,such as boron) than of donor type (with va- pulping [ENG] Reducing wood to pulp.
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080i? }lence of 5,such as phosphorus) have been
added,with the result that the hole density ex- pulpmolding [ENG] Aplastics-industryprocess
in which a resin-impregnated pulp material isceeds the conduction electron density,{ vertstrokesuperiorpeˉ
|t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?vertstrokeinferiorka¨n } preformed by application of a vacuum,after
which it is oven-cured and molded,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lppublic address system See sound-reinforcement
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?bH11080lik?vertstrokesuperiordres vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m} vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
pulsating flow [ENG] Irregular fluid flow in apublicarea [BUILD] The total nonrentable area
of a building,such as public conveniences and piping system often resulting from the pressure
variations of reciprocating compressors orrest rooms,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?bH11080lik vertstrokesuperiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
publicutility [INDENG] Abusinessorganization pumps within the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
pulsationdampening [ENG] Device installed inconsidered by law to be vested with public inter-
est and subject to public regulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?bH11080lik a fluid piping system (gas or liquid) to eliminate
or even out the fluid-flow pulsations caused byyu¨vertstrokesuperiortilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
public works [IND ENG] Government-owned reciprocating compressors,pumps,and such.
{p?lvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiordamH11080p?nH11080i? }andfinancedworksandimprovementsforpublic
enjoyment or use,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?bH11080lik vertstrokesuperiorw?rks } pulsealtimeter [ENG] A device which is used to
measure the distance of an aircraft above thepuddle [ENG] To apply water in order to settle
loose dirt,{ p?dH11080?l } ground by sending out radar signals in short
431
pulse-amplitudediscriminator
pulses and measuring the time delay between the z-transform of the input,when both input
the leading edge of the transmitted pulse and and output are trains of pulses,Also known
that of the pulse returned from the ground,as discrete transfer function; z-transfer function.
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiorp?lst vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorfa?kH11080sh?n}
pulse-amplitude discriminator [ENG] Elec- pulsedvideothermography [ENG] Amethodof
tronic instrument used to investigate the ampli- nondestructive testing in which a source of heat
tude distribution of the pulses produced in a is applied to an area of a specimen for a very
nuclear detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls |amH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu¨ddivertstrokesuperiorskrimH11080 short time duration,and an infrared detection
vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}
system reveals anomalously hot or cold regions
pulsecircuit [ELECTR] An active electrical net-
that then appear close to defects,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lst vertstrokesuperiorvidH11080
work designed to respond to discrete pulses of
eˉH11080oˉ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
current or voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
pulsegenerator [ELEC] See impulse generator.
pulse column [CHEM ENG] Continuous-phase
[ELECTR] A generator that produces repetitive
process column (such as liquid only or gas only)
pulses or signal-initiated pulses,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080
in which the flow-through is pulsating; used to
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
increasemass-transferrates,asinaliquid-liquid
pulse height [ELECTR] The strength or ampli-
extraction operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
tude of a pulse,measured in volts,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt}
pulse-compressionradar [ENG] Aradarsystem
pulse integrator [ELECTR] An RC (resistance-
in which the transmitted signal is linearly fre-
capacitance)circuitwhichstretchesintimedura-
quency-modulated or otherwise spread out in
tionapulseappliedtoit,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}
time to reduce the peak power that must be
pulse-modulatedradar [ENG] Form of radar in
handled by the transmitter; signal amplitude is
which the radiation consists of a series of dis-
kept constant; the receiver uses a linear filter to
crete pulses,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?|laˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
compress the signal and thereby reconstitute a
pulsemodulator [ELECTR] A device for carrying
short pulse for the radar display,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls
out the pulse modulation of a radio-frequency
k?mvertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
carrier signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
pulsed-bed sorption [CHEM ENG] Solid-liquid
pulser [CHEMENG] Deviceusedtocreateapul-
countercurrent adsorption process (such as an
sating fluid flow through a process vessel,such
ion-exchange process) in which the granulated
as a liquid-liquid or vapor-liquid extraction
solids bed and the solution flow alternately,in
tower; used to increase contact and mass trans-
opposite directions,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lst |bed vertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n}
fer rates,[ELECTR] A generator used to pro-
pulsed fast neutron analysis [ENG] A tech-
duce high-voltage,short-duration pulses,as re-
nique for detecting contraband materials,in
quired by a pulsed microwave oscillator or a
which a pulsed beam of high-energy neutrons is
radar transmitter,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080s?r}
scanned up and down in a raster pattern while
pulseradar [ENG] Radar in which the transmit-
the object under inspection is conveyed through
ter sends out high-power pulses that are spaced
the beam; characteristic gamma rays emitted by
farapartincomparisonwiththedurationofeach
materials in the object are detected in order to
pulse; the receiver is active for reception of ech-
analyze and image these materials with the help
oes in the interval following each pulse.
of time-of-flight measurements,{ |p?lst vertstrokeinferiorfast
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?s?s}
pulserepeater [ELECTR] Deviceusedforreceiv-
pulsed-light ceilometer See pulsed-light cloud-
ing pulses from one circuit and transmitting cor-
height indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lst vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉtseˉvertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
responding pulses into another circuit; it may
pulsed-light cloud-height indicator [ENG] An
also change the frequencies and waveforms of
instrument used for the determination of cloud
the pulses and perform other functions,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls
heights; it operates on the principle of pulse
rivertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?r}
radar,employing visible light rather than radio
pulse repetition frequency See pulse repetition
waves,Also known as pulsed-light ceilometer.
rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorrepH11080?|tishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lst vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorklau˙d vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
pulse repetition rate [ELECTR] The number of
pulse-Doppler radar [ENG] Pulse radar that
times per second that a pulse is transmitted.
uses the Doppler effect to obtain information
Abbreviated PRR,Also known as pulse recur-
about the velocity of a target,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls |dapH11080l?r
rence rate; pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorrepH11080?|tishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
pulsed oscillator [ELECTR] An oscillator that
pulse scaler [ELECTR] A scaler that produces
generates a carrier-frequency pulse or a train of
an output signal when a prescribed number ofcarrier-frequencypulsesastheresultofself-gen-
input pulses has been received,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorskaˉlH11080eratedorexternallyappliedpulses,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lst vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080
r}?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
pulse shaper [ELECTR] A transducer used forpulsedotsolderingiron [ENG] Asolderingiron
changing one or more characteristics of a pulse,that provides heat to the tip for a precisely con-
such as a pulse regenerator or pulse stretcher.trolled time interval,as required for making a
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorshaˉpH11080?r}good soldered joint without overheating adja-
pulse stretcher [ELECTR] A pulse shaper thatcent parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorda¨t vertstrokesuperiorsa¨dH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
produces an output pulse whose duration ispulsed transfer function [CONT SYS] The ratio
of the z-transform of the output of a system to greater than that of the input pulse and whose
432
purlin
amplitude is proportional to the peak amplitude to another plate to induce condensation of
vapors,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorrau˙nd }of the input pulse,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls vertstrokeinferiorstrechH11080?r}
pumpbob [MECHENG] Adevicesuchasacrankpulse synthesizer [ELECTR] A circuit used to
that converts rotary motion into reciprocatingsupply pulses that are missing from a sequence
motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mp vertstrokeinferiorba¨b}duetointerferenceorothercauses,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lsvertstrokeinferiorsinH11080
pump-down time [ENG] The length of time re-th?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080?r}
quired to evacuate a leak-tested vessel.pulse-time-modulated radiosonde [ENG] A ra-
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mp vertstrokesuperiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}diosonde which transmits the indications of the
pumphouse [CIV ENG] A building in which are
meteorological sensing elements in the form of
housed pumps that supply an irrigation system,
pulses spaced in time; the meteorological data
a power plant,a factory,a reservoir,a farm,a
are evaluated from the intervals between the
home,and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mpvertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
pulses,Also known as time-interval radio-
pumpingloss [MECH ENG] Power consumed in
sonde,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls |t?ˉm |ma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
purging a cylinder of exhaust gas and sucking in
vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
fresh air instead,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
pulse tracking system [ENG] Tracking system
pumpingstation [CIV ENG] A building in which
which uses a high-energy,short-duration pulse
two or more pumps operate to supply fluid flow-
radiated toward the target from which the veloc-
ing at adequate pressure to a distribution sys-
ity,direction,and range are determined by the
tem,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?mpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
characteristics of the reflected pulse,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls
punch [DESENG] Seenailset,[MECHENG] A
vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
tool that forces metal into a die for extrusion or
pulse transformer [ELECTR] A transformer ca-
similar operations,{ p?nch }
pable of operating over a wide range of frequen-
punched-plate screen [ENG] Flat,perforated
cies,used to transfer nonsinusoidal pulses with-
plate with round,square,hexagonal,or elon-
out materially changing their waveforms.
gated openings; used for screening (size classifi-
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
cation) of crushed or pulverized solids.
pulsetransmitter [ELECTR] A pulse-modulated
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ncht |plaˉt vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
transmitter whose peak-power-output capabili-
punching [ENG] 1,A piece removed from a
tiesareusuallylargewithrespecttotheaverage-
sheet of metal or other material by a punch
power-output rating,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls tranzvertstrokeinferiormidH11080?r}
press,2,A method of extrusion,cold heading,
pulse-width discriminator [ELECTR] Device
hot forging,or stamping in a machine for which
that measures the pulse length of video signals
mating diesections determine the shapeor con-
and passes only those whose time duration falls
tour of the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?nchH11080i? }
into some predetermined design tolerance.
punchpress [MECH ENG] 1.A press consisting
{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ls |width divertstrokesuperiorskrimH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080?r}
of a frame in which slides or rams move up and
pulsometer [MECH ENG] A simple,lightweight
down,of a bed to which the die shoe or bolster
pump in which steam forces water out of one of
plate is attached,and of a source of power to
two chambers alternately,{ p?lvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
move the slide,Also known as drop press.
pultrusion [ENG] A process for producing con-
2,Any mechanical press,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?nch vertstrokeinferiorpres }
tinuous fibers for advanced composites which
punchradius [DES ENG] Theradius on the bot-
involves pullingreinforcements throughtanks of
tomendofthepunchoverwhichthemetalsheet
thermoset resins,a preformer,and then a die,
is bent in drawing,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?nch vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s}
where the product is formed into its final shape.
puncture-sealing tire [ENG] A tire whose inte-
{pu˙lvertstrokesuperiortru¨H11080zh?n}
rior surface is coated with a plastic material that
pulverization See comminution,{ vertstrokeinferiorp?lH11080v?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
is forced into a puncture by high-pressure air
sh?n}
inside the tire and subsequently hardens to seal
pulverizer [MECH ENG] Device for breaking
the puncture,{ |pkH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorseˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
downofsolidlumpsintoafinematerialbycleav-
pureshear [MECH] Aparticularexampleofirro-
age along crystal faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
tational strain or flattening in which a body is
pump [ELECTR] Of a parametric device,the
elongatedinonedirectionandshortenedatright
source of alternating-current power which
angles to it as a consequence of differential dis-
causesthenonlinearreactortobehaveasatime-
placements on two sets of intersecting planes.
varying reactance,[MECH ENG] A machine
{ vertstrokesuperiorpyu˙r vertstrokesuperiorshir }
that draws a fluid into itself through an entrance
purge meter interlock [MECH ENG] A meter to
port and forces the fluid out through an exhaust
maintain airflow through a boiler furnace at a
port,{ p?mp } specific level for a definite time interval; ensures
pumpability test [ENG] Standard test to ascer- that the proper air-fuel ratio is achieved prior to
tain the lowest temperature at which a petro- ignition,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rj |meˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorla¨k}
leum fuel oil may be pumped,{ vertstrokeinferiorp?mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080 purging [ENG] Replacing the atmosphere in a
dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortest } container by an inert substance to prevent for-
pumparound [CHEM ENG] A system or process mation of explosive mixtures,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rjH11080i? }
vessel that moves liquid out of and back into purify [ENG] To remove unwanted constituents
the vessel at a new location; for example,in a from a substance,{ vertstrokesuperiorpyu˙rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉ }
bubble tower,the withdrawing of liquid from a purlin [BUILD] A horizontal roof beam,perpen-
dicular to the trusses or rafters; supports theplate or tray,followed by cooling,and returning
433
purseseine
roofing material or the common rafters,as a truncated pyramid,on either side of an
entrance,2,A tower supporting a wire over a{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rH11080l?n}
purse seine [ENG] A net that can be dropped long span,3,A tower or other structure mark-
ing a route for an airplane,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉvertstrokeinferiorla¨n}by two boats to encircle a school of fish,then
pulled together at the bottom and raised,pyramidal horn [ENG] Horn whose sides form
a pyramid,{ |pirH11080?|midH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorho˙rn }thereby catching the fish,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?rs vertstrokeinferiorsaˉn}
push-barconveyor [MECHENG] Atypeofchain pyranometer [ENG] An instrument used to
measure the combined intensity of incomingconveyor in which two endless chains are cross-
connectedatintervalsbypushbarswhichpropel direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation;
compares heating produced by the radiation onthe load along a stationary bed or trough of the
conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh vertstrokeinferiorbar k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r } blackened metal strips with that produced by
an electric current,Also known as solarimeter.push bench [MECH ENG] A machine used for
drawing tubes of moderately heavy gage by cup- { |pirH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pyrgeometer [ENG] An instrument for measur-ping metal sheet and applying pressure to the
inside bottom of the cup to force it through a ing radiation from the surface of the earth into
space,{ |p?ˉrH11080jeˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}die,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh vertstrokeinferiorbench }
push fit [DES ENG] A hand-tight sliding fit be- pyrheliometer [ENG] An instrument for mea-
suringthetotalintensityofdirectsolarradiationtween a shaft and a hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh vertstrokeinferiorfit }
pushnipple [MECH ENG] A short length of pipe received at the earth,{ |pirvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pyrogenic distillation [CHEM ENG] A crackingused to connect sections of cast iron boilers.
{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh vertstrokeinferiornipH11080?l } process that runs at high temperatures,high
pressures,or both,resulting in greater yields ofpush-pull sound track [ENG ACOUS] A sound
track having two recordings so arranged that the the light hydrocarbon components of gasoline.
{ |p?ˉH11080roˉ|jenH11080ik vertstrokeinferiordistH11080?lvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}modulation in one is 180H11034out of phase with that
in the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh |pu˙l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙n vertstrokeinferiortrak } pyroligneous [CHEM ENG] Referring to a sub-
stance obtained by the destructive distillationpush rod [MECH ENG] A rod,as in an internal
combustion engine,which is actuated by the of wood,{ |p?ˉH11080roˉvertstrokesuperiorligH11080neˉH11080?s}
pyrometer [ENG] Any of a broad class of tem-camtoopenandclosethevalves,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙sh vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
push-up [ENG] Concave bottom contour of a perature-measuringdevices; theywereoriginally
designed to measure high temperatures,butplastic container; allows an even bearing surface
on the outer edge and prevents the container some are now used in any temperature range;
includes radiation pyrometers,thermocouples,from rocking,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙shvertstrokeinferior?p}
putlog [CIV ENG] A crosspiece in a scaffold or resistance pyrometers,and thermistors,{ p?ˉ
vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}formwork; supports the soffits and is supported
by the ledgers,{ vertstrokesuperiorpu˙tvertstrokeinferiorla¨g} pyrometry [THERMO] The science and technol-
ogy of measuring high temperatures,{ p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080puttyknife [DESENG] Aknife withabroadflexi-
ble blade,used to apply and smooth putty,?H11080treˉ }
pyrostat [ENG] 1,A sensing device that auto-{ vertstrokesuperiorp?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉf}
pW See picowatt,matically actuates a warning or extinguishing
mechanism in case of fire,2,A high-tempera-pwt See pennyweight.
pycnometer [ENG] A container whose volume ture thermostat,{ vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
pyrotechnic pistol [ENG] A single-shot deviceispreciselyknown,usedtodeterminethedensity
of a liquid by filling the container with the liquid designed specifically for projecting pyrotechnic
signals,{ |p?ˉH11080r?|tekH11080nik vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?l}andthenweighing it,Alsospelledpyknometer.
{ pikvertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r} pyrotechnics [ENG] Art and science of prepar-
ing and using fireworks,{ |p?ˉH11080r?|tekH11080niks }pyknometer See pycnometer,{ pikvertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
pylon [CIV ENG] 1,A massive structure,such pz See pie`ze.
434
Q
angle at the level point,between the horizontalQ [THERMO] Aunit ofheatenergy,equal to10
18
British thermal units,or approximately 1.055 H11003 and the line of fall of a projectile,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨H11080dr?nt
10
21
joules,vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙l}
Q meter [ENG] A direct-reading instrument quadrantelectrometer [ENG] Aninstrumentfor
which measures the Q of an electric circuit at
measuring electric charge by the movement of
radio frequencies by determining the ratio of
avanesuspendedonawirebetweenmetalquad-
inductance to resistance,and which has also
rants; the charge is introduced on the vane and
been developed to measure many other quanti-
quadrants in such a way that there is a propor-
ties,Also known as quality-factor meter.
tional twist to the wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨H11080dr?nt ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
dH11080?r}
Qmultiplier [ELECTR] A filter that gives a sharp
quadraphonic sound system [ENG ACOUS] A
response peak or a deep rejection notch at a
system for reproducing sound by means of four
particular frequency,equivalent to boosting the
loudspeakers properly situated in the listening
Q of a tuned circuit at that frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨
room,usuallyatthefourcornersofasquare,with
vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r}
each loudspeaker being fed its own identifiable
Q point See quiescent operating point,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨
segment of the program signal,Also known as
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
four-channel sound system,{ |kwa¨H11080dr?|fa¨nH11080ik
qr See quarter.
vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd }
qrtr See quarter.
quadratic performance index [CONT SYS] A
Q signal [ELECTR] The quadrature component
measureofsystemperformancewhichis,ingen-
of the chrominance signal in color television,
eral,the sum of a quadratic function of the sys-
having a bandwidth of 0 to 0.5 megahertz; it
tem state at fixed times,and the integral of a
consists of H110010.48(R H11002 Y) and H110010.41(B H11002 Y),
quadratic function of the system state and
where Y is the luminance signal,R is the red
control inputs,{ kwa¨vertstrokesuperiordradH11080ik p?rvertstrokesuperiorforH11080m?ns vertstrokeinferiorincamera signal,and B is the blue camera signal.
vertstrokeinferiordeks }{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l}
quadricycle [MECH ENG] A four-wheeled hu-qt See quart.
quad [ELEC] A series of four separately insu- man-powered land vehicle,usually propelled by
lated conductors,generally twisted together in the action of the rider’s feet on the pedals.
pairs,[ELECTR] Aseries-parallelcombination
{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨dH11080r?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
oftransistors;usedtoobtainincreasedreliability
quadrilateral See quadrangle,{ |kwa¨H11080dr?vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080
through double redundancy,because the failure
r?l}
of one transistor will not disable the entire cir-
quadruplethread [DES ENG] A multiple thread
cuit,[THERMO] A unit of heat energy,equal
having four separate helices equally spaced
to 10
15
British thermal units,or approximately
around the circumference of the threaded mem-
1.055 H11003 10
18
joules,{ kwa¨d}
ber; the lead is equal to four times the pitch of
quadrangle [CIV ENG] 1,A four-cornered,four-
the thread,{ kw?vertstrokesuperiordru¨pH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }
sided courtyard,usually surrounded by build-
qualification test [ENG] A formally defined se-
ings,2,The buildings surrounding such a
riesoftestsbywhichthefunctional,environmen-
courtyard,3.A four-cornered,four-sided build-
tal,and reliability performance of a component
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨vertstrokeinferiordra?H11080g?l}
or system may be evaluated in order to satisfy
quadrant [ENG] 1.Aninstrumentformeasuring
the engineer,contractor,or owner as to its satis-
altitudes,used,for example,in astronomy,sur-
factory design and construction prior to final
veying,and gunnery; employs a sight that can
approval and acceptance,{ vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨lH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n
be moved through a graduated 90H11034 arc,2,A
vertstrokeinferiortest }
lever that can move through a 90H11034 arc,[MECH
quality analysis [IND ENG] Examination of theENG] A device for converting horizontal recipro-
quality goals of a product or service,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080cating motion to vertical reciprocating motion.
dH11080eˉ?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨H11080dr?nt }
quadrantangleoffall [MECH] Theverticalacute quality assurance [IND ENG] A series of
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
qualitycontrol
planned or systematic actions required to pro- quantum well infrared photodetector [ELECTR]
A detector of infrared radiation composed of nu-vide adequate confidence that a product or ser-
vice will satisfy given needs,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ merousalternatinglayersofcontrolledthickness
of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arse-?vertstrokesuperiorshu˙rH11080?ns }
qualitycontrol [IND ENG] The operational tech- nide; the spectral response of the device can
be tailored within broad limits by adjusting theniques and the activities that sustain the quality
of a product or service in order to satisfy given aluminum-to-gallium ratio and the thicknesses
of the layers during growth,Abbreviated QWIP.requirements,It consists of quality planning,
data collection,data analysis,and implementa- { |kwa¨ntH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokeinferiorinH11080fr?vertstrokesuperiorred vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉH11080divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
quantum wire [ELECTR] A strip of conductingtion,and is applicable to all phases of the prod-
uct life cycle,design,development,manufactur- material about 10 nanometers or less in width
and thickness that displays quantum-mechani-ing,delivery and installation,and operation and
maintenance,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } caleffectssuchastheAharanov-Bohmeffectand
universal conductance fluctuations,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080quality-controlchart [IND ENG] A control chart
used to indicate and control the quality of a t?m vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr}
quarantineanchorage [CIVENG] Anareawhereproduct,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ k?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
quality-factor meter See Q meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ a vessel anchors when satisfying quarantine reg-
ulations,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorteˉn vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?rH11080ij }vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
quantitymeter [ENG] Atypeoffluidmeterused quarry [ENG] An open or surface working or ex-
cavationfortheextractionofbuildingstone,ore,to measure volume of flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080?dH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } coal,gravel,or minerals,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080eˉ }
quarry bar [ENG] A horizontal bar with legs atquantizer [ELECTR] A device that measures the
magnitude of a time-varying quantity in multi- each end,used to carry machine drills,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}ples of some fixed unit,at a specified instant or
specified repetition rate,and delivers a propor- quarrying [ENG] The surface exploitation and
removal of stone or mineral deposits from thetional response that is usually in pulse code or
digital form,{ kwa¨nvertstrokesuperiort?ˉzH11080?r } earth’s crust,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080eˉH11080i? }
quarrying machine [MECH ENG] Any machinequantum dot [ELECTR] A quantized electronic
structure in which electrons are confined with used to drill holes or cut tunnels in native rock,
such as a gang drill or tunneling machine; mostrespect to motion in all three dimensions.
{ vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨ntH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorda¨t } commonly,a small locomotive bearing rock-dril-
ling equipment operating on a track,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080eˉH11080quantumefficiency [ELECTR] Theaveragenum-
ber of electrons photoelectrically emitted from i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
quarrysap See quarry water,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsap }a photocathode per incident photon of a given
wavelength in a phototube,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080t?mivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080 quarry water [ENG] Subsurface water retained
in freshly quarried rock,Also known as quarry?nH11080seˉ }
quantum electronics [ELECTR] The branch of sap,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
quart [MECH] Abbreviated qt,1.A unit of vol-electronics associated with the various energy
statesofmatter,motionswithinatomsorgroups ume used for measurement of liquid substances
in the United States,equal to 2 pints,or 1/4of atoms,and various phenomena in crystals;
examples of practical applications include the gallon,or 573/4 cubic inches,or 9.46352946 H11003
10
H110024
cubic meter,2,A unit of volume used foratomic hydrogen maser and the cesium atomic-
beam resonator,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080t?m vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080iks } measurement of solid substances in the United
States,equal to 2 dry pints,or 1/32 bushel,orquantum Hall effect [ELECTR] A phenomenon
exhibited by certain semiconductor devices at 107,521/1600 cubic inches,or approximately
1.10122H1100310
H110023
cubicmeter,3.Aunitofvolumelow temperatures and high magnetic fields,
whereby the Hall resistance becomes precisely used for measurement of both liquid and solid
substances,although mainly the former,in theequal to (h/e
2
)/n,where h is Planck’s constant,e
istheelectroniccharge,andniseitheraninteger United Kingdom and Canada,equal to 2 U.K.
pints,or 1/4 U.K,gallon,or approximatelyor a rational fraction,Also known as von Klitz-
ing effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080t?m vertstrokesuperiorho˙livertstrokeinferiorfekt } 1.1365225 H11003 10
H110023
cubic meter,{ kwo˙rt }
quarter [MECH] 1,A unit of mass in use in thequantumwell [ELECTR] A thin layer of material
(typically between 1 and 10 nanometers thick) United States,equal to 1/4 short ton,or 500
pounds,or 226.796185 kilograms,2,A unit ofwithin which the potential energy of an electron
is less than outside the layer,so that the motion mass used in troy measure,equal to 1/4 troy
hundredweight,or25troypounds,or9.33104304of the electron perpendicular to the layer is
quantized,{ |kwa¨nH11080t?m vertstrokesuperiorwel } kilograms,Abbreviatedqrtr,3.Aunitofmass
used in the United Kingdom,equal to 1/4 hun-quantum well injection transit-time diode
[ELECTR] An active microwave diode that em- dredweight,or 28 pounds,or 12.70058636 kilo-
grams,Abbreviated qr,4,A unit of volumeploysresonanttunnelingthroughagalliumarse-
nide quantum well located between two alumi- used in the United Kingdom for measurement
of liquid and solid substances,equal to 8 bush-numgalliumarsenidebarrierstoinjectelectrons
into an undoped gallium arsenide drift region,els,or 64 gallons,or approximately 0.29094976
cubic meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rdH11080?r}Abbreviated QWITT diode,{ vertstrokeinferiorkwa¨nH11080t?m |wel in
vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080sh?n |tranzH11080it vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} quartering machine [MECH ENG] A machine
436
quickreturn
that bores parallel holes simultaneously in such system input and output signals are substan-
tially linear despite the existence of nonlineara way that the center lines of adjacent holes are
90H11034 apart,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rdH11080?H11080ri? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn } elements,{ |kwa¨H11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak k?nvertstrokesuperiortrol
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}quarter-turndrive [MECHENG] Abeltdrivecon-
necting pulleys whose axes are at right angles,quasi-linear system [CONT SYS] A control sys-
teminwhichtherelationshipsbetweentheinput{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiort?rn vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
quartzcrystal [ELECTR] A natural or artificially and output signals are substantially linear de-
spite the existence of nonlinear elements.grown piezoelectric crystal composed of silicon
dioxide,from whichthin slabsor platesare care- { |kwa¨H11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
quasi-particle detector [ENG] A detector offully cut and ground to serve as a crystal plate.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts |kristH11080?l } electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths close
to 1 millimeter,based on the tunneling of singlequartz-crystalfilter [ELECTR] A filter which uti-
lizes a quartz crystal; it has a small bandwidth,electrons (more precisely,quasi-particles)
through a tunnel junction consisting of an oxidea high rate of cutoff,and a higher unloaded Q
than can be obtained in an ordinary resonator,barrier between two superconductors,with a re-
sponsivity of one tunneling electron for each{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokeinferiorkristH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
quartz-crystal resonator [ELECTR] A quartz microwave photon absorbed,{ |kwa¨H11080zeˉ |pardH11080?H11080
k?ldivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}plate whose natural frequency of vibration is
used to control the frequency of an oscillator,quasi-static process See reversible process.
{ |kwa¨H11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}Alsoknownasquartzresonator,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rtsvertstrokeinferiorkristH11080
l vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r} quay [CIV ENG] A solid embankment or struc-
ture parallel to a waterway; used for loading andquartz fiber [ENG] An extremely fine and uni-
form quartz filament that may be used as a tor- unloading ships,{ keˉ }
queencloser [CIVENG] Inmasonrywork,abricksion thread or as an indicator in an electroscope
or dosimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉH11080b?r } that has been cut in half along its length and is
used at the end of a course,{ vertstrokesuperiorkweˉn vertstrokeinferiorkloˉsH11080?r}quartz-fiber dosimeter [ENG] A dosimeter in
which radiation dose is determined from the queen post [CIV ENG] Either of two vertical
members,one on each side of the apex of adeflection of a quartz fiber that is initially
charged,repelling it from its metal support,and triangular truss,{ vertstrokesuperiorkweˉn vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
quench bath [ENG] A liquid medium,such ashas its charge reduced by ionizing radiation,
causing a proportional reduction in its deflec- oil,fused salt,or water,into which a material is
plunged for heat-treatment purposes.tion,{ |kwo˙rts |f?ˉH11080b?rdoˉvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
quartz-fiber manometer See decrement gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwench vertstrokeinferiorbath }
quenching [ELECTR] 1,The process of termi-{ |kwo˙rts |f?ˉH11080b?rm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
quartz horizontal magnetometer [ENG] A type nating a discharge in a gas-filled radiation-
countertubebyinhibitingreignition,2.Reduc-ofrelativemagnetometerused asageomagnetic
field instrument and as an observatory instru- tion of the intensity of resonance radiation re-
sulting from deexcitation of atoms,which wouldment for routine calibration of recording equip-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorza¨ntH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080 otherwise have emitted this radiation,in colli-
sions with electrons or other atoms in a gas.?dH11080?r}
quartz oscillator [ELECTR] An oscillator in [ENG] Shock cooling by immersing liquid or
molten material into a cooling medium (liquidwhich the frequency of the output is determined
by the natural frequency of vibration of a quartz orgas); usedin metallurgy,plastics forming,and
petroleum refining,[MECH ENG] Rapid re-crystal,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
quartzplate See crystal plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts |plaˉt } movalofexcessheatfromthecombustioncham-
ber of an automotive engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwenchH11080i? }quartz pressure gage [ENG] A pressure gage
that uses a highly stable quartz crystal resonator quench-tank extrusion [ENG] Plastic-film or
metal extrusion that is cooled in a quenchingwhose frequency changes directly with applied
pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } medium,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwench vertstrokeinferiorta?kikvertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080zh?n}
quenchtemperature [ENG] The temperature ofquartz resonator See quartz-crystal resonator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r } the medium used for quenching,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwench
vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}quartzresonatorforcetransducer [ENG] Atype
of accelerometer which measures the change in queue See waiting line,{ kyu¨ }
queueing [ENG] The movement of discretethe resonant frequency of a small quartz plate
witha longitudinalslot,forming adouble-ended units through channels,such as programs or
data arriving at a computer,or movement on atuningfork,whenalongitudinalforceassociated
with acceleration is applied to the plate,highway of heavy traffic,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080i? }
quick-changegearbox [MECHENG] Aclusterof{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
quartz thermometer [ENG] A thermometer gears on a machine tool,the arrangement of
which allows for the rapid change of gear ratios.based on the sensitivity of the resonant fre-
quencyofaquartzcrystaltochangesintempera- { vertstrokesuperiorkwik |chaˉnj vertstrokesuperiorgirvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
quickmatch [ENG] Fast-burning fuse madeture,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwo˙rts th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
quasi-linear feedback control system [CONT from a cord impregnated with black powder.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkwikvertstrokeinferiormach }SYS] Feedback control system in which the rela-
tionshipsbetweenthepertinentmeasuresofthe quick return [MECH ENG] A device used in a
437
quiescent
reciprocating machine to make the return stroke quirk bead [BUILD] 1,A bead with a quirk on
one side only,as on the edge of a board,Alsofaster than the power stroke,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwik rivertstrokesuperiort?rn }
known as bead and quirk,2,A bead that isquiescent [ELECTR] Pertaining to a circuit ele-
flush with the adjoining surface and separatedment which has no input signal,so that it does
from it by a quirk on each side,Also known as
not perform its active function,[ENG] Per-
beadandquirk;double-quirkedbead;flushbead;
taining to a body at rest,or inactive,such as an
recessed bead,3,A bead located at a corner
undisturbedliquidinastorageorprocessvessel.
with quirks at either side at right angles to each
{ kweˉvertstrokesuperioresH11080?nt }
other,Also known as bead and quirk; return
quill [DES ENG] A hollow shaft into which an-
bead,4,A bead with a quirk on its face,Also
other shaft is inserted in mechanical devices.
known as bead and quirk,{ kw?rk vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
{ kwil }
Qunit [THERMO] A unit of energy,used in mea-
quilldrive [MECHENG] Adriveinwhichthemo-
suring the heat energy of fuel reserves,equal to
tor is mounted on a nonrotating hollow shaft
10
18
Britishthermalunits,orapproximately1.055
surrounding the driving-wheel axle; pins on the
H11003 10
21
joules,{ vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
armature mesh with spokes on the driving
quoin [BUILD] One of the members forming an
wheels,thereby transmitting motion to the
outside corner or exterior angle of a building,
wheels; used on electric locomotives,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwil
anddifferentiatedfromthewallbycolor,texture,
vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
size,or projection,{ ko˙in }
quill gear [MECH ENG] A gear mounted on a
quoin post [CIV ENG] The vertical member at
hollow shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwil vertstrokeinferiorgir }
the jointed end of a gate in a navigation lock.
quintal See metric centner,{ vertstrokesuperiorkwintH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorko˙in vertstrokeinferiorpo˙st }
quirk [BUILD] 1,An indentation separating one
qwertykeyboard [ENG] A keyboard containing
element from another,as between moldings,the standard arrangement of letters so named
2,A V groove in the finish-coat plaster where it after the first letters on the top alphabetic row.
{ vertstrokesuperiorkw?rdH11080eˉ keˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }abuts the return on a door or window,{ kw?rk }
438
R
guidance system in which radar equipment atrabbet [ENG] 1,A groove cut into a part,2,A
the launching site determines the positions ofstrip applied to a part as,for example,a stop or
both target and missile continuously,computesseal,3,A joint formed by fitting one member
the missile course corrections required,andinto a groove,channel,or recess in the face or
transmits these by radio to the missile as com-edge of a second member,{ vertstrokesuperiorrabH11080?t}
mands,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨rk?vertstrokesuperiormand vertstrokeinferiorg?ˉdH11080?ns }rabbetplane [DES ENG] A plane with the blade
radar contact [ENG] Recognition and identifi-extending to the outer edge of one side that is
cation of an echo on a radar screen; an aircraftopen,{ vertstrokesuperiorrabH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
is said to be on radar contact when its radarrabbling [ENG] Stirring a molten charge,as of
echo can be seen and identified on a PPI (plan-metal or ore,{ vertstrokesuperiorrabH11080li? }
position indicator) display,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }race [DES ENG] Either of the concentric pair of
radar coverage [ENG] The limits within whichsteel rings of a ball bearing or roller bearing.
objects can be detected by one or more radar[ENG] A channel transporting water to or away
stations,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiork?vH11080rij }from hydraulic machinery,as in a power
radar coverage indicator [ENG] Device thathouse,{ raˉs}
shows how far a given aircraft should be trackedrack [CIV ENG] A fixed screen composed of par-
by a radar station,and also provides a referenceallel bars placed in a waterway to catch debris.
(detection) range for quality control; takes into[DES ENG] See relay rack,[ENG] A frame for
account aircraft size,altitude,screening angle,holding or displaying articles,[MECH ENG] A
site elevation,type radar,antenna radiation pat-bar containing teeth on one face for meshing
tern,and antenna tilt,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r |k?vH11080rij vertstrokeinferiorinH11080with a gear,{ rak }
d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}rack and pinion [MECH ENG] A gear arrange-
radardome [ENG] Weatherproofcoverforapri-ment consisting of a toothed bar that meshes
maryradiating elementofaradar orradiodevicewith a pinion,{ vertstrokesuperiorrak?n vertstrokesuperiorpinH11080y?n}
which is transparent to radio-frequency energy,rack-and-pinion steering [MECH ENG] A steer-
andwhichpermitsactiveoperationoftheradiat-ing system in which the rotation of pinion gear
ing element,including mechanical rotation orat the end of the steering column moves a
other movement as applicable,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiordoˉm}toothed bar (the rack) left or right to transmit
radar gun-layer [ENG] A radar device whichsteering movements,{ |rak?n |pinH11080y?n vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i? }
tracks a target and aims a gun or guns automati-racking [CIV ENG] Setting back the end of each
cally,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokesuperiorg?n vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080?r}course of brick or stone from the end of the
radar homing [ENG] Homing in which a mis-preceding course,{ vertstrokesuperiorrakH11080i? }
sile-borne radar locks onto a target and guidesrackrailway [CIV ENG] A railway with a rack be-
the missile to that target,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorhoˉmH11080i? }tween the rails which engages a gear on the
radar marker [ENG] A fixed facility which con-locomotive; used on steep grades,{ vertstrokesuperiorrak
tinuously emits a radar signal so that a bearingvertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
indication appears on a radar display,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨rradar [ENG] 1,A system using beamed and re-
vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080k?r}flected radio-frequency energy for detecting and
radar netting [ENG] The linking of several ra-locating objects,measuring distance or altitude,
navigating,homing,bombing,and other pur- dars to a single center to provide integrated tar-
get information,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiornedH11080i? }poses;indetectingandranging,thetimeinterval
between transmission of the energy and recep- radarnettingstation [ENG] A center which can
receive data from radar tracking stations and ex-tionofthereflectedenergyestablishestherange
of an object in the beam’s path,Derived from change these data among other radar tracking
stations,thus forming a radar netting system.radio detection and ranging,2,See radar set.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r} {vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r |nedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
radar picket [ENG] A ship or aircraft equippedradar bombsight [ENG] An airborne radar set
usedtosightthetarget,solvethebombingprob- with early-warning radar and operating at a dis-
tance from the area being protected,to extendlem,and drop bombs,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokesuperiorba¨mvertstrokeinferiors?ˉt}
radar command guidance [ENG] A missile the range of radar detection,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorpikH11080?t}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
radarprediction
radar prediction [ENG] A graphic portrayal of of a pair of radars and the target in which all
three sides are known,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080the estimated radar intensity,persistence,and
shape of the cultural and natural features of a sh?n}
radar wind system [ENG] Apparatus in whichspecific area,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r privertstrokesuperiordikH11080sh?n}
radarrangemarkerSeedistance marker,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r radar techniques are used to determine the
range,elevation,andazimuthofaballoon-bornevertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080k?r}
radarrelay [ENG] 1.Equipment forrelaying the target,and hence to compute upper-air wind
data,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r |wind vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}radarvideoandappropriatesynchronizingsignal
to a remote location,2,Process or system by radial acceleration See centripetal acceleration.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?lakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}whichradarechoesandsynchronizationdataare
transmitted from a search radar installation to radial band pressure [MECH] The pressure
which is exerted on the rotating band by thea receiver at a remote point,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
radarscanning [ENG] The process or action of walls of the gun tube,and hence against the
projectile wall at the band seat,as a result ofdirecting a radar beam through a space search
pattern for the purpose of locating a target,the engraving of the band by the gun rifling.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l |band vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080i? }
radarscope overlay [ENG] A transparent over- radialbearing [MECH ENG] A bearing with roll-
ing contact in which the direction of action oflay placed on a radarscope for comparison and
identification of radar returns,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨rvertstrokeinferiorskoˉp the load transmitted is radial to the axis of the
shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
radar set [ENG] A complete assembly of radar radialdrawforming [MECHENG] Ametal-form-
ingmethodinwhichtangentialstretchandradialequipment for detecting and ranging,consisting
essentially of a transmitter,antenna,receiver,compression are applied gradually and simulta-
neously,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordro˙ vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }and indicator,Also known as radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r
vertstrokeinferiorset } radial drill [MECH ENG] A drilling machine in
which the drill spindle can be moved along aradarsonde [ENG] 1,An electronic system for
automatically measuring and transmitting high- horizontal arm which itself can be rotated about
a vertical pillar,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordril }altitudemeteorologicaldatafromaballoon,kite,
or rocket by pulse-modulated radio waves when radial drilling [ENG] The drilling of several
holes in one plane,all radiating from a commontriggeredbyaradarsignal,2.Asysteminwhich
radar techniques are used to determine the point,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
radialengine [MECHENG] Anenginecharacter-range,elevation,and azimuth of a radar target
carried aloft by a radiosonde,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨rvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } izedbyradiallyarrangedcylindersatequiangular
intervals around the crankshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?lradarstation [ENG] Theplace,position,orloca-
tionfromwhich,oratwhich,aradarsettransmits vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
radial-flow [ENG] Having the fluid working sub-or receives signals,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
radar surveying [ENG] Surveying in which air- stance flowing along the radii of a rotating tank.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l |floˉ }borne radar is used to measure accurately the
distance between two ground radio beacons po- radial-flow turbine [MECH ENG] A turbine in
which the gases flow primarily in a radial direc-sitioned along a baseline; this eliminates the
need for measuring distance along the baseline tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l |floˉ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
radial force [MECH ENG] In machining,thein inaccessible or extremely rough terrain,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉ
vertstrokeinferiorda¨rs?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080i? } force acting on the cutting tool in a direction
opposite to depth of cut,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }radar telescope [ENG] A large radar antenna
andassociatedequipmentusedforradarastron- radialgate See Tainter gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
radial heat flow [THERMO] Flow of heat be-omy,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
radar theodolite [ENG] A theodolite that uses tween two coaxial cylinders maintained at differ-
ent temperatures; used to measure thermal con-radar to obtain azimuth,elevation,and slant
rangetoareflectingtarget,forsurveyingorother ductivities of gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
radialload [MECHENG] Theloadperpendicularpurposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
radar threshold limit [ENG] For a given radar to the bearing axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
radial locating [MECH ENG] One of the threeand specified target,the point in space relative
to the focal point of the antenna at which initial locating problems in tooling to maintain the de-
sired relationship between the workpiece,thedetection criteria can be satisfied,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r
vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t } cutter,and the body of the machine tool; the
other two locating problems are concentric andradar tracking [ENG] Tracking a moving object
by means of radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? } plane locating,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? }
radial motion [MECH] Motion in which a bodyradar tracking station [ENG] A radar facility
which has the capability of tracking moving tar- movesalongalineconnectingitwithanobserver
or reference point; for example,the motion ofgets,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
radartriangulation [ENG] A radar system of lo- stars which move toward or away from the earth
without a change in apparent position,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080cating targets,usually aircraft,in which two or
more separate radars are employed to measure eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
radial-ply [DESENG] Pertainingtotheconstruc-range only; the target is located by automatic
trigonometric solution of the triangle composed tion of a tire in which the cords run straight
440
radioacousticranging
across the tire,and an additional layered belt of nuclear or other radiation; applies chiefly to di-
electric and semiconductor materials,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080fabric is placed around the circumference be-
eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080?nH11080i? }tween the plies and the tread,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l |pl?ˉ }
radiation loss [MECH ENG] Boiler heat loss toradial-plytire See radial tire,{ |ra
ˉdH11080eˉH11080?l |pl?ˉ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
the atmosphere by conduction,radiation,and
radialrake [MECH ENG] The angle between the
convection,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
cutter tooth face and a radial line passing
radiationnoiseSeeelectromagneticnoise,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
through the cutting edge in a plane perpendicu-
eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }
lar to the cutter axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉk}
radiation oven [ENG] Heating chamber relying
radial road [CIV ENG] One of a group of roads
on tungsten-filament infrared lamps with reflec-
leading outward from the center of a city in a
tors to create temperatures up to 600H11034F (315H11034C);
pattern similar to spokes on a wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080
used to dry sheet and granular material and to
l vertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
bake surface coatings,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}
radial saw [MECH ENG] A power saw that has
radiation pyrometer [ENG] An instrument
a circular blade suspended from a transverse
which measures the temperature of a hot object
head mounted on a rotatable overarm,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
by focusing the thermal radiation emitted by the
eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorso˙ }
objectandmakingsomeobservationonit;exam-
radial selector See omnibearing selector,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
ples include the total-radiation,optical,and
eˉH11080?lsivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
ratio pyrometers,Also known as noncontact
radial stress [MECH] Tangential stress at the
thermometer; radiant-energy thermometer;
periphery of an opening,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }
radiation thermometer,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?np?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
radial tire [ENG] A pneumatic tire constructed
dH11080?r}
with a layer of fabric between the tread and the
radiation shelter See fallout shelter,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080
plies (cords),which run straight across the tire.
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080t?r}
Also known as radial-ply tire,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
radiationshield [ENG] A shield or wall of mate-
radial velocity [MECH] The component of the rial interposed between a source of radiation
velocity of a body that is parallel to a line from andaradiation-sensitivebody,suchasaperson,
an observer or reference point to the body; the radiation-detection instrument,or photographic
radialvelocitiesofstarsarevaluableindetermin- film,to protect the latter,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n
ing the structure and dynamics of the Galaxy,vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
radiation thermometer See radiation pyrometer.Also known as line-of-sight velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?l
{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?nth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
radiation vacuum gage [ENG] Vacuum (re-radialwaveequation [MECH] Solutionstowave
duced-pressure) measurement device in whichequations with spherical symmetrycan be found
gas ionization from an alpha source of radiationby separation of variables; the ordinary differen-
varies measurably with changes in the density
tial equation for the radial part of the wave func-
(molecular concentration) of the gas being
tion is called the radial wave equation,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
measured,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
eˉH11080?l |waˉvivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
radiationwellloggingSeeradioactive well logging.
radiantenergy See radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080
{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
jeˉ }
radiator [ENG] Any of numerous devices,units,
radiant-energy thermometer See radiation py-
orsurfacesthatemitheat,mainlybyradiation,to
rometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt |enH11080?rH11080jeˉ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
objects in the space in which they are installed.
radiant heating [ENG] Any system of space
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
heating in which the heat-producing means is a
radiator temperature drop [MECH ENG] In in-
surface that emits heat to the surroundings by
ternal combustion engines,the difference in
radiation rather than by conduction or convec-
temperature of the coolant liquid entering and
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
leaving the radiator,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080
radiant superheater [MECH ENG] A super-
ch?r vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
heater designed to transfer heat from the prod-
radioacoustic position finding See radioacoustic
ucts of combustion to the steam primarily by
ranging,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorfindH11080
radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
i? }
radiant-type boiler [MECH ENG] A water-tube
radioacousticranging [ENG] Amethodforfind-
boiler in which boiler tubes form the boundary
ing the position of a vessel at sea; a bomb is
of the furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
exploded in the water,and the sound of the
radiating power See emittance,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080i?
explosion transmitted through water is picked
vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r}
up by the vessel and by shore stations,other
radiation [ENG] Amethodofsurveyinginwhich
vessels,orbuoyswhosepositionsareknown;the
points are located by knowledge of their dis-
receivedsoundsaretransmittedinstantaneously
tances and directions from a central point.
by radio to the surveyingvessel,and the elapsed
{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
times are proportional to the distances to the
radiation correction See cooling correction,known positions,Abbreviated RAR,Also
{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?nk?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n} known as radioacoustic position finding; radio-
radiation hardening [ENG] Improving the abil- acoustic sound ranging,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik
vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }ityofadeviceorpieceofequipmenttowithstand
441
radioacousticsoundranging
radioacoustic sound ranging See radioacoustic radioechoobservation [ENG] A method of de-
termining the distance of objects in the atmos-ranging,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080tik vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? }
phere or outer space,in which a radar pulse isradioactive heat [THERMO] Heat produced
directed at the object and the time that elapseswithin a medium as a result of absorption of
from transmission of the pulse to reception of
radiation from decay of radioisotopes in the me-
a reflected pulse is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ |ekoˉ
dium,such as thorium-232,potassium-40,ura-
vertstrokeinferiora¨bH11080z?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}
nium-238,and uranium-235,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv
radio engineering [ENG] The field of engi-
vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
neeringthatdealswiththegeneration,transmis-
radioactive snow gage [ENG] A device which
sion,and reception of radio waves and with the
automatically and continuously records the wa-
design,manufacture,and testing of associated
ter equivalent of snow on a given surface as a
equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
function of time; a small sample of a radioactive
radio-frequency current [ELEC] Alternating
salt is placed in the ground in a lead-shielded
current having a frequency higher than 10,000
collimator which directs a beam of radioactive
hertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }
particles vertically upward; a Geiger-Mu¨ller
radio-frequencyhead [ENG] Unit consisting of
counting system (located above the snow level)
a radar transmitter and part of a radar receiver,
measures the amount of depletion of radiation
thetwocontainedinapackageforreadyremoval
caused by the presence of the snow,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080
and installation,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorhed }
oˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
radio-frequency heating See electronic heating.
radioactivewelllogging [ENG] Therecordingof
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
the differences in radioactive content (natural or
radio-frequency preheating [ENG] Preheating
neutron-induced) of the various rock layers
of plastics-molding materials by radio frequen-
found down an oil well borehole; types include
ciesof10–100megahertzpersecondtofacilitate
H9253-ray,neutron,and photon logging,Also
themoldingoperationortoreducethemolding-
known as radiation well logging; radioactivity cycle time,Abbreviated rf preheating,{ vertstrokesuperiorra
ˉdH11080
prospecting,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? } eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ |preˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
radioactivity log [ENG] Record of radioactive radio-frequency sensor [ENG] A device that
well logging,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080akvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorla¨g} uses radio signals to determine the position of
radioactivityprospectingSee radioactive well log- objects to be manipulated by a robotic system.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ |freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}ging,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080akvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspektH11080i? }
radiogoniometry [ENG] Science of locating aradio altimeter [ENG] An absolute altimeter
radio transmitter by means of taking bearingsthat depends on the reflection of radio waves
ontheradiowavesemittedbysuchatransmitter.from the earth for the determination of altitude,
{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorgoˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }as in a frequency-modulated radio altimeter and
radio-inertial guidance system [ENG] A com-
a radar altimeter,Also known as electronic al-
mandtypeofmissileguidancesystemconsisting
timeter; reflection altimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080
essentially of a radar tracking unit; a computer
dH11080?r}
that accepts missile position and velocity infor-
radio atmometer [ENG] An instrument de-
mation from the tracking system and furnishes
signed to measure the effect of sunlight upon
tothecommandlinkappropriatesignalstosteer
evaporation from plant foliage; consists of a po-
the missile; the command link,which consists
rous-clay atmometer whose surface has been
of a transmitter on the ground and an antenna
blackened so that it absorbs radiant energy.
and receiver on the missile; and an inertial sys-
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ atvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
temforpartialguidanceincaseofradioguidance
radioautography See autoradiography,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080
failure,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ i|n?rH11080sh?l vertstrokesuperiorg?ˉdH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
oˉvertstrokeinferioro˙vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ }
radio interferometer [ENG] Radiotelescope or
radio autopilot coupler [ENG] Equipment pro-
radiometer employing a separated receiving an-
viding means by which an electrical navigational
tenna to measure angular distances as small as
signal operates an automatic pilot,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
1secondofarc;recordstheresultofinterference
vertstrokesuperioro˙dH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉH11080l?t vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080l?r}
between separate radio waves from celestial ra-
radio detection [ENG] The detection of the
dio sources,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
presence of an object by radiolocation without
radiolocation [ENG] Determination of relative
precise determination of its position,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080
position of an object by means of equipment
oˉ divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n}
operating on the principle that propagation of
radio detection and location [ENG] Use of an
radio waves is at aconstant velocity and rectilin-
electronic system to detect,locate,and predict
ear,{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080loˉvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
future positions of earth satellites,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
radiomast [ENG] A tower,pole,or other struc-
divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n?nloˉvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
tureforelevatinganantenna,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiormast }
radiodetectionandranging See radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
radiometer [ELECTR] A receiver for detecting
divertstrokesuperiortekH11080sh?n?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }
microwave thermal radiation and similar weak
radio Doppler [ENG] Direct determination of wide-band signals that resemble noise and are
the radial component of the relative velocity of obscuredbyreceivernoise;examplesincludethe
an object by an observed frequency change due Dicke radiometer,subtraction-type radiometer,
and two-receiver radiometer,Also known asto such velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorda¨pH11080l?r}
442
railhead
microwave radiometer; radiometer-type receiver,made necessary by all safety and operating fac-
tors,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s?v vertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}[ENG] An instrument for measuring radiant en-
ergy;examplesincludethebolometer,microradi- radius of gyration [MECH] The square root of
the ratio of the moment of inertia of a bodyometer,and thermopile,{ vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
radiopasteurization [ENG] Pasteurization by about a given axis to its mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s?v
jivertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}surface treatment with low-energy irradiation.
{ |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorpasH11080chu˙rH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n} radiusofprotection [ENG] Theradiusofthecir-
cle within which a lightning discharge will notradiopositionfinding [ENG] Processoflocating
a radio transmitter by plotting the intersection strike,due to the presence of an elevated light-
ning rod at the center,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s?vpr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080of its azimuth as determined by two or more
radio direction finders,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nsh?n}
radius rod [ENG] A rod which restricts move-vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080i? }
radioprospecting [ENG] Use of radio and elec- ment of a part to a given arc,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
raffinate [CHEM ENG] In solvent refining,thattric equipment to locate mineral or oil deposits.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorspekH11080ti? } portion of the treated liquid mixture that re-
mains undissolved and is not removed by theradio shielding [ELEC] Metallic covering over
all electric wiring and ignition apparatus,which selective solvent,Also known as good oil to
petroleum-refinery operators,{ vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080?vertstrokeinferiornaˉt}is groundedat frequent intervals forthe purpose
of eliminating electric interference with radio raft [ENG] A quantity of timber or lumber se-
curedtogetherbymeansofropes,chains,orrodscommunications,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorsheˉldH11080i? }
radiosonde [ENG] A balloon-borne instrument and used for transportation by floating,{ raft }
rafter [BUILD] A roof-supporting member im-for the simultaneous measurement and trans-
mission of meteorological data; the instrument mediately beneath the roofing material.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080t?r}consists of transducers for the measurement of
pressure,temperature,and humidity,a modula- rafterdam [CIV ENG] A dam made of horizontal
timbers that meet in the center of the streamtor for the conversion of the output of the trans-
ducers to a quantity which controls a property like rafters in a roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiordam }
raftfoundation [CIV ENG] A continuous footingof the radio-frequency signal,a selector switch
which determines the sequence in which the pa- that supportsan entire structure,suchas a floor.
Also known as foundation mat,{ vertstrokesuperiorraftrametersaretobetransmitted,andatransmitter
which generates the radio-frequency carrier,fau˙nvertstrokeinferiordaˉH11080sh?n}
ragbolt See barb bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorrag vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
radiosonde-radio-windsystem [ENG] Anappa- raggle [BUILD] 1,A manufactured masonry
unit,frequently made of terra cotta,having aratus consisting of a standard radiosonde and
radiosonde ground equipment to obtain upper- slot or groove to receive a metal flashing,Also
known as flashing block; raggle block,2,Aair data on pressure,temperature,and humidity,
and a self-tracking radio direction finder to pro- groovecutintomasonrytoreceiveadjoiningma-
terial,{ vertstrokesuperiorragH11080?l}vide the elevation and azimuth angles of the
radiosonde so that the wind vectors may be ob- raggleblock See raggle,{ vertstrokesuperiorragH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
rail [ENG] 1,A bar extending between posts ortained,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd |raˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorwind vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
radiosondeset [ENG] A complete set for auto- other supports as a barrier or guard,2,A steel
bar resting on the crossties to provide track formatically measuring and transmitting high-alti-
tudemeteorologicaldatabyradiofromsuchcar- railroad cars and other vehicles with flanged
wheels,[MECH ENG] A high-pressure mani-riers as a balloon or rocket,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd
vertstrokeinferiorset } fold in some fuel injection systems,{ raˉl}
rail anchor [CIV ENG] A device that preventsradio sonobuoy See sonobuoy,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i } tracksfrommovinglongitudinallyandmaintains
the proper gap between sections of rail,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlradiotelescope [ENG] An astronomical instru-
ment used to measure the amount of radio en- vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}
rail bender [ENG] A portable appliance forergy coming from various directions in the sky,
consisting of a highly directional antenna and bending rails for track or for straightening bent
or curved rails,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉl vertstrokeinferiorbenH11080d?r}associated electronic equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp} rail capacity [CIV ENG] The maximum number
of trains which can be planned to move in bothradio tracking [ENG] The process of keeping a
radioorradarbeamsetonatargetanddetermin- directions over a specified section of track in a
24-hour period,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }ing the range of the target continuously,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? } railclip [CIV ENG] 1,A plate that holds a rail at
its base,2,A device used to fasten a derrickradiuscutter [MECHENG] Aformedmillingcut-
ter with teeth ground to produce a radius on the or crane to the rails of a track to prevent tipping.
3,A support on a track rail,used for holding aworkpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
radius of action [ENG] The maximum distance detector bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉl vertstrokeinferiorklip }
railcrane See locomotive crane,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉl vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}a ship,aircraft,or other vehicle can travel away
from its base along a given course with normal railhead [CIV ENG] 1.The topmost part of a rail,
supporting the wheels of railway vehicles.load and return without refueling,but including
the fuel required to perform those maneuvers 2.A point at which railroad traffic originates and
443
railing
terminates,3.Thetemporaryendsofarailroad long handle with a row of projecting prongs at
line under construction,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorhed } oneend;forexample,thetoolusedforgathering
railing [CIV ENG] A barrier consisting of a rail leaves or grass on the ground,[ENG] The
andsupports,[ELECTR] Radarpulsejamming anglebetweenaninclinedplaneandthevertical.
at high recurrence rates (50 to 150 kilohertz); it
[MECH ENG] The angle between the tooth face
results in an image on a radar indicator resem-
or a tangent to the tooth face of a cutting tool
bling fence railing,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlH11080i? }
at a given point and a reference plane or line.
rail joint [CIV ENG] A rigid connection of the
{raˉk}
ends of two sections of railway track,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉl
rakeblade [ENG] A blade on a bulldozer in the
vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
form of spaced tines that point down,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉk
railroad [CIV ENG] A permanent line of rails
vertstrokeinferiorblaˉd}
forming a route for freight cars and passenger
raked joint [CIV ENG] A mortar,or masonry,
cars drawn by locomotives,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
joint from which the mortar has been scraped
railroad engineering [CIV ENG] That part of
out to about 3/4 inch (20 millimeters),{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉkt
transportation engineering involved in the plan-
vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
ning,design,development,operation,construc-
ram [MECH ENG] A plunger,weight,or other
tion,maintenance,use,oreconomicsoffacilities
guidedstructureforexertingpressureordrawing
for transportation of goods and people in
something by impact,{ ram }
wheeled units of rolling stock running on,and
rameffect [MECH ENG] The increased air pres-
guided by,rails normally supported on crossties
sureinajetengineor inthemanifoldofapiston
and held to fixed alignment,Also known as
engine,due to ram,{ vertstrokesuperiorram ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
railway engineering,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
rammer [ENG] An instrument for driving some-
railroad jack [MECH ENG] 1,A hoist used for
thing,such as wood or stones,into another ma-
liftinglocomotives,2.Aportablejackforlifting
terial with force,Also known as beetle; maul.
heavy objects,3,A hydraulic jack,either pow-
{ vertstrokesuperiorramH11080?r}ered or lever-operated,{ vertstrokesuperiorra
ˉlvertstrokeinferiorroˉd vertstrokeinferiorjak }
ramming [ENG] Packingapowdermetalorsandrailwaydrydock [CIV ENG] A railway dock con-
into a compact mass,{ vertstrokesuperiorramH11080i? }sisting of tracks built on an incline on a strong
ramp [ENG] 1,A uniformly sloping platform,foundation,and extending from a sufficient dis-
walkway,or driveway,2.A stairway which givestance in shore to allow a vessel to be hauled out
of the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorda¨k} accesstothemaindoorofanairplane,{ ramp }
railway end-loading ramp [CIV ENG] A sloping ram penetrometer See ramsonde,{ vertstrokesuperiorram vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080
platform situated at the end of a track and rising?vertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
to the level of the floor of the railcars (wagons),ramping [ENG] In the production of parts fabri-
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorramp } cated from composite materials,a gradual and
railway engineering See railroad engineering.
programmed sequence of changes in tempera-
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉlvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
ture or pressure that control curing and cooling.
raingage [ENG] Aninstrumentdesignedtocol-
{ vertstrokesuperiorrampH11080i? }
lect and measure the amount of rain that has
RAMPS See resource allocation in multiproject
fallen,Also known as ombrometer; pluviome-
scheduling,{ ramps }
ter; udometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
Ramsay-Shields-Eo¨tvo¨s equation [THERMO] An
rain-gage shield [ENG] A device which sur-
elaboration of the Eo¨tvo¨s rule which states that
rounds a rain gage andacts to maintain horizon-
at temperatures not toonear the critical temper-
tal flow in the vicinity of the funnel so that the
ature,the molar surface energy of a liquid is
catch will not be influenced by eddies generated
proportional to t
c
-t-6 K,where t is the tempera-
near the gage,Also known as wind shield.
ture and t
c
is the critical temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorramH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉn |gaˉj vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
zeˉ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉlz vertstrokesuperioro˙tH11080vo˙sh ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
rain-intensitygage [ENG] An instrument which
Ramsay-Youngmethod [THERMO] A method of
measures the instantaneous rate at which rain
measuring the vapor pressure of a liquid,in
is falling on a given surface,Also known as
which a thermometer bulb is surrounded by cot-
rate-of-rainfall gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉninvertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
ton wool soaked in the liquid,and the pressure,
raisedflooring [CIVENG] Aflooringsystemhav-
measured by a manometer,is reduced until the
ing removable panels supported on adjustable
thermometer reading is steady,{ |ramH11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiory
pedestalsorstringerstoallowconvenientaccess
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
tothespacebelow,Alsoknownasaccessfloor-
Ramsay-Youngrule [THERMO] An empirical re-
ing; elevatedflooring; pedestal flooring,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉzd
lationshipwhichstatesthattheratiooftheabso-
vertstrokesuperiorflo˙rH11080i? }
lute temperatures at which two chemically simi-
raisingplate See wall plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉzH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
lar liquids have the same vapor pressure is inde-
Rajakaruna engine [MECH ENG] A rotary en-
pendent of this vapor pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorramH11080zeˉ vertstrokesuperiory
gine that uses a combustion chamber whose
vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
sides are pin-jointed together at their ends.
ramsonde [ENG] A cone-tipped metal rod or{ |ra¨H11080ja¨H11080k?vertstrokesuperiorru¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
tubethatisdrivendownwardintosnowtomeas-rake [BUILD] The exterior finish and trim ap-
ureitshardness,Alsoknownasrampenetrom-pliedparalleltotheslopingendwallsofagabled
roof,[DES ENG] A hand tool consisting of a eter,{ vertstrokesuperiorramvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }
444
Rankine-Hugoniotequations
ramtravel [ENG] In injection or transfer mold- the object and return,See optical rangefinder.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉndH11080?r}ing,the distance moved by the injection ram
when filling the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorram vertstrokeinferiortravH11080?l} range-heightindicator [ENG] A scope which si-
multaneously indicates range and height of aram-typeturretlathe [MECH ENG] A horizontal
turret lathe in which the turret is mounted on a radartarget;thispresentationiscommonlyused
by height finders,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}ramor slidewhich rideson asaddle,{ vertstrokesuperiorram |t?ˉp
vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth } range-imaging sensor [ENG] A robotic device
that makes precise measurements,by using therandomlength [ENG] One of a group of various
lengthsofpipeasdeliveredbythemanufacturer,principles of algebra,trigonometry,and geome-
try,of the distance from a robot’s end effectorusually 13–23 feet (4–7 meters) long,Also
known as mill length,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080d?m vertstrokesuperiorle?kth } to various parts of an object,in order to form an
image of the object,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj |imH11080ijH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}random line [ENG] A trial surveying line that
is directed as closely as circumstances permit range marker See distance marker,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080
k?r}towardafixedterminalpointthatcannotbeseen
from the initial point,Also known as random rangepole See range rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
range recorder [ENG] An item which makes atraverse,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080d?m vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉn}
random-sampling voltmeter [ENG] A sampling permanent representation of distance,ex-
pressedasrange,versustime,[ENGACOUS] Avoltmeterwhichtakessamplesofaninputsignal
at random times instead of at a constant rate; display used in sonar in which a stylus sweeps
across a paper moving at a constant rate andthesynchronizingportionsoftheinstrumentcan
then be simplified or eliminated,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080d?m chemically treated so that it is darkened by an
electrical signal from the stylus; the stylus starts|samH11080pli?vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
random traverse See random line,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080d?m each sweep as a sound pulse is emitted so that
the distance along the trace at which the echotr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
randomvibration [MECH] Avaryingforceacting signal appears is a measure of the range to the
target,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}on a mechanical system which may be consid-
ered to be the sum of a large number of irregu- range resolution See distance resolution,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj
vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080sh?n}larly timed small shocks; induced typically by
aerodynamic turbulence,airborne noise from rangerod [ENG] Along(6–8feetor1.8–2.4me-
ters) rod fitted with a sharp-pointed metal shoerocket jets,and transportation over road sur-
faces,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080d?mv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n } and usually painted in 1-foot (30-centimeter)
bands of alternate red and white; used forrange [CIVENG] Any series ofcontiguous town-
ships of the U.S,Public Land Survey system,sighting points and lines in surveying or for
showing the position of a ground point,Also[CONT SYS] 1,The maximum distance a robot’s
arm or wrist can travel,Also known as reach,known as line rod; lining pole; range pole; rang-
ing rod; sight rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}2.Thevolume comprisingthe locationsto which
a robot’s arm or wrist can travel,[ENG] 1.The rangesensing [ENG] Theprecisemeasurement
of the distance of a device from a robot’s enddistance capability of an aircraft,missile,gun,
radar,or radio transmitter,2.A line defined by effector,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorsensH11080i? }
rangesurveillance [ENG] Surveillanceofamis-two fixed landmarks,used for missile or vehicle
testing and other test purposes,[MECH] The sile range by means of electronic and other
equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080l?ns }horizontal component of a projectile displace-
mentattheinstantitstrikestheground,{ raˉnj } rangingrod See range rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
rank [MECH ENG] The number of rotationalrange calibration [ENG] Adjustment of a radar
set so that when on target the set will indicate joints belonging to a robot,{ ra?k}
Rankine cycle [THERMO] An ideal thermody-the correct range,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj |kalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
range coding [ENG] Method of coding a radar namic cycle consisting of heat addition at con-
stant pressure,isentropic expansion,heat rejec-transponder beacon response so that it appears
as a series of illuminated bars on a radarscope; tion at constant pressure,and isentropic com-
pression; used as an ideal standard for thethe coding provides identification,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? } performance of heat-engine and heat-pump in-
stallations operating with a condensable vaporrangecorrectorsetting [ENG] Degree to which
the range scale of a position-finding apparatus astheworkingfluid,suchasasteampowerplant.
Also known as steam cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorra?H11080k?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}must be adjusted before use,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj k?|rekH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? } Rankine efficiency [MECH ENG] The efficiency
ofanidealengineoperatingontheRankinecyclerange deviation [MECH] Distance by which a
projectile strikes beyond,or short of,the target; underspecifiedconditionsofsteamtemperature
and pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorra?H11080k?nivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }the distance as measured along the gun-target
line or along a line parallel to the gun-target Rankine-Hugoniot equations [THERMO] Equa-
tions,derived from the laws of conservation ofline,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiordeˉH11080veˉ|aˉH11080sh?n}
range discrimination See distance resolution,mass,momentum,and energy,which relate the
velocity of a shock wave and the pressure,den-{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj divertstrokeinferiorskrimH11080?|naˉH11080sh?n}
rangefinder [ELECTR] A device which deter- sity,andenthalpyofthetransmittingfluidbefore
and after the shock wave passes,{ vertstrokesuperiorra?H11080k?nmines the distance to an object by measuring
the time it takes for a radio wave to travel to yu¨vertstrokesuperiorgoˉH11080neˉH11080oˉ ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz }
445
Rankinetemperaturescale
Rankine temperature scale [THERMO] A scale ratdistillate [CHEMENG] Arefinerydesignation
for gasoline and other fuels as they come fromof absolute temperature; the temperature in de-
greesRankine(H11034R)isequalto9/5ofthetempera- the condenser,before undesirable substances
are removed by further processing,{ vertstrokesuperiorrat vertstrokeinferiordistH11080tureinkelvinsandto thetemperatureindegrees
Fahrenheit plus 459.67,{ vertstrokesuperiorra?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080?lH11080?t}
rateaction See derivative action,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
rankingmethod [INDENG] Asystemofjobeval- rate control [CONT SYS] A form of control in
which the position of a controller determinesuation wherein each job as a whole is given a
rank with respect to all the other jobs,and no the rate or velocity of motion of a controlled
object,Also known as velocity control,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉtattemptis madeto establisha measureof value.
{ vertstrokesuperiorra?kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d} k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
rated capacity [MECH ENG] The maximum ca-Ranneywell [CIV ENG] A well that has a center
caisson with horizontal perforated pipes ex- pacityforwhichaboilerisdesigned,measuredin
pounds of steam per hour delivered at specifiedtending radially into an aquifer; particularly ap-
plicable to the development of thin aquifers at conditionsofpressureandtemperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080
dk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }shallow depths,{ vertstrokesuperiorranH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorwel }
rapid prototyping [IND ENG] A modeling proc- rated engine speed [MECH ENG] The rotative
speed of an engine specified as the allowableess usedin product designin which aCAD draw-
ing of a part is processed to create a file of maximum for continuous reliable performance.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}the part in slices,and then a part is built by
depositing layer (slice) upon layer of material; ratedflow [ENG] 1,Normal operating flow rate
at which a fluid product is passed through aincludes stereolithography,selective laser sin-
tering,or fused deposition modeling,{ |rapH11080?d vessel or piping system,2,Flow rate for which
a vessel or process system is designed,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080vertstrokesuperiorproˉdH11080?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉpH11080i? }
rapidsandfilter [CIV ENG] A system for purify-?d vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
rated horsepower [MECH ENG] The normaling water,which is forced through layers of sand
and gravel under pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorrapH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsand maximum,allowable,continuous power output
of an engine,turbine motor,or other primevertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
rapid traverse [MECH ENG] A machine tool mover,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
rated load [MECH ENG] The maximum load amechanism which rapidly repositions the work-
piece while no cutting takes place,{ vertstrokesuperiorrapH11080?d machine is designed to carry,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
rated relieving capacity [DES ENG] The meas-tr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
Raschig process [CHEM ENG] A method for ured relieving capacity for which the pressure
relief device is rated in accordance with the ap-production of phenol that begins with a first-
stage chlorination of benzene,using an air-hy- plicable code or standard,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080?drivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i?
k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }drochloric acid mixture,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨H11080shik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
Raschigring [CHEM ENG] A type of packing in rateeffect [ELECTR] The phenomenonofapnpn
device switching to a high-conduction modethe shape of a short pipe; used in columns for
absorption operations,and to a limited extent whenanodevoltageisappliedsuddenlyorwhen
high-frequency transients exist,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉtivertstrokeinferiorfekt }for distillation operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨H11080shik vertstrokeinferiorri? }
RAsize [ENG] One of a series of sizes to which rate feedback [ELECTR] The return of a signal,
proportional to the rate of change of the outputuntrimmed paper is manufactured; for reels of
paper,the standard sizes in millimeters are 430,of a device,from the output to the input.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }610,860,and 1220; for sheets of paper,the
sizes are RA0,860 H11003 1220; RA1,610 H11003 860; RA2,rate-growntransistor [ELECTR] Ajunctiontran-
sistor in which both impurities (such as gallium430 H11003 610; RA sizes correspond to A sizes when
trimmed,{ |a¨rvertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz } andantimony)areplacedinthemeltatthesame
timeandthetemperature issuddenlyraisedandrasp [DES ENG] A metallic tool with a rough
surface of small points used for shaping and lowered to produce the alternate p-type and n-
typelayersofrate-grownjunctions,Alsoknownfinishing metal,plaster,stone,and wood; de-
signed in a number of useful curved shapes,as graded-junction transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt |groˉn tran
vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}{ rasp }
ratchet [DESENG] Awheel,usuallytoothed,op- rate gyroscope [MECH ENG] A gyroscope that
is suspended in just one gimbal whose bearingserating with a catch or a pawl so as to rotate in
only a single direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorrachH11080?t } form its output axis and which is restrained by
a spring; rotation of the gyroscope frame aboutratchet coupling [MECH ENG] A coupling be-
tween two shafts that uses a ratchet to allow the an axis perpendicular to both spin and output
axes produces precession of the gimbal withindriven shaft to be turned in one direction only,
and also to permit the driven shaft to overrun the bearings proportional to the rate of rotation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}the driving shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorrachH11080?t vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
ratchet jack [DES ENG] A jack operated by a rateintegratinggyroscope [MECH ENG] A sin-
gle-degree-of-freedom gyro having primarily vis-ratchet mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorrachH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorjak }
ratchet tool [DES ENG] A tool in which torque cous restraint of its spin axis about the output
axis; an output signal is produced by gimbalorforceisappliedinonedirectiononlybymeans
of a ratchet,{ vertstrokesuperiorrachH11080?t vertstrokeinferiortu¨l } angulardisplacement,relativetothebase,which
446
reactancedrop
is proportional to the integral of the angular buffer to protect docks from the impact of moor-
rate of the base about the input axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt |intH11080 ing ships; made of a connected series of steel
vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp} plates cemented to layers of rubber,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080k?n
rate of change of acceleration [MECH] Time vertstrokeinferiorfenH11080d?r}
rateofchangeofacceleration;thisrateisafactor Rayleighline [MECH] Astraightlineconnecting
in the design of some items of ammunition that points corresponding to the initial and final
undergo large accelerations,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt?v vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnj?v states on a graph of pressure versus specific vol-
ikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n} ume for a substance subjected to a shock wave.
rate-of-flow control valve See flow control valve.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt?v vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ k?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
Rayleighnumber2 [THERMO] A dimensionless
rate-of-rainfallgageSeerain-intensitygage,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt
number used in studying free convection,equal
v vertstrokesuperiorraˉnvertstrokeinferiorfo˙l vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
to the product of the Grashof number and the
rateofrise [ENG] The time rate of pressure in-
Prandtl number,Symbolized RH11032
2
.{vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080leˉ |n?mH11080
crease during an isolation test for leaks,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt
b?r vertstrokesuperiortu¨ }
v vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉz}
Rayleighnumber3 [THERMO] A dimensionless
rateresponse [ENG] Quantitativeexpressionof
number used in the study of combined free and
the output rate of a control system as a function
forcedconvectioninverticaltubes,equaltoRay-
of its input signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉtrivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }
leigh number 2 times the Nusselt number times
rate servomechanism See velocity servomecha-
the tube diameter divided by its entry length.
nism,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉt |s?rH11080voˉvertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
Symbolized Ra
3
.{vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080leˉ |n?mH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ }
rating [ENG] Adesignationofanoperatinglimit
Rayleigh’sdissipationfunction [MECH] Afunc-
for a machine,apparatus,or device used under
tion which enters into the equations of motion
specified conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080i? }
of a system undergoing small oscillations and
ratio control system [CONT SYS] Control sys-
represents frictional forces which are propor-
tem in which two process variables are kept at
tional to velocities; given by a positive definite
a fixed ratio,regardless of the variation of either
quadratic form in the time derivatives of the co-
of the variables,as when flow rates in two sepa-
ordinates,Also known as dissipation function.
rate fluid conduits are held at a fixed ratio.
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiordisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorpaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
Rayleigh wave [MECH] A wave which propa-
ratio delay study See work sampling,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ
gates on the surface of a solid; particle trajector-
divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
ies are ellipses in planes normal to the surface
ratio meter [ENG] A meter that measures the
and parallel to the direction of propagation.
quotient of two electrical quantities; the deflec-
Also known as surface wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080leˉ vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv}
tion of the meter pointer is proportional to the
Raymondconcretepile [CIV ENG] A pile made
ratio of the currents flowing through two coils.
by driving a thin steel shell into the ground with
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
a tapered mandrel and filling it with concrete.
ratioofexpansion [MECH ENG] The ratio of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080m?nd |ka¨n|kreˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
volume of steam in the cylinder of an engine
R-C amplifier See resistance-capacitance coupled
when the piston is at the end of a stroke to that
amplifier,{ |a¨r|seˉ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
when the piston is in the cutoff position,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080
R-C coupled amplifier See resistance-capacitance
shoˉ?vik vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080sh?n}
coupled amplifier,{ |a¨r|seˉ |k?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080
ratioofreduction [ENG] The ratio of the maxi-
r}
mum size of the stonewhich will enter a crusher,
R-C coupling See resistance coupling,{ |a¨r|seˉ
to the size of its product,{ vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080shoˉ?vri vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080
vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
sh?n}
R-C oscillator See resistance-capacitance oscilla-
rattailfile [DES ENG] A round tapering file used
tor,{ |a¨r|seˉ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
for smoothing or enlarging holes,{ vertstrokesuperiorratvertstrokeinferiortaˉl vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl}
RDC extractor See rotary-disk contactor,{ |a¨r
Rauschelback rotor [ENG] A free-turning S-
|deˉvertstrokesuperiorseˉ ikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
shaped propeller used to measure ocean cur-
reach [CIV ENG] A portion of a waterway be-
rents; the number of rotations per unit time is
tween two locks or gages,[CONT SYS] See
proportional to the flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙shH11080?lvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorroˉdH11080
range,[ENG] Thelengthofachannel,uniform
r}
with respect to discharge,depth,area,and
raw material [IND ENG] A crude,unprocessed
slope,{ reˉch }
orpartiallyprocessedmaterialusedasfeedstock
reach rod [MECH ENG] A rod motion in a link
for a processing operation; for example,crude
used to transmit motion from the reversing rodpetroleum,raw cotton,or steel scrap,Also
to the lifting shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉch vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}known as crude material,{ vertstrokesuperiorro
˙ m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
reactance [ELEC] The imaginary part of the im-rawsewage [CIV ENG] Untreated waste materi-
pedance of an alternating-current circuit.als,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij }
{reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns }raw sludge [CIV ENG] Sewage sludge prelimi-
reactance drop [ELEC] The component of thenary to primary and secondary treatment proc-
phasor representing the voltage drop across aesses,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j}
component or conductor of an alternating-cur-raw water [CIV ENG] Water that has not been
rentcircuitwhichisperpendiculartothecurrent.purified,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r}
Raykinfender [CIV ENG] Sandwich-type fender { reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
447
reactancegrounded
reactancegrounded [ELEC] Grounded through from the point when the system is unassembled
a reactance,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorgrau˙nH11080d?d} or uninstalled to such time as it can be expected
reaction [CONT SYS] See positive feedback,to perform as accurately as at any later time;
[MECH] The equal and opposite force which re- maintenance time is excluded from readiness
sultswhenaforceisexertedonabody,according time,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080iH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
to Newton’s third law of motion,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n} reading [ENG] 1,The indication shown by an
reaction injection molding [ENG] A plastics instrument,2,Observation of the readings of
fabrication process in which two streams of one or more instruments,{ vertstrokesuperiorre
ˉdH11080i? }
highly reactive,low-molecular-weight,low-vis-
readingpoint See breakpoint,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
cosityresinsystemsarecombinedtoformasolid
real gas [THERMO] A gas,as considered from
material,{ reˉvertstrokesuperior?kH11080sh?ninvertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiormoˉlH11080di? }
the viewpoint in which deviations from the ideal
reactions inventory [IND ENG] A summary of
gas law,resulting from interactions of gas mole-
the various possible responses of an individual
cules,are taken into account,Also known as
to a stimulus or group of stimuli,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?nz
imperfect gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉl vertstrokesuperiorgas }
vertstrokesuperiorinH11080venvertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ }
realizability [CONT SYS] Property of a transfer
reaction turbine [MECH ENG] A power-genera-
function that can be realized by a network that
tionprimemoverutilizingthesteady-flowprinci-
has only resistances,capacitances,inductances,
ple of fluid acceleration,where nozzles are
and ideal transformers,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
mounted on the moving element,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n
ream [ENG] To enlarge or clean out a hole.
vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}
{reˉm}
reaction wheel [MECH ENG] A device capable
reamer [DES ENG] A tool used to enlarge,
of storing angular momentum which may be
shape,smooth,or otherwise finish a hole.
used in a space ship to provide torque to effect
{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉmH11080?r}
or maintain a given orientation,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n
reaming bit [DES ENG] A bit used to enlarge a
vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
borehole,Also known as broaching bit; pilot
reactionzone [CHEMENG] Inacatalyticreactor
reaming bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbit }
vessel,the location or zone within the vessel
rear response [ENG ACOUS] The maximum
where the bulk of the chemical reaction takes
pressure within 60H11034of the rear of a transducer in
place,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorzoˉn}
decibels relative to the pressure on the acoustic
reactive [ELEC] Pertaining to either inductive
axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorrir rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }
or capacitance reactance; a reactive circuit has
Re′aumur temperature scale [THERMO] Tem-
a high value of reactance in comparison with
perature scale where water freezes at 0H11034R and
resistance,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv}
boils at 80H11034R,{ |raˉH11080oˉ|myu˙r vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
reactiveionetching [ELECTR] Adirectedchem-
rebar [CIV ENG] A steel bar or rod used to rein-
ical etching process used in integrated circuit
force concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
fabrication in which chemically active ions are
reboiler [CHEM ENG] An auxiliary heating unit
accelerated along electric field lines to meet a
forafractionatingtowerdesignedtosupplyaddi-
substrate perpendicular to its surface,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080
tional heat to the lower portion of the tower;
tiv vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorechH11080i? }
liquid withdrawn from the side or bottom of the
reactive muffler [ENG] A muffler that attenu-
towerisreheatedbyheatexchange,thenreintro-
ates by reflecting sound back to the source.
duced into the tower,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
Also known as nondissipative muffler,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080
reboundclip [DES ENG] A clip surrounding the
tiv vertstrokesuperiorm?fH11080l?r}
backand oneor twootherleaves ofa leafspring,
reactivevolt-amperemeterSee varmeter,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080
to distribute the load during rebounds,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉ
tiv vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorbau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorklip }
reactor [CHEMENG] Deviceorprocessvesselin
reboundleaf [DES ENG] In a leaf spring,a leaf
which chemical reactions (catalyzed or noncata-
placed over the master leaf to limit the rebound
lyzed) take place during a chemical conversion
and help carry the load imposed by it,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉ
type of process,[ELEC] A device that intro-
vertstrokeinferiorbau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorleˉf}
duces either inductive or capacitive reactance
rebreather [ENG] A closed-loop oxygen supply
into a circuit,such as a coil or capacitor,Also
system consisting of gas supply and face mask.
known as electric reactor,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
{reˉvertstrokesuperiorbreˉthH11080?r}
read [ELECTR] To generate an output corres-
rebuild [ENG] To restore to a condition compa-
pondingtothepatternstoredinachargestorage
rable to new by disassembling the item to deter-
tube,{ reˉd}
mine the condition of each of its componentRead diode [ELECTR] A high-frequency semi-
parts,and reassembling it,using serviceable,re-conductor diode consisting of an avalanching
built,or new assemblies,subassemblies,andpn junction,biased to fields of several hundred
parts,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorbild }thousand volts per centimeter,at one end of a
receiver [CHEM ENG] Vessel,container,or tankhigh-resistance carrier serving as a drift space
used to receive and collect liquid material fromfor the charge carriers,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉd vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
a process unit,such as the distillate receiverreadiness time [ENG] The length of time re-
from the overhead condenser of a distillationquired to obtain a stabilized system ready to
column,[ELECTR] The complete equipmentperform its intended function (readiness time
includes warm-up time); the time is measured required for receiving modulated radio waves
448
reconnaissance
and converting them into the original intelli- that advance materials along a conveyor trough.
gence,such as into sounds or pictures,or con- {rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉtk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
vertingtodesiredusefulinformationasinaradar reciprocating-platecolumnSeereciprocating-plate
receiver,[MECH ENG] An apparatus placed extractor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? |plaˉt vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
near the compressor to equalize the pulsations reciprocating-plate extractor [CHEM ENG] A
of the air as it comes from the compressor to
liquid-liquid contactor in which equally spaced
cause a more uniform flow of air through the
perforated plates (as in a distillation column)
pipeline and to collect moisture and oil carried
move up and down rapidly over a short distance
in the air,{ rivertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080v?r}
to cause liquid agitation and mixing,Also
receivinggage [ENG] A fixed gage designed to
known as reciprocating-plate column,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080
inspect a number of dimensions and also their
r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? |plaˉtikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r}
reaction to each other,{ rivertstrokesuperiorseˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
reciprocating-platefeeder [MECHENG] Aback-
receivinghouse [CHEM ENG] A building where
and-forth shaking tray used to feed abrasive ma-
liquid streams from petroleum-refining-process
terials,such as pulverized coal,into process
condensersareobservedthroughalookbox,and
units,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? |plaˉt vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r}
samples are taken for testing,and also where
reciprocating pump See piston pump,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080
productsaredivertedtostoragetanksortoother
r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
processing units,{ rivertstrokesuperiorseˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
reciprocating screen [MECH ENG] Horizontal
receiving station [MECH ENG] The location or
solids-separation screen (sieve) oscillated back
device on conveyor systems where bulk material
and forth by an eccentric gear; used for solids
is loaded or otherwise received onto the con-
classification,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn}
veyor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorseˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
reciprocity calibration [ENG ACOUS] A meas-
receiving tank See rundown tank,{ rivertstrokesuperiorseˉvH11080i?
urement of the projector loss and hydrophone
vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
loss of a reversible transducer by means of the
recess [ENG] A surface groove or depression.
reciprocity theorem and comparisons with the
{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorses }
known transmission loss of an electric network,
recessedbead See quirk bead,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorsest vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
without knowing the actual value of either the
recessed tube wall [MECH ENG] A boiler fur-
electric power or the acoustic power,{ vertstrokeinferiorresH11080
nacewallwhichhas openingstopartiallyexpose
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
waterwalltubestotheradiantcombustiongases.
reciprocity theorem Also known as principle of
{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorsest vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
reciprocity,[ELEC] 1,The electric potentials
recharge basin [CIV ENG] A basin constructed
V
1
and V
2
produced at some arbitrary point,due
in sandy material to collect water,as from storm
to charge distributions having total charges of
drains,for the purpose of replenishing ground-
q
1
and q
2
respectively,are such that q
1
V
2
H11005 q
2
V
1
.
water supply,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorbaˉsH11080?n}
2.In an electric network consisting of linear pas-
reciprocalimpedance [ELEC] Two impedances
sive impedances,the ratio of the electromotive
Z
1
and Z
2
are said to be reciprocal impedances
force introduced in any branch to the current in
with respect to an impedance Z (invariably a
any other branch is equal in magnitude and
resistance) if they are so related as to satisfy the
phase to the ratio that results if the positions of
equation Z
1
Z
2
H11005 Z
2
.{rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?limvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }
electromotive force and current are exchanged.
reciprocal leveling [CIV ENG] A variant of
[ENGACOUS] Thesensitivityofareversibleelec-
straight differential leveling applied to long dis-
troacoustic transducer when used as a micro-
tances in which levels are taken on two points,
phone divided by the sensitivity when used as
and the average of the two elevation differences
a source of sound is independent of the type
is the true difference,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li? }
and construction of the transducer,{ vertstrokeinferiorresH11080
reciprocalohm See siemens,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioroˉm}
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
reciprocalohmcentimeter See roc,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?l
recirculating-ballsteering [MECHENG] Asteer-
vertstrokesuperioroˉm vertstrokesuperiorsentH11080ivertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
ing system that transmits steering movements
reciprocal strain ellipsoid [MECH] In elastic
by means of steel balls placed between a worm
theory,anellipsoid ofcertain shapeand orienta-
gear and a nut,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i? |bo˙l vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i? }
tion which under homogeneous strain is trans-
recirculator [ENG] A self-contained underwater
formed into a set of orthogonal diameters of the
breathing apparatus that recirculates an oxygen
sphere,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?H11080k?l |straˉnivertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
supply (mix-gas or pure) to the diver until the
reciprocatingcompressor [MECH ENG] A posi-
oxygen is depleted,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
tive-displacement compressor having one or
reclamation [CIVENG] 1.Therecoveryoflandor
more cylinders,each fitted with a piston driven
other natural resource that has been abandoned
by a crankshaft through a connecting rod.
because of fire,water,or other cause,2,Re-
{rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i? k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
claiming dry land by irrigation,{ vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080
reciprocatingdrillSeepiston drill,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080
sh?n}i?vertstrokesuperiordril }
recoil See gun reaction,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorko˙il }reciprocating engine See piston engine,{ rivertstrokesuperiorsipH11080
reconditioning [ENG] Restoration of an objectr?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
to a good condition,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nH11080i? }reciprocatingflightconveyor [MECHENG] Are-
ciprocating beam or beams with hinged flights reconnaissance [ENG] A mission to secure
449
reconnaissancesurvey
data concerning the meteorological,hydro- rectifierfilter [ELECTR] An electric filter used in
graphic,orgeographiccharacteristicsofapartic- smoothingoutthevoltagefluctuationofanelec-
ular area,{ rivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080s?ns } tron tube rectifier,and generally placed between
reconnaissance survey [ENG] A preliminary the rectifier’s output and the load resistance.
survey,usually executed rapidly and at relatively { vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
low cost,prior to mapping in detail and with rectifier instrument [ENG] Combination of an
greater precision,{ rivertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080?H11080s?ns vertstrokeinferiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ } instrumentsensitivetodirectcurrentandarecti-
record changer [ENG ACOUS] A record player fying device whereby alternatingcurrent (or volt-
that plays a number of records automatically in
ages) may be rectified for measurement,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080
succession,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080?rd vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjH11080?r}
t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
recorder See recording instrument,{ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
rectifier rating [ELECTR] A performance rating
recording head [ELECTR] A magnetic head
forasemiconductorrectifier,usuallyonthebasis
used only for recording,Also known as record
oftheroot-mean-squarevalueofsinusoidalvolt-
head,See cutter,{ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhed }
age that it can withstand in the reverse direction
recordinginstrument [ENG] Aninstrumentthat
and the average current density that it will pass
makes a graphic or acoustic record of one or
in the forward direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
more variable quantities,Also known as re-
rectifier stack [ELECTR] A dry-disk rectifier
corder,{ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
made up of layers or stacks of disks of individual
recording optical tracking instrument [ENG]
rectifiers,as in a selenium rectifier or copper-
Optical system used for recording data in con-
oxide rectifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstak }
nection with missile flights,{ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? |a¨pH11080t?H11080
rectifiertransformer [ELECTR] Transformer
k?l vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
whose secondary supplies energy to the main
recording rain gage [ENG] A rain gage which
anodes of a rectifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r tranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080
automatically records the amount of precipita-
m?r}
tion collected,as a function of time,Also
rectifyingcolumn [CHEMENG] Portion ofa dis-
known as pluviograph,{ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
tillation column above the feed tray in which
recording thermometer See thermograph,{ ri
rising vapor is enriched by interaction with a
vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
countercurrent falling stream of condensed
record player [ENG ACOUS] A motor-driven
vapor; contrasted to the stripping column sec-
turntable used with a phonograph pickup to ob-
tion below the column feed tray,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080i?
tain audio-frequency signals from a phonograph
vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
record,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080?rd vertstrokeinferiorplaˉH11080?r}
rectilinear motion [MECH] A continuous
recovery [MECH] The return of a body to its
change of position of a body so that every parti-
original dimensions after it has been stressed,
cle of the body follows a straight-line path.
possibly over a considerable period of time.
Also known as linear motion,{ |rekH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080eˉH11080?r
{rivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ }
vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
recovery vehicle [MECH ENG] A special-pur-
recuperative air heater [ENG] An air heater in
pose vehicle equipped with winch,hoist,or
which the heat-transferring metal parts are sta-
boom for recovery of vehicles,{ rivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080
tionaryandformaseparatingboundarybetween
H11080k?l}
the heating and cooling fluids,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorku¨pH11080r?dH11080iv
rectangularweir [CIVENG] Aweirwitharectan-
vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
gularnotchattopformeasurementofwaterflow
recuperator [ENG] An apparatus in which heat
in open channels; it is simple,easy to make,
is conducted from the combustion products to
accurate,and popular,{ rekvertstrokesuperiorta?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorwer }
incoming cooler air through a system of thin-
rectification [CIV ENG] A new alignment to cor-
walled ducts,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
rect a deviation of a stream channel or bank.
recurring demand [IND ENG] A request made
[ELEC] The process of converting an alternating
periodically or anticipated to be repetitive by an
current to a unidirectional current,{ vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?H11080
authorized requisitioner for material for con-
f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
sumption or use,or for stock replenishment.
rectificationdistillation [CHEM ENG] A distilla-
{rivertstrokesuperiork?rH11080i? divertstrokesuperiormand }
tion technique in which a rectifying column is
recycle mixing [CHEM ENG] The mixing of a
used,{ vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
portionofaproductstream(fluidorsolid)froma
rectification factor [ELECTR] Quotient of the
processing unitwith incomingraw feed,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080
change in average current of an electrode by the
k?l vertstrokeinferiormiksH11080i? }
change in amplitude of the alternating sinusoi-
recycle ratio [CHEM ENG] In a continuousdal voltage applied to the same electrode,the
chemical process,the ratio of recycle stock todirectvoltagesofthisandotherelectrodesbeing
fresh feed,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }maintained constant,{ vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080
recycle stock [CHEM ENG] That portion of at?r}
feedstock that has passed through a processingrectifier [ELEC] A nonlinear circuit component
unit and is recirculated (recycled) back throughthat allows more current to flow in one direction
the process,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}than the other; ideally,it allows current to flow
recycling [ELECTR] Returning to an originalin one direction unimpeded but allows no cur-
condition,as to 0 or 1 in a counting circuit.rent to flow in the other direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080
r} [ENG] The extraction and recovery of valuable
450
referenceplane
materials from scrap or other discarded materi- reductiongear [MECH ENG] A gear train which
lowers the output speed,{ rivertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgir }als,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉkH11080li? }
reductionratio [ENG] Ratiooffeedsizetoprod-Redler conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor in
uct size for a mill (crushing or grinding) opera-whichmaterialisdraggedthroughaductbyskel-
tion; measured by lump and sieve sizes.etonized or U-shaped impellers which move the
{rivertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }material in which they are submerged because
reductiontosealevel [ENG] The application ofthe resistance to slip through the element is
a correction to a measured horizontal length ongreater than the drag against the walls of the
the earth’s surface,at any altitude,to reduce it
duct,{ vertstrokesuperiorredH11080l?rk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
to its projected or corresponding length at sea
redox cell [ELEC] Cell designed to convert the
level,{ rivertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?nt?vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
energy of reactants to electrical energy; an inter-
redundancy [MECH] A statically indeterminate
mediate reductant,in the form of liquid electro-
structure,{ rivertstrokesuperiord?nH11080d?nH11080seˉ }
lyte,reacts at the anode in a conventional man-
redundantsystemSeeduplexed system,{ rivertstrokesuperiord?nH11080
ner; it is then regenerated by reaction with a
d?nt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
primary fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨ks vertstrokeinferiorsel }
Redwoodviscometer [ENG] AstandardBritish-
reduced frequency See Strouhal number,{ ri
type viscometer in which the viscosity is deter-
vertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
mined by the time,in seconds,required for a
reducedinspection [IND ENG] The decrease in
certain quantity of liquid to pass out through
the number of items inspected from that speci-
the orifice under given conditions; used for de-
fied in the original sampling plan because the
termining viscosities of petroleum oils,{ vertstrokesuperiorred
quality of the item has consistently improved.
vertstrokeinferiorwu˙dvivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st invertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n}
reed [ENG] A thin bar of metal,wood,or cane
reducedmass [MECH] For a system of two par-
that is clamped at one end and set into trans-
ticles with masses m
1
and m
2
exerting equal and
verse elastic vibration,usually by wind pressure;
opposite forces on each other and subject to no
used to generate sound in musical instruments,
external forces,the reduced mass is the mass
and as a frequency standard,as in a vibrating-
m such that the motion of either particle,with
reed frequency meter,{ reˉd}
respect to the other as origin,is the same as the
reedfrequencymeterSeevibrating-reed frequency
motion with respect to a fixed origin of a single
meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉd vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
particle with massmacted on by the same force;
reed horn [ENG ACOUS] A horn that produces
it is given by m H11005 m
1
m
2
/(m
1
H11001 m
2
),{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st
sound by means of a steel reed vibrated by air
vertstrokesuperiormas }
under pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉd vertstrokeinferiorho˙rn }
reduced-ordercontroller [CONT SYS] A control
reeding [ENG] Corrugating or serrating,as in
algorithm in which certain modes of the struc-
coining or embossing,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉdH11080i? }
ture to be controlled are ignored,to enable con-
reel [DESENG] Arevolvingspool-shapeddevice
trol commands to be computed with sufficient
used for storage of hose,rope,cable,wire,mag-
rapidity,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st |o˙rH11080d?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}
netic tape,and so on,{ reˉl}
reduced pressure [THERMO] The ratio of the
reelandbead See bead and reel,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉl?n vertstrokesuperiorbeˉd}
pressure of a substance to its critical pressure.
reengineering [SYS ENG] The application of
{rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
technology and management science to the
reduced-pressuredistillation See vacuum distilla-
modification of existing systems,organizations,
tion,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st |preshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
processes,and products in order to make them
reduced property See reduced value,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st
more effective,efficient,and responsive,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080
vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }
enH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
reduced temperature [THERMO] The ratio of
reentrant [ENG] Having one or more sections
the temperature of a substance to its critical
directedinward,asincertaintypesofcavityreso-
temperature,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
nators,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorenH11080tr?nt }
reducedvalue [THERMO] The actual value of a
reference dimension [DES ENG] In dimen-
quantity divided by the value of that quantity
sioning,a dimension without tolerance used for
at the critical point,Also known as reduced
informational purposes only,and does not gov-
property,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ }
ern machining operations in any way; it is indi-
reducedviscosity [ENG] Inplasticsprocessing,
cated on a drawing by writing the abbreviation
the ratio of the specific viscosity to concentra-
REF directly following or under the dimension.
tion,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns divertstrokeinferiormenH11080sh?n}
reducedvolume [THERMO] Theratioofthespe- referencelevel [ENG] Seedatumplane,[ENG
cificvolume ofa substanceto itscritical volume,ACOUS] Thelevel usedas abasis ofcomparison
{rivertstrokesuperiordu¨st vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m} whendesignatingthelevelofanaudio-frequency
reducer [DES ENG] A fitting having a larger size signal in decibels or volume units,Also known
atoneendthanattheotherandthreadedinside,as reference signal level,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
unless specifically flanged or for some special referencelot [IND ENG] A lot of select compo-
joint,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r} nents,used as a standard,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorla¨t}
reducing coupling [ENG] A coupling used to reference plane [ENG] See datum plane.
connect asmaller pipeto alarger one,{ rivertstrokesuperiordu¨sH11080 [MECH ENG] The plane containing the axis and
the cutting point of a cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}i?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
451
referencerange
reference range [ENG] Range obtained from sourceduetoadiscontinuityinthetransmission
theradarcoverageindicatorforagivenpenetrat- line,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
ing aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉnj } reflection profile [ENG] A seismic profile ob-
referenceseismometer [ENG] In seismic pros- tained bydesigning the spread geometryin such
pecting,a detector placed to record successive a manner as to enhance reflected energy,{ ri
shots under similar conditions,to permit overall vertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
time comparisons,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns s?ˉzvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} reflection seismology See reflection shooting.
reference signal level See reference level,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080 {rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?ns?ˉzvertstrokesuperiorma¨lH11080?H11080je
ˉ }
r?ns vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
reflection shooting [ENG] A procedure in seis-
referencetone [ENG] Stable tone of known fre-
mic prospecting based on the measurement of
quency continuously recorded on one track of
the travel times of waves which,originating from
multitrack signal recordings and intermittently
an artificially produced disturbance,have been
recordedonsignaltrackrecordingsbythecollec-
reflected to detectors from subsurface bound-
tion equipment operators for subsequent use
aries separating media of different elastic-wave
by the data analysts as a frequency reference.
velocities; usedprimarily foroil andgas explora-
{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiortoˉn}
tion,Also known as reflection seismology.
reference voltage [ELEC] An alternating-cur-
{rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorshu¨dH11080i? }
rent voltage used for comparison,usually to
reflectionsurvey [ENG] Study of the presence,
identify an in-phase or out-of-phase condition
depth,and configuration of underground forma-
in an ac circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
tions; a ground-level explosive charge (shot)
referencing [ENG] The process of measuring
generates vibratory energy (seismic rays) that
the horizontal (or slope) distances and direc-
strikeformationinterfacesandarereflectedback
tions from a survey station to nearby landmarks,
toground-levelsensors,Alsoknownasseismic
reference marks,and other permanent objects
survey,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
which can be used in the recovery or relocation
reflectionx-raymicroscopy [ENG] A technique
of the station,{ vertstrokesuperiorrefH11080r?nH11080si? }
for producing enlarged images in which a beam
refine [ENG] Tofreefromimpurities,asthesep-
of x-rays is successively reflected at grazing inci-
aration of petroleum,ores,or chemical mixtures
dence,fromtwocrossedcylindricalsurfaces;res-
into their component parts,{ rivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉn}
olution is about 0.5–1 micrometer,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080
refinery [CHEM ENG] System of process units
sh?n |eksvertstrokeinferiorraˉ mivertstrokesuperiorkra¨sH11080k?H11080peˉ }
usedtoconvertcrudepetroleumintofuels,lubri-
reflectometer [ENG] A photoelectric instru-
cants,and other petroleum-derived products.
ment for measuring the optical reflectance of a
{rivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080reˉ }
reflecting surface,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorflekvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
reflectance See reflection factor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?ns }
reflectormicrophone [ENGACOUS] A highly di-
reflected signal indicator [ENG] Pen recorder
rectional microphone which has a surface that
which presents the radar signals within fre-
reflectstheraysofimpinging soundfromagiven
quencygates;theserecordingsenabletheopera-
direction to a common point at which a micro-
tor to determine that an airborne object has
phone is located,and the sound waves in the
penetrated the Doppler link and its direction of
speech-frequency range are in phase at the
penetration,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?d |sigH11080n?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
microphone,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
reflecting nephoscope See mirror nephoscope.
reflexbaffle [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker baffle
{rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080ti?vertstrokesuperiornefH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
in which a portion of the radiation from the rear
reflecting sign [CIV ENG] A road sign painted
of the diaphragm is propagated forward after
with reflective paint so as to be easily visible in
controlled shift of phase or other modification,
the light of a headlamp,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080ti?vertstrokesuperiors?ˉn}
to increase the overall radiation in some portion
reflection altimeter See radio altimeter,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080
of the audio-frequency spectrum,Also known
sh?nalvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
as vented baffle,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfleks vertstrokeinferiorbafH11080?l}
reflection factor [ELEC] Ratio of the load cur-
reflowing [ENG] Melting and resolidifying an
rent that is delivered to a particular load when
electrodeposited or other type coating,{ reˉ
the impedances are mismatched to that deliv-
vertstrokesuperiorfloˉH11080i? }
ered under conditions of matched impedances.
reflux [CHEM ENG] In a chemical process,that
Alsoknownasmismatchfactor;reflectance;tran-
part of the product stream that may be returned
sition factor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
to the process to assist in giving increased con-
reflectiongoniometer [ENG] Agoniometer that
version or recovery,as in distillation or liquid-
measures the angles between crystal faces by
liquid extraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfl?ks }reflectionofaparallelbeamoflightfromsucces-
refluxcondenser [CHEM ENG] An auxiliary ves-sive crystal faces,{ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgo
ˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080
sel for a distillation column that constantly con-?r}
denses vapors and returns liquid to the column.reflectionloss [ELEC] 1.Reciprocaloftheratio,
{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfl?ks k?nvertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r}expressed in decibels,of the scalar values of the
reflux ratio [CHEM ENG] The quantity of liquidvolt-amperes delivered to the load to the volt-
reflux per unit quantity of product removed fromamperes that would be delivered to a load of
the process unit,such as a distillation tower orthesameimpedanceasthesource,2.Apparent
extraction column,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfl?ks vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }transmission loss of a line which results from a
portion of the energy being reflected toward the reforming [CHEM ENG] The thermal or catalytic
452
regenerator
conversion of petroleum naphtha into more vol- refrigerator [MECH ENG] An insulated,cooled
compartment,{ rivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}atile products of higher octane number; repre-
sents the total effect of numerous simultaneous refrigerator car [MECH ENG] An insulated
freightcarconstructedandusedasarefrigerator.reactions,such as cracking,polymerization,de-
hydrogenation and isomerization,{ |reˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080 {rivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
regelation [THERMO] Phenomenoninwhichicei? }
refracting angle See apical angle,{ rivertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080ti? (or any substance which expands upon freezing)
melts under intense pressure and freezes againvertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
refraction process [ENG] Seismic (reflection) whenthispressureisremoved;accountsforphe-
nomena such as the slippery nature of ice andsurvey in which the distance between the explo-
siveshotandthereceivers(sensors)islargewith the motion of glaciers,{ |reˉH11080j?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
regenerate [CHEM ENG] To clean of impuritiesrespect to the depths to be mapped,{ rivertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s } and make reusable as in regeneration of a cata-
lytic cracking catalyst by burning off carbon resi-refraction profile [ENG] A seismic profile ob-
tained bydesigning thespread geometryin such due,regeneration of clay adsorbent by washing
free of adherents,or regeneration of a filtrationa manner as to enhance refracted energy,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl } system by cleaning off the filter media.
[ELECTR] 1,To restore pulses to their originalrefraction shooting [ENG] A type of seismic
shooting based on the measurement of seismic shape,2,To restore stored information to its
original form in a storage tube in order to coun-energy as a function of time after the shot and
of distance from the shot,by determining the teract fading and disturbances,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
regeneration [CONTSYS] Seepositivefeedback.arrival times of seismic waves which have trav-
elednearly paralleltothebedding inhigh-veloc- [ELECTR] Replacementorrestorationofcharges
in a charge storage tube to overcome decayity layers,in order to map the depth of such
layers,{ rivertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorshu¨dH11080i? } effects,including loss of charge by reading.
{reˉvertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}refractometer [ENG] An instrument used to
measure the index of refraction of a substance regeneration system [MECH ENG] A system
within a gas turbine that recovers waste heatinanyoneofseveralways,suchasmeasurement
of the refraction produced by a prism,measure- from the turbine exhaust and uses it for the
compression cycle,{ reˉvertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080mentofthecriticalangle,observationofaninter-
ference pattern produced by passing light t?m}
regenerative air heater [MECH ENG] An airthrough the substance,and measurement of the
substance’s dielectric constant,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorfrakvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080 heater in which the heat-transferring members
are alternately exposed to heat-surrendering?dH11080?r}
refractory-lined firebox boiler [MECH ENG] A gases and to air,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
regenerative cooling [ENG] A method of cool-horizontal fire-tube boiler with the front portion
of the shell located over a refractory furnace; the ing gases in which compressed gas is cooled by
allowing it to expand through a nozzle,and therear of the shell contains the first-pass tubes,
and the second-pass tubes are located in the cooledexpandedgasthenpassesthroughaheat
exchanger where it further cools the incomingupperpartoftheshell,{ rivertstrokesuperiorfrakH11080treˉ |l?ˉndvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙ilH11080?r } compressed gas,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
regenerative cycle [MECH ENG] See bleedingrefrigerated truck [MECH ENG] An insulated
truck equipped and used as a refrigerator to cycle,[THERMO] An engine cycle in which
low-grade heat that would ordinarily be lost istransport fresh perishable or frozen products.
{rivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortr?k } used to improve the cyclic efficiency,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
r?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}refrigeration [MECH ENG] The cooling of a
space or substance below the environmental regenerative feedback See positive feedback.
{reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }temperature,{ rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
refrigeration condenser [MECH ENG] A vapor regenerativepump [MECH ENG] Rotating-vane
device that uses a combination of mechanicalcondenser in a refrigeration system,where the
refrigerant is liquefied and discharges its heat impulse and centrifugal force to produce high
liquid heads at low volumes,Also known asto the environment,{ rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nk?n
vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r } turbine pump,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
regenerator [CHEM ENG] Device or systemrefrigeration cycle [THERMO] A sequence of
thermodynamic processes whereby heat is with- used to return a system or a component of it to
fullstrength ina chemicalprocess; examplesaredrawn from a cold body and expelled to a hot
body,{ rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } a furnace to burn carbon from a catalyst,a tower
to wash impurities from clay,and a flush systemrefrigerationsystem [MECHENG] Aclosed-flow
systeminwhicharefrigerantiscompressed,con- to clean off the surface of filter media.
[ELECTR] 1,A circuit that repeatedly suppliesdensed,and expanded to produce cooling at a
lower temperature level and rejection of heat at current to a display or memory device to prevent
data from decaying,2,See repeater,[MECHa higher temperature level for the purpose of
extractingheatfromacontrolledspace,{ rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080 ENG] A device used with hot-air engines and
gas-burning furnaces which transfers heat from?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
453
register
effluent gases to incoming air or gas,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080 level in the functional decomposition of a large-
scale control system which interfaces with the?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
register [ENG] Also known as registration,plant to implement thedecisions of the optimiz-
ing controller inputted in the form of set points,1,The accurate matching or superimposition of
two or more images,such as the three color desired trajectories,or targets,Also known as
direct control function,{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?H11080l?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉimages on the screen of a color television re-
ceiver,or the patterns on opposite sides of a k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
rehabilitation engineering [ENG] The use ofprintedcircuitboard,orthecolorsofadesignon
a printed sheet,2,The alignment of positions technology to make disabled persons as inde-
pendent as possible by providing assistive de-relative to a specified reference or coordinate,
such as hole alignments in punched cards,or vices to compensate for disability,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbilH11080
vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }positioningofimagesinanopticalcharacterrec-
ognition device,[MECH ENG] The portion of reheating [THERMO] Aprocessinwhichthegas
or steam is reheated after a partial isentropica burner which directs the flow of air used in the
combustion process,{ vertstrokesuperiorrejH11080?H11080st?r } expansion to reduce moisture content,Also
known as resuperheating,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }register circuit [ELECTR] A switching circuit
with memory elements that can store from a few Reich process [CHEM ENG] Process to purify
carbon dioxide produced during fermentation;to millions of bits of coded information; when
needed,the information can be taken from the organic impurities in the gas are oxidized and
absorbed,then the gas is dehydrated,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉkcircuit in the same code as the input,or in a
different code,{ vertstrokesuperiorrejH11080?H11080st?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t} vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
Reidvaporpressure [ENG] A measure in a testregister control [CONT SYS] Automatic control
of the position of a printed design with respect bomb of the vapor pressure in pounds pressure
of a sample of gasoline at 100H11034F (37.8H11034C),{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉdto reference marks or some other part of the
design,as in photoelectric register control,vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
reinforced beam [CIV ENG] A concrete beam{ vertstrokesuperiorrejH11080?H11080st?rk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
register mark [ENG] A mark or line printed or provided with steel bars for longitudinal tension
reinforcementandsometimescompressionrein-otherwise impressed on a web of material for
use as a reference to maintain register,{ vertstrokesuperiorrejH11080 forcement and reinforcement against diagonal
tension,{ |reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rst vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}?H11080st?r vertstrokeinferiormark }
regularelement [IND ENG] An element that oc- reinforced brickwork [CIV ENG] Brickwork
strengthened by expanded metal,steel-wirecurs with a fixed frequency in each work cycle.
Also known as repetitive element,{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?H11080l?r mesh,hoop iron,or thin rods embedded in the
bed joints,{ |reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rst vertstrokesuperiorbrikvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
regular lay [DES ENG] The lay of a wire rope reinforcedcolumn [CIVENG] 1.Alongconcrete
column reinforced with longitudinal bars within which the wires in the strand are twisted in
directions opposite to the direction of the ties or circular spirals,2.A composite column.
3,A combination column,{ |reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rst vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080strands,{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorlaˉ }
regular-laylefttwist See left-laid,{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?H11080l?r |laˉ?m}
reinforced concrete [CIV ENG] Concrete con-vertstrokesuperiorleft vertstrokesuperiortwist }
regulating reservoir [CIV ENG] A reservoir that taining reinforcing steel rods or wire mesh.
{ |reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rst vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt}regulatestheflowinawater-distributingsystem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r} reinforcement [CIV ENG] Strengthening con-
crete,plaster,ormortarbyembedding steelrodsregulating system See automatic control system.
{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m } or wire mesh in it,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080m?nt }
reinforcing bars [CIV ENG] Steel rods that areregulation [CONT SYS] The process of holding
constant a quantity such as speed,temperature,embedded in building materials such as con-
crete for reinforcement,{ |reˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨rz }voltage,or position by means of an electronic
or other system that automatically corrects er- rejection number [IND ENG] A predetermined
number of defective items in a batch which,ifrors by feeding back into the system the condi-
tionbeingregulated;regulationthusisbasedon not exceeded,requires acceptance of the batch.
{rivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}feedback,whereas control is not,[ELEC] The
change in output voltage that occurs between rejector circuit See band-stop filter,{ rivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}no load and full load in a transformer,generator,
or other source,[ELECTR] The difference be- relative compaction [ENG] The percentage ra-
tio of the field density of soil to the maximumtween the maximum and minimum tube voltage
drops within a specified range of anode current density as determined by standard compaction.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivk?mvertstrokesuperiorpakH11080sh?n}in a gas tube,{ vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
regulator [CONT SYS] A device that maintains a relative density See specific gravity,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv
vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }desired quantity at a predetermined value or
varies it according to a predetermined plan,relative-density bottle See specific-gravity bottle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv |denH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
regulator problem See linear regulator problem,relativedielectricconstantSeedielectric constant.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv |d?ˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt }{ vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
regulatory control function [CONT SYS] That relativeforce [ENG] Ratio of the force of a test
454
reliefhole
propellant to the force of a standard propellant,relaxation [MECH] 1,Relief of stress in a
strainedmaterialduetocreep,2.Thelesseningmeasured at the same initial temperature and
loading density in the same closed chamber,of elastic resistance in an elastic medium under
an applied stress resulting in permanent defor-{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
relativegainarray [CONTSYS] Ananalyticalde- mation,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlakvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
relaxation circuit [ELECTR] Circuit arrange-vice used in process control multivariable appli-
cations,based on the comparison of single-loop ment,usually of vacuum tubes,reactances,and
resistances,which has two states or conditions,control to multivariable control; expressed as an
array (for all possible input-output pairs) of the one,both,or neither of which may be stable;
the transient voltage produced by passing fromratios of a measure of the single-loop behavior
between an input-output variable pair,to a re- one to the other,or the voltage in a state of rest,
can be used in other circuits,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlakvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?nlatedmeasureofthebehaviorofthesameinput-
outputpairundersomeidealizationofmultivari- vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
relaxationtest [ENG] A creep test in which theable control,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv |gaˉn?vertstrokeinferiorraˉ }
relativegravityinstrument [ENG] Anydevicefor decrease of stress with time is measured while
thetotalstrain(elasticandplastic)ismaintainedmeasuring the differences in the gravity force or
acceleration at two or more points,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivconstant,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlakvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
relay [ELEC] A device that is operated by a vari-vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
relative interference effect [ENG ACOUS] Of a ationintheconditionsin oneelectriccircuitand
servestomakeorbreakoneormoreconnectionssingle-frequency electric wave in an electro-
acoustic system,the ratio,usually expressed in in the same or another electric circuit,Also
known as electric relay,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }decibels,of the amplitude of a wave of specified
reference frequency to that of the wave in ques- relaycontrolsystem [CONT SYS] A control sys-
teminwhichtheerrorsignalmustreachacertaintionwhenthetwowavesareequalininterference
effects,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns ivertstrokeinferiorfekt } value before the controller reacts to it,so that
thecontrolactionisdiscontinuousinamplitude.relative ionospheric opacity meter See riometer.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv?ˉ|a¨nH11080?|sfirH11080ik oˉvertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
relayrack [DES ENG] A standardized steel rackrelativemagnetometer [ENG] Any magnetome-
ter which must be calibrated by measuring the designedtohold19-inch(48.26-centimeter)pan-
els of various heights,on which are mountedintensity of a field whose strength is accurately
determined by other means; opposed to abso- radio receivers,amplifiers,and other units of
electronic equipment,Also known as rack.lute magnetometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080
dH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorrak }
relay system [ELEC] Dial-switching equipmentrelativemomentum [MECH] The momentum of
a body in a reference frame in which another that does not use mechanical switches,but is
made up principally of relays,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}specified body is fixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivm?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080
t?m} release [MECH ENG] A mechanical arrangment
of partsfor holding orfreeing a deviceor mecha-relativemotion [MECH] The continuous change
of position of a body with respect to a second nism as required,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉs}
release adiabat [MECH] A curve or locus ofbody or to a reference point that is fixed,Also
known as apparent motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080 points which defines the succession of states
throughwhichamassthathasbeenshockedtoash?n}
relativepermittivitySeedielectricconstant,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080 high-pressure state passes while monotonically
returning to zero pressure,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉs vertstrokesuperioradH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbat }?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
relative pressure response [ENG ACOUS] The reliability [ENG] The probability that a compo-
nent part,equipment,or system will satisfacto-amount,in decibels,by which the acoustic pres-
sureinducedbyaprojectorundersomespecified rily perform its intended function under given
circumstances,such as environmental condi-condition exceeds the pressure induced under a
reference condition,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080iv |preshH11080?r ri tions,limitations as to operating time,and fre-
quency and thoroughness of maintenance for avertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }
relative resistance [ELEC] The ratio of the specified period of time,{ rivertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
relief [MECHENG] 1.Apassagemadebycuttingresistance of a piece of a material to the resist-
ance of a piece of specified material,such as away one side of a tailstock center so that the
facing or parting tool may be advanced to orannealed copper,having the same dimensions
and temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivri vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns } almost to the center of the work,2,Clearance
provided around the cutting edge by removal ofrelativetransmittingresponse [ENG ACOUS] In
a sonar projector,the ratio of the transmitting tool material,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf}
relief angle [MECH ENG] The angle between aresponse for a given bearing and frequency to
thetransmittingresponseforaspecifiedbearing relieved surface and a tangential plane at a cut-
ting edge,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}and frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivtranz vertstrokesuperiormidH11080i? ri
vertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns } relief frame [MECH ENG] A frame placed be-
tween the slide valve of a steam engine and therelativevelocity [MECH] The velocity of a body
withrespecttoasecondbody;thatis,itsvelocity steamchestcover;reducespressureonthevalve
and thereby reduces friction,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}in a reference frame where the second body is
fixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080?dH11080ivv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ } reliefhole [ENG] Anyof theholes firedafter the
455
reliefvalve
cut holes and before the lifter holes in breaking work,Alsoknownasmanipulator;teleoperator.
{rivertstrokesuperiormoˉtm?vertstrokesuperiornipH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}ground for tunneling or shaft sinking,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf
remotemeteringSeetelemetering,{ rivertstrokesuperiormoˉt vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
H11080ri? }reliefvalveSeepressure-reliefvalve,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
remote sensing [ELEC] Sensing,by a powerreliefwell [CIV ENG] A well that drains a pervi-
supply,of voltage directly at the load,so thatous stratum,to relieve waterlogging at the sur-
variations in the load lead drop do not affectface,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorwel }
load regulation,[ENG] The gathering and re-relieving [MECH ENG] Treating an embossed
cording of information without actual contact
metalsurfacewithanabrasivetorevealthebase-
with the object or area being investigated,{ ri
metal color on the elevations or highlights of
vertstrokesuperiormoˉt vertstrokesuperiorsensH11080i? }
the surface,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i? }
renewable energy source [ENG] A form of en-
relieving arch See discharging arch,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i?
ergy that is constantly and rapidly renewed by
vertstrokeinferiora¨rch }
naturalprocesses suchassolar,ocean wave,and
relievingplatform [CIV ENG] A deck on the land
wind energy,{ rivertstrokeinferiornu¨H11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs }
sideofaretainingwalltotransferloadsvertically
renewableresources [CHEM ENG] Agricultural
down to the wall,{ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplatvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
materials used as feedstocks for industrial proc-
relish [ENG] The shoulder of a tenon,used in
esses,{ rivertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080?H11080b?lrivertstrokesuperiorso˙rH11080s?s}
a mortise and tenon system,{ vertstrokesuperiorrelH11080ish }
reorder cycle [IND ENG] The interval between
reluctancemicrophoneSeemagnetic microphone.
successive reorder (procurement) actions.
{rivertstrokesuperiorl?kH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
{revertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
reluctance pickup See variable-reluctance pickup.
reorder point [IND ENG] An arbitrary level of
{rivertstrokesuperiorl?kH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p}
stock on hand plus stock due in,at or below
reluctance pressure transducer [ENG] Pres-
which routine requisitions for replenishment
sure-measurement transducer in which pressure
purposes are submitted in accordance with es-
changes activate equivalent magnetic-property
tablished requisitioning schedules,{ revertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080d?r
changes,{ rivertstrokesuperiorl?kH11080t?ns vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
remaining velocity [MECH] Speed of a projec-
repair [ENG] To restore that which is unservice-
tile at any point along its path of fire,{ rivertstrokesuperiormaˉnH11080
able to a serviceable condition by replacement
i? v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
of parts,components,or assemblies,{ rivertstrokesuperiorper }
remedial operation [CHEM ENG] In a chemical
repaircycle [ENG] Theperiodthatelapsesfrom
processoperation,therevisionofoperatingcon-
the time the item is removed in a reparable con-
ditionssoastocorrect theoveralloperationand
dition to the time it is returned to stock in a
bring the product into desired rote or specifica-
serviceable condition,{ rivertstrokesuperiorper vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
tionlimits,Alsoknownascorrectiveoperation.
repairdock [CIVENG] Agravingdockorfloating
{rivertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
dry dock built primarily for ship repair.
remote-access admittance [CONT SYS] A spe-
{rivertstrokesuperiorper vertstrokeinferiorda¨k}
cial piece of hardware,with built-in sensors and
repairforecast [ENG] The quantity of items es-
actuators,that is used by a robot to carry out
timated to be repaired or rebuilt for issue during
the last stages of assembling several parts into
a stated future period,{ rivertstrokesuperiorper vertstrokeinferiorfoˉrvertstrokeinferiorkast }
a piece of equipment,{ rivertstrokesuperiormoˉt |akvertstrokeinferiorses advertstrokesuperiormitH11080
repairkit [ENG] A group of parts and tools,not
ns }
all having the same basic name,used for repair
remote-centercompliance [MECHENG] Acom-
or replacement of the worn or broken parts of
pliantdevicethatallowsa partthatisgrippedby
an item; it may include instruction sheets and
a robot or other automatic machinery to rotate
material,such as sandpaper,tape,cement,gas-
about the tip of the robot end effector or to
kets,and the like,{ rivertstrokesuperiorper vertstrokeinferiorkit }
translate without rotation when it is pushed,
repair parts list [ENG] List approved by desig-
therebyeasingthemechanicalassemblyofparts.
nated authorities,indicating the total quantities
{rivertstrokesuperiormoˉt |senH11080t?rk?mvertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns }
of repair parts,tools,and equipment necessary
remote control [CONT SYS] Control of a quan-
for the maintenance of a specified number of
tity which is separated by an appreciable dis-
end items for a definite period of time,{ rivertstrokesuperiorper
tance from the controlling quantity; examples
|pa¨rts vertstrokeinferiorlist }
include master-slave manipulators,telemeter-
repeatability [CONT SYS] The ability of a robot
ing,telephone,and television,{ rivertstrokesuperiormoˉtk?n
to reposition itself at a location to which it is
vertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
directed or at which it is commanded to stop.
remotemanipulation [ENG] Use of mechanical {rivertstrokeinferiorpe
ˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
equipment controlled from a distance to handle repeat accuracy [CONT SYS] The variations in
materials,such as radioactive materials,Also the actual position of a robot manipulator from
known as teleoperation,{ rivertstrokesuperiormoˉtm?vertstrokeinferiornipH11080y? one cycle to the next when the manipulator is
vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n} commanded to repeatedly return to the same
remotemanipulator [ENG] A mechanical,elec- point or position,{ rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉt vertstrokesuperiorakH11080y?H11080r?H11080seˉ }
tromechanical,or hydromechanical device that repeated load [MECH] A force applied repeat-
enables a person,directly controlling the device edly,causing variation in the magnitude and
through handles or switches,to perform manual sometimes in the sense,of the internal forces.
{rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}operations while separated from the site of the
456
resetrate
repeater [ELEC] See repeating coil,[ELECTR] reproducing system See sound-reproducing sys-
tem,{ |reˉH11080pr?|du¨sH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}1.Anamplifierorotherdevicethatreceivesweak
signals and delivers corresponding stronger sig- repulsion [MECH] A force which tends to in-
crease the distance between two bodies havingnals with or without reshaping of waveforms;
may be either a one-way or two-way repeater,like electric charges,or the force between atoms
ormoleculesatvery shortdistanceswhichkeepsAlsoknown asregenerator,2.An indicatorthat
shows the same information as is shown on a them apart,Also known as repulsive force.
{rivertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080sh?n}masterindicator,Alsoknownasremoteindica-
tor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?r} repulsiveforce See repulsion,{ rivertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080siv vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
required thickness [DES ENG] The thicknessrepeaterjammer [ELECTR] Ajammerthatinter-
cepts an enemy radar signal and reradiates the calculated by recognized formulas for boiler or
pressurevesselconstructionbeforecorrosional-signal after modifying it to incorporate errone-
ousdataonazimuth,range,ornumberoftargets,lowance is added,{ rivertstrokesuperiorkw?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080n?s}
requirementsengineering [SYS ENG] The proc-{rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjamH11080?r}
repeating coil [ELEC] A transformer used to ess of identifying and articulating needs for a
new technology and applications,{ ri|kw?ˉrH11080provideinductivecouplingbetweentwosections
of a telephone line when a direct connection m?ns vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?|nirH11080i? }
rerailer [ENG] A small,lightweight Y-shapedis undesirable,Also known as repeater,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙il } device,used toretrack railroadcars andlocomo-
tives; as the car is pulled across the device,therepeating-coilbridgecord [ELEC] Intelephony,
a method of connecting the common office bat- derailed wheels are channeled back onto the
tracks,Also known as retracker,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorraˉlH11080?r}terytothecordcircuitsbyconnectingthebattery
to the midpoints of a repeating coil,bridged rerun [CHEM ENG] To distill a liquid material
that has already been distilled; usually impliesacross the cord circuit,{ rivertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080i? |ko˙il vertstrokesuperiorbrij
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rd } taking a large proportion of the charge stock
overhead,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorr?n}repeller [ELECTR] An electrode whose primary
functionistoreversethe directionofanelectron resaw [ENG] To cut lumber to boards of final
thickness,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorso˙ }stream in an electron tube,Also known as re-
flector,{ rivertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r} resealingpressure [MECH ENG] The inlet pres-
sureatwhichleakagestopsafterapressurereliefrepetitiveelement See regular element,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorpedH11080
dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt } valve is closed,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
researchmethod [ENG] A standard test to de-repetitive time method [IND ENG] A technique
where the stopwatch is read and simultaneously termine the research octane number (or rating)
of fuels for use in spark-ignition engines.returned to zero at each break point,Also
known as snapback method,{ rivertstrokesuperiorpedH11080?dH11080iv vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm{rivertstrokesuperiors?rch vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
research octane number [ENG] An expressionvertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
replacementbitSeereset bit,{ rivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorbit } for the antiknock rating of a motor gasoline as
a guide to how vehicles will operate under mildreplacement demand [ENG] A demand repre-
senting replacement of items consumed or worn conditions associated with low engine speeds.
{rivertstrokesuperiors?rch vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}out,{ rivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt divertstrokeinferiormand }
replacement factor [ENG] The estimated per- resection [ENG] 1,A method in surveying by
which the horizontal position of an occupiedcentage of equipment or repair parts in use that
will require replacement during a given period,point is determined by drawing lines from the
point to two or more points of known position.{rivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
replacement study [IND ENG] An economic 2,A method of determining a plane-table posi-
tion by orienting along a previously drawn fore-analysis involving the comparison of an existing
facility and a proposed replacement facility,sight line and drawing one or more rays through
the foresight from previously located stations.{rivertstrokesuperiorplaˉsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
replica [ENG] A thin plastic or inorganic film { rivertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}
reservoir [CIVENG] Apondorlakebuiltforstor-which is formed on a surface and then removed
from it for study in an electron microscope,age of water,usually by the construction of a
dam across a river,{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}{ vertstrokesuperiorrepH11080l?H11080k? }
replica master [MECH ENG] A robotlike ma- reset action [CONT SYS] Floating action in
which the final control element is moved at achine whose motions are duplicated by another
robot when the machine is moved by a human speedproportionaltotheextentofproportional-
position action,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}operator,{ vertstrokesuperiorrepH11080l?H11080k?vertstrokeinferiormasH11080t?r}
Reppe process [CHEM ENG] A family of high- resetbit [DES ENG] A diamond bit made by re-
using diamonds salvaged from a used bit andpressure,catalytic acetylene-reaction processes
yielding (depending upon what the acetylene re- setting them in the crown attached to a new bit
blank,Also known as replacement bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉacts with) butadiene,allyl alcohol,acrylonitrile,
vinyl ethers and derivatives,acrylic acid esters,vertstrokeinferiorset bit }
resetrate [ENG] The number of times per min-cyclooctatraene,and resins,{ vertstrokesuperiorrepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
reproducing stylus See stylus,{ |reˉH11080pr?|du¨sH11080i? ute that the effect of the proportional-position
actionuponthefinalcontrolelementisrepeatedvertstrokeinferiorst?ˉH11080l?s}
457
residencetime
by the proportional-speed floating action,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉ by resistance and capacitance elements,Ab-
breviatedR-Coscillator,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?nsk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080vertstrokeinferiorset vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
residencetime [CHEMENG] Theaveragelength?ns vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
resistance-coupled amplifier See resistance-of time a particle of reactant spends within a
process vessel or in contact with a catalyst,capacitance coupled amplifier,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns
|k?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?H11080d?ns vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
residualmode [CONT SYS] A characteristic mo- resistance coupling [ELECTR] Coupling in
which resistors are used as the input and outputtion of a structure which is deliberately ignored
in the control algorithm of an active control sys- impedances of the circuits being coupled; a cou-
pling capacitor is generally used between thetem for the structure in the process of model
reduction,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorzijH11080?H11080w?l |moˉd } resistors to transfer the signal from one stage to
the next,Also known as R-C coupling; resist-residual stress See internal stress,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorzijH11080?H11080w?l
vertstrokesuperiorstres } ance-capacitance coupling; resistive coupling.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }residue [CHEM ENG] 1.The substance left after
distilling off all but the heaviest components resistance drop [ELEC] The voltage drop oc-
curring between two points on a conductor duefrom crude oil in petroleum refinery operations.
Also known as bottoms; residuum,2,Solids to the flow of current through the resistance of
the conductor; multiplying the resistance indeposited onto the filter medium during filtra-
tion,Also known as cake; discharged solids,ohmsbythecurrentinamperesgivesthevoltage
drop in volts,Also known as IR drop,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?vertstrokeinferiordu¨ }
residuum See residue,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorzijH11080?H11080w?m} t?ns vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}
resistance element [ELEC] An element of re-resilience [MECH] 1,Ability of a strained body,
by virtue of high yield strength and low elastic sistive material in the form of a grid,ribbon,or
wire,used singly or built into groups to form amodulus,to recover its size and form following
deformation,2,The work done in deforming a resistor for heating purposes,as in an electric
soldering iron,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }body to some predetermined limit,such as its
elastic limit or breaking point,divided by the resistancefurnace [ENG] An electric furnace in
which the heat is developed by the passage ofbody’s volume,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorzilH11080y?ns }
resin-in-pulp ion exchange [CHEM ENG] Com- current through a suitable internal resistance
that may be the charge itself,a resistor embed-bination of coarse anion-exchange resin with a
slurry of finely ground uranium ore in an acid- ded in the charge,or a resistor surrounding the
charge,Also known as electric resistance fur-leach liquor,{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?ninvertstrokesuperiorp?lp vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnj }
resinoid wheel [DES ENG] A grinding wheel nace,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
resistance gage [ENG] An instrument for de-bonded with a synthetic resin,{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nvertstrokeinferioro˙id
vertstrokesuperiorweˉl } termining high pressures from the change in the
electricalresistanceofmanganinormercurypro-resistance [ELEC] 1,The opposition that a de-
vice or material offers to the flow of direct cur- duced by these pressures,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
resistance grounding [ELEC] Electricalrent,equal to the voltage drop across the ele-
mentdividedbythecurrentthroughtheelement,grounding in which lines are connected to
ground by a resistive (totally dissipative) imped-Also known as electrical resistance,2,In an
alternating-current circuit,the real part of the ance,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorgrau˙ndH11080i? }
resistance heating [ELEC] The generation ofcomplex impedance,[MECH] In damped har-
monicmotion,theratio ofthe frictionalresistive heat by electric conductors carrying current; de-
gree of heating is proportional to the electricalforce to the speed,Also known as damping
coefficient; damping constant; mechanical resistance of the conductor; used in electrical
home appliances,home or space heating,andresistance,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
resistancebridgeSeeWheatstonebridge,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080 heating ovens and furnaces,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080
i? }t?ns vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
resistance-capacitancecircuit [ELEC] A circuit resistance loss [ELEC] Power loss due to cur-
rentflowingthroughresistance;itsvalueinwattswhich has a resistance and a capacitance in se-
ries,and in which inductance is negligible,Ab- is equal to the resistance in ohms multiplied by
the square of the current in amperes,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080breviated R-C circuit,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080
ns vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t} t?ns vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
resistancemagnetometer [ENG] A magnetom-resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier
[ELECTR] An amplifier in which a capacitor pro- eter that depends for its operation on variations
in the electrical resistance of a material im-vides a path for signal currents from one stage
to the next,with resistors connected from each mersed in the magnetic field to be measured.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}side of the capacitor to the power supply or to
ground;itcanamplifyalternating-currentsignals resistancematerial [ELEC] Materialhaving suf-
ficiently high resistance per unit length or vol-but cannot handle small changes in direct cur-
rents,Also known as R-C amplifier; R-C cou- ume to permit its use in the construction of
resistors,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}pled amplifier; resistance-coupled amplifier.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?nsk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?ns |k?pH11080?ld vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r} resistance measurement [ELEC] The quantita-
tive determination of that property of an electri-resistance-capacitance oscillator [ELECTR]
Oscillator in which the frequency is determined cally conductive material,component,or circuit
458
resonance
called electrical resistance,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080 first significant figure of the resistor value,the
second color the second significant figure,and?rH11080m?nt }
resistance meter [ENG] Any instrument which the third color represents the number of zeros
following the first two figures; a fourth color ismeasures electrical resistance,Also known as
electrical resistance meter,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080 sometimes added to indicate the tolerance of
the resistor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}?r}
resistance methanometer [ENG] A catalytic resistor core [ELEC] Insulating support on
which a resistor element is wound or otherwisemethanometer,with platinum used as the fila-
ment,which both heats the detecting element placed,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙r}
resistorelement [ELEC] That portion of a resis-and acts as a resistance-type thermometer.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r } tor which possesses the property of electric
resistance,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }resistancepyrometerSeeresistance thermometer.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r} resistor furnace [ENG] An electric furnace in
which heat is developed by the passage of cur-resistance-rateflowmeter See resistive flowmeter.
{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns |raˉt vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } rentthroughdistributedresistors(heatingunits)
mounted apart from the charge,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?rresistance thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
in which the sensing element is a resistor whose vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
resistor network [ELEC] An electrical networkresistance is an accurately known function of
temperature,Also known as electrical resist- consisting entirely of resistances,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r
vertstrokesuperiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }ance thermometer; resistance pyrometer,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} resistor oven [ENG] Heating chamber relying
on an electrical-resistance element to createresistingmoment [MECH] A moment produced
by internal tensile and compressive forces that temperatures of up to 800H11034F (430H11034C); used for
drying and baking,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokesuperior?vH11080?n}balances the external bending moment on a
beam,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzistH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080m?nt } resistortermination [ELECTR] A thick-film con-
ductor pad overlapping and contacting a thick-resistive coupling See resistance coupling,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorzisH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? } film resistor area,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080m?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
resistor-transistor logic [ELECTR] One of theresistive flowmeter [ENG] Liquid flow-rate
measurementdeviceinwhich flowratesareread simplest logic circuits,having several resistors,
a transistor,and a diode,Abbreviated RTL.electrically as the result of the rise or fall of a
conductive differential-pressure manometer { rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik }
resolution [CONT SYS] The smallest incrementfluid in contact with a resistance-rod assembly.
Also known as resistance-rate flowmeter,in distance that can be distinguished and acted
upon by an automatic control system,[ELECTR]{rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
resistive load [ELEC] A load whose total re- In television,the maximum number of lines that
can be discerned on the screen at a distanceactance is zero,so that the alternating current
is in phase with the terminal voltage,Also equal to tubeheight; this ranges from350 to 400
for most receivers,{ vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}known as nonreactive load,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
resistivity See electrical resistivity,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorzisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080 resolutioninazimuth [ENG] Theanglebywhich
two targets must be separated in azimuth in or-?dH11080eˉ }
resistivitymethod [ENG] Anyelectricalexplora- der to be distinguished by a radar set when the
targets are at the same range,{ vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?ntionmethodinwhichcurrentisintroducedinthe
ground by two contact electrodes and potential in vertstrokesuperiorazH11080?H11080m?th }
resolution in range [ENG] Distance by whichdifferences are measured between two or more
other electrodes,{ vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorzisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d } two targets must be separated in range in order
to be distinguished by a radar set when the tar-resistor [ELEC] Adevicedesignedtohaveadef-
inite amount of resistance; used in circuits to gets are on the same azimuth line,{ vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080
sh?ninvertstrokesuperiorraˉnj }limit current flow or to provide a voltage drop.
Also known as electrical resistor,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} resolvemotion-ratecontrol [CONT SYS] A form
of robotic control in which the controlled vari-resistor bulb [ENG] A temperature-measure-
mentdevice insideof whichisa resistancewind- ables are the velocity vectors of the end points
of a manipulator,and the angular velocities ofing; changes in temperature cause correspond-
ing changes in resistance,varying the current in the joints are determined to obtain the desired
results,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzolv vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n |raˉtk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}the winding,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorb?lb }
resistor-capacitor-transistor logic [ELECTR] A resolving power See resolution,{ rivertstrokesuperiorza¨lvH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}resistor-transistor logic with the addition of
capacitors that are used to enhance switch- resolving time [ENG] Minimum time interval,
between events,that can be detected; resolvinging speed,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?rk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiorla¨jH11080ik } time may refer to an electronic circuit,to a me-
chanical recording device,or to a counter tube.resistor-capacitor unit See rescap,{ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r
k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t} {rivertstrokesuperiorza¨lvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
resonance [ELEC] A phenomenon exhibited byresistor color code [ELEC] Code adopted by
theElectronicIndustriesAssociationtomarkthe an alternating-current circuit in which there are
relativelylargecurrentsnearcertainfrequencies,values of resistance on resistors in a readily rec-
ognizable manner; the first color represents the and a relatively unimpeded oscillation of energy
459
resonancemethod
from a potential to a kinetic form; a special case such as direction or frequency,often presented
in graphical form,{ rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorrisH11080tik }of the physics definition,{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns }
resonance method [ELEC] A method of de- response time [CONT SYS] The time required
for the output of a control system or element totermining the impedance of a circuit element,in
which resonance frequency of a resonant circuit reach a specified fraction of its new value after
application of a step input or disturbance.containingtheelementismeasured,[ENG] In
ultrasonic testing,a method of measuring the [ELEC] The time it takes for the pointer of an
electrical or electronic instrument to come tothickness of a metal by varying the frequency
of the beam transmitted to excite a maximum restatanewvalue,afterthequantityitmeasures
has been abruptly changed,{ rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}amplitude of vibration,{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormethH11080
d} restitutioncoefficientSeecoefficientof restitution.
{ vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }resonance vibration [MECH] Forced vibration
in which the frequency of the disturbing force is rest point [ENG] On a balance,the position of
the pointer with respect to the pointer scaleveryclosetothenaturalfrequencyofthesystem,
so that the amplitude of vibration is very large,when the beam has ceased moving,{ vertstrokesuperiorrest
vertstrokeinferiorpoint }{ vertstrokesuperiorrezH11080?nH11080?ns v?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
resonant capacitor [ELEC] A tubular capacitor rest potential [ELEC] Residual potential differ-
ence remaining between an electrode and anthat is wound to have inductance in series with
its capacitance,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080?nH11080?nt k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r } electrolyteaftertheelectrode hasbecomepolar-
ized,{ vertstrokesuperiorrest p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?l}resonant circuit [ELEC] A circuit that contains
inductance,capacitance,and resistance of such restraintofloads [ENG] Theprocessofbinding,
lashing,andwedgingitemsintooneunitontoorvalues as to give resonance at an operating fre-
quency,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080?nH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t } into its transporter in a manner that will ensure
immobility during transit,{ rivertstrokesuperiorstraˉnt?v vertstrokesuperiorloˉdz }resonant coupling [ELEC] Coupling between
twocircuitsthatreachesasharppeakatacertain restricted air cargo [IND ENG] Cargo which is
not highly dangerous under normal conditions,frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080?nH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
resonant gate transistor [ELECTR] Surface but which possesses certain qualities which re-
quire extra precautions in packing and handling.field-effect transistor incorporating a cantile-
vered beam which resonates at a specific fre- { rivertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080goˉ }
restricted gate [ENG] Small opening betweenquency to provide high-Q-frequency discrimina-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080?nH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r } runnerandcavityinaninjectionortransfermold
which breaks cleanly when the piece is ejected.resonant-mass antenna [ENG] A detector of
gravitational radiation,consisting of a mass of { rivertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
restricted job [IND ENG] A task whose perfor-several tons of aluminum or other metal,in the
shape of a cylinder or a truncated icosahedron,mancetimeisgovernedbyamachine,aprocess,
anothertask,orthenatureofthejobitself,ratherandattachedelectromechanicaltransducersthat
convert deformations of the mass to electronic than being under the control of the worker.
{rivertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorja¨b}signals,{ |rezH11080?nH11080?nt vertstrokeinferiormas anvertstrokesuperiortenH11080? }
resonantresistance [ELEC] Resistancevalueto restricted work [IND ENG] Manual or machine
work where the work pace is only partially underwhich a resonant circuit is equivalent,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080
nH11080?nt rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns } the control of the worker,{ rivertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
resultantofforces [MECH] A system of at mostresource allocation in multiproject scheduling
[IND ENG] A system that employs network anal- asingleforceandasinglecouplewhoseexternal
effects on a rigid body are identical with theysis as an aid in making the best assignment of
resources which must be stretched over a num- effects of the several actual forces that act on
that body,{ rivertstrokesuperiorz?ltH11080?nt?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080?z}ber of projects,Abbreviated RAMPS,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉ
vertstrokeinferiorso˙rs vertstrokeinferioralH11080?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nin|m?lH11080ti|pra¨H11080jekt vertstrokesuperiorskedH11080j?H11080 resultantrake [MECH ENG] The angle between
the face of a cutting tooth and an axial planeli? }
respirator [ENG] Adeviceformaintainingartifi- through the tooth point measured in a plane at
right angles to the cutting edge,{ rivertstrokesuperiorz?ltH11080?ntcial respiration to protect the respiratory tract
against irritating and poisonous gases,fumes,vertstrokesuperiorraˉk}
resuperheating See reheating,{ reˉ|su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080smoke,and dusts,with or without equipment
supplyingoxygenorair;sometypeshaveafitting i? }
resupply [IND ENG] The act of replenishingwhich covers the nose and mouth,{ vertstrokesuperiorresH11080
p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } stocks in order to maintain required levels of
supply,{ |reˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ }respirometer [ENG] 1.An instrument for study-
ing respiration,2,A diver’s helmet containing resuscitator [ENG] A device for supplying oxy-
gen to and inducing breathing in asphyxiationa compressed air supply for replenishing oxygen
used by the diver,{ vertstrokeinferiorresH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } victims,{ rivertstrokesuperiors?sH11080?vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
retainer [ENG] Adevicethatholdsamechanicalresponse [CONTSYS] Aquantitativeexpression
of the output of a device or system as a function component in place,{ rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080?r}
retainerplate [ENG] The plate on which remov-of the input,Also known as system response.
{rivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns } able mold parts (such as a cavity or ejector pin)
are mounted during molding,{ rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}response characteristic [CONT SYS] The re-
sponseas afunction ofan independentvariable,retainer wall [ENG] A wall,usually earthen,
460
reversefeedback
aroundastoragetankor anareaofstoragetanks fluid flowing into one will return in the opposite
direction through the other,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferiorbend }(tank farm); used to hold (retain) liquid in place
if one or more tanks begin to leak,{ rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080?r returnconnectingrod [MECH ENG] A connect-
ing rod whose crankpin end is located on thevertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
retainingring [DES ENG] 1,A shoulder inside a same side of the crosshead as the cylinder.
{rivertstrokesuperiort?rn k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080ti?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}reaming shell that prevents the core lifter from
enteringthecorebarrel,2.Asteelringbetween returndifference [CONTSYS] Thedifferencebe-
tween 1 and the loop transmittance,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rntheracesofaballbearingtomaintainthecorrect
distribution of the balls in the races,{ rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080 vertstrokeinferiordifH11080r?ns }
return-flow burner [MECH ENG] A mechanicali?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
retaining wall [CIV ENG] A wall designed to oil atomizer in a boiler furnace which regulates
the amount of oil to be burned by the portionmaintain differences in ground elevations by
holding back a bank of material,{ rivertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080i? of oil recirculated to the point of storage.
{rivertstrokesuperiort?rn |floˉ vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
retard [CIV ENG] A permeable bank-protection returnidler [MECH ENG] The idler or roller be-
neath the cover plates on which the conveyorstructure,situated at and parallel to the toe of
a slope and projecting into a stream channel,belt rides after the load which it was carrying
has been dumped,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferior?ˉdH11080l?r}designed to check stream velocity and induce
silting or accretion,{ rivertstrokesuperiorta¨rd } returnwall [BUILD] Aninteriorwallofaboutthe
same height as the outside wall of a building;retarder [MECH ENG] 1,A braking device used
to control the speed of railroad cars moving distinct from a partition or a low wall.
{rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}along the classification tracks in a hump yard.
2,A strip inserted in a tube of a fire-tube boiler return wire [ELEC] The ground wire,common
wire,or negative wire of a direct-current powerto increase agitation of the hot gases flowing
therein,{ ri vertstrokesuperiorta¨rdH11080?r } circuit,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
reveal [BUILD] 1,The side of an opening for aretardingbasin [CIVENG] Abasindesignedand
operated to provide temporary storage and thus door or window,doorway,or the like,between
the doorframe or window frame and the outerreduce the peak flood flows of a stream,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorta¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbaˉsH11080?n } surface of the wall,2,The distance from the
face of a door to the face of the frame on theretarding conveyor [MECH ENG] Any type of
conveyor used to restrain the movement of bulk pivot side,{ rivertstrokesuperiorveˉl}
reverberatoryfurnace [ENG] Afurnaceinwhichmaterials,packages,or objects wherethe incline
is such that the conveyed material tends to heat is supplied by burning of fuel in a space
between the charge and the low roof,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080propel the conveying medium,{ rivertstrokesuperiorta¨rdH11080i? k?n
vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r} br?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ |f?rH11080n?s}
reversebias [ELECTR] Abiasvoltageappliedtoretort [CHEM ENG] 1.A closed refractory cham-
ber in which coal is carbonized for manufacture a diode or a semiconductor junction with polar-
ity such that little or no current flows; the oppo-of coal gas,2,A vessel for the distillation or
decomposition of a substance,{ rivertstrokesuperiorto˙rt } site of forward bias,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s}
reverse Brayton cycle [THERMO] A refrigera-retreater [ENG] A defective maximum ther-
mometer of the liquid-in-glass type in which the tion cycle using air as the refrigerant but with
all system pressures above the ambient,Alsomercury flows too freely through the constric-
tion; such a thermometer will indicate a maxi- known as dense-air refrigeration cycle,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs
vertstrokesuperiorbraˉtH11080?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}mum temperature that is too low,{ rivertstrokesuperiortreˉdH11080?r}
retrievableinner barrel [ENG] The inner barrel reverse Carnot cycle [THERMO] An ideal ther-
modynamic cycle consisting of the processes ofassembly of a wire-line core barrel,designed for
removing core from a borehole without pulling the Carnot cycle reversed and in reverse order,
namely,isentropicexpansion,isothermalexpan-the rods,{ rivertstrokesuperiortreˉvH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l}
retroaction See positive feedback,{ |reH11080troˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080 sion,isentropic compression,and isothermal
compression,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs ka¨rvertstrokesuperiornoˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}sh?n}
retrofit [ENG] A modification of equipment to reversecurrent [ELECTR] Small value of direct
current that flows when a semiconductor diodeincorporate changes made in later production of
similar equipment; it may be done in the factory has reverse bias,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
reversedair-blastprocess [CHEM ENG] A gas-or field,Derived from retroactive refit,{ vertstrokesuperiorreH11080
troˉvertstrokeinferiorfit } making process in which,after a short period of
the ordinary blow,the air blast is reversed so asretting [CHEM ENG] Soaking vegetable stalks to
decompose the gummy material and release the to enter the top of the superheater,and passes
back to the top of the generator and down.fibers,{ vertstrokesuperiorredH11080i? }
return [BUILD] The continuation of a molding,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rst vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorblast vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
reverse engineering [ENG] The analysis of aprojection,member,cornice,or the like,in a
different direction,usually at a right angle,See completedsysteminordertoisolateandidentify
its individual components or building blocks.echo,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rn }
returnbead See quirk bead,{ rivertstrokesuperiort?rn vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd} {rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
reverse feedback See negative feedback.return bend [DES ENG] A pipe fitting,equal to
two ells,used to connect parallel pipes so that { rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
461
reverseflange
reverseflange [ENG] A flange made by shrink- reversible transit circle [ENG] A transit circle
that can be lifted out of its bearings and rotateding,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorflanj }
reverse lay [DES ENG] The lay of a wire rope through 180H11034,enabling systematic errors in both
orientations to be determined,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?lwith strands alternating in a right and left lay.
{rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorlaˉ } vertstrokesuperiortranH11080z?t vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
reversing thermometer [ENG] A mercury-in-reverse osmosis [CHEM ENG] A technique
used in desalination and waste-water treatment; glass thermometer which records temperature
upon being inverted and thereafter retains itspressure is applied to the surface of a saline (or
waste) solution,forcing pure water to pass from reading until returned to the first position.
{rivertstrokesuperiorv?rsH11080i? th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}the solution through a membrane (hollow fibers
of cellulose acetate or nylon) that will not pass reversing water bottle See Nansen bottle.
{rivertstrokesuperiorv?rsH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}sodium or chloride ions,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs a¨svertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080s?s}
reversepitch [MECH ENG] A pitch on a propel- reversion [CHEM ENG] In rubber manufacture,
adecreaseinrubbermodulusorviscositycausedler bladeproducing thrustin thedirection oppo-
site to the normal one,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorpich } by overworking,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n}
revetment [CIV ENG] A facing made on a soil orreverse-printout typewriter [ENG] An auto-
matic typewriter that eliminates conventional rock embankment to prevent scour by weather
or water,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorvetH11080m?nt }carriage return by typing one line from left to
rightandthenextlinefromrighttoleft,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs revolute-coordinate robot See jointed-arm robot.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrevH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tkoˉ|o˙rdH11080?nH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}|printvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokesuperiort?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorr?ˉdH11080?r}
reverse-roll coating [ENG] Substrate coating revolute joint [MECH ENG] A robotic articula-
tion consisting of a pin with one degree of free-that ispremetered betweenrolls andthen wiped
off on the web; amount of coating is controlled dom,{ vertstrokesuperiorrevH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
revolution [MECH] The motion of a bodyby the metering gap and the rotational speed of
the roll,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs |roˉl vertstrokesuperiorkoˉdH11080i? } around a closed orbit,{ vertstrokeinferiorrevH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n}
revolution counter [ENG] An instrument forreverse voltage [ELEC] In the case of two op-
posing voltages,voltage of that polarity which registering the number of revolutions of a rotat-
ing machine,Also known as revolution indica-produces the smaller current,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rs vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
reversible capacitance [ELECTR] Limit,as the tor,{ vertstrokeinferiorrevH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080?r}
revolution indicator See revolution counter.amplitude of an applied sinusoidal capacitor
voltage approaches zero,of the ratio of the am- { vertstrokeinferiorrevH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
revolutionperminute [MECH] A unit of angularplitude of the resulting in-phase fundamental-
frequency component of transferred charge to velocity equal to the uniform angular velocity of
a body which rotates through an angle of 360H11034the amplitude of the applied voltage,for a given
constant bias voltage superimposed on the (2H9266 radians),so that every point in the body
returnstoitsoriginalposition,in1minute,Ab-sinusoidal voltage,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?lk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080
ns } breviated rpm,{ vertstrokeinferiorrevH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?np?r vertstrokesuperiorminH11080?t}
revolutionpersecond [MECH] Aunitofangularreversible engine [THERMO] An ideal engine
which carries out a cycle of reversible processes,velocity equal to the uniform angular velocity of
a body which rotates through an angle of 360H11034{rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
reversiblepath [THERMO] A path followed by a (2H9266 radians),so that every point in the body
returnstoitsoriginalposition,in1second,Ab-thermodynamic system such that its direction
of motion can be reversed at any point by an breviated rps,{ vertstrokeinferiorrevH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?np?r vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd }
revolving-blockengine [MECHENG] Anyofvar-infinitesimal change in external conditions; thus
the system can be considered to be at equilib- iousengineswhichcombinereciprocatingpiston
motion with rotational motion of the entire en-rium at all points along the path,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080
b?l vertstrokesuperiorpath } gine block,{ rivertstrokesuperiorva¨lvH11080i? |bla¨k vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
revolving door [BUILD] A door consisting ofreversible-pitch propeller [MECH ENG] A type
of controllable-pitch propeller; of either control- four leaves that revolve together on a central
verticalaxiswithinacircularvestibule,{ rivertstrokesuperiorva¨lvH11080lable or constant speed,it has provisions for
reducing the pitch to and beyond the zero value,i?vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
revolving shovel [MECH ENG] A digging ma-to the negative pitch range,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l |pich
pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r } chine,mounted on crawlers or on rubber tires,
that has the machinery deck and attachment onreversibleprocess [THERMO] Anideal thermo-
dynamic process which can be exactly reversed a vertical pivot so that it can swing freely,{ ri
vertstrokesuperiorva¨lvH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}by making an indefinitely small change in the
external conditions,Also known as quasistatic Reynier’s isolator [ENG] A mechanical barrier
made of steel that surrounds the area in whichprocess,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
reversible steering gear [MECH ENG] A steer- germ-free vertebrates and accessory equipment
are housed; has electricity for light and power,ing gear for a vehicle which permits road shock
and wheel deflections to come through the sys- an exit-entry opening with a steam barrier,a
means for sterile air exchange,glass viewingtem and be felt in the steering control,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080
s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgir } port,and neoprene gloves which allow handling
of the animals,{ raˉnvertstrokesuperioryaˉs vertstrokesuperior?ˉsH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}reversible tramway See jig back,{ rivertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?H11080b?l
vertstrokesuperiortramvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } Reynolds analogy [CHEM ENG] Relationship
462
right-of-way
showing the similarity between the transfer of revolution of an elongated helicoid (spiral) rib-
bon of metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorribH11080?n vertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r}mass,heat,and momentum,{ vertstrokesuperiorrenH11080?lz?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080
H11080jeˉ } riblet [DES ENG] Any of the small,longitudinal
striations,with spacing on the order of 0.002rf preheating See radio-frequency preheating.
{ |a¨r|ef preˉvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? } inch or 50 micrometers,that are made on the
surfaces of ships or aircraft to reduce the dragrheogoniometry [MECH] Rheological tests to
determine the various stress and shear actions of turbulent flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorribH11080l?t}
Richardson automatic scale [ENG] An auto-on Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids,{ |reˉH11080
H11080goˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?H11080treˉ } matic weighing and recording machine for flow-
able materials carried on a conveyor; weighsrheology [MECH] The study of the deformation
and flow of matter,especially non-Newtonian batches from 200 to 1000 pounds (90 to 450
kilograms),{ vertstrokesuperiorrichH11080?rdH11080s?n |o˙dH11080?|madH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorskaˉl}flowofliquidsandplasticflowofsolids,{ reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨lH11080
H11080jeˉ } riddle [DES ENG] A sieve used for sizing or for
removing foreign material from foundry sand orrheometer [ENG] An instrument for determin-
ing flow properties of solids by measuring rela- other granular materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorridH11080?l}
ridgeboard [BUILD] A horizontal board placedtionships between stress,strain,and time.
{reˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r } on edge at the apex of the roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorrij vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
ridgecap [BUILD] Wood or metal cap which isrheostat [ELEC] A resistor constructed so that
its resistance value may be changed without in- placed over the angle of the ridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorrij vertstrokeinferiorkap }
ridge pole [BUILD] The horizontal supportingterrupting the circuit to which it is connected.
Also known as variable resistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstat } member placed along the ridge of a roof.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrij vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}rheostatic braking [ENG] A system of dynamic
braking in which direct-current drive motors are riffler [DES ENG] A small,curved rasp or file for
filing interior surfaces or enlarging holes.used as generators and convert the kinetic en-
ergy of the motor rotor and connected load to { vertstrokesuperiorrifH11080l?r}
rifle [DES ENG] A drill core that has spiralelectrical energy,which in turn is dissipated as
heatinabrakingrheostatconnectedtothearma- grooves on its outside surface,[ENG] A bore-
hole that is following a spiral course,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉH11080f?l}ture,{ |reˉH11080?|stadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i? }
rheostriction See pinch effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorstrikH11080sh?n} rifling [MECHENG] Thetechniqueofcuttinghe-
lical grooves inside a rifle barrel to impart arheotaxial growth [ENG] A chemical vapor de-
position technique for producing silicon diodes spinning motion to a projectile around its long
axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉfH11080li? }and transistors on a fluid layer having high sur-
face mobility,{ |reˉH11080?|takH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgroˉth } rift saw [DES ENG] 1,A saw for cutting wood
radially from the log,2,A circular saw dividedRIAAcurve [ENG ACOUS] 1.Recording Industry
AssociationofAmericacurverepresentingstand- intotoothedarmsforsawingflooringstripsfrom
cants,{ vertstrokesuperiorrift vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }ard recording characteristics for long-play re-
cords,2.The corresponding equalization curve rig [MECH ENG] A tripod,derrick,or drill ma-
chine complete with auxiliary and accessoryfor playback of long-play records,{ |a¨r|?ˉ|aˉ|aˉ
vertstrokesuperiork?rv} equipment needed to drill,{ rig }
right-and-left-hand chart [IND ENG] A graphicrib arch [CIV ENG] An arch consisting of ribs
placed side by side and extending from the symbolicrepresentationofthemotionsmadeby
one hand in relation to those made by the otherspringingsononeendtothoseontheotherend.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrib vertstrokeinferiora¨rch } hand,{ |r?ˉt?n |left vertstrokeinferiorhand vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rt }
right-cut tool [DES ENG] A single-point latheribbed-clamp coupling [DES ENG] A rigid cou-
pling which is split longitudinally and bored to tool which has the cutting edge on the right side
when viewed face up from the point end,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉtshaft diameter,with a shim separating the two
halves,{ vertstrokesuperiorribd |klamp vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? } |k?t vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
right-hand cutting tool [DES ENG] A cutterribbon [BUILD] A horizontal piece of wood
nailed to the face of studs; usually used to sup- whoseflutestwistinaclockwisedirection,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt
|hand vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}port the floor joists,{ vertstrokesuperiorribH11080?n}
ribbon conveyor [MECH ENG] A type of screw right-handed [DES ENG] 1,Pertaining to screw
threads that allow coupling only by turning inconveyor which has an open space between the
shaft and a ribbon-shaped flight,used for wet a clockwise direction,2,See right-laid,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt
|hanH11080d?d}or sticky materials which would otherwise build
up on the spindle,{ vertstrokesuperiorribH11080?nk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r} right-hand screw [DES ENG] A screw that ad-
vances when turned clockwise,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt |handribbon microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
phone whose electric output results from the vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
right-laid [DESENG] Ropeorcableconstructionmotion of a thin metal ribbon mounted between
the poles of a permanent magnet and driven in which strands are twisted counterclockwise.
Also known as right-handed,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt |laˉd}directly by sound waves; it is velocity-actuated
if open to sound waves on both sides,and pres- rightlanglay [DESENG] Ropeor cablein which
the individual wires or fibers and the strands aresure-actuated if open to sound waves on only
one side,{ vertstrokesuperiorribH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn } twisted to the right,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt |la?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
right-of-way [CIV ENG] 1.Areas of land used forribbonmixer [MECHENG] Deviceforthemixing
of particles,slurries,or pastes of solids by the a road and along the side of the roadway,2,A
463
rigidbody
thoroughfare or path established for public use,feed by impact with the surrounding shell.
3,Land occupied and used by a railroad or a { vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r}
public utility,{ |r?ˉt?v |waˉ } Ringelmann chart [ENG] A chart used in mak-
rigidbody [MECH] An idealized extended solid ing subjective estimates of the amount of solid
whose size and shape are definitely fixed and matter emitted by smoke stacks; the observer
remain unaltered when forces are applied,comparesthegraynessofthesmokewithaseries
{ vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080id vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ } of shade diagrams formed by horizontal and ver-
rigid-body dynamics [MECH] The study of the tical black lines on a white background,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080
motions of a rigid body under the influence of
g?lvertstrokeinferiorma¨n vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
forces and torques,{ vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080id |ba¨dH11080eˉ d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
ringgage [DES ENG] A cylindrical ring of steel
rigid coupling [MECH ENG] A mechanical fas-
whose inside diameter is finished to gage toler-
tening of shafts connected with the axes directly
anceandisusedforcheckingtheexternaldiame-
in line,{ vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080id vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
ter of a cylindrical object,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
rigid frame [BUILD] A steel skeleton frame in
ringgate [CIV ENG] A type of gate used to regu-
which the end connections of all members are
lateandcontrolthedischargeofamorning-glory
rigid so that the angles they make with each
spillway; like a drum gate,it offers a minimum
other do not change,{ vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080id vertstrokesuperiorfraˉm}
of interference to the passage of ice or drift over
rigidity [MECH] The quality or state of resisting
thegateandrequiresnoexternalpowerforoper-
change in form,{ rivertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ation,[ENG] An annular opening through
rigiditymodulusSeemodulusof elasticityin shear.
which plastics enter the cavity of an injection or
{rivertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
transfer mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
rigidizer [ENG] A supporting structure provid-
ringgear [MECH ENG] The ring-shaped gear in
ing ridigity to an instrument that might other-
an automobile differential that is driven by the
wise be subject to undesirable vibrations,{ vertstrokeinferiorriH11080
propeller shaft pinion and transmits power
j?vertstrokesuperiord?ˉzH11080?r}
through the differential to the line axle,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?
rigid pavement [CIV ENG] A thick portland ce-
vertstrokeinferiorgir }
ment pavement on a gravel base and subbase,
ringing [CONT SYS] An oscillatory transient oc-
with steel reinforcement and often with trans-
curring in the output of a system as a result of
verse joints,{ vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpaˉvH11080m?nt }
a sudden change in input,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080i? }
rim [DESENG] 1.Theouterpartofawheel,usu-
ringing circuit [ELECTR] A circuit which has a
ally connected to the hub by spokes,2,An
capacitance in parallel with a resistance and in-
outer edge or border,sometimes raised or proj-
ductance,with the whole in parallel with a sec-
ecting,{ rim }
ond resistance; it is highly underdamped and is
rim-bearing swing bridge [CIV ENG] A swing
supplied with a step or pulse input,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080i?
bridge that is supported by a cylindrical girder
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
on rollers,{ |rim vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
ringingtime [ENG] Inanultrasonictestingunit,
rim clutch [MECH ENG] A frictional contact
the length of time that the vibrations in a piezo-
clutch having surface elements that apply pres-
electric crystal remain after the generation of
sure to the rim either externally or internally.
ultrasonic waves ceases,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
{ vertstrokesuperiorrim vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
ringjewel [DES ENG] A type of jewel used as a
rimdrive [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph or sound
pivot bearing in a time-keeping device,gyro,or
recorder drive in which a rubber-covered drive
instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorju¨l}
wheel is in contact with the inside of the rim of
ringjob [MECH ENG] Installation of new piston
the turntable,{ vertstrokesuperiorrim vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
rings on a piston,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorja¨b}
ring [DES ENG] A tie member or chain link; ten-
ringlaser See laser gyro,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080z?r}
sion or compression applied through the center
ringlifter See split-ring core lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080t?r}
of the ring produces bending moment,shear,
ringlock nail [DES ENG] A nail ringed with
and normal force on radial sections,{ ri? }
groovestoprovidegreaterholdingpower,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?
ring-and-ball test [CHEM ENG] A test for de-
vertstrokeinferiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
termining the melting point of asphalt,waxes,
ring-oil [MECH ENG] To oil (a bearing) by con-
and paraffins in which a small ring is fitted with
veying the oil to the point to be lubricated by
a test sample upon which a small ball is then
means of a ring,whichrests upon and turns with
placed; the melting point is that temperature at
the journal,and dips into a reservoir containing
which the sample softens sufficiently to allow
the lubricant,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferioro˙il }
the ball to fall through the ring,Also known as
ringroad See beltway,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorroˉd}ball and ring method,{ |rin |bo
˙l vertstrokeinferiortest }
ring-roller mill [MECH ENG] A grinding mill inring-and-circleshear [DES ENG] A rotary shear
which material is fed past spring-loaded rollersdesigned for cutting circles and rings where the
that apply force against the sides of a revolvingedge of the metal sheet cannot be used as a
bowl,Also known as roller mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorri? |roˉlH11080?rstart,{ |rin |s?rH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorshir }
vertstrokeinferiormil }ringbolt [DES ENG] An eyebolt with a ring pass-
riometer [ENG] An instrument that measuresing through the eye,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
changes in ionospheric absorption of electro-ring crusher [MECH ENG] Solids-reduction de-
magnetic waves by determining and recordingvicewitharotorhavingloosecrushingringsheld
outwardly by centrifugal force,which crush the the level of extraterrestrial cosmic radio noise.
464
Roberts’linkage
Derived from relative ionospheric opacity meter,directly proportional to the resultant increase in
surface area,{ vertstrokesuperiorritH11080?nH11080j?rz vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }{r?ˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
rip [ENG] To saw wood with the grain,{ rip } river engineering [CIV ENG] A branch of trans-
portation engineering consisting of the physicalripbit See detachable bit; jackbit,{ vertstrokesuperiorripvertstrokeinferiorbit }
rippingbar [DES ENG] A steel bar with a chisel measures which are taken to improve a river and
its banks,{ vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }at one end and a curved claw for pulling nails
at the other,Also known as claw bar; wrecking river gage [ENG] A device for measuring the
river stage; types in common use include thebar,{ vertstrokesuperiorripH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
rippingpunch [DES ENG] A tool with a rectan- staff gage,the water-stage recorder,and wire-
weight gage,Also known as stream gage.gular cutting edge,used in a punch press to
crosscut metal plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorripH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?nch } { vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
rivet [DES ENG] A short rod with a head formedripple [ELEC] The alternating-current compo-
nent in the output of a direct-current power sup- on one end; it is inserted through aligned holes
in parts to be joined,and the protruding end isply,arising within the power supply from incom-
plete filtering or from commutator action in a pressed or hammered to form a second head.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?t}dc generator,{ vertstrokesuperiorripH11080?l}
riprap [CIV ENG] A foundation or revetment in riveting [ENG] The permanent joining of two or
more machine parts or structural members,usu-water or on soft ground made of irregularly
placed stones or piecesof boulders; used chiefly ally plates,by means of rivets,{ vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080i? }
riveting hammer [MECH ENG] A hammer usedfor riverand harbor work,forroadway filling,and
on embankments,{ vertstrokesuperiorripvertstrokeinferiorrap } for driving rivets,{ vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
rivetpitch [ENG] The center-to-center distanceripsaw [MECH ENG] A heavy-tooth power saw
used for cutting wood with the grain,{ vertstrokesuperiorripvertstrokeinferiorso˙ } of adjacent rivets,{ vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorpich }
road [CIVENG] Anopenwayfortravelandtrans-riseandrun [CIV ENG] The pitch of an inclined
surfaceormember,usuallyexpressedastheratio portation,{ roˉd}
roadbed [CIV ENG] The earth foundation of aof the vertical rise to the horizontal span,{ |r?ˉz
n vertstrokesuperiorr?n } highway or a railroad,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdvertstrokeinferiorbed }
road capacity [CIV ENG] The maximum trafficriser [CHEM ENG] That portion of a bubble-cap
assembly in a distillation tower that channels flow obtainable on a given roadway,using all
availablelanes,usuallyexpressedinvehiclesperthe rising vapor and causes it to flow downward
to pass through the liquid held on the bubble hour or vehicles per day,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
roadgrade [CIV ENG] The level and gradient ofplate,[CIV ENG] 1,A board placed vertically
beneath the tread of a step in a staircase,2,A a road,measured along its center way,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉd
vertstrokeinferiorgraˉd}vertical steam,water,or gas pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
riserplate [CIV ENG] A plate used to support a road net [CIV ENG] The system of roads avail-
able within a particular locality or area,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdtapering switch rail above the base of the rail;
usedwitha railroadgageortie platetomaintain vertstrokeinferiornet }
road octane number [ENG] A numerical valueminimum gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉzH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
rise time [CONT SYS] The time it takes for the for automotive antiknock properties of a gaso-
line;determinedbyoperatingacaroverastretchoutput of a system to change from a specified
small percentage (usually 5 or 10) of its steady- oflevelroadoron achassisdynamometerunder
conditions simulating those encountered on thestate increment to a specified large percentage
(usually 90 or 95),[ELEC] The time for the highway,{ |roˉd vertstrokesuperiora¨kvertstrokeinferiortaˉn vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
roadtest [ENG] Amotor-vehicletestconductedpointer of an electrical instrument to make 90%
of the change to its final value when electric on the highway or on a chassis dynamometer to
determine theperformance of fuelsor lubricantspower suddenly is applied from a source whose
impedance is high enough that it does not affect or the performance of the vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉd vertstrokeinferiortest }
roadway [CIV ENG] The portion of the thor-damping,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉz vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
risinghinge [BUILD] A hinge that raises a door oughfare over which vehicular traffic passes.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }slightly as it is opened,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorhinj }
risk [ENG] The potential realization of undesir- roaster [ENG] Equipmentfortheheatingofma-
terials,such as in pyrite roasting; a furnace.able consequences from hazards arising from a
possible event,{ risk } { vertstrokesuperiorroˉsH11080t?r}
roasting regeneration [CHEM ENG] Regenera-riskanalysis [ENG] The scientific study of risk.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrisk?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s } tion of a processing (treating) clay by heating or
burning it in contact with air to remove combus-riskmanagement [ENG] The overall systematic
approachtoanalyzingriskandimplementingrisk tible impurities adsorbed onto the surface.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉstH11080i? reˉvertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}controls,{ vertstrokesuperiorrisk vertstrokeinferiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt }
Ritchie’sexperiment [THERMO] An experiment Robertsevaporator See short-tube vertical evapo-
rator,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨bH11080?rts ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}that uses a Leslie cube and a differential air
thermometer to demonstrate that the emissivity Roberts’linkage [MECHENG] Atypeofapproxi-
mate straight-line mechanism which provided,of a surface is proportional to its absorptivity.
{ vertstrokesuperiorrichH11080eˉzikvertstrokeinferiorsperH11080?H11080m?nt } early in the 19th century,a practical means of
making straight metal guides for the slides in aRittinger’slaw [MECHENG] Thelawthatenergy
needed to reduce the size of a solid particle is metal planner,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨bH11080?rts vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
465
Robins-Messitersystem
Robins-Messiter system [MECH ENG] A stack- or girder which permits rotation and horizontal
movement to allow for expansion and contrac-ing conveyorsystem in which materialarrives on
a conveyor belt and is fed to one or two wing tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?r}
rockerarm [MECH ENG] In an internal combus-conveyors,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨bH11080?nz vertstrokesuperiormesH11080?H11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
Robitzsch actinograph [ENG] A pyranometer tionengine,aleverthatispivotednearitscenter
and operated by a pushrod at one end to raisewhose design utilizes three bimetallic strips
which are exposed horizontally at the center of and depress the valve stem at the other end.
{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }a hemispherical glass bowl; the outer strips are
white reflectors,and the center strip is a black- rockerbearing [CIV ENG] A bridge support that
is free to rotate but cannot move horizontally.ened absorber; the bimetals are joined in such
a mannerthat the penof theinstrument deflects { vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
rockerbent [CIV ENG] A bent used on a bridgein proportion to the difference in temperature
between the black and white strips,and is thus span; hinged at one or both ends to provide for
the span’s expansion and contraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080proportionaltotheintensityofthereceivedradi-
ation;thisinstrumentmustbecalibratedperiod-?r vertstrokeinferiorbent }
rockercam [MECHENG] Acamthatmoveswithically,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorbitsh akvertstrokesuperiortinH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
robot [CONT SYS] A mechanical device that can a rocking motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkam }
rockerpanel [ENG] The part of the paneling onbe programmed to perform a variety of tasks of
manipulation and locomotion under automatic apassengervehiclelocatedbelowthepassenger
compartment doorsill,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpanH11080?l}control,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
robotics [INDENG] Thestudyofproblemsasso- rocketsonde See meteorological rocket,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080
tvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }ciated with the design,application,and control
and sensory systems of self-controlled devices,rocket station [ENG] A life-saving station
equipped with line-carrying rocket apparatus.{roˉvertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080iks }
roc [ELEC] A unit of electrical conductivity { vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
rock-fill [CIV ENG] Composed of large,looselyequal to the conductivity of a material in which
an electric field of 1 volt per centimeter gives placed rocks,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorfil }
rock-fill dam [CIV ENG] A dam constructed ofrise to a current density of 1 ampere per square
centimeter,Derived from reciprocal ohm centi- loosely placed rock or stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorfil vertstrokeinferiordam }
rockingfurnace [MECHENG] Ahorizonal,cylin-meter,{ ra¨k}
Roche lobes [MECH] 1,Regions of space sur- drical melting furnace that is rolled back and
forth on a geared cradle,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}rounding two massive bodies revolving around
each other under their mutual gravitational at- rockingpier [CIV ENG] A pier that is hinged to
allow for longitudinal expansion or contractiontraction,such that the gravitational attraction of
each body dominates the lobe surrounding it,of the bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpir }
rocking valve [MECH ENG] An engine valve in2,In particular,the effective potential energy
(referredtoasystemofcoordinatesrotatingwith whichadiskorcylinderturnsinitsseattopermit
fluid flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorvalv }the bodies) is equal to a constant V
0
over the
surface of the lobes,and if a particle is inside rockpedestal See pedestal,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorpedH11080?H11080st?l}
Rockwell hardness [ENG] A measure of hard-one of the lobes and if the sum of its effective
potential energy and its kinetic energy is less nessofamaterialasdeterminedbytheRockwell
hardness test,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kvertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s}than V
0
,it will remain inside the lobe,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉch
vertstrokeinferiorloˉbz } Rockwellhardnesstest [ENG] One of the arbi-
trarily defined measures of resistance of a mate-rockbit [ENG] Any one of many different types
ofrollerbitsusedonrotary-typedrillsfordrilling rial to indentation under static or dynamic load;
depth of indentation of either a steel ball or alarge-size holes in soft to medium-hard rocks.
{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorbit } 120H11034 conical diamond with rounded point,1/16,
1/8,1/4,or 1/2 inch (1.5875,3.175,6.35,12.7rockbolt [ENG] A bar,usually constructed of
steel,which is inserted into predrilled holes in millimeters) in diameter,called a brale,under
prescribed load is the basis for Rockwell hard-rock and secured for the purpose of ground con-
trol,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨kvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } ness;60,100,150 kilogramload isapplied witha
special machine,and depth of impression underrock bolting [ENG] A method of securing or
strengthening closely jointed or highly fissured initial minor load is indicated on a dial whose
graduations represent hardness number,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨krocks in mine workings,tunnels,or rock abut-
ments by inserting and firmly anchoring rock vertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiortest }
rod [DES ENG] 1,A bar whose end is slotted,bolts oriented perpendicular to the rock face or
mine opening,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorboˉltH11080i? } tapered,or screwed for the attachment of a drill
bit,2,A thin,round bar of metal or wood,Seerockchanneler [MECH ENG] Amachine used in
quarrying for cutting an artificial seam in a mass perch,{ ra¨d}
rodbit [DESENG] Abitdesignedtofitareamingof stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?lH11080?r}
rockdrill [MECHENG] Amachinefor boringrel- shell that is threaded to couple directly to a drill
rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokeinferiorbit }atively short holes in rock for blasting purposes;
motive power may be compressed air,steam,or rod coupling [DES ENG] A double-pin-thread
couplingused toconnect twodrill rodstogether.electricity,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨k vertstrokeinferiordril }
rocker [CIVENG] Asupport attheendof atruss { vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
466
rollingcontact
rodding [ENG] An operation in which a rod is tube in a tube sheet hole by use of an expander.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉld vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }passed through a length of tubing such as a rifle
roller [DES ENG] A cylindrical device for trans-or pipework to determine if the bore is clear.
mitting motion and force by rotation,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨dH11080i? }
roller analyzer [ENG] Device for quantitativerodlevel [ENG] A spirit level attached to a level
separation of fine particles (down to 5 microme-rod or stadia rod to ensure the vertical position
ters) by use of the graduated lift of a variable-of the rod prior to instrument reading,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d
rate pneumatic stream,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
roller bearing [MECH ENG] A shaft bearing
rod mill [MECH ENG] A pulverizer operated by
characterized by parallel or tapered steel rollers
the impact of heavy metal rods,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokeinferiormil }
confined between outer and inner rings,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080
rod string [MECH ENG] Drill rods coupled to
l?r vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
form theconnecting linkbetween thecore barrel
rollerbit See cone rock bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
and bit in the borehole and the drill machine at
rollercamfollower [MECHENG] Afollowercon-
the collar of the borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokeinferiorstri? }
sisting of a rotatable wheel at the end of the
rod stuffing box [ENG] An annular packing
shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorkam vertstrokeinferiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r}
glandfittingbetweenthedrill rodandthecasing
roller chain [MECH ENG] A chain drive assem-
at the borehole collar; allows the rod to rotate
bled from roller links and pin links,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r
freely but prevents the escape of gas or liquid
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
under pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorra¨d vertstrokesuperiorst?fH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
roller coating [ENG] The application of paints,
roentgen current [ELEC] An electric current
lacquers,or other coatings onto raised designs
arising from the motion of polarization charges,
or lettersby meansof aroller,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
as in the rotation of a dielectric in a charged
roller cone bit [ENG] A drilling bit containing
capacitor,{ vertstrokesuperiorrentH11080g?n vertstrokeinferiork?rH11080?nt }
two to four cutters (cones) mounted on very rug-
Rogowskicoil [ENG] Adevicefor measuringal-
ged bearings,Also known as bit cone; rock bit.
ternating current without making contact with
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080?r |koˉn vertstrokeinferiorbit }
thecurrent-carryingconductor,whichconsistsof
rollerconveyor [MECH ENG] A gravity conveyor
an air-corecoil placed aroundthe conductorin a
having a track of parallel tubular rollers set at a
toroidalfashionsothatthealternatingmagnetic
definite grade,usually on antifriction bearings,
field produced by the current induces a voltage
at fixed locations,over which package goods
in the coil,{ r?vertstrokesuperiorga¨vH11080skeˉ vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
which are sufficiently rigid to prevent sagging
rolamitemechanism [MECHENG] Anelemental
between rollers are moved by gravity or propul-
mechanism consisting of two rollers contained
sion,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
by two parallel planes and bounded by a fixed
rollerdrying [CHEMENG] Amethodusedtodry
S-shapedbandundertension,{ roˉH11080l?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉtvertstrokeinferiormekH11080
milk for purposes other than human consump-
vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
tion; concentrated milk is fed between two
roll [MECH] Rotationaloroscillatorymovement
heated and narrowly spaced stainless steel roll-
ofanaircraftorsimilarbodyaboutalongitudinal
ers,the adhering thin film of milk dries as the
axis through the body; it is called roll for any
rollers turn and is scraped off the roller by a
degree of such rotation,[MECH ENG] A cylin-
doctor blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080i? }
dermountedinbearings;usedforsuchfunctions
rollergate [CIV ENG] A cylindrical,usually hol-
as shaping,crushing,moving,or printing work
low crestgate thatis raisedand lowered bylarge
passing by it,{ roˉl}
toothed wheels runningon sloping racks,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080
rollacceleration [MECH] The angular accelera-
l?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
tion of an aircraft or missile about its longitudi-
roller-hearth kiln [ENG] A type of tunnel kiln
nal or X axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}
through which the ware is conveyed on ceramic
rollaxis [MECH] A longitudinal axis through an
rollers,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r |ha¨rth vertstrokeinferiorkil }
aircraft,rocket,or similar body,about which the
roller leveling [MECH ENG] Leveling flat stock
body rolls,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
by passing it through a machine having a series
roll bar [DES ENG] A metal bar installed over-
of rolls whose axes are staggered about a mean
head on a roofless automotive vehicle in order
parallel path by a decreasing amount,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r
to protect the occupants if the car rolls over.
vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
rollermill See ring-roller mill,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiormil }
rollcage [DES ENG] A frame of metal bars that
rollerpulverizer [MECHENG] Apulverizeroper-
isinstalledinaracingcararoundthedriver’sseat
ated by the crushing action of rotating rollers.
to protect the driver in the event of an accident,{ vertstrokesuperiorro
ˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080v?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorkaˉj} roller stamping die [MECH ENG] An engraved
roll control [ENG] The exercise of control over rollerusedforstampingdesignsandothermark-
a missile so as to make it roll to a programmed ings on sheet metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
degree,usually just before pitchover,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl rolling [MECH] Motion of a body across a sur-
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl} face combined with rotational motion of the
rollcrusher [MECH ENG] A crusher having one body so that the point on the body in contact
or two toothed rollers to reduce the material,with the surface is instantaneously at rest.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorkr?shH11080?r} { vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i? }
rollingcontact [MECH] Contactbetweenbodiesrolledjoint [ENG] A joint made by expanding a
467
rolling-contactbearing
such that the relative velocity of the two con- root [CIV ENG] The portion of a dam which pen-
etrates into the ground where the dam joins thetacting surfaces at the point of contact is zero.
hillside,[DES ENG] The bottom of a screw{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt }
thread,{ ru¨t}rolling-contact bearing [MECH ENG] A bearing
root circle [DES ENG] A hypothetical circle de-composed of rolling elements interposed be-
finedat thebottom ofthe toothspaces ofa gear.tweenanouterandinnerring,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i? |ka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakt
{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
rooter [ENG] A heavy plowing device equippedrolling door [ENG] A door that moves up and
with teeth and used for breaking up the ground
down or from side to side by means of wheels
surface; a towed scarifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨dH11080?r}
moving along a track,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiordo˙r}
rootfillet [DES ENG] The rounded corner at the
rolling friction [MECH] A force which opposes
angle of a gear tooth flank and the bottom land.
the motion of any body which is rolling over the
{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080?t}
surface of another,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}
root locus plot [CONT SYS] A plot in the com-
rollingliftbridge [CIV ENG] A bridge having on
plex plane of values at which the loop transfer
the shore end of the lifting portion a segmental
function of a feedback control system is a nega-
bearing that rolls on a flat surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?
tive number,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t |loˉH11080k?s vertstrokeinferiorpla¨t}
vertstrokesuperiorlift vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
root-mean-square current See effective current.
rollingradius [DES ENG] For an automotive ve-
{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t vertstrokeinferiormeˉn vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }
hicle,the distance from the center of an axle to
Roots blower [MECH ENG] A compressor in
the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080?s}
which a pair of hourglass-shaped members ro-
rollmill [MECH ENG] A series of rolls operating
tate within a casing to deliver large volumes of
at different speeds for grinding and crushing.
gas at relatively low pressure increments.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiormil }
{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨ts vertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080?r}
roll-off [ELECTR] Gradually increasing loss or
rope-and-buttonconveyor [MECH ENG] A con-
attenuation with increase or decrease of fre-
veyor consisting of an endless wire rope or cable
quency beyond the substantially flat portion of
with disks or buttons attached at intervals.
the amplitude-frequency response characteristic
{ |roˉp?n |b?tH11080?nk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
of a system or transducer,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferioro˙f}
ropeboring [ENG] Amethodsimilartoroddril-
rollset [ENG] Aseriesofpairedconvexandcon-
ling except that rigid rods are replaced by a steel
cave contoured rolls in a roll forming machine
rope to which the boring tools are attached and
that progressively form a workpiece of uniform
allowed to fall by their own weight,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉp
cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorset }
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080i? }
roll straightening [ENG] Unbending of metal
ropedrive [MECH ENG] A system of ropes run-
stock by passing it through staggered rolls in
ning in grooved pulleys or sheaves to transmit
different planes,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorstraˉtH11080?nH11080i? }
power over distances too great for belt drives.
roll threading [MECH ENG] Threading a metal
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
workpiece by rolling it either between grooved
ropesheave [DES ENG] A grooved wheel,usu-
circular rolls or between grooved straight lines.
allymadeofcaststeelorheat-treatedalloysteel,
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉl vertstrokeinferiorthredH11080i? }
used for rope drives,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiorsheˉv}
rom [ELEC] A unit of electrical conductivity,
ropesocket [DES ENG] A drop-forged steel de-
equal to the conductivity of a material in which
vice,with a tapered hole,which can be fastened
an electric field of 1 volt per meter gives rise to
to the end of a wire cable or rope and to which
a current density of 1 ampere per square meter.
a load may be attached,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉp vertstrokeinferiorsa¨kH11080?t}
Derived from reciprocal ohm meter,{ ra¨m}
ropewalk [ENG] A long walkway down which a
rood [MECH] A unit of area,equal to 1/4 acre,
worker carries and lays rope in a manufacturing
or 10,890 square feet,or 1011.7141056 square
plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉpvertstrokeinferiorwo˙k}
meters,{ ru¨d}
ropeway [ENG] One or a pair of steel cables
roof [BUILD] The cover of a building or similar
between several supporting towers which serve
structure,{ ru¨f}
as tracks for transportingmaterials in mountain-
roof beam [BUILD] A load-bearing member in
ous areas or at sea,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉpvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
the roof structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨f vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
rose bit [DES ENG] A hardened steel or alloy
roof drain [BUILD] A drain for receiving water
noncore bit with a serrated face to cut or mill
that has collected on the surface of a roof and
out bits,casing,or other metal objects lost in
discharging it into a downspout,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨f vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉz vertstrokeinferiorbit }
roofingnail [DESENG] Anailusedforattaching rose chucking reamer [DES ENG] A machine
paper or shingle to roof boards; usually short reamer with a straight or tapered shank and a
withabarbedshankandalargeflathead,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨fH11080 straight or spiral flute; cutting is done at the
i?vertstrokeinferiornaˉl} ends of the teeth only; produces a rough hole
rooftruss [BUILD] Atrussusedinroofconstruc- since there are few teeth,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉz vertstrokesuperiorch?kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080
tion;itcarriestheweightofroofdeckandframing m?r}
and of wind loads on the upper chord; an exam- rose reamer [DES ENG] A reamer designed to
ple is a Fink truss,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨f vertstrokeinferiortr?s} cut on the beveled leading ends of the teeth
room [BUILD] A partitioned-off area inside a rather than on the sides,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉz vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080m?r}
Rossby diagram [THERMO] A thermodynamicbuilding or dwelling,{ ru¨m}
468
rotaryfurnace
diagram,named after its designer,with mixing large-diameter shallow holes to obtain samples
of soil lying above the groundwater level.ratio as abscissa and potential temperature as
ordinate; lines of constant equivalent potential { vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorb?kH11080?t}
rotary-combustion engine See Wankel engine.temperature are added,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙sH11080beˉ vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
Rossfeeder [MECHENG] Achute forconveying { |roˉdH11080?H11080reˉ k?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
rotarycompressor [MECH ENG] A positive-dis-bulk materials by means of a screen of heavy
endlesschainshungonasprocketshaft;rotation placement machine in whichcompression of the
fluid is effected directly by a rotor and withoutof the shaft causes materials to slide,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙s
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r } the usual piston,connecting rod,and crank
mechanism of the reciprocating compressor.Rossman drive [ENG] A method used to pro-
videspeedcontrolofalternating-currentmotors; { vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
rotarycrane [MECH ENG] A crane consisting ofan induction motor stator is mounted on trun-
nionbearingsanddrivenwithanauxiliarymotor,a boom pivoted to a fixed or movable structure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}to provide the desired change in slip between
the stator and rotor,{ vertstrokesuperiorro˙sH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv} rotary crusher [MECH ENG] Solids-reduction
device in which a high-speed rotating cone on arotameter [ENG] A variable-area,constant-
head,rate-of-flow volume meter in which the vertical shaft forces solids against a surrounding
shell,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}fluidflowsupwardthroughataperedtube,lifting
ashapedweighttoapositionwhereupwardfluid rotary-cupoilburner [ENG] Oilburnerthatuses
centrifugal force to spray fuel oil from a rotaryforce just balances its weight,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortamH11080?dH11080?r}
rotary [MECH ENG] 1,A rotary machine,such fuelatomizingcupintothecombustionchamber.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ |k?p vertstrokesuperioro˙il vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}as a rotary printing press or a rotary well-drilling
machine,2,The turntable and its supporting rotary cutter [MECH ENG] Device used to cut
tough or fibrous materials by the shear actionandrotatingassemblyinawell-drillingmachine.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ } betweentwosetsofblades,onesetonarotating
holder,the other stationary on the surroundingrotaryabutmentmeter [ENG] A type of positive
displacement meter in which two displacement casing,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
rotary-disk contactor [CHEM ENG] Liquid-liq-rotating vanes interleave with cavities on an
abutment rotor in such a way that the three uid contactor,having a vertical cylindrical shell
with vertical rotating shaft upon which areelementsaregearedtogether,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ?vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080
m?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } mounted a spaced series of flat disks; spinning
ofthedisksforcesliquidintoshell-mountedbaf-rotaryactuator [MECH ENG] A device that con-
verts electric energy into controlled rotary force; fles,causing mixing; used for liquid-liquid ex-
traction processes,Also known as RDC extrac-usually consists of an electric motor,gear box,
and limit switches,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r } tor,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ |disk vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortakH11080t?r}
rotarydrill [MECH ENG] Any of various drill ma-rotaryairheater [MECHENG] Aregenerative air
heater in which heat-transferring members are chines that rotate a rigid,tubular string of rods
to which is attached a rock cutting bit,such asmoved alternately through the gas and air
streams,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r } an oil well drilling apparatus,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiordril }
rotary drilling [MECH ENG] The act or processrotary annular extractor [MECH ENG] Vertical,
cylindrical shell with an inner,rotating cylinder; of drilling a borehole by means of a rotary-drill
machine,such as in drilling an oil well,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080liquids to be contacted flow countercurrently
throughtheannularspacebetweentherotorand?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
rotary dryer [MECH ENG] A cylindrical furnaceshell;usedforliquid-liquidextractionprocesses.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperioranH11080y?H11080l?rikvertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080t?r } slightly inclinedto thehorizontal androtated on
suitable bearings; moisture is removed by risingrotaryatomizer [MECH ENG] A hydraulic atom-
izer having the pump and nozzle combined,hot gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080?r}
rotaryengine [MECH ENG] A positive displace-{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
rotary belt cleaner [MECH ENG] A series of ment engine (such as a steam or internal com-
bustion type) in which the thermodynamic cycleblades symmetrically spaced about the axis of
rotation and caused to scrape or beat against is carried out in a mechanism that is entirely
rotary and without the more customary struc-the conveyor belt for the purpose of cleaning.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorbelt vertstrokeinferiorkleˉH11080n?r } tural elements of a reciprocating piston,con-
necting rods,and crankshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080rotary blower [MECH ENG] Positive-displace-
ment,rotating-impeller,air-movement device; j?n}
rotary excavator See bucket-wheel excavator.can be straight-lobe,screw,sliding-vane,or liq-
uid-piston type,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorbloˉH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
rotaryfeeder [MECHENG] Deviceinwhich aro-rotary boring [MECH ENG] A system of boring
inwhichrockpenetrationisachievedbytherota- tating element or vane discharges powder or
granules at a predetermined rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉtion of the hollow cutting tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ
vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i? } vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r}
rotaryfilter See drum filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}rotary bucket [MECH ENG] A 12- to 96-inch-
diameter (30- to 244-centimeter) posthole rotaryfurnace [MECH ENG] A heat-treating fur-
nace of circular construction which rotates theaugerlike device,the bottom end of which is
equipped with cutting teeth used to rotary-drill workpiece around the axis of the furnace during
469
rotarykiln
heat treatment; workpieces are transported Procedure for solidifying layers of solids onto
the outside surface of an inside-cooled drumthrough the furnace along a circular path.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s } that is partly immersed in a melt of the solids
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? |dr?m vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?r}rotary kiln [ENG] A long cylindrical kiln lined
with refractory,inclined at a slight angle,and rotating meter See velocity-type flowmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉ
vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}rotated at a slow speed,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorkil }
rotary-percussive drill [MECH ENG] Drilling rotating spreader [ENG] Plastics-molding in-
jectiondeviceconsistingofafinnedtorpedothatmachine which operates as a rotary machine by
the action of repeated blows to the bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080 is rotated by a shaft extending through a tubular
cross-sectioninjectionrambehindit,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?H11080reˉ p?rvertstrokesuperiork?sH11080iv vertstrokesuperiordril }
rotary pump [MECH ENG] A displacement i?vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080?r}
rotating viscometer vacuum gage [ENG] Va-pump that delivers a steady flow by the action
of two members in rotational contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080 cuum (reduced-pressure) measurement device
in which the torque on a spinning armature is?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
rotaryroughening [MECH ENG] A metal prepa- proportional to the viscosity (and the pressure)
of the rarefied gas being measured; sensitive forration technique in which the workpiece surface
is roughened by a cutting tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorr?fH11080 absolute pressures of 1 millimeter of mercury
(133.32 pascals),down to a fewtens of microme-?H11080ni? }
rotaryshear [MECHENG] Asheet-metalcutting ters,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
rotation [MECH] Also known as rotational mo-machine having tworotary-disk cutters mounted
on parallel shafts and driven in unison,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080 tion,1,Motion of a rigid body in which either
one point is fixed,or all the points on a straight?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorshir }
rotaryshotdrill [MECH ENG] A rotary drill used line are fixed,2,Angular displacement of a
rigid body,3,The motion of a particle about ato drill blastholes,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiordril }
rotary swager [MECH ENG] A machine for re- fixed point,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
rotational casting [ENG] Method to make hol-ducingdiameterorwallthicknessofabarortube
by delivering hammerlike blows to the surface of low plastic articles from plastisols and lattices
using a hollow mold rotated in one or twothe work supported on a mandrel,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ
vertstrokesuperiorswaˉH11080j?r } planes; the hot mold fuses the plastisol into a
gel,which is then chilled and the productrotarytable [MECH ENG] A milling machine at-
tachment consisting of a round table with T- stripped out,Also known as rotational mold-
ing,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkastH11080i? }shaped slots and rotated by means of a hand-
wheel actuating a worm and worm gear,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080 rotationalenergy [MECH] The kinetic energy of
arigidbodyduetorotation,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lvertstrokesuperiorenH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080b?l}
rotary vacuum filter See drum filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ?rH11080jeˉ }
rotationalimpedance [MECH] Acomplex quan-vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
rotaryvalve [MECH ENG] A valve for the admis- tity,equal to the phasor representing the alter-
nating torque acting on a system divided by thesion or release of working fluid to or from an
engine cylinder where the valve member is a phasor representing the resulting angular veloc-
ity in the direction of the torque at its point ofported piston that turns on its axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080
reˉ vertstrokesuperiorvalv } application,Also known as mechanical rota-
tional impedance,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?limvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns }rotary-vanemeter [ENG] A type of positive-dis-
placement rate-of-flow meter having spring- rotational inertia See moment of inertia,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
sh?nH11080?livertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }loaded vanes mounted on an eccentric drum in
a circular cavity; each time the drum rotates,a rotationalmoldingSeerotational casting,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉldH11080i? }fixed volume of fluid passes through the meter.
{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ |vaˉn vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r} rotational reactance [MECH] The imaginary
part of the rotational impedance,Also knownrotary voltmeter [ENG] Type of electrostatic
voltmeter used for measuring high voltages,as mechanical rotational reactance,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
sh?nH11080?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?ns }{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
rotating-beam ceilometer [ENG] An electronic,rotational resistance [MECH] The real part of
rotational impedance; it is responsible for dissi-automatic-recording meteorological device
which determines cloud height by means of tri- pation of energy,Also known as mechanical
rotational resistance,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080angulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? |beˉmseˉvertstrokesuperiorla¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
rotating-coil gaussmeter [ENG] An instrument t?ns }
rotational stability [MECH] Property of a bodyfor measuring low magnetic field strengths and
flux densities by measuring the voltage induced for which a small angular displacement sets up
a restoring torque that tends to return the bodyin a search coil that is rotated in the field at
constant speed,{ vertstrokeinferiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙il vertstrokesuperiorgau˙svertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080 to its original position,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lst?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080
dH11080eˉ }?r}
rotating coordinate system [MECH] A coordi- rotationalstrain [MECH] Straininwhichtheori-
entation of the axes of strain is changed.nate system whose axes as seen in an inertial
coordinate system are rotating,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080i? {roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
rotational traverse [MECH ENG] The maximumkoˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
rotating-drum heat transfer [CHEM ENG] angle through which a body can rotate with one
470
routing
point of the body remaining fixed at an axis or round [ENG] Aseriesofshotsfiredeithersimul-
taneously or with delay periods between them.center,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?ltr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
{ rau˙nd }rotational viscometer See Couette viscometer.
round-face bit [DES ENG] Any bit with a{roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?lvivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
rounded cutting face,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd |faˉs vertstrokesuperiorbit }rotationanemometer [ENG] Atypeofanemom-
round file [DES ENG] A file having a circulareterinwhichtherotationofanelementservesto
cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl}measure the wind speed; rotation anemometers
round-head bolt [DES ENG] A bolt having aare divided into two classes,those in which the
rounded head at one end,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd |hed vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
axis of rotation is horizontal,as exemplified by
round-head buttress dam [CIV ENG] A mass
the windmill anemometer; and those in which
concrete dam built of parallel buttresses thick-
the axis is vertical,such as the cup anemometer.
ened at the upstream end until they meet.
{roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd |hed vertstrokesuperiorb?H11080tr?s vertstrokeinferiordam }
rotationcoefficients [MECH] Factors employed
roundnosechisel [DES ENG] A chisel having a
in computingthe effects on rangeand deflection
rounded cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd|noˉs vertstrokesuperiorchizH11080?l}
which are caused by the rotation of the earth;
roundnosetool [DES ENG] A large-radius-nose
they are published only in firing tables involving
cutting tool generally used in finishing opera-
comparatively long ranges,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd|noˉs vertstrokesuperiortu¨l}
ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?ns }
roundstrandrope [DESENG] Aropecomposed
rotation firing [ENG] Setting off explosions so
generally of six strands twisted together or laid
that each hole throws its burden toward the
to form the rope around a core of hemp,sisal,
space made by the preceding explosions.
or manila,or,in a wire-cored rope,around a
{roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉrH11080i? }
central strand composed of individual wires.
rotation moment See torque,{ roˉvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd |strand vertstrokesuperiorroˉp}
m?nt }
round trip [ENG] The combined operations of
rotator [MECH] A rotating rigid body,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉ
enteringandleavingaholeduringdrillingopera-
vertstrokeinferiortaˉdH11080?r}
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙nd |trip }
rotor [ELEC] The rotating member of an electri-
rout [MECH ENG] To gouge out,make a furrow,
calmachineordevice,suchastherotatingarma-
or otherwise machine a wood member,{ rau˙t}
ture of a motor or generator,or the rotating
route locking [CIV ENG] Electrically locking in
plates of a variable capacitor,[MECH ENG]
position switches,movable point frogs,or de-
See impeller,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?r}
rails on the route of a train,after the train has
rough-axedbrickSeeaxedbrick,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f |akst vertstrokesuperiorbrik }
passed a proceed signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t vertstrokeinferiorla¨kH11080i? }
roughcast [CIV ENG] A rough finish on a sur-
router [DESENG] 1.Achiselwithacurvedpoint
face; in particular,a plaster made of lime and
for cleaning out features such as grooves and
shells or pebbles,applied by throwing it against
mortises on wood members,2,See router
a wall with a trowel,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?fvertstrokeinferiorkast }
plane,[MECHENG] Amachinetoolwitharap-
roughcut [ENG] A heavy cut (or cuts) made be-
idly rotating vertical spindle and cutter for mak-
fore the finish cut,the primary object of which
ing furrows,mortises,and similar grooves.
is the rapid removal of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f vertstrokeinferiork?t}
{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙dH11080?r}
roughgrinding [MECH ENG] Preliminary grind-
router plane [DES ENG] A plane for cutting
ing without regard to finish,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
grooves and smoothing the bottom of grooves.
rough hardware [ENG] Utility items such as
Also known as router,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
nails,sash balances,and studs,without attrac-
routesurvey [CIV ENG] A survey for the design
tive finished appearance,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f vertstrokesuperiorha¨rdvertstrokeinferiorwer }
and construction of linear works,such as roads
roughing [ENG] Thestartofevacuationofavac-
and pipelines,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨t vertstrokeinferiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
uum system under test for leaks,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?fH11080i? }
Routh’s procedure [MECH] A procedure for
roughingtool [ENG] A single-point cutting tool
modifying the Lagrangian of a system so that
having a sharp or small-radius nose,used for
the modified function satisfies a modified form
deep cuts and rapid material removal from the
ofLagrange’sequationsin whichignorablecoor-
workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?fH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
dinates are eliminated,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨ths pr?vertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080j?r}
roughmachining [MECH ENG] Preliminary ma-
Routh’s rule of inertia [MECH] The moment of
chining without regard to finish,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?fm?
inertia of a body about an axis of symmetry
vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }
equalsM(a
2
H11001b
2
)/n,whereMis the body’s mass,
roughness-widthcutoff [MECH ENG] The maxi-
a and b are the lengths of the body’s two other
mum width of surface irregularities included in perpendicular semiaxes,and n equals 3,4,or 5
roughness height measurements,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?fH11080n?s depending on whether the body is a rectangular
|width vertstrokesuperiork?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f} parallelepiped,elliptic cylinder,or ellipsoid,re-
roughthreading [ENG] 1,Rapid removal of the spectively,{ vertstrokesuperiorrau˙ths vertstrokesuperiorru¨l?vivertstrokesuperiorn?rH11080sh? }
bulk of the material in a threading operation,routing [ENG] A manufacturing process in
2.Rougheningasurfacepriortohot-metalspray- which wooden parts are fabricated in various
ing to enhance adhesions,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f vertstrokesuperiorthredH11080i? } configurations; in high-speed industrial applica-
rough turning [MECH ENG] The removal of ex- tions,an overhead cutting tool drills into the
cess stock from a workpiece as rapidly and effi- workpiece and then cuts the desired interior
shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨dH11080i? }ciently as possible,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?f vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i? }
471
rowlockcourse
rowlock course [CIV ENG] A course of bricks a petroleum refinery unit during a given time;
often used colloquially in relation to the type oflaid on their sides so that only their ends are
visible,{ vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorla¨k vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs } stock being processed,as in crude run or naph-
tha run,2,A processing-cycle or batch-treat-rpm See revolution per minute.
rps See revolution per second,ment operation,[ENG] A portion of pipe or
fitting lying in a straight line in the same direc-RTL See resistor-transistor logic.
rubberbelt [DESENG] Aconveyorbeltthatcon- tion of flow as the pipe to which it is con-
nected,{ r?n}sistsessentiallyofarubber-coveredfabric;fabric
is cotton,or nylon or other synthetic fiber,with runalineofsoundings [ENG] Toobtainaseries
of soundings along a course line,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?n? |l?ˉnsteel-wire reinforcement,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorbelt }
rubberblanket [ENG] A rubber sheet used as a?v vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?z}
runaway effect [ELECTR] The phenomenonfunctional die in rubber forming,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorbla?H11080k?t } whereby an increase in temperature causes an
increase in a collector-terminal current in a tran-rubber-covered steel conveyor [DES ENG] A
steel conveyor band with a cover of rubber sistor,which in turn results in a higher tempera-
ture and,ultimately,failure of the transistor; thebonded to the steel,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r |k?vH11080?rd vertstrokesuperiorsteˉl
k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r } effect limits the power output of the transistor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }rubberplating [ENG] The laying down of a rub-
ber coating onto metals by electrodeposition or runback [CHEM ENG] A pipe through which all
or part of a distillation column’s overhead con-by ionic coagulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorplaˉdH11080i? }
rubberwheel [DESENG] Agrindingwheelmade densatecanberunbackintothecolumn,instead
of being drawn off as product,[ENG] 1,Towith rubber as the bonding agent,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorweˉl } retract the drill feed mechanism to its starting
position,2,To drill slowly downward towardrubble [CIV ENG] 1,Rough,broken stones and
otherdebrisresultingfromthedeteriorationand the bottom of the hole when the drill string has
been lifted off-bottom for rechucking,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ndestruction of a building,2,Rough stone or
brick used in coarse masonry or to fill the space vertstrokeinferiorbak }
rundownline [CHEMENG] Alinefromaprocessin a wall between the facing courses,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?l}
rubble-moundstructure [CIV ENG] A mound of unit that connects the look box in the receiving
house with the tank in which the product is tem-nonselectively formed and placed stones which
are protected with a covering layer of selected porarily stored,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
rundowntank [CHEM ENG] A tank in which thestones or of specially shaped concrete armored
elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?bH11080?l |mau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?r } product from a still,agitator,or other processing
equipmentis received,and fromwhich theprod-rubidiummagnetometerSee rubidium-vapor mag-
netometer,{ ru¨vertstrokesuperiorbidH11080eˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r } uct is pumped to larger storage tanks,Also
known as pan tank; receiving tank,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nrubidium-vapor magnetometer [ENG] A highly
sensitive magnetometer in which the spin pre- vertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
Rungevector [MECH] A vector which describescession principle is combined with optical
pumping and monitoring for detecting and re- certain unchanging features of a nonrelativistic
two-body interaction obeying an inverse-squarecording variations as small as 0.01 gamma (0.1
microoersted) in the total magnetic field inten- law,either in classical or quantum mechanics;
its constancy is a reflection of the symmetry in-sity of the earth,Also known as rubidium mag-
netometer,{ ru¨vertstrokesuperiorbidH11080eˉH11080?m |vaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080 herentintheinverse-squareinteraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorrH11080
vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}?dH11080?r}
rudder [ENG] 1.Aflat,usuallyfoil-shapedmov- runin [ENG] To lower the assembled drill rods
and auxiliary equipment into a borehole.ablecontrolsurfaceattacheduprighttothestern
of a boat,ship,or aircraft,and used to steer the { vertstrokesuperiorr?n vertstrokesuperiorin }
runner [ENG] In a plastics injection or transfercraft,2,See rudder angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?dH11080?r}
rudderangle [ENG] The acute angle between a mold,the channel (usually circular) that con-
nects the sprue with the gate to the mold cavity.ship or plane’s rudder and its fore-and-aft line.
Also known as rudder,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l} {vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080?r}
runningblockSeetraveling block,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}rule-based control system See direct expert con-
trol system,running bond [CIV ENG] A masonry bond in-
volving the placing of each brick as a stretcherrule of 80-20 See Pareto’s law,{ |ru¨l?v vertstrokesuperioraˉdH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiortwenH11080teˉ } and overlapping the bricks in adjoining courses.
{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080i? |ba¨nd }ruler [ENG] A graduated strip of wood,metal,
or other material,used to measure lines or as a runningfit [DESENG] Theintentionaldifference
in dimensions of mating mechanical parts thatguide in drawing lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨lH11080?r}
rumble See turntable rumble,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?mH11080b?l } permits them to move relative to each other.
{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080i? |fit }run [BUILD] 1.The horizontal distance from the
face of a wall to the ridge of the roof,2,The running gear [MECH ENG] The means em-
ployed to support a truck and its load and towidth of a single tread in a stairway,3,The
horizontal distance traversed by a flight of steps,provide rolling-friction contact with the running
surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgir }4,The runway or track for a window,[CHEM
ENG] 1,The amount of feedstock processed by running-in [ENG] The process of operating new
472
Rzeppajoint
or repaired machinery or equipment in order to column containing separation plates,baffles,
and mixing impellers,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?shH11080t?n vertstrokesuperioroˉlvertstrokeinferiorshu¨ vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080detect any faults and to ensure smooth,free
operationofpartsbeforedelivery,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorin }?m}
Russell movable-wall oven [CHEM ENG] Anrun-on See dieseling,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nvertstrokeinferioro˙n}
run-out time [IND ENG] Time required by ma- oven for coal carbonization which cokes a 400-
pound (180-kilogram) charge in a horizontal,12-chine tools after cutting time is finished before
tool and material are completely free of interfer- inch-wide (30-centimeter) chamber,heated from
both sides,but with one side floating and bal-ence and before the start of the next sequence
of operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nvertstrokeinferiorau˙t vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm } anced against scales,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?sH11080?l |mu¨vH11080?H11080b?l |wo˙l
vertstrokeinferior?vH11080?n}run-time data [MECH ENG] Information ob-
tained from sensors during a machine’s regular rustjoint [ENG] Ajoint towhich someoxidizing
agent is applied either to cure a leak or to with-operation and used to improve its performance.
{ vertstrokesuperiorr?n |t?ˉm vertstrokesuperiordadH11080? } stand high pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?st vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
rustprevention [ENG] Surfaceprotectionoffer-runway [CIV ENG] A straight path,often hard-
surfaced,within a landing strip,normally used rous structures or equipment to prevent forma-
tion of iron oxide; can be by coatings,surfacefor landing and takeoff of aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?nvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
Ru¨ping process [ENG] A system for preserva- treatment,plating,chemicals,cathodic arrange-
ments,or other means,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?st privertstrokeinferiorvenH11080ch?n}tive treatment of wood by using positive initial
pressure,followed by introduction of the preser- R-value [ENG] An index of the ability of a sub-
stance or material to retard the flow of heat;vative and release of air,creating a vacuum.
{ vertstrokesuperiorru¨pH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s } higher numerical values correspond to higher
insulating ability,{ vertstrokesuperiora¨r vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }rupture disk device [MECH ENG] A nonreclos-
ing pressurerelief device which relievesthe inlet Rzeppajoint [MECHENG] A special application
of the Bendix-Weiss universal joint in which fourstatic pressure in a system through the bursting
of a disk,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?pH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiordisk divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs } large balls are transmitting elements,while a
centerballactsasaspacer;ittransmitsconstantRushton-Oldshue column [CHEM ENG] A mix-
ing unit used for continuous pipeline blending angular velocity through a single universal joint.
{ vertstrokesuperiorzhepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }in which two-phase contacting is desired; it is a
473
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S
used to transport such liquids for filling andS See siemens.
supply purposes within local areas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉSabathe′’scycle [MECH ENG] An internal com-
vertstrokeinferiorkan }bustion engine cycle in which part of the com-
safety chuck [DES ENG] Any drill chuck onbustion is explosive and part at constant pres-
which the heads of the set screws do not pro-sure,{ |saH11080b?|taˉz vertstrokeinferiorsiH11080k?l}
trude beyond the outer periphery of the chuck.saber saw [MECH ENG] A portable saw con-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorch?k}sisting of an electric motor,a straight saw blade
safety engineer [IND ENG] A person who in-with reciprocating mechanism,a handle,ba-
spects all possible danger spots in a factory,seplate,and other essential parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080b?r
mine,or other industrial building or plant.vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornir }saccharimeter [ENG] An instrument for mea-
safety engineering [IND ENG] The testing andsuringtheamountofsugarinasolution,oftenby
evaluating of equipment and procedures to pre-determiningthechangeinpolarizationproduced
vent accidents,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }by the solution,{ vertstrokeinferiorsakH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
safetyfactor [ELEC] The amount of load,abovesaccharometer [ENG] An instrument for mea-
the normal operating rating,that a device cansuring the amount of sugar in a solution,by
handle without failure,[MECH] See factor ofdetermining either the specific gravity or the
safety,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}gases produced by fermentation,{ vertstrokeinferiorsakH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
safety flange [DES ENG] A type of flange with?dH11080?r}
tapered sides designed to keep a wheel intactsacrificialcompliantsubstrateSee compliant sub-
in the event of accidental breakage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉstrate,{ vertstrokeinferiorsakH11080r?|fishH11080?lk?m|pl?ˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstraˉt}
vertstrokeinferiorflanj }saddle [DES ENG] A support shaped to fit the
safetyfuse [ENG] Atrainofblackpowderwhichobject being held,{ vertstrokesuperiorsadH11080?l}
is enclosed in cotton,jute yarn,and waterproof-saddle-type turret lathe [MECH ENG] A turret
ing compounds,and which burns at the rate oflathe designed without a ram and with the turret
2 feet (60 centimeters) per minute; it is usedmounted directly on a support (saddle) which
mainly for small-scale blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨z}slidesonthebedwaysofthelathe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsadH11080?l |t?ˉp
safety hoist [MECH ENG] A hoisting gear thatvertstrokesuperiort?rH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
does not continue running when tension is re-SAE number [ENG] A classification of motor,
leased,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist }transmission,and differential lubricants to indi-
safety hook [DES ENG] A hoisting hook with acate viscosities,standardized by the Society of
spring-loaded latch that prevents the load fromAutomotiveEngineers;SAEnumbersdonotcon-
accidentally slipping off the hook,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉnote quality of the lubricant,{ vertstrokeinferiorevertstrokeinferiorsaˉvertstrokesuperioreˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080
vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}b?r}
safety level of supply [IND ENG] The quantitysafeload [MECH] The stress,usually expressed
of material,in addition to the operating level ofin tons per square foot,which a soil or founda-
supply,requiredtobeonhandtopermitcontinu-tion can safely support,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉf vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
ousoperationsintheeventofminorinterruptionsafety [ENG] Methods and techniques of
ofnormalreplenishmentorunpredictablefluctu-avoiding accident or disease,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }
safetybelt [ENG] Astrongstraporharnessused ations in demand,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?l?vs?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ }
safetymatch [ENG] Amatchthatcanbeignitedto fasten a person to an object,such as the seat
of an airplane or automobile,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorbelt } only when struck against a specially made fric-
tion surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiormach }safetybolt [CIVENG] A bolt that can be opened
from only one side of the door or gate it fastens,safety plug [ENG] A protective device used on
a heated pressure vessel (for example,a steam{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
safety can [ENG] A cylindrical metal container boiler),and containing a fusible element that
melts at a predetermined safe temperature toused for temporary storage or handling of flam-
mable liquids,such as gasoline,naphtha,and preventthebuildupofexcessivepressure,Also
known as fusible plug,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}benzine,in buildings not provided with properly
constructed storage rooms; these cans are also safetyrail See guardrail,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
safetyreliefvalve
safetyrelief valve See safety valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ rivertstrokesuperiorleˉf salinometer [ENG] An instrument that meas-
ureswatersalinitybymeansofelectricalconduc-vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
tivity or by a hydrometer calibrated to give per-safety shoe [ENG] A special shoe without
centage of salt directly,{ vertstrokeinferiorsalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}spark-producing nails or plates,worn by person-
salt [ENG] To add an accelerator or retardant to
nel working around explosives,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorshu¨ }
cement,{ so˙lt }
safetystop [MECH ENG] 1.On a hoisting appa-
salt-effectdistillation [CHEM ENG] A process of
ratus,a device by which the load may be pre-
extractive distillationin which a saltthat is solu-
vented from falling,2,An automatic device on
ble inthe liquid phaseof the systembeing sepa-
a hoisting engine designed to prevent overwind-
ratedisusedasaseparatingagent,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ltivertstrokeinferiorfekt
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?|laˉH11080sh?n}
safety time [IND ENG] The difference between
saltern See salt garden; saltworks,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lH11080t?rn }
the timewhen a certainmaterial willbe required
salt garden [ENG] A large,shallow basin or
and the time when the material will actually be
pond where sea water is evaporated by solar
in stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
heat,Also known as saltern,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lt vertstrokeinferiorga¨rdH11080?n}
safetyvalve [MECHENG] Aspring-loaded,pres-
saltglaze [ENG] Glaze formed on the surface of
sure-actuated valve that allows steam to escape
stoneware by putting salt into the kiln during
from a boiler at a pressure slightly above the
firing,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lt vertstrokeinferiorglaˉz}
safe working level of the boiler; fitted by law to
salt-gradient solar pond See solar pond,{ |so˙lt
all boilers,Also known as safety relief valve.
|graˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt |soˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpa¨nd }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
salt grainer [CHEM ENG] Type of evaporative
safeyield [CIV ENG] The maximum dependable
crystallizer in which the solution is kept hot,
draft that can be made continuously upon a
andsupersaturationisdevelopedbyevaporation
source of water supply over a given period of
rather than by cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lt vertstrokeinferiorgraˉnH11080?r}
time during which the probable driest period,
salting-out effect [CHEM ENG] The growth of
and therefore period of greatest deficiency in
crystalsofasubstanceonheated,liquid-holding
water supply,is likely to occur,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉf vertstrokesuperioryeˉld }
surfaces of a crystallizing evaporator as a result
Saint Venant’s compatibility equations [MECH]
of the decrease in solubility of the substance
Equations for the components e
ij
of the strain
with increase in temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lH11080ti? |au˙t
tensor that follow from their integrability,
ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
namely,(e
ij
)
kl
H11001 (e
kl
)
ij
H11002 (e
ik
)
jl
H11002 (e
jl
)
ik
H11005 0,where
saltvelocitymeter [ENG] A rate-of-flow volume
i,j,k,and l can take on any of the values x,y,
meter used to find the transit time of passage
and z,and subscripts outside the parentheses between two fixed points of a small quantity of
indicate partial differentiation,{ vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nz salt or radioactive isotope in a flowing stream
k?mvertstrokeinferiorpadH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080sh?nz } by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation
Saint Venant’s principle [MECH] The principle level at those points,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lt v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
that the strains that result from application,to?r}
salt well [ENG] A bored or driven well froma small part of a body’s surface,of a system of
which brine is obtained,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙lt vertstrokeinferiorwel }forces that are statically equivalent to zero force
saltworks [ENG] A building or group of build-and zero torque become negligible at distances
ings where salt is produced commercially,as by
which are large compared with the dimensions
extraction from sea water or from the brine of
of the part,{ vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨nz vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
salt springs,Also known as salina; saltern.
salamanderstove [ENG] Asmallportablestove
{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ltvertstrokeinferiorw?rks }
usedfor temporaryor emergencyheat; forexam-
salvageprocedure [ENG] Therecovery,evacua-
ple,on construction sites or in greenhouses.
tion,and reclamation of damaged,discarded,
{ vertstrokesuperiorsalH11080?vertstrokeinferiormanH11080d?r vertstrokesuperiorstoˉv}
condemned,orabandonedmaterial,ships,craft,
salimeter [ENG] A hydrometer graduated to
and floating equipment for reuse,repair,refabri-
read directly the percentage of salt in a solution
cation,or scrapping,{ vertstrokesuperiorsalH11080vij pr?vertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080j?r}
such as brine,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlimH11080?dH11080?r}
salvage value [ENG] 1,The cost that could be
salina See saltworks,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080n? }
recoveredfromthesaleofusedequipmentwhen
saline-waterreclamation [CHEM ENG] Purifica-
removed or scrapped,2,The actual market
tion and removal of salts from brine or brackish
value of a specific facility or equipment at a par-
water by ion exchange,crystallization,distilla-
ticular point in time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsalH11080vij vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
tion,evaporation,and reverse osmosis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉ
sample-and-holdcircuit [ELECTR] Acircuitthat
vertstrokeinferiorleˉn vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080l?vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080sh?n}
measures an input signal at a series of definite
salinity-temperature-depth recorder [ENG] An
times,and whose output remains constant at a
instrument consisting of sensing elements usu-
valuecorrespondingtothemostrecentmeasure-
ally lowered from a stationary ship,and a re-
ment until the next measurement is made.
corder on board which simultaneously records
{ |samH11080p?l?n vertstrokesuperiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
measurements of temperature,salinity,and sampled-data control system [CONT SYS] A
depth,Also known as CTD recorder; STD re- form of control system in which the signal ap-
corder,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlinH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokesuperiordepth ri pears at one or more points in the system as a
sequence of pulses or numbers usually equallyvertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
476
sandpump
spaced in time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080p?ld |dadH11080? k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl samplingtime [ENG] The time between succes-
sive measurements of a physical quantity.vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}sample log [ENG] Record of core samples or
sampling voltmeter [ENG] A special type ofdrillcuttings;givesgeological,visual,andhydro-
voltmeter that detects the instantaneous valuecarbon-content record versus depth of drilling.
of an input signal at prescribed times by means{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080p?l vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
of an electronic switch connecting the signal tosampler [CONTSYS] Adevice,usedinsampled-
a memory capacitor; it is particularly effective indata control systems,whose output is a series
detecting high-frequency signals (up to 12 giga-
of impulses at regular intervals in time; the
hertz) or signals mixed with noise,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?
height of each impulse equals the value of the
vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
continuous input signal at the instant of the
samsonpost See king post,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
impulse,[ENG] A mechanical or other device
sandbag [ENG] A bag filled with sand; used to
designed to obtain small samples of materials
build temporary protective walls,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorbag }
foranalysis;usedinbiology,chemistry,andgeol-
sandblasting [ENG] Surface treatment in which
ogy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
steel grit,sand,or other abrasive material is
samplesplitter [ENG] An instrument,generally
blown against an object to produce a roughened
constructed of acrylic resin,designed to subdi-
surface orto removedirt,rust,and scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan
vide a total sample of marine plankton while
vertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
maintaining aquantitatively correct relationship
sanddrain [CIV ENG] A vertical boring through
between the various phyla in the sample.
a clay or silty soil filled with sand or gravel to
{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080p?l vertstrokeinferiorsplidH11080?r}
facilitate drainage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
sampling [ENG] Process of obtaining a se-
sander [MECH ENG] 1,An electric machine
quence of instantaneous values of a wave.
usedtosandthesurfaceofwood,metal,orother
{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? }
material,2,A device attached to a locomotive
sampling bottle [ENG] A cylindrical container,
or electric rail car which sands the rails to in-
usually closed at a chosen depth,to trap a water
crease friction on the driving wheels,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanH11080
sample and transport it to the surface without
d?r}
introducing contamination,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080
sand filter [CIV ENG] A filter consisting of
l}
gradedlayersofsand andaggregateforpurifying
sampling gate [ELECTR] A gate circuit that ex-
domestic water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
tracts information from the input waveform only
sandfinish [ENG] A smooth finish on a plaster
when activated by a selector pulse,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080
surfacemadebyrubbingthesandormortarcoat.
pli?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorfinH11080ish }
samplinginterval [CONTSYS] Thetimebetween
sandheapanalogySee sand hill analogy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsand
successive sampling pulses in a sampled-data
vertstrokeinferiorheˉp?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080jeˉ }
control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rH11080v?l}
sandhillanalogy [MECH] A formal identity be-
samplingplan [IND ENG] Aplan stating sample
tween the differential equation and boundary
sizes and the criteria for accepting or rejecting
conditions for a stress function for torsion of a
items or taking another sample during inspec-
perfectly plastic prismatic bar,and those for the
tion of a group of items,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorplan }
height of the surface of a granular material,such
sampling probe [ENG] A leak-testing probe
as dry sand,which has a constant angle of rest.
which collects tracer gas from the test area of
Also known as sand heap analogy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsand vertstrokeinferiorhil
an object under pressure and feeds it to the
vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080jeˉ }
leak detector at reduced pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?
sandhog [ENG] A worker in compressed-air en-
vertstrokeinferiorproˉb}
vironments,as in driving tunnels by means of
sampling process [ENG] The process of ob-
pneumatic caissons,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorha¨g}
taining a sequence of instantaneous values of
sanding [ENG] 1.Covering ormixing withsand.
some quantity that varies continuously with
2,Smoothing a surface with sandpaper or other
time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
abrasive paper or cloth,{ vertstrokesuperiorsandH11080i? }
sampling rate [ENG] The rate at which meas-
sand line [ENG] A wire line used to raise and
urements of physical quantities are made; for
lower a bailer or sand pump to remove cuttings
example,if it is desired to calculate the velocity
from a borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
of a missile and its position is measured each
sand mill [MECH ENG] Variation of a ball-type
millisecond,then the sampling rate is 1000
size-reduction mill in which grains of sand serve
measurements per second,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorraˉt} as grinding balls,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiormil }
sampling risk [IND ENG] In inspection proce- sandpile [CIV ENG] A compacted filling of sand
dure,the probability,under the sampling plan in a deep round hole formed by ramming the
used,that acceptable material will be rejected sand with a pile; used for foundations in soft
or that unsatisfactory material will be accepted,soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorrisk } sandpit [CIV ENG] An excavation dug in sand,
sampling synthesis [ENG ACOUS] Any method especially as a source of sand for construction
of synthesizing musical tones that is based on materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorpit }
playing back digitally recorded sounds,{ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080 sandpump [MECHENG] Apump,usuallyacen-
trifugal type,capable of handling sand- andpli?vertstrokeinferiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}
477
sandreel
gravel-laden liquids without clogging or wearing metal that separate the panes of glass in a win-
dow,Also known as glazing bar; muntin; win-unduly; used to extract mud and cuttings from
dow bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorsash vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}a borehole,Also known as sludge pump.
sash cord [BUILD] A cord or chain used to at-{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
tach a counterweight to the window sash.
sand reel [MECH ENG] A drum,operated by a
{ vertstrokesuperiorsash vertstrokeinferiorko˙rd }
band wheel,for raising or lowering the sand
satellite and missile surveillance [ENG] The
pump or bailer during drilling operations,Also
systematic observation of aerospace for the pur-
known as coring reel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorreˉl}
pose of detecting,tracking,and characterizing
sandslinger [MECH ENG] A machine which de-
objects,events,andphenomenaassociatedwith
livers sand to and fills molds at high speed by
satellites and inflight missiles,friendly and en-
centrifugal force,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorsli?H11080?r}
emy,{ |sadH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt?n |misH11080?ls?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080l?ns }
sandtrap [ENG] A device in a conduit for trap-
saturable-coremagnetometer [ENG] A magne-
ping sand or soil particles carried by the water.
tometer that depends for its operation on the
{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiortrap }
changes in permeability of a ferromagnetic core
sand wheel [MECH ENG] A wheel fitted with
as a function of the magnetic field to be meas-
steelbucketsaroundthecircumferenceforlifting
ured,{ vertstrokesuperiorsachH11080r?H11080b?l |ko˙r vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sand or sludge out of a sump to stack it at a
saturatedvapor [THERMO] A vapor whose tem-
higher level,{ vertstrokesuperiorsan vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
perature equals the temperature of boiling at
sandwich beam See flitch girder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorwich
the pressure existing on it,{ vertstrokesuperiorsachH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?d
vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r}
sandwich construction [DES ENG] Composite
saturation [ELECTR] 1,The condition that oc-
construction of alloys,plastics,wood,or other
curs when a transistor is driven so that it be-
materials consisting of a foam or honeycomb
comes biased in the forward direction (the col-
layer laminated and glued between two hard
lectorbecomespositivewithrespecttothebase,
outer sheets,Also known as sandwich lami- for example,in a pnp type of transistor),2,See
nate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorwich k?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n} anode saturation; temperature saturation.
sandwich heating [ENG] Method for heating { vertstrokeinferiorsachH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
both sides of a thermoplastic sheet simultane- saturation specifichumidity [THERMO] A ther-
ously prior to forming or shaping,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorwich modynamic function of state; the value of the
specific humidity of saturated air at the givenvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080i? }
temperature and pressure,{ vertstrokeinferiorsachH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nsandwich laminate See sandwich construction.
sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik hyu¨vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?dH11080eˉ }{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorwich vertstrokesuperiorlamH11080?H11080n?t}
saturationvaporpressure [THERMO] Thevaporsandwich molding See coinjection molding.
pressure of a thermodynamic system,at a given{ vertstrokesuperiorsanvertstrokeinferiorwich vertstrokeinferiormo
ˉldH11080i? }
temperature,wherein the vapor of a substance
sanitary engineering [CIV ENG] A field of civil
is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that
engineering concerned with works and projects
substance’s pure liquid or solid phase,{ vertstrokeinferiorsachH11080
for the protection and promotion of public
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
health,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
saturator [ENG] Adevice,equipment,orperson
sanitary landfill [CIV ENG] The disposal of gar-
that saturates one material with another; exam-
bage by spreading it in layers covered with soil
plesareatankinwhichvaporsbecomesaturated
or ashes to a depth sufficient to control rats,
with ammonia from coal (in carbonization of
flies,and odors,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorlanvertstrokeinferiorfil }
coal),ahumidifier,andtheoperatorofamachine
sanitary sewer [CIV ENG] A sewer which is re-
for impregnating roofing felt with asphalt.
stricted to carrying sewage and to which storm
{ vertstrokeinferiorsachH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
and surface waters are not admitted,{ vertstrokesuperiorsanH11080
Saundersair-liftpump [MECHENG] Adevicefor
vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?r}
raising water from a well by the introduction of
sanitation [CIV ENG] The act or process of mak-
compressed air below the water level in the well.
ing healthy environmental conditions,{ vertstrokeinferiorsanH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙nH11080d?rz vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorlift vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}
sauterelle [ENG] A device used by masons for
Sargent cycle [THERMO] An ideal thermody-
tracing and forming angles,{ vertstrokeinferiorso˙dH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrel }
namic cycle consisting of four reversible proc-
Savoniusrotor [MECH ENG] A rotor composed
esses,adiabatic compression,heating at con-
of two offset semicylindrical elements rotating
stant volume,adiabatic expansion,and isobaric
about a vertical axis,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorvoˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?r}
cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨rH11080j?nt vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
Savonius windmill [MECH ENG] A windmill
sarking [BUILD] A layer of boards or bitumi-
composed of two semicylindrical offset cups
nous felt placed beneath tiles or other roofing
rotating about a vertical axis,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorvoˉH11080neˉH11080?s
to provide thermal insulation or to prevent in-
vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiormil }
gress of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨rkH11080i? }
saw [DES ENG] 1,Any of various tools con-
SASARSeesegmentedaperture-syntheticaperture
sisting ofa thin,usually steel,blade with contin-
radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨r} uous cutting teeth on the edge,2,Any similar
sash [BUILD] A frame for window glass,device or tool,such as arotating disc,in which
{ sash } a sharp continuous edge replaces the teeth.
{so˙ }sash bar [BUILD] One of the strips of wood or
478
scanningprotonmicroprobe
saw bit [DES ENG] A bit having a cutting edge when a corresponding scale factor is used ini-
tially to bring the magnitude within the range offormed by teeth shaped like those in a handsaw.
the instrument or computer,{ vertstrokesuperiorskaˉl vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ vertstrokeinferiorbit }
scaler [ELECTR] A circuit that produces an out-saw gumming [MECH ENG] Grinding away the
put pulse when a prescribed number of input
punch marks in the spaces between the teeth in
pulsesisreceived,Alsoknownascounter;scal-
saw manufacture,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ vertstrokeinferiorg?mH11080i? }
ing circuit,{ skaˉlH11080?r}
sawhorse [ENG] Awoodenrackusedtosupport
scale-up [DES ENG] Design process in which
wood that is being sawed,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙vertstrokeinferiorho˙rs }
the data of an experimental-scale operation
sawing [ENG] Cutting with a saw,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙H11080i? }
(model or pilot plant) is used for the design of
sawmill [IND ENG] A plant that houses sawing
a large (scaled-up) unit,usually of commercial
machines,[MECH ENG] A machine for cutting
size,[INDENG] Transferofanewprocessfrom
logs with a saw or a series of saws,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙vertstrokeinferiormil }
apilotplantoperationtoproductionatcommer-
sawtoothbarrel See basket,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙vertstrokeinferiortu¨th vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l}
cial levels,{ vertstrokesuperiorskaˉlvertstrokeinferior?p}
sawtooth crusher [MECH ENG] Solids crusher
scaling [ELECTR] Counting pulses with a scaler
in which feed is broken down between two saw-
whenthepulsesoccurtoofastfordirectcounting
toothed shafts rotating at different speeds.
by conventional means,[ENG] Removing
{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙vertstrokeinferiortu¨th vertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
scale (rust or salt) from a metal or other surface.
sawtoothwaveform [ELECTR] Awaveformchar-
[MECH] Expressing the terms in an equation of
acterized by a slow rise time and a sharp fall,
motion in powers of nondimensional quantities
resembling a tooth of a saw,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙vertstrokeinferiortu¨th vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv
(such as a Reynolds number),so that terms of
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
significant magnitude under conditions speci-
sax [DES ENG] A tool for chopping away the
fied in the problem can be identified,and terms
edges of roof slates; it has a pick at one end for
of insignificant magnitude can be dropped.
making nail holes,{ saks }
{ vertstrokesuperiorskaˉlH11080i? }
Sayboltcolor [ENG] A color standard for petro- scalingcircuit See scaler,{ vertstrokesuperiorska
ˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
leum products determined with a Saybolt chro- scaling factor [ELECTR] The number of input
mometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt vertstrokeinferiork?lH11080?r} pulses per output pulse of a scaling circuit.
Saybolt Furol viscosimeter [ENG] An instru- Also known as scaling ratio,[ENG] Factor
ment for measuring viscosity of very thick fluids,used in heat-exchange calculations to allow for
the loss in heat conductivity of a material be-for example,heavy oils; similar to the Saybolt
cause of the development of surface scale,asUniversal viscosimeter,but with a larger-diame-
inside pipelines and heat-exchanger tubes.ter tube so that the efflux time is about one-
{ vertstrokesuperiorskaˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}tenth that of the Universal instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉ
scaling ratio [ELECTR] See scaling factor.vertstrokeinferiorbo
ˉlt vertstrokesuperiorfyu˙vertstrokeinferiorro˙l vertstrokeinferiorvisH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
[ENG] Theratioofacertainpropertyofalabora-
Saybolt Universal viscosimeter [ENG] An in-
tory model to the same property in the natural
strument for measuring viscosity by the time it
prototype,{ vertstrokesuperiorskaˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
takes a fluid to flow through a calibrated tube;
scalpel [DES ENG] A small,straight,very sharp
used for the lighter petroleum products and
knife (or detachable blade for a knife),used for
lubricating oils,{ vertstrokesuperiorsaˉvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorvisH11080
dissecting,{ vertstrokesuperiorskalH11080p?l}
k?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
scan [ELECTR] The motion,usually periodic,
scab [BUILD] A short,flat piece of lumber that
given to the major lobe of an antenna; the proc-
is used to splice two pieces of wood set at right
ess of directing the radio-frequency beam suc-
angles to each other,{ skab }
cessively over all points in a given region of
SCADA See supervisory control and data acquisi-
space,[ENG] 1,To examine an area,a region
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorskadH11080? or |es|seˉ|aˉ|deˉvertstrokesuperioraˉ }
inspace,oraportionoftheradiospectrumpoint
scaffold [CIV ENG] A temporary or movable
by point in an ordered sequence; for example,
platformsupportedonthegroundorsuspended;
conversion of a scene or image to an electric
used for working at considerable heights above
signal or use of radar to monitor an airspace for
the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorskavertstrokeinferiorfoˉld }
detection,navigation,ortrafficcontrolpurposes.
scale [ENG] 1,A series of markings used for
2,One complete circular,up-and-down,or left-
reading the value of a quantity or setting.
to-right sweep of the radar,light,or other beam
2,To change the magnitude of a variable in a
or device used in making a scan,{ skan }
uniform way,as by multiplying or dividing by a
scanner [ENG] 1,Any device that examines an
constant factor,or the ratio of the real thing’s
area or region point by point in a continuous
magnitude to the magnitude of the model or
systematic manner,repeatedly sweeping across
analog of the model,3,A weighing device.
until the entire area or region is covered; for
4,A ruler or other measuring stick,5,A dense
example,aflying-spotscanner,2.Adevicethat
depositbondedonthesurfaceofatubeinaheat
automatically samples,measures,or checks a
exchanger or on the surface of an evaporating
number of quantities or conditions in sequence,
device,{ skaˉl} as in process control,{ vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080?r}
scalefactor [ENG] Thefactorbywhichtheread- scanning proton microprobe [ENG] An instru-
ingofaninstrumentorthesolutionofaproblem ment used for determining the spatial distribu-
tion of trace elements in samples,in which ashould be multiplied to give the true final value
479
scanningradiometer
beamofenergeticprotonsisfocusedonanarrow through the system,and balances the workload
spot which is swept over the sample,and the on machines and personnel,departments,and
characteristic x-rays emitted from the target are the entire plant,{ vertstrokesuperiorskejH11080?lH11080i? }
measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorta¨n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp} Scheffelengine [MECH ENG] A type of multiro-
scanning radiometer [ENG] An image-forming tor engine that uses nine approximately equal
system consisting of a radiometer which,by the rotors turning in the same clockwise sense.
useofaplanemirrorrotatingat45H11034totheoptical { vertstrokesuperiorshefH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080jeˉn}
axis,canseeacircular pathnormaltotheinstru- ScheibelcolumnSeeScheibelextractor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?ˉH11080b?l
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
scanning sequence [ENG] The order in which
Scheibel extractor [CHEM ENG] Liquid-liquid
the points in a region are scanned; for example,
contact vessel used in liquid-liquid extraction
in television the picture is scanned horizontally
processes,a vertical cylinder with interspersed
from left to right and vertically from top to bot-
open spaces and wire-mesh packing along its
tom,{ vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorseˉkH11080w?ns }
height,with liquid agitators in the open spaces,
scanning sonar [ENG] Sonar in which all tar-
or a vertical cylinder fully filled with wire-mesh
gets of interest are shown simultaneously,as on
packing,Also known as Scheibel column;
a radar PPI (plan position indicator) display or
Scheibel-York extractor; York-Scheibel column.
sectordisplay;thesoundpulsemaybetransmit-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?ˉH11080b?likvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r}
ted in all directions simultaneously and picked
Scheibel-York extractor See Scheibel extractor.
upbyarotatingreceivingtransducer,ortransmit-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?ˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperioryo˙rk ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r}
ted and received in only one direction at a time
schematic circuit diagram See circuit diagram.
by a scanning transducer,{ vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
{ skivertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
scantlings [BUILD] Sections of timber measur-
Schleiermacher’smethod [THERMO] Amethod
ing less than 8 inches (20 centimeters) wide and
ofdetermining thethermal conductivityof agas,
from 2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 centimeters) thick;
in which the gas is placed in a cylinder with an
used for studding,{ vertstrokesuperiorskantH11080li?z}
electrically heated wire along its axis,and the
scarfjoint [DES ENG] A joint made by the cut-
electric energy supplied to the wire and the tem-
tingofoverlappingmatingparts sothatthejoint
peratures of wire and cylinder are measured.
isnotenlargedandthepatternsarecomplemen-
{ vertstrokesuperiorshl?ˉH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨kH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
tary,and securing them by glue,fasteners,weld-
Schlumberger dipmeter [ENG] An instrument
ing,or other joining method,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨rf vertstrokeinferiorjoˉint }
that measures both the amount and direction of
scarifier [ENG] An implement or machine with
dipby readingstaken intheborehole; itconsists
downward projecting tines for breaking down a
of a long,cylindrical body with two telescoping
road surface 2 feet (60 centimeters) or less.
parts and three long,springy metal strips,ar-
{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
ranged symmetrically round the body,which
scatterometer [ENG] A microwave sensor that
press outward and make contact with the walls
is essentially a radar without ranging circuits,
of the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorshl?mH11080b?rvertstrokeinferiorzhaˉ vertstrokesuperiordipvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
used tomeasure onlythe reflectionor scattering
Schlumberger photoclinometer [ENG] An in-
coefficient while scanning the surface of the
strument that measures simultaneously the
earth from an aircraft or a satellite,{ vertstrokeinferiorskadH11080
amount and direction of the deviation of a bore-
vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
hole; the sonde,designed to lie exactly parallel
scavenging [MECH ENG] Removal of spent
to the axis of the borehole,is fitted with a small
gases from an internal combustion engine cylin-
camera on the axis of a graduated glass bowl,
der and replacement by a fresh charge or air.
in which a steel ball rolls freely and a compass
{ vertstrokesuperiorskavH11080?nH11080ji? }
is mounted in gimbals; the camera is electrically
scenario-based design [SYS ENG] A family of
operated from the surface and takes a photo-
techniques in which the use of a future system
graph of the bowl,the steel ball marks the
is concretely described at an early point in the
amountofdeviation,andthepositioninrelation
developmentprocess,andnarrativedescriptions
to the image of the compass needle gives the
of the envisage usage episodes are then em-
direction of deviation,{ vertstrokesuperiorshl?mH11080b?rvertstrokeinferiorzhaˉ vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉH11080
ployed in a variety of ways to guide the develop-
klivertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ment of the system,{ s?|nerH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorbaˉst divertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
Schmidt field balance [ENG] An instrument
scend [ENG] 1,The upward motion of the bow
that operates as both a horizontal and vertical
and stern of a vessel associated with pitching.
field balance and consists of a permanent mag-
2,The lifting of the entire vessel by waves or
net pivoted on a knife edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorshmit vertstrokesuperiorfeˉldswell,Also known as send,{ send }
vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }scheduling [IND ENG] A decision-making func-
Schneider recoil system [MECH ENG] A recoiltion that plays an important role in most manu-
system for artillery,employing the hydropneu-facturing and service industries and often allows
matic principle without a floating piston.an organization to operate with a minimum of
{ vertstrokesuperiorshn?ˉH11080d?r vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorko˙il vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}resources,Scheduling is applied in procurement
Schoenherr-Hessberger process [CHEM ENG]and production,in transportation and distribu-
A nitrogen-fixation process used in Norway; em-tion,andin information processingand commu-
ploysaverylong(22feetor7meters)alternating-nication,In manufacturing,the scheduling func-
tion coordinates the flow of parts and products current arc around which air moves in a helical
480
Scotchyoke
path in a 746-kilowatt furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?nH11080her are lengthened or shortened by the screw.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsizH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjak }vertstrokesuperiorhesvertstrokeinferiorb?rgH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
Schoop process [ENG] A process for coating scissorsbridge [CIV ENG] A light metal bridge
that can be folded and carried by a military tank.surfaces by spraying with high-velocity molten
metal particles,{ shoˉp vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s} {vertstrokesuperiorsizH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
scissorscrossover [CIV ENG] A scissor-shapedSchottky barrier [ELECTR] A transition region
formed within a semiconductor surface to serve junction between two parallel railway tracks.
Also called double crossover,{ vertstrokesuperiorsizH11080?rzas a rectifying barrier at a junction with a layer
of metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorkro˙svertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
scissorstruss [BUILD] Arooftrussin whichtheSchottky barrier diode [ELECTR] A semicon-
ductor diode formed by contact between a semi- braces cross like scissors blades,{ vertstrokesuperiorsizH11080?rz
vertstrokeinferiortr?s}conductor layer and a metal coating; it has a
nonlinear rectifying characteristic; hot carriers sclerometer [ENG] An instrument used to de-
termine thehardness of a materialby measuring(electrons for n-type material or holes for p-type
material) are emitted from the Schottky barrier the pressure needed to scratch or indent a sur-
face with a diamond point,{ skl?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}of the semiconductor and move to the metal
coating that is the diode base; since majority scleroscope [ENG] An instrument used to de-
termine thehardness of a materialby measuringcarriers predominate,there is essentially no in-
jection or storage of minority carriers to limit the height to which a standard ball rebounds
from its surface when dropped from a standardswitching speeds,Also known as hot-carrier
diode; Schottky diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ |barH11080eˉH11080?r height,{ vertstrokesuperiorsklerH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
scoop [DES ENG] 1,Any of various ladle-,vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
Schottky diode See Schottky barrier diode,shovel-,or bucketlike utensils or containers for
moving liquid or loose materials,2,A funnel-{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
Schottky-diodeFETlogic [ELECTR] Alogicgate shaped opening for channeling a fluid into a
desired path,Seeellipsoidal floodlight,[MECHconfiguration used with gallium-arsenide field-
effect transistors operating in the depletion ENG] A large shovel with a scoop-shaped
blade,{ sku¨p}mode,in which very small Schottky diodes at
the gate input provide the logical OR function scoopfish See underway sampler,{ vertstrokesuperiorsku¨pvertstrokeinferiorfish }
scope [ELECTR] See cathode-ray oscilloscope;and the level shifting required to make the input
andoutputvoltagelevelscompatible,Abbrevi- radarscope,[ENG] The work that will actually
bedoneonaprojectasdocumentedbythetermsated SDFL,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd |ef|eˉ|teˉ vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
Schottkynoise See shot noise,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz } in a contract,{ skoˉp}
scorching [CHEM ENG] Premature vulcaniza-Schottkytransistor-transistorlogic [ELECTR] A
transistor-transistor logic circuit in which a tion caused by heat during the processing of
rubber,[ENG] 1,Burning an exposed surfaceSchottky diode with forward diode voltage is
placed across the base-collector junction of the so as to change color,texture,or flavor without
consuming,2,Destroying by fire,{ vertstrokesuperiorsko˙rchH11080output transistor in order to improve the speed
of the circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tH11080keˉ tran|zisH11080t?r tran|zisH11080t?ri? }
scorch time [CHEM ENG] In rubber manufac-vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
Schuler pendulum [MECH] Any apparatus ture,the time during which a rubber compound
can be worked at a given temperature beforewhich swings,because of gravity,with a natural
period of 84.4 minutes,that is,with the same curing begins,{ vertstrokesuperiorsko˙rch vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
scoring [ENG] Scratchingthesurfaceofamate-period as a hypothetical simple pendulum
whoselengthistheearth’sradius;thependulum rial,{ vertstrokesuperiorsko˙rH11080i? }
scoringtest See L-2 test,{ vertstrokesuperiorsko˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortest }arm remains vertical despite any motion of its
pivot,and the apparatus is therefore useful in scotch [DES ENG] See scutch,[ENG] A
wooden stopblock or iron catch placed under anavigation,{ vertstrokesuperiorshu¨H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
Schuler tuning [ENG] The designing of gyro- wheel or other curved object to prevent slipping
or rolling,{ ska¨ch }scopicdevicessothattheirperiodsofoscillation
will be about 84.4 minutes,{ vertstrokesuperiorshu¨H11080l?r vertstrokeinferiortu¨nH11080i? } scotch boiler [MECH ENG] A fire-tube boiler
with one or more cylindrical internal furnacesSchweydarmechanicaldetector [ENG] A seis-
mic detector that senses and records refracted enveloped by a boiler shell equipped with five
tubes in its upper part; heat is transferred towaves; a lead sphere is suspended by a flat
spring,the sphere’s motion is magnified by an water partly in the furnace area and partly in
passage of hot gases through the tubes,Alsoaluminumconethatmovesabowaroundaspin-
dle carrying a mirror,and this motion is then known as dry-back boiler; scotch marine boiler
(marine usage),{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨ch vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}photographically recorded,{ vertstrokesuperiorshwaˉdH11080?rmi|kanH11080
iH11080k?ldivertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r} ScotchbondSeeAmerican bond,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨ch vertstrokesuperiorba¨nd }
Scotch derrick See stiffleg derrick,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨ch vertstrokesuperiorderH11080scissorengine See cat-and-mouse engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsizH11080
r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n } ik }
scotch marine boiler See scotch boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨chscissor jack [MECH ENG] A lifting jack driven
by a horizontal screw; the linkages of the jack m?|reˉn vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080?r}
Scotch yoke [MECH ENG] A type of four-barare parallelograms whose horizontal diagonals
481
Scottconnection
linkage; it is employed to convert a steady rota- scratchcoat [ENG] The first layer of plaster ap-
plied to a surface; the surface is scratched totion into a simple harmonic motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨ch
vertstrokesuperioryoˉk } improve the bond with the next coat.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskrach vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}Scott connection [ELECTR] A type of trans-
former which transmits power from two-phase scratchfilter [ENG ACOUS] A low-pass filter cir-
cuit inserted in the circuit of a phonographto three-phase systems,or vice versa,{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨t
k?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080sh?n } pickuptosuppresshigheraudiofrequenciesand
thereby minimize needle-scratch noise.Scott-Dareyprocess [CIV ENG] A chemical pre-
cipitationmethodusedforfinesolidsremovalin { vertstrokesuperiorskrach vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
screed [BUILD] A long,narrow strip of plastersewage plants; employs ferric chloride solution
made by treating scrap iron with chlorine,placed at intervals on a surface as a guide for
the thickness of plaster to be applied,[CIV{ vertstrokesuperiorska¨t vertstrokesuperiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
scouring [ENG] Physical or chemical attack on ENG] 1,A straight-edged wood or metal tem-
plate,fixed temporarily to a surface as a guideprocess equipment surfaces,as in a furnace or
fluid catalytic cracker,[MECH ENG] Mechani- whenplasteringorconcreting,2.Anoscillating
metal bar mounted on wheels and spanning acal finishing or cleaning of a hard surface by
using an abrasive and low pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorskau˙rH11080 freshly placed road slab,used to strike off and
smooth the surface,{ skreˉd}i? }
scouring basin [CIV ENG] A basin containing screedwire See ground wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉd vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
screen [ELECTR] 1.The surfaceonwhich atele-impounded water which is released at about low
water in order to maintain the desired depth in vision,radar,x-ray,or cathode-ray oscilloscope
image is made visible for viewing; it may be athe entrance channel,Also known as sluicing
pond,{ vertstrokesuperiorskau˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbasH11080?n } fluorescent screen with a phosphor layer that
converts the energy of an electron beam to visi-scout [ENG] An engineer who makes a prelimi-
nary examination of promising oil and mining ble light,or a translucent or opaque screen on
which the optical image is projected,Alsoclaims and prospects,{ skau˙t}
scrambler [ELECTR] A circuit that divides known as viewing screen,2,See screen grid.
[ENG] 1.A large sieve of suitably mounted wirespeechfrequenciesintoseveralrangesbymeans
of filters,then inverts and displaces the frequen- cloth,grate bars,or perforated sheet iron used
to sort rock,ore,or aggregate according to size.cies in each range so that the resulting repro-
duced sounds are unintelligible; the process is 2,A covering to give physical protection from
light,noise,heat,or flying particles,3,A filterreversed at the receiving apparatus to restore
intelligible speech,Also known as speech in- medium for liquid-solid separation,{ skreˉn}
screenanalysis [ENG] Amethodforfindingtheverter; speech scrambler,{ vertstrokesuperiorskramH11080bl?r}
scrap [ENG] Anysolid materialcutting orreject particle-size distribution of any loose,flowing,
conglomerate material by measuring the per-ofamanufacturingoperation,whichmaybesuit-
able for recycling as feedstock to the primary centage of particles that pass through a series
of standard screens with holes of various sizes.operation; for example,scrap from plastic or
glass molding or metalworking,{ skrap } { vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
screendeck [DESENG] Asurfaceprovidedwithscraped-surfaceexchanger [CHEM ENG] A liq-
uid-liquidheat-exchange devicethathas arotat- apertures of specified size,used for screening
purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn vertstrokeinferiordek }ing element with spring-loaded scraper blades
to wipe the process-fluid exchange surfaces screen dryer See traveling-screen dryer,{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn
vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080?r}clean of crystals or other foulants; used in paraf-
fin-wax processing,{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpt |s?rH11080f?s iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080 screening [ENG] 1.The separation of a mixture
of grains of various sizes into two or more size-j?r}
scraper conveyor [MECH ENG] A type of flight range portions by means of a porous or woven-
mesh screening media,2.The removal of solidconveyor in which the element (chain and flight)
formovingmaterialsrestsonatrough,{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080 particles from a liquid-solid mixture by means
of a screen,3,The material that has passed?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
scraper hoist [MECH ENG] A drum hoist that through a screen,[IND ENG] The elimination
of defective pieces from a lot by inspection foroperates the scraper of a scraper loader.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist } specified defects,Also known as detailing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉnH11080i? }scraperloader [MECHENG] Amachineusedfor
loading coal or rock by pulling a scoop through screen mesh [ENG] A wire network or cloth
mounted in a frame for separating and classify-thematerial toanapron orramp,where theload
is discharged onto a car or conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080 ing materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn vertstrokeinferiormesh }
screenoverlay See glare filter,{ |skreˉn vertstrokesuperioroˉH11080v?rvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }?r vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?r}
scraper ring [MECH ENG] A piston ring that screen pipe [ENG] Perforated pipe with a
straining device in the form of closely woundscrapesoilfromacylinderwalltopreventitfrom
being burned,{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorri? } wire coils wrapped around it to admit well fluids
while excluding sand,{ vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}scrapertrap [ENG] A device for the insertion or
recovery of pigs,or scrapers,that are used to screw [DES ENG] 1,A cylindrical body with a
helical groove cut into its surface,2.A fastenerclean the inside surfaces of pipelines,{ vertstrokesuperiorskraˉpH11080
r vertstrokeinferiortrap } with continuous ribs on a cylindrical or conical
482
seadrome
shank and a slotted,recessed,flat,or rounded water by means of helical impellers in the pump
casing,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }head,Also known as screw fastener,{ skru¨ }
screw rivet [DES ENG] A short rod threadedscrewblank See bolt blank,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorbla?k}
along the length of the shaft that is set withoutscrew compressor [MECH ENG] A rotary-ele-
access to the point,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorrivH11080?t}ment gas compressor in which compression is
screwspike [DES ENG] A large nail with a heli-accomplishedbetweentwointermeshing,count-
cal thread on the upper portion of the shank;errotating screws,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
used to fasten railroad rails to the ties.screw conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor con-
{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉk}
sisting of a helical screw that rotates upon a
screwstock [MECH ENG] Free-machining bar,
single shaft within a stationary trough or casing,
rod,or wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨vertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}
and which can move bulk material along a hori-
screwthread [DES ENG] A helical ridge formed
zontal,inclined,or vertical plane,Also known
on a cylindrical core,as on fasteners and pipes.
as auger conveyor; spiral conveyor; worm con-
{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorthred }
veyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
screw-thread gage [DES ENG] Any of several
screw displacement [MECH] A rotation of a
devices for determining the pitch,major,and
rigidbodyaboutanaxisaccompaniedbyatrans-
minordiameters,andthelead,straightness,and
lation of the body along the same axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨
thread angles of a screw thread,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ |thred
divertstrokeinferiorsplaˉsH11080m?nt }
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
screwdowel [DES ENG] A metal dowel pin hav-
screw-thread micrometer [DES ENG] A mi-
ing a straight or tapered thread at one end.
crometer used to measure pitch diameter of a
{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorda¨u˙l}
screw thread,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ |thred m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
screwdriver [DES ENG] A tool for turning and
scriber [DES ENG] A sharp-pointed tool used
driving screws in place; a thin,wedge-shaped or
for drawing lines on metal workpieces,{ vertstrokesuperiorskr?ˉH11080
fluted end enters the slot or recess in the head
b?r}
of the screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉvH11080?r}
scroll gear [DES ENG] A variable gear resem-
screw elevator [MECH ENG] A type of screw
bling a scroll with teeth on one face,{ vertstrokesuperiorskroˉl
conveyor for vertical delivery of pulverized mate-
vertstrokeinferiorgir }
rials,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
scroll saw [ENG] A saw with a narrow blade,
screwfastener See screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorfasH11080n?r}
used for cutting curves or irregular designs.
screwfeed [MECH ENG] A system or combina-
{ vertstrokesuperiorskroˉl vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
tion of gears,ratchets,and friction devices in
scrubber [ENG] A device for the removal,or
the swivel head of a diamond drill,which con-
washingout,ofentrainedliquiddropletsordust,
trols the rate at which a bit penetrates a rock
or for the removal of an undesired gas compo-
formation,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}
nent from process gas streams,Also known as
screw feeder [MECH ENG] A mechanism for
washer; wet collector,{ vertstrokesuperiorskr?bH11080?r}
handling bulk (pulverized or granulated solids)
scrub plane [DES ENG] A narrow carpenter’s
materials,in which a rotating helicoid screw
plane with a blade that has a rough surface and
moves the material forward,toward and into a
a rounded cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorskr?b vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
process unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r}
scubadiving [ENG] Any of various diving tech-
screwjack See jackscrew,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokesuperiorjak }
niques using self-contained underwater breath-
screwmachine [MECH ENG] A lathe for making
ing apparatus,{ vertstrokesuperiorsku¨H11080b?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvH11080i? }
relativelysmall,turnedmetalpartsinlargequan-
scuffing [ENG] The dull mark,sometimes the
tities,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
result of abrasion,on the surface of glazed ce-
screwpile [CIVENG] Apilehavingawidehelical
ramic or glassware,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?fH11080i? }
blade at the foot which is twisted into position,
scufflehoe [DES ENG] A hoe having two sharp
for use in soft ground or other location requiring
edges so that it can be pushed and pulled.
a large supporting surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?fH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhoˉ }
screw plasticating injection molding [ENG] A
scumchamber [CIVENG] Anenclosedcompart-
plastic-molding technique in which plastic is
ment in an Imhoff tank,in which gas escapes
converted from pellets to a viscous (plasticated)
from the scum which rises to the surface of
melt by an extruder screw that is an integral part
sludge during sewage digestion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?m
of the molding machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokesuperiorplasH11080tivertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
scutch [DES ENG] A small,picklike tool which
screw press [MECH ENG] A press having the
has flat cutting edges for trimming bricks,Also
slide operated by a screw mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ known as scotch,{ sk?ch }
vertstrokeinferiorpres } scuttle [BUILD] Anopeningintheceilingtopro-
screwpropeller [MECH ENG] A marine and air- vide access to the attic or roof,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?dH11080?l}
plane propeller consisting of a streamlined hub scythe [DES ENG] A tool with a long curved
attached outboard to a rotating engine shaft on blade attached at a more or less right angle to
which are mounted two to six blades; the blades a long handle with grips for both hands; used
form helicoidal surfaces in such a way as to ad- for cutting grass as well as grain and other
vance along the axis about which they revolve,crops,{ s?ˉth }
{ vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ pr?vertstrokeinferiorpelH11080?r} seabank See seawall,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorba?k}
seadrome [CIV ENG] 1,A designated area forscrew pump [MECH ENG] A pump that raises
483
seagate
landing and takeoff of seaplanes,2.A platform to cover a large region of space and to display
targets as soon as possible after they enter theat sea for landing and takeoff of land planes.
{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiordroˉm } region;usedforearlywarning,inconnectionwith
ground-controlled approach and interception,seagate [CIV ENG] A gate which serves to pro-
tect a harbor or tidal basin from the sea,such and in air-traffic control,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rch vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
searchunit [ENG] The portion of an ultrasonicas one of a pair of supplementary gates at the
entrance to a tidal basin exposed to the sea,testing system which incorporates sending and
in some cases receiving transducers to scan the{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
seal [ENG] 1.Any device or system that creates workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rch vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
seasonal balancing [CHEM ENG] A seasonala nonleaking union between two mechanical or
process-system elements; for example,gaskets adjustment of the front-end boiling range (vola-
tility)ofamotorgasolinetocontrolenginestart-for pipe connection seals,mechanical seals for
rotating members such as pump shafts,and liq- ingcharacteristicsbycompensatingforseasonal
temperature changes,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉzH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?nsH11080i? }uid seals to prevent gas entry to or loss from
a gas-liquid processing sequence,2,A tight,seasoning See curing,[ELECTR] Overcoming a
temporary unsteadiness of a component thatperfect closure or joint,{ seˉl}
Seale rope [DES ENG] A wire rope with six or may appear when it is first installed,[ENG]
Drying of wood either in the air or in a kiln.eight strands,each having a large wire core cov-
ered by nine small wires,which,in turn,are cov- { vertstrokesuperiorseˉzH11080?nH11080i? }
sea surveillance [ENG] The systematic obser-ered by nine large wires,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉl vertstrokeinferiorroˉp}
sea-level datum [ENG] A determination of vation of surface and subsurface sea areas by all
availableandpracticablemeansprimarilyforthemeansealevelthathasbeenadoptedasastand-
ard datum for heights or elevations,based on purposeoflocating,identifying,anddetermining
the movements of ships,submarines,and othertidal observations over many years at various
tide stations along the coasts,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ |levH11080?l vehicles,friendly and enemy,proceeding on or
under the surface of seas and oceans,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiordadH11080?m}
seal off [ENG] To close off,as a tube or bore- s?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080l?ns }
seat [MECH ENG] The fixed,pressure-con-hole,byusingacementorothersealanttoelimi-
nate ingress or egress,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉl vertstrokesuperioro˙f } taining portion of a valve which comes into con-
tact with the moving portions of that valve.seam [ENG] 1,A mechanical or welded joint.
2.A mark on ceramic or glassware where match- { seˉt}
seating-lock locking fastener [DES ENG] Aing mold parts join,3,A line occurring on a
molded or laminated piece of plastic material locking fastener that locks only when firmly
seated and is therefore free-running on the bolt.that differs in appearance from the rest of the
surface and is caused by a parting of the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉdH11080i? |la¨k vertstrokesuperiorla¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfasH11080n?r}
seavan [IND ENG] Commercial or government-Also known as mold seam,{ seˉm}
seamarker [ENG] Apatchofcolorontheocean owned (orleased) shipping containerswhich are
moved via ocean transportation; since wheelssurface produced by releasing dye; used,for ex-
ample,to attract the attention of the crew of a are not attached,they must be lifted on and off
the ship,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorvan }rescue airplane,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉ vertstrokeinferiorma¨rk?r}
seaport [CIV ENG] A harbor or town that has seawall [CIV ENG] A concrete,stone,or metal
wall or embankment constructed along a shorefacilities for seagoing ships and is active in ma-
rine activities,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt } to reduce wave erosion and encroachment by
the sea,Also known as sea bank,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}search [ENG] To explore a region in space with
radar,{ s?rch } seawater thermometer [ENG] A specially de-
signedthermometertomeasurethetemperaturesearch and rescue [ENG] The use of aircraft,
surface craft,submarines,specialized rescue of a sample of seawater; an instrument con-
sisting of a mercury-in-glass thermometer pro-teams and equipment to search for and rescue
personnel in distress on land or at sea,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rch tected by a perforated metal case,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}?n vertstrokesuperiorresvertstrokeinferiorkyu¨ }
searching control [ENG] A mechanism that Secchi disk [ENG] An opaque white disk used
to measure the transparency or clarity of seawa-changes the azimuth and elevation settings on
a searchlight automatically and constantly,so ter by lowering the disk into the water horizon-
tally and noting the greatest depth at which itthat its beam is swept back and forth within
certain limits,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rchH11080i? k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } can be visually detected,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiordisk }
secondaryair [MECH ENG] Combustion air in-searching lighting See horizontal scanning.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rchH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉdH11080i? } troduced over the burner flame to enhance com-
pleteness of combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorer }searchlight-control radar [ENG] A ground-
based radar used to direct searchlights at air- secondarycreep [MECH] The change in shape
of a substance under a minimum and almostcraft,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rchvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉtk?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
searchlight-typesonar [ENG] Asonarsystemin constant differential stress,with the strain-time
relationship a constant,Also known as steady-which both transmission and reception are ef-
fected by the same narrow beam pattern,state creep,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp}
secondarycrusher [MECH ENG] Any of a group{ vertstrokesuperiors?rchvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorsoˉna¨r}
searchradar [ENG] A radar intended primarily of crushing and pulverizing machines used after
484
sedimentationtank
theprimarytreatmenttofurtherreducetheparti- for subsystem interactions so that overall objec-
tives and constraints of the system are satisfied.cle size of shale or other rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ
Also known as coordinator,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd |levH11080?lvertstrokesuperiorkr?shH11080?r}
k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}secondary grinding [MECH ENG] A further
second-order leveling [ENG] Spirit levelinggrinding of material previously reduced to sand
that has less stringent requirements than thosesize,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
of first-order leveling,in which lines betweensecondary ion mass analyzer [ENG] A type of
benchmarks established by first-order levelingsecondary ion mass spectrometer that provides
are run in only one direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd |o˙rH11080d?r
general surface analysis and depth-profiling
vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?H11080li? }
capabilities,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokesuperiormas vertstrokesuperioranH11080
second-ordertransition [THERMO] A change of
vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
state through which the free energy of a sub-
secondary ion mass spectrometer [ENG] An
stance and its first derivatives are continuous
instrument for microscopic chemical analysis,in
functions of temperature and pressure,or other
which a beam of primary ions with an energy
corresponding variables,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd |o˙rH11080d?r
in the range 5–20 kiloelectronvolts bombards a
tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
small spot on the surface of a sample,and posi-
section [CIVENG] A pieceof landusually 1mile
tive and negative secondary ions sputtered from
square (640 acres or approximately 2.58999
the surface are analyzed in a mass spectrometer.
square kilometers) with boundaries conforming
Abbreviated SIMS,Also known as ion micro-
to meridians and parallels within established
probe; ion probe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokesuperiormas
limits; 1 of 36 units of subdivision of a township
spekvertstrokesuperiortramH11080?dH11080?r}
in the U.S,Public Land survey system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080
secondary port [CIV ENG] A port with one or
sh?n}
more berths,normally at quays,which can ac-
sectional conveyor [MECH ENG] A belt con-
commodate oceangoing ships for discharge.
veyor that can be lengthened or shortened by
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt }
the addition or the removal of interchangeable
secondary rescue facilities [ENG] Local air-
sections,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?nH11080?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
base-ready aircraft,crash boats,and other air,
sectional core barrel [DES ENG] A core barrel
surface,subsurface,and ground elements suit-
whose length can be increased by coupling unit
able for rescue missions,including government
sections together,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?l}
and privately operated units and facilities.
sectionalheaderboiler [MECHENG] Ahorizon-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorresvertstrokeinferiorkyu¨ f?vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080?dH11080eˉz}
tal boiler in which tubes are assembled in sec-
secondary sewage sludge [CIV ENG] Sludge
tions into front and rear headers; the latter,in
that includes activated sludge,mixed sludge,
turn,areconnectedtotheboilerdrumbyvertical
and chemically precipitated sludge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080
tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorhedH11080?r |bo˙ilH11080?r}
nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsl?j}
sectionhouse [CIV ENG] A building near a rail-
secondary stress [MECH] A self-limiting nor-
road section for housing railroad workers,or for
mal or shear stress which is caused by the con-
storing maintenance equipment for the section.
straint of a structure and which is expected to
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
cause minor distortions that would not result in
section line [CIV ENG] A line representing the
afailureof thestructure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorstres }
boundary of a section of land,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
secondarytide station [ENG] A place at which
section modulus [MECH] The ratio of the mo-
tide observations are made over a short period
ment of inertia of the cross section of a beam
to obtain data for a specific purpose,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080
undergoing flexure to the greatest distance of
nvertstrokeinferiorderH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
an element of the beam from the neutral axis.
second breakdown [ELECTR] Destructive
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
breakdown ina transistor,whereinstructural im-
sector [CIV ENG] A clearly defined area or air-
perfections cause localized current concentra-
space designated for a particular purpose.
tions and uncontrollable generation and multi-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080t?r}
plication of current carriers; reaction occurs so
sector gate [CIV ENG] A horizontal gate with a
suddenly that the thermal time constant of the
pie-slice cross section used to regulate the level
collector regions is exceeded,and the transistor
of water at the crest of a dam; it is raised and
isirreversibly damaged,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
lowered by a rack and pinion mechanism.
second law of motion See Newton’s second law.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
sector gear [DES ENG] 1,A toothed device re-
second law of thermodynamics [THERMO] A sembling a portion of a gear wheel containing
general statement of the idea that there is a the center bearing and a part of the rim with its
preferred direction for any process; there are teeth,2.Agearhavingsuchadeviceasitschief
many equivalent statements of the law,the best essential feature,[MECH ENG] A gear system
known being those of Clausius and of Kelvin,employing such a gear as a principal part.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080?nd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080m?H11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks } { vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }
second-level controller [CONT SYS] A control- secular [ENG] Of or pertaining to a long indefi-
lerwhichinfluencestheactionsoffirst-levelcon- nite period of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080y?H11080l?r}
trollers,in a large-scale control system parti- sedimentationtank [ENG] A tank in which sus-
pended matter is removed either by quiescenttioned by plant decomposition,to compensate
485
sedimentbulb
settlementorbycontinuousflowathighvelocity seismicdetector [ENG] An instrument that re-
andextendedretentiontimetoallowdeposition,ceives seismic impulses,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorta?k} seismic exploration [ENG] The exploration for
sediment bulb [ENG] A bulb for holding sedi- economic deposits by using seismic techniques,
ment that settles from the liquid in a tank,usually involving explosions,to map subsurface
{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorb?lb }
structures,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokeinferiorekH11080spl?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
sediment corer [ENG] A heavy coring tube
seismic load [ENG] The force on a structure
which punches out a cylindrical sediment sec-
caused by acceleration induced on its mass by
tion from the ocean bottom,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?H11080m?nt
an earthquake,{ |s?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rH11080?r}
seismicprofiler [ENG] Acontinuousseismicre-
sedimenttrap [ENG] Adeviceformeasuringthe
flection system used to study the structure be-
accumulation rate of sediment on the floor of a
neaththeseafloortodepthsof10,000feet(3000
body of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?H11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiortrap }
meters) or more,using arotating drum to record
Seebeck coefficient [ELECTR] The ratio of the
reflections,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlH11080?r}
open-circuit voltage to the temperature differ-
seismicshooting [ENG] A method of geophysi-
ence between the hot and cold junctions of a
cal prospecting in which elastic waves are pro-
circuit exhibiting the Seebeck effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorzaˉvertstrokeinferiorbek
duced in the earth by the firing of explosives.
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorshu¨dH11080i? }
Seebeckeffect [ELECTR] The development of a
seismic survey See reflection survey,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik
voltage due to differences in temperature be-
vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
tween two junctions of dissimilar metals in the
seismochronograph [ENG] A chronograph for
same circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorzaˉvertstrokeinferiorbek ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
determining the time at which an earthquake
Segas process [CHEM ENG] A process for the
shock appears,{ |s?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorkra¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
production of low-Btu gas by the catalytic
seismogram [ENG] The record made by a seis-
method using a fixed bed catalyst,lime-bauxite
mograph,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
mixture bonded with bentonite,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉvertstrokeinferiorgas
seismograph [ENG] Aninstrumentthatrecords
vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
vibrations in the earth,especially earthquakes.
segmental gate See tainter gate,{ segvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?l
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
seismometer [ENG] An instrument that detects
segmental meter [ENG] A variable head meter
movements in the earth,{ s?ˉzvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
whose orifice plate has an opening in the shape
seismoscope [ENG] An instrument for re-
of a half circle,{ segvertstrokesuperiormentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
cording only the occurrence or time of occur-
segmented aperture-synthetic aperture radar
rence (not the magnitude) of an earthquake.
[ENG] Anenhancementofsyntheticaperturera-
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
dar that overcomes restrictions on the effective
seizing [ENG] Abrasive damage to a metal sur-
lengthofthereceivingantennabyusingareceiv-
face caused when the surface is rubbed by an-
ing antenna array composed of a set of contigu-
other metal surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉzH11080i? }
ous subarrays and employing signal processing
selected time [IND ENG] An observed actual
to provide the proper phase corrections for each
time value for an element,measured by time
subarray,AbbreviatedSASAR,{ vertstrokesuperiorsegvertstrokeinferiormentH11080?d
study,which is identified as being the most rep-
|apH11080?H11080ch?r sinvertstrokesuperiorthedH11080ik |apH11080?H11080ch?r vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
resentative of the situation observed,{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
segmentsaw [MECH ENG] A saw consisting of
t?d vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
steel segments attached around the edge of a
selectiveadsorbent [CHEM ENG] Material that
flange and used for cutting veneer,{ vertstrokesuperiorsegH11080
will selectively adsorb (or reject) one or more
m?nt vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
specific components from a multicomponent
segregation [ENG] 1.Thekeepingapartofproc-
mixture of gases or liquids; common adsorbents
essstreams,2.Inplasticsmolding,aclosesuc-
are silica gel,carbon and activated carbon,acti-
cessionofparallel,relativelynarrow,andsharply
vated alumina,and synthetic or natural zeolites
defined wavy lines of color on the surface of a
(molecular sieves),{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tivad vertstrokesuperiorso˙rH11080b?nt }
plastic that differ in shade from surrounding ar-
selectivecracking [CHEMENG] Arefineryproc-
eas and create the impression that the compo-
ess in which recycled stock is distilled in equip-
nents have separated,{ vertstrokeinferiorsegH11080r?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n}
mentkeptseparatefromthatusedfordistillation
seinenet [ENG] A net used to catch fish by en-
of original stock,{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
circlement,usually by closure of the two ends
selectively doped heterojunction transistor See
and the bottom,{ saˉn vertstrokeinferiornet }
high-electron-mobility transistor,{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tivH11080leˉ
seismicbracing [ENG] Reinforcementaddedto
|doˉpt |hedH11080?H11080roˉ|jkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
a structure to prevent collapse or deformation
selective polymerization [CHEM ENG] The po-
of building elements as a result of earthquakes.
lymerization of a single type of molecule in a
{ |s?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorbraˉsH11080i? }
mixture of monomers; for example,the produc-seismic constant [CIV ENG] In building codes
tion of diisobutylene from a mixture of butyl-dealing with earthquake hazards,an arbitrarily
enes,{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tivp?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}set quantity of steady acceleration,in units of
selective solubility diffusion [CHEM ENG] Theaccelerationofgravity,thatabuildingmustwith-
stand,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt } transmission of fluids through a nonporous,
486
self-tappingscrew
polymeric barrier (membrane) by an adsorption- scraper or by a blowdown or backwash action.
{ self vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }solution-diffusion-desorption sequence,{ si
self-contained breathing apparatus [ENG] AvertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiorsa¨lH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ divertstrokeinferiorfyu¨H11080zh?n}
portable breathing unit which permits freedomselective solvent [CHEM ENG] A solvent that,
of movement,{ |self k?n|taˉnd vertstrokesuperiorbrethH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorapH11080at certain temperatures and ratios with other
vertstrokeinferiorradH11080?s}materials,preferentially dissolves more of one
self-contained range finder [ENG] Instrumentcomponent of a liquid or solids mixture than of
used for measuring range by direct observation,another,thereby permitting partial separation.
without using a base line; the two types are the
{sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt }
coincidence range finder and the stereoscopic
selective transmission [MECH ENG] A gear
range finder,{ |self k?n|taˉnd vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080d?r}
transmission with a single lever for changing
self-energizingbrake [MECH ENG] A brake de-
from one gear ratio to another; used in automo-
signed to reinforce the power applied to it,such
tive vehicles,{ sivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tivtranz H11080mishH11080?n}
as a hand brake,{ |self vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?r|j?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
selectivity diagram [CHEM ENG] A triangular
self-excited vibration See self-induced vibration.
plot of solubilities in a ternary liquid system;
{ |self ikvertstrokesuperiors?ˉdH11080?dv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
used to calculate the ability of a solvent to ex-
self-facedstone [CIVENG] Atype ofstone used
tractacomponentfromamixture(itsselectivity)
in masonry that splits along natural cleavage
at various concentration combinations,{ s?
planes and does not have to be dressed,{ |self
vertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
vertstrokeinferiorfaˉst vertstrokesuperiorstoˉn}
selector [CIV ENG] A device that automatically
self-healing dielectric breakdown [ELECTR] A
connects the appropriate railroad signal to con-
dielectric breakdown in which the breakdown
trol the track selected,[ELEC] An automatic
process itself causes the material to become in-
or other device for making connections to any
sulating again,{ |self |heˉlH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?|lekH11080trik
one of a number of circuits,such as a selector
vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n}
relay or selector switch,[ENG] 1,A device for
self-inducedvibration [MECH] The vibration of
selecting objects or materials according to pre-
a mechanical system resulting from conversion,
determined properties,2,A device for starting
within the system,of nonoscillatory excitation
or stopping at predetermined positions.
to oscillatory excitation,Also known as self-
[MECH ENG] 1,The part of the gearshift in an
excited vibration,{ |self in|du¨st v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
automotive transmission that selects the re-
self-loading [MECH ENG] The capability of a
quired gearshift bar,2,The lever with which a
powered industrial truck to pick up,transport,
driver operates an automatic gearshift,{ si
and deposit its load by using components that
vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
are part of its standard equipment,for example,
seleniumcell [ELECTR] A photoconductive cell
a forklift,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |loˉdH11080i? }
in which a thin film of selenium is used between
self-lockingnut [DES ENG] A nut having an in-
suitable electrodes; the resistance of the cell
herent locking action,so that it cannot readily
decreases when the illumination is increased.
be loosened by vibration,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |la¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorn?t}
{s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080neˉH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorsel }
self-lockingscrew [DESENG] Ascrewthatlocks
selenium diode [ELECTR] A small area sele-
itself in place without requiring a separate nut
nium rectifier which has characteristics similar
or lock washer,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |la¨kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
to those of selenium rectifiers used in power
self-organizing function [CONT SYS] That level
systems,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080neˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
in the functional decomposition of a large-scale
selenium rectifier [ELECTR] A metallic rectifier
controlsystemwhichmodifiesthemodesofcon-
in which a thin layer of selenium is deposited on
trol action or the structure of the control system
one side of an aluminum plate and a conductive
in response to changes in system objectives,
metal coating is deposited on the selenium.
contingency events,and so forth,{ |self |o˙rH11080
{s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080neˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
g?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?n}
selenotrope [ENG] A device used in geodetic
self-organizing system [SYS ENG] A system
surveying for reflecting the moon’s rays to a dis-
thatisabletoaffectordetermineitsowninternal
tant point,to aid in long-distance observations.
structure,{ |self |o˙rH11080g?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
{s?vertstrokesuperiorleˉH11080n?vertstrokeinferiortroˉp}
self-propelled [MECH ENG] Pertaining to a ve-
self-adapting system [SYS ENG] A system
hicle given motion by means of a self-contained
which has the ability to modify itself in response
motor,{ |self pr?|peld }
to changes in its environment,{ |self?|dapH11080ti?
self-sealing [ENG] A fluid container,such as a
vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m} fuel tank or a tire,lined with a substance that
self-centeringchuck [MECH ENG] A drill chuck allows it to close immediately over any small
that,when closed,automatically positions the puncture or rupture,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |seˉlH11080i? }
drill rod in the center of the drive rod of a dia- self-starter [MECH ENG] An attachment for au-
mond-drill swivel head,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |senH11080t?H11080ri? tomatically starting an internal combustion en-
vertstrokesuperiorch?k} gine,{ vertstrokesuperiorself vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rH11080d?r}
self-cleaning [ENG] Pertaining to any device self-tapping screw [DES ENG] A screw with a
thatisdesignedtocleanitselfwithoutdisassem- specially hardened thread thatmakes it possible
bly,for example,a filter in which accumulated for the screw to form its own internal thread in
sheet metal and soft materials when driven intofilter cake or sludge is removed by an internal
487
self-timer
a hole,Also known as sheet-metal screw; tap- structure of two different semiconductors in
ping screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorself |tapH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ } junction contact having useful electrical or elec-
self-timer [ENG] A device that delays the trip- troopticalcharacteristicsnotachievableineither
ping of a camera shutter so that the photogra- conductor separately; used in certain types of
pher can be included in the photograph,{ vertstrokesuperiorself lasersandsolarcells,{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorhedH11080
vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080?r}?H11080roˉvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
self-tuning regulator [CONT SYS] A type of semiconductor junction [ELECTR] Region of
adaptive control system composed of two loops,transition between semiconducting regions of
an inner loop which consists of the process and
different electrical properties,usually between
an ordinary linear feedback regulator,and an
p-type andn-type material,{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r
outer loop which is composed of a recursive pa-
vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
rameter estimator and a design calculation,and
semiconductor rectifier See metallic rectifier.
which adjusts the parameters of the regulator.
{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
Abbreviated STR,{ |self |tu¨nH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
semiconductorthermocouple [ELECTR] Ather-
sellers hob [MECH ENG] A hob that turns on
mocouplemadeofasemiconductor,whichoffers
the centers of a lathe,the work being fed to it
the prospectof operationwith high-temperature
by the lathe carriage,{ vertstrokesuperiorselH11080?rz vertstrokesuperiorha¨b}
gradients,because semiconductors are good
Selwoodengine [MECH ENG] A revolving-block
electrical conductors but poor heat conductors.
engineinwhichtwocurvedpistonsopposed180H11034
{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?l}
run in toroidal tracks,forcing the entire engine
semidiesel engine [MECH ENG] 1,An internal
block to rotate,{ vertstrokesuperiorselvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
combustion engineof a type resemblingthe die-
semiautomatic transmission [MECH ENG] An
sel engine in using heavy oil as fuel but em-
automobile transmission that assists the driver
ployingalowercompressionpressureandspray-
to shift from one gear to another,{ |semH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080
ing it under pressure,against a hot (uncooled)
vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
surface or spot,or igniting it by the precombus-
semibatch chemical reactor [CHEM ENG] A
tion or supercompression of a portion of the
reactor in which a constant liquid volume is
charge in a separate member or uncooled por-
maintained without any overflow,and with the
tion of the combustion chamber,2.A true die-
continuous addition of one reactant,usually a
sel engine that uses a means other than com-
gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080ivertstrokeinferiorbach vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
pressed air for fuel injection,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiordeˉH11080z?l
semichemical pulping [CHEM ENG] A method
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
of producing wood-fiber products in which the
semifloating axle [MECH ENG] A supporting
wood chips are merely softened by chemical
member in motor vehicles which carries torque
treatment (neutral sodium sulfite solution),
and wheel loads at its outer end,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfloˉdH11080
whilethe remainderofthepulping actionissup-
i?vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}
plied by a disk attrition mill or by some similar
semiliveskid [ENG] Aplatformhavingtwofixed
mechanical device for separating the fibers.
legs at one end and two wheels at the other;
{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080i? }
used for moving bulk materials,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiorl?ˉv
semiclosed-cycle gas turbine [MECH ENG] A
vertstrokesuperiorskid }
heat engine in which a portion of the expanded
semimember [CIV ENG] A part in a frame or
gas is recirculated,{ vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080ivertstrokeinferiorkloˉzdvertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorgas
truss that ceases to bear a load when the stress
vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?n}
in it starts to reverse,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiormemH11080b?r}
semiconductive loading tube [ENG] A loading
semipositive mold [ENG] A plastics mold that
tube for blasthole explosives which dissipates
allows a small amount of excess material to es-
static electric charges to prevent premature
cape when it is closed,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiorpa¨zH11080?dH11080iv
blasts,{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
semiconductordevice [ELECTR] Electronic de-
semitrailer [ENG] A cargo-carrying piece of
vice in which the characteristic distinguishing
equipment that has one or two axles at the rear;
electronic conduction takes place within a semi-
the load is carried on these axles and on the
conductor,{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?rdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
fifth wheel of the tractor that supplies motive
semiconductor diode [ELECTR] Also known as
power to the semitrailer,{ |semH11080ivertstrokesuperiortraˉlH11080?r}
crystal diode; crystal rectifier; diode,1,A two-
sems [DES ENG] A preassembled screw and
electrode semiconductor device that utilizes the
washer combination,{ semz }
rectifying properties of a pn junction or a point
send See scend,{ send }
contact,2,More generally,any two-terminal
sense [ENG] To determine the arrangement orelectronic device that utilizes the properties of
position of a device or the value of a quantity.the semiconductor from which it is constructed.
{ sens }{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
sensible heat [THERMO] 1,The heat absorbedsemiconductor-diode parametric amplifier
or evolved by a substance during a change of[ELECTR] Parametric amplifier using one or
temperature that is not accompanied by amorevaractors,{ |semH11080iH11080k?n|d?kH11080t?r |d?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd |parH11080
change of state,2,See enthalpy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
b?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}semiconductor doping See doping,{ |semH11080iH11080
sensible-heat factor [THERMO] The ratio ofk?n|d?kH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiordoˉpH11080i? }
semiconductor heterostructure [ELECTR] A space sensible heat to space total heat; used
488
sequentialcollationofrange
for air-conditioning calculations,Abbreviated separation [CHEM ENG] The separation of liq-
SHF,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080b?l |heˉt vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} uids or gases in a mixture,as by distillation
sensible-heatflow [THERMO] Theheatgivenup orextraction,[ENG] 1.Theaction segregating
or absorbed by a body upon being cooled or phases,such as gas-liquid,gas-solid,liquid-
heated,as the result of the body’s ability to hold solid,2,The segregation of solid particles by
heat; excludes latent heats of fusion and vapor- size range,as in screening,[ENG ACOUS] The
ization,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080b?l |heˉt vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ } degree,expressed in decibels,to which left and
sensing element See sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsensH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080 right stereo channels are isolated from each
m?nt }
other,{ vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
sensitive altimeter [ENG] An aneroid altimeter
separation theorem [CONT SYS] A theorem in
constructedtorespondtopressurechanges(alti-
optimal control theory which states that the so-
tude changes) with a high degree of sensitivity;
lution to the linear quadratic Gaussian problem
itcontainstwoormorepointerstorefertodiffer-
separatesintotheoptimaldeterministiccontrol-
ent scales,calibrated in hundreds of feet,thou-
ler (that is,the optimal controller for the corres-
sands of feet,and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?dH11080ival vertstrokesuperiortimH11080
ponding problem without noise) in which the
dH11080?r}
state used is obtained as the output of an opti-
sensitivity [ELECTR] 1.The minimum input sig-
mal state estimator,{ vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
nalrequiredtoproduceaspecifiedoutputsignal,
separator [ELEC] A porous insulating sheet
for a radio receiver or similar device,2,Of a
used between the plates of a storage battery.
camera tube,the signal current developed per
[ELECTR] A circuit that separates one type of
unit incident radiation,that is,per watt per unit
signal from another by clipping,differentiating,
area,[ENG] 1,A measure of the ease with
or integrating action,[ENG] 1,A machine for
which a substance can be caused to explode.
separating materials of different specific gravity
2.A measure of the effect of a change in severity
by means of water or air,2,Any machine for
of engine-operating conditions on the antiknock
separating materials,as the magnetic separator.
performance of a fuel; expressed as the differ-
[MECH ENG] See cage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
ence between research and motor octane
separator-filter [ENG] A vessel that removes
numbers,Also known as spread,{ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?
solids and entrained liquid from a liquid or gas
vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
stream,using a combination of a baffle or co-
sensitivityfunction [CONT SYS] The ratio of the
alescer with a screening (filtering) element.
fractional change in the system response of a
{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
feedback-compensated feedback control system
sepatrix [CONT SYS] A curve in the phase plane
tothefractionalchangeinanopen-loopparame-
of a control system representing the solution to
ter,for some specified parameter variation.
the equations of motion of the system which
{ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
would cause the system to move to an unstable
sensitometer [ENG] An instrument for measur-
point,{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiortriks }
ing the sensitivity of light-sensitive materials.
septic tank [CIV ENG] A settling tank in which
{ vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
settled sludge is in immediate contact with sew-
sensor [ENG] The generic name for a device
age flowing through the tank while solids are
thatsenseseithertheabsolutevalueorachange
decomposed by anaerobic bacterial action.
ina physicalquantity suchas temperature,pres-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080tik vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
sure,flow rate,or pH,or the intensity of light,
sequence [ENG] An orderly progression of
sound,or radio waves and converts that change
items of information or of operations in accor-
into a useful input signal for an information-
dance with some rule,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080kw?ns }
gathering system; a television camera is there-
sequencer [ENG] A mechanical or electronic
fore a sensor,and a transducer is a special type
device that may be set to initiate a series of
of sensor,Also known as primary detector;
events and to make the events follow in a given
sensing element,{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
sequence,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080kw?nH11080s?r}
sensorycontrol [CONTSYS] Controlofarobot’s
sequencerobotSeepreprogrammed robot,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080
actions on the basis of its sensor readings.
kw?ns vertstrokeinferiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080reˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
sequence-stressing loss [ENG] In postten-
sensory controlled robot [CONT SYS] A robot
sioning,thelossofelasticityinastressedtendon
whose programmed sequence of instructions
that results from the shortening of the member
can be modified by information about the envi-
as additionaltendons are stressed,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080kw?ns
ronment received by the robot’s sensors.
vertstrokeinferiorstresH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}{ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?H11080re
ˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉld vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
sequencing [INDENG] Designatingtheorderofseparatesewagesystem [CIV ENG] A drainage
performance of tasks to assure optimal utiliza-system in which sewage and groundwater are
tion of available production facilities,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080carried in separate sewers,{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080r?t vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij
kw?nsH11080i? }vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
sequential collation of range [ENG] Spherical,separatingpower [CHEM ENG] The measure of
long-baseline,phase-comparison trajectory-the ability of a system (such as a rectifying sys-
measuring system using three or more groundtem) to separate the components of a mixture,
stations,time-sharing a single transponder,towhen the components have increasingly close
boiling points,{ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r } provide nonambiguous range measurements to
489
sequentiallogicelement
determine the instantaneous position of a vehi- such as serviceability ratio,utilization ratio,or
cle in flight,{ sivertstrokesuperiorkwenH11080ch?lk?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj } operating ratio,{ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080v?H11080s?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
sequentiallogicelement [ELECTR] A circuit el- serviceability ratio [IND ENG] The ratio of up
ementhavingatleastoneinputchannel,atleast time to the sum of up time and down time.
one output channel,and at least one internal { vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080v?H11080s?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
state variable,so designed and constructed that service agreement [ENG] A contract which
the output signals depend on the past and pres- agrees to provide mechanical maintenance of a
ent states of the inputs,{ sivertstrokesuperiorkwenH11080ch?l |la¨jH11080ik machine for a fixed period of time at a stated
vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
charge,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s?vertstrokeinferiorgreˉH11080m?nt }
sequential sampling [IND ENG] A sampling
service brake [MECH ENG] The brake used for
plan in which an undetermined number of sam-
ordinary driving in an automotive vehicle; usu-
ples are tested one by one,accumulating the
ally foot-operated,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
resultsuntiladecisioncanbemade,{ sivertstrokesuperiorkwenH11080
service dead load [ENG] The calculated dead
ch?l vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? }
loadthatwillbesupportedbyamember,{ |s?rH11080
serial [IND ENG] An element or a group of ele-
v?s vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
ments within a series which is given a numerical
service engineering [ENG] The function of de-
or alphabetical designation for convenience in
termining the integrity of material and services
planning,scheduling,and control,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉH11080?l}
in order to measure and maintain operational
series [ELEC] Anarrangementofcircuitcompo-
reliability,approve design changes,and assure
nents end to end to form a single path for cur-
their conformance with established specifica-
rent,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz}
tions and standards,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
seriescircuit [ELEC] A circuit in which all parts
servicefactor [ENG] For a chemical or a petro-
are connected end to end to provide a single
leum processing plant or its equipment,the
path for current,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
measure of the continuity of an operation,com-
series compensation [CONT SYS] See cascade
puted by dividing the time on-stream (actual
compensation,[ELEC] The insertion of vari-
running time) by the total elapsed time,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
able,controlled,high-voltage series capacitors
v?s vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
into transmission lines in order to modify the
service life [ENG] The length of time during
impedance structure of a transmission network
which a machine,tool,or other apparatus or
so as to adjust the power-flow distribution on
device can be operated or used economically or
individuallinesandthusincreasethepowerflow
before breakdown,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
across such compensated lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
servicepipe [CIVENG] Apipelinkingabuilding
p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
to a main pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
series connection [ELEC] A connection that
serviceroad [CIV ENG] A small road parallel to
forms a series circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉzk?vertstrokeinferiornekH11080sh?n}
the main road for convenient access to shops
seriesfiring [ENG] The firing of detonators in a
and houses,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorroˉd}
round of shots by passing the total supply cur-
service time See machine attention time,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
rent through each of the detonators,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz
v?s vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? }
service valve [ENG] In a pipework system,a
series-parallel firing [ENG] The firing of deto-
valve that isolates a piece of equipment from
nators in a round of shots by dividing the total
the rest of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
supply current into branches,each containing a
servicewires [ELEC] The conductors that bring
certain number of detonators wired in series.
the electric power into a building,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s
{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz |parH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlel |f?ˉrH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉrz }
series production [IND ENG] The manufacture
servicing [ENG] Replacement of consumable
of a product or service by a group of operations
material or items needed to keep equipment in
sequenced so that all materials will be routed
operatingcondition;doesnotincludepreventive
successively through each production state.
or corrective maintenance,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?sH11080i? }
Also known as batch production,{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉz
servo See servomotor,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉ }
pr?vertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
servoarm attachment [MECH ENG] A device
seriesreliability [SYSENG] Propertyofasystem
thatenhancesthemaximumdistanceoverwhich
composed of elements in such a way that failure
the manipulator of a simple robot can travel.
ofanyoneelementcausesafailureofthesystem.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiora¨rm?vertstrokeinferiortachH11080m?nt }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080eˉzrivertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
servo brake [MECH ENG] 1,A brake in which
seriesshots [ENG] Theconnectingandfiringof
the motion of the vehicle is used to increase thea number of loaded holes one after the other.
pressure on one of the shoes,2,A brake in{ vertstrokesuperiorsirH11080e
ˉz vertstrokeinferiorsha¨ts }
which the force applied by the operator is aug-serpentine cooler See cascade cooler,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
mented by a power-driven mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorteˉn vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080?r}
voˉ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}service [ENG] To perform services of mainte-
servolink [CONTSYS] Apoweramplifier,usuallynance,supply,repair,installation,distribution,
mechanical,bywhichsignalsatalowpowerleveland so on,for or upon an instrument,installa-
are made to operate control surfaces requiringtion,vehicle,or territory,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080v?s}
relativelylargepowerinputs,forexample,arelayserviceability [IND ENG] The reliability of
equipmentaccordingtosomeobjectivecriterion and motor-driven actuator,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiorli?k}
490
settlement
servo loop See single-loop servomechanism,intermediate formations and prevent fluids from
entering the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokeinferiorkaˉsH11080i? }{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉ vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
set forward [MECH] Relative forward move-servomechanism [CONT SYS] An automatic
ment of component parts which occurs in a pro-feedback control system for mechanical motion;
jectile,missile,or bomb in flight when impactit applies only to those systems in which the
occurs;theeffectisduetoinertiaandisoppositecontrolledquantityoroutputismechanicalposi-
in direction to setback,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080w?rd }tion or one of its derivatives (velocity,accelera-
set forward force [MECH] The forward force oftion,and so on),Also known as servo system.
inertia which is created by the deceleration of a
{ |s?rH11080voˉvertstrokesuperiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
projectile,missile,orbombwhen impactoccurs;
servomotor [CONT SYS] The electric,hydraulic,
the forces are directly proportional to the decel-
or other type of motor that serves as the final
eration and mass of the parts being decelerated.
controlelementinaservomechanism;itreceives
Also known as impact force,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080w?rd
power from the amplifier element and drives the
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs }
loadwithalinearorrotarymotion,Alsoknown
setforwardpoint [MECH] A pointon theexpec-
as servo,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
ted course of the target at which it is predicted
servonoise [ENG] Hunting action of the
the target will arrive at the end of the time of
tracking servomechanism of a radar,which re-
flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080w?rd vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
sultsfrombacklashandcomplianceinthegears,
sethammer [DES ENG] 1,A hammer used as a
shafts,and structures of the mount,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
shaping tool by blacksmiths,2,A hollow-face
voˉvertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }
tool used in setting rivets,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
servo system See servomechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉ
setover [ENG] A device which helps move a
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
lathe tailstock or headstock on its base so that
servovalve [MECH ENG] A transducer in which
a taper on a turned piece can be obtained.
a low-energy signal controls a high-energy fluid
{ vertstrokesuperiorsetvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r}
flowsothattheflowisproportionaltothesignal.
set point [CONT SYS] The value selected to be
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiorvalv }
maintained by an automatic controller,{ vertstrokesuperiorset
set [ELECTR] The placement ofa storage device
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
in a prescribed state,for example,a binary stor-
setpressure [MECH ENG] The inlet pressure at
age cell in the high or 1 state,[ENG] 1,A
whichareliefvalvebeginstoopenasrequiredby
combinationofunits,assemblies,andpartscon-
the code or standard applicable to the pressure
nected or otherwise used together to perform an
vessel to be protected,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
operational function,such as a radar set,2,In
setscrew [DESENG] A smallheadless machine
plastics processing,the conversion of a liquid
screw,usually having a point at one end and a
resin or adhesive into a solid state by curing or
recessed hexagonal socket or a slot at the other
evaporation of solvent or suspending medium,
end,used for such purposes as holding a knob
orbygelling,3.Sawteethbentoutoftheplane
or gear on a shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
of the saw body,resulting in a wide cut in the
setting angle [MECH ENG] The angle,usually
workpiece,[MECH] See permanent set.
90H11034,between the straight portion of the tool
{ set }
shank of the machined portion of the work.
setback [BUILD] 1,A withdrawal of the face of
{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
abuildingtoalinetowardtherearofthebuilding
setting circle [ENG] A coordinate scale on an
line or the rear of the wall below in order to
optical pointing instrument,such as a telescope
reduce obstruction of sunlight reaching the
or surveyor’s transit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
street or the lower stories of adjacent buildings.
settinggage [ENG] A standard gage for testing
2,See offset,[CIV ENG] The distance that a
a limit gage or setting an adjustable limit gage.
sectionofabuildingissetbackfromtheproperty
{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
lineas requiredbylocal zoningcodes,[MECH]
setting temperature [ENG] The temperature at
The relative rearward movement of component
which a liquid resin or adhesive,or an assembly
parts in a projectile,missile,or fuse undergoing
involving them,will set,that is,harden,gel,or
forward acceleration during its launching; these
cure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
movements,and the setback force which causes
setting time [ENG] The length of time that a
them,are used to promote events which partici-
resin or adhesive must be subjected to heat or
pate in the arming and eventual functioning of
pressure to cause them to set,that is,harden,
the fuse,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetvertstrokeinferiorbak }
gel,or cure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
setbackforce [MECH] The rearward force of in- settleable solids test [CIV ENG] A test used in
ertiawhichiscreatedbytheforwardacceleration examination of sewage to help determine the
of a projectile or missile during its launching sludge-producing characteristics of sewage; a
phase; the forces are directly proportional to the measurementofthepartofthesuspendedsolids
accelerationandmassofthepartsbeingacceler- heavy enough to settle is made in an Imhoff
ated,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs } cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?dz vertstrokeinferiortest }
setbit [DES ENG] A bit insert with diamonds or settlement [CIV ENG] The gradual downward
other cutting media,{ vertstrokesuperiorset vertstrokeinferiorbit } movement of an engineering structure,due to
set casing [ENG] Introducing cement between compression of the soil below the foundation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsedH11080?lH11080m?nt }the casing and the wall of the hole to seal off
491
settler
settler [ENG] A separator,such as a tub,pan,building,and apparatus employed in the treat-
ment of sewage by chemical precipitation or fil-vat,or tank in which the partial separation of a
tration,bacterial action,or some other method.mixture is made by density difference; used to
{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij di|spoˉzH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorplant }
separate solids from liquid or gas,immiscible
sewage sludge [CIV ENG] A semiliquid waste
liquidfromliquid,orliquidfromgas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080l?r}
withasolidconcentrationinexcessof2500parts
settling [ENG] The gravity separation of heavy
per million,obtained from the purification of
from light materials; for example,the settling
municipal sewage,Also known as sludge.
out ofdense solids orheavy liquiddroplets from
{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsl?j}
a liquid carrier,or the settling out of heavy solid
sewage system [CIV ENG] A drainage system
grains from a mixture of solid grains of different
for carrying surface water and sewage for dis-
densities,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li? }
posal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
settling basin [CIV ENG] An artificial trap de-
sewage treatment [CIV ENG] A process for the
signed to collect suspended stream sediment
purification of mixtures of human and other do-
before discharge of the stream into a reservoir.
mestic wastes; the process can be aerobic or
[IND ENG] A sedimentation area designed to
anaerobic,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
removepollutantsfromfactoryeffluents,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080
sewer [CIV ENG] An underground pipe or open
li?vertstrokeinferiorbaˉsH11080?n}
channel in a sewage system for carrying water
settlingchamber [ENG] Avesselinwhichsolids or sewage to a disposal area,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?r}
or heavy liquid droplets settle out of a liquid sewerage See sewage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080?H11080rij }
sewing machine [MECH ENG] A mechanismcarrier by gravity during processing or storage.
that stitches cloth,leather,book pages,or other{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
material by means of a double-pointed or eye-settling reservoir [CIV ENG] A reservoir con-
pointed needle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}sisting of a series of basins connected in steps
SFC See specific fuel consumption.
by long weirs; only the clear top layer of each
shackle [DES ENG] An open or closed link of
basin is drawn off,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}
various shapes with extended legs; each leg has
settling tank [ENG] A tank into which a two-
a transverse hole to accommodate a pin,bolt,
phase mixture is fed and the entrained solids
or the like,which may or may not be furnished.
settlebygravityduringstorage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
{ vertstrokesuperiorshakH11080?l}
settlingtime See correction time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080li?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
shackle bolt [DES ENG] A cylindrically shaped
settling velocity [MECH] The velocity reached
metal bar for connecting the ends of a shackle.
byaparticleasitfallsthroughafluid,dependent
{ vertstrokesuperiorshakH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
onitssizeandshape,andthedifferencebetween
shading coefficient [ENG] A ratio of the solar
its specific gravity and that of the settling me-
energytransmittedthroughawindowtotheinci-
dium;usedtosortparticlesbygrainsize,{ vertstrokesuperiorsetH11080
dent solar energy; used to express the effective-
li? v?vertstrokeinferiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ness of a shading device,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080
setup [ELECTR] Theratiobetweenthereference
nt }
blacklevelandthereferencewhitelevelintelevi-
shadingring [ENG ACOUS] A heavy copper ring
sion,both measured from the blanking level;
sometimes placed around the central pole of an
usually expressed as a percentage,[IND ENG]
electrodynamic loudspeaker to serve as a
The preparation of a facility or a machine for a
shorted turn that suppresses the hum voltage
specific work method,activity,or process,produced by the field coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha
ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorri? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsedvertstrokeinferior?p} shadowphotometer [ENG] A simple photome-
ter in which a rod is placed in front of a screensetupperson [CONT SYS] A person who uses a
and two light sources to be compared are ad-teach pendant to instruct a robot in its motions.
justed in position until their shadows touch and{ vertstrokesuperiorsedvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorp?rH11080s?n}
are equal in intensity,{ vertstrokesuperiorshadH11080oˉ foˉvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
setup time [CONT SYS] The total time needed
shaft [MECH ENG] A cylindrical piece of metal
to prepare a robot to carry out a task,including
used to carry rotating machine parts,such as
the time required to obtain the proper tools or
pulleys and gears,to transmit power or mo-
end effectors and any work pieces,[IND ENG]
tion,{ shaft }
In manufacturing operations,the time needed
shaftbalancing [DESENG] Theprocessofredis-
toperformtasksinvolvedinstartingupanopera-
tributing the mass attached to a rotating body
tion,Also known as start-up time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsedvertstrokeinferior?p
inordertoreducevibrationsarisingfromcentrif-
vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
ugal force,Also known as rotor balancing.
severity factor [CHEM ENG] A measure of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?nsH11080i? }
severeness orintensity of overallreaction condi-
shaft furnace [ENG] A vertical,refractory-lined
tions in a chemical reaction; for example,the
cylinder in which a fixed bed (or descending col-
temperature,pressure,or conversion in a cata-
umn)of solidsis maintained,and throughwhich
lytic cracker or reformer,{ sivertstrokesuperiorverH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
an ascending stream of hot gas is forced; for
sewage [CIV ENG] The fluid discharge from
example,thepig-ironblastfurnaceandthephos-
medical,domestic,and industrial sanitary appli- phors-from-phosphate-rock furnace,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft
ances,Also known as sewerage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080ij } |f?rH11080n?s}
shafthopper [MECH ENG] A hopper that feedssewage disposal plant [CIV ENG] The land,
492
shearingmachine
shafts or tubes to grinders,threaders,screw bending,pressing,or otherwise shaping a mate-
rial to a desired form,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉz}machines,and tube benders,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft |ha¨pH11080?r}
shaft horsepower [MECH ENG] The output shapometer [ENG] A device used to measure
the shape of sedimentary particles,{ shaˉvertstrokesuperiorpa¨mH11080powerofanengine,motor,orotherprimemover;
or the input power to a compressor or pump,?dH11080?r}
sharp-crested weir [CIV ENG] A weir in which{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft vertstrokesuperiorho˙rsvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
shafting [MECH ENG] The cylindrical machine thewaterflowsoverathin,sharpedge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨rp
|kresH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorwer }element used to transmit rotary motion and
power from a driver to a driven element; for ex- sharpen [ENG] To give a thin keen edge or a
sharp acute point to,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨rH11080p?n}ample,asteamturbinedrivingaship’spropeller.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshaftH11080i? } sharpening stone [ENG] Adevice such as a
whetstone used for sharpening by hand.shaftkiln [ENG] Akilninwhichrawmaterialfed
into the top,moves down through hot gases { vertstrokesuperiorsha¨rH11080p?H11080ni?vertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}
sharpiron [ENG] Atool usedto openseams forflowing up from burners on either side at the
bottom,and emerges as a product from the bot- caulking,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨rp vertstrokesuperior?ˉH11080?rn }
sharpVthread [DES ENG] A screw thread hav-tom;usedforcalciningoperations,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft |kil }
shaft spillway [CIV ENG] A vertical shaft which ing a sharp crest and root; the included angle is
usually 60H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorsha¨rp vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorthred }hasafunnel-shapedmouthandendsinanoutlet
tunnel,providinganoverflowductforareservoir,shattering [MECH] The breaking up into highly
irregular,angular blocks of a very hard materialAlso known as morning glory spillway,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaft
vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } that has been subjected to severe stresses.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshadH11080?H11080ri? }shakedown test [ENG] An equipment test
made during the installation work,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉk shave hook [DES ENG] A plumber’s or metal-
worker’s tool composed of a sharp-edged steelvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiortest }
shake table See vibration machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉk vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080 plate on a shank; used for scraping metal.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉv vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}b?l}
shake-tabletest [ENG] A laboratory test for vi- shaving [ENG ACOUS] Removing material from
the surfaceof a diskrecording mediumto obtainbration tolerance,in which the device to be
tested is placed on a shake table,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉk |taˉH11080 a new recording surface,[MECH ENG] 1,Cut-
ting off a thin layer from the surface of a work-b?l vertstrokeinferiortest }
shaking-out [CHEM ENG] A procedure in which piece,2,Trimming uneven edges from stamp-
ings,forgings,and tubing,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉvH11080i? }asampleofcrudeoiliscentrifugedathighspeed
to separate its components; used to determine shear [DES ENG] A cutting tool having two op-
posing blades between which a material is cut.sediment and water content,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉkH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorau˙t}
shaking screen [MECH ENG] A screen used in [ENG] An apparatus for hoisting heavy loads
consisting of two or more poles fastened to-separating material into desired sizes; has an
eccentric drive or an unbalanced rotating weight gether at their upper ends and spread apart at
their lower ends,secured or steadied by a guyto produce shaking,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
shank [DES ENG] 1.The end of a tool which fits orguys,andprovidedwithatackle,Alsoknown
as shear legs,[MECH] See shear strain.into a drawing holder,as on a drill,2,See bit
blank,{ sha?k } { shir }
shear angle [MECH ENG] The angle made byshank-typecutter [DES ENG] A cutter having a
shank to fit into the machine tool spindle or the shear plane with the work surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir
vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}adapter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha?k vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
shape coding [DES ENG] The use of special shear cell [ENG] The component for holding
the powderin an apparatus formaking measure-shapes for control knobs,to permit recognition
and sometimes also position monitoring by ments of the failure properties of a sample of
powder,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorsel }sense of touch,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉp vertstrokeinferiorkoˉdH11080i? }
shaped-chamber manometer [ENG] A flow shearcenter See center of twist,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080t?r}
sheardiagram [MECH] A diagram in which themeasurement device that measures differential
pressure with a uniform flow-rate scale with a shear at every point along a beam is plotted as
an ordinate,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }specially shaped chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉpt |chaˉmH11080b?r
m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r} shearfracture [MECH] Afractureresultingfrom
shear stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080ch?r}shapefactor [ELEC] Seeformfactor,[ELECTR]
The ratio of the 60-decibel bandwidth of a band- shearing [MECHENG] Separationofmaterialby
the cutting action of shears,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080i? }pass filter to the 3-decibel bandwidth,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉp
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} shearing die [MECH ENG] A die with a punch
for shearing the work from the stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080shaper [MECH ENG] A machine tool for cutting
flat-on-flat,contoured surfaces by reciprocating i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
shearing forces [MECH] Two forces that area single-point tool across the workpiece.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉH11080p?r } equal in magnitude,opposite in direction,and
act along two distinct parallel lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉrH11080i?shapingcircuitSee corrective network,{ vertstrokesuperiorshaˉpH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t} vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rsH11080?z}
shearing machine [MECH ENG] A machine forshaping dies [MECH ENG] A set of dies for
493
shearingpunch
cutting cloth or bars,sheets,or plates of metal sheartest [ENG] Any of various tests to deter-
mine shear strength of soil samples,{ vertstrokesuperiorshiror other material,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
vertstrokeinferiortest }shearingpunch [MECH ENG] A punch that cuts
shearwave [MECH] A wave that causes an ele-material by shearing it,with minimal crushing
ment of an elastic medium to change its shape
effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?nch }
without changing its volume,Also known as
shearing strain [MECH] The distortion that re-
rotational wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv}
sults from motion of material on opposite sides
sheath [ELEC] A protective outside covering on
of a plane in opposite directions parallel to the
a cable,[ELECTR] A space charge formed by
plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
ions near an electrode in a gas tube,{ sheˉth }
shearing stress [MECH] A stress in which the
sheathed explosive [ENG] A permitted explo-
material on one side of a surface pushes on the
sive enveloped by a sheath containing a non-
material on the other side of the surface with a
combustiblepowderwhichreducesthetempera-
force which is parallel to the surface,Also
ture of the resultant gases of the explosion and,
knownasshearstress;tangentialstress,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080
therefore,reduces the risk of these hot gases
i?vertstrokeinferiorstres }
causing a firedamp ignition,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉthd ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080
shearing tool [DES ENG] A cutting tool (for a
siv}
lathe,for example) with a considerable angle
sheave [DES ENG] A grooved wheel or pulley.
between its face and a line perpendicular to the
{ sheˉv}
surface being cut,{ vertstrokesuperiorshirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
sheepsfootroller [DES ENG] A cylindrical steel
shearlegs See shear,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorlegz }
drum to which knob-headed spikes are fastened;
shear mark [ENG] A crease on a piece of
used for compacting earth,Also known as
pressed glass; results when the piece is sheared
tamping roller,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉpsvertstrokeinferiorfu˙t vertstrokeinferiorroˉlH11080?r}
off for pressing,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
sheepskinwheel [DES ENG] A polishing wheel
shearmodulus See modulus of elasticity in shear.
madeofsheepskindisksorwedgeseitherquilted
{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s} or glued together,{ vertstrokesuperiorshe
ˉpvertstrokeinferiorskin vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
shearpin [DESENG] 1.Apinorwireprovidedin sheetforming [ENG] The process of producing
afusedesigntoholdpartsinafixedrelationship thin,flatsectionsofsolidmaterials;forexample,
until forces are exerted on one or more of the sheet metal,sheet plastic,or sheet glass.
parts which cause shearing of the pin or wire; { vertstrokesuperiorsheˉt vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
sheet-metalscrewSee self-tapping screw,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉtthe shearing is usually accomplished by setback
|medH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }orsetforward(impact)forces;theshearmember
sheet piling [CIV ENG] Closely spaced piles ofmay be augmented during transportation by an
wood,steel,orconcretedrivenverticallyintotheadditional safety device,2,In a propellant-ac-
ground to obstruct lateral movement of earth ortuated device,a locking member which is re-
water,and often to form an integral part of the
leased by shearing,3,In a power train,such
permanent structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉlH11080i? }
as a winch,any pin,as through a gear and shaft,
sheet train [ENG] The entire assembly needed
whichisdesignedtofailatapredeterminedforce
to produce plastic sheet; includes the extruder,
in order to protect a mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorpin }
die,polish rolls,conveyor,draw rolls,cutter,and
shear plane [MECH] A confined zone along
stacker,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉt vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
which fracture occurs in metal cutting,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir
Shelbytube [ENG] A thin-shelled tube used to
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
take deep-soil samples; the tube is pushed into
shear spinning [MECH ENG] A sheet-metal-
theundisturbedsoilatthe bottomofthecasting
forming process which forms parts with rota-
of the borehole driven into the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorshelH11080
tional symmetry over a mandrel with the use of
beˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
a tool or roller in which deformation is carried
shelf angle [CIV ENG] A mild steel angle sec-
outwitharollerinsuchamannerthatthediame-
tion,riveted or welded to the web of an I beam
ter of the original blank does not change but the
to support the formwork for hollow tiles or the
thickness of the part decreases by an amount
floor or roof units,or to form a seat for precast
dependent on the mandrel angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir
concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorshelf vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
vertstrokeinferiorspinH11080i? }
shelf life [ENG] The time that elapses before
shear strain [MECH] Also known as shear.
stored food,chemicals,batteries,and other ma-
1.Adeformationofasolidbodyinwhichaplane
terials or devices become inoperative or unus-
in the body is displaced parallel to itself relative
able due to age or deterioration,{ vertstrokesuperiorshelf vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
to parallel planes in the body; quantitatively,it
shell [BUILD] A building without internal parti-
is the displacement of any plane relative to a
tions or furnishings,[DES ENG] 1.The case of
second plane,divided by the perpendicular dis-
a pulley block,2,A thin hollow cylinder,3,A
tance between planes,2,The force causing
hollow hemispherical structure,4,The outer
such deformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorstraˉn}
wall of a vessel or tank,{ shel }
shearstrength [MECH] 1,The maximum shear
shellacwheel [DES ENG] A grinding wheel hav-
stress which a material can withstand without ing the abrasive bonded with shellac,{ sh?
rupture,2,The ability of a material to with- vertstrokesuperiorlak vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
stand shear stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth } shell-and-tube exchanger [ENG] A device for
the transfer of heat from a hot fluid to a coolershearstress See shearing stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorshir vertstrokeinferiorstres }
494
shock
fluid; one fluid passes through a group (bundle) cemented into the lumber core itself,2.A thin
of tubes,the other passes around the tubes,piece of material placed between two surfaces
througha surroundingshell,Alsoknown astu- to obtain a proper fit,adjustment,or align-
bular exchanger,{ |shel?n |tu¨b iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnH11080j?r} ment,{ shim }
shellcapacity [ENG] The amount of liquid that shimmy [MECH] Excessivevibrationofthefront
a tank car or tank truck will hold when the liquid wheels of a wheeled vehicle causing a jerking
just touches the underside of the top of the tank motion of the steering wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorshimH11080eˉ }
shell,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } shinglelap [DES ENG] A lap joint in which the
shell clearance [DES ENG] The difference be-
twosurfacesaretapered,withthethinnersurface
tweentheoutsidediameterofabitorcorebarrel
lapped over the thicker one,{ vertstrokesuperiorshi?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorlap }
and the outside set or gage diameter of a ream-
shinglenail [DES ENG] A nail about a half to a
ing shell,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorklirH11080?ns }
fullgagethicker thanacommonnail ofthesame
shell innage [ENG] The depth of a liquid in a
length,{ vertstrokesuperiorshi?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
tank car or tank truck shell,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorinH11080ij }
shipauger [DES ENG] An auger consisting of a
shellknocker [ENG] Adevicetostriketheexter-
spiral body having a single cutting edge,with or
nalsurfaceofahorizontallyrotatingprocessves-
without a screw; there is no spur at the outer
sel (for example,a kiln or a dryer) to loosen
end of the cutting edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorship vertstrokeinferioro˙gH11080?r}
accumulations of solid materials from the inner
shipbuilding [CIV ENG] The construction of
walls or flights of the shell,Also known as
ships,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipvertstrokeinferiorbilH11080di? }
knocker,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorna¨kH11080?r}
shipfitter [CIV ENG] A worker who builds the
shell outage [ENG] The unfilled portion of a
steel structure of a ship,including laying-off and
tank car or tank truck shell; the distance from
fabricating the individual members,subassem-
the underside of the top of the shell to the level
bly,anderectionontheshipway,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipvertstrokeinferiorfidH11080?r}
of the liquid in the shell,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorau˙dH11080ij }
shipmotion [ENG] Translational and rotational
shellpump [MECH ENG] A simple pump for re-
motions of a ship in a wave system which cause
moving wet sand or mud; consists of a hollow
the center of gravity to deviate from simple
cylinder with a ball or clack valve at the bottom.
straight-line motion; these motions are heave,
{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
surge,sway,roll,pitch,and yaw,{ vertstrokesuperiorship vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080
shellreamer [DESENG] Amachine reamercon-
sh?n}
sisting of two parts,the arbor and the replace-
shippingandstoragecontainer [INDENG] Are-
able reamer,with straight or spiral flutes; de-
usable noncollapsible container of any configu-
signed as a sizing or finishing reamer,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel
ration designed to provide protection for a spe-
vertstrokeinferiorreˉmH11080?r}
cificitemagainstimpact,vibration,climaticcon-
shellroof [BUILD] Aroofmadeofathin,curved,
ditions,and the like,during handling,shipment,
platelike structure,usually of concrete but lum-
and storage,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipH11080in vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij k?nvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080n?r}
ber and steel are also used,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
shippingdocument [INDENG] Adocumentlist-
shellstill [CHEM ENG] A distillation device for-
ing the items in a shipment,and showing other
merly used in petroleum refineries; oil was
supply and transportation information that is
charged into a closed,cylindrical shell and heat
required by agencies concerned in the move-
was applied to the outside of the bottom by a
ment of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorda¨kH11080y?H11080m?nt }
firebox,{ vertstrokesuperiorshel vertstrokeinferiorstil }
shippingtime [ENG] Thetimeelapsingbetween
Shenstoneeffect [ELECTR] An increase in pho-
the shipment of material by the supplying activ-
toelectric emission of certain metals following
ity and receipt of material by the requiring activ-
passage of an electric current,{ vertstrokesuperiorshenvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn
ity,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
shippington See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?n}
SHF See sensible-heat factor.
shipway [CIV ENG] 1.The ways on which a ship
shield [ENG] An iron,steel,or wood framework
is constructed,2,The supports placed under-
used to support the ground ahead of the lining
neath a ship in dry dock,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
in tunneling and mining,{ sheˉld }
shipwright [CIV ENG] A worker whose responsi-
shielded wire [ELEC] Insulated wire covered
bility is to ensure that the structure of a ship is
with a metal shield,usually of tinned braided
straight and true and to the designed dimen-
copper wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorsheˉlH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr}
sions; the work starts with the laying down of
shift [INDENG] Thenumberofhours orthepart
the keel blocks and continues throughout the
of any day worked,Also known as tour.
steelwork; applicable also to wood ship build-
[MECHENG] Tochangetheratioofthedrivingto
ers,{ vertstrokesuperiorshipvertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt}the driven gears to obtain the desired rotational
shipyard [CIV ENG] A facility adjacent to deepspeed or to avoid overloading and stalling an
water where ships are constructed or repaired.engine or a motor,{ shift }
{ vertstrokesuperiorshipvertstrokeinferiorya¨rd }shift joint [BUILD] A vertical joint placed on a
SHM See harmonic motion.solid member of the course below,{ vertstrokesuperiorshift
shock [MECH] A pulse or transient motion orvertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
force lasting thousandths to tenths of a secondshiftwork [INDENG] Workpaidforbydaywage.
which is capable of exciting mechanical reso-{ vertstrokesuperiorshift vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
nances; for example,a blast produced by explo-shim [ENG] 1,In the manufacture of plywood,
a long,narrow patch glued into the panel or sives,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k}
495
shockabsorber
shockabsorber [MECH ENG] A spring,a dash- Shore hardness [ENG] A method of rating the
pot,or a combination of the two,arranged to hardness of a metal or of a plastic or rubber
minimizetheaccelerationofthemassofamech- material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙r vertstrokeinferiorha¨rdH11080n?s}
anismorportionthereofwithrespecttoitsframe shore protection [CIV ENG] Preventing erosion
or support,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k?bvertstrokeinferiorzo˙rH11080b?r} ofthegroundborderingabodyofwater,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙r
shockisolation [MECH ENG] The application of pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080sh?n}
isolators to alleviate the effects of shock on a Shore scleroscope [ENG] A device used in re-
mechanical device or system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080 bound hardness testing of rubber,metal,and
sh?n}
plastic; consists of a small,conical hammer fit-
Shockley diode [ELECTR] A pnpn silicon con-
ted with a diamond point and acting in a glass
trolled switch having characteristics that permit
tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙r vertstrokesuperiorsklerH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
operation as a unidirectional diode switch.
shoring [ENG] Providing temporary support
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨kH11080leˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080oˉd}
with shores to a building or an excavation.
shock mount [MECH ENG] A mount used with
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rH11080i? }
sensitive equipment to reduce or prevent trans-
short [ELEC] Seeshortcircuit,[ENG] Inplas-
mission of shock motion to the equipment.
ticsinjection molding,thefailureto fillthemold
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k vertstrokeinferiormau˙nt }
completely,Also known as short shot.
shock resistance [ENG] The property which
{ sho˙rt }
prevents cracking or general rupture when im-
short circuit [ELEC] A low-resistance connec-
pacted,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨krivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns }
tion across a voltage source or between both
shocktest [ENG] Thetesttodeterminewhether
sides of a circuit or line,usually accidental and
thearmorsamplewillcrackorspallunderimpact
usually resulting in excessive current flow that
by kinetic energy or high-explosive projectiles.
may cause damage,Also known as short.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k vertstrokeinferiortest }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
shock tunnel [ENG] A hypervelocity wind tun-
short-circuiting transfer [ENG] Transfer of
nel in which a shock wave generated in a shock
melted material from a consumable electrode
tube ruptures a second diaphragm in the throat
during short circuits,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt |s?rH11080k?dH11080i?
of a nozzle at the end of the tube,and gases
vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r}
emerge from the nozzle into a vacuum tank with
shortcolumn [CIVENG] Acolumninwhichboth
Mach numbers of 6 to 25,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
compression and bending is significant,gener-
shoe [ENG] Inglassmaking,anopen-endedcru-
ally having a slenderness ratio between 30 and
cible placed in a furnace for heating the blowing
120–150,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
irons,[MECH ENG] 1,A metal block used as
shortcoming [DES ENG] An imperfection or
aform orsupportinvarious bendingoperations.
malfunction occurring during the life cycle of
2,A replaceable piece used to break rock in cer-
equipment,which should bereported and which
tain crushing machines,3,See brake shoe.
must be corrected to increase efficiency and to
{ shu¨ }
render the equipment completely serviceable.
shoe brake [MECH ENG] A type of brake in
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rtvertstrokeinferiork?mH11080i? }
which friction is applied by a long shoe,ex-
short-delay blasting [ENG] A method of blast-
tendingoveralargeportionoftherotatingdrum;
ing by which explosive charges are detonated
theshoemaybeexternalorinternaltothedrum.
in a given sequence with short time intervals.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshu¨ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt di|laˉ vertstrokesuperiorblasH11080ti? }
shoot [ENG] To detonate an explosive,used to
short-delay detonator See millisecond delay cap.
breakcoalloosefromaseamorinblastingoper-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt di|laˉ vertstrokesuperiordetH11080?nvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
ation or in a borehole,{ shu¨t}
short fuse [ENG] 1,Any fuse that is cut too
shooting board [ENG] 1,A fixture used as a
short,2,The practice of firing a blast,the fuse
guide in planing boards; it is more accurate than
on the primer of which is not sufficiently long
a miter,2.A table and plane used for trimming
to reach from the top of the charge to the collar
printing plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorshu¨dH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
of the borehole; the primer,with fuse attached,
shopfabrication [ENG] Makingpartsandmate-
is dropped into the charge while burning.
rials in the shop rather than at the work site.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p vertstrokeinferiorfabH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
shortleg [ENG] One of the wires on an electric
shop standards [ENG] Written criteria estab-
blasting cap,which has been shortened so that
lished to govern methods and procedures at an
when placed in the borehole,the two splices or
installation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rdz }
connections will not come opposite each othershop supplies [ENG] Expendable items con-
and make a short circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiorleg }sumed in operation and maintenance (for exam-
short-range radar [ENG] Radar whose maxi-ple,waste,oils,solvents,tape,packing,flux,or
mum line-of-sight range,for a reflecting targetwelding rod),{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨ps?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉz}
having 1 square meter of area perpendicular toshopweld [ENG] A weld made in the workshop
the beam,is between 50 and 150 miles (80 andprior to delivery to the construction site.
240 kilometers),{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt |raˉnj vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p vertstrokeinferiorweld }
shortresiduum [CHEMENG] Apetroleumrefin-shore [ENG] Timber or other material used as
ery term for residual oil from crude-oil distilla-a temporary prop for excavations or buildings;
may be sloping,vertical,or horizontal,{ sho˙r } tion operations in which neutral oils are taken
496
shrinkring
overhead with the distillate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt rivertstrokesuperiorzijH11080?H11080 shothole [ENG] The borehole in which an ex-
plosive is placed for blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}w?m}
shorts [ENG] Oversize particles held on a shotholecasing [ENG] A lightweight pipe,usu-
ally about 4 inches (10 centimeters) in diameterscreen after sieving the fines through the
screen,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rts } and 10 feet (3 meters) long,with threaded con-
nections on both ends,used to prevent the sho-short shipment [ENG] Freight listed or mani-
fested but not received,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiorshipH11080m?nt } thole from caving and bridging,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉsH11080i? }shortstop [CHEMENG] Asubstanceaddeddur-
ing a polymerization process to terminate the shothole drill [MECH ENG] A rotary or churn
drill for drilling shotholes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl vertstrokeinferiordril }reaction,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
shortsupply [IND ENG] An item is in short sup- shot mill [ENG] A high-speed,continuous mill
for deagglomerating,dispersing,and millingply when the total of stock on hand and antici-
pated receipts during a given period is less than paints,inks,dyestuffs,adhesives,food,andphar-
maceuticals; consists of a chamber with rotatingthe total estimated demand during that period.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ } disks that is filled with small steel or ceramic
spheres (shot),and a pump to propel materialshort-term repeatability [CONT SYS] The close
agreement of positional movements of a robotic through the mill,Also know as a media mill.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiormil }system repeated under identical conditions over
a short period of time and at the same location,shot point [ENG] The point at which an explo-
sion (such as in seismic prospecting) originates,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokeinferiort?rm rivertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
shortton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt vertstrokesuperiort?n } generating vibrations in the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }short-tube vertical evaporator [CHEM ENG] A
liquid evaporation process unit with a vertical shotrock [ENG] Blasted rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t |ra¨k}
shoulder [DES ENG] The portion of a shaft,abundle of tubes 2–3 inches (5–8 centimeters) in
diameter and 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 meters) long; the stepped object,or a flanged object that shows
an increase of diameter,[ENG] A projectionheating fluid is inside the tubes,and the liquid
to be evaporated is in the shell area outside madeonapieceofshapedwood,metal,orstone,
whereitswidthorthicknessissuddenlychanged.the tubes; used mainly to evaporate cane-sugar
juice,Also known as calandria evaporator; { vertstrokesuperiorshoˉlH11080d?r}
shoulderharness [ENG] A harness in a vehicleRoberts evaporator; standard evaporator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsho˙rt |tu¨b vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?livertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } that fastens over the shoulders to prevent a per-
son’s being thrown forward in the seat,{ vertstrokesuperiorshoˉlH11080shot [ENG] 1,A charge of some kind of explo-
sive,2,Small spherical particles of steel,d?r vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080n?s}
shoulderscrew [DES ENG] A screw with an un-3.Smallsteelballsusedasthecuttingagentofa
shotdrill,4.Thefiringofablast,5.Inplastics threaded cylindrical section,or shoulder,be-
tween threads and screwhead; the shoulder ismolding,the yield from one complete molding
cycle,including scrap,{ sha¨t } larger indiameter thanthe threadedsection and
provides an axis aroundwhich close-fitting mov-shotbit [DES ENG] A short length of heavy-wall
steel tubing with diagonal slots cut in the flat- ing parts operate,{ vertstrokesuperiorshoˉlH11080d?r vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
shovel [DES ENG] A hand tool having a flat-faced bottom edge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorbit }
shotboring [ENG] Theactorprocessofproduc- tened scoop at the end of a long handle for
moving soil,aggregate,cement,or other similaring a borehole witha shot drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080i? }
shot break [ENG] In seismic prospecting,the material,[MECH ENG] A mechanical excava-
tor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}electrical impulse which records the instant of
explosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk} shovel dozer See tractor loader,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordoˉzH11080
r}shot capacity [ENG] The maximum weight of
molten resin that an accumulator can push out shovel loader [MECH ENG] A loading machine
mounted on wheels,with a bucket hinged to thewith one forward stroke of the ram during plas-
tics forming operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } chassiswhichscoopsuploosematerial,elevates
it,and discharges it behind the machine.shotcreting [ENG] A process of conveying mor-
tar or concrete through a hose at high velocity { vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?r}
shrinkage [ENG] 1,Contraction of a moldedonto a surface; the material bonds tenaciously
to a properly prepared concrete surface and to material,such as metal or resin,upon cooling.
2,Contraction of a plastics casting upon poly-a number of other materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨tvertstrokeinferiorkreˉdH11080i? }
shotdepth [ENG] Thedistancefromthesurface merizing,{ vertstrokesuperiorshri?H11080kij }
shrinkfit [DES ENG] A tight interference fit be-to the charge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiordepth }
shotdrill See calyx drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiordril } tween mating parts made by shrinking-on,that
is,by heating the outer member to expand theshotelevation [ENG] Elevation of the dynamite
charge in the shot hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080sh?n } bore for easy assembly and then cooling so that
the outer member contracts,{ vertstrokesuperiorshri?k vertstrokeinferiorfit }shot feed [MECH ENG] A device to introduce
chilled-steel shot,at a uniform rate and in the shrink forming [DES ENG] Forming metal
wherein the piece undergoes shrinkage duringproper quantities,into the circulating fluid flow-
ing downward through the rods or pipe con- cooling following the application of heat,cold
upset,or pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorshri?k vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080mi? }nected to the core barrel and bit of a shot drill.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorfeˉd} shrinkring [DES ENG] A heated ring placed on
497
shrinkwrapping
anassemblyofparts,whichonsubsequentcool- building to provide two inlet connections for fire
hoses to the standpipes and to the sprinklering fixes them in position by contraction.
{ vertstrokesuperiorshri?k vertstrokeinferiorri? } system,{ |s?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉzk?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n}
SIC See dielectric constant.shrinkwrapping [ENG] A technique of packag-
ing with plastics in which the strains in plastics sickle [DES ENG] A hand tool consisting of a
hooked metal blade with a short handle,usedfilm are released by raising the temperature of
the film,causing it to shrink-fit over the object for cutting grain or other agricultural products.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsikH11080?l}being packaged,{ vertstrokesuperiorshri?k vertstrokeinferiorrapH11080i? }
shroud [ENG] A protective covering,usually of sidebar [ENG] Abaronwhichmoldingpinsare
carried; operated from outside the mold.metal plate or sheet,{ shrau˙d}
shroudedpropeller See ducted fan,{ vertstrokesuperiorshrau˙dH11080?d{vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
side-channel spillway [CIV ENG] A dam spill-pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
shunt [CIVENG] Toshoveorturnofftooneside,wayinwhichtheinitialandfinalflowareapproxi-
mately perpendicular to each other,Alsoas a car or train from one track to another.
[ELEC] 1,A precision low-value resistor placed known as lateral flow spillway,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd |chanH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorspil vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }across the terminals of an ammeter to increase
its range by allowing a known fraction of the sidedirection [MECH] Instressanalysis,thedi-
rection perpendicular to the plane of symmetrycircuit current to go around the meter,Also
known aselectric shunt,2.To placeone part in of an object,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉddivertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
side draw pin [ENG] Projection used to core aparallelwithanother,3,Seeparallel,{ sh?nt }
shuntvalve [ENG] A valve that gives a fluid un- hole in a molded article at an angle other than
the line of mold closing; must be withdrawn be-der pressure a more readily available escape
route than the normal route,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?nt vertstrokeinferiorvalv } fore the article is ejected,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokesuperiordro˙ vertstrokeinferiorpin }
side-facing tool [ENG] A single-point cuttingshut-downcircuit [ENG] An electronic,electric,
or pneumatic system designed to shut off and tool having a nose angle of less than 60H11034 and
used forfinishing the tailstockend ofwork beingclose down process systems or equipment; can
be used for routine or emergency situations,machined between centers or the face of a work-
piece mounted in a chuck,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorfaˉsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?tvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
shutheight [MECHENG] Thedistanceinapress sidehillbit [DESENG] Adrillbit whichissetoff-
center so that it cuts a hole of larger diameterbetween the bottom of the slide and the top of
the bed,indicating the maximum die height that than that of the bit,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorhil vertstrokeinferiorbit }
sidehook See bench hook,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}can be accommodated,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?t vertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt}
shutoff head [MECH ENG] The pressure devel- side-lookingradar [ENG] A high-resolution air-
borne radar having antennas aimed to the rightoped in a centrifugal or axial flow pump when
there is zero flow through the system,and left of the flight path; used to provide high-
resolutionstripmapswithphotographlikedetail,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?tvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorhed }
shutter dam [CIV ENG] A dam consisting of a to map unfriendly territory while flying along its
perimeter,and to detect submarine snorkelsseries of pieces that can be lowered or raised
by revolving them about their horizontal axis,against a background of sea clutter,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd |lu˙kH11080
i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080da¨r}{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordam }
shuttering See formwork,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?H11080ri? } side milling [MECH ENG] Milling with a side-
milling cutter to machine one vertical surface.shuttle [MECHENG] Aback-and-forthmotionof
a machine which continues to face in one direc- { vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
side-milling cutter [DES ENG] A milling cuttertion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?l}
shuttleconveyor [MECH ENG] Any conveyor in withteethononeorbothsidesaswellasaround
the periphery,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd |milH11080i?vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}a self-contained structure movable in a defined
path parallel to the flow of the material,side rake [MECH ENG] The angle between the
tool face and a reference plane for a single-point{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?lk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
shuttling [ENG] A movement involving two or turning tool,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉk}
sidereliefangle [DES ENG] The angle that themore trips or partial trips by the same motor
vehicles between two points,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?dH11080?lH11080i? } portion of the flanks of a cutting tool below the
cutting edge makes with a plane normal to theSiacci method [MECH] An accurate and useful
method for calculation of trajectories of high- base,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdrivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
siderod [MECHENG] 1.Arodlinking thecrank-velocity missiles with low quadrant angles of
departure; basic assumptions are that the pinsoftwoadjoiningdrivingwheelsonthesame
side of a locomotive; distributes power from theatmospheric density anywhere on the trajectory
is approximately constant,and the angle of de- main rod to the driving wheels,2,One of the
rods linking the piston-rod crossheads and theparture is less than about 15H11034.{seˉvertstrokesuperiora¨H11080cheˉ
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d } side levers of a side-lever engine,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
siderograph [ENG] An instrument that keepssiamese blow [ENG] In the plastics industry,
the blowmolding of two ormore parts ofa prod- the time of the Greenwich longitude; consists
of a clock and a navigation instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorsidH11080uct in a single blow,then cutting them apart.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉz vertstrokesuperiorbloˉ }?H11080r?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
side shot [ENG] A reading or measurementsiamese connection [ENG] A Y-shaped stand-
pipe installed close to the ground outside a from a survey station to locate a point that is
498
sigma-deltamodulator
off the traverse or that is not intended to be sieve or screen,defined by four boundary wires
used as a base for the extension of the survey,(warp and woof); the laboratory mesh is square
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorsha¨t} and is defined by the shortest distance between
side slope [ENG] A test course used to deter- two parallel wires as regards aperture (quoted
minelateralstabilityofavehicleaswellassteer-
in micrometers or millimeters),and by the num-
ing,carburetion,and other functions,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉd
ber of parallel wires per linear inch as regards
vertstrokeinferiorsloˉp}
mesh; 60-mesh equals 60 wires per inch.
sidestream [CHEM ENG] A liquid stream taken
{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv vertstrokeinferiormesh }
from an intermediate point of a liquids-proc-
sieve plate [CHEM ENG] A distillation-tower
essing unit,for example,a distillation or extrac-
tray that is perforated so that the vapor emerges
tion tower,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorstreˉm}
vertically through the tray,passing through the
sidestreamstripper [CHEMENG] A device used
liquid holdup on top of the tray; used as a re-
to perform further distillation on a liquid stream
placement for bubble-cap trays in distillation.
(sidestream) from any one of the plates of a
Also known as sieve tray,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
bubble tower,usually with the use of steam.
sieve shaker [CHEM ENG] A device used to
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorstreˉm vertstrokesuperiorstripH11080?r}
shake a stacked column of standard sieve-test
sidetrack [CIV ENG] 1,To move railroad cars
trays to cause solids to sift progressively from
onto a siding,2,See siding,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiortrak }
the top (large openings) to the bottom (small
sidetracking [ENG] The deliberate act or proc-
openings and a final pan),according to particle
ess of deflecting and drilling a borehole away
size,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv vertstrokeinferiorshaˉH11080k?r}
from a normal,straight course,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? }
sieving See sieve analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsivH11080i? }
sidewalk [CIVENG] 1.Awalkwayforpedestrians
sight-feed [ENG] Pertaining to piping in which
on the side of a street or road,2,A foot pave-
the flowing liquid can be observed through a
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙k}
transparent tube or wall,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉtvertstrokeinferiorfeˉd}
sidewall section [ENG ACOUS] A wall in a
sightglass [ENG] A glass tube or a glass-facedsound-recordingstudiowithreversiblepanelsor
section on a process line or vessel; used forrotating columns that are sound-absorbent on
visual reading of liquid levels or of manometerone side and reflective onthe other,used to vary
pressures,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorglas }the acoustic environment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080
sightingtube [ENG] Atube,usuallyceramic,in-sh?n}
siding [CIV ENG] A short railroad track con- serted into a hot chamber whose temperature is
nected to the main track at one or more points to be measured; an optical pyrometer is sighted
and used to move railroad cars in order to free into the tube to observe the interior end of the
traffic on the main line or for temporary storage tube to give a temperature reading,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdH11080i?
of cars,Also known as sidetrack,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉdH11080i? } vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
siemens [ELEC] A unit of conductance,admit-
sightrod See range rod,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
tance,and susceptance,equal to the conduc-
sigma-deltaanalog-to-digitalconverter [ELECTR]
tance between two points of a conductor such
A converter that uses an analog circuit to gener-
that a potential difference of 1 volt between
ate a single-valued pulse stream in which the
these points produces a current of 1 ampere; the
frequency of pulses is determined by the analog
conductance of a conductor in siemens is the
source,and then uses a digital circuit to repeat-
reciprocal of its resistance in ohms,Formerly
edlysumthenumberofthesepulsesoverafixed
known as mho (H9024); reciprocal ohm,Symbolized
time interval,converting the pulses to numeric
S,{ vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080m?nz }
values,{ |sigH11080m? |delH11080t?vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨gtu¨ vertstrokeinferiordijH11080?dH11080?l
sieve [ENG] 1,A meshed or perforated device
k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080?r}
or sheet through which dry loose material is re-
sigma-deltaconverter [ELECTR] Aclassofelec-
fined,liquid is strained,and soft solids are com-
tronic systems containing both analog and digi-
minuted,2,A meshed sheet with apertures of
talsubsystemswhosemostcommonapplication
uniform size used for sizing granular materials.
is the conversion of analog signals to digital
{ siv}
form,and vice versa,using pulse density modu-
sieve analysis [ENG] The size distribution of
lation to create a high-rate stream of single-
solid particles on a series of standard sieves of
amplitude pulses in either case,Also known
decreasing size,expressed as a weight percent.
as delta-sigma converter,{ vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080m?vertstrokeinferiordelH11080t? k?n
Also known as sieve classification; sieving.
vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
sigma-deltadigital-to-analogconverter [ELECTR]
sieveclassificationSeesieveanalysis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080
A converter that uses a digital circuit to convert
H11080f?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
numeric values from a digital processor to a
sievediameter [ENG] The size of a sieve open-
pulse stream and then uses an analog low-pass
ing through which a given particle will just pass.
filter to produce an analog waveform,{ |sigH11080m?
{ vertstrokesuperiorsivd?ˉvertstrokeinferioramH11080?dH11080?r}
|delH11080t?vertstrokeinferiordijH11080?dH11080?ltu¨ vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorla¨gk?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
sievefraction [ENG] That portion of solid parti-
sigma-delta modulator [ELECTR] The circuitcleswhichpassthroughastandardsieveofgiven
usedtogenerateapulse streaminasigma-deltanumber and is retained by a finer sieve of a
converter,Also known as delta-sigma modula-different number,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiv vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080sh?n}
sievemesh [DESENG] Thestandardopeningin tor,{ vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080m?vertstrokeinferiordelH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
499
sigmafunction
sigmafunction [THERMO] A property of a mix- automatic screw machine rotates; it is covered
withacasingwhichdeadenssoundandpreventsture of air and water vapor,equal to the differ-
ence between the enthalpy and the product of transfer of noise and vibration,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorsta¨k
s?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }the specific humidity and the enthalpy of water
(liquid) at the thermodynamic wet-bulb temper- silicate grinding wheel [DES ENG] A mild-act-
ing grinding wheel where the abrasive grain isature;itisconstantforconstantbarometricpres-
sure and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature,bonded with sodium silicate and fillers,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080
H11080k?t vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
signal correction [ENG] In seismic analysis,a silicide resistor [ELECTR] A thin-film resistor
thatusesasilicideofmolybdenumorchromium,correction to eliminate the time differences be-
tween reflection times,resulting from changes depositedbydirect-currentsputteringinaninte-
grated circuit when radiation hardness or highin the outgoing signal from shot to shot,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080
n?lk?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n } resistance values are required,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉd
rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}signal effect [ENG] In seismology,variation in
arrival times of reflections recorded with identi- siliconcapacitor [ELECTR] Acapacitorinwhich
apuresilicon-crystalslabservesasthedielectric;cal filter settings,as a result of changes in the
outgoing signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?livertstrokeinferiorfekt } when the crystal is grown to have a p zone,a
depletion zone,and an n zone,the capacitancesignalflare [ENG] Apyrotechnicflareofdistinct
color and character used as a signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080 varies with the externally applied bias voltage,
as in a varactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?nk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}n?l vertstrokeinferiorfler }
signal-flow graph [SYS ENG] An abbreviated silicondiode [ELECTR] Acrystaldiodethatuses
silicon as a semiconductor; used as a detectorblock diagram in which small circles,called
nodes,representvariablesofthesystem,andthe in ultra-high- and super-high-frequency circuits.
Also known as silicon detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?nnodes are connected by lines,called branches,
which represent one-way signal multipliers; an vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
siliconhomojunction See bipolar junction transis-arrow on the line indicates direction of signal
flow,and a letter near the arrow indicates the tor,{ |silH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorha¨H11080m?vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
silicon-on-insulator [ELECTR] A semiconductormultiplication factor,Also known as flow
graph,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l |floˉ vertstrokesuperiorgraf } manufacturing technology in which thin films
of single-crystalline silicon are grown over ansignal generator [ENG] An electronic test in-
strument that delivers a sinusoidal output at electrically insulating substrate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?no˙n
vertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}an accurately calibrated frequency that may be
anywherefromtheaudiotothemicrowaverange; silicon-on-sapphire [ELECTR] A semiconductor
manufacturing technology in which metal oxidethe frequencyand amplitude areadjustable over
a wide range,and the output usually may semiconductor devices are constructed in a thin
single-crystalsiliconfilmgrownonanelectricallybe amplitude- or frequency-modulated,Also
known as test oscillator,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080 insulatingsyntheticsapphiresubstrate,Abbre-
viated SOS,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?no˙n vertstrokesuperiorsavertstrokeinferiorf?ˉr}?r}
signalingkey See key,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?H11080li?vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ } siliconrectifier [ELECTR] A metallic rectifier in
which rectifying action is provided by an alloysignallight [ENG] A signal,illumination,or any
pyrotechnic light used as a sign,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt } junction formed in a high-purity silicon slab.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}signal-to-interference ratio [ELECTR] The rela-
tive magnitude of signal waves and waves which silicon resistor [ELECTR] A resistor using sili-
con semiconductor material as a resistance ele-interfere with signal-wave reception,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l
tu¨ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rvertstrokesuperiorfirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } ment,to obtain a positive temperature coeffi-
cient of resistance that does not appreciablysignal-to-noise ratio [ELECTR] The ratio of the
amplitude of a desired signal at any point to the changewithtemperature;usedasatemperature-
sensing element,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?nrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}amplitude of noise signals at that same point;
often expressed in decibels; the peak value is silicon retina [ELECTR] An analog very large
scaleintegratedcircuitchipthatperformsopera-usually used for pulse noise,while the root-
mean-square (rms) value is used for random tions which resemble some of the functions per-
formed by the retina of the human eye,{ vertstrokeinferiorsilH11080noise,Abbreviated S/N; SNR,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?lt?
vertstrokesuperiorno˙iz vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }?vertstrokeinferiorka¨n vertstrokesuperiorretH11080?nH11080? }
silicon solar cell [ELECTR] A solar cell con-signal tower [CIV ENG] A switch tower from
which railroad signals are displayed or con- sisting ofpandnsilicon layers placedone above
the other to form a pn junction at which radianttrolled,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
signal voltage [ELEC] Effective (root-mean- energy is converted into electricity,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?n
vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorsel }square) voltage value of a signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l
vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij } silicon transistor [ELECTR] A transistor in
which silicon is used as the semiconductingsilent speed [ENG] The speed at which silent
motion pictures are fed through a projector,material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080?H11080k?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
sill [BUILD] The lowest horizontal member of aequalto16framespersecond(sound-filmspeed
is 24 frames per second),{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd } framed partition or of a window or door frame.
[CIV ENG] 1,A timber laid across the foot of asilent stock support [MECH ENG] A flexible
metal guide tube in which the stock tube of an trench or a heading under the side truss.
500
simultaneity
2.The horizontal overflow line of a dam spillway tool,and pneumatic hammer; the rate of pene-
orotherweirstructure,3.Ahorizontalmember tration of a chisel-shaped bit into brittle rock
on which a lift gate rests when closed,4.A low may be defined as follows,R H11005 NAf
v
/H9266D,where
concrete or masonry dam in a small stream to R equals the rate of advance of bit,Nequals the
retard bottom erosion,[CONT SYS] A type of number of wings of bit,f
v
equals the number of
robot articulation that has three degrees of free- impacts per unit time,D equals the diameter of
dom,{ sil } the bit,and A equals the cross-sectional area of
sill anchor [BUILD] A fastener projecting from thecraterattheperipheryofthedrillhole,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080
a foundation wall or foundation slab to secure
m?nz vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
the sill to the foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsil vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}
simple balance [ENG] An instrument for mea-
silo [CIV ENG] A large vertical,cylindrical struc-
suring weight in which a beam can rotate about
ture,made of reinforced concrete,steel,or tim-
a knife-edge or other point of support,the un-
ber,and used for storing grain,cement,or other
known weight is placed in one of two pans sus-
materials,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080loˉ }
pended from the ends of the beam and the
silting [CIV ENG] The filling up or raising of the
known weights are placed in the other pan,and
bed of a body of water by depositing silt.
a small weight is slid along the beam until the
{ vertstrokesuperiorsiltH11080i? }
beam is horizontal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorbalH11080?ns }
silting index [ENG] The measurement of the
simple continuous distillation See equilibrium
tendency of a solids- or gel-carrying fluid to
flash vaporization,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080p?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortinH11080y?H11080w?s
cause silting in close-tolerance devices,such as
vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
valves or other process-line flow constrictions.
simpleengine [MECH ENG] An engine (such as
{ vertstrokesuperiorsiltH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
a steam engine) in which expansion occurs in a
silver-diskpyrheliometer [ENG] An instrument
single phase,after which the working fluid is
used for the measurement of direct solar radia-
exhausted,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
tion; it consists of a silver disk located at the
simple harmonic motion See harmonic motion.
lowerendofadiaphragmedtubewhichservesas
{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080p?lha¨rvertstrokesuperiorma¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
theradiationreceiverforacalorimeter;radiation
simplemachine [MECHENG] Anyofseveralele-
falling on the silver disk is periodically inter-
mentary machines,one or more being incorpo-
ceptedbymeansofashutterlocatedinthetube,
rated in every mechanical machine; usually,only
causing temperature fluctuations of the calor-
the lever,wheel and axle,pulley (or block and
imeter which are proportional to the intensity
tackle),inclined plane,and screw are included,
of the radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080v?r vertstrokesuperiordisk |p?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080
although the gear drive and hydraulic press may
dH11080?r}
also be considered simple machines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080
silvered mica capacitor [ELECTR] A mica ca-
p?lm?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉn}
pacitor in which a coating of silver is deposited
simple pendulum [MECH] A device consisting
directly on the mica sheets to serve in place of
of a small,massive body suspended by an inex-
conducting metal foil,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080v?rd |m?ˉH11080k? k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080
tensible object of negligible mass from a fixed
dH11080?r}
horizontal axis about which the body and sus-
silver migration [ELEC] A process,causing re-
pension are free to rotate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080p?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080
duction in insulation resistance and dielectric
l?m}
failure;silver,incontactwithaninsulator,athigh
simplex concrete pile [CIV ENG] A molded-in-
humidity,and subjected to an electrical poten-
place pile made by using a hollow cylindrical
tial,is transported ionically from one location
mandrelwhichisfilledwithconcreteafterhaving
to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorsilH11080v?rm?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
been driven to the desired depth and raised a
similarityprincipleSeeprincipleofdynamicalsimi-
few feet at a time,the concrete flowing out at
larity,{ vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlarH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
the bottom and filling the hole in the earth.
similitude [ENG] A likeness or resemblance; for
{ vertstrokesuperiorsimvertstrokeinferiorpleks vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉl}
example,thescale-upofachemicalprocessfrom
simplex pump [MECH ENG] A pump with only
a laboratory or pilot-plant scale to a commercial
one steam cylinder and one water cylinder.
scale,{ sivertstrokesuperiormilH11080?vertstrokeinferiortu¨d}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsimvertstrokeinferiorpleks |p?mp }
simmer [ENG] The detectable leakage of fluid
SIMS See secondary ion mass spectrometer.
in a safety valve below the popping pressure.
{ simz }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?r}
simulate [ENG] To mimic some or all of the be-
simochart [INDENG] Abasicmotion-timechart
havior of one system with a different,dissimilar
used to show the simultaneous nature of mo-
system,particularly with computers,models,ortions; commonly a therblig chart for two-hand
other equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉt}workwithmotionsymbolsplottedverticallywith
simulator [ENG] A computer or other piece ofrespect to time,showing the therblig abbrevia-
equipment that simulates a desired system ortion and a brief description for each activity,and
condition and shows the effects of various ap-individualtimesvaluesandbody-memberdetail.
plied changes,such as a flight simulator.Also known as simultaneous motion-cycle chart.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080moˉ vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
simultaneity [MECH] Two events have simulta-Simon’stheory [ENG] Atheoryofdrillingwhich
neity,relative to an observer,if they take placeincludes the effects of drilling by percussion and
by vibration with a rotary (oil well) bit,cable at the same time according to a clock which is
501
simultaneousmotion-cyclechart
fixed relative to the observer,{ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080m?lH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorneˉH11080 evaporation process completed entirely in one
vessel or by means of a single heating unit.?dH11080eˉ }
simultaneous motion-cycle chart See simo chart,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?li|fekt ivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
single-electron transistor [ELECTR] A transis-{ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080m?lvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080neˉH11080?s vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n |s?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
sine bar [DES ENG] A device consisting of a tor whose dimensions are extremely small,in
the nanometer range,causing it to exhibit char-steel straight edge with two cylinders of equal
diameter attached near the ends with their cen- acteristics thatare sensitiveto thetransport and
storage of single electrons,{ vertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080g?livertstrokeinferiorlekH11080tra¨nters equidistant from the straightedge; used to
measure angles accurately and to lay out work tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
single-ended signal [ELECTR] A circuit signalat a desired angle in relationship to a surface.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } thatisthevoltagedifferencebetweentwonodes,
one of which can be defined as being at groundsinegalvanometer [ENG] A type of magnetom-
eter in which a small magnet is suspended in orreferencevoltage,{ |si?H11080g?l |enH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorsigH11080n?l}
single-ended spread [ENG] A spread of geo-the center of a pair of Helmholtz coils,and the
rest position of the magnet is measured when phones in which the shot point is located at one
end of the arrangement,{ |si?H11080g?l |endH11080?dvarious known currents are sent through the
coils,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorspred }
single-hand drilling [ENG] A method of rocksine-wave response See frequency response.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉn |waˉvri vertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns } drilling in which the drill steel,which is held in
the hand,is struck with a4-pound (1.8-kilogram)singing [CONT SYS] An undesired,self-sus-
tained oscillation in a system or component,at hammer,the drill being turned between the
blows,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorhan vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }a frequency in or above the passband of the
systemorcomponent;generallyduetoexcessive singlein-linepackage [ELECTR] Apackaged re-
sistor network or other assembly that has a sin-positive feedback,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080i? }
singing margin [CONT SYS] The difference in glerowofterminalsorleadwiresalongoneedge
of the package,Abbreviated SIP,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?llevel,usuallyexpressed in decibels,between the
singing point and the operating gain of a system vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorpakH11080ij }
single-layer bit See surface-set bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |laˉH11080or component,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080i?vertstrokeinferiorma¨rH11080j?n}
singing point [CONT SYS] The minimum value?r vertstrokesuperiorbit }
single-loop feedback [CONT SYS] A system inof gain of a system or component that will result
in singing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } whichfeedbackmayoccurthroughonlyoneelec-
trical path,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |lu¨p vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }singleacting [MECH ENG] Acting in one direc-
tion only,as a single-acting plunger,or a single- single-loop servomechanism [CONT SYS] A
servomechanism which has only one feedbackacting engine (admitting the working fluid on
one side of the piston only),{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperioraktH11080i? } loop,Alsoknownasservoloop,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |lu¨p
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}single-actionpress [MECHENG] Apresshaving
a single slide,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |akH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorpres } single-phase [ELEC] Energized by a single
alternating voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorfaˉz}single-axis gyroscope [ENG] A gyroscope sus-
pended in just one gimbal whose bearings form single-phase circuit [ELEC] Either an alternat-
ing-current circuit which has only two points ofits output axis; an example is a rate gyroscope.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |akH11080s?s vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } entry,oronewhich,havingmorethantwopoints
of entry,is intended to be so energized that thesingle-blockbrake [MECHENG] Africtionbrake
consisting of a short block fitted to the contour potential differences between all pairs of points
of entry are either in phase or differ in phase byof a wheel or drum and pressed up against the
surface by means of a lever on a fulcrum; used 180H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |faˉz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
single-phase flow [CHEM ENG] The flow of aon railroad cars,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |bla¨k vertstrokesuperiorbraˉk}
single-buttoncarbonmicrophone [ENGACOUS] material,asagas,single-phaseliquid,orasolid,
but not in any combination of the three,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080Microphone having a carbon-filled buttonlike
container on only one side of its flexible dia- g?l |faˉz vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
single-phasemeter [ENG] A type of power-fac-phragm,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |b?tH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
single-cutfile [DES ENG] A file with one set of tor meter that contains a fixed coil that carries
the load current,and crossed coils that are con-parallel teeth,extending diagonally across the
face of the file,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |k?t vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl } nected to the load voltage; there is no spring
to restrain the moving system,which takes asingle-degree-of-freedom gyro [MECH] A gyro
the spin reference axis of which is free to rotate position to indicate the angle between the cur-
rent and voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |faˉz vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}about only one of the orthogonal axes,such as
the inputor outputaxis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?ldi|greˉ?v |freˉH11080 single-phase motor [ELEC] A motor energized
by a single alternating voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |faˉzd?m vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ }
single-edgedpush-pullamplifiercircuit [ELECTR] vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r}
single-piece milling [MECH ENG] A millingAmplifier circuit having two transmission paths
designedtooperateinacomplementarymanner method whereby one part is held and milled in
one machine cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |peˉs vertstrokesuperiormilH11080i? }and connected to provide a single unbalanced
outputwithout theuse ofan outputtransformer,single-point grounding [ELEC] Grounding sys-
tem that attempts to confine all return currents{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |ejd |pu˙sh |pu˙l vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
single-effect evaporation [CHEM ENG] An to a network that serves as the circuit reference;
502
Six’sthermometer
to be effective,no appreciable current is allowed problem,that portion of the optimal trajectory
in which the Hamiltonian is not an explicit func-to flow in the circuit reference,that is,the sum
of the return currents is zero,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |po˙int tion of the control inputs,requiring higher-order
necessary conditions to be applied in the proc-vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙ndH11080i? }
single-point tool [ENG] A cutting tool having ess of solution,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080gy?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiora¨rk }
sink-float separation process [ENG] A simpleone face and one continuous cutting edge.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |po˙int vertstrokesuperiortu¨l } gravity process used in ore dressing that sepa-
rates particles of different sizes or compositionsingle-pole double-throw [ELEC] A three-ter-
minal switch or relay contact arrangement that on the basis of differences in specific gravity.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?k vertstrokesuperiorfloˉt vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}connects one terminal to either of two other
terminals,Abbreviated SPDT,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl sinking fund [IND ENG] A fund established by
periodicallydepositingfundsatcompoundinter-vertstrokesuperiord?bH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthroˉ }
single-pole single-throw [ELEC] A two-termi- estinordertoaccumulateagivensumatagiven
future time for some specific purpose,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?kH11080nal switch or relay contact arrangement that
opens or closes one circuit,Abbreviated SPST,i?vertstrokeinferiorf?nd }
sinkmark [ENG] A shallow depression or dim-{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorpoˉl vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorthroˉ }
singlesampling [IND ENG] A sampling inspec- ple onthe surfaceof aninjection-molded plastic
part due to collapsing of the surface followingtion in which the lot is accepted or rejected on
the basis of one sample,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli? } local internal shrinkage after the gate seals.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?k vertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }single-shot blocking oscillator [ELECTR]
Blocking oscillator modified to operate as a sin- sinter setting See mechanical setting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080t?r
vertstrokeinferiorsedH11080i? }gle-shot trigger circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |sha¨t vertstrokesuperiorbla¨kH11080i?
vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r} sinusoidal current See simple harmonic current.
{ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorso˙idH11080?l vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }single-shot exploder [ENG] A magneto ex-
ploder operated by the twist action given by a SIP See single in-line package,{ sip }
siphon [ENG] A tube,pipe,or hose throughhalf turn of the firing key,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |sha¨tik
vertstrokesuperiorsploˉdH11080?r } which a liquid can be moved from a higher to a
lower levelby atmosphericpressure forcingit upsingle-shotmultivibrator See monostable multivi-
brator,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |sha¨t |m?lH11080tivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r } the shorter leg while the weight of the liquid in
thelongerlegcausescontinuousdownwardflow.single-shottriggercircuit [ELECTR] Trigger cir-
cuit in which one triggering pulse initiates one { vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?n}
siphon barograph [ENG] A recording siphoncomplete cycle of conditions ending with a sta-
blecondition,Alsoknown assingle-triptrigger barometer,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?n vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
siphon barometer [ENG] A J-shaped mercurycircuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |sha¨t vertstrokesuperiortrigH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
single-sided amplifier See single-end amplifier,barometer in which the stem of the J is capped
and the cusp is open to the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |s?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
single-sided board [ELECTR] A printed wiring f?nb?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
siphon recorder [ENG] A recorder in which aboardthat containsallofthe interconnectmate-
rialononeoftheexternallayers,{ vertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiors?ˉdH11080 small siphon discharges ink to make the record;
used in submarine telegraphy,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?nri?d vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rd }
single-stage compressor [MECH ENG] A ma- vertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
siphonspillway [CIVENG] Anenclosedspillwaychine that effects overall compression of a gas
or vapor from suction to discharge conditions passing over the crest of a dam in which flow
is maintained by atmospheric pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080without any sequential multiplicity of elements,
such as cylinders or rotors,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |staˉjf?n vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
siren [ENGACOUS] Anapparatus forgeneratingk?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
single-stage pump [MECH ENG] A pump in soundbythemechanicalinterruptionoftheflow
of fluid (usually air) by a perforated disk or cylin-whichtheheadisdevelopedbyasingleimpeller.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |staˉj vertstrokesuperiorp?mp } der,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080r?n}
sister hook [DES ENG] 1,Either of a pair ofsinglethread [DES ENG] A screw thread having
a single helix in which the lead and pitch are hooks which can be fitted together to form a
closed ring,2,A pair of such hooks,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080equal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }
single-throw switch [ELEC] A switch in which t?r vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
site [ENG] Position of anything; for example,the same pair of contacts is always opened or
closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |throˉ vertstrokesuperiorswich } the position of a gun emplacement,{ s?ˉt}
six-axis system [MECH ENG] A robot that hassingle-triptriggercircuitSeesingle-shottriggercir-
cuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |trip vertstrokesuperiortrigH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t } six degrees of freedom,three rectangular and
three rotational,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiks |akH11080s?s vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}single-tuned amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier
characterizedbyresonanceatasinglefrequency,six-phase circuit [ELEC] Combination of cir-
cuits energized by alternating electromotive{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |tu¨nd vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
single-unit semiconductor device [ELECTR] forces which differ in phase by one-sixth of a
cycle (60H11034),{ vertstrokesuperiorsiks |faˉz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}Semiconductor device having one set of elec-
trodes associated with a single carrier stream,Six’sthermometer [ENG] A combination maxi-
mum thermometer and minimum thermometer;{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080g?l |yu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?rdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
singular arc [CONT SYS] In an optimal control the tube is shaped in the form of a U with a bulb
503
six-tenthsfactor
at either end; one bulb is filled with creosote facsimile frame from rectangularity due to lack
of synchronism between scanner and recorder;which expands or contracts with temperature
variation,forcing before it a short column of expressed numerically as the tangent of the
angle of this deviation,2,The degree of non-mercury having iron indexes at either end; the
indexesremainattheextremepositionsreached synchronism of supposedly parallel bits when
bit-coded characters are read from magneticbythemercurycolumn,thusindicatingthemaxi-
mum and minimum temperatures; the indexes tape,[MECH ENG] Gearing whose shafts are
neither interesecting nor parallel,{ skyu¨ }can be reset with the aid of a magnet,{ vertstrokesuperiorsikH11080
s?zth?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} skewback [CIV ENG] The beveled or inclined
support at each end of a segmental arch.six-tenths factor [IND ENG] An empirical rela-
tionship between the cost and the size of a man- { vertstrokesuperiorskyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorbak }
skewbridge [CIV ENG] A bridge which spans aufacturing facility; as size increases,cost in-
creases by an exponent of six-tenths,that is gap obliquely and is therefore longer than the
width of the gap,{ vertstrokesuperiorskyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorbrij }cost
1
/cost
2
H11005 (size
1
/size
2
)
0.6
.{vertstrokesuperiorsiks |tenths
vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} skewchisel [ENG] Atoolusedforwoodturning
that has a straight cutting edge sharpened at ansixty degrees Fahrenheit British thermal unit See
Britishthermal unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsiksH11080teˉ di|greˉz vertstrokesuperiorfarH11080?nvertstrokeinferiorh?ˉt angle to the shank,{ vertstrokesuperiorskyu¨ vertstrokeinferiorchizH11080?l}
skewedbridge [CIVENG] AbridgeforwhichthevertstrokesuperiorbridH11080ish vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
size analysis See particle-size analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz deck in plan is a parallelogram,{ vertstrokesuperiorskyu¨d vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
skew level gear [DES ENG] A level gear whose?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
sizeblock See gage block,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k } axes are not in the same place,{ vertstrokesuperiorskyu¨ vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080
l vertstrokeinferiorgir }size classification See sizing,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz vertstrokeinferiorklasH11080?H11080f?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080
sh?n} skid [ENG] 1,A device attached to a chain and
placedunderawheeltopreventitsturningwhensize dimension [DES ENG] In dimensioning,a
specified value of a diameter,width,length,or descending a steep hill,2,A timber,bar,rail,
or log placed under a heavy object when it isother geometrical characteristic directly related
to the size of an object,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzdivertstrokeinferiormenH11080sh?n } being moved over bare ground,3,A wood or
metal platform support on wheels,legs,or run-size enlargement [CHEM ENG] Making large
particlesoutofsmallonesbycrystallization,par- ners used for handling and moving material.
Also known as skid platform,[MECH ENG] Aticle cementation,tableting,briquetting,ag-
glomeration,flocculation,melting,casting,com- brake for a power machine,{ skid }
skid-mounted [ENG] Equipment or processingpaction and extrusion,and sintering or noduliz-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzinvertstrokeinferiorla¨rjH11080m?nt } systems mounted on a portable platform.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskidvertstrokeinferiormau˙ntH11080?d}size-frequencyanalysis See particle-size analysis.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉz vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s} skimcoat [BUILD] A finish coat of plaster com-
posed of lime putty and fine white sand.size reduction [MECH ENG] The breaking of
large pieces of coal,ore,or stone by a primary { vertstrokesuperiorskim vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
skimmingplant [CHEMENG] Apetroleumrefin-breaker,or of small pieces by grinding equip-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzrivertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n } ery designed to remove and finish only the
lighterconstituentsofcrudeoil,suchasgasolinesizing [ENG] 1,Separating an aggregate of
mixed particles into groups according to size,and kerosine; the heavy ends are sold as fuel
oil or for further processing elsewhere,{ vertstrokesuperiorskimH11080using a series of screens,Also known as size
classification,2,Seesizingtreatment,[MECH i?vertstrokeinferiorplant }
skin [BUILD] The exterior wall of a building.ENG] A finishing operation to correct surfaces
and shapes to meet specified dimensions and [ENG] In flexible bag molding,a protective cov-
ering for the mold; it may consist of a thin piecetolerances,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080i? }
sizing screen [DES ENG] A mesh sheet with of plywood or a thin hardwood,{ skin }
skindiving [ENG] Diving without breathing ap-standard-size apertures used to separate granu-
lar material into classes according to size; the paratus,using fins and faceplate only,{ vertstrokesuperiorskin
vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvH11080i? }Tyler standard screen is an example,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn} skintle [CIV ENG] To set bricks in an irregular
fashion so that they are out of alignment withsizing treatment [ENG] Also known as sizing;
surface sizing,1,Application of material to a the face by 1/4 inch (6 millimeters) or more.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskintH11080?l}surface to fill pores and thus reduce the absorp-
tion of subsequently applied adhesive or coat- skip See skip hoist,{ skip }
skip distance [ENG] In angle-beam ultrasonicing; used for textiles,paper,and other porous
materials,2,Surface-treatment applied to testing,the distance between the point of entry
ontheworkpieceandthepointoffirstreflection.glass fibers used in reinforced plastics,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080
i?vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt } { vertstrokesuperiorskip vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?ns }
skip hoist [MECH ENG] A basket,bucket,orSk See Stefan number.
skeleton framing [BUILD] Framing in which open car mounted vertically or on an incline on
wheels,rails,or shafts and hoisted by a cable;steel framework supports all the gravity loading
ofthe structure;this systemis usedfor skyscrap- used to raise materials,Also known as skip.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskip vertstrokeinferiorho˙ist }ers,{ vertstrokesuperiorskelH11080?tH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorfraˉmH11080i? }
skew [ELECTR] 1,The deviation of a received skip logging [ENG] A phenomenon during
504
slewing
acoustical(sonic)logginginwhichtheacoustical of the overall project,and the earliest possible
energyisattenuatedbylow-elasticityformations completiontime,basedonallpredecessoractiv-
and lacks the energy to trip the second sonic ities,{ vertstrokesuperiorslak vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
receiver (skips a cycle),Also known as cycle slammingstile [BUILD] The vertical strip that a
skip,{ vertstrokesuperiorskip vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? } closed door abuts; it receives the bolt when the
skiptrajectory [MECH] A trajectory made up of lock engages,{ vertstrokesuperiorslamH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorst?ˉl}
ballistic phases alternating with skipping slant depth [DES ENG] The distance between
phases; one of the basic trajectories for the un- the crest and root of a screw thread measured
powered portion of the flight of a reentry vehicle
along the angle forming the flank of the thread.
or spacecraft reentering earth’s atmosphere.
{ vertstrokesuperiorslant vertstrokeinferiordepth }
{ vertstrokesuperiorskip tr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080treˉ }
slantdrilling [ENG] Thedrillingofaboreholeor
skirt See baseboard,{ sk?rt }
well at an angle to the vertical,{ vertstrokesuperiorslant vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
skirting See baseboard,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?rdH11080i? }
slat conveyor [MECH ENG] A conveyor con-
skirting block [BUILD] Also known as base
sisting of horizontal slats on an endless chain.
block; plinth block,1,A corner block where a
{ vertstrokesuperiorslat k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
base strip and vertical enframement meet.
slave [CONT SYS] A device whose motions are
2,A concealed block to which a baseboard is
governed by instructions from another ma-
anchored,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
chine,{ slaˉv}
skirtroof [BUILD] A false band of roofing proj-
slavearm [ENG] A component of a remote ma-
ecting from between the stories of a building.
nipulator that automatically duplicates the mo-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?rt vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
tions of a master arm,sometimes with changes
skiving [MECH ENG] 1,Removal of material in
of scale in displacement or force,{ vertstrokesuperiorslaˉv vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
thin layers or chips with a high degree of shear
sled [ENG] An item equipped with runners and
or slippage of the cutting tool,2,A machining
a suitable body designed to transport loads over
operation in which the cut is made with a form
ice and snow,{ sled }
tool withits faceat anangle allowing thecutting
sledgehammer [DES ENG] A large heavy ham-
edge to progress from one end of the work to
merthat isusually wieldedwithtwo hands;used
the other as the tool feeds tangentially past ten
for driving stakes or breaking stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorslej
rotating workpieces,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?ˉvH11080i? }
vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
skull cracker [ENG] A heavy iron or steel ball
sleeper [CIV ENG] A timber,steel,or precast
that can be swung freely or dropped by a derrick
concrete beam placed under rails to hold them
to raze buildings or to compress bulky scrap.
at the correct gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉpH11080?r}
Also known as wrecking ball,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?l vertstrokeinferiorkrakH11080?r}
sleeve [ELEC] 1,The cylindrical contact that is
skylight [ENG] Anopeninginarooforshipdeck
farthestfromthetipofaphoneplug,2.Insulat-
thatiscoveredwithglassorplasticanddesigned
ing tubing used over wires or components.
to admit daylight,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?ˉvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}
Also known as bushing; sleeving,[ENG] A cy-
skyscraper [BUILD] A very tall,multistory
lindrical part designed to fit over another part.
building,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk?ˉvertstrokeinferiorskraˉpH11080?r}
{ sleˉv}
slab [CIV ENG] That part of a reinforced con-
sleevebearing [MECH ENG] A machine bearing
crete floor,roof,or platform which spans beams,
in which the shaft turns and is lubricated by a
columns,walls,orpiers,[ELECTR] Arelatively
sleeve,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
thick-cut crystal from which blanks are obtained
sleeve burner [ENG] A type of oil burner for
by subsequent transverse cutting,[ENG] The
domestic heating,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
outside piece cut from a log when sawing it into
sleeve coupling [DES ENG] A hollow cylinder
boards,{ slab }
which fits over the ends of two shafts or pipes,
slabbingcutter [MECH ENG] A face-milling cut-
thereby joining them,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
ter used to make wide,rough cuts,{ vertstrokesuperiorslabH11080i?
sleevejoint [DES ENG] A device for joining the
vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
endsoftwowiresorcablestogether,constructed
slab cutter See plain milling cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorslab vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080
by forcing the ends of the wires or cables into
r}
both ends of a hollow sleeve,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
slabstone See slab,{ vertstrokesuperiorslabvertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}
sleevevalve [MECHENG] Anadmissionandex-
slack [ENG] Loosenessorplayinamechanism,
haust valve on an internal-combustion engine
as the play in the trigger of a small-arms
consisting of one or two hollow sleeves that fit
weapon,{ slak }
around the inside of the cylinder and move with
slackline cableway [MECH ENG] A machine,
the piston so that their openings align with thewidely used in sand-and-gravel plants,em-
inlet and exhaust ports in the cylinder at properploying an open-ended dragline bucket sus-
stages in the cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv vertstrokeinferiorvalv }pended from a carrier that runs upon a track
slenderness ratio [CIV ENG] The ratio of thecable,whichcandig,elevate,andconveymateri-
length of a column L to the radius of gyration rals in one continuous operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorslakvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn
about the principal axes of the section,{ vertstrokesuperiorslenH11080vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
d?rH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }slack time [ENG] For an activity in a PERT or
slewing [ENG] Moving a radar antenna or a so-critical-path-method network,the difference be-
nar transducer rapidly in a horizontal or verticaltween the latest possible completion time of
eachactivitywhichwill notdelaythecompletion direction,or both,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨H11080i? }
505
slewingmechanism
slewing mechanism [ENG] Device which per- sliding-geartransmission [MECHENG] Atrans-
mits rapid traverse or change in elevation of a mission system utilizing a pair of sliding gears.
weapon or instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨H11080i?vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080 { vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i? |gir tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
m} sliding pair [MECH ENG] Two adjacent links,
slew rate [CONT SYS] The maximum rate at oneof whichisconstrained tomovein aparticu-
which a system can follow a command,lar path with respect to the other; the lower,or
[ELECTR] The maximum rate at which the out- closed,pair is completely constrained by the
put voltage of an operational amplifier changes design of the links of the pair,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorper }
for a square-wave or step-signal input; usually
sliding-vanecompressor [CHEMENG] Arotary-
specified in volts per microsecond,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨ vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
element gas compressor in which spring-loaded
slice bar [ENG] A broad,flat steel blade used
sliding vanes (evenly spaced around a cylinder
for chipping and scraping,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉs vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
off-center in a surrounding chamber) pick up,
slide [ENG] 1,A sloping chute with a flat bed.
compress,and discharge gas as the cylinder re-
2,A sliding mechanism,[MECH ENG] The
volves,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i? |vaˉnk?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
main reciprocating member of a mechanical
slidingvector [MECH] A vector whose direction
press,guided in a press frame,to which the
andlineofapplicationareprescribed,butwhose
punch or upper die is fastened,{ sl?ˉd}
point of application is not prescribed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080
slideconveyor [ENG] Aslanted gravityslide for
i?vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r}
the forward downward movement of flowable
slidingway [CIV ENG] Oneof the timbers which
solids,slurries,liquids,or small objects,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd
form the upper part of the cradle supporting a
k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
shipduringitsconstruction,andwhichslideover
slidegate [CIVENG] Acrestgatewhichhashigh
the ground ways with the ship when it is
frictional resistance to opening because it slides
launched,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉ }
on its bearings in opening and closing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd
slime [ENG] Liquidslurryofveryfinesolidswith
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
slime- or mudlike appearance,Also known as
slide projector See optical lantern,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd
mud; pulp; sludge,{ sl?ˉm}
pr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080t?r}
slim hole [ENG] A drill hole of the smallest
slider [ELEC] Sliding type of movable contact.
practicable size,drilled with less-than normal-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080?r}
diameter tools,used primarily as a seismic sho-
sliderail See guardrail,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
thole and for structure tests and sometimes for
slider coupling [MECH ENG] A device for con-
stratigraphic tests,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
necting shafts that are laterally misaligned.
sling [ENG] Alengthofrope,wirerope,orchain
Also known as double-slider coupling; Oldham
used for attaching a load to a crane hook.
coupling,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }
{ sli? }
slide rest [MECH ENG] An adjustable slide for
sling psychrometer [ENG] A psychrometer in
holding a cutting tool,as on an engine lathe.
which the wet- and dry-bulb thermometers are
{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorrest }
mounted upon a frame connected to a handle
slider support [ENG] A support designed to
at one end by means of a bearing or a length of
allow longitudinal movement of pipework in a
chain; the psychrometer may be whirled in the
horizontal plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080?rs?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt }
air for the simultaneous measurement of wet-
slide-rule dial [ENG] A dial in which a pointer
and dry-bulb temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiorsli? sivertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080
moves in a straight line over long straight scales
r}
resembling the scales of a slide rule,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd
sling thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
vertstrokeinferiorru¨l vertstrokeinferiord?ˉl}
mounted upon a frame connected to a handle
slide valve [MECH ENG] A sliding mechanism
at one end by means of a bearing or length of
to cover and uncover ports for the admission of
chain,so that the thermometer may be whirled
fluid,as in some steam engines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
by hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorsli? th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sliding-block linkage [MECH ENG] A mecha-
slip [CIV ENG] A narrow body of water between
nism in which a crank and sliding block serve to
two piers,[ELEC] 1,The difference between
convert rotary motion into translation,or vice
synchronous and operating speeds of an induc-
versa,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i? |bla¨k vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij }
tion machine,Also known as slip speed.
sliding-chain conveyor [MECH ENG] A con-
2.Methodofinterconnectingmultiplewiringbe-
veying machine to handle cases,cans,pipes,or
tween switching units by which trunk number 1
similar products on the plain or modified links
becomesthefirstchoiceforthefirstswitch,trunk
of a set of parallel chains,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i? |chaˉn
number2firstchoiceforthesecondswitch,trunkk?nvertstrokesuperiorva
ˉH11080?r}
number 3 first choice for the third switch,andsliding fit [DES ENG] A fit between two parts
so on,[ELECTR] Distortion produced in thethat slide together,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfit }
recorded facsimile image whichis similar to thatslidingform See slip form,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm }
produced by skew but is caused by slippage insliding friction [MECH] Rubbing of bodies in
the mechanical drive system,{ slip }sliding contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
slip casting [ENG] A process in the manufac-slidinggear [DES ENG] A change gear in which
ture of shaped refractories,cermets,and otherspeed changes are made by sliding gears along
materials inwhich the slipis pouredinto poroustheir axes,so as to placethem in or out of mesh.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgir } plaster molds,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorkastH11080i? }
506
slotwasher
slip form [CIV ENG] A narrow section of form- slop [CHEM ENG] A petroleum-refinery term for
odds and ends of oil produced in the refinery;workthatcanbeeasilyremovedasconcreteplac-
ing progresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm } the slop must be rerun or further processed to
make it suitable for use,Also known as slopslip forming [ENG] A plastics-sheet forming
technique in which some of the sheet is allowed oil,{ sla¨p}
slope conveyor [MECH ENG] A troughed beltto slip through the mechanically operated
clamping rings during stretch-forming opera- conveyorusedfortransportingmaterialonsteep
grades,{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉpk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
slipfrictionclutch [MECHENG] Africtionclutch slope course [ENG] A proving ground facility
consistingofalargemoundofearthwithvariousdesignedtoslipwhentoomuchpowerisapplied
to it,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch } slopingsidesonwhichareroadshavingdifferent
grades; this slope course is used to measure theslipjoint [CIVENG] 1.Contractionjointbetween
two adjoining wall sections,or at the horizontal slopeperformanceofmilitaryandothervehicles,
including maximum speed on various grades,bearing of beams,slabs,or precast units,con-
sisting of a vertical tongue fitted into a groove the most suitable gear for best performance,
traction,and the holding ability of brakes.which allows independent movement of the two
sections,2,A telescoping joint between two { vertstrokesuperiorsloˉp vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
slopeoffall [MECH] Ratio between the drop ofparts,[ENG] 1,A method of laying-up plastic
veneers in flexible-bag molding,wherein edges a projectile and its horizontal movement; tan-
gent of the angle of fall,{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉp?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙l}are beveled and allowed to overlap part or all of
the scarfed area,2,A mechanical union that slopoil See slop,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨p vertstrokeinferioro˙il }
sloshtest [ENG] A test to determine the abilityallows limited endwise movement of two solid
itemsforexample,pipe,rod,orductwithrelation of the control system of a liquid-propelled mis-
siletowithstandorovercomethedynamicmove-to each other,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
slippage [ENG] The leakage of fluid between ment of the liquid within its fuel tanks.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨sh vertstrokeinferiortest }the plunger and the bore of a pump piston.
Also known as slippage loss,{ vertstrokesuperiorslipH11080ij } slot [DES ENG] A narrow,vertical opening.
[ELEC] One of the conductor-holding groovesslippage loss [ENG] 1,Unintentional move-
ment between the faces of two solid objects,in the face of the rotor or stator of an electric
rotating machine,{ sla¨t}2,See slippage,{ vertstrokesuperiorslipH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
slipper brake [MECH ENG] 1,A plate placed slotdistributor [ENG] A long,narrow discharge
opening (slot) in a pipe or conduit; used foragainst a moving part to slow or stop it,2,A
plate applied to the wheel of a vehicle or to the extrusion of sheet material,such as plastics.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨tdivertstrokesuperiorstribH11080y?dH11080?r}the track roadway to slow or stop the vehicle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorslipH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk} slot dozing [ENG] A method of moving large
quantities of material with a bulldozer using theslip plane [ENG] A plane visible by reflected
light in a transparent material; caused by poor same path for each trip so that the spillage from
the sides of the blade builds up along each side;welding and shrinkage during cooling,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn } afterward all material pushed into the slot is
retained in front of the blade,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨t vertstrokeinferiordoˉzH11080i? }slipratio [MECH ENG] For a screw propeller,re-
latestheactualadvancetothetheoreticadvance slot extrusion [ENG] A method of extruding
plastics-film sheet in which the molten thermo-determined by pitch and spin,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
slips [ENG] A wedge-shaped steel collar fabri- plastic compound is forced through a straight
slot,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨tikvertstrokeinferiorstru¨H11080zh?n}cated in two sections,designed to hold a string
ofcasingbetweenvariousportionsofthedrilling slotted-headscrew [DESENG] A screw fastener
with a single groove across the diameter of theoperation,{ vertstrokesuperiorslips }
slipspeed See slip,{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd } head,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨dH11080?d |hed vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
slotted nut [DES ENG] A regular hexagon nutslip tongue [ENG] A pole on a horse-drawn
wagon that is fastened by slipping it between with slots cut across the flats of the hexagon so
that a cotter pin or safety wire can hold it intwo plates connected to the forecarriage.
{ vertstrokesuperiorslip vertstrokeinferiort } place,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨dH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorn?t}
slotter [MECH ENG] A machine tool used forslipway [CIV ENG] The space in a shipyard
where a foundation for launching ways and keel making a mortise or shaping the sides of an
aperture,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨dH11080?r}blocks exists and which is occupied by a ship
while under construction,{ vertstrokesuperiorslipvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } slotting [MECHENG] Cuttingamortiseorasim-
ilar narrow aperture in a material using a ma-slit [DES ENG] A long,narrow opening through
which radiation or streams of particles enter or chine with a vertically reciprocating tool.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨dH11080i? }leave certain instruments,{ slit }
slitter [MECH ENG] A synchronized feeder-knife slottingmachine [MECHENG] Averticallyrecip-
rocating planing machine,used for making mor-variation of a rotary cutter; used for precision
cutting of sheet material,such as metal,rubber,tises and for shaping the sides of openings.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨dH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}plastics,or paper,into strips,{ vertstrokesuperiorslidH11080?r}
slitting [MECH ENG] The passing of sheet or slotwasher [DES ENG] 1.A lock washer with an
indentation on its edge through which a nail orstrip material (metal,plastic,paper,or cloth)
through rotary knives,{ vertstrokesuperiorslidH11080i? } screw can be driven to hold it in place,2,A
507
slough
washer witha slotextending fromits edge tothe sluicing pond See scouring basin,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨sH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }center hole to allow the washer to be removed
without first removing the bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorsla¨t vertstrokeinferiorwa¨shH11080 slump test [ENG] Determining the consistency
of concrete by filling a conical mold with a sam-?r}
slough [ENG] The fragments of rocky material ple of concrete,then inverting it over a flat plate
and removing the mold; the amount by whichfrom the wall of a borehole,Also known as
cavings,{ slau˙ } the concrete drops below the mold height is
measured and this represents the slump.slow igniter cord [ENG] An igniter cord made
with a central copper wire around which is ex- { vertstrokesuperiorsl?mp vertstrokeinferiortest }
slurry bed reactor See ebullating-bed reactor.truded a plastic incendiary material with an iron
wire embedded to give greater strength; the { vertstrokesuperiorsl?rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorbed reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
slurrying [ENG] The formation of a mud or awholeisenclosedinathinextrudedplasticcoat-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉ igvertstrokesuperiorn?ˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙rd } suspension from a liquid and nonsoluble solid
particles,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?rH11080eˉH11080i? }slow match [ENG] A match or fuse that burns
at a known slow rate; used for igniting explosive slurrypreforming [ENG] The preparation of re-
inforced plastics preforms by wet-processingcharges,{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉ vertstrokesuperiormach }
slow sand filter [CIV ENG] A bed of fine sand techniques; similar to pulp molding,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?rH11080eˉ
preˉvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? }20–48 inches (151–122 centimeters) deep
through which water,being made suitable for slurrytruck [ENG] Amobileunitthattransports
dry blasting ingredients,and mixes them in re-human consumption and other purposes,is
passed at a fairly low rate,2,500,000 to quired proportions for introduction as explosive
slurry into blastholes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortr?k}10,000,000 gallons per acre (23,000 to 94,000 cu-
bic meters per hectare); an underdrain system slusher [ENG] A method for the application of
vitreous enamel slip to ware by dashing it onof graded gravel and perforated pipes carries the
water from the filters to the point of discharge,the ware to cover all its parts,excess then being
removed by shaking the ware,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?shH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉ vertstrokesuperiorsand vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
slow-spiral drill See low-helix drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorsloˉ |sp?ˉH11080r?l slushgrouting [CIV ENG] Spreading a portland
cement slurry over a surface that will subse-vertstrokesuperiordril }
sludge [CHEM ENG] 1,Residue left after acid quently be covered by concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?sh
vertstrokeinferiorgrau˙dH11080i? }treatment of petroleum oils,2,Any semisolid
waste from a chemical process,[CIV ENG] See slushmolding [ENG] Athermoplasticcastingin
which a liquid resin is poured into a hot,hollowsewagesludge,[ENG] 1.Mudfromadrillhole
in boring,2,Sediment in a steam boiler,mold where a viscous skin forms; excess slush is
drained off,the mold is cooled,and the molded3,A precipitate from petroleum oils or liquid
fuels,for example,the insoluble degradation product is stripped out,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?sh vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
slushpit [ENG] An excavation or diked area toproducts formed during the operation of an in-
ternal combustion engine,4,An amorphous hold water,mud,sludge,and other discharged
matter from an oil well,Also known as muddeposit that has accumulated on the surface of
a tube in a heat exchanger or of an evaporating pit; sludge pit; sludge pond,{ vertstrokesuperiorsh?shvertstrokeinferiorpit }
smallcalorie See calorie,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmo˙l vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }device,but is not bonded to the fouled surface.
5,See slime,{ sl?j} small-diameter blasthole [ENG] A blast hole
1
1
/
2
to3 inches (3.8to 7.6 centimeters)in diame-sludgebucket See calyx,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t}
sludgecoking [CHEMENG] The recoveryof sul- ter,in low-face quarries,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmo˙ld?ˉ|amH11080?dH11080?r
vertstrokesuperiorblastvertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}furic acid from dry acid sludge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j vertstrokeinferiorkoˉkH11080i? }
sludgepit See slushpit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j vertstrokeinferiorpit } small-lotstorage [IND ENG] Generally,a quan-
tityoflessthanonepalletstack,stackedtomaxi-sludgepond See slushpit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }
sludgepump See sand pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?j vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } mum storage height; thus,the term refers to a
lot consisting of from one container to two orsluff [ENG] The mud cake detached from the
wall of a borehole,{ sl?f } morepalletloads,butisnotofsufficientquantity
to form a complete pallet column,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmo˙l |la¨tslug [MECH] A unit of mass in the British gravi-
tationalsystemofunits,equaltothemasswhich vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij }
small-scalehydropower [MECH ENG] The gen-experiences an acceleration of 1 foot per second
per second when a force of 1 pound acts on it; eration of electricity by using hydraulic turbines
in which the installed capacity of the plant liesequal to approximately 32.1740 pound mass or
14.5939 kilograms,Also known as geepound,withintherangefrom5kilowattsto5megawatts.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsmo˙l vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorpau¨H11080?r}{sl?g}
slugbit See insert bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorsl?g vertstrokeinferiorbit } smart sensor [ENG] A microsensor integrated
withsignal-conditioningelectronicssuchasana-sluice [CIVENG] 1.Apassage fittedwith averti-
cal sliding gate or valve to regulate the flow of log-to-digital converters on a single silicon chip
to form an integrated microelectromechanicalwater in a channel or lock,2,A body of water
retained by a floodgate,3,A channel serving component that can process information itself
or communicate with an embedded micropro-to drain surplus water,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨s}
sluicegate [CIV ENG] The vertical slide gate of cessor,Also known as intelligent sensor.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsma¨rt vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}a sluice,{ vertstrokesuperiorslu¨s vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
508
snatchblock
smart structures [ENG] Structures that are ca- fast rate of penetration,and a high recovery of
pable of sensing and reacting to their environ- core canbe achieved withvibration-free rotation
ment in a predictable and desired manner,of the drill stem,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨th vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
through the integration of various elements,smoothing [ENG] Making a level,or continu-
suchassensors,actuators,powersources,signal ously even,surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨thH11080i? }
processors,andcommunicationsnetwork.Inad- smoothing mill [MECH ENG] A revolving stone
dition to carrying mechanical loads,smart struc- wheel used to cut and bevel glass or stone.
tures may alleviate vibration,reduce acoustic { vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨thH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormil }
noise,monitor their own condition and environ-
smoothing plane [DES ENG] A finely set hand
ment,automatically perform precision align-
tool,usually 5.5–10 inches (14–25.4 centime-
ments,or change their shape or mechanical
ters) long,for finishing small areas on wood.
properties on command,{ vertstrokeinferiorsma¨rt vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?rz }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨thH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorplaˉn}
smart tool [CONT SYS] A robot end effector or
smotherkiln [ENG] Akilnintowhichsmokecan
fixedtoolthatusessensorstomeasurethetool’s
be introduced for blackening pottery,{ vertstrokesuperiorsm?thH11080
position relative to reference markers or a work-
r vertstrokeinferiorkil }
piece or jig,and an actuator to adjust the tool’s
smudging [ENG] A frost-preventive measure
position with respect to the workpiece.
used in orchards; properly,it means the produc-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsma¨rt vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
tion of heavy smoke,supposed to prevent radia-
Smithell’s burner [ENG] Two concentric tubes
tional cooling,but it is generally applied to both
thatcanbeaddedtoabunsenburnertoseparate
heating and smoke production,{ vertstrokesuperiorsm?jH11080i? }
the inner and outer flame cones,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmithH11080?lz
S/N See signal-to-noise ratio.
vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
snagging [MECHENG] Removingsurplusmetal
Smith-McIntyre sampler [MECH ENG] A device
or large surface defects by using a grinding
for taking samples of sediment from the ocean
wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnagH11080i? }
bottom; the digging and hoisting mechanisms
snake hole [ENG] 1,A blasting hole bored di-
are independent,the digging bucket is forced
rectly under a boulder,2,A drill hole used in
into the sediment before the hoisting action oc-
quarrying or bench blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnaˉk vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
curs,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmith vertstrokesuperiormakH11080?nvertstrokeinferiort?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}
snaking [ENG] Towing a load with a long cable.
smoke [ENG] Dispersions of finely divided
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnaˉkH11080i? }
(0.01–5.0micrometers)solidsorliquidsinagas-
snap-backforming [ENG] Aplastic-sheet-form-
eous medium,{ smoˉk}
ing technique in which an extended,heated,
smokebox [MECH ENG] A chamber external to
plastic sheet is allowed to contract over a form
a boiler for trapping the unburned products of
shaped to the desired final contour,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnap
combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉkvertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
vertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
smokechamber [ENG] That area in a fireplace
snapback method See repetitive time method.
directly above the smoke shelf,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnapvertstrokeinferiorbak vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
snapfastener [DES ENG] A fastener consisting
smoke detector [ENG] A photoelectric system
of a ball on one edge of an article that fits in a
for an alarm when smoke in a chimney or other
socket on an opposed edge,and used to hold
location exceeds a predetermined density.
edges together,such as those of a garment.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉkdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnap vertstrokeinferiorfasH11080?nH11080?r}
smokepoint [ENG] The maximum flame height
snap gage [DES ENG] A device with two flat,
in millimeters at which kerosine will burn with-
parallel surfaces spaced to control one limit of
out smoking,tested under standard conditions;
tolerance of an outside diameter or a length.
used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnap vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
jet fuel and kerosine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
snaphook See spring hook,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnap vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
smokeshelf [ENG] Ahorizontal surfacedirectly
snap-off diode [ELECTR] Planar epitaxial pas-
behindthe throatof afireplace toprevent down-
sivated silicon diode that is processed so a
drafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk vertstrokeinferiorshelf }
charge is stored close to the junction when the
smokestack [ENG] A chimney for the discharge
diode is conducting; when reverse voltage is ap-
of flue gases from a furnace operation such as
plied,the stored charge then forces the diode
in a steam boiler,powerhouse,heating plant,
to snap offor switch rapidly toits blocking state.
ship,locomotive,or foundry,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉkvertstrokeinferiorstak }
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnapvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
smoke test [ENG] A test used on kerosine to
snapper [ENG] A device for collecting samples
determine the highest point to which the flame
from the ocean bottom,and which closes to pre-can be turned before smoking occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmo
ˉk
vent thesample fromdropping outas it israisedvertstrokeinferiortest }
to the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnapH11080?r}smoke washer [ENG] A device for removing
snap ring [DES ENG] A form of spring used asparticlesfromsmokebyforcingitthroughaspray
a fastener; the ring is elastically deformed,putof water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmoˉk vertstrokeinferiorwa¨shH11080?r}
in place,and allowed to snap back toward itssmoothblasting [ENG] Blasting to ensure even
unstressed position into a groove or recess.faces without cracks in the rock,{ vertstrokesuperiorsmu¨th
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnap vertstrokeinferiorri? }vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }
snatch block [DES ENG] A pulley frame orsmoothdrilling [ENG] Drilling in a rock forma-
tion in which a fast rotation of the drill stem,a sheave with an eye through which lashing can
509
snatchplate
be passed to fasten it to a scaffold or pole,snowplow [MECH ENG] A device for clearing
away snow,as from a road or railway track.{ vertstrokesuperiorsnach vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
snatch plate [ENG] A thick steel plate through { vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉvertstrokeinferiorplau˙ }
snowresistograph [ENG] An instrument for re-which a hole about one-sixteenth of an inch
larger than the outside diameter of the drill rod cording a hardness profile of a snow cover by
recording the force required to move a blade upon which it is to be used is drilled; the plate is
slipped over the drill rod and one edge is fas- through the snow,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
snowsampler [ENG] A hollow tube for collect-tened to a securely anchored chain,and if rods
must be pulled because high-pressure water is ing a sample of snow in place,Also known as
snow tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}encountered,the eccentric pull of the chain
causes the outside of the rods to be gripped and snowscale See snow stake,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
snowshed [CIV ENG] A structure to protect anheld against the pressure of water; the rod is
movedashortdistanceoutoftheholeeachtime exposed area as a road or rail line from snow.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉvertstrokeinferiorshed }the plate is tapped,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnach vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
S-Ndiagram [ENG] In fatigue testing,a graphic snow stake [ENG] A wood scale,calibrated in
inches,used inregions ofdeepsnow tomeasurerepresentationoftherelationshipofstressSand
thenumberofcyclesNbeforefailureofthemate- its depth; it is bolted to a wood post or angle
iron set in the ground,Also known as snowrial,{ |es|en vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
snifter valve [ENG] A valve on a pump that scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorstaˉk}
snowtube See snow sampler,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}allows air to enter or escape,and accumulated
water to be released,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnifH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorvalv } SNR See signal-to-noise ratio.
snubber [MECHENG] Amechanicaldevicecon-snorkel [ENG] Any tube which supplies air for
anunderwateroperation,whetheritbeformate- sisting essentially of a drum,spring,and friction
band,connected between axle and frame,in or-rial or personnel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsno˙rH11080k?l}
snow bin [ENG] A box for measuring the der to slow the recoil of the spring and reduce
jolting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsn?bH11080?r}amount of snowfall; a type of snow gage.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorbin } Snydersampler [ENG] A mechanical device for
obtaining small representative quantities fromsnow blower [MECH ENG] A machine that re-
moves snow from a road surface or pavement a moving stream of pulverized or granulated sol-
ids; it consists of a cast-iron plate revolving inusing a screw-type blade to push the snow into
themachineandfromwhichitisejectedatsome a vertical plane on a horizontal axis with an in-
clined sample spout; thematerial to be sampleddistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080?r}
snowbreak [CIV ENG] Any barrier designed to comestothesamplerbywayofaninclinedchute
whenever the sample spout comes in line withshelter an object or area from snow.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉk } the moving stream,{ vertstrokesuperiorsn?ˉH11080d?r vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
soaking drum [CHEM ENG] A heated petro-snow fence [CIV ENG] An open-slatted board
fenceusually4to10feet(1.2to3.0meters)high,leum-refinery process vessel used in connection
with petroleum thermal-cracking coils to furnishplacedabout50feet(15meters)onthewindward
side of a railroad track or highway; the fence the residence time needed to complete the
cracking reaction,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordr?m}serves to disrupt the flow of the wind so that
the snow is deposited close to the fence on the soap bubble test [ENG] A leak test in which a
soap solution is applied to the surface of theleeward side,leaving a comparatively clear,pro-
tected strip parallel to the fence and slightly vesselunderinternalpressuretest;soapbubbles
form if the tracer gas leaks from the vessel.farther downwind,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorfens }
snowload [CIVENG] Theunitweightfactorcon- { vertstrokesuperiorsoˉp |b?bH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortest }
socket [ELEC] A device designed to providesidered in the design of a flat or pitched roof
for the probable amount of snow lying upon it,electric connections and mechanical support for
an electronic or electric component requiring{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
snowmat [ENG] A device used to mark the sur- convenient replacement,[ENG] A device de-
signed to receive and grip the end of a tubularface between old and new snow,consisting of a
piece of white duck 28 inches (71 centimeters) object,such as a tool or pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨kH11080?t}
socket-headscrew [DES ENG] A screw fastenersquare,having in each corner triangular pockets
in which are inserted slats placed diagonally to with a geometric recess in the head into which
anappropriatewrenchisinsertedfordrivingandkeep the mat taut and flat,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiormat }
snow-melting system [CIV ENG] A system of turning,with consequent improved nontam-
perability,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨kH11080?t |hed vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }pipes containing a circulating nonfreezing liquid
or electric-heating cables,embedded beneath socket wrench [DES ENG] A wrench with a
socket to fit the head of a bolt or a nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨kH11080the surface of a road,walkway,or other area to
be protected from snow accumulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ?t vertstrokeinferiorrench }
soda-acid extinguisher [ENG] A fire-extin-vertstrokeinferiormeltH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
snowpillow [ENG] A device used to record the guisher from which water is expelled at a high
rate by the generation of carbon dioxide,thechanging weight of the snow cover at a point,
consisting of a fluid-filled bladder lying on the result of mixing (when the extinguisher is tilted)
ofsulfuricacidandsodiumbicarbonate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉdH11080ground with a pressure transducer or a vertical
pipe and float connected to it,{ vertstrokesuperiorsnoˉ vertstrokeinferiorpilH11080oˉ }?vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?dikvertstrokesuperiorsti?H11080gw?H11080sh?r}
510
solarpond
soda pulping process [CHEM ENG] The diges- measure the temperature of the soil,usually the
mercury-in-glass thermometer,Also known astionofwoodchipsby causticsoda;usedtoman-
ufacture pulp for paper products,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉdH11080?vertstrokesuperiorp?lH11080 earth thermometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il th?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
soilvent See stack vent,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiorvent }pi?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
sodar [ENG] Sound-wave transmitting and re- solarattachment [ENG] A device for determin-
ing the true meridian directly from the sun; usedceiving equipment that is used to remotely
measure the vertical turbulence structure and an an attachment on a surveyor’s transit or com-
pass,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r?vertstrokesuperiortachH11080m?nt }wind profileof the lowerlayer ofthe atmosphere
by analyzing sound reflected in scattering by solar battery [ELECTR] An array of solar cells,
usually connected in parallel and series,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080atmospheric turbulence,Derived from sonic de-
tection and ranging,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r} l?r vertstrokesuperiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }
solarcell [ELECTR] A pn-junction device whichsodiumsulfiteprocess [CHEM ENG] A process
for the digestion of wood chips in a solution converts the radiant energy of sunlight directly
and efficiently into electrical energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?rof magnesium,ammonium,or calcium disulfite
containingfreesulfurdioxide;usedinpapermak- vertstrokesuperiorsel }
solar chimney [ENG] A natural-draft drive de-ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉdH11080eˉH11080?m vertstrokesuperiors?lvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
soffit [CIV ENG] The underside of a horizontal vice that uses solar radiation to provide upward
momentum to a mass of air,thereby convertingstructural member,such as a beam or a slab.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨fH11080?t } the thermal energy to kinetic energy,which can
be extracted from the air with suitable windsoft automation [ENG] Automatic control,
chiefly through the use of computer processing,machines,{ vertstrokeinferiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorchimH11080neˉ }
solar collector [ENG] An installation designedwith relatively little reliance on computer hard-
ware,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n } to gather and accumulate energy in the form of
solar radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?rk?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}softflow [ENG] The free-flowing characteristics
ofaplasticmaterialunderconventionalmolding solar distillation [CHEM ENG] A procedure in
which thesun’s heat is usedto evaporate seawa-conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
soft hammer [ENG] A hammer having a head ter in order to produce sodium chloride and
other salts or potable water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?made of a soft material,such as copper,lead,
rawhide,or plastic; used to prevent damage to vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
solarengine [MECHENG] Anenginewhichcon-a finished surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
soft-ironammeter [ENG] An ammeter in which vertsthermal energyfrom thesun intoelectrical,
mechanical,orrefrigerationenergy;maybeusedcurrent in a coil causes two pieces of magnetic
material within the coil,one fixed and one as a method of spacecraft propulsion,either di-
rectly by photon pressure on huge solar sails,orattached to a pointer,to become similarly mag-
netized and to repel each other,moving the indirectly from solar cells or from a reflector-
boiler combination used to heat a fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080pointer; used for alternating-current measure-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft |?ˉH11080?rn vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r} l?r vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
solarfurnace [ENG] An image furnace in whichsoftmissilebase [CIVENG] Amissile-launching
base that is not protected against a nuclear ex- high temperatures are produced by focusing so-
lar radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}plosion,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft vertstrokesuperiormisH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbaˉs}
softpatch [ENG] A patch in a crack in a vessel solar heating [MECH ENG] The conversion of
solar radiation into heat for technological,com-such as a steam boiler consisting of a soft mate-
rial inserted in the crack and covered by a metal fort-heating,and cooking purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r
vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }plate bolted or riveted to the vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙ft
vertstrokesuperiorpach } solar heat storage [ENG] The storage of solar
energyforlateruse;usuallyaccomplishedbythesoft-wirednumericalcontrolSeecomputernumeri-
cal control,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙f vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉrd nu˙vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl } heating of water or fusing a salt,although sand
and gravel have been used as storage media.soilline See soil pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
soil mechanics [ENG] The application of the { vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorheˉt vertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080ij }
solar house [BUILD] A house with large ex-laws of solid and fluid mechanics to soils and
similar granular materials as a basis for design,pansesofglassdesigned tocatchsolarradiation
for heating,{ |soˉH11080l?r |hau˙s}construction,andmaintenanceofstablefounda-
tions and earth structures,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il mivertstrokeinferiorkanH11080iks } solarimeter [ENG] 1,A type of pyranometer
consisting of a Moll thermopile shielded fromsoil pipe [CIV ENG] A cast-iron or plastic pipe
for carrying discharges from toilet fixtures from the wind by a bell glass,2,See pyranometer.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsoˉH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}a building into the soil drain,Also known as
soil line,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp} solarmagnetograph [ENG] An instrument that
utilizes the Zeeman effect to directly measuresoil stack [BUILD] The main vertical pipe into
which flows the waste water from the soil pipes thestrengthandpolarityofthecomplexpatterns
ofmagneticfieldsatthesun’ssurface;comprisesin a structure,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il vertstrokeinferiorstak }
soil thermograph [ENG] A remote-recording a telescope,a differential analyzer,a spectro-
graph,and a photoelectric or photographicthermograph whose sensing element may be
buried at various depths in the earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙il means of differencing and recording,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r
magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
soilthermometer [ENG] Athermometerusedto solarpond [MECH ENG] A type of nonfocusing
511
solarpower
solar collector consisting of a pool of salt water soleplate [BUILD] The plate on which stud
heated by the sun; used either directly as a bases butt in a stud partition,[CIV ENG] See
sourceofheatorasapowersourceforanelectric solepiece,[ENG] 1,The supporting base of a
generator,Also known as salt-gradient solar machine,2,A plate on which a bearing can be
pond,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpa¨nd } attached and,if necessary,adjusted slightly.
solarpower [MECH ENG] The conversion of the { vertstrokesuperiorsoˉlvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
energy of the sun’s radiation to useful work,solid box [MECH ENG] A solid,unadjustable
{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r} ring bearing lined with babbitt metal,used on
solarpowersatellite [ENG] A proposed collec-
light machinery,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks }
tor of solar energy that would be placed in geo-
solidcoupling [MECH ENG] A flanged-face or a
stationaryorbitwheresunlightstrikingthesatel-
compression-type coupling used to connect two
lite would be converted to electricity and then
shafts to make a permanent joint and usually
tomicrowaves,whichwouldbebeamedtoearth.
designed to be capable of transmitting the full
{ vertstrokeinferiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsadH11080?lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
load capacity of the shaft; a solid coupling has
solar sensor [ELECTR] A light-sensitive diode
no flexibility,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
thatsendsasignaltotheattitude-controlsystem
solidcutter [DESENG] Acuttermadeofasingle
of a spacecraft when it senses the sun,Also
piece of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?r}
known as sun sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}
solid die [DES ENG] A one-piece screw-cutting
solarstill [CHEM ENG] A device for evaporating
tool with internal threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ }
seawater,in which water is confined in one or
solid drilling [ENG] In diamond drilling,using
more shallow pools,over which is placed a roof-
a bit that grinds the whole face,without preserv-
shaped transparent cover made of glass or plas-
ing a core for sampling,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
ticfilm;thesun’sheatevaporatesthewater,leav-
solid-electrolyte gas transducer [ENG] A de-
ing behind a residue of salt; the vapor from the
vice in which the concentration of a particular
evaporated water condenses on the surface of
gasinamixtureisdeterminedfromthediffusion
the cover and trickles down into gutters,which
voltage across a heated solid electrolyte placed
thus collect fresh water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstil }
between this mixture and a reference gas.
solder-ball flip chip See flip chip,{ |sa¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?divertstrokesuperiorlekH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorgas tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨sH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorflip vertstrokeinferiorchip }
solidinjectionsystem [MECHENG] Afuelinjec-
soldering gun [ENG] A soldering iron shaped
tion system for a diesel engine in which a pump
like a gun,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨dH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
forces fuel through a fuel line and an atomizing
soldering iron [ENG] A rod of copper with a
nozzle into the combustion chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d
handleononeendandpointedorwedge-shaped
invertstrokesuperiorjekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
at the other end,and used for applying heat in
solid logic technology [ELECTR] A method of
soldering,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨dH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
computer construction that makes use of minia-
soldering pencil [ENG] A small soldering iron,
turized modules,resulting in faster circuitry be-
about the size and weight of a standard lead
causeofthereduceddistancesthatcurrentmust
pencil,used for soldering or unsoldering joints
travel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |la¨jH11080ik tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
onprinted wiringboards,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨dH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080s?l}
solid shafting [MECH ENG] A solid round bar
solder track [ELECTR] A conducting path on a
that supports a roller and wheel of a machine.
printed circuit board that is formed by applying
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorshaftH11080i? }
molten solder to the board,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortrak }
solidshanktool [ENG] A cutting tool in which
soldiercourse [CIV ENG] A course of bricks laid
the shank and cutting edges are machined from
on their ends so that only their long sides are
one piece,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |sha?k vertstrokesuperiortu¨l}
visible,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉlH11080j?r vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
solidstate [ENG] Pertaining to a circuit,device,
sole [BUILD] The horizontal member beneath
or system that depends on some combination
the studs in a framed building,[ELECTR]
of electrical,magnetic,and optical phenomena
Electrode used in magnetrons and backward-
within a solid that is usually a crystalline semi-
wave oscillators to carry a current that generates
conductor material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt}
a magnetic field in the direction wanted,{ soˉl}
solid-state circuit [ELECTR] Complete circuit
solenoid brake [MECH ENG] A device that re-
formed from a single block of semiconductor
tards or arrests rotational motion by means of
material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
the magnetic resistance of a solenoid,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080
solid-state circuit breaker [ELECTR] A circuit
vertstrokeinferiorno˙id vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
breakerinwhichaZenerdiode,siliconcontrolled
solenoidvalve [MECHENG] Avalveactuatedby
rectifier,or solid-state device is connected toa solenoid,for controlling the flow of gases or
sense when load terminal voltage exceeds a safeliquids in pipes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorno
˙id vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r}solepiece [CIV ENG] One of two steel plates,
solid-state component [ELECTR] A componentport and starboard,whose forward parts are
whose operation depends onthe control of elec-bolted to the ground ways supporting a ship
trical or magnetic phenomena in solids,suchabout to be launched,while their aft parts are
as a transistor,crystal diode,or ferrite device.attached to the sliding ways; at the start of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉtk?mvertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080n?nt }launch,theyarecutsimultaneouslywithburning
solid-state device [ELECTR] A device,othertorchestoreleasetheship,Alsoknownassole-
plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉlvertstrokeinferiorpeˉs } than a conductor,which uses magnetic,electri-
512
sonarboomertransducer
cal,and other properties of solid materials,as solventdeasphalting [CHEMENG] Apetroleum
refinery process used to remove asphaltic andopposed to vacuum or gaseous devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080
resinous materials from reduced crude oils,lu-?d |staˉtdivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs}
bricatingoilstocks,gasoils,ormiddledistillatessolid-state image sensor See charge-coupled im-
through the extractive or precipitant action ofage sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
solvents,Also known as solvent deresining.solid-state lamp See light-emitting diode,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt deˉvertstrokesuperiorasvertstrokeinferiorfo˙ltH11080i? }?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorlamp }
solvent deresining See solvent deasphalting.solid-statepoweramplifier [ELECTR] Anampli-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt divertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?nH11080i? }
fier that uses field-effect transistors to provide
solventdewaxing [CHEM ENG] A petroleum re-
useful amplification at gigahertz frequencies.
finery process for solvent removal of wax from
{ vertstrokeinferiorsa¨lH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorstaˉt vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
oils; the mixture of waxy oil and solvent is
solid-state relay [ELECTR] A relay that uses
chilled,then filtered or centrifuged to remove
only solid-state components,with no moving
the precipitated oil; the solvent is recovered for
parts,Abbreviated SSR,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ }
reuse,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt divertstrokeinferiorwaksH11080i? }
solid-state switch [ELECTR] A microwave
solventextraction [CHEM ENG] The separation
switch in which a semiconductor material serves
ofmaterialsofdifferentchemicaltypesandsolu-
as the switching element; a zero or negative po-
bilities by selective solvent action; that is,some
tential applied to the control electrode will re-
materialsaremoresolubleinonesolventthanin
verse-bias the switch and turn it off,and a slight
another,hence there is a preferential extractive
positive voltage will turn it on,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt
action;usedtorefinepetroleumproducts,chem-
vertstrokesuperiorswich }
icals,vegetable oils,and vitamins,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt
solid-state thyratron [ELECTR] A semiconduc-
ikvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080sh?n}
tor device,such as a silicon controlled rectifier,
solventmolding [ENG] A process to form ther-
that approximates the extremely fast switching
moplastic articles by dipping a mold into a solu-
speed and power-handling capability of a gas-
tion or dispersion of the resin and drawing off
eous thyratron tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorth?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiortra¨n}
(evaporating) the solvent to leave a plastic film
solid-web girder [CIV ENG] A beam,such as a
adhering to the mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }
box girder,having a web consisting of a plate or
solvent recovery [CHEM ENG] For reuse pur-
other solid section but not a lattice,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080?d
poses,the catching and recovery of solvent va-
|web vertstrokesuperiorg?rH11080d?r}
pors from vent lines,process vessels,or other
solutionpolymerization [CHEMENG] A process
sources of evaporative loss,usually with a solid
for producing an addition polymer by heating
adsorbent material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt rivertstrokeinferiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ }
the monomer,solvent,initiator,and catalyst to-
solvent-refined [CHEM ENG] Pertaining to any
gether,with polymerization continuing as the
product material whose final quality and condi-
solvent is removed,{ s?|lu¨H11080sh?np?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080r?
tion is in part the result of a solvent treatment
vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
during processing of the feedstock material.
solution process [CHEM ENG] An oil-refining
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt rivertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnd }
processforseparatingmercaptansfromgasoline
solvent refining [CHEM ENG] The process of
by washing with a caustic solution containing
treating a mixed material with a solvent that
organiccompoundsinwhichthemercaptansare
preferentially dissolves and removes certain mi-
soluble,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨H11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
nor constituents (usually the undesired ones);
solutizer-air regenerative process [CHEM ENG]
common in the petroleum refining industry.
A petroleum refinery process that is identical to
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt rivertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080i? }
thesolutizer-steamregenerationprocess,except
solvent welding [ENG] A technique for joining
for the regeneration step; the newer units use
plastic pipework in which a mixture of solvent
uncatalyzed air regeneration,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorer
and cement is applied to the pipe end and to
reˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?H11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
the socket,with the parts then being joined and
solutizer-steam regenerative process [CHEM
allowed to set,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080v?nt vertstrokeinferiorweldH11080i? }
ENG] A petroleum refinery process used to ex-
sonar [ENG] 1,A system that uses underwater
tract mercaptans from gasoline or naphtha; uses
sound,at sonic or ultrasonic frequencies,to de-
solutizers (potassium isobutyrate or potassium
tect and locate objects in the sea,or for commu-
alkyl phenolate) in strong potassium hydroxide
nication; the commonest type is echo-ranging
solution as the selective solvent,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzH11080?r
sonar;otherversionsarepassivesonar,scanning
vertstrokesuperiorsteˉmreˉvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?H11080r?dH11080iv vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
sonar,andsearchlightsonar.Derivedfromsound
solutizer-tannin process [CHEM ENG] A petro- navigation and ranging,2,See sonar set.
leum refinery process that is an early variation { vertstrokesuperiorso
ˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
of the solutizer-air regenerative process for ex- sonar beacon [ENG ACOUS] An underwater
traction of mercaptans from gasoline; uses tan- beaconthattransmitssonicorultrasonicsignals
nin-catalyzed oxidation for the regeneration forthepurposeofprovidingbearinginformation;
step,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzH11080?r vertstrokesuperiortanH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s} it may have receiving facilities that permit trig-
Solvay process [CHEM ENG] The process to gering an external source,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉH11080k?n}
make sodium carbonate and calcium chloride sonar boomer transducer [ENG ACOUS] A so-
by treating sodium chloride with ammonia and nar transducer that generates a large pressure
wave in the surrounding water when a capacitorcarbon dioxide,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
513
sonarcapsule
bank discharges into a flat,epoxy-encapsulated sonicator [ENG ACOUS] An instrument for pro-
ducing high-intensity ultrasound,consisting ofcoil,creating opposed magnetic fields from the
aconverterthattransformselectricalenergyintocoilandfromeddycurrentsinanadjacentalumi-
mechanical energy in the form of oscillation ofnumdisk,whichcausethedisktobedrivenaway
piezoelectric transducers at a frequency of 20from the coils with great force,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r vertstrokesuperiorbu¨mH11080
kilohertz,and a titanium horn that focuses this?r transvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
oscillation and radiates energy into the liquidsonarcapsule [ENG ACOUS] A capsule that re-
being treated through a tip,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}flects high-frequency sound waves; the sonar
sonic chemical analyzer [ENG] A device to
capsule,if attached to a reentry body,may be
characterize the composition of a gas,liquid,or
used to locate the reentry body,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r
solidbytheattenuationorchangeinthevelocity
vertstrokeinferiorkapH11080s?l}
of sound waves through a sample; the effect is
sonar dome [ENG] A streamlined,watertight
related to molecular structure and intermolecu-
enclosure that provides protection for a sonar
lar interactions,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080
transducer,sonar projector,or hydrophone and
r}
associated equipment,while offering minimum
sonic cleaning [ENG] Cleaning of contami-
interference to sound transmission and recep-
nated materials by the action of intense sound
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r vertstrokeinferiordoˉm}
in the liquid in which the material is immersed.
sonar projector [ENG ACOUS] An electrome-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }
chanicaldeviceusedunderwatertoconvertelec-
sonic depth finder [ENG] A sonar-type instru-
tricalenergytosoundenergy;acrystalormagne-
mentusedtomeasureoceandepthandtolocate
tostriction transducer is usually used for this
underwaterobjects;asoundpulseistransmitted
purpose,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨rpr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080t?r}
vertically downwardby a piezoelectricor magne-
sonarset [ENG] A complete assembly of sonar
tostriction transducer mounted on the hull of
equipment for detecting and ranging or for com-
theship;thetimerequiredforthepulsetoreturn
munication,Also known as sonar,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r
afterreflectionismeasuredelectronically,Also
vertstrokeinferiorset }
known as echo sounder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordepth vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080
sonar target [ENG ACOUS] An object which re-
d?r}
flects a sufficient amount of a sonar signal to
sonic detection and ranging See sodar,{ |sa¨nH11080ik
produce a detectable echo signal at the sonar
divertstrokeinferiortekH11080sh?nanvertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }
equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r vertstrokeinferiorta¨rH11080g?t}
sonic drilling [MECH ENG] The process of cut-
sonar transducer [ENG ACOUS] A transducer
ting or shaping materials with an abrasive slurry
used under water to convert electrical energy
driven by a reciprocating tool attached to an
to sound energy and sound energy to electrical
audio-frequency electromechanical transducer
energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
and vibrating at sonic frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik
sonar transmission [ENG ACOUS] The process
vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
bywhichunderwatersoundsignalsgeneratedby
sonic flaw detection [ENG] The process of lo-
a sonar set travel through the water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r
cating imperfections in solid materials by ob-
tranzvertstrokeinferiormishH11080?n}
serving internal reflections or a variation in
sonar window [ENG ACOUS] The portion of a
transmissionthroughthematerialsasafunction
sonar dome or sonar transducer that passes
of sound-path location,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorflo˙ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080
sound waves at sonar frequencies with little at-
sh?n}
tenuationwhileprovidingmechanicalprotection
sonicliquid-levelmeter [ENG] A meter that de-
for the transducer,{ vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r vertstrokeinferiorwinH11080doˉ }
tects a liquid level by sonic-reflection tech-
sonde [ENG] An instrument used to obtain
niques,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
weather data during ascent and descent through
sonic nucleation [CHEM ENG] In supersatu-
theatmosphere,inaformsuitablefortelemeter-
rated solutions,the use of sonic or ultrasonic
ing to a ground station by radio,as in a radio-
radiationtohelpbringaboutnucleationandcor-
sonde,{ sa¨nd }
responding crystallization of substances other-
sonic altimeter [ENG] An instrument for de-
wise difficult to crystallize,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokeinferiornu¨H11080kleˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080
termining the height of an aircraft above the
sh?n}
earth by measuring the time taken for sound
sonicsifter [MECHENG] Ahigh-speedvibrating
waves to travel from the aircraft to the surface
apparatus used in particle size analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080
of the earth and back to the aircraft again.
ik vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080t?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}
sonic sounding [ENG] Determining the depth
sonic anemometer [ENG] An anemometer of the ocean bottom by measuring the time for
which measures wind speed by means of the an echo to return to a shipboard sound source.
properties of wind-borne sound waves; it oper- { vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i? }
ates on the principle that the propagation veloc- sonic thermometer [ENG] A thermometer
ity ofa soundwave in amoving mediumis equal based upon the principle that the velocity of a
to the velocity of sound with respect to the me- sound wave is a function of the temperature of
dium plus the velocity of the medium,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080 the medium through which it passes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik
ik vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sonicate [ENG] To apply high-frequency sound sonic well logging [ENG] A well logging tech-
nique that uses a pulse-echo system to measurewaves to matter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉt}
514
sound-levelmeter
the distance between the instrument and a one air reconnaissance sortie,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙rdH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080
b?r}sound-reflecting surface; used to measure the
sizeofcavitiesaroundbrinewells,andcapacities sorting table [ENG] Any horizontal conveyor
where operators,along its side,sort bulk mate-of underground liquefied petroleum gas storage
chambers,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? } rial,packages,or objects from the conveyor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}sonobuoy [ENG] Anacousticreceiverandradio
transmitter mounted in a buoy that can be sound analyzer [ENG] An instrument which
measurestheamountofsoundenergyinvariousdropped from an aircraft by parachute to pick up
underwater sounds of a submarine and transmit frequency bands; it generally consists of a set of
fixedelectricalfiltersoratunableelectricalfilter,themtotheaircraft;totrackasubmarine,several
buoys are dropped in a pattern that includes the along with associated amplifiers and a meter
which indicates the filter output,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferioranH11080known or suspected location of the submarine,
with each buoy transmitting an identifiable sig-?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
sound effects [ENG ACOUS] Mechanical de-nal; an electronic computer then determines the
location of the submarine by comparison of the vicesor recordingsused toprovide lifelikeimita-
tions of various sounds,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd ivertstrokeinferiorfeks }received signals and triangulation of the re-
sulting time-delay data,Also known as radio sound film [ENG ACOUS] Motion picture film
havingasoundtrackalongonesideforreproduc-sonobuoy,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
sonograph [ENG] 1,An instrument for re- tion of the sounds that are to accompany the
film,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorfilm }cording sound or seismic vibrations,2,An in-
strument for converting sounds into seismic sound filmstrip [ENG ACOUS] A filmstrip that
has accompanying sound on a separate disk orvibrations,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
sonometer [ENG] 1,In general,any device tape,which is manually or automatically syn-
chronized with projection of the pictures in thewhich consists of a thin metallic wire stretched
over two bridges that are usually mounted on a strip,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorfilmvertstrokeinferiorstrip }
sound gate [ENG ACOUS] The gate throughsoundboard and which is used to measure the
vibrationfrequency,tension,density,ordiameter which film passes in a sound-film projector for
conversion of the sound track into audio-fre-of the wire,or to verify relations between these
quantities,Also known as monochord,2,In quency signals that can be amplified and repro-
duced,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}particular,an instrument for measuring rock
stress by means of a piano wire stretched be- sound head [ENG ACOUS] 1,The section of a
soundmotionpictureprojectorthatconvertsthetween two bolts in the rock; any change of pitch
after destressing is observed and used to indi- photographicormagneticsoundtracktoaudible
sound signals,2,In a sonar system,the cylin-cate stress,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
sonoscan [ENG] A type of acoustic microscope drical container for the transmitting projector
and the receiving hydrophone,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorhed }in which an unfocused acoustic beam passes
through the object and produces deformations sounding [ENG] 1,Determining the depth of a
body of water by an echo sounder or soundingin a liquid-solid interface that are sensed by a
laser beam reflected from the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080 line,2.Measuringthedepthofbedrockbydriv-
ing a steel rod into the soil,3.Any penetration?vertstrokeinferiorskan }
sootblower [ENG] A system of steam or air jets ofthenaturalenvironmentforscientificobserva-
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i? }used to maintain cleanliness,efficiency,and ca-
pacity of heat-transfer surfaces by the periodic sounding balloon [ENG] A small free balloon
used for carrying radiosonde equipment aloft.removal ofash andslag fromthe heat-absorbing
surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu˙t vertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i? b?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨n}
soundinglead [ENG] A lead used for determin-sophisticated robot [CONT SYS] A robot that
canbeprogrammedandiscontrolledbyamicro- ing the depth of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorled }
sounding line [ENG] The line attached to aprocessor,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorfisH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
sorption pumping [ENG] A technique used to sounding lead,Also known as lead line.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}reduce the pressure of gas in an atmosphere;
the gas is adsorbed on a granular sorbent mate- sounding machine [ENG] An instrument for
measuring the depth of water,consisting essen-rial such as a molecular sieve in a metal con-
tainer; when this sorbent-filled container is im- tially of a reel of wire; to one end of this wire
there is attached a weight which carries a devicemersed in liquid nitrogen,the gas is sorbed.
{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙rpH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mpH11080i? } formeasuringandrecordingthedepth;acrankor
motor reels in the wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}sound-field enhancement [ENG ACOUS] A sys-
tem for enhancing the acoustical properties of sounding pole [ENG] A pole or rod used for
sounding in shallow water,and usually markedboth indoor and outdoor spaces,particularly for
unamplified speech,song,and music; may con- to indicate various depths,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
sounding sextant See hydrographic sextant.sist of one or more microphones,systems for
amplification and electronic signal processing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsekH11080st?nt }
soundingwire [ENG] A wire used with a sound-and one or more loudspeakers,{ |sau˙n vertstrokeinferiorfeˉld in
vertstrokesuperiorhansH11080m?nt } ing machine in determining depth of water.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}sortienumber [ENG] A reference used to iden-
tify the images taken by all the sensors during sound-level meter [ENG] An instrument used
515
soundlocator
to measurenoise and soundlevels ina specified sound spectrograph [ENG ACOUS] An instru-
manner; the meter may be calibrated in decibels mentthatrecordsandanalyzesthespectralcom-
or volume units and includes a microphone,an position of audible sound,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080
amplifier,an output meter,and frequency- tr?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
weighting networks,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} soundspeed [ENG] Thespeedofsoundmotion
sound locator [ENG ACOUS] A device formerly picture film,standardized at 24 frames per sec-
used to detect aircraft in flight by sound,con- ond (silent film speed is 18 frames per second).
sisting of four horns,or sound collectors (two { vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorspe
ˉd}
for azimuth detection and two for elevation),to-
soundstripe [ENG ACOUS] A longitudinal stripe
gether with their associated mechanisms and
of magnetic material placed on some motion
controls,which enabled the listening operator
picture films for recording a magnetic sound
to determine the position and angular velocity
track,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndvertstrokeinferiorstr?ˉp}
of an aircraft,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorloˉvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
sound system See sound-reproducing system.
soundnavigationandrangingSeesonar,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
vertstrokeinferiornavH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉH11080sh?n?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉnjH11080i? }
soundtrack [ENG ACOUS] A narrow band,usu-
sound-powered telephone [ENG ACOUS] A
allyalongthemarginofasoundfilm,thatcarries
telephone operating entirely on current gener-
the sound record; it may be a variable-width or
ated by the speaker’s voice,with no external
variable-densityopticaltrackoramagnetictrack.
power supply; sound waves cause a diaphragm
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiortrak }
to move a coil back and forth between the poles
sound transducer See electroacoustic transducer.
of a powerful but small permanent magnet,gen-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd tranzvertstrokeinferiordu¨sH11080?r}
erating the required audio-frequency voltage in
soundtrap [ELECTR] Awavetrapin atelevision
the coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd |pau˙H11080?rd vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
receiver circuit that prevents sound signals from
sound production [ENG ACOUS] Conversion of
enteringthepicturechannels,[ENGACOUS] A
energy from mechanical or electrical into acous-
pit between adjoining instrument sections in a
ticalform,asinasirenorloudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd
sound-recording studio,generally filled with fi-
pr?vertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n}
berglasspanels,toabsorbsoundthatwouldoth-
soundproofing See damping,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙ndvertstrokeinferiorpru¨fH11080i? }
erwise propagate from instruments in one sec-
sound ranging [ENG ACOUS] Determining the
tion to microphones in adjacent sections.
location of a gun or other sound source by mea-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiortrap }
suring the travel time of the sound wave to mi-
source [ELEC] The circuit or device that sup-
crophonesatthreeormoredifferentknownposi-
plies signal power or electric energy or charge
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorraˉnjH11080i? }
to a transducer or load circuit,[ELECTR] The
sound reception [ENG ACOUS] Conversion of
terminal in a field-effect transistor from which
acoustical energy into another form,usually
majority carriers flow into the conducting chan-
electrical,as in a microphone,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd rivertstrokeinferiorsepH11080
nel in the semiconductor material,[THERMO]
sh?n}
A device that supplies heat,{ so˙rs }
sound recording [ENG ACOUS] The process of
sourcedegeneration [ELECTR] The addition of
recording sound signals so they may be repro-
a circuit element between a transistor source
duced at any subsequent time,as on a phono-
and ground,with several effects,including a re-
graph disk,motion picture sound track,or mag-
duction in gain,{ |so˙rs divertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
netic tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? }
source-follower amplifier See common-drain am-
sound-reinforcement system [ENG ACOUS] An
plifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorso˙rs vertstrokesuperiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
electronic means for augmenting the sound out-
spacecentrode [MECH] The path traced by the
put of a speaker,singer,or musical instrument
instantaneous center of a rotating body relative
in cases where it is either too weak to be heard
to an inertial frame of reference,{ |spaˉs
abovethegeneralnoiseortooreverberant;basic
vertstrokesuperiorsenvertstrokeinferiortroˉd}
elementsofsuchasystemaremicrophones,am-
space cloth [CHEM ENG] Woven cloth or wire
plifiers,volume controls,and loudspeakers.
used for solids screening,and for which the
Also known as public address system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd
openingsbetweenthefibersorstrandsaredesig-
vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080invertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
nated in terms of space or clear opening.
sound-reproducing system [ENG ACOUS] A
{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiorklo˙th }
combination of transducing devices and associ-
space cone [MECH] The cone in space that is
atedequipmentforpickingupsoundatoneloca-
swept out by the instantaneous axis of a rigid
tion and time and reproducing it at the same or
body during Poinsot motion,Also known assome other location and at the same or some
herpolhode cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}later time,Also known as audio system; repro-
spacecraft ground instrumentation [ENG] In-ducing system; sound system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080
strumentation located on the earth for monitor-pr?vertstrokesuperiordu¨sH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
ing,tracking,and communicating with mannedsoundreproduction [ENG ACOUS] The use of a
spacecraft,satellites,and space probes,Alsocombination of transducing devices and associ-
known asground instrumentation,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsvertstrokeinferiorkraftated equipment to pick up sound at one point
vertstrokesuperiorgrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?vertstrokeinferiorm?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n}and reproduce it either at the same point or at
spacecraft tracking [ENG] The determinationsome other point,at the same time or at some
subsequent time,{ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080pr?vertstrokeinferiord?kH11080sh?n } of the positions and velocities of spacecraft
516
spark-coilleakdetector
through radio and optical means,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsvertstrokeinferiorkraft used to fasten shielded coils,capacitors,and
other components to a chassis,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉd vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }vertstrokeinferiortrakH11080i? }
space detection and tracking system [ENG] spadedrill [DESENG] A drillconsistingofthree
main parts,a cutting blade,a blade holder orSystem capable of detecting and tracking
space vehicles from the earth,and reporting the shank,and a device,such as a screw,which fas-
tens the blade to the holder; used for cuttingorbital characteristics of these vehicles to a cen-
tral control facility,Abbreviated SPADATS,holes over 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) in diameter.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉd vertstrokeinferiordril }{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsdi|tekH11080sh?n?n |trakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
spaced loading [ENG] Loading shot holes so spadelug [DESENG] An open-endedflattermi-
nation for a wire lead,easily slipped under athat cartridges are separated by open spacers
which do not prevent the concussion from one terminal nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉd vertstrokeinferiorl?g}
spall [ENG] 1,To reduce irregular stone blockschargefrom reachingthe next,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉst vertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? }
spaceframe [BUILD] A three-dimensional steel to an approximate size by chipping with a ham-
mer,2.Tobreakoffthinchipsfrom,andparallelbuilding frame which is stable against wind
loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm } to,the surface of a material,such as a metal or
rock,{ spo˙l}spacelattice [BUILD] A space framebuilt of lat-
tice girders,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?s} spallinghammer [ENG] A heavy axlike hammer
with chisel edge,used for breaking and rough-space processing [ENG] The carrying out of
various processes aboard orbiting spacecraft,dressing stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorspo˙lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
span [ENG] A structural dimension measuredutilizing the low-gravity,high-vacuum environ-
ment associated with these vehicles,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs between certain extremities,{ span }
spandrel [BUILD] Thepartofawallbetweenthevertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorsesH11080i? }
spacer [ENG] 1,A piece of metal wire twisted sill of a window and the head of the window
below it,{ vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080dr?l}at one end to form a guard to keep the explosive
in a shothole in place and twisted at the other spandrel beam [BUILD] In steel or concrete
construction,the exterior beam that extendsend to form a guard to hold the tamping in its
place,2,A piece of wood doweling interposed fromcolumntocolumnandmarksthefloorlevel
between stories,{ vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080dr?l vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}between charges to extend the column of explo-
sive,3,A device for holding two members at spandrelframe [BUILD] Atriangularframing,as
below a stair,{ vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080dr?l vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}a given distance from each other,Also known
as spacer block,4,The tapered section of a spandrel wall [BUILD] A wall on the outer sur-
face of a vault to fill the spandrels,{ vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080pug joining the barrel to the die; clay is com-
pressed in this section before it issues through dr?l vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
spanner [DES ENG] A wrench with a semicircu-the die,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsH11080?r}
spacerblock See spacer,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k } lar head having a projection or hole at one end.
[ENG] 1.Ahorizontalbrace,2.Anartificialho-space suit [ENG] A pressure suit for wear in
space or at very low ambient pressures within rizon attachment for a sextant,{ vertstrokesuperiorspanH11080?r}
spare part [ENG] In supply usage,any part,the atmosphere,designed to permit the wearer
to leave the protection of a pressurized cabin,component,or subassembly kept in reserve for
the maintenance and repair of major items of{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokeinferiorsu¨t}
Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉr vertstrokesuperiorpa¨rt }
spare-parts list [ENG] List approved by desig-[ENG] A network of ground stations operated
bytheNationalAeronautics andSpaceAdminis- nated authorities,indicating the total quantities
of spare parts,tools,and equipment necessarytration,which tracks,commands,and receives
telemetry for United States and foreign un- for the maintenance of a specified number of
majoritemsforadefiniteperiodoftime,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉrmanned satellites,Abbreviated STADAN.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080in |dadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080w?vertstrokesuperiorz?ˉshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiornet |pa¨rts vertstrokeinferiorlist }
sparger See perforated-pipe distributor,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rH11080vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
space velocity [CHEM ENG] The relationship j?r}
sparging [CHEMENG] Theprocessofforcingairbetween feed rate and reactor volume in a flow
process; defined as the volume or weight of feed through water to remove undesirable gases.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rjH11080i? }(measured at standard conditions) per unit time
per unit volume of reactor (or per unit weight of spark [ELEC] A short-duration electric dis-
chargeduetoasuddenbreakdownofairorsomecatalyst),{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉsv?vertstrokeinferiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
spackling [ENG] The process of repairing a part other dielectric material separating two termi-
nals,accompaniedbyamomentaryflashoflight.of a plaster wall or mural by cleaning out the
defective spot and then patching it with a plas- Also known as electric spark; spark discharge;
sparkover,{ spa¨rk }tering material,{ vertstrokesuperiorspakH11080li? }
SPADATS See space detection and tracking sys- sparkarrester [ENG] 1,An apparatus that pre-
vents sparks from escaping from a chimney.tem,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉvertstrokeinferiordats }
spade [DES ENG] A shovellike implement with 2,A device that reduces or eliminates electric
sparks at a point where a circuit is opened andaflatoblongblade;usedforturningsoilbypush-
ing against the blade with the foot,{ spaˉd } closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk?vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?r}
spark-coilleakdetector [ENG] A coil similar tospade bolt [DES ENG] A bolt having a spade-
shaped flattened head with a transverse hole,a Tesla coil which detects leaks in a vacuum
517
sparkdischarge
systembyjumpingasparkbetweentheleakhole special cargo [IND ENG] Cargo which requires
specialhandlingorprotection,suchaspyrotech-and the core of the coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk |koˉil vertstrokesuperiorleˉkdi
vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r } nics,detonators,watches,and precision instru-
ments,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeshH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080goˉ }sparkdischarge See spark,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
spark-ignition combustion cycle See Otto cycle,special-purpose item [ENG] In supply usage,
any item designed to fill a special requirement,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk ig|nishH11080?nk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
spark-ignition engine [MECH ENG] An internal and having a limited application; for example,a
wrench or other tool designed to be used forcombustion engine in which an electrical dis-
charge ignites the explosive mixture of fuel and one particular model of a piece of machinery.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspeshH11080?l |p?rH11080p?s vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080?m}air,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk ig|nishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
sparking potential See breakdown voltage,special-purpose vehicle [ENG] A vehicle hav-
ing a special chassis,or a general-purpose chas-{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rkH11080i? p?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?l}
sparkingvoltageSeebreakdown voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rkH11080 sis incorporating major modifications,designed
to fill a specialized requirement; all tractors (ex-i?vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
spark knock [MECH ENG] The knock produced cept truck tractors) and tracklaying vehicles,re-
gardless of design,size,or intended purpose,in an internal combustion engine precedes the
arrival of the piston at the top dead-center posi- are classified as special-purpose vehicles.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspeshH11080?l |p?rH11080p?s vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk vertstrokeinferiorna¨k}
spark lead [MECH ENG] The amount by which specifications [ENG] Anorganizedlistingofba-
sic requirements for materials of construction,the spark precedes the arrival of the piston at
its top (compression) dead-center position in product compositions,dimensions,or test con-
ditions; a number of organizations publishthe cylinder of an internal combustion engine.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk vertstrokeinferiorleˉd } standards (for example,American Society of
Mechanical Engineers,American Petroleum In-sparkover-initiated discharge machining [MECH
ENG] An electromachining process in which a stitute,and American Society for Testing and
Materials),and many companies have their ownpotential is impressed between the tool (cath-
ode)and workpiece(anode) whichare separated specifications,Also known as specs,[IND
ENG] A quantitative description of the requiredbyadielectricmaterial;aheavydischargecurrent
flows through the ionized path when the applied characteristics of a device,machine,structure,
product,or process,{ vertstrokeinferiorspesH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nz }potential is sufficient to cause rupture of the
dielectric,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rkvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?ri|nishH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiordis specificcharge [ELEC] The ratio of a particle’s
charge to its mass,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉnH11080i? }
sparkproof [ENG] 1,Treated with a material to specific conductance See conductivity,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080
ik k?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }preventignitionordamagebysparks,2.Gener-
ating no sparks,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rkvertstrokeinferiorpru¨f} specific energy [THERMO] The internal energy
of a substance per unit mass,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080sparkrecorder [ENG] Recorder in which the re-
cordingpaperpassesthroughasparkgapformed?rH11080jeˉ }
specific fuel consumption [MECH ENG] Theby ametal plate underneath anda moving metal
pointer above the paper; sparks from an induc- weight flow rate of fuel required to produce a
unit of power or thrust,for example,poundstion coil pass through the paper periodically,
burning small holes that form the record trace,per horsepower-hour,Abbreviated SFC,Also
known as specific propellant consumption.{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨rk rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}
spatial linkage [MECH ENG] A linkage that in- { sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨lk?nvertstrokeinferiors?mH11080sh?n}
specificgravity [MECH] Theratio ofthe densityvolves motion in all three dimensions,{ vertstrokesuperiorspaˉH11080
sh?l vertstrokesuperiorli?H11080kij } of a material to the density of some standard
material,such as water at a specified tempera-spatterdash [CIVENG] 1.Afinishputonstucco
by dashing a mortar and sand mixture against it,ture,for example,4H11034Cor60H11034F,or (for gases) air
at standard conditions of pressure and tempera-2,Paint spattered on a different-colored ground
coat,{ vertstrokesuperiorspadH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordash } ture,Abbreviated sp gr,Also known as rela-
tive density,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ }speaker See loudspeaker,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉkH11080?r}
speakeridentification [ENG ACOUS] The use of specific-gravity bottle [ENG] A small bottle or
flask used to measure the specific gravities ofautomated equipment to find the identity of a
talker,in a known population of talkers,using liquids; the bottle is weighed when it is filled
with the liquid whose specific gravity is to bethe speech input,{ vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r?ˉvertstrokeinferiordentH11080?H11080t?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080
sh?n } determined,when filled with a reference liquid,
andwhenempty,Alsoknownasdensitybottle;speaker verification [ENG ACOUS] The use of
automatedequipmenttoauthenticateaclaimed relative-density bottle,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik |gravH11080?dH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?l}speaker identity from a voice signal based on
speaker-specific characteristics reflected in specific-gravityhydrometer [ENG] A hydrome-
terwhichindicatesthespecificgravityofaliquid,spoken words or sentences,Abbreviated SV.
{ vertstrokeinferiorspeˉkH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorverH11080iH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n } with reference to water at a particular tempera-
ture,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik |gravH11080?dH11080eˉ h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}spear [DES ENG] A rodlike fishing tool having
a barbed-hook end,used to recover rope,wire specific heat [THERMO] 1,The ratio of the
amountofheatrequiredtoraiseamassofmate-line,and other materials from a borehole.
{ spir } rial 1 degree in temperature to the amount of
518
Sperryprocess
heat required to raise an equal mass of a refer- also used to measure the Q of resonant cavities
and lines,and to measure the cold impedanceence substance,usually water,1 degree in tem-
perature; both measurements are made at a ref- of a magnetron,{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?m vertstrokesuperioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
speech amplifier [ENG ACOUS] An audio-fre-erencetemperature,usuallyatconstantpressure
or constant volume,2,The quantity of heat quency amplifier designed specifically for ampli-
fication of speech frequencies,as for public-ad-required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous
materialonedegreeintemperatureinaspecified dress equipment and radiotelephone systems.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}way; it is assumed that during the process no
phase or chemical change occurs,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik speechclipper [ENG ACOUS] A clipper used to
limit the peaks of speech-frequency signals,asvertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
specificinductivecapacitySeedielectric constant,required for increasing the average modulation
percentageofaradiotelephoneoramateurradio{sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik invertstrokesuperiord?kH11080tivk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
specific insulation resistance See volume resisti- transmitter,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch vertstrokeinferiorklipH11080?r}
speechcoil See voice coil,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }vity,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?nrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns }
specific propellant consumption See specific fuel speech inverter See scrambler,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch invertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080
r}consumption,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?nt k?nvertstrokeinferiors?mH11080
sh?n} speech recognition [ENG ACOUS] The process
ofanalyzinganacousticspeechsignaltoidentifyspecific resistance See electrical resistivity.
{sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns } thelinguisticmessagethatwasintended,sothat
a machine can correctly respond to spoken com-specificspeed [MECHENG] A number,N
s
,used
to predict the performance of centrifugal and mands,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080igvertstrokesuperiornishH11080?n}
axial pumps or hydraulic turbines,for pumps,speech scrambler See scrambler,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉch
vertstrokeinferiorskramH11080bl?r}
N
s
H11005 N H20906Q/H
3/4; for turbines,N
s
H11005 N H20906P/H
5/4
,
speed [MECH] The time rate of change of posi-
where N
s
is specific speed,N is the rotational
tion of a body without regard to direction; in
speed in revolutions per minute,Q is the rate
other words,the magnitude of the velocity vec-
of flow in gallons per minute,H is head in feet,
tor,{ speˉd}
and P is shaft horsepower,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd}
speedcone [MECHENG] Acone-shapedpulley,
specific surface [CHEM ENG] The surface area
or a pulley composed of a series of pulleys of
per unit weight or volume of a particulate solid;
increasing diameter forming a stepped cone.
used in size-reduction (crushing and grinding)
{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}
calculations,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
speedlathe [MECH ENG] A light,pulley-driven
specific volume [MECH] The volume of a sub-
lathe,usually without a carriage or back gears,
stance per unit mass; it is the reciprocal of the
used for work in which the tool is controlled by
density,Abbreviated sp vol,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080
hand,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
y?m}
speedometer [ENG] An instrument that indi-
specificweight [MECH] Theweightperunitvol-
cates the speed of travel of a vehicle in miles
ume of a substance,{ sp?vertstrokesuperiorsifH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}
per hour,kilometers per hour,or knots.
specs See specifications,{ speks }
{ spivertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
spectraldensitySeefrequency spectrum,{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080
speed-payload tradeoff [MECH ENG] The rela-
tr?l vertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
tionship between the maximum speed withspectral emissivity [THERMO] The ratio of the
which a machine can move a workpiece and theradiation emitted by a surface at a specified
maximum weight of the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉd vertstrokesuperiorpaˉwavelength to the radiation emitted by a perfect
vertstrokeinferiorloˉd vertstrokesuperiortraˉdvertstrokeinferioro˙f}blackbody radiator at the same wavelength and
speed-powerproduct [ELECTR] The product oftemperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?l vertstrokeinferioreˉvertstrokeinferiormivertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
the gate speed or propagation delay of an elec-spectralhygrometer [ENG] Ahygrometerwhich
tronic circuit and its power dissipation.determines the amount of precipitable moisture
{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉdvertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨dH11080?kt }inagivenregionoftheatmospherebymeasuring
speed reducer [MECH ENG] A train of gearsthe attenuation of radiant energy caused by the
absorption bands of watervapor; the instrument placed between a motor and the machinery
whichitwilldrive,toreducethespeedwithwhichconsistsofacollimatedenergysource,separated
by the region under investigation and a detector power is transmitted,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉdrivertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
speed-reliabilitytradeoff [MECHENG] Therela-which is sensitive to those frequencies that cor-
respond to the absorption bands of water vapor,tionshipbetweenthemaximumspeedatwhicha
machinecanmoveaworkpieceandthereliability{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?lh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
spectral pyrometer See narrow-band pyrometer,with which the machine’s operations can be
achieved to some degree of satisfaction.{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?lp?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
spectral response See spectral sensitivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorspeˉdrivertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?deˉ vertstrokesuperiortraˉdvertstrokeinferioro˙f}
Sperry process [CHEM ENG] The electrolytic{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?lrivertstrokesuperiorspa¨ns }
spectral sensitivity [ELECTR] Radiant sensitiv- manufactureofbasicleadcarbonate(whitelead)
from desilverized lead that contains some bis-ity,considered as a function of wavelength.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspekH11080tr?l vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?vertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ } muth; impure lead collects at the anode,and
carbon dioxide is passed into the solution tospectrumanalyzer [ENG] Test instrument used
to show the distribution of energy contained in convert the lead to carbonate,{ vertstrokesuperiorsperH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080
s?s}the frequencies emitted by a pulse magnetron;
519
spgr
spgr See specific gravity,spincasting [ENG] A technique for manufactur-
ing telescope mirrors in which molten glass isspherical-coordinaterobot [CONT SYS] A robot
inwhichthedegreesoffreedomofthemanipula- poured into a rotating mold and,as the glass
cools and solidifies,the surface of the relativelytorarmaredefinedprimarilybysphericalcoordi-
nates,{ vertstrokesuperiorsfirH11080?H11080k?lkoˉ|o˙rdH11080?nH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t } thin mirror takes on a shape that is relatively
close to the desired one,reducing substantiallyspherical pendulum [MECH] A simple pendu-
lum mounted on a pivot so that its motion is the need for grinding away excess glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorspin
vertstrokeinferiorkastH11080i? }not confined to a plane; the bob moves over a
spherical surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsfirH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m} spin compensation [MECH] Overcoming or re-
ducing the effect of projectile rotation in de-sphericalstress [MECH] The portion of the to-
talstressthatcorrespondstoanisotropichydro- creasing the penetrating capacity of the jet in
shaped-charge ammunition,{ vertstrokesuperiorspin vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nstaticpressure;itsstresstensoristheunittensor
multiplied by one-third the trace of the total vertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
spin-decelerating moment [MECH] A couplestress tensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsfirH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }
spherometer [ENG] A device used to measure abouttheaxisoftheprojectile,whichdiminishes
spin,{ vertstrokesuperiorspin di|selH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }the curvature of a spherical surface,{ sf?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080
dH11080?r} spindle [DES ENG] A short,slender or tapered
shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorspinH11080d?l}spider [ELEC] A structure on the shaft of an
electric rotating machine that supports the core spin electronics See magnetoelectronics,{ vertstrokesuperiorspin
vertstrokeinferioriH11080lekvertstrokeinferiortra¨nH11080iks }orpoles ofthe rotor,consisting ofa hub,spokes,
and rim,or some similar arrangement,spinner [ENG] 1,Automatically rotatable radar
antenna,togetherwithdirectlyassociatedequip-[ENG] 1,The part of an ejector mechanism
which operates ejector pins in a molding press,ment,2,Part of a mechanical scanner which
rotates about an axis,generally restricted to2,In extrusion,the membranes which support a
mandrel within the head-die assembly,[ENG cases where the speed of rotation is relatively
high,{ vertstrokesuperiorspinH11080?r}ACOUS] A highly flexible perforated or corru-
gated disk used to center the voice coil of a spinneret [ENG] An extrusion die with many
holes through which plastic melt is forced todynamic loudspeaker with respect to the pole
piece without appreciably hindering in-and-out form filaments,{ vertstrokeinferiorspinH11080?vertstrokesuperiorret }
spinning [ENG] The extrusion of a spinning so-motion of the voice coil and its attached dia-
phragm,[MECH ENG] In a universal joint,a lution (such as molten plastic) through a spin-
neret,[MECH ENG] Shaping and finishingpart with four projections that is pivoted be-
tween the forked ends of two shafts and trans- sheet metal by rotating the workpiece over a
mandrel and working itwith a round-ended tool.mits motion between the shafts,Also known
as cross,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉdH11080?r } Also known as metal spinning,{ vertstrokesuperiorspinH11080i? }
spinning machine [MECH ENG] 1,A machinespike [DES ENG] A large nail,especially one
longer than3 inches(7.6 centimeters),and often that winds insulation on electric wire,2.A ma-
chine that shapes metal hollow ware,{ vertstrokesuperiorspinH11080of square section,{ sp?ˉk}
spike microphone [ENG ACOUS] A device for i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
spin transistor See magnetic switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorspinclandestine aural surveillance in which the sen-
sor is a spike driven into the wall of the target tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r}
spintronics See magnetoelectronics,{ spinvertstrokesuperiortra¨nH11080areaandmechanicallycoupledtothediaphragm
of a microphone on the other side of the wall,iks }
spinvalve See magnetic switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorspin vertstrokeinferiorvalv }{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉk vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
spill [ENG] The accidental release of some ma- spin welding [ENG] Fusion of two objects (for
example,plastics)byforcingthemtogetherwhileterial,such as nuclear material or oil,from a
container,{ spil } one of the pair is spinning; frictional heat melts
the interface,spinning is stopped,and the bod-spill box [CIV ENG] A device such as a flume
that maintains a constant head on a measuring ies are held together until they are frozen in
place (welded),{ vertstrokesuperiorspin vertstrokeinferiorweldH11080i? }weir or orifice,{ vertstrokesuperiorspil vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
spillway [CIVENG] A passage in orabout a dam spiral bevel gear [DES ENG] Bevel gear with
curved,obliqueteethtoprovidegradualengage-orotherhydraulicstructureforescapeofsurplus
water,{ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } ment and bring more teeth together at a given
time than an equivalent straight bevel gear.spillway apron [CIV ENG] A concrete or timber
floor at the bottom of a spillway to prevent soil { vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorbevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorgir }
spiral chute [DES ENG] A gravity chute in theerosion from heavy or turbulent flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ
vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080pr?n } form of a continuous helical trough spiraled
around a column for conveying materials to aspillway channel [CIV ENG] An outlet channel
from a spillway,{ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l } lower level,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorshu¨t}
spiral conveyor See screw conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?lspillwaydamSee overflow dam,{ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiordam }
spillway gate [CIV ENG] A gate for regulating k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
spiral flow tank [CIV ENG] An aeration tank ofthe flow from a reservoir,{ vertstrokesuperiorspilvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
spin [MECH] Rotation of a body about its the activated sludge process into which air is
diffused in a spiral helical movement guided byaxis,{ spin }
520
split-ringcorelifter
baffles and proper location of diffusers,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080 spit [ENG] To light a fuse,{ spit }
r?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ vertstrokeinferiorta?k} spitted fuse [ENG] A slow-burning fuse which
spiralflowtest [ENG] The determination of the has been cut open at the lighting end for ease
flow properties of a thermoplastic resin by mea- of ignition,{ vertstrokesuperiorspidH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨z}
suring the length and weight of resin flowing spitting rock [ENG] A rock mass under stress
along the path of a spiral cavity,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ that breaks and ejects small fragments with con-
vertstrokeinferiortest } siderable velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorspidH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorra¨k}
spiral gage See spiral pressure gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l splash block [BUILD] A small masonry block
vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
with a concave surface placed on the ground
spiral gear [MECH ENG] A helical gear that
below a downspout at a sloping angle to carry
transmits power from one shaft to another,non-
roof drainage water away from a building and to
parallel shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l |gir }
prevent erosion of the soil,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplash vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
spiral-jawclutch [MECHENG] Amodificationof
splashlubrication [ENG] An engine-lubrication
the square-jaw clutch permitting gradual mesh-
systeminwhichtheconnecting-rodbearingsdip
ing of the mating faces,which have a helical
into troughs of oil,splashing the oil onto the
section,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l |jo˙ vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
cylinder and piston rods,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplash vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080
spiralmoldcooling [ENG] Cooling an injection
sh?n}
mold by passing a liquid through a spiral cavity
splay [ENG] A slanted or beveled surface mak-
inthebodyofthemold,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l |moˉldvertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
ing an oblique angle with another surface.
spiralpipe [DES ENG] Strong,lightweight steel
{ splaˉ }
pipe with a single continuous welded helical
splayedarch [CIV ENG] An arch whose opening
seam from end to end,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp}
has a larger radius in front than at the back.
spiral plate exchanger [CHEM ENG] A heat-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsplaˉd vertstrokesuperiora¨rch }
transfer device made from a pair of plates rolled
splice [ELEC] A joint used to connect two
in a spiral to provide two relatively long,rectan-
lengths of conductor with good mechanical
gular passages for heat-transfer between fluids
strength and good conductivity,[ENG] To
in countercurrent flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l |plaˉt iks
unite two parts,such as rope or wire,to form a
vertstrokesuperiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
continuous length,{ spl?ˉs}
spiralpressuregage [ENG] A device for meas-
splice plate [CIV ENG] A plate for joining the
urement of pressures; a hollow tube spiral re-
web plates or the flanges of girders,{ vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉs
ceives the system pressure which deforms (un-
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
winds)thespiralindirectrelationtothepressure
spline [DES ENG] One of a number of equally
in the tube,Also known as spiral gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080
spacedkeyscutintegralwithashaft,orsimilarly,
r?l vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
keywaysinahubbedpart;thematedpairpermits
spiral scanning [ENG] Scanning in which the
the transmission of rotation or translatory mo-
direction of maximum radiation describes a por-
tion along the axis of the shaft,[ENG] A strip
tion of a spiral; the rotation is always in one
of wood,metal,or plastic,{ spl?ˉn}
direction; used with some types of radar anten-
splinebroach [MECH ENG] Abroach for cutting
nas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorskanH11080i? }
straight-sided splines,or multiple keyways in
spiral spring [DES ENG] A spring bar or wire
holes,{ vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorbroˉch }
wound in an Archimedes spiral in a plane; each
splinedshaft [DES ENG] A shaft with longitudi-
end is fastened to the force-applying link of the
nal gearlike ridges along its interior or exterior
mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorspri? }
surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorspl?ˉnd vertstrokesuperiorshaft }
spiral thermometer [ENG] A temperature-
splitbarrel [DES ENG] A core barrel that is split
measurement device consisting of a bimetal spi-
lengthwise so that it can be taken apart and the
ral that winds tighter or opens with changes in
sample removed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080?l}
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?lth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
split-barrelsampler [DESENG] Adrive-typesoil
spiral-tube heat exchanger [ENG] A counter-
sampler with a split barrel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |barH11080?l
current heat-exchange device made of a group
vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
ofconcentricspirallywoundcoils,generallycon-
split bearing [DES ENG] A shaft bearing com-
nected by manifolds; used for cryogenic ex-
posed of two pieces bolted together,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit
change in air-separation plants,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?ˉH11080r?l|tu¨b
vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? }
vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
split cavity [ENG] A cavity,such as in a mold,
spiral welded pipe [DES ENG] A steel pipe
made in sections,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit vertstrokesuperiorkavH11080?dH11080eˉ }
made of long strips of steel plate fitted together
splitlink [DESENG] A metallink in theshape oftoform helicalseams,which arewelded,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?
ˉH11080
a two-turnhelix pressedtogether,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit vertstrokesuperiorli?k}r?l |weldH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorp?
ˉp}
splitnut [ENG] A nut cut axially into halves tospiritlevel See level,{ vertstrokesuperiorspirH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
allow for rapid engagement (closed) or disen-spiritthermometer [ENG] Atemperature-meas-
gagement (open),{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit|n?t}urement device consisting of a closed capillary
split pin [DES ENG] A pin with a split at onetubewithaliquid(forexample,alcohol)reservoir
end so that it can be spread to hold it in place.bulb at the bottom; as the bulb is heated,the
{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit vertstrokesuperiorpin }liquid expands up into the capillary tubing,indi-
split-ringcorelifter [DESENG] Ahardenedsteelcating the temperature of the bulb,{ vertstrokesuperiorspirH11080?t
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } ring having an open slit,an outside taper,and
521
split-ringlifter
an inside or outside serrated surface; in its ex- spontaneous process [THERMO] A thermody-
namic process which takes place without the ap-panded state it allows the core to pass through
plication of an external agency,because of theit freely,but when the drill string is lifted,the
inherent properties of a system,{ spa¨nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080neˉH11080outside taper surface slides downward into the
s vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}bevel of the bit or reaming shell,causing the
spool [MECH ENG] 1,The drum of a hoist.ring to contract and grip tightly the core which
2,The movable part of a slide-type hydraulicit surrounds,Also known as core catcher; core
valve,{ spu¨l}gripper; core lifter; ring lifter; split-ring lifter;
spool-typerollerconveyor [MECH ENG] A type
spring lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |ri?vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080t?r}
ofrollerconveyorinwhichtherollsareofconical
split-ringlifterSeesplit-ring corelifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |ri?
or tapered shape with the diameter at the ends
vertstrokesuperiorlifH11080t?r}
of the roll larger than that at the center,{ vertstrokesuperiorspu¨l
split-ringmold [ENG] A plastics mold in which
|t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
a split-cavity block is assembled in a chase to
spoon [DES ENG] A slender rod with a cup-
permit the forming of undercuts in a molded
shapedprojectionatrightanglestotherod,used
piece,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |ri?vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
forscrapingdrillingsoutofaborehole,{ spu¨n}
split-ring piston packing [MECH ENG] A metal
spotcheck [IND ENG] A check or inspection of
ring mounted on a piston to prevent leakage
certain steps in an operation,process,or the
along the cylinder wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |ri?vertstrokesuperiorpisH11080t?n
like,of certain parts of a piece of equipment or
vertstrokeinferiorpakH11080i? }
of a representative lot of completed parts or
splitshovel [DESENG] Ashovelcontainingpar-
articles; the steps or parts inspected would nor-
allel troughs separated by slots; used for sam-
mally be only a small percentage of the total.
pling ground ore,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit vertstrokesuperiorsh?vH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨t vertstrokeinferiorchek }
split-stator variable capacitor [ELECTR] Vari-
spot drilling [MECH ENG] Drilling a small hole
ablecapacitorhavingarotorsectionthatiscom-
or indentation in the surface of a material to
mon to two separate stator sections; used in
serve as a centering guide in later machining
grid and plate tank circuits of transmitters for
operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨t vertstrokeinferiordrilH11080i? }
balancing purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit |staˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080
spotfacing [MECHENG] A finishedcircularsur-
b?lk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
face around the top of a hole to seat a bolthead
splitter [CHEM ENG] A petroleum-refinery term
or washer,or to allow flush mounting of mating
for a fractionating tower that produces only an
parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨t vertstrokeinferiorfaˉsH11080i? }
overhead and bottom stream,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplidH11080?r}
spotgluing [ENG] Applying heat to a glued as-
splittervanes [ENG] A group of curved,parallel
sembly by dielectric heating to make the glue
vanes located in a sharp (for example,miter)
set in spots that are more or less regularly dis-
bend of a gas conduit; the vane shape and its
tributed,{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨t vertstrokeinferiorglu¨H11080i? }
location help guide the moving gas around the
spotting [ENG] Fitting one part of a die to an-
bend,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplidH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvaˉnz }
other part by applying an oil color to the surface
splittransducer [ENG] A directional transducer
of the finished part and bringing this against the
withelectroacoustictransducingelementswhich
surface of the intended mating part,the high
are divided and arranged so that there is an
spots being marked by the transferred color.
electrical separation of each division,{ vertstrokesuperiorsplit
{ vertstrokesuperiorspa¨dH11080i? }
tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
spouting [ENG] A term used in the feeding or
SP logging See spontaneous-potential well log-
ejection of powdered or granulated solids by
ging,{ |es|peˉ vertstrokesuperiorla¨gH11080i? }
means of vertical or slanted discharge spouts.
spoke [DES ENG] A bar or rod radiating from
{ vertstrokesuperiorspau˙dH11080i? }
the center of a wheel,{ spoˉk}
sprag [ENG] A stake used as a brake for a vehi-
spokeshave [ENG] Asmalltoolforplaningcon-
cle by inserting it through the spokes of a wheel
vex or concave surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorspoˉkvertstrokeinferiorshaˉv}
or digging it into the ground at an angle.
sponge [CHEM ENG] Wood shavings coated
{ sprag }
with iron oxide and used as a catalyst in proc-
spragclutch [MECH ENG] A clutch designed to
esses for removing hydrogen sulfide from indus-
transmit power in one direction only,{ vertstrokesuperiorsprag
trial gases,{ sp?nj }
vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
spongy [MECH ENG] Property of a robot whose
spray [ENG] A mechanically produced disper-
endeffectorhashighcompliance,sothatasmall
sion of liquid into a gas stream; as drops are
force applied to it results in a large motion.
large,the spray is unstable and the liquid will
{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?nH11080jeˉ } fall free of the gas stream when velocity de-
spontaneous combustion See autoignition,creases,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra
ˉ }
{ spa¨nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080neˉH11080?sk?mvertstrokesuperiorb?sH11080ch?n} spraychamber [MECH ENG] A compartment in
spontaneous-potentialwelllogging [ENG] The an air conditioner where humidification is con-
recording of the natural electrochemical and ducted,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
electrokinetic potential between two electrodes,spray dryer [MECH ENG] A machine for drying
one above the other,lowered into a drill hole; an atomized mist by direct contact with hot
used to detect permeable beds and their bound- gases,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ |dr?ˉH11080?r}
aries,Also known as SP logging,{ spa¨nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080 sprayed metal mold [ENG] A plastics mold
made by spraying molten metal onto a masterneˉH11080?sp?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l |wel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }
522
springgravimeter
form until a shell of predetermined thickness is spreadfooting [CIV ENG] A wide,shallow foot-
ing usually made of reinforced concrete.achieved; the shell is then removed and backed
{ vertstrokesuperiorspred vertstrokeinferiorfu˙dH11080i? }up with plaster,cement,or casting resin; used
spreadingcoefficient [THERMO] Theworkdoneprimarily in plastic sheet forming,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra
ˉd
in spreading one liquid over a unit area of an-
|medH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }
other,equaltothesurfacetensionofthestation-
sprayer plate [ENG] A rotating flat-faced or
ary liquid,minus the surface tension of the
dished metal plate used in an oil burner to en-
spreading liquid,minus the interfacial tension
hance atomization,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
between the liquids,{ vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }
spray gun [MECH ENG] An apparatus shaped
Sprengelpump [MECH ENG] An air pump that
like a gun which delivers an atomized mist of
exhausts by trapping gases between drops of
liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
mercury in a tube,{ vertstrokesuperiorspre?H11080g?l vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
spray nozzle [MECH ENG] A device in which a
sprig [DES ENG] A small brad having no head.
liquid is subdivided to form a stream (mist) of
[ENG] See glazier’s point,{ sprig }
small drops,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}
spring [ENG] To enlarge the bottom of a drill
spraypainting [ENG] Applying a fine,even coat
holebysmallchargesofahighexplosiveinorder
of paint by means of a spray nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ
to make room for the full charge; to chamber a
vertstrokeinferiorpaˉntH11080i? }
drill hole,[MECH ENG] An elastic,stressed,
spray pond [ENG] An arrangement for cooling
stored-energy machine element that,when re-
large quantities of water in open reservoirs or
leased,will recover its basic form or position.
ponds; nozzles spray a portion of the water into
Also known as mechanical spring,{ spri? }
the air for the evaporative cooling effect.
spring balance [ENG] An instrument which
{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorpa¨nd }
measures force by determining the extension of
sprayprobe [ENG] A device which detects a jet
a helical spring,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |balH11080?ns }
spray of tracer gas in vacuum testing for leaks.
spring bolt [DES ENG] A bolt which must be
{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorproˉb} retracted by pressure and which is shot into
spraytorch [ENG] In thermal spraying,a device place by a spring when the pressure is released.
used for the application of self-fluxing alloys; { vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
molten metal is propelled against the substrate spring box mold [ENG] A compression mold
by a stream of air and gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch } with a spacing fork that is removed after partial
compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokesuperiorba¨ks vertstrokeinferiormoˉld }spray tower [CHEM ENG] A vertical column,at
spring buffer [ENG] A buffer in the form of athe top of which is a liquid spray device; used to
spring that stores and dissipates the kinetic en-contact liquids with gas streams for absorption,
ergy of an impact,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorb?fH11080?r}humidification,or drying,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
springcalipers [ENG] Calipersinwhichtensionspray-up [ENG] A term for a number of tech-
against the adjusting nut is maintained by a
niques in which a spray gun is used as the proc-
circular spring,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |kalH11080?H11080p?rz }
essing tool; for example,in reinforced plastics
spring clip [DES ENG] 1,A U-shaped fastener
manufacture,fibrous glass and resin can simul-
used to attach a leaf spring to the axle of a
taneously be spray-deposited into a mold or
vehicle,2,A clip that grips an inserted part
onto a form,{ vertstrokesuperiorspraˉvertstrokeinferior?p}
under spring pressure; used for electrical con-
spread [ENG] The layout of geophone groups
nections,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorklip }
from which data from a single shot are recorded
spring collet [DES ENG] A bushing that sur-
simultaneously,{ spred }
rounds and holds the end of the work in a ma-
spreadablelife See pot life,{ vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
chine tool; the bushing is slotted and tapered,
spreader [CIV ENG] A wood or steel member
and when the collet is slipped over it,the slot
inserted temporarily between form walls to keep
tends to close and the bushing thereby grips the
them apart,[ELEC] An insulating crossarm
work,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |ka¨lH11080?t}
used to hold apart the wires of a transmission
spring cotter [DES ENG] A cotter made of an
line or multiple-wire antenna,[MECH ENG]
elastic metal that has been bent double to form
1,A tool used in sharpening machine drill bits.
a split pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |ka¨dH11080?r}
2,A machine which spreads dumped material
spring coupling [MECH ENG] A flexible cou-
with its blades,{ vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080?r}
pling with resilient parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |k?pH11080li? }
spreader beam [ENG] A rigid beam hanging
spring die [DES ENG] An adjustable die con-
from a crane hook and fitted with a number of
sisting of a hollow cylinder with internal cutting
ropes at different points along its length; em-
teeth,used for cutting screw threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?
ployed for such purposes as lifting reinforced
|d?ˉ }
concretepilesorlargesheetsofglass,{ vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080
springfaucet [ENG] Afaucet thatis keptclosed
r vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
by a spring; force must be exerted to open it,
spreader stoker [MECH ENG] A coal-burning
anditcloseswhentheforceisremoved,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?
system where mechanical feeders and distri-
|fo˙sH11080?t}
buting devices form a thin fuel bed on a travel- spring gravimeter [ENG] An instrument for
ing grate,intermittent-cleaning dump grate,making relative measurements of gravity; the
or reciprocating continuous-cleaning grate,elongation s of the spring may be considered
proportionaltogravityg,sH11005(1/k)g,andthebasic{ vertstrokesuperiorspredH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstoˉkH11080?r}
523
springhammer
formula for relative measurements is g
2
H11002 g
1
H11005 of heat on the sprinkler head,Also known as
fire sprinkling system,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?kH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}k(s
2
H11002 s
1
),{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? gr?vertstrokesuperiorvimH11080?dH11080?r}
sprocket [DES ENG] A tooth on the peripheryspringhammer [MECH ENG] A machine-driven
of a wheel or cylinder to engage in the links ofhammer actuated by a compressed spring or by
achain,theperforationsofamotionpicturefilm,compressed air,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |hamH11080?r}
or other similar device,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra¨kH11080?t}springhinge [DES ENG] A hinge fitted with one
sprocket chain [MECH ENG] A continuousor more springs,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
chain which meshes with the teeth of a sprocketspring hook [DES ENG] A hook closed at the
and thus can transmit mechanical power from
endbyaspringsnap,Alsoknownassnaphook.
one sprocket to another,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra¨kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
sprockethole [ENG] One of a series of perfora-
spring-jointcaliper [DESENG] Anoutsideorin-
tions at the edge of a motion picture film,paper
side caliper having a heavy spring joining the
tape,or roll of continuous stationery,which are
legs together at the top; legs are opened and
engagedbytheteethofasprocketwheeltodrive
closed by a knurled nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |jo˙int vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?H11080
the material through some device,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra¨kH11080?t
p?r}
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
spring lifter See split-ring core lifter,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080
sprocket wheel [DES ENG] A wheel with teeth
t?r}
or cogs,used for a chain drive or to engage the
spring-load [ENG] To load or exert a force on
blocks on a cable,{ vertstrokesuperiorspra¨kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
an object by means of tension from a spring or
sprue [ENG] 1.A feed opening or vertical chan-
by compression,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
nel through which molten material,such as
spring-loaded meter [ENG] A variable-area
metal or plastic,is poured in an injection or
flowmeter in which the force on an obstruction
transfer mold,2,A slug of material that solidi-
in a tapered tube created by the fluid flowing
fies in the channel,{ spru¨ }
past the obstruction is balanced by the force of
spruebushing [ENG] A steel insert in an injec-
a spring to which the obstruction is attached,
tionmoldwhichcontainsthesprueholeandhas
and the resulting differential pressure is used to
a seat for the injection cylinder nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorspru¨
determine the flow rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |loˉdH11080?d
vertstrokeinferiorbu˙shH11080i? }
vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
spruegate [ENG] A passageway for the flow of
spring-loaded regulator [MECH ENG] A pres-
molten resin from the nozzle to the mold cavity.
sure-regulator valve for pressure vessels or flow
{ vertstrokesuperiorspru¨ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
systems; the regulator is preloaded by a cali-
sprue puller [ENG] A pin with a Z-shaped slot
brated spring to open (or close) at the upper (or
to pull the sprue out of the sprue bushing in an
lower) limit of a preset pressure range,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?
injection mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorspru¨ vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080?r}
|loˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
sprungaxle [MECHENG] Asupportingmember
spring modulus [MECH] The additional force
for carrying the rear wheels of an automobile.
necessary to deflect a spring an additional unit
{ vertstrokesuperiorspr vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?l}
distance; if a certain spring has a modulus of
sprungweight [MECH ENG] The weight of a ve-
100 newtons per centimeter,a 100-newton
hicle which is carried by the springs,including
weight will compress it 1 centimeter,a 200-new-
the frame,radiator,engine,clutch,transmission,
ton weight 2 centimeters,and so on,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?
body,load,and so forth,{ vertstrokesuperiorspr |waˉt}
vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}
spud [DES ENG] 1,A diamond-point drill bit.
spring pin [MECH ENG] An iron rod which is
2,An offset type of fishing tool used to clear a
mounted between spring and axle on a locomo-
space around tools stuck in a borehole,3,Any
tive,and which maintains a regulated pressure
of various spade- or chisel-shaped tools or me-
on the axle,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorpin }
chanical devices,4,See grouser,{ sp?d}
springscale [ENG] A scale that utilizes the de-
spurdike See groin,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }
flection of a spring to measure the load.
spur gear [DES ENG] A toothed wheel with ra-
{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |skaˉl}
dial teeth parallel to the axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?r vertstrokeinferiorgir }
springshackle [ENG] A shackle for supporting
spurpile See batter pile,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?r vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
the end of a spring,permitting the spring to vary
sputtering [ELECTR] Also known as cathode
in length as it deflects,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |shakH11080?l}
sputtering,1,The ejection of atoms or groups
spring stop-nut locking fastener [DES ENG] A
of atoms from the surface of the cathode of a
lockingfastenerthatfunctions byaspringaction
vacuum tube as the result of heavy-ion impact.
clamping down on the bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorspri? |sta¨pvertstrokeinferiorn?t
2.The use of this process to deposit a thin layer
vertstrokesuperiorla¨kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfasH11080n?r} of metal on a glass,plastic,metal,or other sur-
spring switch [CIV ENG] A railroad switch that face in vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?dH11080?H11080ri? }
containsaspringtoreturnittotherunningposi- sputter-ionpumpSeegetter-ion pump,{ vertstrokesuperiorsp?dH11080?r
tion after it has been thrown over by trailing |?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
wheels moving on the diverging route,spvol See specific volume.
{ vertstrokesuperiorspri?vertstrokeinferiorswich } sq See square.
sprinkler system [ENG] A fire-protection sys- square [MECH] Denotes a unit of area; if x is a
tem of pipes and outlets in a building,mine,or unit of length,a square x is the area of a square
otherenclosurefordeliveringafireextinguishing whose sides have a length of 1x; for example,a
square meter,or a meter squared,is the area ofliquidor gas,usually automaticallyby theaction
524
stabilitymatrix
a square whose sides have a length of 1 meter,squeeze [ENG] 1,To inject a grout into a bore-
Also known as monomino,Abbreviated sq,hole under high pressure,2.The plastic move-
{ skwer } ment of a soft rock in the walls of a borehole or
square-edged orifice [ENG] An orifice plate mine working that reduced the diameter of the
with straight-through edges for the hole through opening,{ skweˉz}
which fluid flows; used to measure fluid flow in squeeze roll [MECH ENG] A roller designed to
fluid conduits by means of differential pressure exert pressure on material passing between it
drop across the orifice,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |ejd vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s} and a similar roller,{ vertstrokesuperiorskweˉz vertstrokeinferiorroˉl}
squareengine [MECH ENG] An engine in which squib [ENG] A small tube filled with fine-
thestrokeisequaltothecylinderbore,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer grained black powder; upon the lighting and
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
burningoftheignitionmatch,thesquibassumes
square-head bolt [DES ENG] A cylindrical
a rocket effect and darts back into the hole to
threaded fastener with a square head,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer
ignite the powder charge,{ skwib }
|hed vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
SQUIDSee superconducting quantum interference
square-jawclutch [MECH ENG] A type of posi-
device,{ skwid }
tive clutch consisting of two or more jaws of
squirtcan [ENG] An oil can with a flexible bot-
square section which mesh together when they
tomandataperedspout;pressureappliedtothe
are aligned,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |jo˙ vertstrokeinferiorkl?ch }
bottomforces oiloutthe spout,{ vertstrokesuperiorskw?rt vertstrokeinferiorkan }
squarejoint See straight joint,{ |skwer |jo˙int }
squirtgun [ENG] A device with a bulb and noz-
squarekey [DESENG] Amachinekeyofsquare,
zle; whenthe bulb ispressed,liquidsquirts from
usually uniform,but sometimes tapered,cross
the nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorskw?rt vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
section,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ }
SRA-size [ENG] Oneofaseriesofsizestowhich
square mesh [DES ENG] A wire-cloth textile
untrimmed paper is manufactured; for reels of
mesh count that is the same in both directions.
paper the standard sizes are 450,640,900,and
{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiormesh }
1280 millimeters; for sheets of paper the sizes
square-nose bit See flat-face bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |noˉz
are SRA0,900 H11003 1280 millimeters; SRA1,640 H11003
vertstrokeinferiorbit }
900 millimeters; and SRA2,450 H11003 640 millime-
squarethread [DESENG] Ascrewthreadhaving
ters; SRA sizes correspond to A sizes when
a square cross section; the width of the thread
trimmed,{ |es|a¨rvertstrokesuperioraˉ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉz}
isequaltothepitchordistancebetweenthreads.
stab [ENG] In a drilling operation,to insert the
{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiorthred }
threaded end of a pipe joint into the collar of
square wave [ELEC] An oscillation the ampli-
the joint already placed in the hole and to rotate
tude ofwhich shows periodicdiscontinuities be-
it slowly to engage the threads before screwing
tween two values,remaining constant between
up,{ stab }
jumps,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv}
stability [CONT SYS] The property of a system
square-wave amplifier [ELECTR] Resistance-
for which any bounded input signal results in a
coupled amplifier,the circuit constants of which
boundedoutputsignal,[ENG] Thepropertyof
are to amplify a square wave with the minimum
abody,as anaircraft,rocket,or ship,tomaintain
amount of distortion,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |waˉv vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080
its attitude or to resist displacement,and,if dis-
r}
placed,to develop forces and moments tending
square-wavegenerator [ELECTR] A signal gen-
to restore the original condition,[MECH] See
erator that generates a square-wave output volt-
dynamic stability,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
age,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |waˉv vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
stabilitycriterion [CONTSYS] Aconditionwhich
square-waveresponse [ELECTR] The response
is necessary and sufficient for a system to be
of a circuit or device when a square wave is
stable,such as the Nyquist criterion,or the con-
applied to the input,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |waˉvri vertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns }
ditionthatpolesofthesystem’soveralltransmit-
square wheel [DES ENG] A wheel with a flat
tancelieinthelefthalfofthecomplex-frequency
spot on its rim,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwer |weˉl}
plane,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ kr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
squaring circuit [ELECTR] 1,A circuit that re-
stability exchange principle [CONT SYS] In a
shapes a sine or other wave into a square wave.
linear system,which is either dynamically stable
2.Acircuitthatcontainsnonlinearelementspro-
orunstable dependingonthevalue ofaparame-
portional to the square of the input voltage.
ter,thecomplexfrequencyvarieswiththeparam-
{ vertstrokesuperiorskwerH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
eter in such a way that its real and imaginarysquaring shear [MECH ENG] A machine tool
partspassthroughzerosimultaneously;theprin-consistingofonefixedcuttingbladeandanother
ciple is often violated,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjmounted on a reciprocating crosshead; used for
vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}cutting sheet metal or plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwerH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorshir }
stabilityfactor [ELECTR] Ameasureofatransis-squawker See midrange,{ vertstrokesuperiorskwo˙kH11080?r}
tor amplifier’s bias stability,equal to the rate ofsqueegee [DES ENG] A device consisting of a
change of collector current with respect to re-handlewithabladeofrubberorleathersettrans-
versesaturationcurrent,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}versely at one end andused for spreading,push-
stability matrix See stiffness matrix,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080ing,or wiping liquids off or across a surface.
{ vertstrokesuperiorskweˉvertstrokeinferiorjeˉ }eˉ vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks }
525
stabilitytest
stability test [ENG] Accelerated test to deter- stacker [MECH ENG] A machine for lifting mer-
minetheprobablesuitabilityofanexplosivema- chandise on a platform or fork and arranging it
terial for long-term storage,{ st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ intiers;operatedbyhand,orelectricorhydraulic
vertstrokeinferiortest } mechanisms,{ vertstrokesuperiorstakH11080?r}
stabilization [CHEM ENG] A petroleum-refinery stacker-reclaimer [MECH ENG] Equipment
process for separating light gases from petro- which transports and builds up material stock-
leumorgasoline,thusleavingastable(lessvola- piles,and recovers and transports material to
tile) liquid so that it can be handled or stored processing plants,{ vertstrokesuperiorstakH11080?rre
ˉvertstrokesuperiorklaˉmH11080?r}
with less change in composition,See compensa-
stackgas [ENG] Gaspassedthroughachimney.
tion,[ELECTR] Feedback introduced into vac-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstak vertstrokeinferiorgas }
uumtubeortransistoramplifierstagestoreduce
stack pollutants [ENG] Smokestack emissions
distortion by making the amplification substan-
subject to Environmental Protection Agency
tiallyindependentofelectrodevoltagesandtube
standards regulations,including sulfur oxides,
constants,[ENG] Maintenance of a desired
particulates,nitrogen oxides,hydrocarbons,car-
orientation independent of the roll and pitch of
bon monoxide,and photochemical oxidants.
a ship or aircraft,{ vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080b?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstak p?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨tH11080?ns }
stabilizedfeedbackSeenegativefeedback,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080
stack vent [ENG] An extension to the atmos-
b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
phere of a waste stack or a soil stack above the
stabilizer [CHEM ENG] The fractionation col-
highest horizontalbranch drain orfixture branch
umn in a petroleum refinery used to stabilize
that is connected to the stack,Also known as
(remove fractions from) hydrocarbon mixtures.
soil vent; waste vent,{ vertstrokesuperiorstak vertstrokeinferiorvent }
[ENG] 1,A hardened,splined bushing,some-
stactometer See stalagmometer,{ stakvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080
times freely rotating,slightly larger than the
r}
outer diameter of a core barrel and mounted
STADAN See Space Tracking and Data Acquisition
directly above the core barrel back head,Also
Network,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉvertstrokeinferiordan }
known as ferrule; fluted coupling,2,A tool lo-
stadia [ENG] A surveyinginstrument consisting
cated near the bit in the drilling assembly to
of a telescope with special horizontal parallel
modify the deviation angle in a well by control-
lines or wires,used in connection with a vertical
ling the location of the contact point between
graduated rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080? }
the hole and the drill collars,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
stadia hairs [ENG] Two horizontal lines in the
stabilizer bar [MECH ENG] In an automotive
reticule of a theodolite arranged symmetrically
vehicle,a shaft that interconnects the two lower
above and below the line of sight,Also known
suspension arms in order to reduce body roll
as stadia wires,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorherz }
when the vehicle is turning,Also known as
stadia rod [ENG] A graduated rod used with a
sway bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
stadiatomeasurethedistancefromtheobserva-
stableelement [ENG] Anyinstrumentordevice,
tionpointtotherodbyobservationofthelength
such as a gyroscope,used to stabilize a radar
of rod subtended by the distance between the
antenna,turret,or other piece of equipment
stadia hairs,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
mounted on an aircraft or ship,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorelH11080
stadia tables [ENG] Mathematical tables from
H11080m?nt }
which may be found,without computation,the
stable vertical [ENG] Vertical alignment of any
horizontal and vertical components of a reading
device or instrument maintained during motion
made with a transit and stadia rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080?
of the mount,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l}
vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?lz }
stack [BUILD] The portion of a chimney rising
stadiawires See stadia hairs,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉrz }
above the roof,[CHEM ENG] In gas works,a
stadimeter [ENG] An instrument for determin-
row of benches containing retorts,[ELECTR]
ingthe distanceto anobject,butits heightmust
See pileup,[ENG] 1,To stand and rack drill
be known; the angle subtended by the object’s
rodsin adrilltripodor derrick,2.Anystructure
bottom and top as measured at the observer’s
or part thereof that contains a flue or flues for
position is proportional to the object’s height;
the discharge of gases,3,One or more filter
the instrument is graduated directly in distance.
cartridgesmountedonasinglecolumn,4.Tall,
{ stavertstrokesuperiordimH11080?dH11080?r}
vertical conduit (such as smokestack,flue) for
staffbead [BUILD] 1.Abeadbetweenawooden
venting of combustion or evaporation products
frame and adjacent masonry,2,A molded or
orgaseousprocesswastes,5.Theexhaustpipe
beaded angle of wood or metal set into the cor-
of an internal combustion engine,{ stak }
ner of plaster walls,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaf vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}stacked-beam radar [ENG] Three-dimensional
staffgage [ENG] A graduated scale placed in aradar system that derives elevation by emitting
position so that the stage of a stream may benarrow beams stacked vertically to cover a verti-
read directly therefrom; a type of river gage.cal segment,azimuth information from horizon-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstaf vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}tal scanning of the beam,and range information
stageloader See feeder conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉj vertstrokeinferiorloˉdH11080?r}from echo-return time,{ vertstrokesuperiorstakt |beˉm vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
stagger-tooth cutter [MECH ENG] Side-millingstack effect [MECH ENG] The pressure differ-
cutter with successive teeth having alternatingence between the confined hot gas in a chimney
helix angles,{ vertstrokesuperiorstagH11080?r |tu¨th vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}or stack and the cool outside air surrounding
the outlet,{ vertstrokesuperiorstak ivertstrokeinferiorfekt } stained glass [ENG] Glass colored by any of
526
standardoutput
several means and assembled to produce a vari- time for individual work elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
colored mosaic or representation,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉnd vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiormentH11080?l vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
vertstrokesuperiorglas } standardevaporatorSeeshort-tubeverticalevapo-
stair [CIV ENG] A series of steps between levels rator,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorra
ˉdH11080?r}
or from floor to floor in a building,{ ster }
standard fit [DES ENG] A fit whose allowance
stairway [CIV ENG] One or more flights of stairs
and tolerance are standardized,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
connected by landings,{ vertstrokesuperiorstervertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
vertstrokesuperiorfit }
stairwell [BUILD] A vertical compartment that
standard free-energy increase [THERMO] The
extends through a building to hold a stairway.
increase in Gibbs free energy in a chemical reac-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstervertstrokeinferiorwel }
tion,when both the reactants and the products
stake [ELEC] An iron peg used as a power elec-
of the reaction are in their standard states.
trode to transfer current into the ground in elec-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorfreˉ |enH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorkreˉs}
trical prospecting,[ENG] 1,To fasten back or
standardgage [CIV ENG] A railroad gage mea-
prop open with a piece of chain or otherwise the
suring 4 feet 8
1
/
2
inches (1.4351 meters),[DES
valves or clacks of a water barrel in order that
ENG] A highly accurate gage used only as a
the water may run back into the sump when
standard for working gages,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
necessary,2,A pointed piece of wood driven
standardgravity [MECH] Avalue ofthe acceler-
into the ground to mark a boundary,survey sta-
ation of gravity equal to 9.80665 meters per sec-
tion,or elevation,{ staˉk}
ond per second,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ }
staking [ENG] Joining two parts together by fit-
standardheatofformation [THERMO] The heat
ting a projection on one part against a mating
needed to produce one mole of a compound
featureintheotherpartandthencausingplastic
from its elements in their standard state.
flow at the joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉkH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorheˉt?vfo˙rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
stakingout [ENG] Driving stakes into the earth
standard hole [DES ENG] A hole with zero al-
toindicatethefoundationlocationofastructure
lowance plus a specified tolerance; fit allowanceto be built,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta
ˉkH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorau˙t}
is provided for by the shaft in the hole,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080stalagmometer [ENG] An instrument for mea-
d?rd vertstrokesuperiorhoˉl}suring the size of drops suspended from a capil-
standardhour [INDENG] Thequantityofoutputlary tube,used in the drop-weight method.
required of an operator to meet an hourly pro-Also known as stactometer; stalogometer.
{ vertstrokeinferiorstalH11080igvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r} duction quota,Also known as allowed hour.
stalltorque [MECH ENG] The amount of torque { vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorau˙r}
provided by a motor at close to zero speed,standard-hourplan [INDENG] Awageincentive
{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙l vertstrokeinferiorto˙rk } plan inwhich standardwork timesare expressed
stalogometer See stalagmometer,{ vertstrokeinferiorstalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorga¨mH11080 as standard hours and the worker is paid for
dH11080?r}
standard hours instead of the actual work hours.
stamper [ENG ACOUS] A negative,generally
{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd |au˙r vertstrokesuperiorplan }
made of metal by electroforming,used for mold-
standardization [DES ENG] The adoption of
ing phonograph records,{ vertstrokesuperiorstamH11080p?r}
generally accepted uniform procedures,dimen-
stamping [ELECTR] A transformer lamination
sions,materials,or parts that directly affect the
that has been cut out of a strip or sheet of metal
design of a product or a facility,[ENG] The
by a punch press,[MECH ENG] Almost any
process of establishing by common agreement
press operation including blanking,shearing,
engineering criteria,terms,principles,practices,
hot or cold forming,drawing,bending,and coin-
materials,items,processes,and equipment
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorstamH11080pi? }
parts and components,{ vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
stanchion [ENG] A structural steel member,
sh?n}
usually larger than a strut,whose main function
standardized product [DES ENG] A product
is to withstand axial compressive stresses.
that conforms to specifications resulting from
{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080ch?n}
the same technical requirements,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080
standard ballistic conditions [MECH] A set of
d?rvertstrokeinferiord?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorpra¨dH11080?kt }
ballisticconditionsarbitrarilyassumedasstand-
standardleak [ENG] Tracergasallowedtoenter
ardforthecomputationoffiringtables,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080
a leak detector at a controlled rate in order to
d?rd b?vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080tik k?nvertstrokesuperiordishH11080?nz }
facilitate calibration and adjustment of the de-
standard capacitor [ELEC] A capacitor con-
tector,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorleˉk}
structed in such a manner that its capacitance
standardload [DESENG] Aloadwhichhasbeen
value is not likely to vary with temperature and
preplanned as to dimensions,weight,and bal-
is known to a high degree of accuracy,Also
ance,and designated by a number or some clas-
known as capacitance standard,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
sification,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
standard noise temperature [ELECTR] The
standardcell [ELEC] A primary cell whose volt-
standard reference temperature for noise meas-
age is accurately known and remains sufficiently
urements,equal to 290 K,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorno˙izconstant for instrument calibration purposes;
vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}the Weston standard cell has a voltage of
standard output [IND ENG] The reciprocal of1.018636 volts at 20H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorsel }
standardelementaltime [IND ENG] A standard standard time,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
527
standardperformance
standard performance [IND ENG] The perfor- gravel or stone to protect the pier by serving as
a break to water,ice,or drift,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rH11080li? }mance of an individual or of a group on meeting
starter [ELEC] 1.A device used to start an elec-standard output,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd p?rvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?ns }
tric motorand to acceleratethe motorto normalstandardshaft [DES ENG] A shaft with zero al-
speed,2,See engine starter,[ELECTR] Anlowance minus a specified tolerance,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080
auxiliary control electrode used in a gas tubed?rd vertstrokesuperiorshaft }
to establish sufficient ionization to reduce thestandard time [IND ENG] A unit time value for
anode breakdown voltage,Also known as trig-completion of a work task as determined by the
ger electrode,[ENG] A drill used for making
proper application of the appropriate work-
the upper part of a hole,the remainder of the
measurement techniques,Also known as di-
hole being made with a drill of smaller gage,
rectlaborstandard;outputstandard;production
known as a follower,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rH11080d?r}
standard; time standard,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}
starting barrel [ENG] A short (12 to 24 inches
standardton See ton,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiort?n}
or30to60centimeters)corebarrelusedtobegin
standard trajectory [MECH] Path through the
coring operations when the distance between
air that it is calculated a projectile will follow
the drill chuck and the bottom of the hole or to
under given conditions of weather,position,and
the rock surface in which a borehole is to be
material,includingtheparticularfuse,projectile,
collared is too short to permit use of a full 5-
andpropelling chargethatareused; firingtables
or 10-foot-long (1.5- or 3.0-meter) core barrel.
arebasedonstandardtrajectories,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080?l}
tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
starting friction See static friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rdH11080i?
standardwirerope [DES ENG] Wire rope made
vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
ofsixwirestrandslaidaroundasisalcore,Also
starting resistance [MECH ENG] The force
known as hemp-core cable,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr
needed to produce an oil film on the journal
vertstrokesuperiorroˉp}
bearings of a train when it is at a standstill.
standby battery [ELEC] A storage battery held
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rdH11080i? rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns }
inreserveasanemergencypowersourceinevent
startingtaper [DES ENG] A slight end taper on
of failure of regular power facilities at a radio
a reamer to aid in starting,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080p?r}
station or other location,{ vertstrokesuperiorstand|b?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }
starttime [INDENG] Thecalendartimeatwhich
standingwaysSeegroundways,{ vertstrokesuperiorstandH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉz}
the manufacturing work for a specific job begins
standpipe [ENG] 1,A vertical pipe for holding
on a machine or in a facility,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rt vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
awatersupplyforfireprotection,2.Ahightank
start-to-leakpressure [MECHENG] Theamount
or reservoir for holding water that is used to
of inlet pressure at which the first bubble occurs
maintain a uniform pressure in a water-supply
attheoutletofasafetyreliefvalvewitharesilient
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorstandvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
disk when the valve is subjected to an air test
standpipe system [ENG] A system that con-
under a water seal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rt t?vertstrokesuperiorleˉk vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
tains standpipes,pumps,siamese connections,
start-up curve [IND ENG] A learning curve ap-
piping,and equipment with hose outlets and is
plied to a job for the purpose of adjusting work
provided with an adequate supply of water for
times that are longer than the standard because
fire fighting,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
of the introduction of new jobs or new workers.
standstillfeature [CONTSYS] Adevicewhichin-
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rdvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
sures that false signals such as fluctuations in
starvedjoint [ENG] A glued joint containing in-
the power supply do not cause a controller to
sufficient or inadequate adhesive,Also known
be altered,{ vertstrokesuperiorstanvertstrokeinferiorstil vertstrokeinferiorfeˉH11080ch?r}
as hungry joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rvd vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
Stanton number [THERMO] A dimensionless
state [CONT SYS] A minimum set of numbers
number used in the study of forced convection,
which contain enough information about a sys-
equal to the heat-transfer coefficient of a fluid
tem’s history to enable its future behavior to be
divided by the product of the specific heat at
computed,{ staˉt}
constantpressure,thefluiddensity,andthefluid
state equations [CONT SYS] Equations which
velocity,Symbolized N
St
,Also known as Mar-
express the state of a system and the output of
goulis number (M),{ vertstrokesuperiorstantH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
a system at any time as a single valued function
staple [DES ENG] A U-shaped loop of wire with
of the system’s input at the same time and the
points at both ends; used as a fastener.
state of the system at some fixed initial time.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080p?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉtivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?nz }
stapler [ENG] 1,A device for inserting wire sta-
state estimator See observer,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt vertstrokeinferioresH11080t?vertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080
ples into paper or wood,2,A hammer for in-?r}
serting staples,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080pl?r} statefeedback [CONT SYS] A class of feedback
star drill [DES ENG] A tool with a star-shaped control laws in which the control inputs are ex-
point,used for drilling in stone or masonry,plicit memoryless functions of the dynamical
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨r vertstrokeinferiordril } systemstate,thatis,thecontrolinputsatagiven
Stark number See Stefan number,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨rk vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080 time t
a
are determined by the values of the state
b?r} variables at t
a
and do not depend on the values
starling [CIV ENG] A protective enclosure of these variables at earlier times tH11350t
a
.{vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt
around the pier of a bridge that consists of piles vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak }
stateobserver See observer,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt?bvertstrokeinferiorz?rH11080v?r}driven close together and is often filled with
528
stationroof
stateofstrain [MECH] A complete description,theyareatrest,Alsoknownaslimitingfriction;
starting friction,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfrikH11080sh?n}including the six components of strain,of the
staticload [MECH] Anonvaryingload;thebasaldeformation within a homogeneously deformed
pressure exerted by the weight of a mass at rest,volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt?v vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}
such as the load imposed on a drill bit by thestateofstress [MECH] A complete description,
weight of the drill-stem equipment or the pres-including the six components of stress,of
sure exerted on the rocks around an under-a homogeneously stressed volume,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt?v
ground opening by the weight of the superim-vertstrokesuperiorstres }
posed rocks,Also known as dead load.
state parameter See thermodynamic function of
{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
state,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉtp?vertstrokeinferiorramH11080?dH11080?r}
static moment [MECH] 1,A scalar quantity
statespace [CONT SYS] The set of all possible
(such as area or mass) multiplied by the perpen-
values of the state vector of a system,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt
dicular distancefrom a point connectedwith the
vertstrokeinferiorspaˉs}
quantity (such as the centroid of the area or
statetransitionequation [CONT SYS] The equa-
the center of mass) to a reference axis,2,The
tion satisfiedby thenH11003nstatetransition matrix
magnitude of some vector (such as force,mo-
H9021(t,t
0
),H11128H9021(t,t
0
)/H11128tH11005A(t) H9021(t,t
0
),H9021(t
0
,t
0
) H11005I; here
mentum,or a directed line segment) multiplied
I is the unit nH11003n matrix,and A(t) is the nH11003n
by the length of a perpendicular dropped from
matrix which appears in the vector differential
the line of action of the vector to a reference
equation dx(t)/dt H11005 A(t)x(t) for the n-component
point,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080m?nt }
statevectorx(t),{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉttranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
static-pressure tap See pressure tap,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik
state transition matrix [CONT SYS] A matrix
|preshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortap }
H9021(t,t
0
) whose product with the state vector x at
static-pressuretube [ENG] A smooth tube with
an initial time t
0
gives the state vector at a later
a rounded nose that has radial holes in the por-
timet;thatis,x(t)H11005H9021(t,t
0
)x(t
0
),{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉttranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
tion behind the nose and is used to measure
n vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks }
the static pressure within the flow of a fluid.
state variable [CONT SYS] One of a minimum
{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik |preshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
set of numbers which contain enough informa-
static reaction [MECH] The force exerted on a
tionaboutasystem’shistorytoenablecomputa-
body by other bodies which are keeping it in
tion of its future behavior,See thermodynamic
equilibrium,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080sh?n}
function of state,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
statics [MECH] The branch of mechanics which
statevector [CONTSYS] Acolumnvectorwhose
treatsofforceandforcesystemsabstractedfrom
components are the state variables of a system.
matter,and of forces which act on bodies in
{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt vertstrokeinferiorvekH11080t?r}
equilibrium,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080iks }
statically admissible loads [MECH] Any set of
staticseal See gasket,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorseˉl}
external loads and internal forces which fulfills
static test [ENG] A measurement taken under
conditions necessary to maintain the equilib-
conditions where neither the stimulus nor the
rium of a mechanical system,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ikH11080?lH11080eˉ
environmental conditions fluctuate,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik
dvertstrokesuperiormisH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorloˉdz }
vertstrokesuperiortest }
static bed [CHEM ENG] A layer of solids in a
statictube [ENG] A device used to measure the
process vessel (absorber,catalytic reactor,
static (not kinetic or total) pressure in a stream
packeddistillationcolumn,orgranularfilterbed)
of fluid; consists of a perforated,tapered tube
in which the particles rest upon one another at
that is placed parallel to the flow,and has a
essentially the settled bulk density of the solids
branch tube that is connected to a manometer.
phase; contrasted to moving-solids or fluidized-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
solids beds,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorbed }
station [ELEC] An assembly line or assembly
static charge [ELEC] An electric charge accu-
machine location at which a wiring board or
mulated on an object,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
chassis is stopped for insertion of one or more
static discharger [ELEC] A rubber-covered
parts,[ELECTR] A location at which radio,
cloth wick about 6 inches (15 centimeters) long,
television,radar,or other electric equipment is
sometimes attached to the trailing edges of the
installed,[ENG] Any predetermined point or
surfacesofanaircrafttodischargestaticelectric-
area on the seas or oceans which is patrolled by
ity in flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordisvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rH11080j?r}
naval vessels,{ staˉH11080sh?n}
static electricity [ELEC] 1,The study of the ef-
stationaryconeclassifier [MECHENG] Inapul-
fects of macroscopic charges,including the
verizer directly feeding a coal furnace,a device
transfer of a static charge from one object to which returns oversize coal to the pulverizing
another by actual contact or by means of a spark zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta
ˉH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiornerH11080eˉ |koˉn vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
that bridges an air gap between the objects,stationary engine [MECH ENG] A permanently
2,See electrostatics,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortrisH11080?dH11080eˉ } placed engine,as in a power house,factory,or
static equilibrium See equilibrium,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080ik vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080 mine,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080sh?vertstrokeinferiornerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m} stationpole [CIVENG] Oneofvariousrodsused
static friction [MECH] 1,The force that resists insurveyingtomarkstations,tosightpointsand
the initiation of sliding motion of one body over lines; or to measure elevation with respect to
the other with which it is in contact,2,The the transit,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
station roof [BUILD] 1,A roof supported by aforce required to move one of the bodies when
529
statisticalmultiplexer
single central post and having a shape that re- remains after transient conditions have dis-
sembles an umbrella,Also known as umbrella appeared in a control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ |staˉt
roof,2,A long roof supported by a single row vertstrokesuperiorerH11080?r}
of posts and by cantilevers on one or both sides; steady-stateflow [CHEM ENG] Fluid flow with-
typically used for railroad platforms,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉH11080 out any change incomposition or phase equilib-
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorru¨f} ria relationships,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ }
statisticalmultiplexer [ELECTR] A device which steady-state vibration [MECH] Vibration in
combines several low-speed communications which the velocity of each particle in the system
channels into a single high-speed channel,and
isacontinuousperiodicquantity,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ |staˉt
which can manage more communications traffic
v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
than a standard multiplexer by analyzing traffic
steam accumulator [MECH ENG] A pressure
and choosing different transmission patterns.
vessel in which water is heated by steam during
{st?vertstrokesuperiortisH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorplekH11080s?r}
off-peak demand periods and regenerated as
statisticalqualitycontrol [IND ENG] The use of
steam when needed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨H11080m?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
statistical techniques as a means of controlling
steam atomizing oil burner [ENG] A burner
the quality of a product or process,{ st?vertstrokesuperiortisH11080t?H11080
which has two supply lines,one for oil and the
k?l vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
other for a jet of steam which assists in the
stator [ELEC] Theportion ofa rotatingmachine
atomization process,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |adH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080i?vertstrokesuperioro˙il
that contains the stationary parts of the mag-
vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
netic circuit and their associated windings.
steam attemperation [MECH ENG] The control
[MECH ENG] A stationary machine part in or
of the maximum temperature of superheated
about which a rotor turns,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉdH11080?r}
steam by water injection or submerged cooling.
statoscope [ENG] 1,A barometer that records
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm?vertstrokeinferiort?mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
smallvariationsinatmosphericpressure,2.An
steam bending [ENG] Forming wooden mem-
instrument that indicates small changes in an
bers to a desired shape by pressure after first
aircraft’s altitude,{ vertstrokesuperiorstadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
softening by heat and moisture,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
statutemile See mile,{ vertstrokesuperiorstachH11080u¨t vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉl}
vertstrokeinferiorbendH11080i? }
stave [DES ENG] 1,A rung of a ladder,2,Any
steamboiler [MECH ENG] A pressurized system
of the narrow wooden strips or metal plates
in which water is vaporized to steam by heat
placed edge to edge to form the sides,top,or
transferred from a source of higher temperature,
lining of a vessel or structure,such as a barrel.
usuallytheproductsofcombustionfromburning
{ staˉv}
fuels,Alsoknownassteamgenerator,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
stay [ENG] In a structure,a tensile member
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙iH11080l?r}
which holds other members of the structure rig-
steamcalorimeter [ENG] 1.A calorimeter,such
idly in position,{ staˉ }
as the Joly or differential steam calorimeter,in
staybolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a thread along
which the mass of steam condensed on a body
the entire length of the shaft; used to attach
isusedtocalculatetheamountofheatsupplied.
machine parts that are under pressure to sepa-
2,Seethrottling calorimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080
rate,{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉvertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
dH11080?r}
stayed-cablebridge [CIV ENG] A modified can-
steam cock [ENG] A valve for the passage of
tileverbridgeconsistingofgirdersortrussescan-
steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
tilevered both ways from a central tower and
steam condenser [MECH ENG] A device to
supported by inclined cables attached to the
maintain vacuum conditions on the exhaust of
tower at the top or sometimes at several levels.
a steam primemover by transfer ofheat to circu-
{ vertstrokesuperiorstaˉd |kaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
lating water or air at the lowest ambient temper-
STD recorder See salinity-temperature-depth
ature,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉmk?nvertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r}
recorder,{ vertstrokeinferioresvertstrokeinferiorteˉvertstrokesuperiordeˉ rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
steamcracking [CHEM ENG] High-temperature
steadiness [CONT SYS] Freedom of a robot arm
cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons in the pres-
or end effector from high-frequency vibrations
ence of steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
and jerks,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉH11080n?s}
steamcure [ENG] To cure concrete or mortar in
steadypin [ENG] 1,A retaining device such as
watervaporatanelevatedtemperature,ateither
a dowel,pin,or key that prevents a pulley from
atmospheric or high pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorkyu˙r}
turning on its axis,2,A guide pin used to lift
steamcycle See Rankine cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
a cope or pattern,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpin }
steamdistillation [CHEM ENG] A distillation in
steady rest [MECH ENG] A device that is used
which vaporization of the volatile constituentsto support long,slender workpieces during turn-
ofaliquidmixturetakesplaceatalowertemper-ing or grinding and permits them to rotate with-
ature by the introduction of steam directly intoout eccentric movement,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorrest }
the charge; steam used in this manner is knownsteady-state conduction [THERMO] Heat con-
asopensteam,Alsoknownassteamstripping.duction in which the temperature and heat flow
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}at each point does not change with time.
steamdrive [MECHENG] Anydevicewhichuses{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080eˉ |staˉtk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080sh?n}
power generated by the pressure of expandingsteady-state creep See secondary creep,{ vertstrokesuperiorstedH11080
steam to move a machine or a machine part.eˉ |staˉt vertstrokesuperiorkreˉp}
steady-state error [CONT SYS] The error that { vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}
530
steamturbine
steamdryer [MECH ENG] A device for separat- directlyon thematerialorindirectly onthemold
surfaces,as a heat source to mold parts froming liquid from vapor in a steam supply system.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r } preexpanded polystyrene beads,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? }steamemulsiontest [ENG] Atestusedformea-
suring the ability of oil and water to separate,steam nozzle [MECH ENG] A streamlined flow
structure in which heat energy of steam is con-especially for steam-turbine oil; after emulsifica-
tion and separation,the time required for the verted to the kinetic form,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorna¨zH11080?l}
steam point [THERMO] The boiling point ofemulsion to be reduced to 3 milliliters or less
isrecordedat5-minuteintervals,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉmivertstrokesuperiorm?lH11080 pure water whose isotopic composition is the
same as that of sea water at standard atmos-sh?n vertstrokeinferiortest }
steam engine [MECH ENG] A thermodynamic pheric pressure; it is assigned a value of 100H11034C
on the International Practical Temperature Scaledevice for the conversion of heat in steam into
work,generallyintheformofapositivedisplace- of 1968,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
steam pump [MECH ENG] A pump driven byment,piston and cylinder mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
|enH11080j?n } steam acting on the coupled piston rod and
plunger,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }steam engine indicator [ENG] An instrument
that plots the steam pressure in an engine cylin- steampurifierSeesteamseparator,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiorpyu˙rH11080
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}der as a function of piston displacement.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |enH11080j?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} steamrefining [CHEM ENG] A petroleum refin-
ery distillation process,in which the only heatsteam gage [ENG] A device for measuring
steam pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } usedcomesfromsteamin openandclosedcoils
near the bottom of the still; used to producesteam-generating furnace See boiler furnace.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |jenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s } gasoline and naphthas where odor and color are
of prime importance; where open steam is used,steam generator See steam boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |jenH11080
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } it is known as steam distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
rivertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnH11080i? }steamhammer [MECH ENG] A forging hammer
inwhichtheramisraised,lowered,andoperated steam reheater [MECH ENG] A steam boiler
component in which heat is added to intermedi-by a steam cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
steam-heatedevaporator [MECH ENG] A struc- ate-pressure steam,which has given up some of
its energy in expansion through the high-pres-tureusingcondensingsteamasaheatsourceon
onesideofaheat-exchangesurfacetoevaporate sure turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉmreˉvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
steam roller [MECH ENG] A road roller drivenliquid from the other side,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |heˉdH11080?d
ivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r } by a steam engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorroˉH11080l?r}
steamseparator [MECHENG] Adeviceforsepa-steamheating [MECH ENG] A system that used
steam as the medium for a comfort or process ratingamixtureoftheliquidandvaporphasesof
water,Also known as steam purifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉmheating operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
steam jacket [MECH ENG] A casing applied to vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
steamshovel [MECH ENG] A power shovel op-the cylinders and heads of a steam engine,or
other space,to keep the surfaces hot and dry,erated by steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorsh?vH11080?l}
steam still [CHEM ENG] A still in which steam{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorjakH11080?t}
steam jet [ENG] A blast of steam issuing from provides most of the heat; distillation requires
alowertemperaturethaninstandardequipmenta nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorjet }
steam-jetcycle [MECH ENG] A refrigeration cy- (except for a vacuum distillation unit).
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorstil }cle in which water is used as the refrigerant;
high-velocity steam jets provide a high vacuum steam stripping See steam distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
vertstrokesuperiorstripH11080i? }in the evaporator,causing the water to boil at
lowtemperatureandatthesametimecompress- steam superheater [MECH ENG] A boiler com-
ponent in which sensible heat is added to theing the flashed vapor up to the condenser pres-
sure level,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |jet vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } steam after it has been evaporated from the liq-
uid phase,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}steam-jetejector [MECH ENG] A fluid accelera-
tionvacuumpumpor compressorusingthehigh steam tracing [ENG] A steam-carrying heater
(such as tubing or piping) next to or twistedvelocity of a steam jet for entrainment,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm
|jet ivertstrokesuperiorjekH11080t?r } around a process-fluid or instrument-air line;
usedtokeepliquidsfromsolidifyingorcondens-steam line [THERMO] A graph of the boiling
point of water as a function of pressure,ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiortraˉsH11080i? }
steam trap [MECH ENG] A device which drains{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
steam locomotive [MECH ENG] A railway pro- and removes condensate automatically from
steam lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiortrap }pulsion power plant using steam,generally in
areciprocating,noncondensingengine,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm steam-tube dryer [MECH ENG] Rotary dryer
with steam-heated tubes running the full lengthvertstrokeinferiorloˉH11080k?|moˉdH11080iv}
steamloop [ENG] Two vertical pipes connected of the cylinder and rotating with the dryer shell.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm |tu¨b vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r}by a horizontal one,used to condense boiler
steam so that it can be returned to the boiler steam turbine [MECH ENG] A prime mover for
the conversionof heat energyof steaminto workwithout a pump or injector,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
steammolding [ENG] The use of steam,either on a rotating shaft,utilizing fluid acceleration
531
steamvalve
principles in jet and vane machinery,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm timepiece that is wound by an internal mecha-
nism turned by an external knob and stem (the|t?rH11080b?n}
steamvalve [ENG] A valve used to regulate the winding button of a watch),{ vertstrokesuperiorstem |w?ˉndH11080i? }
stenometer [ENG] Aninstrumentformeasuringflow of steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
steamwasher [ENG] Adeviceforremovingcon- distances; employs a telescope in which two tar-
get images a known distance apart are superim-taminants,such as silica,from the steam pro-
duced in a boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉm vertstrokeinferiorwa¨shH11080?r } posed by turning a micrometer screw,{ st?
vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}steel-cable conveyor belt [DES ENG] A rubber
conveyor belt in which the carcass is composed step [ENG] A small offset on a piece of core or
in a drill hole resulting from a sudden sidewiseof a single plane of steel cables,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉl |kaˉH11080b?l
k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbelt } deviation of the bit as it enters a hard,tilted
stratumorrockunderlyingasofterrock,{ step }steel-clad rope [DES ENG] A wire rope made
from flat strips of steel wound helically around step aeration [CIV ENG] An activated sludge
process in which the settled sewage is intro-each of the six strands composing the rope.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉl |klad vertstrokesuperiorroˉp } duced into the aeration tank at more than one
point,{ vertstrokesuperiorstep evertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080sh?n}Steelflex coupling [MECH ENG] A flexible cou-
pling made with two grooved steel hubs keyed stepbearing [MECH ENG] A device which sup-
ports the bottom end of a vertical shaft,Alsoto their respective shafts and connected by a
specially tempered alloy-steel member called known as pivot bearing,{ vertstrokesuperiorstep vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
stepblock [ENG] Ametalblock,usuallyofsteelthe grid,{ vertstrokesuperiorsteˉlvertstrokeinferiorfleks vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
steelyard [ENG] A weighingdevice witha coun- or cast iron,with integral stepped sections to
allow application of clamps when securing aterbalanced arm supporting the load to be
weighed on the short end,{ vertstrokesuperiorstilH11080y?rd } workpiece to a machine tool table,{ vertstrokesuperiorstep
vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}steen [CIV ENG] To line an excavation such as
a cellar or well with stone,cement,or similar step-by-stepsystem [CONT SYS] A control sys-
tem in which the drive motor moves in discretematerial without the use of mortar,{ steˉn}
steering arm [MECH ENG] An arm that trans- steps when the input element is moved continu-
ously,{ |step b?ˉ |step vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}mits turning motion from the steering wheel of
an automotive vehicle to the drag link,{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080 stepgage [DES ENG] 1.A plug gage containing
several cylindrical gages of increasing diameteri?vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
steering brake [MECH ENG] Means of turning,mounted on the same axis,2,A gage con-
sisting of a body in which a blade slides perpen-stopping,or holding atracked vehicle by braking
the tracks individually,{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk } dicularly; used to measure steps and shoulders.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstep vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}steeringgear [MECH ENG] The mechanism,in-
cludinggeartrainandlinkage,forthedirectional stepped cone pulley [DES ENG] A one-piece
pulley with several diameters to engage trans-control of a vehicle or ship,{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgir }
steering wheel [MECH ENG] A hand-operated mission belts and thereby provide different
speed ratios,{ vertstrokesuperiorstept |koˉn vertstrokesuperiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }wheel for controlling the direction of the wheels
of an automotive vehicle or of the rudder of a stepped footing [CIV ENG] A widening at the
bottom of a wall consisting of a series of stepsship,{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
Stefan number [THERMO] A dimensionless intheproportionofonehorizontaltotwovertical
units,{ vertstrokesuperiorstept vertstrokesuperiorfu˙dH11080i? }numberusedinthestudyofradiantheattransfer,
equal to the Stefan-Boltzmann constant times stepped gear wheel [DES ENG] A gear wheel
containingtwoormoresetsofteethonthesamethe cube of the temperature times the thickness
of a layer divided by the layer’s thermal conduc- rim,with adjacentsetsslightlydisplaced toform
a series of steps,{ vertstrokesuperiorstept vertstrokesuperiorgir vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}tivity.SymbolizedSt,AlsoknownasStarknum-
ber (Sk),{ vertstrokesuperiorshtevertstrokeinferiorfa¨n vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r} stepped screw [DES ENG] A screw from which
sectorshave beenremoved,the remainingscrewSteiner’s theorem See parallel axis theorem.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsht?ˉnH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m } surfaces forming steps,{ vertstrokesuperiorstept vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ }
stepper motor [ELEC] A motor that rotates instem [ENG] 1,The heavy iron rod acting as the
connecting link between the bit and the balance short and essentially uniform angular move-
mentsratherthancontinuously;typicalstepsareofthestringoftoolsonachurnrod,2.Toinsert
packing or tamping material in a shothole,30,45,and 90H11034; the angular steps are obtained
electromagnetically rather than by the ratchet{ stem }
stem correction [THERMO] A correction which and pawl mechanisms of stepping relays,Also
known as magnetic stepping motor; steppingmustbemadeinreadingathermometerinwhich
part of the stem,and the thermometric fluid motor; step-servo motor,{ vertstrokesuperiorstepH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
stepping See zoning,{ vertstrokesuperiorstepH11080i? }within it,is at a temperature which differs from
the temperature being measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorstem stepping motor See stepper motor,{ vertstrokesuperiorstepH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}k?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
stemmingrod [ENG] A nonmetallic rod used to step pulley [MECH ENG] A series of pulleys of
various diameters combined in a single concen-push explosive cartridges into position in a sho-
thole and to ram tight the stemming,{ vertstrokesuperiorstemH11080 tric unit and used to vary the velocity ratio of
shafts,Also known as cone pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorstepi?vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
stem-winding [MECH ENG] Pertaining to a vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
532
stifflegderrick
step-recovery diode [ELECTR] A varactor in stereoscopic aerial photographs with a stereo-
comparator,{ |sterH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorplanH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }which forward voltage injects carriers across the
junction,but before the carriers can combine,stereopreamplifier [ENG ACOUS] An audio-fre-
quency preamplifier having two channels,usedvoltage reverses and carriers return to their ori-
gin in a group; the result is abrupt cessation of in a stereo sound system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ |preˉvertstrokesuperioramH11080
pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}reverse current and a harmonic-rich waveform.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstep ri|k?vH11080reˉ vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} stereo record [ENG ACOUS] A single-groove
disk record having V-shaped grooves at 45H11034 tostep response [CONT SYS] The behavior of a
system when its input signal is zero before a the vertical; each groove wall has one of the two
recorded channels,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080?rd }certain time and is equal to a constant nonzero
value after this time,{ vertstrokesuperiorstep rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns } stereo recorded tape [ENG ACOUS] Recorded
magnetic tape having two separate recordings,step-up transformer [ELEC] Transformer in
which the energy transfer is from a low-voltage one for each channel of a stereo sound system.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ ri|ko˙rdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiortaˉp}winding to a high-voltage winding or windings.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstep|?p tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r} stereosoundsystem [ENGACOUS] A sound re-
producing system in which a stereo pickup,stepvoltageregulator [ELEC] A type of voltage
regulator used on distribution feeder lines; it stereo tape recorder,stereo tuner,or stereo mi-
crophone system feeds two independent audioprovides increments or steps of voltage change.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstep vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r } channels,each of which terminates in one or
moreloudspeakersarrangedtogivelistenerstheste`re [MECH] A unit of volume equal to 1 cubic
meter;itisusedmainlyinFrance,andinmeasur- same audio perspective that they would get at
the original sound source,Also known asing timber volumes,{ stir }
stereo See stereophonic; stereo sound system,stereo; stereophonic sound system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ
vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}{ vertstrokesuperiorsteH11080reˉH11080oˉ }
stereo amplifier [ENG ACOUS] An audio-fre- stereotaperecorder [ENGACOUS] A magnetic-
tape recorder having two stacked playbackquency amplifier having two or more channels,
as required for use in a stereo sound system,heads,used for reproduction of stereo recorded
tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiortaˉprivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorsteH11080reˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
stereolithography [IND ENG] A three-dimen- stereo tuner [ENG ACOUS] A tuner having pro-
visions for receiving both channels of a stereosional printing process whereby a CAD drawing
of a part is processed to create a file of the part broadcast,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080?r}
sterhydraulic [MECH ENG] Pertaining to a hy-in slices and the part is constructed one slice
(or layer) at a time (from bottom to top) by draulic press in which motion or pressure is pro-
duced by the introduction of a solid body intodepositing layer upon layer of material (usually
a liquidresin that canbe hardened usinga scan- a cylinder filled with liquid,{ |sterH11080h?ˉvertstrokesuperiordro˙lH11080ik }
sterilizer [ENG] An apparatus for sterilizing byning laser),used for rapid prototyping,{ vertstrokeinferiorsterH11080
eˉH11080oˉH11080livertstrokesuperiortha¨gH11080r?H11080feˉ } dry heat,steam,or water,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
sthe`ne [MECH] The force which,when appliedstereomicrometer [ENG] An instrument at-
tached to an optical instrument (such as a tele- to a body whose mass is 1 metric ton,results in
an acceleration of 1 meter per second per sec-scope) to measure small angles,{ |sterH11080eˉH11080?H11080
m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r } ond; equal to 1000 newtons,Formerly known as
funal,{ stheˉn}stereophonic [ENGACOUS] Pertainingtothree-
dimensional pickup or reproduction of sound,stick [ENG] 1,A rigid bar hinged to the boom
of a dipper or pull shovel and fastened to theasachievedbyusingtwo ormoreseparateaudio
channels,Also known as stereo,{ |sterH11080eˉH11080? bucket,2,A long slender tool bonded with an
abrasive for honing or sharpening tools and forvertstrokesuperiorfa¨nH11080ik }
stereophonics [ENG ACOUS] The study of re- dressing of wheels,{ stik }
stickgage [ENG] Asuitablydividedverticalrod,producing or reinforcing sound in such a way
as to produce the sensation that the sound is or stick,anchored in an open vessel so that the
magnitude of rise and fall of the liquid level maycoming from sources whose spatial distribution
is similar to that of the original sound sources,be observed directly,{ vertstrokesuperiorstik vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
stick-slipfriction [MECH] Friction between two{ |sterH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfa¨nH11080iks }
stereophonicsoundsystemSee stereo sound sys- surfacesthatarealternatelyatrestandinmotion
with respect to each other,{ vertstrokesuperiorstik vertstrokeinferiorslip vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080tem,{ |sterH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfanH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
stereo pickup [ENG ACOUS] A phonograph sh?n}
stiction [MECH] Friction that tends to preventpickup designed for use with standard single-
groove two-channel stereo records; the pickup relative motion between two movable parts at
their null position,{ vertstrokesuperiorstikH11080sh?n}cartridge has a single stylus that actuates two
elements,one responding to stylus motion at stiffener [CIV ENG] A steel angle or plate
attached to a slender beam to prevent its buck-45H11034 to the right of vertical and the other re-
sponding to stylus motion at 45H11034 to the left of ling by increasing its stiffness,{ vertstrokesuperiorstifH11080n?r}
stiffleg derrick [MECH ENG] A derrick con-vertical,{ vertstrokesuperiorsterH11080eˉH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p}
stereoplanigraph [ENG] An instrument for sisting of a mast held in the vertical position by
a fixed tripod of steel or timber legs,Alsodrawing topographic maps from observations of
533
stiffness
known as derrick crane; Scotch derrick,{ vertstrokesuperiorstif stitching [ENG] Progressive welding of thermo-
plastic materials (resins) by successive applica-|leg vertstrokesuperiorderH11080ik }
tionsoftwosmall,mechanicallyoperated,radio-stiffness [MECH] Theratioofasteadyforceact-
frequency-heated electrodes; the mechanism ising on a deformable elastic medium to the re-
similar to that of a normal sewing machine.sulting displacement,{ vertstrokesuperiorstifH11080n?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstichH11080i? }stiffness coefficient [MECH] The ratio of the
stitchrivet [ENG] One of a series of rivets join-force acting on a linear mechanical system,such
ing the parallel elements of a structural memberasaspring,toitsdisplacementfromequilibrium.
so that they act as a unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorstich vertstrokeinferiorrivH11080?t}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstifH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }
stochasticcontroltheory [CONT SYS] A branch
stiffnessconstant [MECH] Any one of the coef-
of control theory that aims at predicting and
ficients of the relations in the generalized
minimizingthemagnitudesandlimitsoftheran-
Hooke’s law used to express stress components
domdeviationsofacontrolsystemthroughopti-
as linear functions of the strain components.
mizing the design of the controller,{ stoˉvertstrokesuperiorkasH11080
Also known as elastic constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorstifH11080n?s
tik k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
stock [IND ENG] 1,A product or material kept
stiffnessmatrix [MECH] A matrix K used to ex-
in storage until needed for use or transferred to
press the potential energy V of a mechanical
some ultimate point for use,for example,crude
system during small displacements from an
oil tankage or paper-pulp feed,2,Designation
equilibrium position,by means of the equation
of a particular material,such as bright stock or
VH110051/2q
T
Kq,whereqisthevectorwhosecompo-
naphtha stock,{ sta¨k}
nents are the generalized components of the
stockaccounting [INDENG] The establishment
system with respect to time and q
T
is the trans-
andmaintenanceofformalrecordsofmaterialin
pose of q,Also known as stability matrix.
stock reflecting such information as quantities,
{ vertstrokesuperiorstifH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks }
values,or condition,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨k?vertstrokeinferiorkau˙ntH11080i? }
stigma [MECH] A unit of length used mainly in
stockcontrol [INDENG] Processofmaintaining
nuclear measurements,equal to 10
H1100212
meter.
inventory data on the quantity,location,and
Also known as bicron,{ vertstrokesuperiorstigH11080m? }
condition of supplies and equipment due in,on
stile [BUILD] The upright outside framing piece
hand,and due out,to determine quantities of
of a window or door,{ st?ˉl}
materialandequipmentavailableorrequiredfor
still [CHEMENG] Adeviceusedtoevaporateliq-
issue and to facilitate distribution and manage-
uids; heat is applied to the liquid,and the re-
ment of material,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨kk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
sulting vapor is condensed to a liquid state.
stock coordination [IND ENG] A supply man-
{ stil }
agement function exercised usually at depart-
stillingbasin [ENG] Adepressedareainachan-
mentlevelwhichcontrols theassignmentofma-
nel or reservoir that is deep enough to reduce
terialcognizanceforitemsorcategoriesofmate-
the velocity of the flow,Also known as stilling
rial to inventory managers,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨kkoˉvertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080
box,{ vertstrokesuperiorstilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbasH11080?n}
nvertstrokeinferioraˉH11080sh?n}
stillingbox See stilling basin,{ vertstrokesuperiorstilH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
stocking cutter [MECH ENG] 1,A gear cutter
stimulus [CONT SYS] A signal that affects the
having side rake or curved edges to rough out
controlled variable ina control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorstimH11080
the gear-tooth spaces before they are formed by
y?H11080l?s}
theregulargearcutter,2.Aconcavegearcutter
Stirlingcycle [THERMO] Aregenerativethermo-
ganged beside a regular gear cutter and used to
dynamic power cycle using two isothermal and
finish the periphery of a gear blank by milling
two constant volume phases,{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080li?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
ahead of the regular cutter,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨kH11080i? |k?dH11080?r}
Stirlingengine [MECHENG] An engineinwhich
stock number [IND ENG] Number assigned to
work is performed by the expansion of a gas
an item,principally to identify that item for stor-
at high temperature; heat for the expansion is
age and issue purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨k vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
supplied through the wall of the piston cylinder.
stockpile [ENG] A reserve stock of material,
{ vertstrokesuperiorstirH11080li?vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
equipment,raw material,or other supplies.
stirred-flow reactor [CHEM ENG] A reactor in
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨kvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
which there is a device for achieving effective
stock rail [CIV ENG] The fixed rail in a track,
mixing,frequently in the form of a rapidly rotat-
against which the switch rail operates,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨k
ing basket holding the catalyst,{ |stird vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}
reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080t?r}
stockrecordaccount [IND ENG] A basic record
stirrup [CIV ENG] In concrete construction,a U- showing by item the receipt and issuance of
shaped bar which is anchored perpendicular to property,the balances on hand,and such other
the longitudinal steel as reinforcement to resist identifying or stock control data as may be re-
shear,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?rH11080?p} quired by proper authority,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨k |rekH11080?rd
stitchbonding [ENG] A method of making wire?vertstrokeinferiorkau˙nt }
connections between two or more points on an Stodolamethod [MECH] A method of calculat-
integrated circuit by using impulse welding or ing the deflection of a uniform or nonuniform
heat and pressure while feeding the connecting beam in free transverse vibration at a specified
wire through a hole in the center of the welding frequency,as a function of distance along the
beam,in which one calculates a sequence ofelectrode,{ vertstrokesuperiorstich vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
534
straightbeam
deflection curves each of which is the deflection storage-retrieval machine [CONT SYS] A com-
puter-controlledmachineforanautomatedstor-resulting from the loading corresponding to the
age and retrieval system that operates on railsprevious deflection,and these deflections con-
and moves material either vertically or horizon-verge to the solution,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉH11080d?H11080l?vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
tally between a storage compartment and astoker [MECH ENG] A mechanical means,as
transfer station,{ |sto˙rH11080ij rivertstrokesuperiortreˉvH11080?lm?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}used in a furnace,for feeding coal,removing
stored-program numerical control See computerrefuse,controlling air supply,and mixing with
numericalcontrol,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rd |proˉvertstrokeinferiorgramnu˙vertstrokesuperiormerH11080?H11080combustibles for efficient burning,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto
ˉH11080k?r}
k?lk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
Stokesnumber2 [ENG] A dimensionless num-
stormcellar See cyclone cellar,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiorselH11080?r}
ber used in the calibration of rotameters,equal
storm drain [CIV ENG] A drain which conducts
to 1.042 m
f
gH9267 (1 H11002 H9267/H9267
f
)R
3
/H9262
2
,where H9267 and H9262 are
storm surface,or wash water,or drainage after
the density and dynamic viscosity of the fluid
a heavy rain from a building to a storm or a
respectively,m
f
and H9267
f
are the mass and density
combined sewer,Also known as storm sewer.
of the float respectively,and R is the ratio of the
{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
radius of the tube to the radius of the float.
stormsash See storm window,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiorsash }
Symbol St
2
.{vertstrokesuperiorstoˉks |n?mH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiortu¨ }
storm sewage [CIV ENG] Refuse liquids and
stone [MECH] A unit of mass in common use
waste carried by sewers during or following a
in the United Kingdom,equal to 14 pounds or
period of heavy rainfall,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080ij }
6.35029318 kilograms,{ stoˉn}
stormsewer See storm drain,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080?r}
stonework [CIV ENG] A structure or the part of
storm window [BUILD] A sash placed on the
a structure built of stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉnvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
outside of an ordinary window to give added
Stoneygate [CIVENG] Acrestgatewhichmoves
protection from the weather,Also known as
along a series of rollers traveling vertically in
storm sash,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rm vertstrokeinferiorwinH11080doˉ }
grooves in masonry piers,independently of the
Storrow whirling hygrometer [ENG] A hygro-
gate and piers,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉH11080neˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
meter in which the two thermometers are
stop [CONT SYS] A bound or final position of a
mountedsidebysideonabrassframeandfitted
robot’s movement,{ sta¨p}
with a loose handle so that it can be whirled in
stopandstay See absolute stop,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p?n vertstrokesuperiorstaˉ }
the atmosphere to be tested; the instrument is
stopbead [BUILD] Amoldingonthepulleystile
whirled at some 200 revolutions per minute for
of a window frame; forms one side of the groove
about 1 minute and the readings on the wet-
for the inner sash,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p vertstrokeinferiorbeˉd}
and dry-bulb thermometers are recorded; used
stop cock [ENG] A small valve for stopping or
in conjunction with Glaisher’s or Marvin’s
regulating the flow of a fluid through a pipe.
hygrometrical tables,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨H11080roˉ vertstrokesuperiorw?rlH11080i? h?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p vertstrokeinferiorka¨k}
dH11080?r}
stoplog [CIV ENG] A log,plank,or steel or con-
story [BUILD] The space between two floors or
cretebeamthatfitsintoagrooveorrackbetween
between a floor and the roof,{ sto˙rH11080eˉ }
wallsorpierstopreventtheflowofwaterthrough
storypole See story rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
an opening in a dam,conduit,or other chan-
story rod [DES ENG] A pole cut to the exact
nel,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨pvertstrokeinferiorla¨g}
specified height from finished floor to ceiling
stop nut [DES ENG] 1,An adjustable nut that
and used as a measuring device in the course
restricts the travel of an adjusting screw,2,A
of construction,Also known as story pole.
nut with a compressible insert that binds it so
{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
that a lock washer is not needed,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
stove [ENG] A chamber within which a fuel-air
stopping capacitor See coupling capacitor.
mixture is burned to provide heat,the heat itself
{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨pH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
being radiated outward from the chamber; used
stopvalve [ENG] A valve that can be opened or
for space heating,process-fluid heating,and
closed to regulate or stop the flow of fluid in a
steel blast furnaces,{ stoˉv}
pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsta¨p vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
stove bolt [DES ENG] A coarsely threaded bolt
storage battery [ELEC] A connected group of
with a slotted head,which with a square nut is
two or more storage cells or a single storage
used to join metal parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉv vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
cell,Also known as accumulator; accumulator
stovepipe [ENG] Large-diameter pipe made of
battery; rechargeable battery; secondary battery.
sheet steel,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉvvertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorbadH11080?H11080reˉ }
stoving See baking,{ vertstrokesuperiorstoˉvH11080i? }
storage calorifier See cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij k?vertstrokesuperiorlo˙rH11080
STR See self-tuning regulator.
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r} straddle milling [MECH ENG] Face milling of
storagecell [ELEC] An electrolytic cell for gen- two parallel vertical surfaces of a workpiece si-
erating electric energy,in which the cell after multaneously by using two side-milling cutters.
being discharged may be restored to a charged { vertstrokesuperiorstradH11080?l vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
condition by sending a current through it in a straddletruck [MECH ENG] A self-loading out-
directionoppositetothat ofthedischargingcur- rigger type of industrial truck that straddles the
rent,Also known as secondary cell,{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij load beforelifting it between theoutrigger arms.
vertstrokeinferiorsel } { vertstrokesuperiorstradH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
storage reservoir See impounding reservoir,straight beam [ENG] In ultrasonic testing,a
longitudinal wave emitted from an ultrasonic{ vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorrezH11080?vvertstrokeinferiorwa¨r}
535
straightbevelgear
search unit in a wavetrain which travels perpen- lathe so that the diameter is constant over the
dicularly to the test surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm} length of the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i? }
straightbevelgear [DES ENG] A simple form of straightway pump [MECH ENG] A pump with
bevel gear having straight teeth which,if ex- suction and discharge valves arranged to give a
tendedinward,wouldcometogetherattheinter- direct flow of fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉtvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
section of the shaft axes,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorbevH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorgir } straight wheel [DES ENG] A grinding wheel
straightedge [DES ENG] A strip of wood,plas- whose sides or face are straight and not in any
tic,or metal with one or more long edges made way changed from a cylindricalform,{ vertstrokesuperiorstra
ˉt
straight with a desired degree of accuracy.
|weˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉdvertstrokeinferiorej }
strain [MECH] Change in length of an object in
straightening vanes [ENG] Horizontal vanes
some direction per unit undistorted length in
mounted on the inside of fluid conduits to re-
some direction,not necessarily the same; the
duce the swirling or turbulent flow ahead of the
nine possible strains form a second-rank ten-
orifice or the venturi meters,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉtH11080?nH11080i?
sor,{ straˉn}
vertstrokeinferiorvaˉnz }
strain axis See principal axis of strain,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn
straight filing [ENG] Filing by pushing a file in
vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
a straight line across the work,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉlH11080i? }
strain ellipsoid [MECH] A mathematical repre-
straight-flowturbine [MECH ENG] A horizontal-
sentation of the strain of a homogeneous body
axis,low-head hydraulic turbine in which the
by a strain that is the same at all points or of
upstream and downstream reservoirs are con-
unequal stress at a particular point,Also
nected by a straight tube into which the runners
known as deformation ellipsoid,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn
areintegrated,withthegeneratorplaceddirectly
ivertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }
on the periphery of these runners,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |floˉ
strain energy [MECH] The potential energy
vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
stored in a body by virtue of an elastic deforma-
straight joint [BUILD] 1,A continuous joint
tion,equal to the work that must be done to
formed by the ends of parallel floor boards or
produce this deformation,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ }
masonry units and oriented perpendicularly to
strainer [ENG] Aporousorscreenmediumused
their length,2,A joint between two pieces of
ahead of equipment to filter out harmful solid
wood that are set edge to edge without tongues
objects and particles from a fluid stream; used
and grooves,dowels,or overlap to bind them.
for example,in river-water intakes for process
Also known as square joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
plants or to remove decomposition products
straight-linemechanism [MECHENG] Alinkage
from the circulating fluid in a hydraulic system.
so proportioned and constrained that some
{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉnH11080?r}
point on it describes over part of its motion a
strain foil [ENG] A strain gage produced from
straightornearlystraightline,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |l?ˉn vertstrokesuperiormekH11080
thin foil by photoetching techniques; may be
vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
applied to curved surfaces,has low transverse
straight-line motion [CONT SYS] A method of
sensitivity,exhibits negligible hysteresis under
moving a robot between via or way points in
cycling loads,and creeps little under sustained
which the end effector moves only along seg-
loads,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorfo˙il }
mentsofstraightlines,stoppingmomentarilyfor
strain gage [ENG] A device which uses the
any change in direction,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |l?ˉn vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
change of electrical resistance of a wire under
straight piecework system See one-hundred-per-
strain to measure pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
cent premium plan,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorpeˉsvertstrokeinferiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
strain-gage accelerometer [ENG] Any acceler-
straightproportionalsystemSeeone-hundred-per-
ometer whose operation depends on the fact
cent premium plan,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉtpr?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l
that the resistance in a wire changes when it is
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
strained; these devices are classified as bonded
straight-run [CHEM ENG] Petroleum fractions
or unbonded,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn |gaˉjakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
derived from the straight distillation of crude oil
strain-gagebridge [ENG] Abridgearrangement
without chemical reaction or molecular modifi-
of four strain gages,cemented to a stressed part
cation,Also known as virgin,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt vertstrokesuperiorr?n}
in such a way that two gages show increases in
straight-run distillation [CHEM ENG] Continu-
resistance and two show decreases when the
ous nonreactive distillation of petroleum oil to
part is stressed; the change in output voltage
separate it into products in the order of their
under stress is thus much higher than that for
boiling points,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |r?n vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
a single gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn |gaˉj vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
straightstrapclamp [DES ENG] A clamp made
strainingbeam [CIV ENG] A short piece of tim-offlatstockwithanelongatedslotforconvenient
ber in a truss that holds the ends of struts orpositioning; held in place by a T bolt and nut.
rafters,Also known as straining piece.{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |strap vertstrokesuperiorklamp }
{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}straight-tube boiler [MECH ENG] A water-tube
straining piece See straining beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉnH11080i?boiler in which all the tubes are devoid of curva-
vertstrokeinferiorpeˉs}ture and therefore require suitable connecting
strain rate [MECH] The time rate for the usualdevices to complete the circulatory system.
tensile test,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}Also known as header-type boiler,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉt |tu¨b
strainrosette [MECH] A pattern of intersectingvertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080l?r}
straight turning [MECH ENG] Work turned in a lines on a surface along which linear strains are
536
stressellipsoid
measured to find stresses at a point,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn andunloadingpetroleumfuelsandsomechemi-
cals,and can initiate explosions,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉ vertstrokeinferiork?H11080roˉvertstrokeinferiorzet }
r?nt }strain seismograph [ENG] A seismograph that
strayline [ENG] An ungraduated portion of thedetects secular strains related to tectonic proc-
line connected to a current pole,used so thatesses and tidal yielding of the solid earth; also
the pole will acquire the speed of the currentdetectsstrainsassociatedwithpropagatingseis-
before a measurement is begun,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉ |l?ˉn}mic waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
streamday [CHEMENG] Denotinga24-hourac-strain seismometer [ENG] A seismometer that
tual operation of a processing unit,in contrast
measures relative displacement of two points
to the hours actually operated during a calendar
in order to detect deformation of the ground.
(24-hour) day,{ vertstrokesuperiorstreˉm vertstrokesuperiordaˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉns?ˉzvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
streamgage See river gage,{ vertstrokesuperiorstreˉm vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
strain tensor [MECH] A second-rank tensor
streamlining [DES ENG] The contouring of a
whosecomponentsaretheninepossiblestrains.
body to reduce its resistance to motion through
{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?r}
a fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorstreˉmvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080i? }
strake [BUILD] A course of clapboarding on a
street [CIV ENG] A paved road for vehicular traf-
house,[CIV ENG] A row of steel plates in-
fic in an urban area,{ streˉt}
stalled on a tall steel chimney,{ straˉk}
street elbow [DES ENG] A pipe elbow with an
strand [ENG] 1,One of a number of steel wires
internalthreadatoneendandanexternalthread
twisted together to form a wire rope or cable or
at the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorstreˉt vertstrokeinferiorelH11080boˉ }
an electrical conductor,2,A thread,yarn,
stremmatograph [ENG] Aninstrumentformea-
string,rope,wire,or cable of specified length.
suring longitudinal stress in rails as trains pass
3,One of the fibers or filaments twisted or laid
over,{ str?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
together into yarn,thread,rope,or cordage.
strength [MECH] The stress at which material
{ strand }
ruptures or fails,{ stre?kth }
strand burner [ENG] A device that determines
stress [MECH] The force acting across a unit
the rate at which a propellant burns at various
area in a solid material resisting the separation,
pressures by using a propellant strand.
compacting,or sliding that tends to be induced
{ vertstrokesuperiorstrand vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
by external forces,{ stres }
stranded caisson See box caisson,{ vertstrokesuperiorstranH11080d?d
stressamplitude [MECH ENG] One half the al-
vertstrokesuperiorkaˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨n}
gebraic difference between the maximum and
stranding machine See closing machine.
minimum stress in one fatigue test cycle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstrandH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiortu˙d}
strap bolt [DES ENG] 1,A bolt with a hook or
stress axis See principal axis of stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres
flat extension instead of a head,2,A bolt with
vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
a flat center portion and which can be bent into
stress concentration [MECH] A condition in
a U shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrap vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
which a stress distribution has high localized
strap hammer [MECH ENG] A heavy hammer
stresses; usually induced byan abrupt change in
controlled and operated by a belt drive in which
theshapeofamember;inthevicinityofnotches,
the head isslung from a strap,usually of leather.
holes,changes in diameter of a shaft,and so
{ vertstrokesuperiorstrap vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
forth,maximum stress is several times greater
strap hinge [DES ENG] A hinge fastened to a
thanwherethereisnogeometricaldiscontinuity.
door and the adjacent wall by a long hinge.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080s?nvertstrokeinferiortraˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorstrap vertstrokeinferiorhinj }
stressconcentrationfactor [MECH] A theoreti-
strappedwall See battened wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrapt |wo˙l}
cal factor K
t
expressing the ratio of the greatest
strategicmaterial [INDENG] Amaterial needed
stress in the region of stress concentration to
for the industrial support of a war effort.
thecorrespondingnominalstress,{ vertstrokesuperiorstresvertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080
{ str?vertstrokesuperiorteˉH11080jik m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
s?n|traˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
stratifiedchargeengine [MECH ENG] An inter-
stress crack [MECH] An external or internal
nal combustion engine that uses a fuel charge
crack in a solid body (metal or plastic) caused
consisting of two layers; a rich mixture is close
by tensile,compressive,or shear forces.
to the spark plug,and combustion promotes
{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorkrak }
ignition of a lean mixture in the remainder of
stress difference [MECH] The difference be-
the cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorstradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
tween the greatest and the least of the three
straycapacitance [ELECTR] Undesirablecapac-
principal stresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiordifH11080r?ns }
itance between circuit wires,between wires and stressedskinconstruction [CIV ENG] A type of
the chassis,or between components and the construction in which the outer skin and the
chassis of electronic equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiorstraˉ k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080 framework interact,thus contributing tothe flex-
dH11080?ns } ural strength of the unit,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrest |skin k?n
stray current [ELEC] 1,A portion of a current vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
that flows over a path other than the intended stressellipsoid [MECH] A mathematical repre-
path,and may cause electrochemical corrosion sentation of the state of stress at a point that
of metals in contact with electrolytes,2,An is defined by the minimum,intermediate,and
undesirable current generated by discharge of maximum stresses and their intensities.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstres ivertstrokesuperiorlipvertstrokeinferiorso˙id }static electricity; it commonly arises in loading
537
stressequivalent
stressequivalent [IND ENG] A quantitative ex- concrete,or mortar from a surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?ˉk vertstrokeinferioro˙f
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }pressionthatcanbeusedtocomparethephysio-
strike plate [DES ENG] A metal plate or boxlogical outputs generated by different types of
which is set in a door jamb and is either piercedwork stress,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres ivertstrokeinferiorkwivH11080?H11080l?nt }
or recessed to receive the bolt or latch of a lock.stressfunction [MECH] A single function,such
{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?ˉk vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}as the Airystress function,or one oftwo or more
striking hammer [ENG] A hammer used tofunctions,such as Maxwell’s or Morera’s stress
strike a rock drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?ˉkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}functions,thatuniquelydefinethestressesinan
striking velocity See impact velocity,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?ˉkH11080i?
elastic body as a function of position,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres
v?vertstrokeinferiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
string [ENG] A piece of pipe,casing,or other
stress intensity [MECH] Stress at a point in a
down-hole drilling equipment coupled together
structure due to pressure resulting from com-
and lowered into a borehole,[MECH] A solid
bined tension (positive) stresses and compres-
body whose length is many times as large as any
sion (negative) stresses,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres invertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
of its cross-sectional dimensions,and which has
stresslines See isostatics,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnz }
no stiffness,{ stri? }
stress range [MECH] The algebraic difference
stringcourse [BUILD] A horizontal band of ma-
between the maximum and minimum stress in
sonry,generallynarrowerthanothercoursesand
one fatigue test cycle,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorraˉnj }
sometimes projecting,extending across the fa-
stress ratio [MECH] The ratio of minimum to
cade of a structure and in some instances encir-
maximum stress in fatigue testing,considering
cling pillars or engaged columns,Also known
tensile stresses as positive and compressive
as belt course,{ vertstrokesuperiorstri?vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
stresses as negative,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
string electrometer [ENG] An electrometer in
stresssensor [CONTSYS] Acontactsensorthat
which a conducting fiber is stretched midway
responds to the forces produced by mechanical
between two oppositely charged metal plates;
contact,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
the electrostatic field between the plates dis-
stress-strain curve See deformation curve.
places the fiber laterally in proportion to the
{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
voltage between the plates,{ vertstrokesuperiorstri?vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080
stress tensor [MECH] A second-rank tensor
dH11080?r}
whose components are stresses exerted across
stringer [CIV ENG] 1.A long horizontal member
surfaces perpendicular to the coordinate direc-
used to support a floor or to connect uprights
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiortenH11080s?r}
in a frame,2,An inclined member supporting
stresstest [ENG] A testofequipmentunderex-
the treads and risers of a staircase,{ vertstrokesuperiorstri?H11080?r}
treme conditions,outside the range anticipated
string galvanometer [ENG] A galvanometer
in normal operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres vertstrokeinferiortest }
consisting of a silver-plated quartz fiber under
stress trajectories See isostatics,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres tr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080
tension in a magnetic field,used to measure
treˉz}
oscillating currents,Also known as Einthoven
stress transmittal [IND ENG] Transfer of exter-
galvanometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorstri?vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nal force from a human-equipment interface to
stringmilling [MECH ENG] A milling method in
various points of the body,{ vertstrokesuperiorstres tranzvertstrokeinferiormidH11080
which parts are placed in a row and milled con-
l}
secutively,{ vertstrokesuperiorstri?vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
stretcher [CIV ENG] A brick or block that is laid
strip [ENG] 1.To removeinsulationfrom awire.
withitslengthparallelingthewall,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrechH11080?r}
2,To break or otherwise damage the threads of
stretcherbond [CIV ENG] A bond that consists
a nut or bolt,{ strip }
entirely of stretchers,with each vertical joint ly-
strip-borerdrill [MECH ENG] An electric or die-
ing between the centers of the stretchers above
sel skid- or caterpillar-mounted drill used at
and below,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrechH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨nd }
quarry or opencast sites to drill 3- to 6-inch-
stretchformer [MECH ENG] A machine used to
diameter (8- to 15-centimeter),horizontal blast
form materials,such as metals and plastics,by
holes up to 100 feet (30 meters) in length,with-
stretching over a mold,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrech vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
out the use of flush water,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrip vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080?r vertstrokeinferiordril }
stretch forming [MECH ENG] Shaping metals
strip-chartrecorder [ENG] A recorder in which
and plastics by applying tension to stretch the
one or more writing pens or other recording de-
heated sheet or part,wrapping it around a die,
vicestracechangesinameasuredvariableonthe
and then cooling it,Also known as wrap form-
surface of a strip chart that is moved at constant
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrech vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
speed by a time-clock motor,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrip vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt ri
stretchout [IND ENG] A reduction in the deliv- vertstrokeinferiorko
˙rdH11080?r}
ery rate specified for a program without a reduc- stripper [CHEM ENG] An evaporative device for
tion in the total quantity to be delivered,the removal of vapors from liquids; can be in a
{ vertstrokesuperiorstrech |au˙t} bubble-tray distillation tower,a vacuum vessel,
strich See millimeter,{ strich } or an evaporator; if it is a part of a distillation
striding compass [ENG] A compass mounted column below the feed tray,it is called the strip-
on a theodolite for orientation,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?ˉdH11080i? ping section,[ENG] A hand or motorized tool
vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?s} used to remove insulation from wires.
strike-off board [ENG] A straight-edge board { vertstrokesuperiorstripH11080?r}
stripperplate [ENG] Inplasticsmolding,aplateused to remove excess,freshly placed plaster,
538
stubaxle
that strips a molded article free of core pins or lower edge,so that a recess is formed at the
bottom of the joint; suitable only for interiorforce plugs,{ vertstrokesuperiorstripH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
stripping [CHEM ENG] In petroleum refining,work,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?k vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
structuralanalysis [ENG] The determination ofthe removal (by flash evaporation or steam-in-
duced vaporation) of the more volatile compo- stresses and strains in a given structure.
{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?l?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}nents from a cut or fraction; used to raise the
flash point of kerosine,gas oil,or lubricating oil,structural connection [CIV ENG] A means of
joining the individual members of a structure{ vertstrokesuperiorstripH11080i? }
strip printer [ENG] A device that prints com- to form a complete assembly,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?l
k?vertstrokesuperiornekH11080sh?n}puter,telegraph,or industrial output informa-
tion along a narrow paper tape which resembles structural deflections [MECH] The deforma-
tionsormovementsofastructureanditsflexurala ticker tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorstrip vertstrokeinferiorprintH11080?r}
stroboscope [ENG] An instrument for making membersfromtheiroriginalpositions,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080
ch?H11080r?ldivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?nz }moving bodies visible intermittently,either by
illuminating the object with brilliant flashes of structuraldrill [MECH ENG] A highly mobile di-
amond- or rotary-drill rig complete with hydrau-light or by imposing an intermittent shutter be-
tween the viewer and the object; a high-speed lically controlled derrick mounted on a truck,
designed primarily for rapidly drilling holes tovibration can be made visible by adjusting the
strobe frequency close to the vibration fre- determine the structure in subsurface strata or
for use as a shallow,slim-hole producer or seis-quency,{ vertstrokesuperiorstroˉH11080b?|skoˉp}
stroboscopicdisk [ENG] A printed disk having mograph drill,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiordril }
structural drilling [ENG] Drilling done specifi-a number of concentric rings each containing a
different number of dark and light segments; cally to obtain detailed information delineating
the location of folds,domes,faults,and otherwhen the disk is placed on a phonograph turnta-
ble or rotating shaft and illuminated at a known subsurface structural features indiscernible by
studying strata exposed at the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080frequency by a flashing discharge tube,speed
can be determined by noting which pattern ap- ch?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
structural engineering [CIV ENG] A branch ofpears to stand still or to rotate slowly,{ |stra¨bH11080
|ska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordisk } civilengineeringdealingwiththedesignofstruc-
tures such as buildings,dams,and bridges.stroboscopictachometer [ENG] A stroboscope
havingascalethatreadsinflashesperminuteor { vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
structuralframe [BUILD] Theentiresetofmem-inrevolutionsperminute;thespeedofarotating
deviceismeasuredbydirectingthestroboscopic bers of a building or structure required to trans-
mit loads to the ground,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorfraˉm}lamp on the device,adjusting the flashing rate
until the device appears to be stationary,then structural riveting [ENG] Riveting structural
members byusing punched holes,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080reading the speed directly on the scale of the
instrument,{ |stra¨bH11080?|ska¨pH11080ik t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r} r?l vertstrokesuperiorrivH11080?dH11080i? }
structural wall See bearing wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?H11080r?lstroke [ELECTR] The penlike motion of a fo-
cused electron beam in cathode-ray-tube vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l}
structure [CIV ENG] Something,as a bridge ordiplays,[MECHENG] Thelinearmovement,in
either direction,of a reciprocating mechanical a building,that is built or constructed and de-
signed to sustain a load,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r}part,Also known as throw,{ stroˉk}
stroke-bore ratio [MECH ENG] The ratio of the structured analysis [SYS ENG] A method of
breaking a large problem or process into smallerdistance traveled by a piston in a cylinder to the
diameter of the cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiorstroˉk vertstrokesuperiorbo˙r vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ } components to aid in understanding,and then
identifying the components and their interrela-strongly typed language [CONT SYS] A high-
level programming language in which the type tionships and reassembling them,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080
ch?rd?vertstrokesuperiornalH11080?H11080s?s}of each variable must be declared at the begin-
ningoftheprogram,andthelanguageitselfthen structurenumber [DES ENG] A number,gener-
ally from 0 to 15,indicating the spacing of abra-enforces rules concerning the manipulation of
variables according to their types,{ vertstrokesuperiorstro˙?H11080leˉ sive grains in a grinding wheel relative to their
grit size,{ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}|t?ˉpt vertstrokesuperiorla?H11080gwij }
Strouhal number [MECH] A dimensionless strut [CIVENG] Alongstructuralmemberoftim-
ber or metal,or a bar designedto resist pressurenumberusedinstudyingthevibrationsofabody
past which a fluid is flowing; it is equal to a in the direction of its length,[ENG] 1.A brace
or supporting piece,2,A diagonal brace be-characteristic dimension of the body times the
frequencyofvibrationsdividedbythefluidveloc- tween two legs of a drill tripod or derrick.
{ str?t}ityrelativetothebody; foratautwireperpendic-
ular to the fluid flow,with the characteristic di- Stuartwindmill See Fales-Stuart windmill,{ vertstrokesuperiorstu¨H11080
rt vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiormil }mension taken as the diameter of the wire,it
has a value between 0.185 and 0.2 Symbolized stub [CIV ENG] A projection on a sewer pipe
that provides an opening to accept a connectionS
r
,Also known as reduced frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorstru¨H11080
l vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r } to another pipe or house sewer,{ st?b}
stubaxle [MECHENG] Anaxlecarryingonlyonestruck joint [CIV ENG] A mortar joint in brick-
work formed by pressing the trowel in at the wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b |akH11080s?l}
539
stubmortise
stub mortise [ENG] A mortise which passes main throttle valve under automatic thermo-
static control and maintains a fixed vacuum dif-throughonlypartofatimber,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b vertstrokeinferiormo˙rdH11080?s}
ferential between supply and return by meansStubsgage [DESENG] Anumbersystemforde-
of a differential controller and a vacuum pump.noting the thickness of steel wire and drills.
{ |s?bvertstrokeinferioratH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsfirH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
{ vertstrokesuperiorst?bz vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
subbottom depth recorder [ENG] A compact
stub switch [ENG] A pair of short switch rails,
seismic instrument which can provide continu-
held only at or near one end and free to move
ous soundings of strata beneath the ocean bot-
at the other end; used in mining and to some
tom utilizing the low-frequency output of an in-
extent on narrow-gage industrial tramways.
tense electrical spark discharge source in water.
{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b vertstrokeinferiorswich }
{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokesuperiordepth rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
stub tenon [ENG] A tenon that fits into a stub
subcarrieroscillator [ELECTR] 1.Thecrystalos-
mortise,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b |tenH11080?n}
cillatorthatoperatesatthechrominancesubcar-
stubtube [MECH ENG] A short tube welded to
rier or burst frequency of 3.579545 megahertz in
a boiler or pressure vessel to provide for the
a color television receiver; this oscillator,syn-
attachment of additional parts,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
chronizedin frequencyandphasewith thetrans-
stud [BUILD] Oneoftheverticalmembersinthe
mitter master oscillator,furnishes the continu-
walls of a framed building to which wallboards,
ous subcarrier frequencyrequired for demodula-
lathing,orpanelingis nailedorfastened,[DES
tors in the receiver,2,An oscillator used in a
ENG] 1,A rivet,boss,or nail with a large,orna-
telemetering systemto translate variationsin an
mental head,2,A short rod or bolt threaded
electrical quantityinto variations ofa frequency-
at both ends without a head,{ st?d}
modulated signal at a subcarrier frequency.
stud driver [MECH ENG] A device,such as an
{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
impact wrench,for driving a hardened steel nail
subcomponent [DES ENG] A part of a compo-
(stud) into concrete or other hard materials.
nent having characteristics of the component.
{ vertstrokesuperiorst?d vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080v?r} { vertstrokesuperiors?bH11080k?mvertstrokeinferiorpo
ˉH11080n?nt }
stud wall [BUILD] A wall formed with timbers; subcontract [ENG] Acontractmadewithathird
studs are usually spaced 12–16 inches (30–41 partybyonewhohascontractedtoperformwork
centimeters) on center,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?b vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l} or service for whole or part performance of that
stuffing [ENG] A method of sealing the me- work or service,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakt }
subcontractor [ENG] A manufacturer or organi-chanical joint between two metal surfaces; pack-
zation that receives a contract from a prime con-ing (stuffing) material is inserted within the seal
tractor for a portion of the work on a project.area container (the stuffing or packing box),and
{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakH11080t?r}compressed to a liquid-proof seal by a threaded
subdrainage [CIV ENG] Natural or artificial re-packing ring follower,Also known as packing.
moval of water from beneath a lined conduit.
{ vertstrokesuperiorst?fH11080i? }
{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiordraˉH11080nij }
stuffing box [ENG] A packed,pressure-tight
subdrilling [ENG] Refers to the breaking of the
joint for a rod that moves through a hole,to
base in which boreholes are drilled 1 foot (0.3
reduce or eliminate fluid leakage,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?fH11080i?
meter) or several feet below the level of the
vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
quarry floor,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
stuffingnut [ENG] A nut for adjusting a stuffing
subfloor [BUILD] Theroughfloorwhichrestson
box,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?fH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
the floor joists and on which the finished floor
style See gnomon,{ st?ˉl}
is laid,Also known as blind floor; counter-
stylus [ENG ACOUS] The portion of a phono-
floor,{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorflo˙r}
graph pickup that follows the modulations of a
subgrade [CIV ENG] The soil or rock leveled off
record groove and transmits the resulting me-
to support the foundation of a structure.
chanical motions to the transducer element of
{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorgraˉd}
the pickup for conversion to corresponding
sublimation [THERMO] The process by which
audio-frequency signals,Alsoknown as needle;
solidsaretransformeddirectlytothevaporstate
phonograph needle; reproducing stylus,{ vertstrokesuperiorst?ˉH11080
or vice versa without passing through the liquid
l?s}
phase,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
subaperture [ENG] Any subset of an array of
sublimationcooling [THERMO] Cooling caused
transmitters of acoustic or electromagnetic radi-
by the extraction of energy to produce sublima-
ation,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiorapH11080?H11080ch?r}
tion,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n |ku¨lH11080i? }
subassembly [ELECTR] Two or more compo-
sublimationcurve [THERMO] A graph of the va-
nents combined into a unit for convenience in
por pressure of a solid as a function of tempera-
assembling or servicing equipment; an interme-
ture,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n |k?rv}
diate-frequencystripforareceiverisanexample.
sublimation energy [THERMO] The increase in
[ENG] Astructuralunit,which,thoughmanufac-
internal energy when a unit mass,or 1 mole,of
tured separately,was designed for incorporation
a solid is converted into a gas,at constant pres-
with other parts in the final assembly of a fin- sure and temperature,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorma
ˉH11080sh?n |enH11080
ished product,{ |s?bH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }?rH11080jeˉ }
subatmospheric heating system [MECH ENG] sublimation point [THERMO] The temperature
at which the vapor pressure of the solid phaseA system which regulates steam flow into the
540
subtractivesynthesis
of a compound is equal to the total pressure of branchofanundergroundconduitrunextending
the gas phase in contact with it; analogous to from a manhole or handhole to a nearby build-
the boiling point of a liquid,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080 ing,handhole,or pole,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiorsidH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080
sh?n |po˙int } du¨H11080?t}
sublimation pressure [THERMO] The vapor subsonicinlet [ENG] An entrance or orifice for
pressure of a solid,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080l?vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n |preshH11080 the admission of fluid flowing at speeds less
r} thanthespeedofsoundinthefluid,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080
sublime [THERMO] To change from the solid to ik vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorlet }
the gaseous state without passing through the
subsonicnozzle [ENG] A nozzle through which
liquid phase,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorbl?ˉm}
a fluid flows at speed less than the speed of
submarineblast [ENG] A charge of high explo-
sound in the fluid,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l}
sives firedin boreholes drilledin therock under-
substation [ELEC] See electric power substa-
water for dislodging dangerous projections and
tion,[ENG] Anintermediatecompressionsta-
for deepening channels,{ |s?bH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorblast }
tion to repressure a fluid being transported by
submarine gate [ENG] An edge gate with the
pipeline over a long distance,{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
opening from the runner into the mold posi-
substitution weighing [MECH] A method of
tioned below the printing line or mold surface.
weighing to allow for differences in lengths of
{ |s?bH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
the balance arms,in which the object to be
submarine oscillator [ENG ACOUS] A large,
weighedisfirstbalancedagainstacounterpoise,
electrically operated diaphragm horn which pro-
and the known weights needed to balance the
duces a powerful sound for signaling through
same counterpoise are then determined,Also
water,{ |s?bH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
known as counterpoise method,{ vertstrokeinferiors?bH11080st?vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080
submarine pipeline [ENG] A pipeline installed
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorwaˉH11080i? }
under water,resting on the bed of the waterway;
substrate [ELECTR] The physical material on
frequently used for petroleum or natural gas
whicha microcircuitisfabricated; usedprimarily
transport across rivers,lakes,or bays,{ |s?bH11080
formechanicalsupport andinsulatingpurposes,
m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉpvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
as with ceramic,plastic,and glass substrates;
submarine sentry [ENG] A form of underwater
however,semiconductor and ferrite substrates
kite towed at a predetermined constant depth
may also provide useful electrical functions.
in search of elevations of the bottom; the kite
[ENG] Basic surface on which a material ad-
rises to the surface upon encountering an ob-
heres,for example,paint or laminate,{ vertstrokesuperiors?b
struction,{ |s?bH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080treˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorstraˉt}
submarinewaverecorder [ENG] Aninstrument
substructure [CIV ENG] The part of a structure
for measuring the changing water height above
which is below ground,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
a hovering submarine by measuring the time
subsurface radar See ground-probing radar.
required for sound emitted by an inverted echo
{ vertstrokeinferiors?bvertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080dar }
sounderonthesubmarinetotraveltothesurface
subsurfacewastedisposal [ENG] A waste dis-
and return,{ |s?bH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorreˉn vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvri vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
posal method for manufacturing wastes in po-
submerged-combustion evaporator [ENG] A
rous underground rock formations,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
liquid-evaporation device in which heat is pro-
f?s vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst divertstrokeinferiorspoˉzH11080?l}
vided by combustion gases bubbling up through
subsynchronous [ELEC] Operating at a fre-
the liquid; the burner is submerged in the body
quency or speed that is related to a submultiple
of the liquid,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiorm?rjd k?m|b?sH11080ch?nivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080
of the source frequency,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?s}
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
subsystem [ENG] A major part of a system
submerged-combustion heater [ENG] A com-
which itself has the characteristics of a system,
bustion device in which fuel and combustion air
usually consisting of several components.
are mixed and ignited below the surface of a
{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
liquid; used in heaters and evaporators where
subtensebar [ENG] The horizontal bar of fixed
absorption of the combustion products will not
length in the subtense technique of distance
be detrimental,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiorm?rjd k?m|b?sH11080ch?n
measurement method,{ |s?bvertstrokesuperiortens vertstrokesuperiorba¨r}
vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
subtensetechnique [CIV ENG] A distance mea-
submergedweir [CIV ENG] A dam which,when
suring technique in which the transit angle sub-
in use,has the downstream water level at an
tended by the subtense bar enables the compu-
elevation equal to or higher than the crest of the
tation of the transit-to-bar distance,{ |s?b
dam,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiorm?rjd vertstrokesuperiorwer }
vertstrokesuperiortens tekvertstrokesuperiorneˉk}submersiblepump [MECHENG] Apumpandits
subtractedtime [INDENG] In acontinuoustim-electric motor together in a protective housing
ing technique,the difference between two suc-which permits the unit to operate under water.
cessive readings of a stopwatch,{ s?b|trakH11080{s?bvertstrokesuperiorm?rH11080s?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
t?d vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm}suboptimization [SYS ENG] The process of ful-
subtractive synthesis [ENG ACOUS] A methodfilling or optimizing some chosen objective
of synthesizing musical tones,in which an elec-which is an integral part of a broader objective;
tronic circuit produces a standard waveformusually the broad objective and lower-level ob-
(such as a sawtooth wave),which contains ajective are different,{ |s?bvertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080t?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
subsidiary conduit [CIV ENG] Terminating verylargenumberofharmonicsatknownrelative
541
subtractor
amplitudes,and this circuit is followed by a vari- as kraft process; kraft pulping,{ vertstrokesuperiors?lvertstrokeinferiorfaˉt vertstrokesuperiorp?lpH11080
i? }ety of electric or electronic filters to convert the
basictonesignalsintothedesiredmusicalwave- sulfurhexameter [ENG] An instrument used to
measure or to continuously monitor the amountforms,{ s?bvertstrokeinferiortrakH11080tiv vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}
subtractor [ELECTR] A circuit whose output is of sulfur hexafluoride present in a waveguide
or other device in which this gas is used as adeterminedbythedifferencesinanalogordigital
input signals,{ s?bvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r } dielectric,{ vertstrokesuperiors?lH11080f?r hekvertstrokesuperiorsamH11080?dH11080?r}
sulfuric acid alkylation [CHEM ENG] A petro-subway [CIV ENG] An underground passage.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } leum refinery alkylation process in which three-
carbon,four-carbon,and five-carbon olefinssubwoofer [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker de-
signed to reproduce extremely low audio fre- combine with isobutane in the presence of a
sulfuric acid catalyst to form high-octane,quencies,extending into the infrasonic range,
generally used in conjunction with a crossover branched-chain hydrocarbons; used in motor
gasoline,{ |s?l|fyu˙rH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorasH11080?d vertstrokeinferioralH11080k?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}network,awoofer,andatweeter,{ vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorwu˙fH11080?r}
Sucksmithringbalance [ENG] A magnetic bal- sullage [CIV ENG] Drainage or wastewater from
a building,farmyard,or street,{ vertstrokesuperiors?lH11080ij }ance in which the specimen is rigidly suspended
fromaphosphorbronzeringcarryingtwomirrors Sullivananglecompressor [MECHENG] A two-
stage compressor in which the low-pressure cyl-that convert small deflections of the specimen
in a nonuniform magnetic field into large deflec- inder is horizontal and the high-pressure cylin-
der is vertical; a compact compressor driven bytions of a light beam; used chiefly to measure
paramagnetic susceptibility,{ |s?kvertstrokeinferiorsmith vertstrokesuperiorri? a belt,or directly connected to an electric motor
or diesel engine,{ vertstrokesuperiors?lH11080?H11080v?n vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?lk?mvertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
suction anemometer [ENG] An anemometer vertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}
Sulzertwo-cycleengine [MECH ENG] An inter-consistingofaninverted tubewhichishalf-filled
with water that measures the change in water nal combustion engine utilizing the Sulzer Com-
pany system for the effective scavenging andlevel caused by the wind’s force,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } charging of the two-cycle diesel engine,{ vertstrokesuperiors?ltH11080
s?r vertstrokesuperiortu¨ vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}suctioncup [ENG] Acup,oftenofflexiblemate-
rial such as rubber,in which a partial vacuum is summing amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier that
delivers an output voltage which is proportionalcreated when it is inverted on a surface; the
vacuum tends to hold the cup in place,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080 to the sum of two or more input voltages or
currents,{ vertstrokesuperiors?mH11080i?vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}sh?n vertstrokeinferiork?p}
suction-cutter dredger [MECH ENG] A dredger sump [ENG] A pit or tank which receives and
temporarily stores drainage at the lowest pointin which rotary blades dislodge the material to
be excavated,which is then removed by suction ofacirculatingordrainagesystem,Alsoknown
as sump pit,{ s?mp }as in a sand-pump dredger,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n |k?dH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiordrejH11080?r} sump fuse [ENG] A fuse used for underwater
blasting,{ vertstrokesuperiors?mp vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨z}suctionhead See suction lift,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorhed }
suctionlift [MECH ENG] The head,in feet,that sumppit See sump,{ vertstrokesuperiors?mp vertstrokeinferiorpit }
sumppump [MECH ENG] A small,single-stagea pump must provide on the inlet side to raise
the liquid from the supply well to the level of vertical pump used to drain shallow pits or
sumps,{ vertstrokesuperiors?mp vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }the pump,Also known as suction head.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlift } sun-and-planet motion [MECH ENG] A train of
two wheels moving epicyclically with a smallsuctionline [ENG] Apipeortubingfeedinginto
the inlet of a fluidimpelling device (for example,wheel rotating a wheel on the central axis.
{ |s?n?n |planH11080?t vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}pump,compressor,or blower),consequently un-
der suction,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn} sungear See central gear,{ vertstrokesuperiors?n vertstrokeinferiorgir }
sunkdraft [BUILD] A recessed margin around asuctionpump [MECH ENG] A pump that raises
waterbytheforceofatmosphericpressurepush- building stone that imparts a raised appearance
to the stone,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk |draft }ing it into a partial vacuum under the valved
piston,which retreats on the upstroke,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080 sunkface [BUILD] A building stone from whose
face some material has been removed in ordersh?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
suction stroke [MECH ENG] The piston stroke to impart the appearance of a sunk panel.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsk |faˉs}that draws a fresh charge into the cylinder of a
pump,compressor,or internal combustion en- sunkpanel [BUILD] A panelthatisrecessedbe-
low the face of its framing or other surroundinggine,{ vertstrokesuperiors?kH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorstroˉk}
Suhleffect [ELECTR] When a strong transverse surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorsk |panH11080?l}
sunshine integrator [ENG] An instrument formagnetic field is applied to an n-type semicon-
ductingfilament,holesinjectedintothefilament determining the duration of sunshine (daylight)
in any locality,{ vertstrokesuperiors?nvertstrokeinferiorsh?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}are deflected to the surface,where they may re-
combine rapidly with electrons or be withdrawn sunshine recorder [ENG] An instrument de-
signed to record the duration of sunshine with-by a probe,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨livertstrokeinferiorfekt }
sulfate pulping [CHEM ENG] A wood-pulping out regard to intensity at a given location; sun-
shine recorders may be classified in two groupsprocess in which sodium sulfate is used in the
causticsodapulp-digestionliquor,Alsoknown according tothe method bywhich thetime scale
542
supersoniccompressor
is obtained,in one group the time scale is ob- supercritical fluid [THERMO] A fluid at a tem-
perature and pressure above its critical point;tained from the motion of the sun in the manner
of a sun dial,in the second group the time scale also,afluidaboveitscriticaltemperatureregard-
less of pressure,{ |su¨H11080p?r|kridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d}is supplied by a chronograph,{ vertstrokesuperiors?nvertstrokeinferiorsh?ˉnri
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r} supercritical-fluid extraction [CHEM ENG] A
separation process that usesa supercritical fluidsuperabrasive [MECH ENG] A material having
characteristicallylonglifeand highgrindingpro- as the solvent,{ |su¨H11080p?r|kridH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?dik
vertstrokesuperiorstrakH11080sh?n}ductivity such as cubicboron nitride or polycrys-
talline diamond,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080?vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080siv} superdirectional microphone See supercardioid
microphone,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080divertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?supercalendering [ENG] A calendering process
that uses both steam and high pressure to give vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
superficialexpansivitySeecoefficientofsuperficialcalendered material,for example,paper,a high-
density finish,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?nH11080dri? } expansion,{ |su¨H11080p?r|fishH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorikvertstrokeinferiorspanvertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
superheat [THERMO] Sensible heat in a gassupercardioidmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
crophone whose response pattern resembles a above the amount needed to maintain the gas
phase,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorheˉt}cardioid but is exaggerated along the axis of
maximum response,so that it is highly sensitive superheatedvapor [THERMO] A vapor that has
been heated above its boiling point,{ |su¨H11080in one direction and insensitive in all others.
Also known as superdirectional microphone,p?rvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r}
superheater [MECH ENG] A component of a{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorka¨rdH11080eˉvertstrokeinferioro˙id vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
supercentrifuge [MECH ENG] A centrifuge built steam-generating unit in which steam,after it
has left the boiler drum,is heated above itsto operateat faster speedsthan anordinary cen-
trifuge,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j } saturation temperature,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
superheating [THERMO] Heating of a sub-superchargemethod [ENG] A method for mea-
suring the knock-limited power,under super- stance above the temperature at which a change
of statewould ordinarily take placewithout suchcharge rich-mixture conditions,of fuels for use
in spark-ignition aircraft engines,{ |su¨H11080p?r a change of state occurring,for example,the
heating of a liquid above its boiling point with-vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
supercharger [MECH ENG] An air pump or outboilingtakingplace;thisresultsinametasta-
ble state,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }blower in the intake system of an internal com-
bustion engine used to increase the weight of superhighway [CIVENG] Abroadhighway,such
as an expressway,freeway,turnpike,for high-air charge and consequent power output from a
given engine size,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rH11080j?r } speed traffic,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorh?ˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
superimposedbackpressure [MECH ENG] Thesupercharging [MECH ENG] A method of intro-
ducing air for combustion into the cylinder of staticpressureattheoutletofanoperatingpres-
sure relief device,resulting from pressure inan internal combustion engine at a pressure in
excess of that which can be obtained by natural the discharge system,{ |su¨H11080p?rH11080imvertstrokesuperiorpoˉzd vertstrokesuperiorbak
vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}aspiration,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rjH11080i? }
supercobaltdrill [DES ENG] A drill made of 8% superinsulation [CHEMENG] A multilayer insu-
lation for cryogenic systems,composed of manycobalt highspeed steel; used for drilling work-
hardened stainless steels,silicon chrome,and floating radiation shields in an evacuated dou-
ble-wall annulus,closely spaced but thermallycertain chrome-nickel alloy steels,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorkoˉ
vertstrokeinferiorbo˙lt vertstrokeinferiordril } separated by a poor-conducting fiber,{ |su¨H11080
p?rvertstrokeinferiorinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}supercompressibility factor See compressibility
factor,{ |su¨H11080p?rH11080k?mvertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} superlattice [ELECTR] A structure consisting of
alternatinglayersoftwodifferentsemiconductorsuperconducting gyroscope See cryogenic gyro-
scope,{ |su¨H11080p?rH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiord?ktH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080r?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp } materials,eachseveralnanometersthick,{ |su¨H11080
p?rvertstrokesuperiorladH11080?s}superconducting quantum interference device
[ELECTR] A superconducting ring that couples supernatantliquor [ENG] The liquid above set-
tled solids,as in a gravity separator,{ |su¨H11080with one or two Josephson junctions; applica-
tions include high-sensitivity magnetometers,p?rvertstrokesuperiornaˉtH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080?r}
superposition integral [CONT SYS] An integralnear-magnetic-fieldantennas,andmeasurement
of very small currents or voltages,Abbreviated which expresses the response of a linear system
to some input in terms of the impulse responseSQUID,{ |su¨H11080p?rH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiord?ktH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorkwa¨nH11080t?m vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?r
|firH11080?ns divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs } orstepresponseofthesystem;itmaybethought
of as the summation of the responses to im-supercooling [THERMO] Cooling of a sub-
stance below the temperature at which a change pulses or step functions occurring at various
times,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?H11080gr?l}ofstate wouldordinarily takeplace withoutsuch
a change of state occurring,for example,the superposition principle See principle of superpo-
sition,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}cooling of a liquid below its freezing point with-
out freezing taking place; this results in a meta- superpositiontheoremSee principle of superposi-
tion,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?rH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorthirH11080?m}stable state,{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i? }
supercritical [THERMO] Property of a gas which supersonic compressor [MECH ENG] A com-
pressor in which a supersonic velocity is im-is above its critical pressure and temperature.
{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorkridH11080?H11080k?l } parted to the fluid relative to the rotor blades,
543
supersonicdiffuser
the stator blades,or both,producing oblique up stock level to fulfill anticipated future de-
mand,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt }shock waves over the blades to obtain a high-
pressure rise,{ |su¨H11080p?r|sa¨nH11080ik k?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r} supplycontrol [IND ENG] The process by which
an item of supply is controlled within the supplysupersonicdiffuser [MECH ENG] A diffuser de-
signed to reduce the velocity and to increase the system,includingrequisitioningreceipt,storage,
stock control,shipment,disposition,identifica-pressureoffluidmovingatsupersonicvelocities.
{ |su¨H11080p?r|sa¨nH11080ik divertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080z?r } tion,and accounting,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
supply voltage [ELEC] The voltage obtainedsupersonic nozzle See convergent-divergent
nozzle,{ |su¨H11080p?r|sa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorna¨zH11080?l } from a power source for operation of a circuit or
device,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }superstructure [CIVENG] Thepartofastructure
that is raised on the foundation,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?r supportbase [ENG] A placefromwhichlogistic
support is provided for a group of launch com-vertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
supertweeter [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker de- plexes and their control center,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorbaˉs}
supported end [MECH] An end of a structure,signed to reproduce extremely high audio fre-
quencies,extending into the ultrasonic range,such as a beam,whose position is fixed but
whose orientation may vary; for example,an endgenerally used in conjunction with a crossover
network,a tweeter,and a woofer,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨pH11080?r supported on a knife-edge,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpo˙rdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorend }
suppressed-zeroinstrument [ENG] An indicat-vertstrokeinferiortweˉdH11080?r}
supervisory control [ENG] A control panel or ing or recording instrument in which the zero
positionisbelowthelowerendofthescalemark-room showing key readings or indicators (tem-
perature,pressure,or flow rate) from an entire ings,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorprest |zirH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
suppression [ELECTR] Elimination of any com-operating area,allowing visual supervision and
control of the overall operation,{ |su¨H11080p?r|v?ˉzH11080?H11080 ponent of an emission,as a particular frequency
or group of frequencies in an audio-frequency ofreˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
supervisorycontrolanddataacquisition [ENG] a radio-frequency signal,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n}
suppressor [ELEC] 1,In general,a device usedA version of telemetry commonly used in wide-
area industrial applications,such as electrical toreduceoreliminatenoiseorothersignalsthat
interfere with the operation of a communicationpowergenerationanddistributionandwaterdis-
tribution,which includes supervisory control of system,usually at the noise source,2,Specifi-
cally,a resistor used in series with a spark plugremote stations as well as data acquisition from
those stations over a bidirectional communica- or distributor of an automobile engine or other
internal combustion engine to suppress sparktions link,Abbreviated SCADA,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?r|v?ˉzH11080
H11080reˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl?n vertstrokesuperiordadH11080?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080w?vertstrokeinferiorzishH11080?n } noise that might otherwise interfere with radio
reception,See suppressor grid,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}supervisory controlled manipulation [ENG] A
form of remote manipulation in which a com- surcharge [CIV ENG] The load supported above
the level of the top of a retaining wall.puter enables the operator to teach the manipu-
lator motion patterns to be remembered and { vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
surchargedwall [CIVENG] Aretainingwallwithrepeated later,{ |su¨H11080p?r|v?ˉzH11080?H11080reˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉld m?
vertstrokeinferiornipH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } an embankment on the top,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rjd vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l}
surface [ENG] The outer part (skin with a thick-supervisory expert control system [CONT
SYS] Acontrolsysteminwhichanexpertsystem ness of zero) of a body; can apply to structures,
to micrometer-sized particles,or to extended-is used to supervise a set of control,identifica-
tion,and monitoring algorithms,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080p?r|v?ˉzH11080 surface zeolites,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s}
surface analyzer [ENG] An instrument that?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferiorekvertstrokeinferiorsp?rt k?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
supervoltage [ELEC] A voltage in the range of measures or records irregularities in a surface
bymovingthestylusofacrystalpickuporsimilar500 to 2000 kilovolts,used for some x-ray tubes.
{ |su¨H11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij } device over the surface,amplifying the resulting
voltage,and feeding the output voltage to ansupination [CONTSYS] Theorientationandmo-
tionofarobotcomponentwithitsfrontorunpro- indicatororrecorderthatshowsthesurfaceirreg-
ularities magnified as much as 50,000 times.tected side facing upward and exposed,{ vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080
p?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
surfacearea [ENG] Measurement of the extentsupplied-air respirator [ENG] An atmospheric-
supplying device which provides the wearer with ofthearea(withoutallowanceforthickness)cov-
ered by a surface,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }respirableairfromasourceoutsidethecontami-
nated area; only those with manual or motor- surface barrier [ELECTR] A potential barrier
formed at a surface of a semiconductor by theoperated blowers are approved for immediately
harmful or oxygen-deficient atmospheres,trapping of carriers at the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r}{s?vertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉd |er vertstrokesuperiorresH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
supplychainmanagement [INDENG] Aninven- surface-barrier diode [ELECTR] A diode utiliz-
ing thin-surface layers,formed either by deposi-tory process involving planning and processing
orders; handling; transporting and storing all tion of metal films or by surface diffusion,to
serve as a rectifying junction,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s |barH11080eˉH11080materials purchased,processed,or distributed;
andmanaginginventoriesinacoordinatedman-?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
surface-barrier transistor [ELECTR] A transis-ner among all the players on the chain to fulfill
customerordersastheyariseratherthantobuild tor inwhich the emitterand collectorare formed
544
surfacewave
onoppositesidesofasemiconductorwafer,usu- surface-mount technology [ELECTR] The tech-
niqueofmountingelectroniccircuitcomponentsally made of n-type germanium,by training two
jets of electrolyte against its opposite surfaces and their electrical connections on the surface
of a printed board,rather than through holes.to etch and then electroplate the surfaces.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s |barH11080eˉH11080?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} {vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s |mau˙nt tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
surface noise [ELECTR] The noise componentsurface burning See glowing combustion,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
f?s vertstrokeinferiorb?rnH11080i? } in the electric output of a phonograph pickup
due to irregularities in the contact surface of thesurfacecarburetor [MECHENG] Acarburetorin
which air is passed over the surface of gasoline groove,Also known as needle scratch,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
f?s vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }to charge it with fuel,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
surface-charge transistor [ELECTR] An inte- surfaceofsectionSee Poincare′ surface of section.
{ |s?rH11080f?s?v vertstrokesuperiorsekH11080sh?n}grated-circuit transistor element based on con-
trolling the transfer of stored electric charges surface passivation [ELECTR] A method of
coatingthesurfaceofap-typewaferforadiffusedalong the surface of a semiconductor,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
|cha¨rj tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } junction transistor with an oxide compound,
such as silicon oxide,to prevent penetration ofsurface combustion [ENG] Combustion
brought about near the surface of a heated re- the impurity in undesired regions,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080sh?n}fractory material by forcing a mixture of air and
combustible gases through it or through a hole surface-penetrating radar See ground-probing
radar,{ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokeinferiortraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}in it,or having the gas impinge directly upon it;
used in muffles,crucibles,and certain types of surfaceplaner See surfacer,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorplaˉH11080n?r}
surface plate [DES ENG] A plate having a veryboiler furnaces,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?sk?mvertstrokeinferiorb?sH11080ch?n}
surfacecondenser [MECHENG] Aheat-transfer accurateplanesurfaceusedfortestingothersur-
faces or to provide a true surface for accuratelydevice used to condense a vapor,usually steam
under vacuum,by absorbing its latent heat in measuring and locating testing fixtures,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080
f?s vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}cooling fluid,ordinarily water,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?sk?n
vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?r} surfacer [DES ENG] A machine that is used to
dress or plane the surface of a material such assurface-controlledavalanchetransistor [ELECTR]
Transistorinwhichavalanchebreakdownvoltage stone,metal,or wood,Also known as surface
planer,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?sH11080?r}iscontrolledbyanexternalfieldappliedthrough
surface-insulating layers,and which permits op- surface resistivity [ELEC] The electric resist-
ance of the surface of an insulator,measurederation at frequencies up to the 10-gigahertz
range,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?sk?n|troˉld vertstrokesuperioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080 between the opposite sides of a square on the
surface; the value in ohms is independent of thet?r}
surface-effect ship [MECH ENG] A transporta- sizeofthesquareandthethicknessofthesurface
film,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorzisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }tion device with fixed side walls,which is sup-
ported by low-pressure,low-velocity air and op- surface roughness [ENG] The closely spaced
unevenness of a solid surface (pits and projec-erates on water only,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?si|fekt vertstrokeinferiorship }
surface finish [ENG] The surface roughness of tions) that results in friction for solid-solid
movement or for fluid flow across the solid sur-a component after final treatment,measured by
a surface profile,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorfinH11080ish } face,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorr?fH11080n?s}
surface-set bit [DES ENG] A bit containing asurface force [MECH] An external force which
acts only on the surface of a body; an example single layer of diamonds set so that the dia-
monds protrude on the surface of the crown.is the force exerted by another object with which
the body is in contact,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rs } Also known as single-layer bit,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s |set
vertstrokeinferiorbit }surfacegage [DES ENG] 1.A scribing tool in an
adjustable stand,used to mark off castings and surface sizing See sizing treatment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080i? }to test the flatness of surfaces,2,A gage for
determining the distances of points on a surface surface thermometer [ENG] A thermometer,
mounted in a bucket,used to measure the tem-from a reference plane,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
surface grinder [MECH ENG] A grinding ma- perature of the sea surface,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}chine that produces a plane surface,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s
vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉnH11080d?r} surface treating [ENG] Any method of treating
a material (metal,polymer,or wood) so as tosurfaceignition [ENG] The initiation of a flame
in the combustion chamber of an automobile alter the surface,rendering it receptive to inks,
paints,lacquers,adhesives,and various otherengine by any hot surface other than the spark
discharge,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?sigvertstrokeinferiornishH11080?n } treatments,or resistant to weather or chemical
attack,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiortreˉdH11080i? }surfaceleakage [ELEC] The passage of current
over the surface of an insulator,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorleˉH11080 surfacevibrator [MECHENG] Avibratingdevice
used on the surface of a pavement or flat slab tokij }
surface micromachining [ENG] A set of proc- consolidatethe concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r}
surface waterproofing [ENG] Waterproofingesses based upon deposition,patterning,and
selective etching of thin films to form a free- concrete by painting a waterproofing liquid on
the surface,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpru¨fH11080i? }standing microsensor on the surface of a silicon
wafer,{ |s?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉH11080kr?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? } surfacewave See Rayleigh wave,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiorwaˉv}
545
surfacingmat
surfacingmat See overlay,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?H11080si?vertstrokeinferiormat } instrument consisting of a pressure-sensitive el-
ement which contracts or expands in proportionsurge [ELEC] Amomentarylargeincreaseinthe
to atmospheric pressure,connected through acurrent or voltage in an electric circuit.
linkage to a pointer; itsdial is graduated in units[ENG] 1,An upheaval of fluid in a processing
of linear measurement (feet or meters) to indi-system,frequently causing a carryover (puking)
cate differences of elevation only,{ s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080i?of liquid through the vapor lines,2,The peak
alvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?dH11080?r}system pressure,3,An unstable pressure
surveying sextant See hydrographic sextant.buildup in a plastic extruder leading to variable
{s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorseksH11080t?nt }
throughput and waviness of the hollow plastic
surveyor’scompass [ENG] Aninstrumentused
tube,{ s?rj }
to measure horizontal angles in surveying.
surge arrester [ELEC] A protective device de-
{s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?s}
signed primarily for connection between a con-
surveyor’s cross [ENG] An instrument for set-
ductor of an electrical system and ground to
ting out right angles in surveying; consists of
limit the magnitude of transient overvoltages on
two bars at right angles with sights at each end.
equipment,Also known as arrester; lightning
{s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorkro˙s}
arrester,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj?vertstrokeinferiorresH11080t?r}
surveyor’s level [ENG] A telescope and spirit
surge current [ELEC] A short-duration,high-
levelmountedonatripod,rotatingverticallyand
amperage electric current wave that may sweep
havinglevelingscrewsforadjustment,{ s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080
through an electrical network,as a power trans-
rz vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
mission network,when some portion of it is
surveyor’s measure [ENG] A system of meas-
strongly influenced by the electrical activity of a
urementusedinsurveyinghavingtheengineer’s,
thunderstorm,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }
or Gunter’s chain,as a unit,{ s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?rz
surge protector [ELEC] A device placed in an
vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?r}
electricalcircuittopreventthepassageofsurges
surveytraverse See traverse,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ tr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
and spikes that could damage electronic equip-
survivor curve [IND ENG] A curve showing the
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
percentage of a group of machines or facilities
surge stress [MECH] The physical stress on
surviving at a given age,{ s?rvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
process equipment or systems resulting from a
Surwellclinograph [ENG] A directional survey-
sudden surge in fluid (gas or liquid) flow rate or
ing instrument which records photographically
pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj vertstrokeinferiorstres }
the direction and magnitude of well deviations
surge suppressor [ELECTR] A circuit that re-
from the vertical; powered by batteries,it con-
sponds to the rate of change of a current or
tains a box level gage (indicating vertical devia-
voltage to prevent a rise above a predetermined
tion),a gyroscopic compass (indicating azimuth
value; it may include resistors,capacitors,coils,
direction) and a watch and a dial thermometer,
gas tubes,and semiconducting disks,Also
so that a simultaneous record of amount and
known as transient suppressor,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj s?vertstrokeinferiorpresH11080
directionofdeviation,temperature,andtimecan
r}
be made on 16-millimeter film,{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorwel vertstrokesuperiorkl?ˉnH11080
surgetank [ENG] 1.A standpipe or storage res-
vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
ervoir at the downstream end of a closed aque-
susceptance [ELEC] The imaginary component
duct or feeder pipe,as for a water wheel,to
of admittance,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns }
absorb sudden rises of pressure and to furnish
susceptancestandard [ELEC] Standardthatin-
water quickly during a drop in pressure,Also
troducescalibratedsmallvaluesofshuntcapaci-
knownassurgedrum,2.Anopentanktowhich
tance into 50-ohm coaxial transmission arrays.
the top of a surge pipe is connected so as to
{s?vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080t?ns vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }
avoid loss of water during a pressure surge.
susceptibilitySeeelectric susceptibility,{ s?vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rj vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
t?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
surging [ENG] Motion of a ship that alternately
susceptometer [ENG] An instrument that
moves forward and aft,usually when moored.
measures paramagnetic,diamagnetic,or ferro-
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rjH11080i? }
magnetic susceptibility,{ vertstrokeinferiors?vertstrokesuperiorsepvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
surveillance [ENG] Systematic observation of
suspended acoustical ceiling [BUILD] An
air,surface,or subsurface areas or volumes by
acoustical ceiling which is suspended from ei-
visual,electronic,photographic,or other means,
ther the roof or a higher ceiling,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?d
for intelligence or other purposes,{ s?rvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080
vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080st?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080li? }
l?ns }
suspended ceiling [BUILD] The suspension of
survey [ENG] 1.The process of determining ac- the furring members beneath the structural
curately theposition,extent,contour,andso on,members of a ceiling,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorse
ˉH11080li? }
of an area,usually for the purpose of preparing suspendedformwork [CIV ENG] Formwork sus-
a chart,2,The information so obtained,pended from supports for the floor being cast.
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ } {s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
survey foot [MECH] A unit of length,used by suspendedspan [CIV ENG] A simple span sup-
the U.S,Coast and Geodetic Survey,equal to ported from the free ends of cantilevers.
12/39.37 meter,or approximately 1.000002 feet,{s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?d vertstrokesuperiorspan }
{ vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ vertstrokesuperiorfu˙t} suspended transformation [THERMO] The ces-
sation of change before true equilibrium issurveying altimeter [ENG] A barometric-type
546
switch
reached,or the failure of a system to change the plunger-carrying body is varied,{ swa¨sh
|plaˉt vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }immediately after a change in conditions,such
as in supercooling and other forms of meta- swaybar See stabilizer bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorswaˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
swaybrace [CIV ENG] One or a pair of diagonalstable equilibrium,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080d?d vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?r
vertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n } members designed to resist horizontal forces,
such as wind,{ vertstrokesuperiorswaˉ vertstrokeinferiorbraˉs}suspendedtrayconveyor [MECH ENG] A verti-
cal conveyor having pendant trays or other carri- sway frame [CIV ENG] A unit in the system of
members of a bridge that provides bracingers on one or more endless chains,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080
d?d |traˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r } against side sway; consists of two diagonals,the
verticals,the floor beam,and the bottom strut.suspension [ENG] Afinewireorcoilspringthat
supports the moving element of a meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorswaˉ vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
sweating [CHEMENG] Separationofparaffinoil{s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n}
suspension bridge [CIV ENG] A fixed bridge from low-melting petroleum wax obtained from
paraffin wax in a chamber (sweater) by first cool-consisting of either a roadway or a truss sus-
pended from two cables which pass over two ingthemixtureuntilitisasolidcake,thenwarm-
ing gradually to cause partial fusion of the mix-towers and are anchored by backstays to a firm
foundation,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbrij } ture to allow drainage of liquid from the cake.
Also known as exudation,{ vertstrokesuperiorswedH11080i? }suspensioncable [ENG] Afreelyhangingcable;
may carry mainly its own weight or a uniformly sweetening [CHEM ENG] Improvement of a pe-
troleum-product color and odor by convertingdistributed load,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
suspension roof [BUILD] A roof that is sup- sulfur compounds into disulfides with sodium
plumbite (doctor treating),or by removing themported by steel cables,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
suspension system [MECH ENG] A system of bycontactingthepetroleumstreamwithalkalies
or other sweetening agents,{ vertstrokesuperiorsweˉtH11080?nH11080i? }springs,shockabsorbers,and otherdevices sup-
porting the upper part of a motor vehicle on its swing [ELEC] Variation in frequency or ampli-
tudeofanelectricalquantity,[ENG] 1.Thearcrunning gear,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
sustainable development [ENG] Development or curve described by the point of a pick or man-
dril when being used,2.Rotation of the super-of industrial and natural resources that meets
theenergyneedsofthepresentwithoutcompro- structure of a power shovel on the vertical shaft
inthemounting,3.Torotatearevolvingshovelmising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs in a similar manner,{ s?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉnH11080?H11080b?l on its base,{ swi? }
swing bridge [CIV ENG] A movable bridge thatdivertstrokesuperiorvelH11080?pH11080m?nt }
sustained oscillation [CONT SYS] Continued pivots in a horizontal plane about a center pier.
{ vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorbrij }oscillation due to insufficient attenuation in the
feedback path,{ s?vertstrokesuperiorstaˉnd vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n} swing-frame grinder [MECH ENG] A grinding
machine hanging by a chain so that it may swingSutro weir [CIV ENG] A dam with at least one
curved side and horizontal crest,so formed that in all directions for surface grinding heavy work.
{ vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm vertstrokeinferiorgr?ˉnH11080d?r}the head above the crest is directly proportional
to the discharge,{ vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080troˉ vertstrokeinferiorwer } swinging load [ENG] The load in pressure
equipment which changes at frequent intervals.SV See speaker verification.
swage bolt [DES ENG] A bolt having indenta- { vertstrokesuperiorswi?H11080i?vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
swingjoint [DES ENG] A pipe joint in which thetions with which it can be gripped in masonry.
{ vertstrokesuperiorswaˉj vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt } parts may be rotated relative to each other.
{ vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }swallowbuoy See swallow float,{ vertstrokesuperiorswa¨H11080loˉ vertstrokeinferiorboˉi}
swallow float [ENG] A tubular buoy used to swing pipe [ENG] A discharge pipe whose in-
take end can be raised or lowered on a tank.measure current velocities; it can be adjusted to
be neutrally buoyant and to drift at a selected { vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
swing shift [IND ENG] Working arrangement indensity level while being tracked by shipboard
listening devices,Also known as neutrally a three-shift,continuously run plant with work-
ing hours changed at regular intervals; during abuoyant float; swallow buoy,{ vertstrokesuperiorswa¨H11080loˉ vertstrokeinferiorfloˉt}
swamp buggy [MECH ENG] A wheeled vehicle swing shift the morning shift becomes the after-
noon shift,while the afternoon shift becomesthat runs on sand,on mud,or through shallow
water; used especially in swamps,{ vertstrokesuperiorswa¨mp the morning shift of the next day,with only an
8-hour break on the first day of change.vertstrokeinferiorb?gH11080eˉ }
swampingresistor [ELECTR] Resistor placed in { vertstrokesuperiorswi?vertstrokeinferiorshift }
swirl flowmeter See vortex precession flowmeter.the emitter lead of a transistor circuit to mini-
mize the effects of temperature on the emitter- { vertstrokesuperiorsw?rl vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
Swisspatternfile [DES ENG] A type of fine filebase junction resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorswa¨mpH11080i? rivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080
t?r } used for precision filing of jewelry,instrument
parts,and dies,{ vertstrokesuperiorswis |padH11080?rn vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉl}swarf [ENG] Chips,shavings,and other fine
particles removed from the workpiece by grind- switch [CIV ENG] 1.A device for enabling a rail-
way car to pass from one track to another.ing tools,{ vertstrokesuperiorswo˙rf }
swash-platepump [MECH ENG] A rotary pump 2.Thejunctionoftwotracks,[ELEC] Amanual
or mechanically actuated device for making,in which the angle between the drive shaft and
547
switchangle
breaking,orchangingtheconnectionsinanelec- switching time [ELECTR] 1,The time interval
tric circuit,Also known as electric switch,Sym- between the reference time and the last instant
bolized SW,{ swich } at which the instantaneous voltage response of
switch angle [CIV ENG] The angle between the a magnetic cell reaches a stated fraction of its
switch and stock rails of a railroad track,meas-
peak value,2,The time interval between the
ured at the point of juncture between the gage
reference time and the first instant at which the
lines,{ vertstrokesuperiorswich vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l}
instantaneous integrated voltage response of a
switchblade knife [DES ENG] A knife in which
magneticcellreachesastatedfractionofitspeak
the blade is spring-loaded and swings open
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
when released by a pushbutton,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichvertstrokeinferiorblaˉd
switching transistor [ELECTR] A transistor de-
vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉf}
signed for on/off switching operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080
switchedcapacitor [ELECTR] An integrated cir-
i? tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
cuit element,consisting of a capacitor with two
switching trunk [ELEC] Trunk from a long-dis-
metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) switches,
tance office to a local exchange office used for
whose function is approximately equivalent to
completing a long-distance call,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?
that of a resistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorswicht k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiortrk}
switch function [ELECTR] A circuit having a
switchjack [ELEC] Any of the devices that pro-
fixed number of inputs and outputs designed
vide terminals for the control circuits of the
such that the output information is a function
switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorswich vertstrokeinferiorjak }
of the input information,each expressed in a
swivel [DES ENG] A part that oscillates freely
certain code or signal configuration or pattern.
on a headed bolt or pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorswich vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
swivel block [DES ENG] A block with a swivel
switching [ELEC] Making,breaking,or chang-
attached to its hook or shackle permitting it to
ing the connections in an electrical circuit.
revolve,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i? }
swivel coupling [MECH ENG] A coupling thatswitching circuit [ELEC] A constituent electric
gives complete rotary freedom to a deflectingcircuitofaswitchingordigitalprocessingsystem
wedge-setting assembly,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080li? }which receives,stores,or manipulates informa-
swivel head [MECH ENG] The assembly of ation in coded form to accomplish the specified
spindle,chuck,feed nut,and feed gears on aobjectives of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
switching device [ENG] An electrical or me- diamond-drill machine that surrounds,rotates,
chanical device or mechanism,which can bring and advances the drill rods and drilling stem;
another device or circuit into an operating or on a hydraulic-feed drill the feed gears are re-
nonoperating state,Also known as switching placedbyahydraulically actuatedpistonassem-
mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs} bly,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhed }
switching diode [ELECTR] A crystal diode that
swivel hook [DES ENG] A hook with a swivel
provides essentially the same function as a
connection to its base or eye,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorhu˙k}
switch; below a specified applied voltage it has
swivel joint [DES ENG] A joint with a packed
highresistancecorrespondingtoanopenswitch,
swivel that allows one part to move relative to
while above that voltage it suddenly changes to
the other,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
the low resistance of a closed switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080
swivelneck See water swivel,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiornek }
i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
swivelpin See kingpin,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpin }
switchinggate [ELECTR] Anelectroniccircuitin
swivelspindle [BUILD] A shaft in a door handle
which an output having constant amplitude is
assembly designed with a center joint that per-
registered if a particular combination of input
mits one knob to remain fixed while the other
signals exists; examples are the OR,AND,NOT,
is being turned,{ vertstrokesuperiorswivH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorspinH11080d?l}
and INHIBIT circuits,Also known as logical
symballophone [ENG] A double stethoscope
gate,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
for the comparison and lateralization of sounds;
switchingkey See key,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
permits the use of the acute function of the two
switching mechanism See switching device.
ears to compare intensity and varying quality of
{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
sounds arising in the body or mechanical de-
switching substation [ELEC] An electric power
vices,{ simvertstrokesuperiorbo˙lH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
substation whose equipment is mainly for con-
symmetricalavalancherectifier [ELECTR] Ava-
nections and interconnections,and does not in-
lanche rectifier that can be triggered in either
clude transformers,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
direction,after which it has a low impedance
switchingsurface [CONT SYS] In feedback con-
in the triggered direction,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioravH11080
trol systems employing bang-bang control laws,
vertstrokeinferiorlanch vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
the surface in state space which separates a re-
symmetricalband-passfilter [ELECTR] A band-
gionofmaximumcontroleffortfromoneofmini-
pass filter whose attenuation as a function of
mum control effort,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080f?s}
frequency is symmetrical about a frequency at
switching-throughrelay [ELEC] Controlrelayof
the center of the pass band,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?la line-finder selector,connector,or other step-
vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorpas vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}ping switch,which extends the loop of a calling
symmetrical band-reject filter [ELECTR] Atelephone through to the succeeding switch in
a switch train,{ vertstrokesuperiorswichH11080i? |thru¨ vertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ } band-rejection filter whose attenuation as a
548
syntholprocess
function of frequency is symmetrical about a fre- two varying quantities or moving objects.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}quency at the center of the rejection band.
{s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorband rivertstrokeinferiorjekt vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r} synchronized shifting [MECH ENG] Changing
speed gears,with the gears being brought to thesymmetrical clipper [ELECTR] A clipper in
which the upper and lower limits on the ampli- same speed before the change can be made.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorn?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorshiftH11080i? }tude of the output signal are positive and nega-
tive values of equal magnitude,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l synchronous [ENG] In step or in phase,as ap-
plied to two or more circuits,devices,or ma-vertstrokesuperiorklipH11080?r}
symmetricaldeflection [ELECTR] Atypeofelec- chines,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?s}
synchronous belt See timing belt,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?strostatic deflection in which voltages that are
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign are vertstrokesuperiorbelt }
synchronous gate [ELECTR] A time gate inapplied to the two deflector plates,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080
tr?H11080k?ldivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n } which theoutput intervals aresynchronized with
an incoming signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}symmetricalHattenuator [ELECTR] AnHatten-
uator in which the impedance near the input synchroscope [ELECTR] A cathode-ray oscillo-
scope designed to show a short-duration pulseterminals equals the corresponding impedance
near the output terminals,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioraˉch by using a fast sweep that is synchronized with
the pulse signal to be observed,[ENG] An in-?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉdH11080?r}
symmetricalOattenuator [ELECTR] AnOatten- strument for indicating whether two periodic
quantities are synchronous; the indicator mayuator in which the impedance near the input
terminals equals the corresponding impedance be a rotating-pointer device or a cathode-ray
oscilloscopeprovidingarotatingpattern;thepo-near the output terminals,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioroˉ
vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r } sition of the rotating pointer is a measure of
the instantaneous phase difference between thesymmetricalpiattenuator [ELECTR] A pi atten-
uator in which the impedance near the input quantities,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
synchro-shutter [ENG] A camera shutter with aterminals equals the corresponding impedance
near the output terminals,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉ circuit that flashes a light the instant the shutter
opens,{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kroˉ vertstrokeinferiorsh?dH11080?r}?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r}
symmetricalTattenuator [ELECTR] A T attenu- syngas See synthesis gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsinvertstrokeinferiorgas }
syntactic semigroup [SYS ENG] For a sequen-ator in which the impedance near the input ter-
minals equals the corresponding impedance tial machine,the set of all transformations per-
formed by all input sequences,{ sinvertstrokesuperiortakH11080tiknear the output terminals,{ s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorteˉ
vertstrokeinferiortenH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080ivertstrokeinferiorgru¨p}
synthesis See system design,{ vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}symmetricaltransducer [ELECTR] A transducer
is symmetrical with respect to a specified pair synthesis gas [CHEM ENG] A mixture of gases
prepared as feedstock for a chemical reaction,ofterminationswhentheinterchangeofthatpair
of terminations will not affect the transmission,for example,carbon monoxide and hydrogen to
make hydrocarbons or organic chemicals,or hy-{s?vertstrokesuperiormeH11080tr?H11080k?l tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
symmetryaxis See axis of symmetry,{ vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?vertstrokeinferiortreˉ drogen and nitrogen to make ammonia,Also
known as syngas,{ vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s vertstrokeinferiorgas }vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
sympathetic detonation [ENG] Explosion syntheticaperture [ENG] A method of increas-
ing the ability of an imaging system,such ascausedbythetransmissionofadetonationwave
through any medium from another explosion,radar or acoustical holography,to resolve small
details of an object,in which a receiver of large{ vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorthedH11080ik vertstrokeinferiordetH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
sync See synchronization,{ si?k } size (or aperture) is in effect synthesized by the
motion of a smaller receiver and the proper cor-synchro [ELEC] Any of several devices which
are used for transmitting and receiving angular relation of the detected signals,{ sinvertstrokesuperiorthedH11080ik
vertstrokesuperiorapH11080?H11080ch?r}position or angular motion over wires,such as
a synchro transmitter or synchro receiver,Also synthetic-apertureradar [ENG] A radar system
in which an aircraft moving along a very straightknown as mag-slip (British usage); self-synchro-
nous device; self-synchronous repeater; selsyn,path emits microwave pulses continuously at a
frequency constant enough to be coherent for a{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kroˉ }
synchromesh [MECH ENG] An automobile period during which the aircraft may have trav-
eled about 1 kilometer; all echoes returned dur-transmission device that minimizes clashing;
acts as a friction clutch,bringing gears approxi- ing this period can then be processed as if a
single antenna as long as the flight path hadmately to correct speed just before meshing.
{ vertstrokesuperiorsi?H11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiormesh } been used,{ sinvertstrokesuperiorthedH11080ik |apH11080?H11080ch?r vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
synthetic data [IND ENG] Any production datasynchronization [ENG] Themaintenanceofone
operation in step with another,as in keeping the applicable to a given situation that are not ob-
tained by direct measurement,{ sinvertstrokesuperiorthedH11080ikelectronbeamofatelevisionpicturetubeinstep
with the electron beam of the television camera vertstrokesuperiordadH11080? }
syntholprocess [CHEM ENG] A reaction of car-tube at the transmitter,Also known as sync.
{ vertstrokeinferiorsi?H11080kr?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n } bon monoxide and hydrogen with an iron and
sodium carbonate catalyst; produces a mixturesynchronization indicator [ENG] An indicator
that presents visually the relationship between of higher alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,higher
549
syntony
fatty acids,and aliphatic hydrocarbons,usable system safety engineering [ENG] An element
of systems management involving the applica-as a synthetic gasoline,{ vertstrokesuperiorsinvertstrokeinferiortho˙l vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
tion of scientific and engineering principles forsyntony [ELEC] Conditioninwhichtwooscillat-
the timely identification of hazards,and initia-ing circuits have the same resonant frequency.
tion of those actions necessary to prevent or{ vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080t?H11080neˉ }
control hazards within the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?msystem [ELECTR] Acombinationoftwoormore
vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }setsgenerallyphysicallyseparatedwheninoper-
systems analysis [ENG] The analysis of an ac-ation,and such other assemblies,subassembl-
tivity,procedure,method,technique,orbusinessies,and parts necessary to perform an opera-
to determine what must be accomplished andtional function or functions,[ENG] A combi-
how the necessary operations may best be ac-
nation of several piecesof equipment integrated
complished,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mz?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
to perform a specific function; thus a fire control
systems architecting [SYS ENG] The discipline
system may include a tracking radar,computer,
thatcombineselementswhich,workingtogether,
and gun,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
createuniquestructuralandbehavioralcapabili-
systemanalysis [CONT SYS] The use of mathe-
ties in a system that none could produce alone.
matics to determine how a set of interconnected
Alsoknownassystemsarchitecture,{ |sisH11080t?mz
componentswhoseindividualcharacteristicsare
vertstrokesuperiora¨rH11080k?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080ti? }
known will behave in response to a given input
systems architecture See systems architecting.
or set of inputs,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiora¨rH11080k?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080ch?r}
systematic error [ENG] An error due to some
systems engineering [ENG] The design of a
known physical law by which it might be pre-
complex interrelation of many elements (a sys-
dicted; these errors produced by the same cause
tem) to maximize an agreed-upon measure of
affect the mean in the same sense,and do not
system performance,taking into consideration
tend to balance each other but rather give a
all of the elements related in any way to the
definite bias to the mean,{ vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiormadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorerH11080
system,including utilization of worker power as
r}
wellasthecharacteristicsofeachofthesystem’s
system bandwidth [CONT SYS] The difference
components,Also known as system engi-
between the frequencies at which the gain of a
neering,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
system is H209062/2 (that is,0.707) times its peak
systems implementation test [ENG] The test
value,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m vertstrokesuperiorbandvertstrokeinferiorwidth }
program that exercises the complete system in
systemdesign [CONT SYS] A technique of con-
its actual environment to determine its capabili-
structing a system that performs in a specified
ties and limitations; this test also demonstrates
manner,making use of available components.
that the system is functionally operative,and
Also known as synthesis,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mdivertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
is compatible with the other subsystems and
system effectiveness [ENG] A measure of the
supporting elements required for its operational
extent to which a system may be expected to
employment,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiorimH11080pl?H11080m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n
achieve a set of specific mission requirements
vertstrokeinferiortest }
expressed as a function of availability,depend-
systemsintegration [SYSENG] Adisciplinethat
ability,and capability,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mivertstrokesuperiorfekH11080tivH11080n?s}
combines processes and procedures from sys-
system engineering See systems engineering.
tems engineering,systems management,and
{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
product development for the purpose of devel-
system life cycle [ENG] The continuum of
oping large-scale complex systems that involve
phasesthroughwhichasystempassesfromcon-
hardware and software and may be based on
ception through disposition,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080
existing or legacy systems coupled with totally
k?l}
new requirements to add significant functional-
systemoptimization See optimization,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m
ity,{ |sisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiorap¨H11080t?H11080m?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
systems-management reengineering See organi-
system reliability [ENG] The probability that a
zational reengineering,{ |sisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiormanH11080ijH11080
system will accurately perform its specified task
m?nt vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
under stated environmental conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
systemstest [ENG] A test ofan entire intercon-
t?mrivertstrokeinferiorl?ˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
nected set of components for the purpose of
system safety [ENG] The optimum degree of
determining proper functions and interconnec-
safetywithintheconstraintsofoperationaleffec- tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?mz vertstrokeinferiortest }
tiveness,time,and cost,attained through spe- Szechtman cell [CHEM ENG] An electrolytic
cific application of system safety engineering process for manufacture of chlorine that is a
throughout all phases of a system,{ vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m variation of both the mercury cell and molten
salt cell,{ vertstrokesuperiorsektH11080m?n vertstrokeinferiorsel }vertstrokesuperiorsaˉfH11080teˉ }
550
T
housefighter-typeaircraftandtoprovideprotec-t See troy system.
tion to the aircraft from attack by conventionaltab-cardcutter [DES ENG] A device for die-cut-
weapons,or damage from high winds or otherting card stock to uniform tabulating-card size.
elemental hazards,{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080t?H11080k?l |ervertstrokeinferiorkraft vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080{ vertstrokesuperiortab |ka¨rd vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r}
t?r}table [BUILD] A horizontal projection or mold-
tactical control radar [ENG] Antiaircraft artil-ing on the exterior or interior face of a wall.
lery radar which has essentially the same inher-[MECH ENG] That part of a grinding machine
ent capabilities as the target acquisition radarwhich directly or indirectly supports the work
(physically it may be the same type of set) butbeing ground,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080b?l}
whose function is chiefly that of providing tacti-tabled joint [CIV ENG] In cut stonework,a bed
cal information for the control of elements ofjoint formed by a broad,shallow channel in the
the antiaircraft artillery defenses in battle.surface of one stone that fits a corresponding
{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080t?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortrol vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}projection of the stone above or below,{ vertstrokesuperiortaH11080
tacticalrangerecorder [ENG] A sonardevice inb?ld vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
surfaceshipsusedtoplotthetime-rangecoordi-tablespoonful [MECH] A unit of volume used
nates of submarines and determine firing ofparticularly in cookery,equal to 4 fluid drams or
depth charges,{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080t?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉnj rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}1/2fluid ounce;inthe UnitedStatesthis isequal
tactilesensor [CONT SYS] A transducer,usuallyto approximately 14.7868 cubic centimeters,in
associated with a robot end effector,that is sen-the United Kingdom to approximately 14.2065
sitive to touch; comprises stress and touch sen-cubic centimeters,Abbreviated tbsp,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
sors,{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080t?l vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}b?l|spu¨nvertstrokeinferiorfu˙l}
taffraillog [ENG] A log consisting essentially oftableting [ENG] A punch-and-die procedure for
a rotator towed through the water by a braidedthe compaction of powdered or granular solids;
loglineattachedtoadistance-registeringdeviceused for pharmaceuticals,food products,fire-
usually secured at the taffrail,the railing at theworks,vitamins,and dyes,{ vertstrokesuperiortabH11080l?dH11080i? }
stern,Also known as patent log,{ vertstrokesuperiortafvertstrokeinferiorraˉltabling [BUILD] Formation of a horizontal ma-
vertstrokeinferiorla¨g}sonry joint by arranging building stones in a
Tag-Robinson colorimeter [ENG] A laboratorycourse so that they extend into the next course
device used to determine the color shades ofand thus prevent slippage,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉbH11080li? }
lubricating and other oils; the color,reported astabstop [DES ENG] A column position to which
anumber,isdeterminedbyvaryingthethicknessthe printing mechanism of a typewriter or com-
of a column of oil until its color matches thatputer printer advances upon receipt of a com-
ofastandardcolorglass,{ vertstrokesuperiortag vertstrokesuperiorra¨bH11080?nH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiork?H11080mand,{ vertstrokesuperiortab vertstrokeinferiorsta¨p}
l?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}tachometer [ENG] An instrument that meas-
tailboard See tailgate,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉlvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }ures the revolutions per minute or the angular
tailgate [CIVENG] Thedownstreamgate ofaca-speed of a rotating shaft,{ t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
nal lock,[ENG] A hinged gate at the rear of atack [DESENG] Asmall,sharp-pointednailwith
vehicle that can be let down for convenience ina broad flat head,{ tak }
loading,Also known as tailboard,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉlvertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}tack coat [CIV ENG] A thin layer of bitumen,
road tar,or emulsion laid on a road to enhance tail house [CHEM ENG] An installation in a re-
finery containing a look box,facilities for sam-adhesion of the course above it,{ vertstrokesuperiortak vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
tackiness See tack,{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080eˉH11080n?s } pling,and controls for diverting the products to
storagetanksortootherlocationsintherefinerytackle [MECH ENG] Any arrangement of ropes
and pulleys to gain a mechanical advantage,for further processing,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉl vertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
tailing [BUILD] Theprojectingportionofastone{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080?l or vertstrokesuperiortaˉkH11080?l (naval usage) }
tack range [ENG] The length of time during orbrickthathasbeensetintoawall,forexample,
a cornice,{ taˉlH11080i? }which an adhesive will remain in the tacky-dry
condition after application to an adherent,tailings [ENG] The lighter particles which pass
over a sieve in milling,crushing,or purifying{ vertstrokesuperiortak vertstrokeinferiorraˉnj }
tactical aircraft shelter [CIV ENG] A shelter to operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉlH11080i?z}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
tailpulley
tail pulley [MECH ENG] A pulley at the tail of a lead pipe to increase its diameter,{ vertstrokesuperiortamH11080
peˉH11080?n}the beltconveyor opposite thenormal discharge
end; may be a drive pulley or an idler pulley,tandemcompensationSeecascade compensation.
{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080d?m vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉl vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
tailrace [ENG] Achannelforcarryingwateraway tandem distributed numerical control [CONT
SYS] A form of distributed numerical control in-from a turbine,waterwheel,or other industrial
application,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉlvertstrokeinferiorraˉs } volvinga seriesofmachinesconnected byacon-
veyor and automatic loading and unloading de-tailstock [MECH ENG] A part of a lathe that
holds the end of the work not being shaped,vices that are under control of the central com-
puters,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080d?mdi|stribH11080y?dH11080?dnu˙|merH11080?H11080allowing it to rotate freely,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉlvertstrokeinferiorsta¨k}
tailwarningradar [ENG] Radar installed in the k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl}
tandem-drive conveyor [MECH ENG] A con-tailof anaircrafttowarn thepilotthat anaircraft
is approaching from the rear,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉl vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rnH11080i? veyor having the conveyor belt in contact with
two drive pulleys,both driven with the samevertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
Tainter gate [CIV ENG] A spillway gate whose motor,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080d?m |dr?ˉvk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
tandem roller [MECH ENG] A steam- or gaso-face is a section of a cylinder; rotates about a
horizontal axis on the downstream end of the line-driven road roller in which the weight is
divided between heavy metal rolls,of dissimilargate and can be closed under its own weight.
Also known as radial gate,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉnH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt } diameter,one behind the other,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080d?m
vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r}takeup [MECH ENG] A tensioning device in a
belt-conveyor systemfor taking up slackof loose tang [ENG] 1,The part of a file that fits into a
handle,2.Theendofadrillshankwhichallowsparts,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉkvertstrokeinferior?p}
takeup pulley [MECH ENG] An adjustable idler transmission of torque from the drill press spin-
dle to the body of the drill,{ ta? }pulley to accommodate changes in the length of
a conveyor belt to maintain proper belt tension,tangentgalvanometer [ENG] Agalvanometerin
which a small compass is mounted horizontally{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉkvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
takeup reel [ENG] The reel that accumulates in the center of a large vertical coil of wire; the
current through the coil is proportional to themagnetic tape after it is recorded or played by
a tape recorder,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉkvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiorreˉl } tangentoftheangleofdeflectionofthecompass
needle from its normal position parallel to thetakttime [IND ENG] 1,The rate of customer de-
mand,calculated by dividing the available pro- magnetic field of the earth,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080j?nt vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080
v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}duction time by the quantity the customer re-
quires in that time,2,The reciprocal of the tangential acceleration [MECH] The compo-
nent of linear acceleration tangent to the pathproduction rate,{ vertstrokesuperiortak vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
talk-listen switch [ENG ACOUS] A switch pro- ofaparticlemovinginacircularpath,{ tanvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
ch?lakvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}vided on intercommunication units to permit
using the loudspeaker as a microphone when tangentialhelical-flowturbineSeehelical-flow tur-
bine,{ tanvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080ch?l |helH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}desired,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙k vertstrokesuperiorlisH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorswich }
tallbuilding [CIVENG] Astructurethat,because tangential stress See shearing stress,{ tanvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080
ch?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }of its height,is affected by lateral forces due to
wind or earthquake to the extent that the forces tangential velocity [MECH] 1,The instanta-
neouslinearvelocityofabodymovinginacircu-constitute an important element in structural
design,Also known as high-rise building,lar path; its direction is tangential to the circular
path at the point in question,2,The compo-{ |to˙l |bilH11080di? }
tamp [ENG] To tightly pack a drilled hole with nent of the velocity of a body that is perpendicu-
lar to a line from an observer or reference pointclay or other stemming material after the charge
has been placed,{ tamp } to the body,{ tanvertstrokesuperiorjenH11080ch?lv?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tangentoffset [ENG] In surveying,a method oftamper [CIV ENG] A ramming device for com-
pacting a granular material such as soil,backfill,plotting traverse lines; angles are laid out by
linear measurement,using a constant times theor unformed concrete; usually powered by a
motor,{ vertstrokesuperiortamH11080p?r } naturaltangentoftheangle,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080j?ntvertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset }
tangent point See point of tangency,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080j?nttampingbag [ENG] A bag filled with stemming
material such as sand for use in horizontal and vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
tangentscrew [ENG] Ascrewprovidingtangen-upward sloping shotholes,{ vertstrokesuperiortampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbag }
tampingbar [ENG] A piece of wood for pushing tial movement along an arc,such as the screw
which provides the final angular adjustment ofexplosivecartridgesorforcingthestemminginto
shotholes,{ vertstrokesuperiortampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } a marine sextant during an observation,{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080
j?nt vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }tampingplug [ENG] Aplugofironorwoodused
instead oftamping material toclose upa loaded tank [ELECTR] 1,A unit of acoustic delay-line
storage containing a set of channels,each form-blasthole,{ vertstrokesuperiortampH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
tamping roller See sheepsfoot roller,{ vertstrokesuperiortampH11080i? ing a separate recirculation path,2,The heavy
metal envelope of a large mercury-arc rectifiervertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?r}
tampion [ENG] A cone-shaped hand tool usu- orothergastubehavingamercury-poolcathode.
3,Seetankcircuit,[ENG] A largecontainer forally fashioned of hardwood that is forced into
552
taperecorder
holding,storing,or transporting a liquid,complete with circuitry for attachment to a
printed circuit board,The chip-bonded tape car-{ta?k}
tankage [ENG] Contents of a storage tank,riers typicallyare suppliedon a reel(like aroll of
film) for automated circuit assembly processes.{ vertstrokesuperiorta?H11080kij }
tankballoon [ENG] Anair-andvapor-tightflexi- { |taˉp vertstrokeinferioro˙dH11080?vertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorba¨nH11080di? }
tape cartridge [ENG ACOUS] A cartridge thatble container fitted to the breather pipe of a
gasoline storage tank to receive gasoline vapors; holds a length of magnetic tape in such a way
that the cartridge can be slipped into a tapeas the tank cools,the vapors return to the tank.
{ vertstrokesuperiorta?kb?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨n } recorder and played without threading the tape;
instereophonicusage,usuallyreferstoaneight-tankbottom [CHEM ENG] The liquid material in
a tank below the level of the outlet pipe; often track continuous-loop cartridge,which is larger
than a cassette,Also known as cartridge.amixtureof thestoredliquidwith rustandother
sediment,{ vertstrokesuperiorta?k vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080?m} {vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080trij }
tape-controlled machine [MECH ENG] A ma-tank car [ENG] Railroad car onto which is
mounted a cylindrical,horizontal tank designed chine tool whose movements are automatically
controlled by means of a magnetic or punchedfor the transport of liquids,chemicals,gases,
meltable solids,slurries,emulsions,or fluidiza- tape,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉpk?n|troˉld m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
tape correction [ENG] A quantity applied to able solids,{ vertstrokesuperiorta?k vertstrokeinferiorka¨r}
tankgage [ENG] A device used to measure the taped distance to eliminate or reduce errors due
to the physical condition of the tape and thecontents of a liquid storage tank; can be manual
or automatic,{ vertstrokesuperiorta?k vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj } manner in which it is used,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉpk?vertstrokeinferiorrekH11080sh?n}
tape deck [ENG ACOUS] A tape-recordingtank scale [ENG] A counterweighted suspen-
sion or platform weighing mechanism for tanks,mechanism that is mounted on a motor board,
including the tape transport,electronics,andhoppers,andsimilarsolidsorliquidscontainers.
{ vertstrokesuperiorta?k vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl } controls,but no power amplifier or loudspeaker.
{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiordek }tank truck [ENG] A truck body onto which is
mounted a cylindrical,horizontal tank,designed tapedriveSeetapetransport,[MECHENG] Ade-
vice that transmits power from an actuator to afor the transport of liquids,chemicals,gases,
meltable solids,slurries,emulsions,or fluidiza- remotemechanismbyflexibletapesandpulleys.
{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv}ble solids,{ vertstrokesuperiorta?k vertstrokeinferiortr?k}
tanning [ENG] A process of preserving animal tape-floatliquid-levelgage [ENG] Aliquid-level
measurement by a float connected by a flexiblehides by chemical treatment (using vegetable
tannins,metallic sulfates,and sulfurized phenol tape to a rotating member,in turn connected
to an indicator mechanism,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp |floˉt vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?dcompounds,or syntans) to make them immune
to bacterial attack,and subsequent treatment |levH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
tapegage [ENG] A box- or float-type tide gagewith fats and greases to make them pliable.
{ vertstrokesuperiortanH11080i? } which consists essentially of a float attached to
a tape and counterpoise; the float operates in atantalum nitride resistor [ELECTR] A thin-film
resistor consisting oftantalum nitride deposited vertical box or pipe which dampens out short-
period wind waves while admitting the sloweron a substrate,such as industrial sapphire.
{ vertstrokesuperiortantH11080?lH11080?m vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉvertstrokeinferiortr?ˉdrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r } tidal movement; for the standard installation,
the tape is graduated with numbers increasingtap [DES ENG] 1,A plug of accurate thread,
form,and dimensions on which cutting edges towardthefloatandisarrangedwithpulleysand
counterpoise to pass up and down over a fixedare formed; it is screwed into a hole to cut an
internal thread,2,A threaded cone-shaped reading mark as the tide rises and falls,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}fishing tool,[ELEC] A connection made at
some point other than the ends of a resistor or tape loop [ENG ACOUS] A length of magnetic
tape having the ends spliced together to formcoil,[ENG] Asmall,threadedholedrilledinto
a pipe or process vessel; used as connection an endless loop; used in message repeater units
andinsometypesoftapecartridgestoeliminatepointsforsamplingdevices,instruments,orcon-
trols,{ tap } the need for rewinding the tape,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiorlu¨p}
tape player [ENG ACOUS] A machine designedtapbolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a head that can
be screwed into a hole and held in place without only for playback of recorded magnetic tapes.
{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiorplaˉH11080?r}a nut,Also known as tap screw,{ vertstrokesuperiortap vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
tap crystal [ELECTR] Compound semiconduc- taper bit [DES ENG] A long,cone-shaped non-
coring bit used in drilling blastholes and intor that stores current when stimulated by light
andthengivesupenergyasflashesoflightwhen wedging and reaming operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r
vertstrokeinferiorbit }it is physically tapped,{ vertstrokesuperiortap vertstrokeinferiorkristH11080?l}
tapdrill [MECHENG] Adrillusedtomakeahole tape recorder [ENG ACOUS] A device that re-
cords audio signals and other information onof a precise size for tapping,{ vertstrokesuperiortap vertstrokeinferiordril }
tape [ENG] A graduated steel ribbon used,in- magnetic tapeby selective magnetizationof iron
oxide particles that form a thin film on the tape;stead of a chain,in surveying,{ taˉp}
tape-automated bonding [ELECTR] A semicon- a recorder usually also includes provisions for
playing back the recorded material,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉpriductor chip (die) assembly method,where the
chips are connected to polyimide (tape) carriers,vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
553
taperecording
tape recording [ENG ACOUS] The record made modes of operation,Also known as tape drive.
on a magnetic tape by a tape recorder,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp { vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? } taping [ENG] The process of measuring dis-
tapered core bit [DES ENG] A core bit having tances with a surveyor’s tape,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉpH11080i? }
a conical diamond-inset crown surface tapering tappet [MECH ENG] A lever or oscillating mem-
from a borehole size at the bit face to the next
bermovedbyacamandintendedtotaportouch
larger borehole size at its upper,shank,or ream-
anotherpart,such asapushrod orvalvesystem.
ing-shell end,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?rd vertstrokesuperiorko˙r vertstrokeinferiorbit }
{ vertstrokesuperiortapH11080?t}
tapered joint [DES ENG] A firm,leakproof con-
tappetrod [MECH ENG] A rod carrying a tappet
nection between two pieces of pipe having the
or tappets,as one for opening or closing the
thread formed with a slightly tapering diameter.
valves in a steam or an internal combustion en-
{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?rd vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
gine,{ vertstrokesuperiortapH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
tapered thread [DES ENG] A screw thread cut
tapping [MECH ENG] Forming an internal screw
on the surface of a tapered part; it may be either
thread in a hole or other part by means of a tap.
a pine or box thread,or a V-,Acme,or square-
{ vertstrokesuperiortapH11080i? }
screw thread,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?rd vertstrokesuperiorthred }
tapping screw See self-tapping screw,{ vertstrokesuperiortapH11080i?
tapered wheel [DES ENG] A flat-face grinding
vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
wheel with greater thickness at the hub than at
tapscrew See tap bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiortap vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
the face,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?rd vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}
tap wrench [ENG] A tool used to clamp taps
tapergage [ENG] A precision gage that is used
during tapping operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortap vertstrokeinferiorrench }
to check the accuracy of a standard taper,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
tare [MECH] The weight of an empty vehicle or
p?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
container;subtractedfromgrossweighttoascer-
taperkey [DESENG] A rectangular machine key
tain net weight,{ ter }
that is slightly tapered along its length,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
target [ELECTR] 1,In an x-ray tube,the anode
p?r vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
or anticathode which emits x-rays when bom-
taperpin [DES ENG] A small,tapered self-hold-
bardedwithelectrons,2.Inatelevisioncamera
ing peg or nail used to connect parts together.
tube,the storage surface that is scanned by an
{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpin }
electron beam to generate an output signal cur-
taper pipe thread See pipe thread,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokesuperiorp?ˉp
rentcorrespondingtothecharge-densitypattern
vertstrokeinferiorthred }
stored there,3.In a cathode-ray tuning indica-
taperpluggage [DES ENG] An internal gage in
tor tube,one of the electrodes that is coated
the shape of a frustrum of a cone used to meas-
with a material that fluoresces under electron
ure internal tapers,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokesuperiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
bombardment,[ENG] 1.Theslidingweighton
taperreamer [DES ENG] A reamer whose fluted
a leveling rod used in surveying to enable the
portion tapers toward the front end,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r
staffman to read the line of collimation,2.The
vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080m?r}
point that a borehole or an exploratory work is
taper ring gage [DES ENG] An external gage
intended to reach,3,In radar and sonar,any
having a conical internal contour; used to meas-
object capable of reflecting the transmitted
ure external tapers,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokesuperiorri?vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
beam,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080g?t}
taper-rollingbearing [MECHENG] Arollerbear-
target acquisition radar [ENG] An antiaircraft
ing capable of sustaining end thrust by means
artillery radar,normally of lesser range capabili-
oftaperedrollersandconedraces,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080
ties but of greater inherent accuracy than that
li?vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
of surveillance radar,whose normal function is
tapershank [DES ENG] A cone-shaped part on
to acquire aerial targets either by independent
a tool that fits into a tapered sleeve on a driving
search or on direction of the surveillance radar,
member,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorsha?k}
and to transfer these targets to tracking radars.
taper tap [DES ENG] A threaded cone-shaped
{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080g?t vertstrokeinferiorakH11080w?|zishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
tool for cutting internal screw threads,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080
target-typeflowmeter [ENG] A fluid-flow meas-
p?r vertstrokeinferiortap }
urement device with a small circular target sus-
taper washer [DES ENG] A type of washer de-
pended centrally in the flow conduit; the target
signed to be used underneath nuts with tapered
transmits force to a force-balance transmitter
flanges to enable the bolt assembly to fit prop-
by means of a pivoted bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080g?t |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
erly when tightened,{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorwa¨shH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
tape speed [ENG ACOUS] The speed at which
tariff [INDENG] Agovernment-imposeddutyon
magnetic tape moves past the recording head in
imported or exported goods,{ vertstrokesuperiortarH11080?f}
a tape recorder; standard speeds are
15
/
16
,1
7
/
8
,
tarring [ENG] The coating of piles for perma-
3
3
/
4
,7
1
/
2
,15,and 30 inches per second (2.38125,
nent underground work with prepared acid-free
4.7625,9.525,19.05,38.1,and 76.2 centimeters
tar,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨rH11080i? }
per second); faster speeds give improved high-
taskanalysis [INDENG] Aprocessfordetermin-frequency response under given conditions.
ing in detail the specific behaviors required of{ vertstrokesuperiortaˉp vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
thepersonnelinvolvedin ahuman-machinesys-tapetransport [ENG ACOUS] The mechanism of
tem,{ vertstrokesuperiortask?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}a tape recorder that holds the tape reels,drives
the tape past the heads,and controls various task element [IND ENG] The smallest logically
554
technicalspecifications
definable set of perceptions,decisions,and re- machinefollowing agivenworkorder whichusu-
ally involves removing parts such as jigs andsponsesrequiredofahumanbeingintheperfor-
fixtures and which must be completely finishedmance of a task,{ vertstrokesuperiortask vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
before setting up for the next order,{ vertstrokesuperiortertaut-bandammeter [ENG] Amodificationofthe
|dau˙n vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}permanent-magnet movable-coil ammeter in
tearstrength [MECH] The force needed to initi-which the jeweled bearings and control springs
ate or to continue tearing a sheet or fabric.are replaced by a taut metallic band rigidly held
{ vertstrokesuperiorter vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }at the ends; the coil is firmly attached to the
teaspoonful [MECH] Aunitof volumeusedpar-
band,and restoring torque is supplied by twist-
ticularly in cookery and pharmacy,equal to
ing of the band,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙t |band vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
1
1
/
3
fluid drams,or 1/3 tablespoonful; in the
taut-line cableway [MECH ENG] A cableway
United States this is equal to approximately
whose operation is limited to the distance be-
4.9289cubiccentimeters,intheUnitedKingdom
tween two towers,usually 3000 feet (914 meters)
toapproximately4.7355cubiccentimeters,Ab-
apart,hasonlyonecarrier,andthetractioncable
breviated tsp; tspn,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉvertstrokeinferiorspu¨nvertstrokeinferiorfu¨l}
isreevedatthecarriersothatloadscanberaised
technical atmosphere [MECH] A unit of pres-
and lowered; the towers can be mounted on
sure in the metric technical system equal to one
trucks or crawlers,and the machine shifted
kilogram-force per square centimeter,Abbrevi-
across a wide area,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙t |l?ˉn vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080b?lvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
ated at,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperioratH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorsfir }
tawing [ENG] A tanning process in which alum
technical characteristics [ENG] Those charac-
is used as a partial tannage,supplementing or
teristics of equipment which pertain primarily to
replacing chrome,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙H11080i? }
the engineeringprinciples involvedin producing
taxichannel [CIV ENG] A defined path,on a wa-
equipment possessing desired characteristics,
terairport,intendedfortheuseoftaxiingaircraft.
for example,for electronic equipment; technical
{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?l}
characteristics include such items as circuitry,
taxiway [CIVENG] Aspeciallypreparedordesig-
and types and arrangement of components.
nated path on an airport for taxiing aircraft.
{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080tiks }
{ vertstrokesuperiortakH11080seˉvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
technical evaluation [ENG] The study and in-
T beam [CIV ENG] A metal beam or bar with a
vestigationtodeterminethetechnicalsuitability
T-shaped cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
of material,equipment,or a system,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080
Tbolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a T-shaped head,
k?livertstrokeinferiorvalH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080sh?n}
made to fit into a T-shaped slot in a drill swivel
technical information [ENG] Information,in-
head or in the bed of a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
cluding scientific information,which relates to
tbsp See tablespoonful.
research,development,engineering,testing,
teach [CONT SYS] To program a robot by guid-
evaluation,production,operation,use,and
ing it through its motions,which are then re-
maintenance of equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
corded and stored in its computer,{ teˉch }
f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
teachbox See teach pendant,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉch vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
technical inspection [ENG] Inspection of
teach-by-doing [CONT SYS] A method of pro-
equipmenttodeterminewhetheritisserviceable
gramming a robot in which the operator guides
for continued use or needs repairs,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080
the robot through its intended motions by hold-
k?linvertstrokesuperiorspekH11080sh?n}
ing it and performing the work,{ |teˉch H11080b?ˉ
technical maintenance [ENG] A category of
vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080i? }
maintenance that includes the replacement of
teach-by-driving [CONT SYS] Programming a
unserviceablemajorparts,assemblies,orsubas-
robot by using a teach pendant,{ |teˉch H11080b?ˉ
semblies,and the precision adjustment,testing,
vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉvH11080i? }
and alignment of internal components,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080
teachgun See teach pendant,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉch vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
n?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080?ns }
teachinginterface [CONT SYS] The devices and
technical manual [ENG] A publication con-
hardware that are used to instruct robots and
taining detailed information on technical proce-
other machinery how to operate,and to specify
dures,including instructions on the operation,
their motions,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉchH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorinH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiorfaˉs}
handling,maintenance,andrepairofequipment.
teachmode [CONT SYS] The mode of operation
{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiormanH11080y?H11080w?l}
in which a robot is instructed in its motions,
technical representative [IND ENG] A person
usually by guiding it through these motions us-
who represents one or more manufacturers in
ing a teach pendant,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉch vertstrokeinferiormoˉd}
an area and who gives technical advice on the
teach pendant [CONT SYS] A hand-held device application,installation,operation,and mainte-
used to instruct a robot,specifying the character nance of their products,in addition to selling
and types of motions it is to undertake,Also the products,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l |repH11080ri|zentH11080?dH11080iv}
known as teach box; teach gun,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉch vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080 technical specifications [ENG] A detailed de-
d?nt } scription of technical requirements stated in
teardown [ENG] 1.Todisassembleadrillingrig terms suitable to form the basis for the actual
preparatory to moving it to another drill site,design,development,and production processes
2,To disassemble a machine or change the jigs of an item having the qualities specified in the
and fixtures,{ vertstrokesuperiorter vertstrokesuperiordau˙n} operational characteristics,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080n?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorspesH11080
H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?nz }tear-down time [IND ENG] The downtime of a
555
tectonics
tectonics [CIV ENG] 1,The science and art of a telephone set that converts the audio-fre-
quency current variations of a telephone lineconstruction with regard to use and design.
into sound waves,by the motion of a diaphragm2.Design relating to crustal deformations of the
activatedbyamagnetwhosefieldisvariedbytheearth,{ tekvertstrokesuperiorta¨nH11080iks }
electricalimpulsesthatcomeoverthetelephonetectonometer [ENG] An apparatus,including a
wire,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉnrivertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080v?r}microammeter,used on the surface to obtain
telephone set [ENG ACOUS] An assembly in-knowledge of the structure of the underlying
cluding a telephone transmitter,a telephone re-rocks,{ vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ceiver,and associated switching and signaling
tee [ENG] Shaped like the letter T,{ teˉ }
devices,Also known as telephone,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?
teejoint [ENG] A joint in which members meet
vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn vertstrokeinferiorset }
at right angles,forming a T,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
telephonetransmitter [ENG ACOUS] The micro-
telechir [CONTSYS] A handlikeremote manipu-
phone usedin a telephoneset toconvert speech
lator,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkir }
into audio-frequency electric signals,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?
telechirics [CONT SYS] The use of teleoperators
vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn tranzvertstrokeinferiormidH11080?r}
or remote manipulators,{ |telH11080?|kirH11080iks }
telephotometer [ENG] A photometer that
telegraphbuoy [ENG] A buoy used to mark the
measuresthereceivedintensityofadistantlight
position of a submarine telegraph cable,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080
source,{ |telH11080?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorgraf vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
telepresence [CONTSYS] Thequalityofsensory
telemeteorograph [ENG] Any meteorological
feedback from a teleoperator or telerobot to a
instrument,such as a radiosonde,in which the
human operator such that the operator feels
recordinginstrumentislocatedatsomedistance
present at the remote site,{ |telH11080?vertstrokesuperiorprezH11080?ns }
from the measuring apparatus; for example,a
telepsychrometer [ENG] A psychrometer in
meteorological telemeter,{ |telH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?
which the wet- and dry-bulb thermal elements
vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
are located at a distance from the indicating
telemeteorography [ENG] The science of the
elements,{ |telH11080?H11080s?ˉvertstrokesuperiorkra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
design,construction,and operation of various
telerecording bathythermometer [ENG] A de-
types of telemeteorographs,{ |telH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080eˉH11080
vice which transmits measurements of sea water
vertstrokesuperiorra¨gH11080r?H11080fe }
depth and temperature over a wire to a ship,
telemeter [ENG] 1,The complete measuring,
where a graph of temperature versus depth is
transmitting,andreceivingapparatusforindicat-
recorded,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?H11080rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? |bathH11080iH11080th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080
ing or recording the value of a quantity at a
dH11080?r}
distance,Also known as telemetering system.
telerobot [CONTSYS] Atypeofteleoperatorthat
2,To transmit the value of a measured quantity
embodiesfeaturesofarobotandisprogrammed
to a remote point,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
for communication with a human operator in a
telemetering [ENG] Transmitting the readings
high-level language but can revert to direct con-
of instruments to a remote location by means
trol in the event of unplanned contingencies.
of wires,radio waves,or other means,Also
{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
known as remote metering; telemetry,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080
telescope [ENG] Any device that collects radia-
vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri? }
tion,which may be in the form of electromag-
telemeteringsystem See telemeter,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080
netic or particle radiation,from a limited direc-
H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
tion in space,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
telemetering wave buoy [ENG] A buoy assem-
telescopicalidade [ENG] An alidade used with
bly that transmits a radio signal that varies in
aplane table,consisting ofa telescopemounted
frequency proportional to the vertical accelera-
onastraightedgeruler,fittedwithalevelbubble,
tion experienced by the buoy,thereby conveying
scale,and vernier to measure angles,and cali-
information about the buoy’s vertical motion as
brated to measure distances,{ |telH11080?|ska¨pH11080ik
it rides the waves,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
vertstrokesuperioralH11080?vertstrokeinferiordaˉd}
telemetry See telemetering,{ t?vertstrokesuperiorlemH11080?H11080treˉ }
telescopicderrick [ENG] A drill derrick divided
teleoperation [ENG] 1,The real-time control of
into two or more sections,with the uppermost
remotely located machines that act as the eyes
sections nesting successively into the lower sec-
and hands of a person located elsewhere,it has
tions,{ |telH11080?|ska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordevertstrokeinferiorrik }
been used in undersea and lunar exploration,
telescopictripod [ENG] A drill or surveyor’s tri-
mining,and microsurgery,2,Operation from a
pod each leg of which is a series of two or more
remotelocation,Alsoknownasremotemanip-
closely fitted nesting tubes,which can be locked
ulation,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n} rigidly together in an extended position to form
teleoperatorSee remote manipulator,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080 a long leg or nested one within the other for
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r} easy transport,{ |telH11080?|ska¨pH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpa¨d}
telephone See telephone set,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} telescopinggage [DES ENG] An adjustable in-
telephone dial [ENG] A switch operated by a ternal gage with a telescoping plunger that ex-
finger wheel,used to make and break a pair of pands under spring tension in the hole to be
contactstherequirednumberoftimesforsetting measured; it is locked into position to allow
up a telephone circuit to the party being called,measurement after being withdrawn from the
{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn vertstrokeinferiord?ˉl} hole,{ |telH11080?|skoˉpH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorgaˉj}
telescoping valve [MECH ENG] A valve,withtelephonereceiver [ENGACOUS] Theportionof
556
temperatureprofilerecorder
sliding,telescoping members,to regulate water heat-exchange standard designed to supple-
ment the American Society of Mechanical Engi-flow in a pipe line with minimum disturbance to
neers code for unfired pressure vessels,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉH11080stream lines,{ |telH11080?|skoˉpH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
m?vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rd }telethermometer [ENG] A temperature-mea-
temper [ENG] 1,To moisten and mix clay,plas-
suring system in which the heat-sensitive ele-
ter,or mortar to the proper consistency for use.
ment is located at a distance from the indicating
2,See anneal,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080p?r}
element,{ |telH11080?H11080th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
temperature [THERMO] A property of an object
telethermoscope [ENG] A temperature teleme-
whichdeterminesthedirectionofheatflowwhen
ter,frequently used in a weather station to indi-
the object is placed in thermal contact with an-
cate the temperature at the instrument shelter
other object,heat flows from a region of higher
located outside,{ |telH11080?vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
temperature to one of lower temperature; it is
telethesis [ENG] A robotic manipulation aid for
measured either by an empirical temperature
the physically disabled that may be located re-
scale,based on some convenient property of a
mote from the body,There are two forms,oper-
material or instrument,or by a scale of absolute
ated by voice command,or operated through a
temperature,for example,the Kelvin scale.
body-powered prosthesis or a joystick,{ t?vertstrokesuperiorleH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
thH11080?H11080s?s}
temperature-actuated pressure relief valve
televiewer [ENG] An acoustic camera that pro-
[MECH ENG] A pressure relief valve which oper-
vides an ultrasonic image of the borehole wall
ates when subjected to increased external or
during borehole logging,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvyu¨H11080?r}
internal temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r |akH11080
televisionfilmscanner [ENG] A motion picture
ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?rri|leˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv }
projector adapted for use with a television cam-
temperature bath [THERMO] A relatively large
era tube to televise 24-frame-per-second motion
volume of a homogeneous substance held at
picture film at the 30-frame-per-second rate
constant temperature,so that an object placed
required for television,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvizhH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorfilm in thermal contact with it is maintained at the
vertstrokeinferiorskanH11080?r} same temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorbath }
television tower [ENG] A tall metal structure temperature-chlorinity-depthrecorder [ENG] An
used as a television transmitting antenna,or instrument in which an underwater unit sus-
used with another such structure to support a pended from a cable records temperature,chlo-
rinity,and depth sequentially on a single-pentelevision transmitting antenna wire,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080
strip recorder,each quantity being recorded for?vertstrokeinferiorvizhH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
several seconds at a time,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?rtelford pavement [CIV ENG] A road pavement
klo˙vertstrokesuperiorrinH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiordepth rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}having a firm foundation of large stones and
temperature color scale [THERMO] The rela-stone fragments,and a smooth hard-rolled sur-
tion between an incandescent substance’s tem-
face of small stones,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080f?rd vertstrokeinferiorpaˉvH11080m?nt }
perature and the color of the light it emits.
Tellerette [CHEM ENG] A type of inert packing
{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokesuperiork?lH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
with the appearance of a circular-wound spiral,
temperature-compensatedZenerdiode [ELECTR]
used to create a large surface area to increase
Positive-temperature-coefficient reversed-bias
contact between falling liquid and rising vapor;
Zener diode (pn junction) connected in series
used in gas-absorption operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt}
with one or more negative-temperature forward-
telltale [ENG] A marker on the outside of a tank
biased diodes within a single package,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080
that indicates on an exterior scale the amount
pr?H11080ch?r |ka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorzeˉH11080n?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
of fluid inside the tank,{ vertstrokesuperiortelvertstrokeinferiortaˉl}
temperaturecompensation [ELECTR] Theproc-
telltalefloat [CIVENG] Awater-levelindicatorin
ess of making some characteristic of a circuit
a reservoir,{ vertstrokesuperiortelvertstrokeinferiortaˉl |floˉt}
or device independent of changes in ambient
tellurometer [ENG] A microwave instrument
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?nvertstrokeinferiorsaˉH11080
used in surveying to measure distance; the time
sh?n}
for a radio wave to travel from one observation
temperature control [ENG] A control used to
point to the other and return is measured and
maintain the temperature of an oven,furnace,
converted into distance by phase comparison,
or other enclosed space within desired limits.
much as in radar,{ vertstrokeinferiortelH11080y?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?rk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
telpher [MECH ENG] An electric hoist hanging
temperatureerror [ENG] That instrument error
from and driven by a wheeled cab rolling on a
due to nonstandard temperature of the instru-
single overhead rail or a rope,{ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080f?r}
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
Telsmithbreaker [MECHENG] Atypeofgyratory
temperature gradient [THERMO] For a given
crusher,oftenusedforprimarycrushing;consists
point,a vector whose direction is perpendicular
of a spindle mounted in a long eccentric sleeve
to an isothermal surface at the point,and whose
which rotates to impart a gyratory motion to the
magnitudeequalstherateofchangeoftempera-
crushing head,but gives a parallel stroke,that
ture in this direction,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080eˉH11080
is,the axis of the spindle describes a cylinder?nt }
rather than a cone,as in the suspended spindle temperatureprofilerecorder [ENG] A portable
gyratory,{ vertstrokesuperiortelvertstrokeinferiorsmith vertstrokeinferiorbraˉH11080k?r} instrumentformeasuringtemperature asafunc-
tion of depth in shallow water,particularly inTEMAstandard [CHEM ENG] Shell-and-tube
557
temperaturescale
lakes,in which a thermistor element transmits of a material by use of a calibrated pull test.
Also known as tensile specimen; test specimen.data over an electrical cable to a recording drum
and depth is measured by the amount of wire { vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
tensilemodulus [MECH] The tangent or secantpaid out,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r |proˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
temperaturescale [THERMO] An assignment of modulus of elasticity of a material in tension.
{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080?H11080l?s}numbers to temperatures in a continuous man-
ner,such that the resulting function is single tensilespecimenSeetensile bar,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorspesH11080
H11080m?n}valued; it is either an empirical temperature
scale,based on some convenient property of a tensilestrength [MECH] The maximum stress a
material subjected to a stretching load can with-substance or object,or it measures the absolute
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl } stand without tearing,Also known as hot
strength,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }temperature sensor [ENG] A device designed
to respond to temperature stimulation,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080 tensile stress [MECH] Stress developed by a
material bearing a tensile load,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?lpr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r}
temperature transducer [ENG] A device in an vertstrokeinferiorstres }
tensile test [ENG] A test in which a specimenautomatic temperature-control system that con-
verts the temperature into some other quantity is subjected to increasing longitudinal pulling
stress until fracture occurs,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiortest }suchasmechanicalmovement,pressure,orelec-
tric voltage; this signal is processed in a control- tensimeter [ENG] A device for measuring differ-
ences in the vapor pressures of two liquids inler,and is applied to an actuator which controls
the heat of the system,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r tranz whichtheliquidsareplacedinsealed,evacuated
bulbs connected by a differential manometer.vertstrokeinferiordu¨H11080s?r}
tempering air [ENG] Low-temperature air { tenvertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
tensiometry [ENG] A discipline concerned withadded to a heated airstream to regulate the
stream temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080p?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorer } the measurement of tension or tensile strength.
{ vertstrokeinferiortenH11080seˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }template [ENG] 1.Atwo-dimensionalrepresen-
tation of a machine or other equipment used for tension [MECH] 1,The condition of a string,
wire,orrodthatisstretchedbetweentwopoints.building layout design,2,A guide or a pattern
used in manufacturing items,Also spelled 2,The force exerted by the stretched object on
a support,[MECH ENG] A device on a textiletemplet,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pl?t}
temporaldecomposition [CONT SYS] The parti- manufacturing machine or a sewing machine
thatregulatesthetautnessandthemovementoftioning of the control or decision-making prob-
lem associated with a large-scale control system the thread or the fabric,Also known as tension
device,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n}into subproblems based on the different time
scales relevant to the associated action func- tensiondevice See tension,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?ndivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
tension member [CIV ENG] A structural mem-tions,{ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?l vertstrokeinferiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
temporary structures [CIV ENG] Structures ber subject to tensile stress,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n
vertstrokeinferiormemH11080b?r}used to facilitate the construction of buildings,
bridges,tunnels,and other above- and below- tension pulley [MECH ENG] A pulley around
which an endless rope passes mounted on aground facilities by providing access,support,
and protection for the facility as well as assuring trolleyorothermovablebearingsothattheslack
of the rope can be readily taken up by the pullthesafetyoftheworkersandthepublic,{ |temH11080
p?vertstrokeinferiorrerH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080ch?rz } of the weights,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
tension rod [DES ENG] A rod held in place byTen Broecke chart [THERMO] A graphical plot
of heat transfer and temperature differences tension devices at the ends,such as a rod for a
clothes closet,[ENG] A rod in a truss or otherused to calculate the thermal efficiency of a
countercurrent cool-fluid-warm-fluid heat- structure that connects opposite parts in order
to prevent their spreading,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}exchange system,{ vertstrokesuperiorten vertstrokeinferiorbru¨H11080k?vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
tender [MECH ENG] A vehicle that is attached tensometer [ENG] A portable machine that is
used to measure the tensile strength and otherto a locomotive and carries supplies of fuel and
water,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080d?r } mechanical properties of materials,{ tenvertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080
dH11080?r}tendon [CIV ENG] A steel bar or wire that is ten-
sioned,anchored to formed concrete,and al- tenthmeter See angstrom,{ vertstrokesuperiortenthvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
terahertztechnology [ENG] Thegeneration,de-lowed to regain its initial length to induce com-
pressive stress in the concrete before use,tection,and application (such as in communica-
tions and imaging) of electromagnetic radiation{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080d?n}
tenon [ENG] A tonguelike projection from the roughly in the frequency range from 0.05 to 20
terahertz,corresponding to wavelengths from 6end of a framing member which is made to fit
into a mortise,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080?n } millimeters down to 15 micrometers,{ vertstrokeinferiorterH11080
vertstrokeinferiorh?rts tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }tenon saw [ENG] A precision saw that has a
metal strip for stiffening along its back,{ vertstrokesuperiortenH11080 teraohmmeter [ENG] An ohmmeter having a
teraohm range for measuring extremely high in-?n vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
tensilebar [ENG] A molded,cast,or machined sulationresistancevalues,{ |terH11080?vertstrokesuperioroˉmvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
terminal [ELEC] 1,A screw,soldering lug,orspecimen of specified cross-sectional dimen-
sions used to determine the tensile properties other point to which electric connections can be
558
theoreticalcutofffrequency
made,Alsoknownaselectricterminal,2.The as advanced sewage treatment,{ |t?rH11080sheˉvertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉ
|su¨H11080ij vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }equipment at the end of a microwave relay sys-
tem or other communication channel,3,One test [IND ENG] A procedure in which the perfor-
mance of a product is measured under variousof the electric input or output points of a circuit
or component,{ vertstrokesuperiorterH11080m?nH11080?l } conditions,{ test }
testboard [ELEC] Switchboard equipped withterminalarea [ELECTR] The enlarged portion of
conductor materialsurrounding ahole fora lead testing apparatus,arranged so that connections
canbemadefromittotelephonelinesorcentral-on a printed circuit,Also known as land; pad.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?nH11080?l |erH11080eˉH11080? } office equipment for testing purposes.
{ vertstrokesuperiortestvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }terminalclearancecapacity [ENG] The amount
ofcargoorpersonnelthatcanbemovedthrough test chamber [ENG] A place,section,or room
having special characteristics where a person orand out of a terminal on a daily basis,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080
m?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorklirH11080?ns k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ } object is subjected to experimental procedures,
as an altitude chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}terminaloperations [ENG] The reception,proc-
essing,and staging of passengers; the receipt,test oscillator See signal generator,{ vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080
vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}transit storage,and marshaling of cargo; the
loading and unloading of ships or aircraft; and testpile [CIV ENG] A pile equipped with a plat-
formonwhichaloadofsandorpigironisplacedthemanifestingandforwardingofcargoandpas-
sengers to destination,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080 inordertodeterminethe loadapilecansupport
(usuallytwicetheworkingload)withoutsettling.sh?nz }
terminal pressure [ENG] A pressure drop { vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
test pit [CIV ENG] An open excavation used toacrossaunitwhenthemaximumallowablepres-
sure drop is reached,as for a filter press,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080 obtain soil samples in foundation studies.
{ vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorpit }m?nH11080?l |preshH11080?r}
terminal throw velocity [ENG] The velocity at testpoint [ELEC] A terminal or plug-in connec-
tor provided in a circuit to facilitate monitoring,which a stream of air exiting a diffuser impinges
on an object or surface,{ |t?rH11080m?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthroˉ calibration,or trouble-shooting,{ vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
test specimen See tensile bar,{ vertstrokesuperiortest vertstrokeinferiorspesH11080?H11080v?vertstrokeinferiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
terminal unit [MECH ENG] In an air-condition- m?n}
tetrode junction transistor See double-base junc-ing system,a unit at the end of a branch duct
through which air is transferred or delivered to tion transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiortevertstrokeinferiortroˉd vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokeinferiorzisH11080
t?r}the conditioned space,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
terminating [ELEC] Closing of the circuit at tetrode transistor [ELECTR] A four-electrode
transistor,such as a tetrode point-contact tran-either end of a line or transducer by connecting
somedevicethereto;terminatingdoesnotimply sistor or double-base junction transistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorte
vertstrokeinferiortroˉd tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}any special condition such as the elimination of
reflection,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080i? } Texas tower [ENG] A radar tower built in the
sea offshore,to serve as part of an early-warningtermiteshield [BUILD] A strip of metal,usually
galvanized iron,bent down at the edges and radar network,{ vertstrokesuperiortekH11080s?s vertstrokesuperiortau˙H11080?r}
text-to-speech synthesizer [ENG ACOUS] Aplaced between the foundation of a house and
a timber floor,around pipes,and other places voice response system that provides an auto-
matic means to take a specification of anywhere termites can pass,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rvertstrokeinferiorm?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
terrace [BUILD] 1.Aflat roof,2.Acolonnaded English text at the input and generate a natural
andintelligibleacousticspeechsignalattheout-promenade,3,An open platform extending
from a building,usually at ground level,put by using complex sets of rules for predicting
the needed phonemic states directly from the{ vertstrokesuperiorterH11080?s}
terrain-clearanceindicatorSee absolute altimeter,input message and dictionary pronunciations.
{ |tekst t? |speˉch vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?vertstrokeinferiors?ˉzH11080?r}{t?vertstrokesuperiorraˉn |klirH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
terrain profile recorder See airborne profile re- th See thermie.
thawhouse [ENG] A small building that is de-corder,{ t?vertstrokesuperiorraˉn |proˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉlrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
terrain sensing [ENG] The gathering and re- signed for thawing frozen dynamite and which
iscapaciousenoughforasupplyofthaweddyna-cording of information about terrain surfaces
without actual contact with the object or area mite for a day’s work,{ vertstrokesuperiortho˙ vertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
thawing [ENG] Warming dynamite,to reducebeing investigated; in particular,the use of pho-
tography,radar,andinfraredsensinginairplanes risk of premature explosion,{ vertstrokesuperiortho˙H11080i? }
theoretical air [ENG] The amount of air that isand artificial satellites,{ t?vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorsensH11080i? }
tertiaryair [MECH ENG] Combustion air added theoretically required for complete combustion.
{ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorer }to primary and secondary air,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080sheˉvertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉ
vertstrokesuperiorer } theoreticalcutofffrequency [ELEC] Of an elec-
tric structure,a frequency at which,disregardingtertiarysewagetreatment [CIV ENG] A process
for purification of wastewater in which nitrates the effects of dissipation,the attenuation con-
stant changes from zero to a positive value orand phosphates,as well as fine particles,are
removed; the process follows removal of raw vice versa,{ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiork?dvertstrokeinferioro˙f vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080
seˉ }sludge and biological treatment,Also known
559
theoreticalplate
theoreticalplate [CHEMENG] Adistillation col- thermal conductimetry [THERMO] Measure-
ment of thermal conductivities,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lumn plate or tray that produces perfect distilla-
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortimH11080?H11080treˉ }tion (that is,produces the same difference in
thermal conductivity [THERMO] The heat flowcomposition as that existing between a liquid
across a surface per unit area per unit time,di-mixture and the vapor in equilibrium with it);
vided by the negative of the rate of change of
the packed-column equivalent of a theoretical
temperature with distance ina direction perpen-
plate is the HETP,or height (of packing) equiva-
dicular to the surface,Also known as coeffi-
lent to a theoretical plate,{ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?H11080k?l
cient of conductivity; heat conductivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt}
m?l vertstrokeinferiorkanvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
theoreticalrelievingcapacity [MECH ENG] The
thermal conductivity cell See katharometer.
capacity of a theoretically perfect nozzle calcu-
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorsel }
lated in volumetric or gravimetric units,{ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080
thermal conductivity gage [ENG] A pressure
vertstrokesuperiorredH11080?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorleˉvH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
measurement device for high-vacuum systems;
Therbergsystem [INDENG] Asystemofcatego-
an electrically heated wire is exposed to the gas
rizinghandmovementsthatisusedinthestand-
under pressure,the thermal conductivity of
ard motion-and-time analysis technique.
which changes with changes in the system pres-
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rvertstrokeinferiorb?rg vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
sure,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
therblig See elemental motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rvertstrokeinferiorblig }
thermalconductor [THERMO] A substance with
therblig chart [IND ENG] An operation chart
a relatively high thermal conductivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
with the suboperations divided into basic mo-
m?lk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?r}
tions,all designated with appropriate symbols.
thermalconvection See heat convection,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rvertstrokeinferiorblig vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
m?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorvekH11080sh?n}
therm [THERMO] A unit of heat energy,equal to
thermalconverter [ELECTR] A device that con-
100,000internationaltableBritishthermalunits,
verts heat energy directly into electric energy by
or approximately 1.055 H11003 10
8
joules,{ th?rm }
using the Seebeck effect; it is composed of at
thermactor See air-injection system,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rvertstrokeinferiormakH11080
least two dissimilar materials,one junction of
t?r}
which is in contact with a heat source and the
thermal [THERMO] Of or concerning heat.
other junction of which is in contact with a heat
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l}
sink,Also known as thermocouple converter;
thermal ammeter See hot-wire ammeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
thermoelectric generator; thermoelectric power
m?l vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
generator; thermoelement,[ENG] An instru-
thermal-arrestcalorimeter [ENG] Avacuumde-
ment used with external resistors for ac current
vice for measurement of heats of fusion; a sam-
and voltage measurements over wide ranges,
ple is frozen under vacuum and allowed to melt
consisting of a conductor heated by an electric
as the calorimeter warms to room temperature.
current,with one or more hot junctions of a
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l?|rest vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
thermocouple attached to it,so that the output
thermal barrier See thermal break,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
emfrespondstothetemperaturerise,andhence
vertstrokesuperiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r}
the current,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
thermal break [BUILD] A component that is a
thermal coulomb [THERMO] A unit of entropy
poor conductor of heat and is placed in an as-
equalto1jouleperkelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorku¨vertstrokeinferiorla¨m}
sembly containing highly conducting materials
thermalcracking [CHEM ENG] A petroleum re-
in order to reduce or prevent the flow of heat.
fining process that decomposes,rearranges,or
Also known as thermal barrier,{ |th?rH11080m?l
combines hydrocarbon molecules by the appli-
|braˉk}
cation of heat,without the aid of catalysts.
thermal bulb [ENG] A device for measurement
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
of temperature; the liquid in a bulb expands
thermal detector See bolometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?ldi
with increasing temperature,pressuring a spiral
vertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}
Bourdon-type tube element and causing it to
thermaldiffusivity See diffusivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiordiH11080
deform(unwind)indirectrelationtothetemper-
fyu¨H11080sivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ature in the bulb,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l |b?lb }
thermal drift [ELECTR] Drift caused by internal
thermalcapacitance [THERMO] Theratio ofthe
heating of equipment during normal operation
entropy added to a body to the resulting rise in
or by changes in external ambient temperature.
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?ns }
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiordrift }
thermal capacity See heat capacity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
thermal drilling [MECH ENG] A machining
k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
method in which holes are drilled in a workpiece
thermal compressor [MECH ENG] A steam-jet
by heat generated from the friction of a rotating
ejectordesignedtocompresssteamatpressures
tool,{ |th?rH11080m?l |drilH11080i? }
above atmospheric,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorpresH11080?r}
thermal efficiency [CHEM ENG] In a tube-and-
thermalconductance [THERMO] Theamountof shell heat-exchange system,the ratio of the ac-
heat transmitted by a material divided by the tual temperature range of the tube-side fluid
difference in temperature of the surfaces of the (inlet versus outlet temperature) to the maxi-
material,Alsoknownasconductance,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080 mum possible temperature range,See efficiency.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?livertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }m?lk?nvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }
560
thermalshock
thermal effusion See thermal transpiration,neutrons in multiple collisions in a moderator
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?levertstrokesuperiorfyu¨H11080zh?n} surrounding the source),and the characteristic
thermal emissivity See emissivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080 high-energy gamma rays that are then emitted
mivertstrokesuperiorsivH11080?dH11080eˉ } by the objects are used in analysis and imaging.
thermal environment [IND ENG] Those aspects { vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiornu¨vertstrokeinferiortra¨n?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
of the workplace that include local temperature,thermalohm [THERMO] Aunitofthermalresist-
humidity,andairvelocityaswellasthepresence ance equal to the thermal resistance for which
of radiating surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rmH11080?linvertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080r?nH11080 a temperature difference of 1 kelvin produces a
m?nt }
flowofentropyof1wattperkelvin,Alsoknown
thermal equilibrium [THERMO] Property of a
as fourier,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperioroˉm}
systemallpartsofwhichhaveattainedauniform
thermalpolymerization [CHEMENG] Athermal,
temperature which is the same as that of the
petroleum refining process used to convert light
system’s surroundings,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080
hydrocarbon gases into liquid fuels; paraffinic
reˉH11080?m}
hydrocarbons are cracked to produce olefinic
thermal farad [THERMO] A unit of thermal ca-
material which is concurrently polymerized by
pacitance equal to the thermal capacitance of a
heat and pressure to form liquids,the product
body for which an increase in entropy of 1 joule
being known as polymer gasoline,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
perkelvinresultsinatemperatureriseof1kelvin.
p?vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfarvertstrokeinferiorad }
thermalpotentialdifference [THERMO] The dif-
thermal flame safeguard [MECH ENG] A ther-
ference between the thermodynamic tempera-
mocouple located in the pilot flame of a burner;
tures of two points,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lp?|tenH11080ch?l
if the pilot flame is extinguished,an elective
vertstrokesuperiordifH11080r?ns }
circuit is interrupted and the fuel supply is shut
thermalpowerplant [ENG] Afacilitytoproduce
off,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorflaˉm |saˉfvertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }
electric energy from thermal energy released by
thermalflux See heat flux,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorfl?ks }
combustionofafuelorconsumptionofafission-
thermal henry [THERMO] A unit of thermal in-
able material,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorplant }
ductance equal to the product of a temperature
thermal probe [ENG] An instrument which
difference of 1 kelvin and a time of 1 second
measures theheat flow from oceanbottom sedi-
divided by a rate of flow of entropy of 1 watt per
ment,[MECH ENG] A calorimeter in a boiler
kelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorhenH11080reˉ }
furnace which measures heat absorption rates.
thermal hysteresis [THERMO] A phenomenon
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorproˉb}
sometimesobservedinthebehaviorofatemper-
thermalprocess [CHEM ENG] Any process that
ature-dependent property of a body; it is said to
utilizes heat,without the aid of a catalyst,to
occur if the behavior of such a property is differ-
accomplish chemical change; for example,ther-
ent when the body is heated through a given
malcracking,thermalreforming,orthermalpoly-
temperature range from when it is cooled
merization,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}
through the same temperature range,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
thermal radiation See heat radiation,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
m?l vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
thermal inductance [THERMO] The product of
thermalreactor [CHEM ENG] A device,system,
temperature difference and time divided by en-
or vessel in which chemical reactions take place
tropy flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?linvertstrokesuperiord?kH11080t?ns }
because of heat (nocatalysis); for example,ther-
thermal instrument [ENG] An instrument that
malcracking,thermalreforming,orthermalpoly-
depends on the heating effect of an electric cur-
merization,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
rent,such as a thermocouple or hot-wire instru-
thermalreforming [CHEMENG] Apetroleumre-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
fining process using heat (but no catalyst) to
thermal-liquid system [CHEM ENG] A system
effect molecular rearrangement of a low-octane
with a special liquid that acts as a heat sink
naphtha to form high-octane motor gasoline.
or heat source (for example,steam,hot water,
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lrivertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
mercury,Dowtherm,molten salts,or mineral
thermalrelief [ENG] Avalveorotherdevicethat
oils); used for process heating and cooling.
is preset to open when pressure becomes exces-
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l |likH11080w?d vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
sivedue toincreased temperatureof thesystem.
thermal-loss meter See heat-loss flowmeter.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lrivertstrokesuperiorleˉf}
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l |lo˙s vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
thermalresistance [ELECTR] See effective ther-
thermal mapper See line scanner,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
mal resistance,[THERMO] A measure of a bo-
vertstrokesuperiormapH11080?r}
dy’s ability to prevent heat from flowing throughthermalmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] Microphone
it,equal to the difference between the tempera-depending for its action on the variation in the
tures of opposite faces of the body divided byresistance of an electrically heated conductor
therateofheatflow,Alsoknownasheatresist-thatisbeingalternatelyincreasedanddecreased
ance,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lrivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }in temperature by sound waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
thermal resistivity [THERMO] The reciprocal ofvertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
the thermal conductivity,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?lreˉvertstrokeinferiorzisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080thermalneutronanalysis [ENG] Atechniquefor
dH11080eˉ }detecting explosives,in which the object under
thermal shock [MECH] Stress produced in ainspection is conveyed through a cloud of ther-
mal neutrons (generated by slowing down fast body or in a material as a result of undergoing
561
thermalsoakback
a sudden change in temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l electrons into vacuum from a heated electric
conductor,Also known as Edison effect; Rich-vertstrokesuperiorsha¨k}
thermal soakback [ENG] A phenomenon ardson effect,2,More broadly,the liberation
of electrons or ions from a substance as a resultwhereby,duetothelaginpropagationoftemper-
ature changes through insulating materials,the of heat,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080meˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080ik ivertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
thermistor [ELECTR] A resistive circuit compo-maximum temperature of a thermally protected
structure may be reached a certain time after nent,having a high negative temperature coeffi-
cient of resistance,so that its resistance de-the protective coating has reached its maximum
temperature,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorsoˉkvertstrokeinferiorbak } creases as the temperature increases; it is a sta-
ble,compact,and rugged two-terminalthermal stress [MECH] Mechanical stress in-
duced in a body when some or all of its parts ceramiclike semiconductor bead,rod,or disk.
Derived from thermal resistor,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiormisH11080t?r}are not free to expand or contract in response
to changes in temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorstres } thermoacoustic engine [ENG] A heat engine
that harnesses the combination of the pressurethermal stress cracking [MECH] Crazing or
crackingofmaterials(plasticsormetals)byover- oscillations of a sound wave with the accom-
panying adiabatic temperature oscillations.exposure to elevated temperatures and sudden
temperaturechangesorlargetemperaturediffer- { |th?rH11080moˉH11080?|ku¨H11080stik vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
thermoacoustic refrigerator [ENG] A deviceentials,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l |stres vertstrokesuperiorkrakH11080i? }
thermal telephone receiver [ENG ACOUS] A that uses acoustic power to pump heat from a
regionof lowtemperaturetoa regionofambientthermophone used as a telephone receiver.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉnrivertstrokeinferiorseˉH11080v?r } temperature,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080stik rivertstrokesuperiorfrijH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080
r}thermal transducer [ENG] Any device which
converts energy from some form other than heat thermoacoustic-Stirlingengine [ENG] A device
in which the thermodynamic cycle of a Stirlingenergy into heat energy; an example is the ab-
sorbing film used in the thermal pulse method,engine is accomplished in a traveling-wave
acoustic network,and acoustic power is pro-{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
thermaltranspiration [THERMO] The formation duced from heat,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080stik|st?rH11080li?
vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}of a pressure gradient in gas inside a tube when
there is a temperature gradient in the gas and thermoammeter [ENG] An ammeter that is ac-
tuated by the voltage generated in a thermocou-when the mean free path of molecules in the gas
is a significant fraction of the tube diameter,plethroughwhichissentthecurrenttobemeas-
ured; used chiefly for measuring radio-frequencyAlso known as thermal effusion,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l
vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n } currents,Also known as electrothermal amme-
ter; thermocouple ammeter,{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperioramthermal value [THERMO] Heat produced by
combustion,usually expressed in calories per vertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
thermochemical calorie See calorie,{ |th?rH11080moˉgram or British thermal units per pound.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ } vertstrokesuperiorkemH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080reˉ }
thermocompression bonding [ENG] Use of athermal valve [MECH ENG] A valve controlled
by an element made of material that exhibits a combination of heat and pressure to make con-
nections,aswhenattachingbeadstointegrated-significant change in properties in response to
a change in temperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorvalv } circuit chips; examples include wedge bonding
and ball bonding,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?nthermalvolt See kelvin,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt }
thermalwattmeter [ENG] A wattmeter in which vertstrokesuperiorba¨ndH11080i? }
thermocompressionevaporator [MECHENG] Athermocouples are used to measure the heating
produced when a current is passed through a system to reduce the energy requirements for
evaporation by compressing the vapor from aresistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?l vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
thermic boring [ENG] Boring holes into con- single-effect evaporator so that the vapor can
be used as the heating medium in the samecrete by means of a high temperature,produced
by a steel lance packed with steel wool which is evaporator,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080k?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?nivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}ignited and kept burning by oxyacetylene or
other gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080mik vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i? } thermocouple [ENG] A device consisting basi-
cally of two dissimilar conductors joined to-thermie [THERMO] A unit of heat energy equal
to the heat energy needed to raise 1 tonne of gether at their ends; the thermoelectric voltage
developed between the two junctions is propor-water from 14.5H11034C to 15.5H11034C at a constant pres-
sure of 1 standard atmosphere; equal to 10
6
fif- tionaltothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe
junctions,so the device can be used to measureteen-degrees calories or (4.1855H110060.0005)H1100310
6
joules,Abbreviated th,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080meˉ } the temperature of one of the junctions when
the other is held at a fixed,known temperature,thermion [ELECTR] A charged particle,either
negative or positive,emitted by a heated body,or to convert radiant energy into electric energy.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?l}as by the hot cathode of a thermionic tube.
{ |th?rmvertstrokesuperior?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨n} thermocouple ammeter See thermoammeter.
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?l vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}thermionic [ELECTR] Pertaining to the emis-
sion of electrons as a result of heat,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080 thermocouple pyrometer See thermoelectric py-
rometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?lp?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}meˉvertstrokesuperiora¨nH11080ik }
thermionicemission [ELECTR] 1.Theoutflowof thermocouple vacuum gage [ENG] A vacuum
562
thermoelectricmaterial
gage that depends for its operation on the ther- energy,accompanied by thermal effects.
{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080s?s}mal conduction of the gas present; pressure is
measured as a function of the voltage of a ther- thermodynamicproperty [THERMO] A quantity
which is either an attribute of an entire systemmocouple whose measuring junction is in ther-
mal contact with a heater that carries a constant or is a function of position which is continuous
and does not vary rapidly over microscopic dis-current; ordinarily,used over a pressure range
of 10
H110021
to 10
H110023
millimeter of mercury,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080 tances,except possibly for abrupt changes at
boundariesbetweenphasesofthesystem;exam-m?vertstrokeinferiork?pH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
thermodynamic cycle [THERMO] A procedure ples are temperature,pressure,volume,concen-
tration,surface tension,and viscosity,Alsoor arrangement in which some material goes
through a cyclic process and one form of energy,known as macroscopic property,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?
ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }such as heat at an elevated temperature from
combustion of a fuel,is in part converted to thermodynamicsystem [THERMO] Apartofthe
physical world as described by its thermody-another form,such as mechanical energy of a
shaft,the remainder being rejected to a lower namic properties,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080
t?m}temperature sink,Also known as heat cycle.
{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l} thermodynamic temperature scale [THERMO]
Any temperature scale in which the ratio of thethermodynamic efficiency [IND ENG] An index
for rating the effort required by a worker per- temperatures of two reservoirs is equal to the
ratio of the amount of heat absorbed from oneforming a task in terms of the ratio of work per-
formed to the energy consumed,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080 of them by a heat engine operating in a Carnot
cycle to the amount of heat rejected by this en-d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
thermodynamic equation of state [THERMO] gine to the other reservoir; the Kelvin scale and
the Rankine scale are examples of this type.An equation that relates the reversible change
inenergyofathermodynamicsystemtothepres- { |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}
thermodynamicvariableSee thermodynamic func-sure,volume,and temperature,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080
d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik ivertstrokesuperiorkwaˉH11080zh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt } tionofstate,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ikvertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l}
thermoelectricconverter [ELECTR] A converterthermodynamic equilibrium [THERMO] Prop-
erty of a system which is in mechanical,chemi- that changes solar or other heat energy to elec-
tricenergy;usedasapowersourceonspacecraft.cal,and thermal equilibrium,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080
d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokeinferioreˉH11080kw?vertstrokesuperiorlibH11080reˉH11080?m} {|th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?r}
thermoelectriccooler [ENG] An electronic heatthermodynamic function of state [THERMO]
Any of the quantities defining the thermody- pump based on the Peltier effect,involving the
absorption of heat when current is sent throughnamic state of a substance in thermodynamic
equilibrium; for a perfect gas,the pressure,tem- a junction of two dissimilar metals; it can be
mounted within the housing of a device to pre-perature,and density are the fundamental ther-
modynamic variables,any two of which are,by vent overheating or to maintain a constant tem-
perature,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080l?r}the equation of state,sufficient to specify the
state,Also known as state parameter; state thermoelectric cooling [ENG] Cooling of a
chamber based on the Peltier effect; an electricvariable; thermodynamic variable,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080
d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorfkH11080sh?n?v vertstrokesuperiorstaˉt } current is sent through a thermocouple whose
cold junction is thermally coupled to the cooledthermodynamic potential [THERMO] One of
several extensive quantities which are deter- chamber,while the hot junction dissipates heat
to the surroundings,Also known as thermo-minedbytheinstantaneousstateofathermody-
namic system,independent of its previous his- electric refrigeration,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080
i? }tory,and which are at a minimum when the sys-
tem is in thermodynamic equilibrium under thermoelectric generator See thermal converter.
{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}specified conditions,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik p?
vertstrokesuperiortenH11080ch?l} thermoelectric heating [ENG] Heating based
onthePeltiereffect,involvingadevicewhichisinthermodynamic potential at constant volume See
free energy,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik pe|tenH11080ch?l at principlethesameasthatusedinthermoelectric
cooling except that the current is reversed.vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080st?nt vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m}
thermodynamic principles [THERMO] Laws { |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }
thermoelectric junction See thermojunction.governing the conversion of energy from one
form to another,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorprinH11080 { |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n}
thermoelectric laws [ENG] Basic relationshipss?H11080p?lz }
thermodynamic probability [THERMO] Under usedinthedesignandapplicationofthermocou-
ples for temperature measurement; for example,specifiedconditions,thenumberofequallylikely
states in which a substance may exist; the the law of the homogeneous circuit,the law of
intermediate metals,and the law of successivethermodynamic probability H9024 is related to the
entropy S by S H11005 k ln H9024,where k is Boltz- or intermediate temperatures,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080
trik vertstrokesuperiorlo˙z}mann’s constant,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080
vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ } thermoelectric material [ELECTR] A material
that can be used to convert thermal energy intothermodynamic process [THERMO] A change
of any property of an aggregation of matter and electric energy or provide refrigeration directly
563
thermoelectricpyrometer
fromelectricenergy;goodthermoelectricmateri- thermointegrator [ENG] An apparatus,used in
studying soil temperatures,for measuring theals include lead telluride,germanium telluride,
bismuth telluride,and cesium sulfide,{ |th?rH11080 total supply of heat during a given period; it
consists of a long nickel coil (inserted into themoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik m?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l}
thermoelectricpyrometer [ENG] Aninstrument soil by an attached rod) forming a 100-ohm
resistance thermometer and a 6-volt battery,thewhichusesoneormorethermocouplestomeas-
ure high temperatures,usually in the range be- current used being recorded on a galvanometer;
a mercury thermometer can be used,{ |th?rH11080tween 800 and 2400H11034F (425 and 1315H11034C),Also
known as thermocouple pyrometer,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080 moˉvertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?r}
thermojunction [ELECTR] OneofthesurfacesofivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thermoelectric refrigeration See thermoelectric contactbetweenthetwoconductorsofathermo-
couple,Alsoknownasthermoelectricjunction.cooling,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik rivertstrokeinferiorfrijH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
thermoelectric thermometer [ENG] A type of { |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiorjkH11080sh?n}
thermometer [ENG] An instrument that meas-electricalthermometerconsistingoftwothermo-
couples which are series-connected with a po- ures temperature,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thermometer anemometer [ENG] An anemom-tentiometer and a constant-temperature bath;
one couple,called the reference junction,is eter consisting of two thermometers,one with
an electric heating element connected to theplacedinaconstant-temperaturebath,whilethe
otherisusedasthemeasuringjunction,{ |th?rH11080 bulb; the heated bulb cools in an airstream,and
the difference in temperature as registered bymoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorlekH11080trik th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thermoelectromotive force [ELEC] Voltage de- the heated and unheated thermometers can be
translatedinto airvelocity bya conversionchart.veloped due to differences in temperature be-
tween parts of a circuit containing two or more { th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thermometer-bulbliquid-levelmeter [ENG] De-different metals,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080i|lekH11080tr?|moˉdH11080iv
vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs } tection of liquid level by temperature measure-
mentchangesusinganimmersedbulb-typether-thermoforming [ENG] Forming of thermoplas-
tic sheet by heating it and then pulling it down mometer,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r |b?lb vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d |levH11080
l vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}onto a mold surface to shape it,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
m?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080i? } thermometerframe [ENG] A frame designed to
hold two or more reversing thermometers; suchthermogalvanometer [ENG] Instrument for
measuring small high-frequency currents by a frame is often attached directly to a Nansen
bottle,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}their heating effect,generally consisting of a di-
rect-current galvanometer connected to a ther- thermometer screen See instrument shelter.
{th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}mocouple that is heated by a filament carrying
the current to be measured,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080galH11080 thermometer shelter See instrument shelter.
{th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorshelH11080t?r}v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
thermograd probe [ENG] An instrument that thermometer support [ENG] A device used to
hold liquid-in-glass maximum and minimummakes a record of temperature versus depth as
it is lowered to the ocean floor,and measures thermometers in the proper recording position
insideaninstrumentshelter,andtopermitthemheat flow through the ocean floor,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
m?vertstrokeinferiorgrad vertstrokesuperiorproˉb } tobereadandreset,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?rs?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt }
thermometricconductivitySee diffusivity,{ |th?rH11080thermogram [ENG] The recording made by a
thermograph,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgram } m?|meH11080trik vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiord?kvertstrokeinferiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
thermometric fluid [THERMO] A fluid that hasthermograph [ENG] An instrumentthat senses,
measures,and records the temperature of the properties,such as a large and uniform thermal
expansion coefficient,good thermal conductiv-atmosphere,Also known as recording ther-
mometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf } ity,and chemical stability,that make it suitable
for use in a thermometer,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080m?|meH11080trikthermographcorrectioncard [ENG] A table for
quick and accurate correction of the reading of vertstrokesuperiorflu¨H11080?d}
thermometric property [THERMO] A physicala thermograph to that of the more accurate dry-
bulb thermometer at the same time and place,property that changes in a known way with tem-
perature,and can therefore be used to measure{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorka¨rd }
thermography [ENG] A method of measuring temperature,{ |th?rH11080m?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorpra¨pH11080?rdH11080eˉ }
thermometry [THERMO] The science and tech-surface temperature by using luminescent mate-
rials,the two main types are contact thermogra- nologyofmeasuringtemperature,andtheestab-
lishment of standards of temperature measure-phy and projection thermography,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨gH11080
r?H11080feˉ } ment,{ th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
thermomigration [ELECTR] A technique forthermogravitationalcolumn [CHEM ENG] A de-
vice in which thermal diffusion results from the doping semiconductors in which exact amounts
of known impurities are made to migrate fromcountercurrent flow of hot and cold material,
thus increasing the separation of materials in the cool side of a wafer of pure semiconductor
material to the hotter side when the wafer isa solution by the formation of a concentration
gradient (difference),Also known as Clausius- heated in an oven,{ |th?rH11080moˉH11080m?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgraˉH11080sh?n}
thermo-pervaporation See membrane distillation.Dickel column,{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l
vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m} {|th?rH11080moˉH11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
564
thin-filmintegratedcircuit
thermophone [ENG ACOUS] An electroacoustic thickening [CHEM ENG] The concentration of
the solids in a suspension in order to recover atransducerinwhichsoundwaveshavinganaccu-
rately known strength are produced by the fraction with a higher concentration of solids
than in the original suspension,{ vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080?H11080ni? }expansion and contraction of the air adjacent to
a strip of conducting material,whose tempera- thick-film capacitor [ELEC] A capacitor in a
thick-film circuit,made by successive screen-ture varies in response to a current input that is
the sum of a steady current and a sinusoidal printing and firing processes,{ vertstrokesuperiorthik |film k?
vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}current; used chiefly for calibrating micro-
phones,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn} thick-film circuit [ELECTR] A microcircuit in
which passive components,of a ceramic-metalthermophoresis [THERMO] The movement of
particles in a thermal gradient from high to low composition,are formed on a ceramic substrate
by successive screen-printing and firing proc-temperatures,{ vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080m?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
thermopile [ENG] An array of thermocouples esses,and discrete active elements are attached
separately,{ vertstrokesuperiorthik |film vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokesuperiork?t}connected either in series to give higher voltage
output or in parallel to give higher current out- thick-film hybrid [ELECTR] An assembly con-
sisting ofa thick-film circuit patternwith mount-put,used for measuring temperature or radiant
energyor forconvertingradiantenergy intoelec- ing positions for the insertion of conventional
silicon devices,{ vertstrokeinferiorthik vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080br?d}tric power,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉl}
thermoregulator [ENG] A high-accuracy or thick-film resistor [ELEC] Fixed resistor whose
resistance element is a film well over 0.001 inchhigh-sensitivity thermostat; one type consists of
a mercury-in-glass thermometer with sealed-in (25 micrometers) thick,{ vertstrokesuperiorthik |film rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
thick-filmsensor [ENG] A thick-film circuit thatelectrodes,inwhichtherisingandfallingcolumn
of mercury makes and breaks an electric circuit,is fabricated from suitable materials to measure
a physical quantity such as mechanical stress or{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
thermorelay See thermostat,{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorlaˉ } temperature or to perform a chemical sensing
application such as the measurement of gas orthermoscreen See instrument shelter,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
m?vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn } liquid composition,acidity,or humidity,{ vertstrokeinferiorthik
vertstrokeinferiorfilm vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080s?r}thermosiphon [MECH ENG] A closed system of
tubes connected to a water-cooled engine which thicknessgage [ENG] Agageformeasuringthe
thickness of a sheet of material,the thickness ofpermit natural circulation and cooling of the liq-
uid by utilizing the difference in density of the anobject,orthethicknessofacoating;examples
include penetration-type and backscattering ra-hot and cool portions,{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?n}
thermosiphonreboiler [CHEMENG] Aliquidre- dioactive thickness gages and ultrasonic thick-
ness gages,{ vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}heater (as for distillation-column bottoms) in
which natural circulation of the boiling liquid is Thiele coordinates [CHEM ENG] A graphical
methodforcalculatingthesolvent-freecomposi-obtainedbymaintainingasufficientliquidhead.
{ |th?rH11080moˉvertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080f?n |reˉvertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080l?r } tion of two components being separated by sol-
vent extraction,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉlH11080? koˉvertstrokeinferioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }thermostat [ENG] An instrument which meas-
ureschangesintemperatureanddirectlyorindi- Thiele-Geddesmethod [CHEM ENG] A method
for the prediction of the product distributionrectly controls sources of heating and cooling to
maintain a desired temperature,Also known from a multicomponent distillation system.
{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉlH11080?vertstrokesuperiorgedH11080?s vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}as thermorelay,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorstat }
thermostatic switch [ELEC] A temperature- thinfilm [ELECTR] A film a few molecules thick
deposited on a glass,ceramic,or semiconductoroperated switch that receives its operating en-
ergy by thermal conduction or convection from substrate to form a capacitor,resistor,coil,cryo-
tron,or other circuit component,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin vertstrokesuperiorfilm }thedevicebeingcontrolledoroperated,{ |th?rH11080
m?|stadH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorswich } thin-filmcapacitor [ELEC] A capacitor that can
be constructed by evaporation of conductor andthermoswitch See thermal switch,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080m?
vertstrokeinferiorswich } dielectric films in sequence on a substrate; sili-
conmonoxide isgenerally usedas thedielectric.thermovoltmeter [ENG] A voltmeter in which a
current from the voltage source is passed { vertstrokesuperiorthin |film k?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r}
thin-filmcircuit [ELECTR] A circuit in which thethrough a resistor and a fine vacuum-enclosed
platinum heater wire; a thermocouple,attached passive components and conductors are pro-
duced as films on a substrate by evaporation ortothemidpointoftheheater,generatesavoltage
of a few millivolts,and this voltage is measured sputtering; active components may be similarly
produced or mounted separately,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |filmby a direct-current millivoltmeter,{ |th?rH11080moˉ
vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
thin-film field-emitter cathode [ELECTR] Athetagram [THERMO] A thermodynamic dia-
gram with coordinates of pressure and tempera- sharply pointed microminiature electron field
emitter with an integral low-voltage extractionture,both on a linear scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorthaˉdH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
thickener [ENG] A nonfilter device for the re- gate,{ |thin vertstrokeinferiorfilm |feˉld ivertstrokeinferiormidH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkathvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
thin-film integrated circuit [ELECTR] An inte-movalofliquidfroma liquid-solidsslurrytogive
a dewatered (thickened) solids product; can be grated circuit consisting entirely of thin films
deposited in a patterned relationship on a sub-by gravity settling or centrifugation,{ vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080?H11080
n?r } strate,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |film vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
565
thin-filmmaterial
thin-filmmaterial [ELECTR] A material that can solid,adjustable,or spring adjustable,or a self-
opening die head,used to produce an externalbe deposited as a thin film in a desired pattern
thread on a part,{ vertstrokesuperiorthredH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }by a variety of chemical,mechanical,or high-
threadingmachine [MECH ENG] A tool used tovacuum evaporation techniques,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |film
cut or form threads inside or outside a cylinderm?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080e
ˉH11080?l}
or cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorthredH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
thin-filmresistor [ELEC] A fixed resistor whose
thread plug [ENG] Mold part which shapes an
resistance element is a metal,alloy,carbon,or
internal thread onto a molded article; must be
other film having a thickness of about 0.000001
unscrewed from the finished piece,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred
inch (25 nanometers),{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |film rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
thin-film semiconductor [ELECTR] Semicon-
threadpluggage [DESENG] Athreadgageused
ductor produced by the deposition of an appro-
to measure female screw threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred
priatesingle-crystallayeronasuitableinsulator.
vertstrokeinferiorpl?g vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |film vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r}
threadprotector [ENG] Ashort-threadedringto
thin-filmtransistor [ELECTR] A field-effect tran-
screw onto a pipe or into a coupling to protect
sistor constructed entirely by thin-film tech-
the threads while the pipe is being handled or
niques,for use in thin-film circuits,Abbrevi-
transported,Also known as pipe-thread pro-
ated TFT,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |film tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
tector,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred pr?vertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
thin-plate orifice [ENG] A thin-metal orifice
thread rating [ENG] The maximum internal
sheet used in fluid-flow measurement in fluid
working pressure allowable for threaded pipe or
conduits by means of differential pressure drop
tubing joints; important for pressure systems,
across the orifice,{ vertstrokesuperiorthin |plaˉt vertstrokesuperioro˙rH11080?H11080f?s}
chemical processes,and oil-well systems.
third law of motion See Newton’s third law.
{ vertstrokesuperiorthred vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
threadringgage [DESENG] Athreadgageused
third law of thermodynamics [THERMO] The
to measure male screw threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred vertstrokesuperiorri?
entropy of all perfect crystalline solids is zero at
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
absolutezerotemperature,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rd vertstrokesuperiorlo˙?v |th?rH11080
three-body problem [MECH] The problem of
moˉH11080d?vertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
predicting the motions of three objects obeying
third rail [CIV ENG] The electrified metal rail
Newton’s laws of motion and attracting each
which carries current to the motor of an electric
other according to Newton’s law of gravitation.
locomotive or other railway car,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rd vertstrokesuperiorraˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |ba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
13.0temperatureSee annealing point,{ |th?rvertstrokeinferiorteˉn
three-dimensionalbraidingSee through-the-thick-
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
ness braiding,{ |threˉ di|menH11080ch?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorbraˉdH11080i? }
Thoma cavitation coefficient [MECH ENG] The
three-dimensional sound See virtual acoustics.
equation for measuring cavitation in a hydraulic
{ |threˉ d?vertstrokeinferiormenH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd }
turbine installation,relating vapor pressure,
three-input adder See full adder,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |invertstrokeinferiorpu˙t
barometric pressure,runner setting,tail water,
vertstrokesuperioradH11080?r}
and head,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorkavH11080?vertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080
three-input subtracter See full subtracter,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ
nt }
|invertstrokeinferiorpu˙ts?bvertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r}
Thomasmeter [ENG] Aninstrumentusedtode-
three-jawchuck [DES ENG] A drill chuck having
termine the rate of flow of a gas by measuring
three serrated-face movable jaws that can grip
the rise in the gas temperature produced by a
and hold fast an inserted drill rod,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |jo˙
known amount of heat,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?s vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorch?k}
Thomson bridge See Kelvin bridge,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080s?n
three-junctiontransistor [ELECTR] A pnpn tran-
vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
sistor having three junctions and four regions of
thoroughfare [CIV ENG] 1.An important,unob-
alternating conductivity; the emitter connection
structed public street or highway,2,A street
may be made to thepregion at the left,the base
going through from one street to another.
connection to the adjacent n region,and the
3,An inland waterway for passage of ships usu-
collector connection to the n region at the right,
ally not between two bodies of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?rH11080
while the remaining p region is allowed to float.
vertstrokeinferiorfer }
{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |jkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
thou See mil.
three-layer diode [ELECTR] A junction diode
thread [DES ENG] A continuous helical rib,as
with three conductivity regions,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |laˉH11080?r
on a screw or pipe,{ thred }
vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
threadcontour [DES ENG] The shape of thread
three-phase circuit [ELEC] A circuit energized
design as observed in a cross section along the
by alternating-current voltages that differ in
major axis,for example,square or round.
phase by one-third of a cycle or 120H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ
{ vertstrokesuperiorthred vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortu˙r}
|faˉz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
thread cutter [MECH ENG] A tool used to cut
three-point problem [ENG] The problem of lo-
screw threads on a pipe,screw,or bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred catingthehorizontalpositionofapointofobser-
vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080?r} vation from the two observed horizontal angles
thread gage [DES ENG] A design gage used to subtended by three known sides of a triangle.
measure screw threads,{ vertstrokesuperiorthred vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} { vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |po˙int vertstrokesuperiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
three-wayswitch [ELEC] Anelectricswitchwiththreadingdie [MECH ENG] A die which may be
566
thrustbearing
three terminals used to control a circuit from which a gas expands by passing from one cham-
ber to another chamber which is at a lower pres-two different points,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ |waˉ vertstrokesuperiorswich }
sure than the first chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorthra¨dH11080?lH11080i? }threshold [BUILD] A piece of stone,wood,or
throttlingcalorimeter [ENG] An instrument uti-metal that lies under an outside door,[ELECTR]
lizing the principle of constant enthalpy expan-In a modulation system,the smallest value of
sion for the measurement of the moisture con-
carrier-to-noiseratioattheinputtothedemodu-
tent of steam; steam drawn from a steampipe
lator for all values above which a small percent-
through sampling nozzles enters the calorimeter
age change in the input carrier-to-noise ratio
through a throttling orifice and moves into a
produces a substantially equal or smaller per-
well-insulated expansion chamber in which its
centage change in the output signal-to-noise
temperatureismeasured,Alsoknownassteam
ratio,[ENG] The least value of a current,volt-
calorimeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorthra¨dH11080?lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
age,or other quantity that produces the mini-
through arch [CIV ENG] An arch bridge from
mum detectable response in an instrument or
which theroadway issuspended asdistinct from
system,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld }
one which carries the roadway on top,{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨
thresholdfrequency [ELECTR] Thefrequencyof
vertstrokeinferiora¨rch }
incident radiant energy below which there is no
throughbridge [CIV ENG] A bridge that carries
photoemissive effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080
the deck within the height of the superstructure.
seˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨ vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
thresholdspeed [ENG] The minimum speed of
through-feed centerless grinding [MECH ENG]
current at which a particular current meter will
A metal cutting process by which the external
measure at its rated reliability,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld
surface of a cylindrical workpiece of uniform di-
vertstrokeinferiorspeˉd}
ameter is ground by passing the workpiece be-
threshold treatment [CHEM ENG] The process
tween a grinding and regulating wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨
of stopping a precipitation-type reaction at the
|feˉd vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?rH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? }
thresholdofprecipitateformation;usedinwater-
throughput [CHEM ENG] The volume of feed-
treatmentreactions,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
stock charged to a process equipment unit dur-
threshold value [CONT SYS] The minimum in-
ing a specified time,{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨vertstrokeinferiorpu˙t}
put that produces a corrective action in an auto-
throughstone See bond header,{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨vertstrokeinferiorstoˉn}
matic control system,{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiorvalH11080yu¨ }
through street [CIV ENG] A street at which all
threshold voltage [ELECTR] 1,In general,the
cross traffic is required to stop before cross-
voltage at which a particular characteristic of an
ing or entering,Also known as throughway.
electronic device first appears,2,The voltage
{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨ vertstrokeinferiorstreˉt}
at which conduction of current begins in a pn
through-the-thickness braiding [ENG] A tech-
junction,3,The voltage at which channel for-
nique for preparing composite materials in
mation occurs in a metal oxide semiconductor
which fibers are intertwined continuously,pro-
field-effect transistor,4,The voltage at which
ducing three-dimensional seamless patterns
a solid-state lamp begins to emit light.
that resist growth of cracks and delamination in
{ vertstrokesuperiorthreshvertstrokeinferiorhoˉld vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
the finishedparts,Also knownas three-dimen-
throat [DES ENG] The narrowest portion of a
sional braiding,{ |thru¨ th? |thikH11080n?s vertstrokesuperiorbraˉdH11080i? }
constricted duct,as in a diffuser or a venturi
throughtransmission [ENG] Anultrasonictest-
tube; specifically,a nozzle throat,[ENG]
ing method in which mechanical vibrations are
1,The smaller end of a horn or tapered wavegu-
transmitted into one end of the workpiece and
ide,2,The area in a fireplace that forms the
received at the other end,{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨ tranzvertstrokeinferiormishH11080
passagewayfromthefireboxtothesmokecham-
n}
ber,{ throˉt}
throughway See expressway; through street.
throatable [DES ENG] Of a nozzle,designed to
{ vertstrokesuperiorthru¨vertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
allow a change in the velocity of the exhaust
throw [ENG] The scattering of fragments in a
stream by changing the size and shape of the
blasting operation,[MECH ENG] The maxi-
throat of the nozzle,{ vertstrokesuperiorthroˉdH11080?H11080b?l}
mum diameter of the circle moved by a rotary
throatmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A contact mi-
part,{ throˉ }
crophone that is strapped to the throat of a
throwout [MECH ENG] In automotive vehicles,
speaker and reacts directly to throat vibrations
the mechanism or assemblage of mechanisms
rather than to the sound waves they produce.
bywhichthedrivenanddrivingplatesofaclutch
{ vertstrokesuperiorthroˉt vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
are separated,{ vertstrokesuperiorthroˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
throttle See throttle valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorthra¨dH11080?l}
throw-out spiral See lead-out groove,{ vertstrokesuperiorthroˉvertstrokeinferiorau˙t
throttlevalve [MECH ENG] A choking device to
vertstrokeinferiorsp?ˉH11080r?l}
regulate flow of a liquid,for example,in a pipe-
thrust [MECH] 1.The force exerted in any direc-
line,to an engine or turbine,from a pump or
tion by a fluid jet or by a powered screw.
compressor,Also known as throttle,{ vertstrokesuperiorthra¨dH11080 2,Force applied to an object to move it in a
l vertstrokesuperiorvalv } desired direction,[MECH ENG] The weight or
throttling [CONTSYS] Controlbymeansofinter- pressure applied to a bit to make it cut.
mediate steps between full on and full off,{ thr?st }
thrust bearing [MECH ENG] A bearing which[THERMO] An adiabatic,irreversible process in
567
thrustload
sustains axial loads and prevents axial move- beam,post,rod,or angle to hold two pieces
together; a tension member in a construction.ment of a loaded shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiorthr?st vertstrokeinferiorberH11080i? }
thrustload [MECH ENG] Aload or pressure par- { t?ˉ }
tie bar [CIV ENG] 1,A bar used as a tie rod.alleltoorinthedirectionoftheshaftofavehicle.
{ vertstrokesuperiorthr?st vertstrokeinferiorloˉd} 2.A rod connecting two switch rails on a railway
to hold them to gage,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}thrust meter [ENG] An instrument for measur-
ing static thrust,especially of a jet engine or tiedarch [CIV ENG] An arch having the horizon-
tal reaction component provided by a tie be-rocket,{ vertstrokesuperiorthr?st vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
thrust yoke [MECH ENG] The part connecting tween the skewbacks of the arch ends,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd
vertstrokesuperiora¨rch }the piston rods of the feed mechanism on a
hydraulically driven diamond-drill swivel head tiedconcretecolumn [CIV ENG] A concrete col-
umn reinforced with longitudinal bars and hori-to the thrust block,which forms the connecting
link between the yoke and the drive rod,by zontal ties,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m}
tie-down diagram [ENG] A drawing indicatingmeansofwhichlinkthelongitudinalmovements
of the feed mechanism are transmitted to the the prescribed method of securing a particular
item of cargo within a specific type of vehicle.swivel-headdriverod,Alsoknownasbackend.
{ vertstrokesuperiorthr?st vertstrokeinferioryoˉk} {vertstrokesuperiort?ˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
tie-downpoint [ENG] An attachment point pro-thumbscrew [DES ENG] A screw with a head
flattened in the same axis as the shaft so that vided on or within a vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
tie-downpointpattern [ENG] Thepatternoftie-it can be gripped and turned by the thumb and
forefinger,{ vertstrokesuperiorth?mvertstrokeinferiorskru¨ } down points within a vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉvertstrokeinferiordau˙n |po˙int
vertstrokesuperiorpadH11080?rn }thump [ENG ACOUS] Low-frequency transient
disturbance in a system or transducer character- tieplate [CIV ENG] A metal plate between a rail
and a tie to hold the rail in place and reduceized audibly by the vocal imitation of the
word,{ th?mp } wear on the tie,[MECH ENG] A plate used in
a furnace to connect tie rods,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}thurm [ENG] Toworkwoodacrossthegrainwith
a saw and chisel in order to produce an effect tier building [CIV ENG] A multistory skeleton
frame building,{ vertstrokesuperiortir vertstrokeinferiorbilH11080di? }similartoturningthepieceonalathe,{ th?rm }
tidallock See entrance lock,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorla¨k} tierod [CIV ENG] A structural member used as
a brace to take tensile loads,[ENG] A roundtidalquay [CIV ENG] A quay in an open harbor
or basin with sufficient depth to enable ships or square iron rod passing through or over a
furnace and connected with buckstays to assistlying alongside to remain afloat at any state of
the tide,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorkeˉ } in binding the furnace together,[MECH
ENG] A rod used as a mechanical or structuraltide gage [ENG] A device for measuring the
heightof atide; maybe observedvisually ormay support between elements of a machine,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉ
vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}consist of an elaborate recording instrument.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} TIGASee truncated icosahedral gravitational-wave
antenna,{ |teˉ|?ˉ|jeˉvertstrokesuperioraˉ or vertstrokesuperiort?ˉH11080g? }tide gate [CIV ENG] 1,A restricted passage
through which water runs with great speed due tight [ENG] 1,Unbroken,crack-free,and solid
rock in which a naked hole will stand withoutto tidal action,2,An opening through which
water may flow freely when the tide sets in one caving,2,A borehole made impermeable to
water by cementation or casing,[MECHdirection,but which closes automatically and
prevents the water from flowing in the other di- ENG] 1.Inadequateclearanceorthebarestmin-
imum of clearance between working parts.rection when the direction of flow is reversed.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt} 2,The absence of leaks in a pressure system.
{t?ˉt}tide indicator [ENG] That part of a tide gage
which indicates the height of tide at any time; tight fit [DES ENG] A fit between mating parts
with slight negative allowance,requiring light tothe indicator may be in the immediate vicinity
of the tidal water or at some distance from it,moderate force to assemble,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉt vertstrokesuperiorfit }
tilting dozer [MECH ENG] A bulldozer whose{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
tidelock See entrance lock,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorla¨k } blade can be pivoted on a horizontal center pin
to cut low on either side,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltH11080i?vertstrokesuperiordoˉH11080z?r}tide machine [ENG] An instrument that com-
putes,sometimesforyearsinadvance,thetimes tilting idlers [MECH ENG] An arrangement of
idler rollers in which the top set is mounted onandheightsofhighandlowwatersatareference
station by mechanically summing the harmonic vertical arms which pivot on spindles set low
down on the frame of the roller stool,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltH11080i?constituents of which the tide is composed.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉdm?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn} vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080l?rz }
tilting mixer [MECH ENG] A small-batch mixertidepole [ENG] A graduated spar used for mea-
suring the rise and fall of the tide,Also known consisting of a rotating drum which can be tilted
to discharge the contents; used for concrete oras tide staff,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorpoˉl}
tidestaff See tide pole,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorstaf } mortar,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltH11080i?vertstrokesuperiormikH11080s?r}
tilting-typeboxcarunloader [CIV ENG] A mech-tie [CIV ENG] One of the transverse supports to
which railroad rails are fastened to keep them anism that is used to unload material such as
grain from a boxcar; the car,with its door open,to line,gage,and grade,[ELEC] 1,Electrical
connection or strap,2,Seetie wire,[ENG] A is held by end clamps on the specialized piece
568
timingbelt
oftrack andtilted 15%from thevertical andthen system’s response to a given input does not de-
pend on the time it is applied,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉminvertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉH11080tiltedendwise40%tothehorizontaltodischarge
nt vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}the material at one end of the car,and 40% in
time-motion study See time and motion study.the opposite direction to discharge the material
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }from the opposite end,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltH11080i? |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorba¨ksvertstrokeinferiorka¨r
time of flight [MECH] Elapsed time in seconds?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080?r}
from the instant a projectile or other missiletiltmeter [ENG] An instrument used to measure
leaves a gun or launcher until the instant itsmall changes in the tilt of the earth’s surface,
strikes or bursts,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm?v vertstrokesuperiorfl?ˉt}
usually in relation to a liquid-level surface or to
time-of-flight spectrometer [ENG] Any instru-
therestpositionofapendulum,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
ment in which the speed of a particle is deter-
tilt/rotate code [ENG] A code that instructs a
mined directly by measuring the time it takes to
‘‘golf ball’’ printing element which angle of tilt
travel a measured distance,{ |t?ˉm?v |fl?ˉt spek
androtation isneeded toprinta givencharacter.
vertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiortiltvertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉt vertstrokeinferiorkoˉd}
timeout [CONT SYS] A test of the reliability of
tilt slab construction See tilt-up construction.
robotic software in which the robot is halted if
{ vertstrokesuperiortilt vertstrokeinferiorslab k?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
a portion of software does not function properly
tilt-up construction [BUILD] A method for con-
until the problem is corrected,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
structing concrete wall panels by casting them
timephasing [IND ENG] Production scheduling
horizontally adjacent to their final positions and
of components for product assembly so that
then tilting them into vertical positions after the
each component is available at the correct time.
concretehascured,Alsoknownastiltslabcon-
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorfaˉzH11080i? }
struction,{ vertstrokesuperiortiltvertstrokeinferior?pk?nvertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
timer [ELECTR] A circuit used in radar and in
timber connector [ENG] A metal fastener that
electronic navigation systems to start pulse
has aseries ofsharp teethdigging into thewood
transmission and synchronize it with other ac-
and is tightened with bolts to join sections of
tions,such as the start of a cathode-ray sweep.
timber in heavy construction,{ vertstrokesuperiortimH11080b?rk?
[ENG] 1,A device for automatically starting or
vertstrokeinferiornekH11080t?r}
stopping a machine or other device,2,See
time and material contract [IND ENG] A con-
interval timer,[MECHENG] A devicethat con-
tract providing for the procurement of supplies
trols timing of the ignition spark of an internal
or services on the basis of direct labor hours at
combustion engine at the correct time.
specified fixed hourly rates (which rates include
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080?r}
direct and indirect labor,overhead,and profit),
time-sharing [IND ENG] Division of the time re-
and material at cost,{ |t?ˉm?nm?vertstrokesuperiortirH11080eˉH11080?l
quired for observation,decision making,and re-
vertstrokeinferiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakt }
sponding by an operator among the activities or
timeandmotionstudy [IND ENG] Observation,
tasks that must be performed almost simultane-
analysis,and measurement of the steps in the
ously,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorsherH11080i? }
performance of a job to determine a standard
time standard See standard time,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080
time for each performance,Also known as
d?rd }
time-motionstudy,{ |t?ˉm?n vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
time study [IND ENG] A work measurement
timebreak [ENG] A distinctive mark shown on
technique,generally using a stopwatch or other
an exploration seismogram to indicate the exact
timing device,to record the actual elapsed time
detonation time of an explosive energy source.
for performance of a task,adjusted for any ob-
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
served variance from normal effort or pace,un-
time-change component [ENG] A component
avoidable or machine delays,rest periods,and
which because of design limitations or safety
personal needs,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorst?dH11080eˉ }
is specified to be rebuilt or overhauled after a
time switch [ENG] A clock-controlled switch
specified period of operation (for example,an
used to open or close a circuit at one or more
engineorpropellerofanairplane),{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm |chaˉnj
predetermined times,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorswich }
k?mvertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080n?nt }
timesystem [CONT SYS] A system of clocks and
time-controlled system See clock control system.
control devices,with or without a master time-
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmk?n|troˉld vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
piece,to indicate time at various remote loca-
timeformula [IND ENG] A formula to determine
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
the standard time of an operation as a function
time-varying system [CONT SYS] A system in
ofoneormorevariablesintheoperation,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm
which certain quantities governing the system’s
vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? } behavior change with time,so that the system
timefuse [ENG] Afusewhichcontainsagradua- will respond differently to the same input at dif-
ted time element to regulate the time interval ferent times,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm |verH11080eˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
after which the fuse will function,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨z} timing [MECH ENG] Adjustment in the relative
time-interval radiosonde See pulse-time-modu- position of the valves and crankshaft of an auto-
lated radiosonde,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉm vertstrokeinferiorinH11080t?rH11080v?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080 mobile engine in order to produce the largest
oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } effective output of power,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i? }
time-invariant system [CONT SYS] A system in timing belt [DES ENG] A power transmission
which all quantities governing the system’s be- beltwithevenlyspacedteethonthebottomside
which mesh with grooves cut on the peripheryhavior remain constant with time,so that the
569
timing-beltpulley
of the pulley to produce a positive,no-slip,con- tire [ENG] A continuous metal ring,or pneu-
matic rubber and fabric cushion,encircling andstant-speed drive,Also known as cogged belt;
fitting the rim of a wheel,{ t?ˉr}synchronous belt,[MECH ENG] A positive
tire iron [DES ENG] A single metal bar havingdrive belt that has axial cogs molded on the
bladelike ends of various shapes to insert be-
underside of the belt which fit into grooves on
tween the rim and the bead of a pneumatic tire
the pulley; prevents slip,and makes accurate
to remove or replace the tire,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080?rn }
timingpossible;combinestheadvantagesofbelt
tirrill burner [ENG] A modification of the bun-
drives with those of chains and gears,Also
sen burner which allows greater flexibility in the
known as positive drive belt,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
adjustment of the air-gas mixture,{ vertstrokesuperiortirH11080?l
timing-beltpulley [MECH ENG] A pulley that is
vertstrokeinferiorb?rH11080n?r}
similar to an uncrowned flat-belt pulley,except
T junction [ELECTR] A network of waveguides
that the grooves for the belt’s teeth are cut in
with three waveguide terminals arranged in the
the pulley’s face parallel to the axis,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i?
form of a letter T; in a rectangular waveguide a
|b?lt vertstrokeinferiorpu˙lH11080eˉ }
symmetrical T junction is arranged by having
timing gears [MECH ENG] The gear train of re-
either all three broadsides in one plane or two
ciprocatingenginemechanismsforrelatingcam-
broadsides in one plane and the third in a per-
shaftspeedtocrankshaftspeed,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorgirz }
pendicular plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
timing motor [ELEC] A motor which operates
T
2
L See transistor-transistor logic.
from an alternating-current power system syn-
TME See metric-technical unit of mass.
chronously with the alternating-current fre-
to-and-fro ropeway See jig back,{ |tu¨?n |froˉ
quency,used in timing and clock mechanisms.
vertstrokesuperiorroˉpvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
Also known as clock motor,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉmH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
toe [CIV ENG] The part of a base of a dam or
Timken film strength [ENG] A test used on a
retaining wall on the side opposite to the re-
gear lubricant to determine the amount of pres-
tained material,{ toˉ }
sure the film of oil can withstand before ruptur- toeboard [BUILD] Aboardplacedaroundaplat-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiortimH11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorfilm vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth } form or on a sloping roof to prevent personnel
Timken wear test [ENG] A test used on a gear or materials from falling off,[ENG] A support
lubricant todetermine its abrasive effecton gear or reinforcement that forms the lowest vertical
metals,{ vertstrokesuperiortimH11080k?n vertstrokesuperiorwer vertstrokeinferiortest } face of a cabinet or similar installation,at toe
level,and is frequently recessed,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }tingle [BUILD] A support used in masonry to re-
toecut [ENG] In underground blasting,the cutduce sagging in a long layer of bricks,[DES
obtained by the use of toe holes,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiork?t}ENG] 1,A small nail,2,A flexible metal clip
toe hole [ENG] A blasting hole,usually drilledused to hold a sheet of material such as glass
horizontally or at a slight inclination into theor metal,[ENG] A patch designed to cover a
base of a bank,bench,or slope of a quarry or
hole in a boat,{ vertstrokesuperiorti?H11080g?l}
open-pit mine,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
tinner’srivet [DES ENG] A special-purpose rivet
toe-in [MECH ENG] The degree (usually ex-
that has a flat head,used in sheet metal work.
pressed in fractions of an inch) to which the
{ vertstrokesuperiortinH11080?rz vertstrokeinferiorrivH11080?t}
forwardpartofthefrontwheelsofanautomobile
tip [DES ENG] A piece of material secured to
are closer together than the rear part,measured
and differing from a cutter tooth or blade.
at hub height with the wheels in the normal
[ELEC] Thecontactingpartattheendofaphone
‘‘straight ahead’’ position of the steering gear.
plug,[ELECTR] A small protuberance on the
{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiorin }
envelope of an electron tube,resulting from the
toenailing [ENG] Thetechniqueofdrivinganail
closing of the envelope after evacuation,{ tip }
at an angle to join two pieces of lumber.
tipped bit [DES ENG] A drill bit in which the
{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ|naˉlH11080i? }
cutting edge is made of especially hard material.
toe-out [MECH ENG] The outward inclination of
{ vertstrokesuperiortipt vertstrokesuperiorbit }
thewheelsofanautomobileatthefrontonturns
tippedsolidcutters [DES ENG] Cutters made of
due to setting the steering arms at an angle.
one material and having tips or cutting edges of
{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
another material bonded in place,{ vertstrokesuperiortipt vertstrokesuperiorsa¨lH11080
toeplate See kickplate,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
d vertstrokesuperiork?dH11080?rz }
toe-to-toedrilling [ENG] The drilling of vertical
tipping-bucket rain gage [ENG] A type of re-
large-diameter blasting holes in quarries and
cording rain gage; the precipitation collected by
opencast pits,{ |toˉ t? |toˉ vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
the receiver empties into one side of a chamber
toewall [CIVENG] A lowwall constructedat the
which is partitioned transversely at its center
bottom of an embankment to prevent slippage
and is balanced bistably upon a horizontal axis;
or spreading of the soil,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉ vertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
whenapredeterminedamountofwaterhasbeen
toggle [ELECTR] To switch over to an alternate
collected,the chamber tips,spilling out the wa-
state,as in a flip-flop,[MECH ENG] A form
ter and placing the other half of the chamber
of jointed mechanism for the amplification of
under the receiver; each tip of the bucket is re- forces,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080?l}
corded on a chronograph,and the record ob- togglebolt [DES ENG] A bolt having a nut with
tained indicates the amount and rate of rainfall,apairofpivotalwingsthatcloseagainstaspring;
wings open after emergence through a hole or{ vertstrokesuperiortipH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
570
tool-lengthcompensation
passage in a thin or hollow wall to fasten the ton-mile [CIV ENG] In railroading,a standard
measure of traffic,based on the rate of carriageunit securely,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
toggle press [MECH ENG] A mechanical press per mile of each passenger or ton of freight.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?n vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉl}in which a toggle mechanism actuates the slide.
{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorpres } tonne [MECH] A unit of mass in the metric sys-
tem,equalto1000kilogramsortoapproximatelytoggleswitch [ELEC] A small switch that is op-
erated by manipulation of a projecting lever that 2204.62poundmass,Alsoknownasmetricton;
millier; ton; tonneau,{ t?n}is combined with a spring to provide a snap
action for opening or closing a circuit quickly,tonneau See tonne,{ t?vertstrokesuperiornoˉ }
tool [ENG] Any device,instrument,or machine[ELECTR] An electronically operated circuit that
holds eitherof two statesuntil changed,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨gH11080 fortheperformanceofanoperation,forexample,
a hammer,saw,lathe,twist drill,drill press,?l vertstrokeinferiorswich }
tolerance [DESENG] Thepermissiblevariations grinder,planer,or screwdriver,[IND ENG] To
equip a factory or industry for production byin the dimensions of machine parts,[ENG] A
permissible deviation from a specified value,ex- designing,making,and integrating machines,
machine tools,and special dies,jigs,and instru-pressed in actual values or more often as a per-
centage of the nominal value,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns } ments,so asto achievemanufacture andassem-
bly of products on a volume basis at minimumtolerance chart [DES ENG] A chart indicating
graphically the sequence in which dimensions cost,{ tu¨l}
tool bit [ENG] A piece of high-strength metal,must be produced on a part so that the finished
product will meet the prescribed tolerance lim- usually steel,ground to make single-point cut-
ting tools for metal-cutting operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨lits,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
tolerancelimits [DES ENG] The extreme values vertstrokeinferiorbit }
toolbox [ENG] A box to hold tools,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l(upperandlower)thatarepermittedbythetoler-
ance,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?ts } vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
tool-center point [CONT SYS] The location ontoleranceunit [DES ENG] A unit of length used
to express the degree of tolerance allowed in the end effector or tool of a robot manipulator
whose position and orientation define the coor-fitting cylinders into cylindrical holes,equal,in
micrometers,to 0.45 D
1/3
H11001 0.001 D,where D is dinates of the controlled object,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080
t?r vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }the cylinder diameter in millimeters,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080
r?ns vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t} tool changer [MECH ENG] In program-con-
trolledmachinesandrobotics,amechanismthatton [IND ENG] A unit of volume of sea freight,
equal to 40 cubic feet or approximately 1.1327 allows the use of multiple tools,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorchaˉnjH11080
r}cubic meters,Also known as freight ton; meas-
urement ton; shipping ton,[MECH] 1,A unit tool-checksystem [INDENG] Asystem fortem-
porary issue of tools in which the employee isof weight in common use in the United States,
equal to 2000 pounds or 907.18474 kilogram- issued a number of small metal checks stamped
with the same number; a check is surrenderedforce,Also known as just ton; net ton; short
ton,2,A unit of mass in common use in the foreachtoolobtainedfromthecrib,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorchek
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}United Kingdom equal to 2240 pounds,or to
1016.0469088 kilogram-force,Also known as tooldesign [DESENG] Thedivisionofmechani-
cal design concerned with the design of tools.gross ton; long ton,3,A unit of weight in troy
measure,equal to 2000 troy pounds,or to { vertstrokesuperiortu¨ldivertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
tool-dresser [MECH ENG] A tool-stone-grade746.4834432 kilogram-force,4,See tonne.
[MECHENG] Aunitofrefrigeratingcapacity,that diamond inset in a metal shank and used to
trim or form the face of a grinding wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨lis,ofrateofheatflow,equaltotherateofextrac-
tion of latent heat when one short ton of ice of vertstrokeinferiordresH11080?r}
toolextractor [ENG] Animplementforgraspingspecific latent heat 144 international table Brit-
ish thermal units per pound is produced from and withdrawing drilling tools when broken,de-
tached,orlost in aborehole,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨likvertstrokeinferiorstrakH11080t?r}wateratthesametemperaturein24hours;equal
to 200 British thermal units per minute,or to tool-functioncontroller [CONT SYS] A unit that
selects and controls tools for machining opera-approximately 3516.85 watts,Also known as
standard ton,{ t?n } tions; it may be internal or external to the main
controller,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l |fkH11080sh?nk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉlH11080?r}tondal [MECH] A unit of forceequal to the force
which will impart an acceleration of 1 foot per toolhead [MECH ENG] The adjustable tool-car-
rying part of a machine tool,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨lvertstrokeinferiorhed }secondtoamassof1 longton;equaltoapproxi-
mately 309.6911 newtons,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ndH11080?l} tooling [MECH ENG] Tools or end effectors with
which a robot performs the actual work on atongs [DES ENG] Any of various devices for
holding,handling,or lifting materials and con- workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨lH11080i? }
tool joint [ENG] A coupling element for a drillsisting of two legs joined eccentrically by a pivot
or spring,{ ta?z } pipe; designed to support the weight of the drill
stem and the strain of frequent use,and to pro-tongueandgroove [DES ENG] A joint in which
aprojectingribontheedgeofoneboardfitsinto vide a leakproof seal,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
tool-length compensation [CONT SYS] Pro-agrooveintheedgeofanotherboard,{ vertstrokesuperiortn
vertstrokesuperiorgru¨v} gramming of machining operations so that all
571
toolmaker’svise
tools are positioned correctly in advance for any toppleaxis [MECH] Ofagyroscope,thehorizon-
talaxis,perpendiculartothehorizontalspinaxis,tasks to be carried out,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l |le?kth vertstrokeinferiorka¨mH11080
around which topple occurs,Also known asp?nvertstrokesuperiorsaˉH11080sh?n}
tumble axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨pH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}toolmaker’s vise See universal vise,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨lvertstrokeinferiorma¨kH11080
top rail [BUILD] The uppermost horizontal?rz vertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
member of a unit of framing,such as a door ortooloffset [MECH ENG] The adjustment of tool
a sash,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨p vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}positions in machines to compensate for their
top steam [CHEM ENG] Steam admitted nearwear,finishing,or displacement from an axis.
the top of a shell still to purge the still,and to
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokesuperioro˙fvertstrokeinferiorset }
prevent a vacuum from forming when pumping
tool post [MECH ENG] A device to clamp and
out the liquid contents,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨p vertstrokeinferiorsteˉm}
position a tool holder on a machine tool.
tor See pascal,{ to˙r}
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨l vertstrokeinferiorpoˉst }
torch [BUILD] To apply lime mortar under the
tooth [DES ENG] 1,One of the regular projec-
top edges of roof tiles or slates,[ENG] A gas
tions on the edge or face of a gear wheel,2.An
burner used for brazing,cutting,or welding.
angularprojection onatoolor otherimplement,
{to˙rch }
such as a rake,saw,or comb,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨th }
tornado cellar See cyclone cellar,{ to˙rvertstrokesuperiornaˉdH11080oˉ
tooth point [DES ENG] The chamfered cutting
vertstrokeinferiorselH11080?r}
edge of the blade of a face mill,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨th vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
toromatictransmission [MECH ENG] A semiau-
top [MECH] A rigid body,one point of which is
tomatic transmission; it contains a compound
held fixed in an inertial reference frame,and
planetary gear train with a torque converter.
which usually has an axis of symmetry passing
{ |to˙rH11080?|madH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n}
through this point; its motion is usually studied
torpedo [ENG] An encased explosive charge
when it is spinning rapidly about the axis of
slid,lowered,or dropped into a borehole and
symmetry,{ ta¨p}
exploded to clear the hole of obstructions or to
top dead center [MECH ENG] The dead-center
open communications with an oil or water sup-
position of an engine piston and its crankshaft
ply,Also known as bullet,{ to˙rvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080oˉ }
arm when at the top or outer end of its stroke.
torque [MECH] 1,For a single force,the cross
{ |ta¨p vertstrokesuperiorded vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080t?r}
product of a vector from some reference point
top-down design [IND ENG] A design method-
to the point of application of the force with the
ology thatproceeds from thehighest levelto the
force itself,Also known as moment of force;
lowestandfromthegeneraltotheparticular,and
rotationmoment,2.Forseveralforces,thevec-
that provides a formal mechanism for breaking
tor sum of the torques (first definition) associ-
complexprocessdesignsintofunctionaldescrip-
ated with each of the forces,{ to˙rk }
tions,reviewingprogress,andallowingmodifica-
torque arm [MECH ENG] In automotive vehi-
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨p |dau˙ndivertstrokesuperiorz?ˉn}
cles,an arm to take the torque of the rear axle.
topographicsurvey [ENG] A survey that deter-
{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk vertstrokeinferiora¨rm }
mines ground relief and location of natural and
torque-coilmagnetometer [ENG] A magnetom-
man-made features thereon,{ |ta¨pH11080?|grafH11080ik
eter thatdepends for itsoperation onthe torque
vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
developed by a known current in a coil that can
topping [CHEM ENG] The distillation of crude
turn in the field to be measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk vertstrokeinferiorko˙il
petroleumto removethe lightfractions only;the
vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
unrefineddistillateiscalledtops,[CIVENG] A
torque converter [MECH ENG] A device for
layer of mortar placed over concrete to form a
changingthetorquespeedormechanicaladvan-
finishing surface on a floor,driveway,sidewalk,
tagebetween aninput shaftandan outputshaft.
or curb,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨pH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk k?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080?r}
topping governor See limit governor,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨pH11080i?
torque-load characteristic [ENG] For electric
vertstrokeinferiorg?vH11080?H11080n?r}
motors,the armature torque developed versus
toppingjoint [CIV ENG] In concrete finishing,a
theloadonthemotoratconstantspeed,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk
small space or break set at regular intervals,par-
|loˉd vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorrisH11080tik }
ticularly over expansion joints,to allow for con-
torquemeter [ENG] An instrument to measure
traction and expansion of the topping layer.
torque,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rkvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨pH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
torquereaction [MECH ENG] On a shaft-driven
topplate [BUILD] 1.The tophorizontal member
vehicle,the reaction between the bevel pinion
of a building frame to which the rafters are fas-
with its shaft (which is supported in the rear
tened,2,The horizontal member of a building axle housing) and the bevel ring gear (which is
frame at the top of the partition studs,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨p fastened to the differential housing) that tends
vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt} to rotate the axle housing around the axle in-
topple [MECH] In gyroscopes for marine or stead of rotating the axle shafts alone,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk
aeronautical use,the condition of a sudden up- reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
setgyroscopeoragyroscopeplatformevidenced torqueripple See cog,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk vertstrokeinferiorripH11080?l}
by a sudden and rapid precession of the spin torque-tube flowmeter [ENG] A liquid-flow
axisduetolargetorquedisturbancessuchasthe measurement device in which a flexible torque
spin axis striking the mechanical stops,Also tubetransmits bellowsmotion (causedby differ-
ential pressure from the liquid flow through theknown as tumble,{ vertstrokesuperiorta¨pH11080?l}
572
totalheat
pipe) to the recording pen arm,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk |tu¨b vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ applied about the centroidal axis of a bar at one
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} end of the bar to the resulting torsional angle,
torque-type viscometer [ENG] A device that when the other end is held fixed,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nH11080
measures liquid viscosity by the torque needed?lrivertstrokesuperiorjidH11080?dH11080eˉ }
to rotate a vertical paddle submerged in the liq- torsional vibration [MECH] A periodic motion
uid; used for both Newtonian and non-Newton- of a shaft in which the shaft is twisted about its
ian liquids and for suspensions,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk |t?ˉp axis first in one direction and then in the other;
vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r} this motion may be superimposed on rotational
torque-winding diagram [MECH ENG] A dia-
or other motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nH11080?lv?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}
gram showing how the winding load on a winch
torsion balance [ENG] An instrument,con-
drum varies and is used to decide the method of
sisting essentially of a straight vertical torsion
balancing needed; made by plotting the turning
wire whose upper end is fixed while a horizontal
moment in pounds per foot on the vertical axis
beam is suspended from the lower end; used to
againsttime,orrevolutionsordepthonthehori-
measure minute gravitational,electrostatic,or
zontal axis,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk |w?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgram }
magnetic forces,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
torque wrench [ENG] 1,A hand or power tool
torsion bar [MECH ENG] A spring flexed by
used to turn a nut on a bolt that can be adjusted
twisting about its axis; found in the spring sus-
to deliver a predetermined amount of force to
pension of truck and passenger car wheels,in
the bolt when tightening the nut,2,A wrench
production machines where space limitations
that measures torque while being turned.
are critical,and in high-speed mechanisms
{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rk vertstrokeinferiorrench }
where inertia forces must be minimized,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080
torr [MECH] A unit of pressure,equal to 1/760
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
atmosphere; it differs from 1 millimeter of mer-
torsiondamper [MECHENG] Adamper usedon
cury by less than one part in seven million; ap-
automobile internal combustion engines to re-
proximately equal to 133.3224 pascals,{ to˙r}
ducetorsional vibration,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiordamH11080p?r}
Torricellian barometer See mercury barometer.
torsion function [MECH] A harmonic function,
{ |to˙rH11080?|chelH11080eˉH11080?nb?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
H9278(x,y)H11005w/H9270,expressingthe warpingofacylinder
torsel [BUILD] Asectionofwood,stone,orsteel
undergoing torsion,where the x,y,and z coordi-
that supports one end of a beam or joist and
nates are chosen so that the axis of torsion lies
distributes the load,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080s?l}
along the z axis,w is the z component of the
torsiometer [MECH ENG] An instrument which
displacement,and H9270 is the torsion angle,Also
measures power transmitted by a rotating shaft;
known as warping function,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080
consists of angular scales mounted around the
sh?n}
shaft from which twist of the loaded shaft is
torsiongalvanometer [ENG] A galvanometer in
determined,Also known as torsionmeter.
which the force between the fixed and moving
{ vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080sheˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
systems ismeasured bythe anglethrough which
torsion [MECH] A twisting deformation of a
the supporting head of the moving system must
solid bodyabout anaxis inwhich lines thatwere
be rotated to bring the moving system back to
initially parallel to the axis become helices.
its zero position,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n}
r}
torsional angle [MECH] The total relative rota-
torsion hygrometer [ENG] A hygrometer in
tionoftheendsofastraightcylindricalbarwhen
which the rotation of the hygrometric element
subjected to a torque,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiora?H11080g?l}
is a function of the humidity; such hygrometers
torsionalcompliance [MECH] The reciprocal of
are constructed by taking a substance whose
the torsional rigidity,{ |to˙rH11080sh?H11080n?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorpliH11080
length is a function of the humidity and twisting
ns }
or spiraling it under tension in such a manner
torsional hysteresis [MECH] Dependence of
that a change in length will cause a further rota-
the torques in a twisted wire or rod not only
tion of the element,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nh?ˉvertstrokesuperiorgra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
on the present torsion of the object but on its
torsionmeter See torsiometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
previous history of torsion,{ |to˙rH11080sh?H11080n?l vertstrokeinferiorhisH11080
r}
t?vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080s?s}
torsionpendulumSeetorsionalpendulum,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080
torsionalmodulus [MECH] The ratio of the tor-
sh?n vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
sionalrigidityofabartoitslength,Alsoknown
torsion-string galvanometer [ENG] A sensitive
as modulus of torsion,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorma¨jH11080?H11080
galvanometerinwhichthemovingsystemissus-
l?s}
pended by two parallel fibers that tend to twisttorsional pendulum [MECH] A device con-
around each other,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?n |stri?vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080sisting of a disk or other body of large moment
v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}of inertia mounted on one end of a torsionally
total air [ENG] The actual quantity of air sup-flexibleelasticrodwhoseotherendisheldfixed;
pliedforcombustionoffuelinaboiler,expressedifthediskistwistedandreleased,itwillundergo
as a percentage of theoretical air,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorer }simple harmonic motion,provided the torque in
totalcoincidence [MECHENG] Theconditioninthe rod is proportional to the angle of twist.
which all the joints of a robot become locked inAlso known as torsion pendulum,{ vertstrokesuperiorto˙rH11080sh?nH11080
position,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉdH11080?lkoˉvertstrokesuperiorinH11080s?dH11080?ns }?l vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080j?H11080l?m}
torsionalrigidity [MECH] Theratioofthetorque totalheat See enthalpy,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
573
totalpressure
total pressure [MECH] The gross load applied recording device,such as a seismometer or elec-
trocardiograph,{ traˉs}on a given surface,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r}
totalqualitymanagement [SYSENG] A philoso- traceheating [ENG] Heating the layer between
insulation and pipes in an insulated pipeworkphy and set of guiding concepts that provides a
comprehensivemeansofimprovingtotalorgani- system to reduce viscosity and thereby facilitate
flow of the liquid,{ |traˉs |heˉdH11080i? }zation performance and quality by examining
each process through which work is done in a tracer [ENG] A thread of contrasting color wo-
venintotheinsulationofawireforidentificationsystematic,integrated,consistent,organization-
wide manner,Abbreviated TQM,{ |toˉdH11080?l purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080s?r}
tracergas [ENG] In vacuum testing for leaks,avertstrokesuperiorkwa¨lH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormanH11080ijH11080m?nt }
total radiation pyrometer [ENG] A pyrometer gas emitting through a leak in a pressure system
and subsequently conducted into the detector.which focuses heat radiation emitted by a hot
object on a detector (usually a thermopile or { vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080s?r vertstrokeinferiorgas }
tracer milling [MECH ENG] Cutting a duplicateother thermal type detector),and which
responds to a broad band of radiation,limited of a three-dimensional form by using a mastic
form to direct the tracer-controlled cutter.only by absorption of the focusing lens,or win-
dow and mirror,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉ|aˉH11080sh?np?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080 { vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080s?r vertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
tracing distortion [ENG ACOUS] The nonlinear?dH11080?r}
touchfeedback [ENG] A type of force feedback distortion introduced in the reproduction of a
mechanical recording because the curve tracedin which servos provide the manipulator fingers
with a sense of resistance when an object is by the motion of the reproducing stylus is not
an exact replica of the modulated groove.grasped,so that the operator does not crush the
object,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ch vertstrokeinferiorfeˉdvertstrokeinferiorbak } { vertstrokesuperiortraˉsH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorsto˙rH11080sh?n}
track [DES ENG] As applied to a pattern of set-touch sensor [CONT SYS] A device such as a
small,force-sensitive switch that uses contact ting diamonds in a bit crown,an arrangement
of diamonds in concentric circular rows in thetogeneratefeedbackinroboticsystems,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ch
vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080s?r } bit crown,with the diamonds in a specific row
following in the track cut by a preceding dia-toughness [MECH] A property of a material ca-
pable of absorbing energy by plastic deforma- mond,[ELECTR] 1,A path for recording one
channel of information on a magnetic tape,tion; intermediate between softness and brittle-
ness,{ vertstrokesuperiort?fH11080n?s } drum,or other magnetic recording medium; the
location of the track is determined by the re-tow [ENG] 1,To haul by a rope or chain,for
example,to haul a disabled ship by another ves- cording equipment rather than by the medium.
2,The trace of a moving target on a plan-posi-sel or an automotive vehicle by another vehicle.
2,To propel by pushing,as a tugboat piloting a tion-indicatorradarscreenoranequivalentplot.
[ENG] 1,The groove cut in a rock by a diamondship,{ toˉ }
towbar [ENG] An element which connects to a inset in the crown of a bit,2,A pair of parallel
metal rails for a railway,railroad,tramway,or forvehicle that is not equipped with an integral
drawbar,for the purpose of towing or moving anywheeledvehicle,[MECHENG] 1.Theslide
orrackonwhicha diamond-drillswivelheadcanthe vehicle,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
towed load [MECH] The weight of a carriage,be moved to positions above and clear of the
collar of a borehole,2,A crawler mechanismtrailer,or other equipment towed by a prime
mover,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉd vertstrokesuperiorloˉd } for earth-moving equipment,Also known as
crawler track,{ trak }tower [CHEM ENG] A vertical,cylindrical vessel
used in chemical and petroleum processing to track cable [ENG] Steel wire rope,usually a
locked-coil rope which supports the wheels ofincrease the degree of separation of liquid mix-
tures by distillation or extraction,Also known the carriers of a cableway,{ vertstrokesuperiortrak vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
track gage [CIV ENG] The width between theascolumn,[ENG] Aconcrete,metal,ortimber
structure that is relatively high for its length and rails of a railroad track; in the United States the
standard gage is 4 feet 8
1
/
2
inches,{ vertstrokesuperiortrak vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}width,and used for various purposes,including
the support of electric power transmission lines,track hopper [ENG] A hopper-shaped receiver
mounted beside or below railroad tracks,intoradio and television antennas,and rockets and
missiles prior to launching,{ tau˙H11080?r } which railroad boxcars or bottom-dump cars are
discharged; used for solid materials,{ vertstrokesuperiortraktowerbolt See barrel bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiortau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
towercrane [CIV ENG] A crane mounted on top vertstrokeinferiorha¨pH11080?r}
tracking [ELEC] A leakage or fault path createdof a tower which is sometimes incorporated in
the frame of a building,{ vertstrokesuperiortau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn } acrossthesurfaceofaninsulatingmaterialwhen
a high-voltage current slowly but steadily formstowingtank See model basin,{ vertstrokesuperiortoˉH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorta?k}
TownsendavalancheSeeavalanche,{ vertstrokesuperiortau˙nH11080z?nd a carbonized path,[ELECTR] The condition in
which all tuned circuits in a receiver accuratelyvertstrokeinferioravH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlanch }
TPR See airborne profile recorder,follow the frequency indicated by the tuning dial
over the entire tuning range,[ENG] 1,A mo-TQM See total quality management.
trace [ELECTR] The visible path of a moving tion given to the major lobe of a radar or radio
antennasuchthatsomepreassignedmovingtar-spot on the screen of a cathode-ray tube,Also
known as line,[ENG] The record made by a get in space is always within the major lobe.
574
trailer
2,The process of following the movements of tractordrill [MECHENG] A drillhavingacrawler
an object; may be accomplished by keeping the mounting to support the feed-guide bar on an
reticle of an optical system or a radar beam on extendable arm,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r |dril }
the object,by plotting its bearing and distance tractor gate [CIV ENG] A type of outlet control
atfrequentintervals,orbyacombinationoftech- gateusedtoreleasewaterfromareservoir;there
niques,[ENG ACOUS] 1,The following of a are twotypes,roller andwheel,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
groovebyaphonographneedle,2.Maintaining tractor loader [MECH ENG] A tractor equipped
the same ratio of loudness in the two channels with a tipping bucket which can be used to dig
of a stereophonic sound system at all settings
and elevate soil and rock fragments to dump
of the ganged volume control,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i? }
at truck height,Also known as shovel dozer;
tracking error [ENG ACOUS] Deviation of the
tractor shovel,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r |loˉdH11080?r}
vibration axis of a phonograph pickup from tan-
tractor shovel See tractor loader,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r
gency with a groove; true tangency is possible
|sh?vH11080?l}
for only one groove when the pickup arm is piv-
traffic [ENG] The passage or flow of vehicles,
oted; the longer the pickup arm,the less is the
pedestrians,ships,or planes along defined
tracking error,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
routes such as highways,sidewalks,sea lanes,
tracking jitter [ENG] Minor variations in the
or air lanes,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik }
pointing of an automatic tracking radar,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080
trafficability [CIV ENG] Capability of terrain to
i?vertstrokeinferiorjidH11080?r}
bear traffic,or the extent to which the terrain
trackingnetwork [ENG] Agroupof trackingsta-
will permit continued movement of any or all
tions whose operations are coordinated in
types of traffic,{ vertstrokeinferiortrafH11080?H11080k?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tracking objects through the atmosphere or
traffic control [ENG] Control of the movement
space,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
of vehicles,such as airplanes,trains,and auto-
tracking problem [CONT SYS] The problem of
mobiles,and the regulatory mechanisms and
determining a control law which when applied
systemsusedtoexertorenforcecontrol,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080
to a dynamical system causes its output to track
ik k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
a given function; the performance index is in
traffic cop [CONT SYS] The portion of a pro-
many cases taken to be of the integral square
grammable controller’s executive program con-
error variety,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
cerned with input/output,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorka¨p}
trackingradar [ENG] Radarusedtomonitorthe
trafficdensity [CIVENG] Theaveragenumberof
flight and obtain geophysical data from space
vehicles that occupy 1 mile or 1 kilometer of
probes,satellites,and high-altitude rockets.
road space,expressed in vehiclesper mile or per
{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
kilometer,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik vertstrokeinferiordenH11080s?dH11080eˉ }
tracking station [ENG] A radio,radar,or other
traffic engineering [CIV ENG] The determina-
station set up to track an object moving through
tion of the required capacity and layout of high-
the atmosphere or space,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
way and street facilities that can safely and eco-
tracking system [ENG] Apparatus,such as
nomically serve vehicular movement between
tracking radar,used in following and recording
given points,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? }
the position of objects in the sky,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080i?
trafficflow [CIV ENG] The total number of vehi-
vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
cles passing a given point in a given time,ex-
trackshifter [ENG] Amachineorapplianceused
pressed as vehicles per hour,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ }
toshiftarailwaytracklaterally,{ vertstrokesuperiortrak vertstrokeinferiorshifH11080t?r}
traffic noise [ENG] The general disturbance in
traction [MECH] Pulling friction of a moving
sonar transmissions which is due to ships but
body on the surface on which it moves.
is not associated with a specific vessel,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n}
ik vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }
traction-control system [MECH ENG] An accel-
trafficrecorder [ENG] A mechanical counter or
eration sensor-control system which,when a
recorder used to determine traffic movements
driving tire has no traction,slows the wheel
(hourlyvariationsandtotaldailyvolumesoftraf-
movement by braking or reduces the engine
fic at a point) on an existing route; the air-im-
speed and torque if braking alone will not pre-
pulse counter,magnetic detector,photoelectric
vent wheel spin,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?nk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
counter,and radar detector are used,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik
traction meter [ENG] A load-sensing device
rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
placed between a locomotive and the car imme-
traffic signal [CIV ENG] With the exception of
diatelybehindittomeasurepullingforceexerted
trafficsigns,anypower-operateddevice forregu-
by the locomotive,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
lating,directing,or warning motorists or pedes-tractiontube [ENG] A device for measuring the
trians,{ vertstrokesuperiortrafH11080ik vertstrokeinferiorsigH11080n?l}minimumwatervelocitiescapableofmovingvar-
T rail [CIV ENG] A rail shaped like a T in crossioussizesofsandgrains; itconsistsofahorizon-
section due to a wide head,web,and flangedtal glass tube half-filled with sand,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080
base,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉl}sh?n vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
trailer [ELECTR] A bright streak at the right of atractor [MECH ENG] 1,An automotive vehicle
dark area or dark line in a television picture,orhaving four wheels or a caterpillar tread used for
a dark area or streak at the right of a brightpulling agricultural or construction implements.
part;usually dueto insufficientgainat lowvideo2,The front pulling section of a semitrailer.
Also known as truck-tractor,{ vertstrokesuperiortrakH11080t?r } frequencies,[MECH ENG] The section of a
575
trailformation
semitrailer that is pulled by the tractor,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080 used to measure inside recesses or over projec-
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?H11080p?r}l?r}
trail formation [ENG] Vehicles proceeding one transfer case [MECH ENG] In a vehicle with
more than one driving axle,a housing fitted withbehind the other at designated intervals,Also
known as column formation,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉlfo˙rvertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080 gears that distribute the driving power among
the axles,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorkaˉs}sh?n}
trailingedge [ELECTR] Themajorportionofthe transferchamber [ENG] In plastics processing,
a vessel in which thermosetting plastic is soft-decay of a pulse,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉlH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorej }
train [ENG] To aim or direct a radar antenna in ened by heat and pressure before being placed
in a closed mold for final curing,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?razimuth,{ traˉn}
trainingaid [ENG] Any item which is developed vertstrokeinferiorchaˉmH11080b?r}
transferchute [ENG] A chute used at a transferor procured primarily to assist in training and
the process of learning,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉd } pointinaconveyorsystem;thechuteisdesigned
with a curved base or some other feature so thattraining data [CONT SYS] Data entered into a
robot’s computer at the beginning of an opera- the load be discharged in a centralized stream
and in the same direction as the receiving con-tion,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiordadH11080? }
training wall [CIV ENG] A wall built along the veyor,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
transfer constant [ENG] A transducer rating,bankofa riverorestuaryparallel tothedirection
of flow to direct and confine the flow,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉnH11080 equal to one-half the natural logarithm of the
complex ratio of the product of the voltage andi? |wo˙l}
train shed [CIV ENG] 1,A structure to protect current entering a transducer to that leaving the
transducer when the latter is terminated in itstrains from weather,2,The part of a railroad
station that covers the tracks,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉn vertstrokeinferiorshed } imageimpedance;alternatively,theproductmay
be that of force and velocity or pressure andtrajectory [MECH] The curve described by an
object moving through space,as of a meteor volumevelocity; thereal partofthe transfercon-
stant is the image attenuation constant,and thethrough the atmosphere,a planet around the
sun,a projectile fired from a gun,or a rocket in imaginary part is the image phase constant.
Also known as transfer factor,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?rflight,{ tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ }
trajectorycontrol [CONTSYS] Atypeofcontinu- vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
transfer factor See transfer constant,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?rous-pathcontrolinwhicharobot’spathiscalcu-
lated based on mathematical models of joint vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
transferfunction [CONTSYS] Themathematicalacceleration,arm loads,and actuating signals.
{tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } relationshipbetweentheoutputofacontrolsys-
tem and its input,for a linear system,it is thetrajectory-measuring system [ENG] A system
used to provide information on the spatial posi- Laplace transform of the output divided by the
Laplace transform of the input under conditionstion of an object at discrete time intervals
throughout a portion of the trajectory or flight of zero initial-energy storage,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}path,{ tr?vertstrokesuperiorjekH11080treˉ |mezhH11080?H11080ri?vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
trammel [ENG] A device consisting of a bar,transfergrille [ENG] In an air-conditioning sys-
tem,a grille that permits air to flow from oneeachofwhoseendsisconstrainedtomovealong
one of two perpendicular lines; used in drawing spacetoanother;maybeoneofapairifinstalled
on opposite sides of a wall or door,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080ellipses and in the Rowland mounting.
{ vertstrokesuperiortramH11080?l} f?r vertstrokeinferiorgril }
transfer machine [MECH ENG] 1,Equipmenttramway [MECHENG] Anoverheadrail,rope,or
cable on which wheeled cars run to convey a that moves parts from one production location
in a factory to another,2,A device that holdsload,{ vertstrokesuperiortramvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
transceiver [ELECTR] A radio transmitter and a workpiece and moves it automatically through
thestagesofamanufacturingprocess,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080receivercombinedinoneunitandhavingswitch-
ing arrangements such as to permit both trans- f?rm?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
transfer matrix [CONT SYS] The generalizationmitting and receiving,Also known as transmit-
ter-receiver,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorseˉH11080v?r } of the concept of a transfer function to a multi-
variable system; it is the matrix whose producttranscription [ENG ACOUS] A recording of a
complete radio program,made especially for with the vector representing the input variables
yields the vector representing the output vari-broadcast purposes,Also known as electrical
transcription,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiorkripH11080sh?n } ables,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks }
transfer-matrix method [MECH] A method oftransducer [ENG] Any device or element which
converts an input signal into an output signal analyzing vibrations of complex systems,in
which the system is approximated by a finiteof a different form; examples include the micro-
phone,phonographpickup,loudspeaker,barom- number of elements connected in a chainlike
manner,and matrices are constructed which caneter,photoelectric cell,automobile horn,door-
bell,and underwater sound transducer,{ tranz be used to determine the configuration and
forces acting on one element in terms of thosevertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
transfercaliper [DESENG] A caliperhaving one on another,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiormaˉH11080triks vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
transfer molding [ENG] Molding of thermoset-leg which can be opened (or closed) to remove
the instrument from the piece being measured; ting materials in which the plastic is softened
576
transitionfrequency
by heat and pressure in a transfer chamber,then whichone ormoretransistors provideamplifica-
forced at high pressure through suitable sprues,tion comparable to that of electron tubes.
runners,and gates into a closed mold for final { tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
curing,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiormoˉldH11080i? } transistor biasing [ELECTR] Maintaining a di-
transferratio [ENG] From one point to another rect-current voltage between the base and some
inatransducerataspecifiedfrequency,thecom- other element of a transistor,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorb?ˉH11080
plex ratio of the generalized force or velocity?sH11080i? }
at the second point to the generalized force or transistor characteristics [ELECTR] The values
velocityappliedatthefirstpoint;thegeneralized
of the impedances and gains of a transistor.
force or velocity includes not only mechanical
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ikH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorrisH11080tiks }
quantities,but also other analogous quantities
transistor chip [ELECTR] An unencapsulated
such as acoustical and electrical; the electrical
transistorofverysmallsizeusedinmicrocircuits.
quantities are usually electromotive force and
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorchip }
current,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
transistorcircuit [ELECTR] An electric circuit in
transfer register [ENG] A transfer grille fitted
which a transistor is connected,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r
with a mechanism for controlling the volume of
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
airflow,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorrejH11080?H11080st?r}
transistorgain [ELECTR] The increase in signal
transferrobot [CONT SYS] A fixed-sequence ro-
power produced by a transistor,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r
bot that moves parts from one location to an-
vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn}
other,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
transistorinputresistance [ELECTR] Theresist-
transfer unit [CHEM ENG] The relationship be-
ance across the input terminals of a transistor
tween the overall rate coefficient (for whatever
stage,Also known as input resistance.
transfer operation is being calculated),column
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorinvertstrokeinferiorpu˙trivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns }
volume,and fluid volumetric flow rate in fixed-
transistor-transistorlogic [ELECTR] A logic cir-
bed sorption operations,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
cuit containing two transistors,for driving large
transformation [ELEC] For two networks which
output capacitances at high speed,Abbrevi-
are equivalent as far as conditions at the termi-
ated T
2
L; TTL,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
nals are concerned,a set of equations giving the
transit [ENG] 1.Asurveyinginstrumentwiththe
admittances or impedances of the branches of
telescope mounted so that it can measure hori-
onecircuitintermsoftheadmittancesorimped-
zontal and vertical angles,Also known as tran-
ances of the other,{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080f?rvertstrokesuperiormaˉH11080sh?n}
sit theodolite,2,To reverse the direction of
transformer loss [ELEC] Ratio of the signal
the telescope of a transit by rotating 180H11034 about
power that an ideal transformer of the same im-
its horizontal axis,Also known as plunge.
pedance ratio would deliver to the load imped-
{ vertstrokesuperiortransH11080?t}
ance,to the signal power that the actual trans-
transitcircle [ENG] Atypeofastronomicaltran-
former delivers to the load impedance; this ratio
sitinstrumenthavingamicrometereyepiecethat
is usually expressed in decibels,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080
has an extra pair of moving wires perpendicular
m?r vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
tothe verticalsettomeasure thezenithdistance
transformer substation [ELEC] An electric
or declination of the celestial object in conjunc-
power substation whose equipment includes
tion with readings taken from a large,accurately
transformers,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080m?r vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
calibrated circle attached to the horizontal axis.
transient grating photoacoustics See impulsive
Also known as meridian circle; meridian transit.
stimulated thermal scattering,{ vertstrokeinferiortranchH11080?nt
{ vertstrokesuperiortransH11080?t vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?l}
|graˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉdH11080oˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiorku¨H11080stiks }
transitdeclinometer [ENG] A type of declinom-
transillumination [ENG] 1,Indirect lighting on
eter;asurveyor’stransit,builttoexactingspecifi-
a console panel that uses edge and backlighting
cations with respect to freedom from traces of
techniques on clear,fluorescent,or layered plas-
magnetic impurities and quality of the compass
tic materials,2,Transmission of light through
needle,has a 17-power telescope for sighting on
sections of material in order to enhance inspec-
a mark and for making solar and stellar observa-
tion for deviations in quality,{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080
tions to determine true directions,{ vertstrokesuperiortransH11080?t
m?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
vertstrokeinferiordekH11080l?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
transistance [ELECTR] The characteristic that
transition [THERMO] A change of a substance
makes possible the control of voltages or cur-
fromoneofthethreestatesofmattertoanother.
rents so as to accomplish gain or switching ac-
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n}
tion in a circuit; examples of transistance occur
transitional fit [DES ENG] A fit with varyingin transistors,diodes,and saturable reactors.
clearances due to specified tolerances on the{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?ns }
shaft and sleeve or hole,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorfit }transistor [ELECTR] An active component of an
transitioncurve See easement curve,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080electronic circuit consisting of a small block of
n vertstrokeinferiork?rv}semiconducting material to which at least three
transitionfactor See reflection factor,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080electrical contacts are made,usually two closely
n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}spaced rectifying contacts and one ohmic (non-
transition frequency [ENG ACOUS] The fre-rectifying) contact; it may be used as an ampli-
quency corresponding to the intersection of thefier,detector,or switch,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
transistor amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier in asymptotes to the constant-amplitude and
577
transitionloss
constant-velocity portions of the frequency- mechanism,for example,wheels or propellers.
{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}response curve for a disk recording; this curve
transmission line [ELEC] A system of conduc-is plotted with output-voltage ratio in decibels
tors,such as wires,waveguides,or coaxial ca-as the ordinate,and the logarithm of the fre-
bles,suitable for conducting electric power orquency as the abscissa,Also known as cross-
signals efficiently between two or more termi-over frequency; turnover frequency,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
nals,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}?n vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }
transmission-lineadmittance [ELEC] The com-transitionloss [ELEC] At a junction between a
plexratioofthecurrentflowinginatransmission
source and a load,the ratio of the available
line to the voltage across the line,where the
power to the power delivered to the load.
current and voltage are expressed in phasor no-
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
tation,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉnadvertstrokeinferiormitH11080?ns }
transition point [THERMO] Either the tempera-
transmission-line attenuation [ELEC] The de-
tureatwhichasubstancechangesfromonestate
crease in power of a transmission-line signal
of aggregation to another (a first-order transi-
from one point to another,expressed as a ratio
tion),or the temperature of culmination of a
or in decibels,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn?vertstrokeinferiortenH11080
gradual change,such as the lambda point,or
y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉH11080sh?n}
Curie point (a second-order transition),Also
transmission-linecable [ELEC] The coaxial ca-
known as transition temperature,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
ble,waveguide,or microstrip which forms a
n vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
transmission line; a number of standard types
transition temperature See transition point.
have been designated,specified by size and ma-
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorzishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
terials,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorkaˉH11080b?l}
transit survey [ENG] A ground surveying
transmission-lineconstantsSee transmission-line
method in which a transit instrument is set up
parameters,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?ns }
at a control point and oriented,and directions
transmission-line current [ELEC] The amount
and distances to observed points are recorded.
of electrical charge which passes a given point
{ vertstrokesuperiortransH11080?t vertstrokesuperiors?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉ }
in a transmission line per unit time,{ tranz
transit theodolite See transit,{ vertstrokesuperiortransH11080?t theˉvertstrokesuperiora¨dH11080
vertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }
lvertstrokeinferior?ˉt}
transmission-lineefficiency [ELEC] Theratioof
translation [MECH] The linear movement of a
the power of a transmission-line signal at one
point in space without any rotation.
end of the line to that at the other end where
{ tranvertstrokesuperiorslaˉH11080sh?n}
the signal is generated,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn
translational motion [MECH] Motion of a rigid
ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ }
body in such a way that any line which is imag-
transmission-lineimpedance [ELEC] The com-
inedrigidlyattachedtothebodyremainsparallel
plex ratio of the voltage across a transmission
to its original direction,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorslaˉH11080sh?nH11080?l
line to the current flowing in the line,where
vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}
voltage and current are expressed in phasor
transmembranedistillationSeemembranedistilla-
notation,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉnimvertstrokeinferiorpeˉdH11080?ns }
tion,{ vertstrokeinferiortranz|memvertstrokeinferiorbraˉn vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
transmission-line parameters [ELEC] The
transmissibility [MECH] A measure of the abil-
quantities which are necessaryto specify the im-
ityofasystemeithertoamplifyortosuppressan
pedance per unit length of a transmission line,
inputvibration,equaltotheratiooftheresponse
andtheadmittanceperunitlengthbetweenvari-
amplitude of the system in steady-state forced
ous conductors of the line,Also known as lin-
vibration to the excitation amplitude; the ratio
earelectricalparameters; lineparameters;trans-
may be in forces,displacements,velocities,or
mission line constants,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn
accelerations,{ tranzvertstrokeinferiormisH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
p?vertstrokeinferiorramH11080?dH11080?rz }
transmission [ELECTR] 1,The process of trans-
transmission-linepower [ELEC] The amount of
ferring a signal,message,picture,or other form
energycarriedpastapointinatransmissionline
ofintelligencefromonelocationtoanotherloca-
per unit time,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
tion by means of wire lines,radio,light beams,
transmission-line reflection coefficient [ELEC]
infrared beams,or other communication sys-
The ratio of the voltage reflected from the load
tems,2,A message,signal,or other form of
at the end of a transmission line to the direct
intelligence that is being transmitted,[MECH
voltage,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉnrivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080
ENG] The gearing system by which power is
ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt }
transmitted from the engine to the live axle in
transmission-line theory [ELEC] The applica-
an automobile,Also known as gearbox,tion of electrical and electromagnetic theory to
{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n} the behavior of transmission lines,{ tranz
transmissionaccess [ELEC] The use of electric vertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
power lines and other power transmitting facili- transmission-line transducer loss [ELEC] The
tiesbypartiesotherthantheownersofthelines,ratio of the power delivered by a transmission
Also known as common carriage,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080 line to a load to that produced at the generator,
n vertstrokesuperiorakvertstrokeinferiorses } expressed in decibels; equal to the sum of the
transmissiondynamometer [ENG] A device for attenuation of the line and the mismatch loss.
measuring torque and power (without loss) be- { tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn transvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?rvertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
transmission-linevoltage [ELEC] The work thattween a propulsion power plant and the driven
578
trap
would be required to transport a unit electrical transportation lag See distance/velocity lag.
{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorlag }charge between two specified conductors of a
transmission line at a given instant,{ tranz transportation priorities [ENG] Indicators as-
signed to eligible traffic which establish itsvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n |l?ˉn vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
transmission substation [ELEC] An electric movement precedence; appropriate priority sys-
tems apply to the movement of traffic by seapower substation associated with high voltage
levels,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiors?bvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n } and air,{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n pr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora¨rH11080?dH11080eˉz}
transportation problem [IND ENG] A program-transmissiontower [ENG] Aconcrete,metal,or
timber structure used to carry a transmission mingproblemthatisconcernedwiththeoptimal
pattern of the distribution of goods from severalline,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormishH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
transmissometer [ENG] An instrument for points of origin to several different destinations,
with the specified requirements at each destina-measuring the extinction coefficient of the at-
mosphere and for the determination of visual tion,{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
transport capacity [ENG] The number of per-range,Alsoknownashazemeter;transmittance
meter,{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080m?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨mH11080?dH11080?r } sons or the tonnage (or volume) of equipment
which can be carried by a vehicle under giventransmittancemeterSeetransmissometer,{ tranz
vertstrokesuperiormidH11080?ns vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
transportcase [ENG] A moistureproof noncon-transmitter See synchro transmitter,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormidH11080
r } ductive wood,plastic,or fabric container used
to transport safely small quantities of dynamitetransmitter noise See frying noise,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiormidH11080
r vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz } sticks to and from blasting sites,{ vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt
vertstrokeinferiorkaˉs}transobuoy [ENG] Afree-floatingormooredau-
tomatic weather station developed for the pur- transporter crane [MECH ENG] A long lattice
girdersupportedbytwolatticetowerswhichmaypose of providing weather reports from the open
oceans; it transmits barometric pressure,air be either fixed or moved along rails laid at right
angles to the girder; a crab with a hoist sus-temperature,sea-water temperature,and wind
speed and direction,{ vertstrokesuperiortranH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i } pended from it travels along the girder.
{ transvertstrokesuperiorpo˙rdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}transom [BUILD] A window above a door.
{ vertstrokesuperiortranH11080s?m} transport lag See distance/velocity lag,{ vertstrokesuperiortranz
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorlag }transonic wind tunnel [ENG] A type of high-
speed wind tunnel capable of testing the effects transport network [ENG] The complete system
oftheroutespertainingtoallmeansoftransportofairflowpastanobjectatspeedsnearthespeed
of sound,Mach 0.7 to 1.4; sonic speed occurs available in a particular area,made up of the
network particular to each means of transport.where the cross section of the tunnel is at
a minimum,that is,where the test object is { vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiornetvertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
transportvehicle [MECHENG] Vehicleprimarilylocated,{ tranvertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorwind vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
transosonde [ENG] The flight of a constant- intended for personnel and cargo carrying.
{ vertstrokesuperiortranzvertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt vertstrokeinferiorveˉH11080?H11080k?l}level balloon,whose trajectory is determined by
tracking with radio-direction-finding equipment; transverse baffle See cross-flow baffle.
{ trans|v?rs |bafH11080?l}thus,it is a form of upper-air,quasi-horizontal
sounding,{ vertstrokesuperiortranH11080z?vertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } transverse magnetization [ENG ACOUS] Mag-
netization of a magnetic recording medium in atransponder set [ELECTR] A complete elec-
tronicsetwhichisdesignedtoreceiveaninterro- direction perpendicular to the line of travel and
parallel to the greatest cross-sectional dimen-gation signal,and which retransmits coded sig-
nals that can be interpreted by the interrogating sion,{ trans|v?rs vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?dH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
transversestability [ENG] The ability of a shipstation; it may also utilize the received signal for
actuation of additional equipment such as local or aircraft to recover an upright position after
waves or wind roll it to one side,{ trans|v?rsindicators or servo amplifiers,{ tranzvertstrokesuperiorpa¨nH11080d?r
vertstrokeinferiorset } st?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
transversevibration [MECH] Vibration of a rodtransport [ENG] Conveyance equipment such
as vehicular transport,hydraulic transport,and inwhichelementsoftherodmoveatrightangles
to the axis of the rod,{ trans|v?rs v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}conveyor-belt setups,{ transvertstrokesuperiorpo˙rt (verb),vertstrokesuperiortranz
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt (noun) } trap [CIV ENG] A bend or dip in a soil drain
which is always full of water,providing a watertransportation emergency [ENG] A situation
which is created by a shortage of normal trans- sealto preventodorsfromentering thebuilding.
[ELECTR] 1,A tuned circuit used in the radio-portation capability and of a magnitude suffi-
cient to frustrate movement requirements,and frequency or intermediate-frequency section of
a receiver to reject undesired frequencies; trapswhichrequiresextraordinaryactionbythedesig-
nated authority to ensure continued movement,in television receiver video circuits keep the
sound signal out of the picture channel,Also{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?nivertstrokeinferiorm?rH11080j?nH11080seˉ }
transportation engineering [ENG] That branch known as rejector,2,Seewave trap,[ENG] A
sealed passage such as a U-shaped bend in aof engineering relating to the movement of
goods and people; major types of transportation pipe or pump that prevents the return flow of
liquid or gas,[MECH ENG] A device which re-arehighway,water,rail,subway,air,andpipeline.
{ vertstrokeinferiortranzH11080p?rvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? } duces the effect of the vapor pressure of oil or
579
TRAPATTdiode
mercury on the high-vacuum side of a diffusion traveling detector [ENG] Radio-frequency
probe which incorporates a detector used topump,{ trap }
TRAPATTdiode [ELECTR] A pn junction diode,measure the standing-wave ratio in a slotted-
line section,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i? divertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?r}similartotheIMPATTdiode,butcharacterizedby
the formation of a trapped space-charge plasma travelinggantrycrane [ENG] A type of hoisting
machinewithabridgelikestructurespanningthewithin the junction region; used in the genera-
tion and amplification of microwave power,De- area over which it operates and running along
tracks at ground level,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorganH11080treˉrived from trapped plasma avalanche transit
time diode,{ vertstrokesuperiortravertstrokeinferiorpat vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
traveling-grate stoker [MECH ENG] A type oftrapdoor [BUILD] 1,A hinged,sliding,or lifting
door to cover an opening in a roof,ceiling,or furnacestoker;coalfeedsbygravityintoahopper
locatedontopofoneendofamoving(traveling)floor,2,An undocumented entry point into a
computer program,which is generally inserted grate; as the grate passes under the hopper,it
carries a bed of fresh coal toward the furnace.by a programmer to allow discreet access to the
program,{ vertstrokesuperiortrapvertstrokeinferiordo˙r} {vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i? |graˉt vertstrokesuperiorstoˉH11080k?r}
traveling-screen dryer [CHEM ENG] A movingtrapezoidal excavator [MECH ENG] A digging
machine which removes earth in a trapezoidal screen belt on which damp material is conveyed
through a heated drying zone,Also known ascross-section pattern for canals and ditches.
{ |trapH11080?|zo˙idH11080?l vertstrokesuperioreksH11080k?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r } screen dryer,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i? |skreˉn vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080?r}
traveling-wavetube [ELECTR] An electron tubetrapped-airprocess [ENG] A procedure for the
blow-mold forming of closed plastic objects; the in which a stream of electrons interacts continu-
ously or repeatedly with a guided electromag-bottompinchisconventionaland,afterblowing,
sliding pinchers close off the top to form a netic wave moving substantially in synchronism
with it,in such a way that there is a net transfersealed-air,inflated product,{ vertstrokesuperiortrapt |er vertstrokesuperiorpra¨H11080
s?s } of energy from the stream to the wave; the tube
is used as an amplifier or oscillator at frequen-trappedfuel [ENG] The fuel in an engine or fuel
system that is not in the fuel tanks,{ vertstrokesuperiortrapt cies in the microwave region,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i?
|waˉv vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}vertstrokesuperiorfyu¨l}
trap seal [CIV ENG] The vertical distance be- traverse [ENG] 1,A survey consisting of a set
of connecting lines of known length,meetingtween the crown weir and the top of the dip of
the trap in a plumbing system,{ vertstrokesuperiortrap vertstrokeinferiorseˉl } each other at measured angles,Also known as
survey traverse,2.Movement toright or left ontrash screen [CIV ENG] A screen placed in a
waterway to prevent the passage of trash,a pivot or mount,as of a gun,launcher,or radar
antenna,{ travertstrokesuperiorv?rs }{ vertstrokesuperiortrash vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
Trauzl test [ENG] A test to determine the rela- traverse adjustment See balancing a survey.
{ travertstrokesuperiorv?rs?vertstrokeinferiorj?sH11080m?nt }tive disruptive power of explosives,in which a
standard quantity of explosive (10 grams) is traversing mechanism [ENG] Mechanism by
which a gun or other device can be turned in aplaced in a cavity in a lead block and exploded;
the resulting volume of cavity in the block is horizontal plane,{ tr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rsH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}
trawl [ENG] A baglike net whose mouth is keptcompared with the volume produced under the
sameconditionsbyastandardexplosive,usually open by boards or by a leading diving vane or
depressor at the foot of the opening and atrinitrotoluene (TNT),{ vertstrokesuperiortrau˙tH11080s?l vertstrokeinferiortest }
trave [BUILD] 1,A division or bay (as in a ceil- spreaderbar atthe top;towedby aship atspeci-
fied depths for catching forms of marine life.ing) made by or appearing to be made by cross-
beams,2,See crossbeam,{ traˉv} { tro˙l}
tray elevator [MECH ENG] A device for liftingtravel [MECH ENG] The vertical distance of the
path of an elevator or escalator as measured drums,barrels,or boxes; a parallel pair of verti-
cal-mounted continuous chains turn over upperfrom the bottom terminal landing to the top
terminal landing,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?l } and lower drive gears,and spaced trays on the
chains cradle and lift the objects to be moved.travelchart [IND ENG] A tabulation of the vari-
ous distances traveled by personnel or material { vertstrokesuperiortraˉ vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
traytower [CHEMENG] A verticalprocesstowerbetween points in a manufacturing facility.
{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt } forliquid-vaporcontacting(asindistillation,ab-
sorption,stripping,evaporation,spray drying,travel envelope [IND ENG] The clearance in
space required by an automated guided vehicle dehumidification,humidification,flashing,recti-
fication,dephlegmation),along the height ofwhenthevehicleiscarryingaloadwiththemaxi-
mum permissible dimensions,{ |travH11080?l |enH11080 which is a series of trays designed to cause inti-
mate contact between the falling liquid and thev?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
travelingblock [MECH ENG] The movable unit,rising vapor,{ vertstrokesuperiortraˉ vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
tread [CIV ENG] 1,The horizontal part of a stepconsisting of sheaves,frame,clevis,and hook,
connected to,and hoisted or lowered with,the inastaircase,2.Thedistancebetweentwosuc-
cessive risers in a staircase,[ENG] The part ofload in a block-and-tackle system,Also known
as floating block; running block,{ vertstrokesuperiortravH11080?lH11080i? a wheel or tire that bears on the road or rail.
{ tred }vertstrokesuperiorbla¨k}
580
triggerbolt
treater [CHEM ENG] A vessel or system for the trialbatch [ENG] A batch of concrete mixed to
contacting of a process stream with reagent determine the water-cement ratio that will pro-
(treating) chemicals; for example,acid treating duce the required slump and compressive
or caustic treating,{ vertstrokesuperiortreˉdH11080?r} strength; from a trial batch,one can also com-
treating [CHEM ENG] Usually,the contacting of putetheyield,cementfactor,andrequiredquan-
afluidstream(forexample,water,sewage,petro- tities of each material,{ |tr?ˉl vertstrokesuperiorbach }
leum products,or mixed gases) with chemicals trial shots [ENG] The experimental shots and
to improve the fluid properties by removing,se- rounds fired in a sinking pit,tunnel,opencast,
questering,or converting undesirable impuri-
orquarrytodeterminethebestdrill-holepattern
ties,{ vertstrokesuperiortreˉdH11080i? }
to use,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉl vertstrokeinferiorsha¨ts }
tremolocircuit [ENGACOUS] Adevicewhichim-
triangleequationSeeangleequation,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l
parts a simple periodic amplitude modulation
ivertstrokeinferiorkwaˉH11080zh?n}
on the sound produced by an electronic instru-
triangle of forces [MECH] A triangle,two of
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiortremH11080?H11080loˉ vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
whosesidesrepresentforcesactingonaparticle,
tremie [ENG] An apparatus for placing concrete
while the third represents the combined effect
underwater,consistingofalargemetaltubewith
of these forces,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l?v vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rH11080s?s}
a hopperat the topend and avalve arrangement
triangular-notch weir [CIV ENG] A measuring
at the bottom,submerged end,{ vertstrokesuperiortremH11080eˉ }
weir with a V-shaped notch for measuring small
trenchduct [CIV ENG] A metal-lined trough set
flows,Also known as V-notch weir,{ tr?ˉvertstrokesuperiora?H11080
intoaconcretefloorwithremovablecoverplates
gy?H11080l?r |na¨ch vertstrokesuperiorwer }
that are level with the top of the floor; used to
triangulation [ENG] A surveying method for
house electrical connections,{ vertstrokesuperiortrench vertstrokeinferiord?kt }
measuring a large area of land by establishing
trencher See trench excavator,{ vertstrokesuperiortrenchH11080?r}
a base line from which a network of triangles is
trench excavator [MECH ENG] A digging ma-
built up; in a series,each triangle has at least
chine,usually on crawler tracks,and having ei-
one side common with each adjacent triangle.
ther a movable wheel or a continuous chain on
{ tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
which buckets are mounted,Also known as
triangulation mark [ENG] A bronze disk set in
bucket-ladder excavator; ditcher; trencher;
the ground to identify a point whose latitude
trenching machine,{ vertstrokesuperiortrench vertstrokesuperiorekH11080sk?vertstrokeinferiorvaˉdH11080?r}
and longitude have been determined by triangu-
trenching machine See trench excavator.
lation,{ tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiora?H11080gy?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
{ vertstrokesuperiortrenchH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
tribometer [ENG] A device for measuring coeffi-
trenchshield [CIV ENG] A movable shoring sys-
cients of friction,consisting of a loaded sled
tem consisting of steel plates and braces that
subjectto ameasurableforce,{ tr?ˉvertstrokesuperiorba¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
are bolted or welded together; used to support
tricklecharge [ELEC] A continuous charge of a
the walls of a trench while work is in progress.
storage battery at a low rate to maintain the
{ vertstrokesuperiortrench vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
battery in a fully charged condition,{ vertstrokesuperiortrikH11080?l
trennschaukelapparatus [ENG] An instrument
vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rj }
for determining the thermal diffusion factors of
trickle cooler See cascade cooler,{ vertstrokesuperiortrikH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorku¨H11080
gasesand gasmixtures,consistingof 20suitably
l?r}
interconnected tubes whose top ends are main-
trickledrain [CIV ENG] A drain that is set verti-
tained at the same temperature and whose bot-
cally in water,such as a pond,with its top open
tom ends are maintained at the same tempera-
and level with the normal water surface in order
ture,with the temperature of the top ends
to carry off excess water,{ vertstrokesuperiortrikH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
greater than that of the bottom ends,{ vertstrokesuperiortren
trickle hydrodesulfurization [CHEM ENG] A
vertstrokeinferiorshau˙H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorradH11080?s}
fixed-bed,petroleum refining process for desul-
trepanning tool [MECH ENG] A cutting tool in
furizationofmiddledistillatesandgasoils;cata-
the form of a circular tube,having teeth on the
lyst is cobalt molybdenum on alumina,{ vertstrokesuperiortrikH11080
end; the workpiece or tube,or both,are rotated
l |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080deˉvertstrokeinferiors?lH11080f?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
and the tube is fed axially into the workpiece,
trickling filter [CIV ENG] A bed of broken rock
leaving behind a narrow grooved surface in the
or other coarse aggregate onto which sewage or
workpiece,{ tr?vertstrokesuperiorpanH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
industrial waste is sprayed intermittently and
Tresca criterion [MECH] The assumption that
allowedtotricklethrough,leavingorganicmatter
plastic deformation of a material begins when
on the surface of the rocks,where it is oxidized
the difference between the maximum and mini-
and removed by biological growths,{ vertstrokesuperiortrikH11080li?
mum principal stresses equals twice the yield
vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}stress in shear,{ vertstrokesuperiortresH11080k? kr?
ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080eˉH11080?n}
triconebit [ENG] A rock bit with three toothed,trestle [CIV ENG] A series of short bridge spans
conical cutters,each of which is mounted onsupported by a bracedtower,[ENG] 1.A mov-
friction-reducing bearings,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorkoˉn vertstrokesuperiorbit }ablesupportusuallywithlegsthatspreaddiago-
trifilter hydrophotometer [ENG] An instrumentnally,2,A braced structure of timber,rein-
that uses red,green,and blue filters to measureforcedconcrete,orsteelspanningalanddepres-
the transparency of the water at three wave-sion to carry a road or railroad,{ vertstrokesuperiortresH11080?l}
lengths,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r |h?ˉH11080droˉH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}trestle bent [CIV ENG] A transverse frame that
trigger bolt See auxiliary dead latch,{ vertstrokesuperiortrigH11080?rsupports the ends of the stringers in adjoining
spans of a trestle,{ vertstrokesuperiortresH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbent } vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
581
triggerpull
trigger pull [MECH] Resistance offered by the in which the collector is capable of electron in-
jection into the base; characteristics resembletrigger of a rifle or other weapon; force which
thoseof athyratronelectrontube,andswitchingmust be exerted to pull the trigger,{ vertstrokesuperiortrigH11080?r
time is in the nanosecond range,{ trivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}vertstrokeinferiorpu˙l}
tristate logic [ELECTR] A form of transistor-trigonometric leveling [ENG] A method of de-
transistor logic in which the output stages ortermining the difference of elevation between
inputandoutputstagescanassumethreestates;two points,by using the principles of triangula-
two are the normal low-impedance 1 and 0tion and trigonometric calculations,{ |trigH11080?H11080
states,and the third is a high-impedance state
n?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorlevH11080?lH11080i? }
that allows many tristate devices to time-share
trilateration [ENG] Themeasurementofaseries
bus lines,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorstaˉt vertstrokesuperiorla¨jH11080ik }
of distances between points on the surface of
trolley [MECH ENG] 1,A wheeled car running
theearth,forthepurposeofestablishingrelative
on an overhead track,rail,or ropeway,2,An
positions of the points in surveying,{ tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorladH11080
electric streetcar,{ vertstrokesuperiortra¨lH11080eˉ }
vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
trolley locomotive [MECH ENG] A locomotive
trim [ELECTR] Fine adjustment of capacitance,
operatedbyelectricitydrawnfromoverheadcon-
inductance,or resistance of a component during
ductorsbymeansofatrolleypole,{ vertstrokesuperiortra¨lH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorloˉkH11080
manufacture or after installation in a circuit.
vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080iv}
{ trim }
tropicalfinish [ENG] A finish that is applied to
trimmer [BUILD] One of the single or double
electronic equipment to resist the high relative
joists or rafters that go around an opening in
humidity,fungus,and insects encountered in
the framing type of construction,{ vertstrokesuperiortrimH11080?r}
tropical climates,{ vertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorfinH11080ish }
trimmer conveyor [MECH ENG] A self-con-
tropicalize [ENG] To prepare electronic equip-
tained,lightweight portable conveyor,usually of
ment for use in a tropical climate by applying a
thebelt type,for useinunloading anddelivering
coating that resistsmoisture and fungi,{ vertstrokesuperiortra¨pH11080
bulk materials from trucks to domestic storage
H11080k?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉz}
places,and for trimming bulk materials in bins
tropometer [ENG] An instrument for measuring
or piles,{ vertstrokesuperiortimH11080?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
the angle through which one end of a bar is
triodetransistor [ELECTR] A transistor that has
twisted indetermining thestrength ofa material
three terminals,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
in torsion,{ tr?vertstrokesuperiorpa¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
trip [ENG] Toreleasealeverorsetfreeamecha-
troughed belt conveyor [MECH ENG] A belt
nism,{ trip }
conveyor with the conveyor belt edges elevated
trip hammer [MECH ENG] A large power ham-
on the carrying run to form a trough by conform-
mer whose head is tripped and falls by cam or
ing to the shape of the troughed carrying idlers
lever action,{ vertstrokesuperiortrip vertstrokeinferiorhamH11080?r}
or other supporting surface,{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙ft vertstrokesuperiorbelt
triplethread [DESENG] Amultiplescrewthread
k?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
having three threads or starts equally spaced
troughed roller conveyor [MECH ENG] A roller
around the periphery; the lead is three times the
conveyor having two rows of rolls set at an angle
pitch,{ vertstrokesuperiortripH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorthred }
to form a trough over which objects are con-
triplexchainblock [MECH ENG] A geared hoist
veyed,{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙ft vertstrokesuperiorroˉH11080l?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
usinganepicyclictrain,{ vertstrokesuperiortripvertstrokeinferiorleks vertstrokesuperiorchaˉn vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
troughingidler [MECH ENG] A belt idler having
tripod [DES ENG] An adjustable,collapsible
two or more rolls arranged to turn up the edges
three-legged support,as for a camera or survey-
of the belt so as to form the belt into a trough.
ing instrument,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpa¨d}
{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙fH11080i?vertstrokeinferior?ˉdH11080l?r}
tripodalgrasp [INDENG] Abasicgraspwhereby
troughing rolls [MECH ENG] The rolls of a
an object is held by the thumb,index finger,
troughingidlerthataresomountedonanincline
and middle finger,to provide delicate rotational
as to elevate each edge of the belt into a trough.
control,Also known as manipulative grasp.
{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙fH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorroˉlz }
{ |tr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpoˉdH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgrasp }
Trouton’s rule [THERMO] The rule that,for a
tripod drill [MECH ENG] A reciprocating rock
nonassociatedliquid,thelatentheatofvaporiza-
drill mounted on three legs and driven by steam
tion in calories is equal to approximately 22
or compressed air; the drill steel is removed and
times the normal boiling point on the Kelvin
a longer drill inserted about every 2 feet (61
scale,{ vertstrokesuperiortrau˙tH11080?nz vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
centimeters),{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferiorpa¨d vertstrokeinferiordril }
trowel [DES ENG] Any of various hand tools
tripper [CIV ENG] A device activated by a pass-
consisting of a wide,flat or curved blade with a
ing train to work a signal or switch or to apply short wooden handle; used by gardeners,plas-
brakes,[MECH ENG] A device that snubs a terers,and bricklayers,{ vertstrokesuperiortrau˙l}
conveyor belt causing the load to be discharged,troweling machine [MECH ENG] A motorized
{ vertstrokesuperiortripH11080?r} device used to spread concrete by operating
trip spear [ENG] A fishing tool intended to re- orbiting steel trowels on radial arms rotated on
cover lost casing; if the casing is found to be a vertical shaft,{ vertstrokesuperiortra¨wlH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
immovable,the hold is broken by operating the troyounce See ounce,{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙i vertstrokesuperiorau˙ns }
trip release,{ vertstrokesuperiortrip vertstrokeinferiorspir } troypound See pound,{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙i vertstrokesuperiorpau˙nd }
trisistor [ELECTR] Fast-switching semiconduc- troy system [MECH] A system of mass units
used primarily to measure gold and silver; thetor consisting of an alloyed junction pnp device
582
tubeseat
ounce is the same as that in the apothecaries’ truss [CIV ENG] A frame,generally of steel,tim-
ber,concrete,oralightalloy,builtfrommemberssystem,being equal to 480 grains or 31.1034768
in tension and compression,{ tr?s}grams,Abbreviated t,Also known as troy
trussbridge [CIVENG] Afixedbridgeconsistingweight,{ vertstrokesuperiortro
˙i vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
of members vertically arranged in a triangular
troyweight See troy system,{ vertstrokesuperiortro˙i vertstrokeinferiorwaˉt}
pattern,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?s vertstrokeinferiorbrij }
truck [MECH ENG] A self-propelled wheeled
trussedbeam [CIV ENG] A beam stiffened by a
vehicle,designed primarily to transport goods
steel tie rod to reduce its deflection,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?st
and heavy equipment; it may be used to tow
vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}
trailers or other mobile equipment,{ tr?k}
trussed rafter [BUILD] A triangulated beam in
truckcrane [MECH ENG] A crane carried on the
a trussed roof,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?st vertstrokesuperiorrafH11080t?r}
bed of a motortruck,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?k vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
trussrod [CIV ENG] A rod attached to the ends
truck-mounted drill rig [MECH ENG] A drilling
ofatrussedbeamwhichtransmitsthestraindue
rig mounted on a lorry or caterpillar tracks.
to downward pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?s vertstrokeinferiorra¨d}
{ vertstrokesuperiortr?k |mau˙ntH11080?d vertstrokesuperiordril vertstrokeinferiorrig }
try square [ENG] An instrument consisting of
truck-tractor See tractor,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?k |trakH11080t?r}
twostraightedgessecuredatrightanglestoeach
true-boiling-point analysis [CHEM ENG] A
other,used for laying off right angles and testing
standard laboratory technique used to predict
whether work is square,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorskwer }
the refining qualities of crude petroleum; gives
Tschudi engine [MECH ENG] A cat-and-mouse
distillation cuts for gasoline,kerosine,distillate
engine in which the pistons,which are sections
(diesel) fuel,cracking,and lube distillate stocks.
of a torus,travel around a toroidal cylinder; mo-
Also known as true-boiling-point distillation.
tion of the pistons is controlled by two cams
{ vertstrokesuperiortru¨ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080i? |po˙int?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
whichbear againstrollers attachedto therotors.
true-boiling-point distillation See true-boiling-
{ vertstrokesuperiorchu¨H11080deˉ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
point analysis,{ vertstrokesuperiortru¨ vertstrokesuperiorbo˙ilH11080i? |po˙int vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080
tsi [MECH] A unit of force equal to 1 ton-force
sh?n} per square inch; equal to approximately 1.54444
true rake [MECH ENG] The angle,measured in H11003 10
7
pascals,{ s?ˉ or vertstrokeinferiorteˉvertstrokeinferioresvertstrokesuperior?ˉ }
degrees,betweenaplanecontainingatoothface Tslot [DES ENG] A recessed slot,in the form of
and the axial plane through the tooth point in an inverted T,in the table of a machine tool,to
the direction of chip flow,{ vertstrokesuperiortru¨ vertstrokesuperiorraˉk} receive the square head of a T-slot bolt,{ vertstrokesuperiorteˉ
vertstrokeinferiorsla¨t}truing [MECH ENG] 1,Cutting a grinding wheel
tsp See teaspoonful.to make its surface run concentric with the axis.
tspn See teaspoonful.2,Aligning a wheel to be concentric and in one
TTL See transistor-transistor logic.plane,{ vertstrokesuperiortru¨H11080i? }
tube [ELECTR] See electron tube,[ENG] 1,Atruncate [CONT SYS] To stop a robotic process
long cylindrical body with a hollow center used
before it has been completed,{ vertstrokesuperiortrvertstrokeinferiorkaˉt}
especially to convey fluid,2,See inner tube.
truncatedicosahedralgravitational-waveantenna
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b}
[ENG] A resonant-mass antenna for detecting
tube bank [MECH ENG] An array of tubes de-
gravitational radiation in which the shape of the
signed to be used as a heat exchanger,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b
mass is a truncated icosahedron,which is much
vertstrokeinferiorba?k}
more efficient for this purpose than a cylinder.
tubebundle [ENG] In a shell-and-tube heat ex-
AbbreviatedTIGA,{ |trvertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?d?ˉvertstrokeinferiorka¨sH11080?|heˉH11080dr?l
changer,an assembly of parallel tubes that is
vertstrokeinferiorgravH11080?|taˉH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvan vertstrokeinferiortenH11080? }
tied together with tie rods,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorb?nH11080d?l}
truncationerror [ENG] The error resulting from
tube cleaner [MECH ENG] A device equipped
the analysis of a partial set of data in place of a
with cutters or brushes used to clean tubes in
complete or infinite set,{ trvertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
heat transfer equipment,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorkleˉnH11080?r}
trunkbuoy [ENG] Amooringbuoyhavingapen-
tube door [MECH ENG] A door in a boiler fur-
dant extending through an opening in the buoy,
nace wall which facilitates the removal or instal-
with the ship’s anchor chain or mooring line
lation of tubes,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
being secured to this pendant,{ vertstrokesuperiortrk vertstrokeinferiorbo˙i}
tubehole [ENG] A hole in a tube sheet through
trunksewer [CIVENG] Asewerreceivingsewage
which a tube is passed prior to sealing,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b
from many tributaries serving a large territory.
vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
{ vertstrokesuperiortrk vertstrokeinferiorsu¨H11080?r}
tubelesstire [ENG] A tire that does not require
trunnion [DES ENG] 1,Either of two opposite
an inner tube to hold air,{ |tu¨bH11080l?s vertstrokesuperiort?ˉr}
pivots,journals,or gudgeons,usually cylindrical
tubemill [MECH ENG] A revolving cylinder used
and horizontal,projecting one from each side of
for fine pulverization of ore,rock,and other such
apieceofordnance,thecylinderofanoscillating
materials; the material,mixed with water,is fed
engine,a molding flask,or a converter,and sup-
into the chamber from one end,and passes out
ported by bearings to provide a means of swivel-
the other end as slime,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiormil }
ing or turning,2,A pin or pivot usually
tubeplug [ENG] A solid plug inserted into the
mountedonbearingsforrotatingortiltingsome- end of a tube in a tube sheet,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorpl?g}
thing,[ENG] Atubularsectionofsteelwelded tubeseat [ENG] The surface of the tube hole in
to the side of a pipe in order to help support a tube sheet which contacts the tube,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b
vertstrokeinferiorseˉt}the pipe,{ vertstrokesuperiortr?nH11080y?n}
583
tubesheet
tube sheet [ENG] A mounting plate for ele- tuned-anode oscillator [ELECTR] A vacuum-
tube oscillator whose frequency is determinedmentsofalargeritemofequipment;forexample,
filter cartridges,or tubes for heat exchangers,by a tank circuit in the anode circuit,coupled to
the grid to provide the required feedback,Alsocoolers,or boilers,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorsheˉt}
tube shield [ENG] A shield designed to be known as tuned-plate oscillator,{ |tu¨nd vertstrokesuperioranvertstrokeinferioroˉd
vertstrokeinferiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}placed around an electron tube,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
tubesocket [ENG] Asocketdesignedtoaccom- tunedcircuit [ELECTR] A circuit whose compo-
nentscanbeadjustedtomakethecircuitrespon-modate electrically and mechanically the termi-
nals of an electron tube,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiorsa¨kH11080?t } sive to a particular frequency in a tuning range.
Also known as tuning circuit,{ |tu¨nd vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}tube-still heater [CHEM ENG] A firebox con-
taining a pipe coil through which oil for a tube tuned filter [ELECTR] Filter that uses one or
more tuned circuits to attenuate or pass signalsstill (pipe still) is pumped,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b |stil vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r}
tube turbining [MECH ENG] Cleaning tubes by at the resonant frequency,{ |tu¨nd vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080t?r}
tuned-reed frequency meter See vibrating-reedpassing a power-driven rotary device through
them,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?nH11080i? } frequency meter,{ |tu¨nd vertstrokesuperiorreˉd vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}tubevoltmeterSeevacuum-tube voltmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨b
vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} tuner [ELECTR] The portion of a receiver that
contains circuits which can be tuned to accepttubing [ENG] Material in the form of a tube,
most often seamless,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨bH11080i? } the carrier frequency of the alternating current
suppliedtotheprimary,therebycausingthesec-tubular exchanger See shell-and-tube exchanger.
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080by?H11080l?r iksvertstrokesuperiorchaˉnjH11080?r } ondary voltage to build up to higher values than
would otherwise be obtained,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨H11080n?r}tuck-and-patpointingSee tuck pointing,{ |t?k?n
|pat vertstrokeinferiorpo˙intH11080i? } tuningfork [ENG] AU-shapedbarforhardsteel,
fused quartz,or other elastic material that vi-tuckjointpointing See tuck pointing,{ vertstrokesuperiort?k vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int
vertstrokeinferiorpo˙intH11080i? } bratesatadefinitenaturalfrequencywhenstruck
orwhensetinmotionbyelectromagneticmeans;tuck pointing [BUILD] The finishing of old ma-
sonry joints in which the joints are first cleaned used as a frequency standard,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rk }
tunnel [ENG] A long,narrow,horizontal orout and then filled with fine mortar which proj-
ectsslightlyorhasa filletofputtyorlime,Also nearly horizontal underground passage that is
open to the atmosphere at both ends; used forknownastuck-and-patpointing;tuckjointpoint-
ing,{ vertstrokesuperiort?k vertstrokeinferiorpo˙intH11080i? } aqueducts and sewers,carrying railroad and ve-
hiculartraffic,variousundergroundinstallations,Tukon tester [ENG] A device that uses a dia-
mond (Knoop) indenter applying average loads and mining,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l}
tunnelblasting [ENG] A method of heavy blast-of 1 to 2000 grams to determine microhardness
of a metal,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨vertstrokeinferiorka¨n vertstrokeinferiortesH11080t?r } ing in which a heading is driven into the rock
and afterward filled with explosives in largetumble See topple,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080b?l}
tumbleaxis See topple axis,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s } quantities,similartoaborehole,onalargescale,
except that the heading is usually divided in twotumbler [ENG] 1.Adeviceinalockcylinderthat
must be moved to a particular position,as by a parts on the same level at right angles to the
first heading,forming in plan a T,the ends ofkey,before the bolt can be thrown,2,A device
or mechanism in which objects are tumbled,which are filled with explosives and the interme-
diate parts filled with inert material like an ordi-{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080bl?r}
tumbler feeder See drum feeder,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080bl?r nary borehole,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorblastH11080i? }
tunnel borer [MECH ENG] Any boring machinevertstrokeinferiorfeˉdH11080?r}
tumbler gears [MECH ENG] Idler gears inter- for making a tunnel; often a ram armed with
cutting faces operated by compressed air.posed between spindle and stud gears in a lathe
gear train; used to reverse rotation of lead screw { vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080?r}
tunnel carriage [MECH ENG] A machine usedor feed rod,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080bl?r vertstrokeinferiorgirz }
tumbling [ENG] A surface-finishing operation for rapid tunneling,consisting of a combined
drill carriage and manifold for water and air sofor small articles in which irregularities are re-
moved or surfaces are polished by tumbling that immediately the carriage is at the face,dril-
ling may commence with no lost time for con-them together in a barrel,along with wooden
pegs,sawdust,and polishing compounds,necting up or waiting for drill steels; the air is
supplied at pressures of 95 to 100 pounds per[MECH ENG] Loss of control in a two-frame free
gyroscope,occurring when both frames of refer- square inch (655,000 to 689,000 pascals).
{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080ij }ence become coplanar,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080bli? }
tumbling mill [MECH ENG] A grinding and pul- tunnel diode [ELECTR] A heavily doped junc-
tion diode that has a negative resistance at veryverizing machine consisting of a shell or drum
rotating on a horizontal axis,{ vertstrokesuperiort?mH11080bli?vertstrokeinferiormil } low voltage in the forward bias direction,due
to quantum-mechanical tunneling,and a shorttune [ELECTR] To adjust for resonance at a de-
sired frequency,{ tu¨n } circuit in the negative bias direction,Also
known as Esaki tunnel diode,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}tunedamplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier in which
the load is a tuned circuit; load impedance and tunnel junction [ELECTR] A two-terminal elec-
tronic device having an extremely thin potentialamplifier gain then vary with frequency,{ |tu¨nd
vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } barrier to electron flow,so that the transport
584
turnsratio
characteristic (the current-voltage curve) is pri- from that point; it is used in this sense for the
turnaround of vehicles,ships in ports,and air-marily governed by the quantum-mechanical
tunneling process which permits electrons to craft,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrau˙nd }
turnaround cycle [ENG] A term used in con-penetrate the barrier,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n}
tunnelliner [CIV ENG] Any of various materials,junction with vehicles,ships,and aircraft,and
comprising the following,loading time at home,especially timber,concrete,and cast iron,ap-
plied to the inner surface of a vehicular or rail- time to and from destination,unloading and
loading time at destination,unloading time atroad tunnel,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉnH11080?r}
tunnel resistor [ELECTR] Resistor in which a home,planned maintenance time,and,where
applicable,time awaiting facilities,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080thin layer of metal is plated across a tunneling
junction,to give the combined characteristics of?vertstrokeinferiorrau˙nd vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
turnbuckle [DES ENG] A sleeve with a thread ata tunnel diode and an ordinary resistor,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080
lrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?r } oneendandaswivelattheother,orwiththreads
of opposite hands at each end so that by turningtunnel triode [ELECTR] Transistorlike device in
whichtheemitter-basejunctionisatunneldiode the sleeve connected rods or wire rope will be
drawn together and tightened,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiorb?kH11080?l}andthecollector-basejunctionisaconventional
diode,{ vertstrokesuperiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiortr?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd} turning [MECH ENG] Shaping a member on a
lathe,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i? }turbine [MECH ENG] A fluid acceleration ma-
chine for generating rotary mechanical power turningbar See chimney bar,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
turningbasin [CIVENG] Anopenareaattheendfromtheenergyinastreamoffluid,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n}
turbine propulsion [MECH ENG] Propulsion of of a canal or narrow waterway to allow boats to
turn around,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbaˉsH11080?n}a vehicle or vessel by means of a steam or gas
turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?npr?vertstrokeinferiorp?lH11080sh?n} turning-block linkage [MECH ENG] A variation
of the sliding-block mechanical linkage in whichturbine pump See regenerative pump,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n
vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } the short link is fixed and the frame is free to
rotate,Also known as the Wentworth quick-turbining [MECH ENG] The removal of scale or
other foreign material from the internal surface return motion,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i? |bla¨k vertstrokeinferiorli?H11080kij }
turningcenter [MECH ENG] A numerically con-of a metallic cylinder,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?nH11080i? }
turboblower [MECHENG] A centrifugalor axial- trolled lathe that sometimes functions together
witharobotinboringandothermachiningwork.flow compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080boˉvertstrokeinferiorbloˉH11080?r}
turbogrid plate [CHEM ENG] A tray for distilla- { vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorsenH11080t?r}
turningtable [ENG] Inplasticsmolding,arotat-tion columns that consists of a flat grid of paral-
lelslotsextendingovertheentirecross-sectional ing table or wheel carrying various molds in a
multimold,single-parison blow-molding opera-area of the column; the liquid level on each tray
is maintained by a dynamic balance between tion,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}
turnkey contract [ENG] A contract in which andown-flowing liquid and up-flowing vapor.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080boˉvertstrokeinferiorgrid vertstrokesuperiorplaˉt } independent agent undertakes to furnish for a
fixed price all materials and labor,and to do allturbopump [MECH ENG] A pump that is pow-
ered by a turbine,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080boˉvertstrokeinferiorp?mp } the work needed to complete a project.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiorkeˉ vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiortrakt }turboshaft [MECH ENG] A gas turbine engine
that is similar to a turboprop but operates turnout [ENG] 1,A contrivance consisting of a
switch,a frog,and two guardrails for passingthroughatransmissionsystemtopoweradevice
such as a helicopter rotor or pump,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080 from one track to another,2.The branching off
of one rail track from another,3,A siding.boˉvertstrokeinferiorshaft }
turbosupercharger [MECH ENG] A centrifugal { vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
turnovercartridge [ENG ACOUS] A phonographair compressor,gas-turbine driven,usually used
to increase induction system pressure in an in- pickup having two styli and a pivoted mounting
that places in playing position the correct stylusternal combustion reciprocating engine,{ |t?rH11080
boˉvertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorcha¨rH11080j?r } for a particular record speed,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r
vertstrokeinferiorka¨rH11080trij }turbulent burner [ENG] An atomizing burner
which mixes fuel and air to produce agitated turnover frequency See transition frequency.
{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ }flow,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080by?H11080l?nt vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}
turbulization [ENG] In a heat-transfer process turnover number [CHEM ENG] In an industrial
catalytic process,a value that indicates theinvolving the interaction of a solid,heat-con-
ducting,and impermeable surface with a sur- amount of feed or substrate converted per a
measured amount of catalyst,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnH11080oˉH11080v?rroundingfluid,destructionoftheboundarylayer
in order to intensify the convective heat transfer,vertstrokeinferiorn?mH11080b?r}
turnoverrate [CHEMENG] Inan industrialcata-{ vertstrokeinferiort?rH11080b?H11080l?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
turn [ELEC] One complete loop of wire,lytic process,a value corresponding to the turn-
over number per specified unit of time.{ vertstrokesuperiort?rn }
turnaround [CHEM ENG] In petroleum refining,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferioroˉH11080v?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
turnpike [CIV ENG] A toll expressway,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnthe shutdown of a unit after a normal run for
maintenance and repair work,then putting the vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉk}
turns ratio [ELEC] The ratio of the number ofunit back into operation,[ENG] The length of
time between arriving at a point and departing turns in a secondary winding of a transformer
585
turnstile
to the number of turns in the primary winding,two-level mold [ENG] Placement of one cavity
of a plastics mold above another instead of{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnz vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
turnstile [ENG] A barrier that rotates about a alongside it; reduces clamping force needed.
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |levH11080?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }vertical axis and usually is arranged to allow the
passage of only one person at a time through two-lip end mill [MECH ENG] An end-milling
cutter having two cutting edges and straight oran opening,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiorst?ˉl}
turntable [ENG ACOUS] The rotating platform helical flutes,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |lip vertstrokesuperiorend vertstrokeinferiormil }
two-phase alternating-current circuit [ELEC] Aon which a disk record is placed for recording or
playback,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l } circuitinwhichtherearetwoalternatingcurrents
on separate wires,the two currents being 90H11034turntable rumble [ENG ACOUS] Low-frequency
vibration that is mechanically transmitted to a out of phase,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |faˉz vertstrokesuperioro˙lH11080t?rvertstrokeinferiornaˉdH11080i? k?H11080r?nt
vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}recordingorreproducing turntableandsuperim-
posed on the reproduction,Also known as two-phase current [ELEC] Current delivered
through two pairs of wires or at a phase differ-rumble,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rnvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorr?mH11080b?l}
turretlathe [MECHENG] A semiautomatic lathe ence of one-quarter cycle (90H11034) between the cur-
rent in the two pairs,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |faˉz vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt }differing from the engine lathe in having the
tailstock replaced with a multisided,indexing two-point press [MECH ENG] A mechanical
pressinwhichtheslideisactuatedattwopoints.tool holder or turret designed to hold several
tools,{ vertstrokesuperiort?H11080r?t vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth } { vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |po˙int vertstrokesuperiorpres }
two-port system [CONT SYS] A system whichturret robot [CONT SYS] A tower-shaped robot
whose manipulator makes circular motions has only one input or excitation and only one
response or output,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |po˙rt vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}about the robot’s base,{ vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080?t vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}
Twaddellscale [ENG] Ascaleforspecificgravity two-sidedsamplingplans [IND ENG] Any sam-
pling plan whereby the acceptability of materialof solutions that is the first two digits to the
right of the decimal point multiplied by two; for is determined against upper and lower limits.
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |s?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pli?vertstrokeinferiorplanz }example,a specific gravity of 1.4202 is equal to
84.04H11034Tw,{ tw?vertstrokesuperiordel vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl} two-step grooving system [ENG] A method of
spooling a drum in which the wire rope,con-tweeter [ENG ACOUS] A loudspeaker designed
tohandleonlythehigheraudiofrequencies,usu- trolled by grooves,moves parallel to the drum
flanges for one-half the circumference and thenally those well above 3000 hertz; generally used
in conjunction with a crossover network and a crossesover tostart thenext wrap,Alsoknown
as counterbalance system,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |step vertstrokesuperiorgru¨vH11080i?woofer,{ vertstrokesuperiortweˉdH11080?r}
twin-cable ropeway [MECH ENG] An aerial vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
two-strokecycle [MECH ENG] An internal com-ropeway whichhas parallel track cableswith car-
riers running in opposite directions; both rows bustion engine cycle completed in two strokes
of the piston,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |stroˉk vertstrokesuperiors?ˉH11080k?l}of carriers are pulled by the same traction rope.
{ vertstrokesuperiortwin |kaˉbH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉpvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } two-tone diaphone [ENG ACOUS] A diaphone
producing blasts of two tones,the second tonetwin-geared press [MECH ENG] A crank press
having the drive gears attached to both ends of being of a lower pitch than the first tone,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨
|toˉn vertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}the crankshaft,{ vertstrokesuperiortwin |gird vertstrokesuperiorpres }
twist [DES ENG] In a fiber,rope,yarn,or cord,two-way slab [CIV ENG] A concrete slab sup-
ported by beams along all four edges and rein-the turns about its axis per unit length; usually
expressed as TPI (turns per inch),{ twist } forced with steel bars arranged perpendicularly.
{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |waˉ vertstrokesuperiorslab }twistdrill [DES ENG] A tool having one or more
helical grooves,extending from the point to the two-way valve [MECH ENG] A mechanical de-
vice that controls the flow of fluid by allowingsmooth part of the shank,for ejecting cuttings
and admitting a coolant,{ vertstrokesuperiortwist vertstrokeinferiordril } flow in either of two directions,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |waˉ vertstrokesuperiorvalv }
two-wire circuit [ELEC] A metallic circuittwo-bodyproblem [MECH] The problem of pre-
dicting themotions of two objectsobeying New- formed by two conductors insulated from each
other; in contrast with a four-wire circuit,it useston’s laws of motion and exerting forces on each
other according to some specified law such as onlyonelineorchannelfortransmissionofelec-
tric wavesin both directions,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |w?ˉr vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}Newton’s law of gravitation,given their masses
and their positions and velocities at some initial tyfon See typhon,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfa¨n}
Tylerscreen [CHEM ENG] A screen standard fortime,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |ba¨dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpra¨bH11080l?m}
two-cycle engine [MECH ENG] A reciprocating the openings in screen-type mediums based on
meshes per linear inch; convertible to the U.S.internal combustion engine that requires two
piston strokes or one revolution to complete a Sieve Series,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉH11080l?r vertstrokeinferiorskreˉn}
Tyler Standard screen scale [ENG] A scale forcycle,{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |s?ˉH11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
two-degrees-of-freedom gyro [MECH] A gyro classifying particles in which the particle size
in micrometers is correlated with the mesheswhose spin axis is free to rotate about two
orthogonal axes,not counting the spin axis,per inch of a screen,{ vertstrokesuperiortiH11080l?r vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn vertstrokeinferiorskaˉl}{ vertstrokesuperiortu¨ |di|greˉz?v |freˉH11080d?m vertstrokesuperiorj?ˉH11080roˉ }
586
typhon
Tyndallization [ENG] Heat sterilization by surface-mounted and leaded electronic compo-
nents,in which the surface-mounted compo-steaming the food or medium for a few minutes
nents are on both sides of the printed board.at atmospheric pressure on three or four succes-
{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉp |tu¨?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }
siveoccasions,separatedby12-to18-hourinter-
type III assembly [ELECTR] An assembly of
vals of incubation at a temperature favorable for
both surface-mounted and leaded electronic
bacterial growth,{ vertstrokeinferiortindH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
components,in which the surface-mounted
type I assembly [ELECTR] An assembly con-
components are only on the bottom side of the
sisting entirely of surface-mounted electronic
printed board,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉp |threˉ?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }
components,on either one or both sides of a
typhon [ENG ACOUS] A diaphragm horn which
printed board,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉp |w?n?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }
operates under the influence of compressed air
or steam,Also spelled tyfon,{ vertstrokesuperiort?ˉvertstrokeinferiorfa¨n}typeIIassembly [ELECTR] Anassembly ofboth
587
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U
ultramicrobalance [ENG] A differential weigh-U-bend die [MECH ENG] A die with a square
ing device with accuracies better than 1 micro-or rectangular cross section which provides two
gram;usedforanalyticalweighingsinmicroanal-edges over which metal can be drawn,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨
ysis,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kroˉvertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
vertstrokeinferiorbend vertstrokeinferiord?ˉ }
ultramicrotome [ENG] A microtome which uses
U blades [DES ENG] Curved bulldozer blades
a glass or diamond knife,allowing sections of
designed to increase moving capacity of tractor
cells to be cut 300 nanometers in thickness.
equipment,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ vertstrokeinferiorblaˉdz }
{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiortoˉm}
Ubolt [DES ENG] A U-shaped bolt with threads
ultrasonicatomizer [MECHENG] Anatomizerin
at the ends of both arms to receive nuts.
which liquid is fed to,or caused to flow over,a
{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
surfacewhichvibratesatanultrasonicfrequency;
udometer See rain gage,{ yu¨vertstrokesuperiorda¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
uniform drops may be produced at low feed
UJT See unijunction transistor.
rates,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperioradH11080?vertstrokeinferiorm?ˉzH11080?r}
ullage [ENG] Theamountthat acontainer,such
ultrasonic cleaning [ENG] A method used to
as a fuel tank,lacks of being full,{ vertstrokesuperior?lH11080ij }
clean debris and swarf from surfaces by immer-
ultimate bearing capacity [CIV ENG] The aver-
sion in a solvent in which ultrasonic vibrations
age load per unit area that will cause failure by
are excited,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorkleˉnH11080i? }
rupture of a supporting soil mass,{ |?lH11080t?H11080m?t
ultrasonicdelayline [ENG ACOUS] A delay line
vertstrokesuperiorberH11080i? k?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
in which use is made of the propagation time of
ultimateloadSeebreakingload,{ vertstrokesuperior?lH11080t?H11080m?tvertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
sound through a medium such as fused quartz,
ultimate-load design [DES ENG] Design of a
barium titanate,or mercury to obtain a time
beam that is proportioned to carry at ultimate
delayofasignal,Alsoknownasultrasonicstor-
capacity the design load multiplied by a safety
age cell,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik divertstrokesuperiorlaˉ vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
factor,Also known as limit-load design; plastic
ultrasonic depth finder [ENG] A direct-reading
design; ultimate-strength design,{ |?lH11080t?H11080m?t
instrument which employs frequencies above
|loˉddivertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
the audible range to determine the depth of wa-
ultimate set [ENG] The ratio of the length of a
ter; it measures the time interval between the
specimen plate or bar before testing to the
emissionofanultrasonicsignalandthereturnof
length at the moment of fracture; usually ex-
itsechofromthebottom,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordepth
pressed as a percentage,{ vertstrokesuperior?lH11080t?H11080m?t vertstrokesuperiorset }
vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉnH11080d?r}
ultimate strength [MECH] The tensile stress,
ultrasonic drill [MECH ENG] A drill in which a
per unit of the original surface area,at which a
magnetostrictive transducer is attached to a ta-
body will fracture,or continue to deform under
peredconeservingasavelocitytransformer;with
a decreasing load,{ vertstrokesuperior?lH11080t?H11080m?t vertstrokesuperiorstre?kth }
anappropriatetoolattheendofthetransformer,
ultimate-strengthdesignSeeultimate-loaddesign.
practically any shape of hole can be drilled in
{ |?lH11080t?H11080m?t |stre?kth divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
hard,brittle materials such as tungsten carbide
ultracentrifuge [ENG] A laboratory instrument
and gems,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordril }
which develops centrifugal fields of more than
ultrasonicdrilling [MECH ENG] A vibration dril-
100,000 times gravity,used for the quantitative
ling method in which ultrasonic vibrations are
measurement of sedimentation velocity or sedi-
generated by the compression and extension of
mentation equilibrium,or for the separation of
a core of electrostrictiveor magnetostrictive ma-
solutes in liquid solutions to study high poly-
terialinarapidlyalternatingelectricormagnetic
mers,particularly proteins,nucleic acids,vi-
field,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
ruses,and other macromolecules of biological
ultrasonicflawdetector [ENG ACOUS] An ultra-
origin,{ vertstrokeinferior?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j} sonic generator and detector used together,
ultrafiltration [CHEM ENG] Separation of colloi- much as in radar,to determine the distance to
dal or very fine solid materials by filtration a wave-reflecting internal crack or other flaw in
through microporous or semipermeable medi- a solid object,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorflo˙ divertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
ultrasonicgenerator [ENG ACOUS] A generatorums,{ |?lH11080tr?H11080filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
ultrasonicimagingdevice
consisting of an oscillator driving an electro- ultrasonoscope [ENG] An instrument that dis-
playsan echosonogramon anoscilloscope; usu-acoustic transducer,used to produce acoustic
ally has auxiliary output to a chart-recording in-waves above about 20 kilohertz,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik
strument,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}vertstrokesuperiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorra
ˉdH11080?r}
umbrellaroof See station roof,{?mvertstrokesuperiorbrelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorru¨f}
ultrasonicimagingdevice [ENGACOUS] Anim-
unavailable energy [THERMO] That part of the
aging device in which a wave is generated by a
energy which,when an irreversible process takes
transducer external to the body; the reflected
place,is initially in a form completely available
wave is detected by the same transducer,{ |?lH11080
for work and is converted to a form completely
tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorimH11080ijH11080i? divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
unavailable for work,{ |?nH11080?|vaˉlH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080
ultrasonic inspectoscope [ENG ACOUS] An in-
jeˉ }
strument that transmits sound waves,at fre-
unavoidable delay [IND ENG] Any delay in a
quencies between 500 kilohertz and 15 mega-
task,the occurrence of which is outside the con-
hertz,into a metal casting or other solid piece
trolorresponsibilityoftheworker,{ |?nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvo˙idH11080
and determines the presence of flaws by reflec-
H11080b?ldivertstrokesuperiorlaˉ }
tions or by an interruption of the sound-wave
unavoidable-delayallowance [INDENG] Anad-
transmission through the piece,{ |?lH11080tr?|sa¨nH11080ik
justment of standard time to allow for unavoid-
invertstrokesuperiorspekH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
able delays in a task,{ |?nH11080?vertstrokesuperiorvo˙idH11080?H11080b?ldivertstrokesuperiorlaˉ
ultrasonic leak detector [ENG] An instrument
vertstrokeinferiorlau˙H11080?ns }
which detects ultrasonic energy resulting from
unbondedmember [CIV ENG] A posttensioned
the transition from laminar to turbulent flow of
member that is made of prestressed concrete
a gas passing through an orifice,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080
andhasthetensioningforceappliedonlyagainst
ik vertstrokesuperiorleˉkdivertstrokeinferiortekH11080t?r}
the end anchorages,{?n|ba¨ndH11080?d vertstrokesuperiormemH11080b?r}
ultrasonicmachining [MECHENG] Theremoval
unbonded strain gage [ENG] A type of strain
ofmaterialbyabrasivebombardmentandcrush-
gage that consists of a grid of fine wires strung
ing in which a flat-ended tool of soft alloy steel
under slight tension between a stationary frame
is madeto vibrate ata frequency ofabout 20,000
andamovablearmature;pressureappliedtothe
hertz and an amplitude of 0.001–0.003 inch
bellows or to the diaphragm sensing element
(0.0254–0.0762 millimeter) while a fine abrasive
moves the armature with respect to the frame,
ofsiliconcarbide,aluminumoxide,orboroncar-
increasing tension in one half of the filaments
bideiscarriedbyaliquidbetweentoolandwork.
and decreasing tension in the rest,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorba¨nH11080
{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik m?vertstrokesuperiorsheˉnH11080i? }
d?d vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
ultrasonic sealing [ENG] A method for sealing uncage [ENG] Toreleasethecagingmechanism
plastic film by using localized heat developed of a gyroscope,that is,the mechanism that
by vibratory mechanical pressure at ultrasonic erects the gyroscope or locks it in position.
frequencies,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorseˉlH11080i? } { |?nvertstrokesuperiorkaˉj}
ultrasonic storage cell See ultrasonic delay line,uncharged demolition target [ENG] A demoli-
tion target which has been prepared to receive{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsto˙rH11080ij vertstrokeinferiorsel }
the demolition agent,the necessary quantitiesultrasonic testing [ENG] A nondestructive test
of which have been calculated,packaged,andmethod that employs high-frequency mechani-
stored in a safe place,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorcha¨rjd vertstrokeinferiordemH11080?vertstrokesuperiorlishH11080
cal vibration energy to detect and locate struc-
n vertstrokeinferiorta¨rH11080g?t}
tural discontinuities or differences and to meas-
unconfined explosion [ENG] Explosion oc-
ure thickness of a variety of materials,{ |?lH11080
curring in the open air where the (atmospheric)
tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiortestH11080i? }
pressure is constant,{ |?nH11080k?nvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉnd ikvertstrokesuperiorsploˉH11080
ultrasonic thickness gage [ENG] A thickness
zh?n}
gage in which the time of travel of an ultrasonic
uncouple [ENG] To unscrew or disengage.
beam through a sheet of material is used as a
{ |?nvertstrokesuperiork?pH11080?l}
measure of the thickness of the material,{ |?lH11080
underbody [ENG] The lower portion or under-
tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080n?s vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
side of the body of a vehicle or airplane,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080
ultrasonic transducer [ENG ACOUS] A trans-
d?rvertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
ducer that converts alternating-current energy
undercut [ELECTR] Undesirable lateral etching
above 20 kilohertz to mechanical vibrations of
bychemicalsinthefabricationofsemiconductor
thesame frequency;it isgenerally eithermagne-
devices,[ENG] Underside recess either cut or
tostrictive or piezoelectric,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik tranz
molded into an object so as to leave a topside
vertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
lip or protuberance,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiork?t}
ultrasonic transmitter [ENG ACOUS] A device
undercutting [CHEM ENG] In distillation,the
used to track seals,fish,and other aquatic ani-
technique of taking the products coming off the
mals,the device is fastened to the outside of
distillation tower at a temperature below the
the animal or fed to it,and has a loudspeaker
desired ultimate boiling point range to prevent
which is made to vibrate at an ultrasonic fre- contaminating the products with the compound
quency,propagating ultrasonic waves through that would distill just beyond the ultimate boil-
the water to a special microphone or hy- ing point range,{ |?nH11080d?r|k?dH11080i? }
underdrain [CIV ENG] A subsurface drain withdrophone,{ |?lH11080tr?vertstrokesuperiorsa¨nH11080ik tranzvertstrokesuperiormidH11080?r}
590
unijunctiontransistor
holes into which water flows when the water method for calculation of liquid separations
from binary distillation systems operated attable reaches the drain level,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
underdrive press [MECH ENG] A mechanical partial reflux,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n
vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}press having the driving mechanism located
within or under the bed,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiordr?ˉv vertstrokesuperiorpres } undisturbed [ENG] Pertaining to a sample of
material,as of soil,subjected to so little distur-underfeedstoker [ENG] A coal-burning system
inwhichgreencoalisfedfrombeneaththeburn- bance that it is suitable for determinations of
strength,consolidation,permeability character-ing fuel bed,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorfeˉd vertstrokesuperiorstoˉH11080k?r}
underfloorraceway [BUILD] A raceway for elec- istics,and other properties of the material in
place,{ |?nH11080divertstrokesuperiorst?rbd }tric wires which runs beneath the floor,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080
d?rvertstrokeinferiorflo˙r vertstrokesuperiorraˉsvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ } unfinishedbolt [DESENG] Oneofthreedegrees
offinishinwhichstandardhexagonwrench-headunderground [ENG] Situated,done,or op-
erating beneath the surface of the ground,bolts and nuts are available; only the thread is
finished,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorfinH11080isht vertstrokesuperiorboˉlt }{ |?nH11080d?r|grau˙nd }
underhung crane [MECH ENG] An overhead unfired pressure vessel [CHEM ENG] A pres-
sure vessel that is not in direct contact with atraveling crane in which the end trucks carry the
bridge suspended below the rails,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080 heating flame,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrd vertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorvesH11080?l}
uniaxial stress [MECH] A state of stress ind?rvertstrokeinferiorh vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
underpinning [CIV ENG] 1.Permanent supports whichtwoofthethreeprincipalstressesarezero.
{ |yu¨H11080neˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorstres }replacing or reinforcing the older supports be-
neath a wall or a column,2.Braced props tem- unidirectionalhydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A hy-
drophone mainly sensitive to sound that is inci-porarily supporting a structure,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorpinH11080
i? } dentfromasinglesolidangleofonehemisphere
or less,{ |yu¨H11080n?H11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}underplate [DES ENG] An unfinished plate
which forms part of an armored front for a mor- unidirectionalmicrophone [ENG ACOUS] A mi-
crophonethat is responsive predominantly totise lock,and which is fastened to the case.
{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorplaˉt } sound incident from one hemisphere,without
picking up sounds from the sides or rear,{ |yu¨H11080underream [ENG] To enlarge a drill hole below
the casing,{ |?nH11080d?r|reˉm} n?H11080d?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?nH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
unifiedscrewthread [DES ENG] Three series ofundershoot [CONT SYS] The amount by which
asystem’sresponsetoanabruptchangeininput threads,coarse (UNC),fine (UNF),and extra fine
(UNEF); a 1/4-inch-diameter (0.006-millimeter)falls short of that desired,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorshu¨t}
undershot wheel [MECH ENG] A water wheel threadintheUNCserieshas20threadsperinch,
while in the UNF series it has 28,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉdoperated by the impact of flowing water against
blades attached around the periphery of the vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorthred }
unifilarsuspension [ENG] The suspension of awheel,the blades being partly or totally sub-
merged in the moving stream of water,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080 body from a single thread,wire,or strip,{ |yu¨H11080
n?vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?rs?vertstrokesuperiorspenH11080ch?n}d?rvertstrokeinferiorsha¨t vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
undersize [ENG] Thatpartofacrushedmaterial uniflowengine [MECH ENG] A steam engine in
which steam enters the cylinder through valves(for example,ore) which passes through a
screen,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiors?ˉz } atoneendandescapesthroughopeningsuncov-
ered by the piston as it completes its stroke.underspin [MECH] Property of a projectile hav-
inginsufficientrateofspintogiveproperstabili- { vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorfloˉ vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
uniform circular motion [MECH] Circular mo-zation,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorspin }
underwater sound projector [ENG ACOUS] A tion in which the angular velocity remains con-
stant,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080ky?H11080l?r vertstrokesuperiormoˉH11080sh?n}transducer used to produce sound waves in
water,{ |?nH11080d?r|wo˙dH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorsau˙nd pr?vertstrokeinferiorjekH11080t?r} uniform click track [ENG ACOUS] A click track
with regularly spaced clicks,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmunderwater transducer [ENG ACOUS] A device
used forthe generationor receptionof underwa- vertstrokesuperiorklik vertstrokeinferiortrak }
uniform load [MECH] A load distributed uni-ter sounds,{ |?nH11080d?r|wo˙dH11080?r tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}
underwaybottomsampler See underway sampler,formly over a portion or over the entire length
of a beam; measured in pounds per foot,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080{ |?nH11080d?r|waˉ vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080?m vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}
underway sampler [ENG] A device for collect- n?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
uniform mat [CIV ENG] A type of foundationing samples of sediment on the ocean bottom,
consisting of a cup in a hollow tube; on striking mat,consisting of a reinforced concrete slab of
constant thickness,supporting walls,and col-the bottom,the cup scoops up a small sample
whichisforcedintothetubewhichisthenclosed umns; it is thick,rigid,and strong,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080
n?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rm vertstrokesuperiormat }with a lid,and the device is hoisted to the sur-
face,Also known as scoopfish; underway bot- unijunction transistor [ELECTR] An n-type bar
of semiconductor with a p-type alloy region ontom sampler,{ |?nH11080d?r|waˉ vertstrokesuperiorsamH11080pl?r}
Underwood chart [CHEM ENG] A graphical so- oneside;connectionsaremadetobasecontacts
at either end of the bar and to the p-region.lution of mass balances for a single equilibrium
stage in the calculation of a solvent-extraction Abbreviated UJT,Formely known as double-base
diode; double-base junction diode,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?operation,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080d?rvertstrokeinferiorwu˙d vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
Underwood distillation method [CHEM ENG] A vertstrokeinferiorjkH11080sh?n tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
591
unilateralconductivity
unilateral conductivity [ELECTR] Conductivity ENG] A modified pipe thread used for pressure-
tight connectionsthat are to beassembled with-in only one direction,as in a perfect rectifier.
out lubricant or sealer in refrigeration pipes,au-{ |yu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080d?kvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
tomotive and aircraft fuel-line fittings,and gasunilateraltolerancemethod [DESENG] Method
and chemical shells,{ y?vertstrokesuperiorn?ˉdH11080?d vertstrokesuperiorstaˉts vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080
ofdimensioningandtolerancingwhereinthetol-
d?rd vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉ |seˉl vertstrokeinferiorthred }
erance is taken as plus or minus from an explic-
unitheater [MECH ENG] A heater consisting of
itly stated dimension; the dimension represents
a fan for circulating air over a heat-exchange
the size or location which is nearest the critical
surface,allenclosedinacommoncasing,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080
condition (that is maximum material condition),
n?t vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080?r}
and the tolerance is applied either in a plus or
unitized body [ENG] An automotive body that
minus direction,but not in both directions,in
has the body and frame in one unit; side mem-
such a way that the permissible variation in size
bers are designed on the principle of a bridge
or location is away from the critical condition.
truss to gain stiffness,and sheet metal of the
{ |yu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorladH11080?H11080r?l vertstrokesuperiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
body is stressed so that it carries some of the
union [DESENG] Ascrewedorflangedpipecou-
load,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorba¨dH11080eˉ }
pling usually in the form of a ring fitting around
unitized cargo [IND ENG] Grouped cargo car-
the outside of the joint,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨nH11080y?n}
riedaboardashipinpallets,containers,wheeled
union joint [DES ENG] A threaded assembly
vehicles,and barges or lighters,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzd
used for the joining of ends of lengths of in-
vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080goˉ }
stalled pipe or tubing where rotation of neither
unitizedload [INDENG] Asingleitemoranum-
length is feasible,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨nH11080y?n vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }
ber of items packaged,packed,or arranged in a
union shop [IND ENG] An establishment in
specified manner and capable of being handled
which union membership is not a requirement
as a unit; unitization may be accomplished by
for original employment but becomes manda-
placing the item or items in a container or by
tory after a specified period of time,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨nH11080
banding them securely together,Also known
y?n vertstrokesuperiorsha¨p}
as unit load,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzd vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
unipolar [ELEC] Having but one pole,polarity,
unitizedtooling [DES ENG] A die having its up-
ordirection;whenappliedtoamplifiersorpower
per and lower members incorporated into a self-
supplies,it means that the output can vary in
contained unit arranged to maintain the die
only one polarity from zero and,therefore,must
members in alignment,{ |yu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiort?ˉzd |tu¨lH11080i? }
always contain a direct-current component.
unitload See unitized load,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorloˉd}
{ |yu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r} unit mold [ENG] A simple plastics mold com-
unipolar transistor [ELECTR] A transistor that posed of a simple cavity without further mold
utilizes charge carriers of only one polarity,devices;usedtoproducesamplecontainershav-
such as a field-effect transistor,{ |yu¨H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorpoˉH11080l?r ing shapes difficult to blow-mold,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t
tranvertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r} vertstrokesuperiormoˉld }
unit of issue [IND ENG] In reference to specialunit [ENG] An assembly or devicecapable of in-
storage,the quantity of an item,such as eachdependent operation,such as a radio receiver,
number,dozen,gallon,pair,pound,ream,set,cathode-ray oscilloscope,or computer subas-
or yard,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t?v vertstrokesuperiorishH11080u¨ }
sembly that performs some inclusive operation
unitoperations [CHEM ENG] The basic physical
or function,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t}
operationsofchemicalengineeringinachemical
unitary air conditioner [MECH ENG] A small
processplant,thatis,distillation,fluidtransport,
self-contained electrical unit enclosing a motor-
heat and mass transfer,evaporation,extraction,
driven refrigeration compressor,evaporative
drying,crystallization,filtration,mixing,sizesep-
cooling coil,air-cooled condenser,filters,fans,
aration,crushing and grinding,and conveying.
and controls,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?vertstrokeinferiorterH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorer k?nvertstrokeinferiordishH11080?nH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?nz }
unit assembly [IND ENG] Assemblage of ma-
unitprocess [CHEMENG] Inchemicalmanufac-
chine parts which constitutes a complete auxil-
turing,a process that involves chemical conver-
iary part of an end item,and which performs a
sion,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiorpra¨vertstrokeinferiorses }
specific auxiliary function,and which may be
unitprocurementcost [IND ENG] The net basic
removed from the parent item without itself be-
cost paid or estimated to be paid for a unit of
ing disassembled,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t?vertstrokesuperiorsemH11080bleˉ }
aparticularitemincluding,whereapplicable,the
unitcharge See statcoulomb,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorcha¨rj }
cost of government-furnished property and the
unit construction [BUILD] An assembly com-
cost of manufacturing operations performed
prising two or more walls,plus floor and ceiling
at government-owned facilities,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?tpr?
construction,ready for shipping to a building
vertstrokesuperiorkyu˙rH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorko˙st }
site,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?tk?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n}
unit strain [MECH] 1,For tensile strain,the
unit cost [IND ENG] Cost allocated to a speci-
elongation per unit length,2,For compressive
fied unit ofa product; computed asthe cost over strain,the shortening per unit length,3,For
a period of time divided by the number of units shear strain,the change in angle between two
produced,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorko˙st } lines originally perpendicular to each other.
{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn}United States standard dry seal thread [DES
592
updraftfurnace
unit stress [MECH] The load per unit of area,3,The depressuring or emptying of a process
unit,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? }{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokesuperiorstres }
unity power factor [ELEC] Power factor of 1.0,unloadingconveyor [MECHENG] Anyofseveral
types of portable conveyors adapted for un-obtained when current and voltage are in phase,
as in a circuit containing only resistance or in a loadingbulkmaterials,packages,orobjectsfrom
conveyances,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}reactive circuit at resonance,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080n?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorpau˙H11080
r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r} unprotected reversing thermometer [ENG] A
reversing thermometer for sea-water tempera-univariant system [THERMO] A system which
has only one degree of freedom according to the ture which is not protected against hydrostatic
pressure,{ |?nH11080pr?vertstrokesuperiortekH11080t?drivertstrokesuperiorv?rsH11080i? th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080phase rule,{ |yu¨H11080n?|verH11080eˉH11080?nt vertstrokesuperiorsisH11080t?m}
universal chuck [ENG] A self-centering chuck?dH11080?r}
unrestrictedelement [IND ENG] An element ofwhose jaws move in unison when a scroll plate
is rotated,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorch?k } an operation that is entirely under the control
of a worker,{ |?nH11080rivertstrokesuperiorstrikH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }universaldividinghead [MECH ENG] An acces-
sory fixture on a milling machine that rotates unscheduled maintenance [IND ENG] Those
unpredictable maintenance requirements thatthe workpiece to specified angles between ma-
chining steps,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?ldivertstrokesuperiorv?ˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorhed } hadnotbeenpreviouslyplannedorprogrammed
butrequirepromptattentionandmustbeaddeduniversal gas constant See gas constant,{ |yu¨H11080
n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorgas vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt } to,integrated with,or substituted for previously
scheduled workloads,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorskejH11080?ld vertstrokesuperiormaˉntH11080?nH11080universal grinding machine [MECH ENG] A
grinding machine having a swivel table and?ns }
unscrambler [IND ENG] A part of a feeding andheadstock,and a wheel head that can be rotated
on its base,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorgr?ˉndH11080i? m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn } packaging line that aids in arranging cartons for
the filling machines; there are rotary,straight-universalgripper [CONT SYS] A versatile robot
componentthatcangraspmostkindsofobjects,line,and walking-beam types,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorskramH11080
bl?r}{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}
universalinstrumentSeealtazimuth,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080 Unsinengine [MECH ENG] A type of rotary en-
gine in which the trochoidal rotors of eccentric-s?l vertstrokesuperiorinzH11080tr?H11080m?nt }
universal joint [MECH ENG] A linkage that rotor engines are replaced with two circular ro-
tors,one of which has a single gear tooth upontransmits rotation between two shafts whose
axes are coplanar but not coinciding,{ |yu¨H11080 which gas pressure acts,and the second rotor
has a slot which accepts the gear tooth,{ vertstrokesuperior?nH11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorjo˙int }
universal motor [ELEC] A motor that may be s?n vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
unsprung axle [MECH ENG] A rear axle in anoperated at approximately the same speed and
output on either direct current or single-phase automobileinwhichthehousingcarriestheright
and left rear-axle shafts and the wheels arealternatingcurrent,Alsoknownasac/dcmotor.
{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiormoˉdH11080?r } mounted at the outer end of each shaft.
{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorspr vertstrokesuperiorakH11080s?l}universal output transformer [ENG ACOUS] An
output transformer having a number of taps on unsprungweight [MECHENG] Theweightofthe
various parts of a vehicle that are not carried onits winding,to permit itsuse between the audio-
frequency output stage and the loudspeaker of the springs,such as wheels,axles,and brakes.
{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorspr vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt}practically any radio receiver by proper choice
of connections,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorau˙tvertstrokeinferiorpu˙t tranz unwater [ENG] To remove or draw off water; to
drain,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r}vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
universalrobot [CONT SYS] A robot whose end unwind [MECH ENG] To reverse the direction of
rotation of a threaded device,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorw?ˉnd }effector wouldbe flexible enough toperform any
desired task,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t} up [ENG] Fully in operation,{?p}
up-converter [ELECTR] Type of parametric am-universal vise [ENG] A vise which has two or
three swivel settings so that the workpiece can plifier which is characterized by the frequency of
the output signal being greater than the fre-be set at a compound angle,Also known as
toolmaker’s vise,{ |yu¨H11080n?|v?rH11080s?l vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉs } quency of the input signal,{ vertstrokesuperior?pk?nvertstrokeinferiorv?rdH11080?r}
up-Doppler [ENG ACOUS] The sonar situationunloadedQ [ELECTR] The Q of a system when
there is no external coupling to it,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080 wherein the target is moving toward the trans-
ducer,so the frequency of the echo is greater?d vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ }
unloader [MECH ENG] A power device for re- thanthefrequencyofthereverberationsreceived
immediately after the end of the outgoing ping;moving bulk materials from railway freight cars
or highway trucks; in the case of railway cars,the opposite of down-Doppler,{ vertstrokesuperior?p vertstrokeinferiorda¨pH11080l?r}
updraftcarburetor [MECH ENG] For a gasolinecarstructuremayaidtheunloader;atransitional
device between interplant transportation means engine,a fuel-air mixing device in which both
the fuel jet and the airflow are upward.and intraplant handling equipment,{ |?nvertstrokesuperiorloˉdH11080
r} {vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiordraft vertstrokesuperiorka¨rH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
updraftfurnace [MECHENG] Afurnaceinwhichunloading [CHEM ENG] 1,The release down-
stream of a trapped contaminant,2,A filter volumes of air are supplied from below the fuel
bed or supply,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiordraft vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}medium failure and release of system pressure.
593
upliftpressure
upliftpressure [CIVENG] Pressureinanupward usability [IND ENG] The characteristics which
direction against the bottom of a structure,as a enter into a product’s design and are related to
dam,a road slab,or a basement floor,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiorlift its quality and reliability that enable users to
vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r} perform tasks quickly and error free,as well as
upmilling [MECH ENG] Milling a workpiece by reduce the time and mental effort to learn or
rotating the cutter against the direction of feed operate the product,Also known as ease of
of the workpiece,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? } use; user friendliness,{ vertstrokeinferioryu¨zH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
upper consolute temperature See consolute tem- usablelife See pot life,{ |yu¨zH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorl?ˉf}
perature,{ vertstrokesuperior?pH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorka¨nH11080s?vertstrokeinferiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r} user friendliness See usability,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨H11080z?r vertstrokesuperiorfrendH11080
uppercontrollimit [IND ENG] A horizontal line le
ˉH11080n?s}
on a control chart at a specified distance above
U-shaped abutment [CIV ENG] A bridge abut-
the central line; if all the plotted points fall be-
ment with wings perpendicular to the face which
tween the upper and lower control lines,the
actascounterforts;averystableabutment,often
processissaidtobeincontrol,{ |?pH11080?rk?nvertstrokesuperiortroˉl
used for architectural effect,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ |shaˉpt
vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080m?nt }
uppercriticalsolutiontemperature See consolute
utilidor [CIV ENG] An insulated,heated conduit
temperature,{ vertstrokesuperior?pH11080?r |kridH11080?H11080k?ls?|lu¨H11080sh?n
built below the ground surface or supported
vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
above the ground surface to protect the con-
upright [CIV ENG] A vertical structural member,
tained water,steam,sewage,and fire lines from
post,or stake,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt}
freezing,{ yu¨vertstrokesuperiortilH11080?vertstrokeinferiordo˙r}
upset [ENG] To increase the diameter of a rock
utility [ENG] One of the nonprocess (support)
drill by blunting the end,{?pvertstrokesuperiorset }
facilities for a manufacturing plant; usually con-
upstand [BUILD] That section of a roof covering
sidered as facilities for steam,cooling water,de-
that turns up against a vertical surface,Also
ionized water,electric power,refrigeration,com-
known as upturn,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiorstand }
pressed and instrument air,and effluent treat-
upstream [CHEM ENG] That portion of a proc-
ment,{ yu¨vertstrokesuperiortilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
ess stream that has not yet entered the system
U-tube heat exchanger [CHEM ENG] A heat-
or unit under consideration; for example,up-
exchanger system consisting of a bundle of U
stream to a refinery or to a distillation col-
tubes (hairpin tubes) surrounded by a shell
umn,{ vertstrokesuperior?p|streˉm}
(outer vessel);one fluidflows throughthe tubes,
upstream face [CIV ENG] The side of a dam
and the other fluid flows through the shell,
nearer the source of water,{ vertstrokesuperior?p|streˉm vertstrokesuperiorfaˉs}
around the tubes,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ |tu¨b vertstrokesuperiorheˉt iksvertstrokeinferiorchaˉnH11080j?r}
uptake [ENG] A large pipe for exhaust gases
U-tube manometer [ENG] A manometer con-
fromaboilerfurnacethatrunsupwardtoachim-
sistingofaU-shapedglass tubepartlyfilledwith
ney or smokestack,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiortaˉk}
a liquid of known specific gravity; when the legs
uptime [IND ENG] A period during which value
of the manometer are connected to separate
is being added to a product by a machine or a
sources of pressure,the liquid rises in one leg
process,{ vertstrokesuperior?p vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm}
and drops in the other; the difference between
upturn See upstand,{ vertstrokesuperior?pvertstrokeinferiort?rn }
the levels is proportional to the difference in
urbanization [CIVENG] Thestateofbeingorbe-
pressures and inversely proportional to the liq-
coming a community with urban characteristics.
uid’s specific gravity,Also known as liquid-col-
{ vertstrokeinferior?rH11080b?H11080n?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
umn gage,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ |tu¨bm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
urban renewal [CIV ENG] Redevelopment and
U-value [ENG] A measure of heat transmission
revitalizationofadeterioratedurbancommunity.
through a building part or a given thickness of
{ vertstrokesuperior?rH11080b?nrivertstrokesuperiornu¨H11080?l}
insulating material,expressed as the number ofurea dewaxing [CHEM ENG] A continuous,pe-
British thermal units that will flow in 1 hourtroleum refinery process used to produce low-
through1squarefootofthestructureormaterialpour-pointoils;ureaformsafilterablesolidcom-
from air to air with a temperature differential ofplex (adduct) with the straight-chain wax paraf-
fins in the stock,{ yu˙vertstrokesuperiorreˉH11080? deˉvertstrokesuperiorwaksH11080i? }1H11034F,{ vertstrokesuperioryu¨ vertstrokeinferiorva¨lH11080yu¨ }
594
V
spectroscopic analysis or for electron micros-V See electric potential; volt.
copy,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?mivertstrokesuperiorvapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}VA See volt-ampere.
vacuumfilter [ENG] A filter device into which avac See millibar.
liquid-solidslurryisfedtothehigh-pressuresidevacuumbrake [MECH ENG] A form of air brake
of a filter medium,with liquid pulled through towhich operates by maintaining low pressure in
the low-pressure side of the medium and a cakethe actuating cylinder; braking action is pro-
of solids forming on the outside of the medium.duced by opening one side of the cylinder to the
{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}atmospheresothat atmosphericpressure,aided
vacuum filtration [ENG] The separation of sol-in some designs by gravity,applies the brake.
ids from liquids by passing the mixture through{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
a vacuum filter,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m filvertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}vacuumbreaker [ENG] A device used to relieve
a vacuum formed in a water supply line to pre- vacuumflashing [CHEM ENG] The heating of a
liquid that,upon release to a lower pressurevent backflow,Also known as backflow preven-
ter,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080?r } (vacuum),undergoes considerable vaporization
(flashing),Also known as flash vaporization.vacuum cleaner [MECH ENG] An electrically
powered mechanical appliance for the dry re- { vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorflashH11080i? }
vacuumforming [ENG] Plastic-sheetforminginmoval of dust and loose dirt from rugs,fabrics,
and other surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorkleˉH11080n?r } whichthesheetisclampedtoastationaryframe,
then heated and drawn down into a mold byvacuum concrete [CIV ENG] Concrete poured
into a framework that is fitted with a vacuum vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rmH11080i? }
vacuum freeze dryer [ENG] A type of indirectmat to remove water not required for setting of
the cement; in this framework,concrete attains batch dryer used to dry materials that would be
destroyed by the loss of volatile ingredients orits 28-day strength in 10 days and has a 25%
higher crushing strength,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorka¨nvertstrokeinferiorkreˉt } by drying temperatures above the freezing point.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorfreˉz vertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r}vacuumcrystallizer [CHEM ENG] Crystallizer in
which a warm saturated solution is fed to a vacuumgage [ENG] A device that indicates the
absolute gas pressure in a vacuum system.lagged,closed vesselmaintained under vacuum;
the solution evaporates and cools adiabatically,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
vacuum gripper [CONT SYS] A robot compo-resulting in crystallization,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorkristH11080
lvertstrokeinferior?ˉzH11080?r } nent that uses a suction cup connected to a
vacuum source to lift and handle objects.vacuumdistillation [CHEMENG] Liquiddistilla-
tionunderreduced(lessthanatmospheric)pres- { vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorgripH11080?r}
vacuumheating [MECHENG] Atwo-pipe steamsure; used to lower boiling temperatures and
lessen the risk of thermal degradation during heating system in which a vacuum pump is used
to maintain a suction in the return piping,thusdistillation,Also known as reduced-pressure
distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiordisH11080t?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } creatinga positivereturn flowof airand conden-
sate,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? }vacuum drying [ENG] The removal of liquid
from a solid material in a vacuum system; used vacuummat [CIV ENG] A rigid flat metal screen
faced by a linen filter,the back of which is kepttolowertemperaturesneededforevaporationto
avoidheatdamagetosensitivematerial,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080 under partial vacuum; used to suck out surplus
air and water from poured concrete to produce ay?m vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉH11080i? }
vacuum evaporation [ENG] Deposition of thin dense,well-shrunk concrete,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiormat }
vacuum measurement [ENG] The determina-films of metal or other materials on a substrate,
usually through openings in a mask,by evapora- tion of a fluid pressure less in magnitude than
the pressure of the atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?mtion from a boiling source in a hard vacuum.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?mivertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n} vertstrokesuperiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
vacuumpansalt [CHEM ENG] A salt made fromvacuum evaporator [ENG] A vacuum device
used to evaporate metals and spectrographic salt brine boiled at reduced pressure in a triple-
effect evaporator,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m |pan vertstrokeinferiorso˙lt }carbontocoat(replicate)aspecimenforelectron
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
vacuumpencil
vacuumpencil [ENG] Apencillikelengthoftub- used to regulate the flow of fluids in piping sys-
tems and machinery,{ valv }ing connectedto a smallvacuum pump,for pick-
ing up semiconductor slices or chips during valve follower [MECH ENG] A linkage between
thecamandthepushrodofavalvetrain,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalvfabrication of solid-state devices,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m
vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080s?l} vertstrokeinferiorfa¨lH11080?H11080w?r}
valveguide [MECH ENG] A channel which sup-vacuum pump [MECH ENG] A compressor for
exhausting air and noncondensable gases from portsthestemofapoppetvalveformaintenance
of alignment,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalv vertstrokeinferiorg?ˉd}a space that is to be maintained at subatmo-
spheric pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorp?mp } valvehead [MECH ENG] The disk part of a pop-
pet valve that gives a tight closure on the valvevacuumreliefvalve [ENG] A pressure relief de-
vice which is designed to allow fluid to enter a seat,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalv vertstrokeinferiorhed }
valve-in-head engine See overhead-valve engine.pressure vessel in order to avoid extreme inter-
nal vacuum,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?mrivertstrokesuperiorleˉf vertstrokeinferiorvalv } { |valv in |hed vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
valve lifter [MECH ENG] A device for openingvacuum shelf dryer [ENG] A type of indirect
batch dryer which generally consists of a vac- the valve of a cylinder as in an internal combus-
tion engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalv vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080t?r}uum-tight cubicalor cylindrical chamberof cast-
iron or steel plate,heated supporting shelves valve positioner [CONT SYS] A pneumatic ser-
vomechanism which is used as a component ininsidethe chamber,a vacuumsource,and acon-
denser; usedextensively fordrying pharmaceuti- process control systems to improve operating
characteristics of valves by reducing hysteresis.cals,temperature-sensitive or easily oxidizable
materials,and small batches of high-cost prod- Alsoknownaspneumaticservo,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalvp?vertstrokeinferiorzishH11080
H11080n?r}ucts where any product loss must be avoided.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorshelfvertstrokeinferiordr?ˉH11080?r} valveseat [DES ENG] The circular metal ring on
which the valve head of a poppet valve restsvacuumsupport [MECH ENG] That portion of a
rupture disk device which prevents deformation when closed,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalv vertstrokeinferiorseˉt}
valve stem [MECH ENG] The rod by means ofof the disk resulting from vacuum or rapid pres-
sure change,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?ms?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙rt } which the disk or plug is moved to open and
close a valve,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalv vertstrokeinferiorstem }vacuum-tube voltmeter [ENG] Any of several
types of instrument in which vacuum tubes,act- valve train [MECH ENG] The valves and valve-
operatingmechanismforthecontroloffluidflowing as amplifiers or rectifiers,are used in circuits
for the measurement of alternating-current or toandfromapiston-cylindermachine,forexam-
ple,steam,diesel,or gasoline engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalvdirect-current voltage,Abbreviated VTVM.
Also known as tube voltmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m |tu¨b vertstrokeinferiortraˉn}
vanderWaalssurfacetensionformula [THERMO]vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vacuum-typeinsulation [CHEM ENG] Highly re- An empirical formula for the dependence of
the surface tension on temperature,H9253 H11005flective double-wall structure with high vacuum
between the walls; used as insulation for cryo- Kp
c
2/3
T
c
1/3
(1 H11002 T/T
c
)
n
,where H9253 is the surface ten-
sion,Tisthetemperature,T
c
andp
c
arethecriticalgenic systems; Dewar flasks have vacuum-type
insulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorvakH11080y?m |t?ˉpinH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080sh?n } temperature and pressure,K is a constant,and
n is a constant equal to approximately 1.23.VAD See vapor-phase axial deposition,{ vad or
vertstrokeinferiorveˉvertstrokeinferioraˉvertstrokesuperiordeˉ }{vertstrokesuperiorvan d?r vertstrokeinferiorwo˙lz vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080f?s vertstrokeinferiortenH11080ch?n vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
Van Dorn sampler [ENG] A sediment samplervalley [BUILD] An inside angle formed where
two sloping sides intersect,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080eˉ } that consists of a Plexiglas cylinder closed at
both ends by rubber force cups; in the armedvalley rafter [BUILD] A part of the roof frame
that extends diagonally from an inside corner position thecups arepulled outsidethe cylinder
and restrained by a releasing mechanism,andplate to the ridge board at the intersection of
two roof surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorrafH11080t?r } after the sample is taken,a length of surgical
rubber tubing connecting the cups is sufficientlyvalley roof [BUILD] A pitched roof with one or
more valleys,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorru¨f } prestressedtopermittheforcecupstoretainthe
sample in the cylinder,{ van vertstrokesuperiordo˙rn vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080pl?r}value analysis See value engineering,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨
vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s} vane [MECH ENG] A flat or curved surface ex-
posed to a flow of fluid so as to be forced tovalue control See value engineering,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl } move or to rotate about an axis,to rechannel
the flow,or to act as the impeller; for example,value engineering [IND ENG] The systematic
application of recognized techniques which in a steam turbine,propeller fan,or hydraulic
turbine,{ vaˉn}identify the function of a product or service,and
provide the necessary function reliably at lowest vaneanemometer [ENG] Aportableinstrument
used to measure low wind speeds and airspeedsoverall cost,Also known as value analysis;
value control,{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokeinferiornirH11080i? } in large ducts; consists of a number of vanes
radiating from a common shaft and set to rotatevaluetheory [SYS ENG] A concept normally as-
sociated with decision theory; it strives to evalu- when facing the wind,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉnanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vanemotorrotaryactuator [MECH ENG] A typeaterelativeutilitiesofsimpleandmixedparame-
ters which can be used to describe outcomes,ofrotarymotoractuatorwhichconsistsofarotor
with several spring-loaded sliding vanes in an{ vertstrokesuperiorvalH11080yu¨ vertstrokeinferiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }
valve See electron tube,[MECH ENG] A device elliptical chamber; hydraulic fluid enters the
596
variable-areameter
chamber and forces the vanes before it as it can be indirect (steam or heat-transfer fluid) or
direct (hot gases or submerged combustion).moves to the outlets,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉn |moˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorroˉdH11080?H11080reˉ
vertstrokesuperiorakH11080ch?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r} {vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉzH11080?r}
vapor-liquid separation [CHEM ENG] The re-vane-type instrument [ENG] A measuring in-
strumentutilizingtheforceofrepulsionbetween moval of liquid droplets from a flowing stream
of gas or vapor; accomplished by impingement,fixed and movable magnetizediron vanes,or the
force existingbetween a coil anda pivoted vane- cyclonic action,and absorption or adsorption
operations,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokesuperiorlikH11080w?d vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}shaped piece of soft iron,to move the indicating
pointer,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉn vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt } vapor-phase axial deposition [ENG] A method
of fabricating graded-index optical fibers invapor [THERMO] A gas at a temperature below
the critical temperature,so that it can be lique- which fine glass particles of silicon dioxide and
germanium dioxide are synthesized and depos-fied by compression,without lowering the tem-
perature,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r } ited on a rotating seed rod,and the synthesized
porous preform is then pulled up and passesvaporbarrier [CIV ENG] A layer of material ap-
plied to the inner (warm) surface of a concrete throughahotzone,undergoingdehydrationand
sintering,to become a porous preform,Abbre-wall or floor to prevent absorption and conden-
sation of moisture,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorbarH11080eˉH11080?r } viated VAD,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r |faˉz vertstrokesuperiorakH11080seˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiordepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzishH11080
n}vapor-compression cycle [MECH ENG] A re-
frigerationcycleinwhich refrigerantiscirculated vapor-phasereactor [CHEMENG] Aheavy steel
vessel for carrying out chemical reactions on anthrough a machine which allows for successive
boiling (or vaporization) of liquid refrigerant as industrial scale where efficient control over a
vapor phase is needed,for example,in an oxida-it passes through an expansion valve,thereby
producing a cooling effect in its surroundings,tion process,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r |faˉzreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080t?r}
vaporpressure [THERMO] For a liquid or solid,followed by compression of vapor to liquid.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?rk?mvertstrokesuperiorpreshH11080?n vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the
liquid or solid,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}vaporcycle [THERMO] A thermodynamic cycle,
operating as a heat engine or a heat pump,dur- vapor-pressure thermometer [ENG] A ther-
mometerin whichthevaporpressure ofahomo-ing which the working substance is in,or passes
through,the vapor state,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l } geneous substance is measured and from which
thetemperaturecanbedetermined;usedmostlyvapordegreasing [ENG] Atypeofcleaningpro-
cedure for metals to remove grease,oils,and for low-temperature measurements,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r
|preshH11080?rth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}lightly attached solids; a solvent such as trichlo-
roethylene is boiled,and its vapors are con- vapor rate [CHEM ENG] In distillation,the up-
ward flow rate of vapor through a distillationdensed on the metal surfaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?rdeˉ
vertstrokesuperiorgreˉsH11080i? } column,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
vapor-recovery unit [ENG] 1,A device or sys-vapor-filled thermometer [ENG] A gas- or va-
por-filled temperature measurement device that tem to catch vaporized materials (usually fuels
orsolvents)astheyarevented,2.Inpetroleummoves or distorts in response to temperature-
induced pressure changes from the expansion refining,aprocessunittowhichgasesandvapor-
izedgasolinefromvariousprocessingoperationsor contraction of the sealed,vapor-containing
chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?r |fild th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r } arecharged,separated,andrecoveredforfurther
use,{ vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080p?rrivertstrokesuperiork?vH11080?H11080reˉ vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}vaporimeter [ENG] An instrument used to
measureasubstance’svaporpressure,especially vara [CIV ENG] Asurveyors’ unit of length equal
to 33
1
/
3
inches (84.7 centimeters),{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨rH11080? }that of an alcoholic liquid,in order to determine
its alcohol content,{ vertstrokeinferiorvapH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r} varactor [ELECTR] A semiconductor device
characterized by a voltage-sensitive capacitancevaporization See volatilization,{ vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080
sh?n } that resides in the space-charge region at the
surface of a semiconductor bounded by an insu-vaporizationcoefficient [THERMO] The ratio of
the rate of vaporization of a solid or liquid at latinglayer,Alsoknownasvaractordiode;vari-
able-capacitancediode;varicap;voltage-variablea given temperature and corresponding vapor
pressure to the rate of vaporization that would capacitor,{ vavertstrokesuperiorrakH11080t?r}
varactordiode See varactor,{ vavertstrokesuperiorrakH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}benecessarytoproducethesamevaporpressure
at this temperature ifevery vapor molecule strik- varactor tuning [ELECTR] A method of tuning
in which varactor diodes are used to vary theing the solid or liquid were absorbed there.
{ vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080?H11080fishH11080?nt } capacitance of a tuned circuit,{ vavertstrokesuperiorrakH11080t?r
vertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080i? }vaporization cooling [ENG] Cooling by volatil-
ization of a nonflammable liquid having a low varhourmeter [ENG] Aninstrumentthatmeas-
ures and registers the integral of reactive powerboiling point and high dielectric strength; the
liquid is flowed or sprayed on hot electronic over time in the circuit to which it is connected.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvar |au˙r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}equipment in an enclosure where it vaporizes,
carrying the heat to the enclosure walls,radia- variable-area meter [ENG] A flowmeter that
works on the principle of a variable restrictor intors,orheatexchanger,Alsoknownasevapora-
tive cooling,{ vertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080p?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? } the flowing stream being forced by the fluid to
a position to allow the required flow-through.vaporizer [CHEM ENG] A process vessel in
which a liquid is heated until it vaporizes; heat { vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |erH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiormeˉdH11080?r}
597
variable-areatrack
variable-areatrack [ENG ACOUS] A sound track variable-reluctancemicrophoneSee magnetic mi-
crophone,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lri|l?kH11080t?nsvertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}divided laterally into opaque and transparent
areas;asharplineofdemarcationbetweenthese variable-reluctance pickup [ENG ACOUS] A
phonograph pickup that depends for its opera-areas corresponds to the waveform of the re-
corded signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |erH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokesuperiortrak } tiononvariationsinthereluctanceofamagnetic
circuit due to the movements of an iron stylusvariableattenuator [ELECTR] An attenuator for
reducing the strength of an alternating-current assembly that is a part of the magnetic circuit.
Also known as magnetic cartridge; magneticsignal either continuously or in steps,without
causing appreciable signal distortion,by main- pickup; reluctance pickup,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lri|l?kH11080
t?ns vertstrokesuperiorpikvertstrokeinferior?p}taining a substantially constant impedance
match,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l?vertstrokesuperiortenH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorwaˉdH11080?r} variable-resistance accelerometer [ENG] Any
accelerometer which operates on the principlevariable-capacitancediodeSeevaractor,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080
H11080b?lk?|pasH11080?dH11080?ns vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd } that electrical resistance of any conductor is a
functionofitsdimensions;whenthedimensionsvariable capacitor [ELEC] A capacitor whose
capacitance can be varied continuously by mov- oftheconductorarevariedmechanically,ascon-
stant current flows through it,the voltage acrossing one set of metal plates with respect to an-
other,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r } it varies as a function of this mechanical excita-
tion; examples include the strain-gage acceler-variable click track [ENG ACOUS] A click track
with irregularly spaced clicks,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l ometer,and an accelerometer making use of a
slide-wire potentiometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lri|zisH11080vertstrokesuperiorklik vertstrokeinferiortrak }
variable costs [IND ENG] Costs which vary di- t?ns ikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
variable resistor See rheostat,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lrectly with the number of units produced; direct
labor and material are examples,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080 rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}
variable-sequence robot [CONT SYS] A robotb?l vertstrokesuperiorko˙sts }
variable-density sound track [ENG ACOUS] A controlled by instructions that can be modified.
{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |seˉH11080kw?ns vertstrokesuperiorroˉvertstrokeinferiorba¨t}constant-width sound track in which the average
light transmission varies along the longitudinal variable-speed drive [MECH ENG] A mecha-
nism transmitting motion from one shaft to an-axis in proportion to some characteristic of the
applied signal,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |denH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsau˙n other that allows the velocity ratio of the shafts
to be varied continuously,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |speˉdvertstrokeinferiortrak }
variable-depthsonar [ENG] Sonar in which the vertstrokesuperiordr?ˉv}
variable-volumeairsystem [MECHENG] Anair-projector and receiving transducer are mounted
in a watertight pod that can be lowered below conditioning system in which the volume of air
delivered to each controlled zone is varied auto-a vessel to an optimum depth for minimizing
thermal effects when detecting underwater tar- matically from a preset minimum to a maximum
value,depending on the load in each zone.gets,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |depth vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
variableelement [IND ENG] 1,An element with { |verH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |va¨lH11080y?m vertstrokesuperiorer vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
varicap See varactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorvarH11080?vertstrokeinferiorkap }atimethatvariessignificantlyfromcycletocycle
as a function of one or more variables occurring variety [SYS ENG] The logarithm (usually to
base 2) of the number of discriminations that anwithin the job,2,An element that is common
to two different jobs but whose time varies be- observerorasensingsystemcanmakerelativeto
a system,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉH11080?dH11080eˉ }cause of differences between the two jobs.
{ |v?rH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorelH11080?H11080m?nt } Varignon’s theorem [MECH] The theorem that
the moment of a force is the algebraic sum ofvariable force [MECH] A force whose direction
or magnitude or both change with time,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080 the moments of its vector components acting at
a common point on the line of action of theeˉH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorfo˙rs }
variable-inductance accelerometer [ENG] An force,{ varH11080?nvertstrokesuperioryoˉnz vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
variograph [ENG] A recording variometer.accelerometer consisting of a differential trans-
former with three coils and a mass which passes { vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
variometer [ENG] A geomagnetic device for de-throughthecoilsandissuspendedfromsprings;
the center coil is excited from an external alter- tectingandindicatingchangesinoneofthecom-
ponents of the terrestrial magnetic field vector,nating-current power source,and two end coils
connected in series opposition are used to pro- usually magnetic declination,the horizontal in-
tensitycomponent,ortheverticalintensitycom-duce an ac output which is proportional to the
displacementofthemass,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?lin|d?kH11080 ponent,{ vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
varistor [ELECTR] Atwo-electrodesemiconduc-t?ns ikvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
variable-pitch propeller [ENG] A controllable- tor devicehaving avoltage-dependent nonlinear
resistance; its resistance drops as the appliedpitch propeller whose blade angle may be ad-
justed to any angle between the low and high voltage is increased,Also known as voltage-
dependent resistor,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorrisH11080t?r}pitch limits,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l |pich pr?vertstrokesuperiorpelH11080?r}
variable radio-frequency radiosonde [ENG] A varmeter [ENG] An instrument for measuring
reactive power in vars,Also known as reactiveradiosonde whose carrier frequency is modu-
lated by the magnitude of the meteorological volt-ampere meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨rvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
V belt [DES ENG] An endless power-transmis-variables being sensed,{ vertstrokesuperiorverH11080eˉH11080?H11080b?l vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉ
|freˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiorraˉdH11080eˉH11080oˉvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd } sion belt with a trapezoidal cross section which
598
velocity-typeflowmeter
runs in a pulley with a V-shaped groove; it trans- off roads; automobiles and trucks are examples.
mits higher torque at less width and tension { vertstrokesuperiorveH11080?H11080k?l}
than a flat belt,[MECH ENG] A belt,usually velocimeter [ENG] An instrument for measur-
endless,with a trapezoidal cross section which
ing the speed of soundin water; two transducers
runs in a pulley with a V-shaped groove,with
transmit acoustic pulses back and forth over a
the top surface of the belt approximately flush
path of fixed length,each transducer immedi-
with the top of the pulley,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorbelt }
ately initiating a pulse upon receiving the previ-
V-benddie [MECH ENG] A die with a triangular
ous one; the number of pulses occurring in a
cross-sectional opening to provide two edges
unit time is measured,{ vertstrokeinferiorvelH11080?vertstrokesuperiorsimH11080?dH11080?r}
over which bending is accomplished,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ
velocity [MECH] 1,The time rate of change of
|bend vertstrokesuperiord?ˉ }
position of a body; it is a vector quantity having
V block [ENG] A square or rectangular steel
direction as well as magnitude,Also known as
block having a 90H11034 V groove through the center,
linear velocity,2.The speed at which the deto-
and sometimes provided with clamps to secure
nating wave passes through a column of explo-
round workpieces,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorbla¨k}
sives,expressed in meters or feet per second.
V-bucket carrier [MECH ENG] A conveyor con-
{v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ }
sisting of two strands of roller chain separated
velocityanalysis [MECH] Agraphicaltechnique
byV-shapedsteelbuckets;usedforelevatingand
for the determination of the velocities of theconveying nonabrasive materials,such as coal.
parts of a mechanical device,especially those of{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ |b?kH11080?t vertstrokeinferiorkarH11080eˉH11080?r}
V cut [ENG] In mining and tunneling,a cut a plane mechanism with rigid component links.
where the material blasted out in plan is like the {v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ?vertstrokeinferiornalH11080?H11080s?s}
letter V; usually consists of six or eight holes velocity constant [CONT SYS] The ratio of the
drilled into the face,half of which form an acute rate of change of the input command signal to
angle with the other half,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiork?t}
the steady-state error,in a control system where
vectopluviometer [ENG] A rain gage or array of
these two quantities are proportional,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080
rain gages designed to measure the inclination
dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
and direction of falling rain; vectopluviometers
velocity control See rate control,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ
maybeconstructedinthefashionofawindvane
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
sothatthereceiveralwaysfacesthewind,orthey
velocity error [CONT SYS] The difference be-
mayconsistoffourormorereceiversarrangedto
tween the rate of change of the actual position
point in cardinal directions,{ |vekH11080toˉvertstrokeinferiorplu¨H11080
of a control system component and the rate of
veˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
change of the desired position,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ
vector impedance meter [ENG] An instrument
vertstrokeinferiorerH11080?r}
that not only determines the ratio between volt-
velocity-head tachometer [ENG] A type of ta-
ageandcurrent,togivethemagnitudeofimped-
chometer in which the device whose speed is to
ance,but also determines the phase difference
bemeasureddrivesapumporblower,producing
between these quantities,to give the phase
a fluid flow,which is converted to a pressure.
angle of impedance,{ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?rimvertstrokesuperiorpeˉdH11080?ns
{v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ |hed t?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
velocity hydrophone [ENG ACOUS] A hydro-
vector momentum See momentum,{ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r
phone in which the electric output essentially
m?vertstrokesuperiormenH11080t?m}
matches the instantaneous particle velocity invector power [ELEC] Vector quantity equal in
the impressed sound wave,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorh?ˉH11080magnitude to the square root of the sum of the
squares of the active power and the reactive dr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
power,{ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r} velocity microphone [ENG ACOUS] A micro-
vector-power factor [ELEC] Ratio of the active phone whose electric output depends on the
power to the vector power; it is the same as
velocity of the air particles that form a sound
power factor in the case of simple sinusoidal
wave;examplesareahot-wiremicrophoneanda
quantities,{ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r |pau˙H11080?r vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
ribbon microphone,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
vectorvoltmeter [ENG] A two-channel high-fre-
velocitypressure See wind pressure,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080
quencysamplingvoltmeterthatmeasuresphase
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
as well as voltage of two input signals of the
velocity ratio [MECH ENG] The ratio of the ve-
same frequency,{ vertstrokesuperiorvekH11080t?r vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
locity given to the effort or input of a machine
vee path [ENG] In ultrasonic testing,the path
to the velocity acquired by the load or output.
of an angle beam from an ultrasonic search unit
{v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
in which the waves are reflected off the opposite
velocity servomechanism [CONT SYS] A servo-
surface of the test piece and returned to the
mechanisminwhichthefeedback-measuringde-
examination surface in a manner which has the
vice generates a signal representing a measured
appearance of the letter V,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorpath }
value of the velocity of the output shaft,Also
vegetabletanning [ENG] Leathertanningusing
known as rate servomechanism,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ
plant extracts,such as tannic acid,{ vertstrokesuperiorvejH11080t?H11080b?l
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉvertstrokeinferiormekH11080?vertstrokeinferiornizH11080?m}vertstrokesuperiortanH11080i? }
velocity-type flowmeter [ENG] A turbine-typevehicle [MECH ENG] A self-propelled wheeled
machine that transports people or goods on or fluid-flowmeasurementdeviceinwhichthefluid
599
veneeredconstruction
flow actuates the movement of a wheel or tur- pass-phrase,such as a personal identification
bine-type impeller,giving a volume-time read- number,a social security number,or a mother’s
ing,Also known as current meter; rotating maiden name,Abbreviated VIV,{ vertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080
meter,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorla¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ |t?ˉp vertstrokesuperiorfloˉvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} f?r|maˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorverH11080iH11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
veneered construction [BUILD] A type of con- verge [BUILD] The edge of a sloping roof which
struction in which the framework is faced with a projects over a gable,{ v?rj }
thin external layer of material,such as marble,vergeboard [BUILD] One of the boards utilized
{v?|nird k?nvertstrokesuperiorstr?kH11080sh?n} as the finish of the eaves on the gable end of a
vent [ENG] 1.Asmallpassagemadewithanee-
structure,Also known as bargeboard; gable-
dle through stemming,for admitting a squib to
board,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rjvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd }
enable the charge to be lighted,2,A hole,ex-
verglas See glaze,{ v?rvertstrokesuperiorgla¨ }
tending up through the bearing at the top of the
vernier [ENG] A short,auxiliary scale which
core-barrel inner tube,which allows the water
slidesalongthemain instrumentscaletopermit
and air in the upper part of the inner tube to
accuratefractionalreadingoftheleastmaindivi-
escape into the borehole,3,A small hole in
sion of the main scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080neˉH11080?r}
the upper end of a core-barrel inner tube that
vernier caliper [ENG] A caliper rule with an
allows water and air in the inner tube to escape
attached vernier scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080neˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorkalH11080?H11080p?r}
into the annular space between the inner and
vernier dial [ENG] A tuning dial in which each
outer barrels,4,An opening provided for the
complete rotation of the control knob causes
discharge of pressure or the release of pressure
only a fraction of a revolution of the main shaft,
from tanks,vessels,reactors,processing equip-
permitting fine and accurate adjustment.
ment,andsoon,5.Apipeforprovidingairflow
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080neˉH11080?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉl}
to or from a drainage system or for circulating
vertical band saw [MECH ENG] A band saw
air within the system to protect trap seals from
whose blade operates in the vertical plane; ideal
siphonage and back pressure,{ vent }
for contour cutting,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorband vertstrokeinferiorso˙ }
ventedbaffleSee reflex baffle,{ vertstrokesuperiorvenH11080t?d vertstrokesuperiorbafH11080?l}
vertical boiler [MECH ENG] A fire-tube boiler
ventilation [ENG] Provision for the movement,
havingverticaltubesbetweentopheadandtube
circulation,and quality control of air in an en-
sheet,connected to the top of an internal fur-
closed space,{ vertstrokeinferiorventH11080?lvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080sh?n}
nace,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080l?r}
ventilator [ENG] Adevicewithanadjustableap-
verticalboringmill [MECH ENG] A large type of
erture forregulating the flowof freshor stagnant
boring machine in which a rotating workpiece is
air,[MECH ENG] A mechanical apparatus for
fastened to a horizontal table,which resembles
producing a current of air,as a blowing or ex-
a four-jaw independent chuck with extra radial
haust fan,{ vertstrokesuperiorventH11080?lvertstrokeinferioraˉdH11080?r}
T slots,and the tool has a traverse motion.
vent stack [BUILD] The portion of a soil stack
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbo˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiormil }
above the highest fixture,{ vertstrokesuperiorvent vertstrokeinferiorstak }
vertical broaching machine [MECH ENG] A
venturelife [INDENG] Theperiodoftimeduring
broaching machine having the broach mounted
which expenditures and reimbursements involv-
in the vertical plane,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorbroˉchH11080i?
ing a given venture occur,Also known as finan-
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
cial life,{ vertstrokesuperiorvenH11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
verticalcompliance [ENGACOUS] The ability of
venturiflume [ENG] An open flume with a con-
a stylus to move freely in a vertical direction
strictedflowwhichcausesadropinthehydraulic
while in the groove of a phonograph record.
grade line; used in flow measurement,{ ven
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorpl?ˉH11080?ns }
vertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorflu¨m}
vertical conveyor [MECH ENG] A materials-
venturi meter [ENG] An instrument for effi-
handlingmachinedesignedtomoveortransport
ciently measuring fluid flow rate in a piping sys-
bulkmaterialsorpackagesupwardordownward.
tem; a nozzle section increases velocity and is
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?lk?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
followed by an expanding section for recovery of
vertical-current recorder [ENG] An instrument
kinetic energy,{ venvertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
which records the vertical electric current in the
venturi scrubber [CHEM ENG] A gas-cleaning
atmosphere,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |k?H11080r?nt rivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
device in which liquid injected at the throat of
vertical curve [CIV ENG] A curve inserted be-
a venturi is used to scrub dust and mist from
tween two lengths of a road or railway which are
the gas flowing through the venturi,{ venvertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080
at different slopes,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiork?rv}
eˉ vertstrokesuperiorskr?bH11080?r}
vertical drop [MECH] The drop of an object in
venturitube [ENG] A constriction that is placed
trajectory or along a plumb line,measured verti-in a pipe and causes a drop in pressure as fluid
cally from its line of departure to the object.flows through it,consistingessentially of a short
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiordra¨p}straight pipe section or throat between two ta-
vertical-face breakwater [CIV ENG] A break-pered sections; it can be used to measure fluid
water whose mound of rubble does not riseflow rate (a venturi meter),or to draw fuel into
abovethe water,but issurmounted bya vertical-the main flow stream,as in a carburetor.
face superstructure of masonry or concrete; may{venvertstrokesuperiortu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
bebuiltwithoutmoundrubble,providedseabedverbal information verification [ENG ACOUS] A
is firm,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |faˉs vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}method of talker authentication that involves
checking the content of a spoken password or verticalfieldbalance [ENG] An instrument that
600
viapoint
measures the vertical component of the mag- through which a robot’s arm can swing up and
netic field by means of the torque that the field down,typically 30H11034.{vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?ltr?vertstrokesuperiorv?rs }
component exerts on a horizontal permanent vertical turbine pump See deep-well pump.
magnet,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorfeˉld vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns } { vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiort?rH11080b?n vertstrokeinferiorp?mp }
verticalfiring [MECHENG] Thedischargeoffuel verticalturretlathe [DESENG] Similarinprinci-
and air perpendicular to the burner in a furnace,ple to the horizontal turret lathe but capable of
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorf?ˉrH11080i? } handling heavier,bulkier workpieces; it is con-
vertical force instrument See heeling adjuster,structed with a rotary,horizontal worktable
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |fo˙rs vertstrokesuperiorinH11080str?H11080m?nt }
whose diameter (30–74 inches,or 76–188 centi-
vertical guide idlers [MECH ENG] Idler rollers
meters) normally designates the capacity of the
about 3 inches (8 centimeters) in diameter so
machine; a crossrail mounted above the workta-
placed as to make contact with the edge of the
ble carries a turret,which indexes in a vertical
belt conveyor should it run too much to one
plane with tools that may be fed either across
side,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |g?ˉd vertstrokesuperior?ˉdH11080l?rz }
or downward,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiort?H11080r?t vertstrokeinferiorlaˉth }
vertical intensity variometer [ENG] A vario-
veryhighfrequencyoscillator [ELECTR] An os-
meter employing a large permanent magnet and
cillator whose frequency lies in the range from
equipped with very fine steel knife-edges or piv-
a few to several hundred megahertz; it uses dis-
ots resting on agate planes or saddles and bal-
tributed,rather than lumped,impedances,such
anced so that its magnetic axis is horizontal.
as parallel wire transmission lines or coaxial ca-
Also known as Z variometer,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?lin
bles,{ |verH11080eˉ |h?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokesuperiora¨sH11080?vertstrokeinferiorladH11080?r}
|tenH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
veryhighfrequencytuner [ELECTR] A tuner in
vertical-lift bridge [CIV ENG] A movable bridge
a television receiver for reception of stations
with a span that rises on towers,lifted by steel
transmitting in the very high frequency band; it
ropes,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |lift vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
generally has 12 discrete positions correspond-
vertical-liftgate [CIV ENG] A dam spillway gate
ing to channels 2–13,{ |verH11080eˉ |h?ˉ vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ
of which the movable parts are raised and low-
vertstrokesuperiortu¨nH11080?r}
ered vertically to regulate water flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080
very large scale integrated circuit [ELECTR] A
k?l |lift vertstrokesuperiorgaˉt}
complexintegratedcircuitthatcontainsbetween
vertical metal oxide semiconductor technology
20,000 and 1,000,000 transistors,Abbreviated
[ELECTR] Forsemiconductordevices,atechnol-
VLSI circuit,{ |verH11080eˉ |la¨rj |skaˉl vertstrokesuperiorintH11080?vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080?d
ogy that involves essentially the formation of
vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}
four diffused layers in silicon and etching of a
vessel [ENG] Acontainerorstructuralenvelope
V-shaped groove to a precisely controlled depth
in which materials are processed,treated,or
in the layers,followed by deposition of metal
stored; for example,pressure vessels,reactor
over silicon dioxide in the groove to form the
vessels,agitator vessels,and storage vessels
gate electrode,Abbreviated VMOS technology.
(tanks),{ vertstrokesuperiorvesH11080?l}
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |medvertstrokeinferior?l |a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd |semH11080iH11080k?nvertstrokeinferiord?kH11080t?r
vestibule [BUILD] A hall or chamber between
tekvertstrokesuperiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
the outer door and the interior,or rooms,of a
vertical obstacle sonar [ENG] An active sonar
building,{ vertstrokesuperiorvesH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorbyu¨l}
used to determine heights of objects in the path
vestibuleschool [IND ENG] A school organized
of a submersible vehicle; its beam sweeps along
by an industrial concern to train new employees
a vertical plane,about 30H11034 above and below the
inspecifictasksorprepareemployeesforpromo-
direction of the vehicle’s motion,Abbreviated
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorvesH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorbyu¨l vertstrokeinferiorsku¨l}
VOS,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l |a¨bH11080st?H11080k?l vertstrokesuperiorsoˉvertstrokeinferiorna¨r}
vestibuletraining [IND ENG] A procedure used
vertical recording [ELECTR] Magnetic re-
in operator training in which the training loca-
cording in which bits are magnetized in direc-
tion is separate from the main productive areas
tions perpendicular to the surface of the re-
of the plant; includes student carrels,lecture
cording medium,allowing the bits to be smaller.
rooms,and in many instances the same type of
Also known as perpendicular recording,[ENG
equipment that the trainee will use in the work
ACOUS] A type of disk recording in which the
station,{ vertstrokesuperiorvesH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorbyu¨l vertstrokeinferiortraˉnH11080i? }
groove modulation is perpendicular to the sur-
VGC See viscosity-gravity constant.
face of the recording medium,so the cutting
Vguide [MECHENG] AV-shapedgrooveserving
stylus moves up and down rather than from side
to guide a wedge-shaped sliding machine ele-
to side during recording,Also known as hill-
ment,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorg?ˉd}
and-dale recording,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?lrivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080i? }
VI See viscosity index.verticalscale [DESENG] Theratioofthevertical
via [ELECTR] A pathway that is etched to allowdimensions of a laboratory model to those of
electrical contact between different layers of athe natural prototype; usually exaggerated in re-
semiconductor device,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080? or vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080? }lation to the horizontal scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l
viaduct [CIV ENG] A bridge structure supportedvertstrokesuperiorskaˉl}
on high towers with short masonry or reinforcedverticalseismograph [ENG] Aninstrumentthat
concrete arched spans,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiord?kt }records the vertical component of the ground
via point [CONT SYS] A point located midwaymotion during an earthquake,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rdH11080?H11080k?l
between thestarting andstopping positionsof avertstrokesuperiors?ˉzH11080m?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
vertical traverse [MECH ENG] The angle robot tool tip,through which the tool tip passes
601
vibratingconveyor
without stopping,Also known as way point,the tension in the wire,and thereby on pressure
and depth,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |w?ˉr tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨H11080s?r}{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
vibration [MECH] A continuing periodic changevibrating conveyor See oscillating conveyor.
in a displacement with respect to a fixed refer-{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
ence,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n}vibrating coring tube [ENG] A sediment corer
vibration damping [MECH ENG] The processesmade to vibrate in order to eliminate the resist-
andtechniquesusedforconvertingthemechani-ance of compacted ocean floor sediments,
cal vibrational energy of solids into heat energy.sands,and gravel,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbra
ˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorko˙rH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨b}
{v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiordampH11080i? }
vibratingfeeder [MECH ENG] A feeder for bulk
vibrationdrilling [MECH ENG] Drilling in which
materials (pulverized or granulated solids),
a frequency of vibration in the range of 100 to
which are moved by the vibration of a slightly
20,000 hertz is used to fracture rock,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080
slanted,flat vibrating surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?
sh?n vertstrokesuperiordrilH11080i? }
vertstrokesuperiorfeˉdH11080?r}
vibration galvanometer [ENG] An alternating-
vibrating grizzlies [MECH ENG] Bar grizzlies
current galvanometer in which the natural oscil-
mounted on eccentrics so that the entire assem-
lation frequency of the moving element is equal
bly is given a forward and backward movement
to the frequency of the current being measured.
at a speed of some 100 strokes a minute.
{v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorgalH11080v?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorgrizH11080leˉz}
vibration isolation [ENG] The isolation,in
vibratingneedle [ENG] Amagneticneedleused
structures,of those vibrations or motions that
incompassadjustmenttofindtherelativeinten-
are classified as mechanical vibration; involves
sity of the horizontal components of the earth’s
the control of the supporting structure,the
magneticfieldandthemagneticfieldatthecom-
placement and arrangement of isolators,and
pass location,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorneˉdH11080?l}
control ofthe internal construction ofthe equip-
vibratingpebblemill [MECHENG] Asize-reduc-
ment to be protected,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferior?ˉH11080s?vertstrokesuperiorlaˉH11080
tion device in which feed is ground by the action
sh?n}
ofvibrating,movingpebbles,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorpebH11080
vibration limit [CIV ENG] The amount of time
l vertstrokeinferiormil }
during which fresh concrete remains mobile
vibrating-reed electrometer [ENG] An instru-
when subjected to vibration,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n
ment using a vibrating capacitor to measure a
vertstrokeinferiorlimH11080?t}
small charge,often in combination with an ion-
vibration machine [MECH ENG] A device for
ization chamber,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |reˉd vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080
subjecting a system to controlled and reproduc-
dH11080?r}
iblemechanicalvibration,Alsoknownasshake
vibrating-reed frequency meter [ENG] A fre-
table,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?nm?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
quency meter consisting of steel reeds having
vibration magnetometer [ENG] An instrument
different and known natural frequencies,all ex-
that measures the period of vibration of a mag-
cited by an electromagnet carrying the alternat-
netic needle to determine the horizontal mag-
ing current whose frequency is to be measured.
netic field strength at the needle,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n
Also known as Frahm frequency meter; reed fre-
vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
quency meter; tuned-reed frequency meter.
vibration meter See vibrometer,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |reˉd vertstrokesuperiorfreˉH11080kw?nH11080seˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vibrating-reedmagnetometer [ENG] An instru-
vibrationpuddling [CIV ENG] A technique used
ment that measures magnetic fields by noting
to achieve proper consolidation of concrete;
their effect on the vibration of reeds excited by
vibrating machines may be drawn vertically
an alternating magnetic field,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |reˉd
through the cement,or used on the surface,or
vertstrokeinferiormagH11080n?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
placed against the form holding the concrete
vibrating-reedtachometer [ENG] A tachometer
in place,Also known as mechanical puddling.
consisting of a group of reeds of different
{v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorp?dH11080li? }
lengths,each having a specific natural frequency
vibration separation [MECH ENG] Classifica-
of vibration; observation of the vibrating reed
tion or separation of grains of solids in which
when in contact with a moving mechanical de-
separation through a screen is expedited by vi-
vice indicates the frequency of vibration for the
brationoroscillatorymovementofthescreening
device,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |reˉdt?vertstrokesuperiorka¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
mediums,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsepH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
vibrating screen [MECH ENG] A sizing screen
vibrationsuppression [MECHENG] Thepreven-
which is vibrated by solenoid or magnetostric-
tionofundesirablevibration,eitherthroughpas-
tion,or mechanically by eccentrics or unbal- sive means such as damping or through active
anced spinning weights,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorskreˉn} techniquesinvolvingfeedbackcontrol,{ v?
ˉvertstrokesuperiorbraˉH11080
vibratingscreenclassifier [MECH ENG] A clas- sh?ns?vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?n}
sifier whose screening surface is hung by rods vibrator [ELEC] An electromechanical device
and springs,and moves by means of electric used primarily to convert direct current to alter-
vibrators,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080i? |skreˉn vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r} nating current but also used as a synchronous
vibrating wire transducer [ENG] A device for rectifier; it contains a vibrating reed which has
measuring ocean depth,consisting of a very fine a set of contacts that alternately hit stationary
tungsten wire stretched in a magnetic field so contacts attached to the frame,reversing the
direction of current flow; the reed is activatedthat it vibrates at a frequency that depends on
602
viscometergage
when a soft-iron slug at its tip is attracted to the chamber reaches the spark plug,{ v?rvertstrokesuperiormel
pole piece of a driving coil,[MECH ENG] An vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
instrument which produces mechanical oscilla- virtual acoustics [ENG ACOUS] Digitally proc-
tions,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉvertstrokeinferiorbraˉdH11080?r} essing sounds so that they appear to come from
vibratorycentrifuge [MECH ENG] A high-speed particular locations in three-dimensional space,
rotating device to remove moisture from pulver- with thegoal of simulating thecomplex acoustic
ized coal or other solids,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080br?vertstrokeinferiortu˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorsenH11080 field experienced by a listener within a natural
tr?vertstrokeinferiorfyu¨j} environment,Also known as auralization;
vibratory equipment [MECH ENG] Reciprocat-
three-dimensional sound,{ vertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l?vertstrokesuperiorku¨sH11080
ing or oscillating devices which move,shake,
tiks }
dump,compact,settle,tamp,pack,screen,or
virtual displacement [MECH] 1,Any change in
feed solids or slurries in process,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080br?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080
thepositionsoftheparticlesformingamechani-
eˉ ivertstrokesuperiorkwipH11080m?nt }
cal system,2,An infinitesimal change in the
vibratory hammer [MECH ENG] A type of pile
positions of the particles forming a mechanical
hammer which uses electrically activated eccen-
system,which is consistent with the geometrical
tric cams to vibrate piles into place,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080
constraints on the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?ldi
br?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorhamH11080?r}
vertstrokesuperiorsplaˉsH11080m?nt }
vibroenergy separator [MECH ENG] A screen-
virtualentropy [THERMO] The entropy of a sys-
type device for classification or separation of
tem,excluding that due to nuclear spin,Also
grains of solids by a combination of gyratory
known as practical entropy,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
motion and auxiliary vibration caused by balls
tr?H11080peˉ }
bouncing against the lower surface of the screen
virtualleak [ENG] Thesemblanceofthevacuum
cloth,{ |v?ˉH11080broˉvertstrokesuperiorenH11080?rH11080jeˉ vertstrokesuperiorsepH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
system leak caused by a gradual desorptive re-
vibrograph [ENG] An instrument that provides
lease of gas at a rate which cannot be accurately
acompleteoscillographicrecordofamechanical
predicted,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiorleˉk}
vibration; in one form a moving stylus records
virtualmanufacturing [IND ENG] The modeling
the motion being measured on a moving paper
of manufacturing systems using audiovisual or
or film,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?ˉH11080br?vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
other sensory features to simulate or design an
vibrometer [ENG] An instrument designed to
actualmanufacturing environment,or theproto-
measure the amplitude of a vibration,Also
typing and manufacture of a proposed product
known as vibration meter,{ v?ˉvertstrokesuperiorbra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
mainly through effective use of computers,used
Vicatneedle [ENG] An apparatususedtodeter-
to predict potential problems and inefficiencies
mine the setting time of cement by measuring
in product functionality and manufacturability
the pressure of a special needle against the ce-
before real manufacturing occurs,{ vertstrokeinferiorv?rH11080ch?H11080
ment surface,{ veˉvertstrokesuperiorka¨ vertstrokeinferiorneˉdH11080?l}
w?l vertstrokeinferiormanH11080?vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?rH11080i? }
Victauliccoupling [DESENG] Adevelopmentin
virtualPPIreflectoscope [ENG] Adeviceforsu-
which a groove is cut around each end of pipe
perimposing a virtual image of a chart on a plan
instead of the usual threads; two ends of pipe
position indicator (PPI) pattern;the chart is usu-
are then lined up and a rubber ring is fitted
ally prepared with white lines on a black back-
around the joint; two semicircular bands,form-
groundtothescaleoftheplanpositionindicator
ing a sleeve,are placed around the ring and are
range scale,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l |peˉ|peˉvertstrokesuperior?ˉ rivertstrokesuperiorflekH11080t?
drawntogetherwithtwobolts,whichhavearidge
vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
on both edges to fit into the groove of the pipe;
virtualwork [MECH] Theworkdoneonasystem
as the bolts are tightened,the rubber ring is
during any displacement which is consistent
compressed,makingawatertightjoint,whilethe
with the constraints on the system,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080
ridges fitting in the grooves make it strong me-
w?l vertstrokesuperiorw?rk }
chanically,{ vikvertstrokesuperiorto˙lH11080ik vertstrokesuperiork?pH11080li? }
virtualworkprincipleSee principle of virtual work.
videomagnetograph [ENG] A sensitive and ac-
{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080ch?H11080w?l |w?rk vertstrokeinferiorprinH11080s?H11080p?l}
curate device for measuring the strength and
visbreakingSeeviscositybreaking,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisvertstrokeinferiorbraˉkH11080i? }
sign of solar magnetic fields,using the signal
viscoelasticity [MECH] Property of a material
thatresultswhensuccessiveimagesinright-and
which is viscous but which also exhibits certain
left-circularly polarized light are subtracted; the
elastic properties such as the ability to store
images are taken in the wing of a spectral line,
energy of deformation,and in which the applica-
using a birefringent filter,{ vertstrokeinferiorvidH11080eˉH11080oˉH11080magvertstrokesuperiornedH11080
tion of a stress gives rise to a strain that ap-
vertstrokeinferiorgraf }
proaches its equilibrium value slowly,{ |visH11080virgin See straight-run,{ vertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080j?n}
ko˙vertstrokeinferiorivertstrokeinferiorlasvertstrokesuperiortisH11080?dH11080eˉ }virial coefficients [THERMO] For a given tem-
viscoelastic theory [MECH] The theory whichperature T,one of the coefficients in the expan-
attempts to specify the relationship betweension of P/RT in inverse powers of the molar vol-
stress and strain in a material displaying visco-ume,where P is the pressure and R is the gas
elasticity,{ |visH11080ko˙H11080i|lasH11080tik vertstrokesuperiortheˉH11080?H11080reˉ }constant,{ vertstrokesuperiorvirH11080eˉH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?ns }
viscometer [ENG] An instrument designed toVirmel engine [MECH ENG] A cat-and-mouse
measure the viscosity of a fluid,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080enginethatemploysvanelikepistonswhosemo-
r}tion is controlled by a gear-and-crank system;
each set of pistons stops and restarts when a viscometer gage [ENG] A vacuum gage in
603
viscometry
which the gas pressure is determined from the and discharges containers continuously,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080
k?s vertstrokesuperiorfilH11080?rz }viscosity of the gas,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
viscometry [ENG] A branch of rheology; the viscousfilter [ENG] Anair-cleaningfilterhaving
a surface coated with a viscous liquid to trapstudy of the behavior of fluids under conditions
of internal shear; the technology of measuring particulates in the airstream,{ |visH11080k?s |filH11080t?r}
viscousimpingementfilter [ENG] A filter madeviscosities of fluids,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨mH11080?H11080treˉ }
viscoseprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for the up ofa relatively loosely arrangedmedium,such
that the airstream is forced to change directionmanufacture of rayon by treating cellulose with
caustic soda,and with carbon disulfide to form frequentlyasitpassesthroughthefiltermedium;
the medium usually consists of spun-glasscellulose xanthate,which is then dissolved in a
weak caustic solution to form the viscose; fibers fibers,metal screens,or layers of crimped ex-
panded metal whose surfaces are coated with aareusedassilksubstitutes,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisvertstrokeinferiorkoˉs vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
viscosityblendingchart [CHEM ENG] A graphi- tacky oil,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080k?simvertstrokesuperiorpinjH11080m?nt vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
viscous lubrication See complete lubrication.cal means for estimating the viscosity at a given
temperature of a blend of petroleum products,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080k?s vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
vise [DES ENG] A tool consisting of two jaws{vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorblendH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
viscosity breaking [CHEM ENG] A petroleum for holding a workpiece; opened and closed by
a screw,lever,or cam mechanism,{ v?ˉs}refinery process used to lower or break the vis-
cosity of high-viscosity residuum by thermal visibilitymeter [ENG] Aninstrumentformaking
direct measurements of visual range in the at-cracking of molecules at relatively low tempera-
tures,Also known as visbreaking,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080 mosphereorofthephysicalcharacteristicsofthe
atmosphere which determine the visual range.?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkH11080i? }
viscosityconversiontable [CHEMENG] A table { vertstrokeinferiorvizH11080?vertstrokesuperiorbilH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vision light [BUILD] A viewing window set in aor chart with which kinematic viscosity,in centi-
stokes,can be converted to Saybolt viscosity,in firedoor,usuallyglazed withwire glass,{ vertstrokesuperiorvizhH11080
n vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉt}seconds,atthesametemperature,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080
eˉ k?nvertstrokesuperiorv?rH11080zh?n vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l} visual comparator See optical comparator.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvizhH11080?H11080w?lk?mvertstrokesuperiorparH11080?dH11080?r}viscosity gage See molecular gage,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080
eˉ vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj} visualservoing [CONT SYS] The use of a solid-
state camera on the end effector of a robot toviscosity-gravity constant [CHEM ENG] An in-
dex of the chemical composition of crude oil; provide feedback,{ vertstrokesuperiorvizhH11080?H11080w?l vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080voˉH11080i? }
vitrification [ENG] Heat treatment of a materialdefined as the general relation between specific
gravity and Saybolt Universal viscosity; the con- such as a ceramic to produce a glazed surface.
{ vertstrokeinferiorviH11080tr?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}stant is low for paraffinic crude oils,high for
naphthenic crude oils,Abbreviated VGC,vitrifiedwheel [DESENG] A grindingwheelwith
a glassy or porcelanic bond,{ vertstrokesuperiorviH11080tr?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}{vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorka¨nH11080st?nt }
viscosity index [CHEM ENG] An arbitrary scale VIV See verbal information verification.
vixenfile [DESENG] Aflatfilewithcurvedteeth;usedtoshowthemagnitudeofviscositychanges
in lubricating oils with changes in temperature,used for filing soft metals,{ vertstrokesuperiorvikH11080s?n vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
Vjewels [DES ENG] Jewel bearings used in con-Abbreviated VI,{ vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
viscosity manometer See molecular gage,junctionwith aconicalpivot,the bearingsurface
being a small radius located at the apex of a{vi|ska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080eˉ }
viscosity-temperature chart [CHEM ENG] A conical recess; found primarily in electric mea-
suring instruments,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiorju¨lz }chartwithwhichthekinematicorSayboltviscos-
ity of a petroleum oil at any temperature within VLSIcircuit See very large scale integrated circuit.
{ |veˉ|el|es|?ˉ vertstrokesuperiors?rH11080k?t}a limited range may be ascertained,provided
viscosities at two temperatures are known,VMOS technology See vertical metal oxide semi-
conductor technology,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉvertstrokeinferiormo˙s tekvertstrokeinferiorna¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }{vivertstrokesuperiorska¨sH11080?dH11080eˉ vertstrokesuperiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r vertstrokeinferiorcha¨rt }
viscous damping [MECH ENG] A method of V-notch weir See triangular-notch weir,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ
|na¨ch vertstrokesuperiorwer }converting mechanical vibrational energy of a
body into heat energy,in which a piston is VOC See volatile organic compounds.
voicecoil [ENGACOUS] Thecoilthatisattachedattached to the body and is arranged to move
through liquid or air in a cylinder or bellows that to the diaphragm of a moving-coil loudspeaker
and moves through the air gap between the poleis attached to a support,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080k?s vertstrokesuperiordampH11080i? }
viscous-drag gas-density meter [ENG] A de- pieces due to interaction of the fixed magnetic
field with that associated with the audio-fre-vice to measure gas-mixture densities; driven
impellers in sample and standard chambers cre- quency current flowing through the voice coil.
Also known as loudspeaker voice coil; speechate measurable turbulences (drags) against re-
spective nonrotating impellers,{ vertstrokesuperiorvisH11080k?s |drag coil (British usage),{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is vertstrokeinferiorko˙il }
voice print [ENG ACOUS] A voice spectrograph|gas |denH11080s?dH11080eˉ vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
viscous fillers [MECH ENG] A packaging ma- thathasindividuallydistinctivepatternsofvoice
characteristics that can be used to identify onechine that fills viscous product into cartons;
therearetwobasictypes,straight-lineandrotary person’s voice from other voice patterns.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is vertstrokeinferiorprint }plunger; the former operates intermittently on a
given number of containers,while the latter fills voice response [ENG ACOUS] The process of
604
voltageregulation
generating an acoustic speech signal that com- by their dual elements in the other circuit ac-
cordingtothedualityprinciple;forexample,cur-municatesanintendedmessage,suchthatama-
chinecanrespondtoarequestforinformationby rents are replaced by voltages,capacitances by
resistances,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokesuperiork?H11080r?nt vertstrokesuperiordu¨l}talking to a human user,Also known as speech
synthesis,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙is rivertstrokeinferiorspa¨ns } voltage-dependentresistorSee varistor,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij
di|penH11080d?nt rivertstrokesuperiorzisH11080t?r}void channels [ENG] The open passages of a
porous or packed medium through which liquid voltage drop [ELEC] The voltage developed
across a component or conductor by the flow ofor gas can flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙id vertstrokeinferiorchanH11080?lz }
Voigtbody See Kelvin body,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙it vertstrokeinferiorba¨dH11080eˉ } current through the resistance or impedance of
that component or conductor,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiordra¨p}Voigtnotation [MECH] A notation employed in
thetheoryofelasticity inwhichelasticconstants voltage gain [ELECTR] The difference between
the output signal voltage level in decibels andand elastic moduli are labeled by replacing the
pairs of letters xx,yy,zz,yz,zx,and xy by the the input signal voltage level in decibels; this
valueisequalto20timesthecommonlogarithmnumber 1,2,3,4,5,and 6 respectively,{ vertstrokesuperiorfo˙it
noˉvertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080sh?n } of the ratio of the output voltage to the input
voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorgaˉn}volatile organic compounds [ENG] Organic
chemicals that produce vapors readily at room voltagegenerator [ELECTR] A two-terminal cir-
cuit element in which the terminal voltage istemperature and normal atmospheric pressure,
includinggasoline andsolventssuch astoluene,independentof thecurrentthrough theelement.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorjenH11080?vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}xylene,and tetrachloroethylene,They form pho-
tochemical oxidants (including ground-level voltage gradient [ELEC] The voltage per unit
length along a resistor or other conductive path.ozone) that affect health,damage materials,
and cause crop and forest losses,Many are also { vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorgraˉdH11080eˉH11080?nt }
voltagelevel [ELEC] At any point in a transmis-hazardous air pollutants,Abbreviated VOC.
{ |va¨lH11080?H11080t?lo˙rvertstrokeinferiorganH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorka¨mvertstrokeinferiorpau˙nz } sion system,the ratio of the voltage existing at
that point to an arbitrary value of voltage usedvolatility [THERMO] The quality of having a low
boiling point or subliming temperature at ordi- as a reference,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
voltagemeasurement [ELEC] Determination ofnary pressure or,equivalently,of having a high
vaporpressureatordinarytemperatures,{ vertstrokeinferiorva¨lH11080 the difference in electrostatic potential between
two points,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }?vertstrokesuperiortilH11080?dH11080eˉ }
volatilization [THERMO] The conversion of a voltagemultiplier [ELEC] Seeinstrumentmulti-
plier,[ELECTR] A rectifier circuit capable ofchemical substance from a liquid or solid state
to a gaseous or vapor state by the application supplying a direct-current output voltage that is
twoor moretimesthe peakvalueof thealternat-of heat,by reducing pressure,or by a combina-
tion of these processes,Also known as vapor- ing-current voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorm?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r}
voltage-multiplier circuit [ELEC] A rectifier cir-ization,{ vertstrokeinferiorva¨lH11080?dH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
volley [ENG] A round of holes fired at any one cuit capable of supplying a direct-current output
voltage that is two or more times the peak valuetime,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080eˉ }
volt [ELEC] The unit of potential difference or of the alternating-current input voltage; useful
for high-voltage,low-current supplies,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tijelectromotive force in the meter-kilogram-sec-
ond system,equal to the potential difference |m?lH11080t?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉH11080?r vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
voltagephasor [ELEC] A linewhoselengthrep-between two points for which 1 coulomb of elec-
tricity will do 1 joule of work in going from one resents the magnitude of a sinusoidally varying
voltage and whose angle with the positive x-axispoint to the other,Symbolized V,{ voˉlt }
Volta effect See contact potential difference,represents its phase,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorfaˉH11080z?r}
voltagequadrupler [ELECTR] A rectifier circuit,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080t? ivertstrokeinferiorfekt }
voltage [ELEC] Potential difference or electro- containing four diodes,which supplies a direct-
current output voltage which is four times themotive force measured in volts,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij }
voltageamplification [ELECTR] The ratio of the peak value of the alternating-current input volt-
age,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij kw?vertstrokeinferiordru¨pH11080l?r}magnitude of the voltage across a specified load
impedancetothemagnitudeoftheinputvoltage voltagerating [ELEC] The maximum sustained
voltage that can safely be applied to an electricof the amplifier or other transducer feeding that
load; often expressed in decibels by multiplying device without risking the possibility of electric
breakdown,Also known as working voltage.thecommonlogarithmoftheratioby20,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080
tij vertstrokeinferioramH11080pl?H11080f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080i? }
voltageratio [ELEC] The root-mean-square pri-voltage amplifier [ELECTR] An amplifier de-
signed primarily to build up the voltage of a mary terminal voltage of a transformer divided
by the root-mean-square secondary terminalsignal,without supplying appreciable power.
{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r } voltage under a specified load,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080
shoˉ }voltagecoefficient [ELEC] For a resistor whose
resistance varies with voltage,the ratio of the voltage regulation [ELEC] The ratio of the dif-
ference between no-load and full-load outputfractional change in resistance to the change in
voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorkoˉH11080ivertstrokeinferiorfishH11080?nt } voltage of a device to the full-load output volt-
age,expressed as a percentage,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorregH11080voltage-currentdual [ELEC] A pair ofcircuits in
which the elements of one circuit are replaced y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉH11080sh?n}
605
voltageregulator
voltageregulator [ELECTR] A device that main- volume [ENG ACOUS] The magnitude of a com-
plexaudio-frequencycurrentasmeasuredinvol-tainstheterminalvoltageof ageneratororother
ume units on a standard volume indicator.voltage source within required limits despite
{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m}
variations in input voltage or load,Also known
volume compressor [ENG ACOUS] An audio-
asautomaticvoltageregulator;voltagestabilizer.
frequency circuit that limits the volume range of
{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
a radio program at the transmitter,to permit
voltage-regulatordiode [ELECTR] A diode that
using a higher averagepercent modulation with-
maintains an essentially constant direct voltage
outriskofovermodulation;alsousedwhenmak-
in a circuit despite changes in line voltage or
ing disk recordings,to permit a closer groove
load,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij vertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r vertstrokeinferiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
spacingwithoutovercutting,Alsoknownasau-
voltage stabilizer See voltage regulator,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij
tomatic volume compressor,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mk?m
vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080b?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorpresH11080?r}
voltage transformer [ELEC] An instrument
volume control [ENG ACOUS] A potentiometer
transformerwhoseprimarywindingisconnected
usedtovarytheloudness ofareproducedsound
in parallel with a circuit in which the voltage is
by varying the audio-frequency signal voltage at
to be measured or controlled,Also known as
the input of the audio amplifier,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m
potential transformer,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij tranzvertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080m?r}
k?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
voltage-variable capacitor See varactor,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tij volume control system [ENG ACOUS] An elec-
|verH11080eˉH11080?b?lk?vertstrokesuperiorpasH11080?dH11080?r} tronicsystemthatregulatesthesignalamplifica-
tion or limits the output of a circuit,such as avoltaic cell [ELEC] A primary cell consisting of
volume compressor or a volume expander.twodissimilarmetalelectrodesinasolutionthat
{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mk?nvertstrokeinferiortroˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}acts chemically on one or both of them to pro-
volume expander [ENG ACOUS] An audio-fre-duce a voltage,{ vo
ˉlvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080ik vertstrokesuperiorsel }
quency control circuit sometimes used to in-
voltammeter [ELEC] Aninstrumentthatmaybe
crease the volume range of a radio program or
used either as a voltmeter or ammeter,{ va¨l
recording by making weak sounds weaker and
vertstrokesuperiortamH11080?dH11080?r}
loud sounds louder; the expander counteracts
volt-ampere [ELEC] The unit of apparent power
volume compression at the transmitter or re-
in the International System; it is equal to the
cording studio,Also known as automatic vol-
apparent power in a circuit when the product
ume expander,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?mikvertstrokeinferiorspanH11080d?r}
of the root-mean-square value of the voltage,
volume indicator [ENG ACOUS] A standardized
expressed in volts,and the root-mean-square
instrument for indicating the volume of a com-
value of the current,expressed in amperes,
plex electric wave such as that corresponding to
equals 1,Abbreviated VA,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir }
speech or music; the reading in volume units is
volt-ampere hour [ELEC] A unit for expressing
equal to the number of decibels above a refer-
the integral of apparent power over time,equal
ence level which is realized when the instrument
to the product of 1 volt-ampere and 1 hour,or
is connected across a 600-ohm resistor that is
to 3600 joules,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir vertstrokesuperiorau˙r}
dissipating a power of 1 milliwatt at 100 hertz.
volt-ampere-hour reactive See var hour,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt
Also known as volume unit meter,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m
vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir vertstrokesuperiorau˙rreˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv}
vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
volt-ampere reactive [ELEC] The unit of reac-
volume meter [ENG] Any flowmeter in which
tivepowerintheInternationalSystem;itisequal the actual flow is determined by the measure-
tothereactivepowerinacircuitcarryingasinus- mentofaphenomenon associatedwiththeflow.
{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}oidalcurrentwhentheproductoftheroot-mean-
volumenometer [ENG] An instrument for de-square value of the voltage,expressed in volts,
termining the volume of a body by measuringby the root-mean-square value of the current,
thepressureinaclosedairspacewhenthespeci-
expressed in amperes,and by the sine of the
men is present and when it is absent,{ va¨lvertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080
phaseanglebetweenthevoltageandthecurrent,
m?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
equals 1,Abbreviated var,Also known as re-
volumerange [ELEC] In atransmission system,
active volt-ampere,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferiorpir reˉvertstrokesuperiorakH11080tiv}
the difference,expressed in decibels,between
voltmeter [ENG] An instrument for the meas-
the maximum and minimum volumes that can
urement of potential difference between two
be satisfactorily handled by the system,[ENG
points,in volts or in related smaller or larger
ACOUS] The difference,expressed in decibels,
units,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
between the maximum and minimum volumes
voltmeter-ammeter [ENG] A voltmeter and an
of a complex audio-frequency signal occurring
ammeter combined in a single case but having
over a specified period of time,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m
separate terminals,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉltvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r vertstrokesuperioramvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorraˉnj }
volt-ohm-milliammeter [ENG] A test instru-
volume resistivity [ELEC] Electrical resistance
ment having a number of different ranges for
between opposite faces of a 1-centimeter cube
measuring voltage,current,and resistance.
of insulating material,commonly expressed in
Also known as circuit analyzer; multimeter; ohm-centimeters,Also known as specific insu-
multiple-purpose tester,{ vertstrokesuperiorvoˉlt vertstrokesuperioroˉm |milH11080eˉvertstrokesuperioram lation resistance,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m vertstrokeinferiorreˉvertstrokeinferiorzisvertstrokesuperiortivH11080?dH11080eˉ }
volumeter [ENG] Any instrument for measuringvertstrokeinferioreˉdH11080?r}
606
vulcanization
volumes of gases,liquids,or solids,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080 the supply flow is introduced at the circumfer-
ence of a shallow cylindrical chamber; the vortexy?vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
volumetric efficiency [MECH ENG] In describ- fielddevelopedcansubstantiallyreduceorthrot-
tle flow; used in fluidic diodes,throttles,pres-ing an engine or gas compressor,the ratio of
volume of working substance actually admitted,sure amplifiers,and a rate sensor,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteks
vertstrokesuperioramH11080pl?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}measured at a specified temperature and pres-
sure,to the full piston displacement volume; for vortex burner [ENG] Combustion device in
which the combustion air is fed tangentially intoa liquid-fuel engine,such as a diesel engine,
volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume the burner,creating a spin (vortex) to mix it with
the fuel as it is injected,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteks vertstrokesuperiorb?rH11080n?r}of air drawn into a cylinder to the piston dis-
placement,{ |va¨lH11080y?|meH11080trik ivertstrokesuperiorfishH11080?nH11080seˉ } vortexcagemeter [ENG] In flow measurement,
a type of quantity meter which exerts only avolumetric radar [ENG] Radar capable of pro-
ducing three-dimensional position data on a slight retardation on the flowing fluid; the ele-
ments rotate at a speed that is linear with fluidmultiplicity of targets,{ |va¨lH11080y?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
volumetric strain [MECH] One measure of de- velocity; revolutions are counted either by cou-
pling to a local mounted counter or by a proxim-formation; the change of volume per unit of vol-
ume,{ |va¨lH11080y?|meH11080trik vertstrokesuperiorstraˉn } itydetectorforremotetransmission,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteks
vertstrokesuperiorkaˉj vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}volumeunit [ENG ACOUS] A unit for expressing
the audio-frequency power level of a complex vortex precession flowmeter [ENG] An instru-
ment for measuring gas flows from the rate ofelectric wave,such as that corresponding to
speechormusic;thepowerlevelinvolumeunits precession of vortices generated by a fixed set
of radial vanes placed in the flow,Also knownis equal to the number of decibels above a refer-
ence level of 1 milliwatt as measured with a as swirl flowmeter,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteks preˉvertstrokesuperiorseshH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorfloˉ
vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}standard volume indicator,Abbreviated VU.
{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t} vortex-shedding meter [ENG] A flowmeter in
which fluid velocity is determined from the fre-volume unit meter See volume indicator,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080
y?m vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r } quency at which vortices are generated by an
obstruction in the flow,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteks |shedH11080i?volute [DES ENG] A spiral casing for a centrifu-
gal pump or a fan designed so that speed will be vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
vortex thermometer [ENG] A thermometer,converted to pressure without shock,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨t}
volute pump [MECH ENG] A centrifugal pump used in aircraft,which automatically corrects for
adiabatic and frictional temperature rises by im-housed in a spiral casing,{ v?vertstrokesuperiorlu¨t vertstrokesuperiorp?mp }
vonArxcurrentmeter [ENG] A type of current- parting a rotary motion to the air passing the
thermalsensingelement,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rvertstrokeinferiorteksth?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080measuring device using electromagnetic induc-
tion to determine speed and,in some models,?dH11080?r}
VOS See vertical obstacle sonar.direction of deep-sea currents,{ fo˙n vertstrokesuperiora¨rks vertstrokesuperiork?H11080
r?nt vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} V-tool See parting tool,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉvertstrokeinferiortu¨l}
VTVM See vacuum-tube voltmeter.vonMisesyieldcriterion [MECH] The assump-
tionthatplasticdeformationofamaterialbegins v-typeengine [MECH ENG] An engine in which
the cylinders are arranged in two rows set at anwhen the sum of the squares of the principal
components of the deviatoric stress reaches a angle to each other,with the crankshaft running
through the point of a V,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉ vertstrokeinferiort?ˉp vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}certain critical value,{ fo˙n |meˉzH11080?z vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorkr?ˉvertstrokeinferiortirH11080
eˉH11080?n} vulcanization [CHEM ENG] A chemical reaction
of sulfur (or other vulcanizing agent) with rubberVorcediaphragmcell [CHEMENG] Acylindrical
cell with graphite anodes and asbestos-covered or plastic to cause cross-linking of the polymer
chains;itincreasesstrengthandresiliencyofthecathode,used in the electrolytic process for the
manufactureofchlorine,{ vertstrokesuperiorvo˙rsvertstrokesuperiord?ˉH11080?vertstrokeinferiorframvertstrokeinferiorsel } polymer,Also known as cure,{ vertstrokeinferiorv?lH11080k?H11080n?
vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}vortexamplifier [ENG] A fluidic device in which
607
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W
walking machine [MECH ENG] A machine de-Wackerprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for the
signed to carry its operator over various typesoxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde by oxygen
of terrain; the operator sits on a platform carriedin the presence of palladium chloride and cupric
on four mechanical legs,and movements of hischloride,{ vertstrokesuperiorwakH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
arms control the front legs of the machine whilewafer [ELECTR] A thin semiconductor slice on
movements of his legs control the rear legs ofwhich matrices of microcircuits can be fabri-
the machine,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙kH11080i? m?H11080sheˉn}cated,or which can be cut into individual dice
walkthrough method [CONT SYS] The instruc-for fabricating single transistors and diodes.
tion ofa robotby takingit through itssequences[ENG] A flat element for a process unit,as in a
of motions,so that these actions are stored inseries of stacked filter elements,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080f?r}
its memory and recalled when necessary.wagecurve [INDENG] Agraphicrepresentation
oftherelationshipbetweenwageratesandpoint { vertstrokesuperiorwo˙k|thru¨ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
wall [ENG] Averticalstructureormemberform-values for key jobs,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉj vertstrokeinferiork?rv}
wageincentive plan [IND ENG] A wage system ing an enclosure or defining a space,{ wo˙l}
wall anchor [BUILD] A steel strap fastened towhichprovidesadditionalpayforqualitativeand
quantitative performance which exceeds stand- the end of every second or third common joist
and built into the brickwork of a wall to provideard or normal levels,Also known as incentive
wage system,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉjinvertstrokesuperiorsenH11080tiv vertstrokeinferiorplan } lateral support,Also known as joist anchor.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiora?H11080k?r}wagon drill [MECH ENG] 1,A vertically
mounted,pneumatic,percussive-type rock drill wall box [BUILD] 1,A frame or box set into a
wall to receive a beam or joist,Also known assupported on a three- or four-wheeled wagon.
2,A wheel-mounted diamond drill machine,beam box; wall frame,2,A frame set into a
wall to provide a sealed space for pipework to{ vertstrokesuperiorwagH11080?n vertstrokeinferiordril }
wainscot [BUILD] A decorative or protective pass through,[ELEC] A metal box set into a
wall to hold switches,receptacles,or similarpanel installed over the lower portion of an inte-
rior partition or wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉnzH11080k?t } electrical wiring components,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
wall coping [CIV ENG] The covering course onwaist [ENG] The center portion of a vessel or
container that has a smaller cross section than top of a brick or stone wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorkoˉpH11080i? }
wallcrane [MECHENG] Ajib cranemounted onthe adjacent areas,{ waˉst }
wait [CONT SYS] Cessation of motion of a robot a wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
Walleyengine [MECHENG] Amultirotorenginemanipulator,under computer control,until fur-
ther notice,{ waˉt } employing four approximately elliptical rotors
that turn in the same clockwise sense,leadingwaiting line [IND ENG] A line formed by units
waiting for service,Also known as queue,to excessively high rubbing velocities,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨lH11080eˉ
vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
wale See waler,{ waˉl} wallframe See wall box,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
wall furnace [MECH ENG] A self-containedwaler [CIV ENG] A horizontal reinforcement uti-
lized to keep newly poured concrete forms from vented furnace that is permanently attached to
a wall and provides heated air directly to thebulging outward,Also spelled whaler,Also
known as wale,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080l?r } surrounding space,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorf?rH11080n?s}
wall grille [BUILD] A perforated plate or awalking beam [MECH ENG] A lever that oscil-
latesonapivotandtransmitspowerinamanner framed structure composed of rods or bars that
is used to cover a wall opening to restrict visionproducing a reciprocating or reversible motion;
used in rock drilling and oil well pumping,but allow movement of air,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorgril }
wallguard [BUILD] Aprotectivestripofresilient{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙kH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbeˉm}
walking dragline [MECH ENG] A large-capacity material applied to the surface of a wall (espe-
cially along a corridor) several feet off the floordragline built with moving feet; disks 20 feet (6
meters) in diameter support the excavator while to prevent damage by vehicles used within a
building,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }working,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙kH11080i?vertstrokesuperiordragvertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
wallhanger
wallhanger [BUILD] Abracketinstalledinama- warpage [MECH] The action,process,or result
of twisting or turning out of shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rH11080pij }sonry wall to support the end of a horizontal
warpingfunctionSee torsion function,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rpH11080i?member,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorha?H11080?r}
vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}wall off [ENG] To seal cracks or crevices in the
Warren truss [CIV ENG] A truss having onlywall of a borehole with cement,mud cake,com-
sloping members between the top and bottompacted cuttings,or casing,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokesuperioro˙f}
horizontal members,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨rH11080?n vertstrokeinferiortr?s}wall plate [BUILD] A piece of timber laid flat
wash [BUILD] Any member that serves to carryalong the tip of the wall; it supports the rafters.
water away from a section of a structure.
Also known as raising plate,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}
[ENG] 1,To clean cuttings or other fragmental
wallratio [DESENG] Ratio of theoutside radius
rock materials out of a borehole by the jetting
of a gun,a tube,or jacket to the inside radius;
and buoyant action of a copious flow of water
or ratio of the corresponding diameters,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l
oramud-ladenliquid,2.Theerosionofcoreor
vertstrokeinferiorraˉH11080shoˉ }
drill string equipment by the action of a rapidly
wallspacer [CIV ENG] A metal tie that holds a
flowing stream of water or mud-laden drill-circu-
form for poured concrete in position until the
lation liquid,{ wa¨sh }
concrete has set,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiorspaˉsH11080?r}
washboardcourse [ENG] Atestcourseforvehi-
wall superheat [THERMO] The difference be-
cles consisting of a series of waves or convolu-
tween thetemperature of a surfaceand the satu-
tions having arbitrary amplitude and frequency;
ration temperature(boiling point atthe ambient
a common type is the so-called sine-wave
pressure) of an adjacent liquid that is heated by
course,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨shvertstrokeinferiorbo˙rd vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs }
the surface,{ |wo˙l vertstrokesuperiorsu¨H11080p?rvertstrokeinferiorheˉt}
washboring See jet drilling,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨sh vertstrokeinferiorbo˙rH11080i? }
wall tie [BUILD] A rigid,corrosion-resistant
wash coat [ENG] A sealer consisting of a very
metal tie fitted into the bed joints across the
thin,semitransparent coat of paint,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨sh
cavity of a cavity wall,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉ }
vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
Walterengine [MECH ENG] A multirotor rotary
washer [DES ENG] A flattened,ring-shaped de-
engine that uses two different-sized elliptical
vice used to improve the tightness of a screw
rotors,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙lH11080t?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
fastener,[ENG] 1,A device for removing dirt
Wankelengine [MECHENG] An eccentric-rotor-
and soluble impurities from pulp and paper
type internal combustion engine with only two
stock,2,A system for washing photographic
primarymovingparts,therotorandtheeccentric
materials to remove soluble products of devel-
shaft; the rotor moves in one direction around
oping or fixing,3,A power-driven machine for
thetrochoidalchambercontainingperipheralin-
washing clothes and household linens,Also
take and exhaust ports,Also known as rotary-
known as washing machine,4,See scrubber.
combustion engine,{ vertstrokesuperiorva¨?H11080k?l vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨shH11080?r}
Wanneropticalpyrometer [ENG] A type of po-
washing [CHEM ENG] In a process operation,
larizing pyrometer in which beams from the
cleaning of a solids bed (settler) or cake (filter)
source under investigation and a comparison
with a liquid in which the solid is not soluble.
lamp are polarized at right angles and then
{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨shH11080i? }
passed through a Nicol prism and a red filter;
washing machine See washer,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨shH11080i?
the source temperature is determined from the
m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
angle through which the Nicol prism must be
washout [ENG] 1,An overlarge well bore
rotated inorder to equalizethe intensitiesof the
caused by the solvent and erosional action of
resulting patches of light,{ |wa¨nH11080?r |a¨pH11080t?H11080k?l
drilling fluid,2,A fluid-cut opening resulting
p?ˉvertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
from leaking fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨shvertstrokeinferiorau˙t}
Ward-Leonard speed-control system [CONT
wash water [CHEM ENG] Water contacted with
SYS] A system for controlling the speed of a
process streams (liquid or gas),packed beds,or
direct-current motor in which the armature volt-
filter cakes to flush or dissolve out impurities.
age of a separately excited direct-current motor
{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨sh vertstrokeinferiorwo˙dH11080?r}
is controlled by a motor-generator set,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rd
waste [ENG] 1,Rubbish from a building.
vertstrokesuperiorlenH11080?rd vertstrokesuperiorspeˉdk?n|troˉl vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
2,Dirty water from mining,industrial,and do-
warehouse [IND ENG] A building used for stor-
mestic use,3,The amount of excavated mate-
ing merchandise and commodities,{ vertstrokesuperiorwer
rial exceeding fill,{ waˉst }
vertstrokeinferiorhau˙s}
waste heat [ENG] Sensible heat in gases not
warm-airheating [MECHENG] Heatingbycircu-
subject to combustion and used for processes
lating warm air; system contains a direct-fired downstream in a system,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa
ˉst vertstrokesuperiorheˉt}
furnace surrounded by a bonnet through which waste-heatboiler [CHEM ENG] A heat-retrieval
aircirculatestobeheated,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rm |er vertstrokesuperiorheˉdH11080i? } unit using hot by-product gas or oil from chemi-
warm-up time [ENG] A span of time between calprocesses;usedtoproducesteaminaboiler-
the first application of power to a system and type system,Also known as gas-tube boiler.
the moment when the system can function fully,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst |heˉt vertstrokesuperiorbo˙iH11080l?r}
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rmvertstrokeinferior?p vertstrokeinferiort?ˉm} waste lubrication [ENG] A method in which a
warning pipe [ENG] An overflow pipe with a lubricant is delivered to a bearing surface by the
conspicuous outlet permitting prompt observa- wicking action of cloth waste or yarn,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst
vertstrokeinferiorlu¨H11080br?|kaˉH11080sh?n}tion of discharge,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rnH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
610
waterswivel
waste pipe [CIV ENG] A pipe to carry waste water jacket [ENG] A casing for circulation of
cooling water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjakH11080?t}water from a basin,bath,or sink in a building.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp} water-jet cutting [ENG] A machining method
that uses a jet of pressurized water containingwastevent See stack vent,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉst vertstrokeinferiorvent }
watchdogtimer [CONT SYS] In a flexible manu- abrasive powder for cutting steel and other
dense materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjet vertstrokeinferiork?dH11080i? }facturing system,a safety device in the form of
acontrolinterfaceonanautomatedguidedvehi- water joint [CIV ENG] A joint in a stone pave-
ment containing stones that are set slightlycle that shuts down part or all of the system
under certain conditions,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨chvertstrokeinferiordo˙g vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmH11080?r } highertopreventwaterfromsettlinginthejoint.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int }water bar [BUILD] A strip of material attached
tothesillofawindoworexternaldoortoprevent waterleg [ENG] The vertical area of a vessel or
accessory to a vessel for the collection of water.penetration by water,Also known as weather
bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r } Also known as sump,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorleg }
watermain [CIV ENG] The water pipe in a streetwater brake [ENG] An absorption dynamo-
meter for measuring power output of an engine from which water is delivered to individual ser-
vicepipessupplyingdomesticproperty,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080shaft;themechanicalenergyisconvertedtoheat
in a centrifugal pump,with a free casing where?r vertstrokeinferiormaˉn}
water meter [ENG] An instrument for measur-turning moment is measured,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
water calorimeter [ENG] A calorimeter that ingtheamountofwaterpassingaspecifiedpoint
in a piping system,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}measures radio-frequency power in terms of the
rise in temperature of water in which the r-f waterpath [ENG] Inultrasonictesting,distance
from an ultrasonic search unit to the test pieceenergy is absorbed,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorkalH11080?vertstrokesuperiorrimH11080?dH11080?r}
water column [MECH ENG] A tubular column in an immersion or water column examination.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpath }located at the steam and water space of a boiler
to which protective devices such as gage cocks,waterpower [MECH] Power,usually electric,
generated from an elevated water supply by thewater gage,and level alarms are attached.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m } use of hydraulic turbines,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
waterproof [ENG] Impervious to water.water-cooled condenser [MECH ENG] A steam
condenser which is for the maintenance of vac- { vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorpru¨f}
water purification [CIV ENG] Any of severaluum,and in which water is the heat-receiving
fluid,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r |ku¨ld k?nvertstrokesuperiordenH11080s?r } processesinwhichundesirableimpuritiesinwa-
terareremovedorneutralized;forexample,chlo-water-cooled furnace [MECH ENG] A fuel-fired
furnace containing tubes in which water is circu- rination,filtration,primary treatment,ion ex-
change,and distillation,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorpyu˙rH11080?H11080lated to limit heat lossto the surroundings,con-
trol furnace temperature,and generate steam,f?vertstrokesuperiorkaˉH11080sh?n}
waterright [ENG] Therighttousewaterformin-{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r |ku¨ld vertstrokesuperiorf?rH11080n?s}
watercooling [ELECTR] Cooling the electrodes ing,agricultural,or other purposes,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorr?ˉt}of an electron tube by circulating water through
or around them,[ENG] Cooling in which the watersample [ENG] A portion of water brought
up from a depth to determine its composition.primary coolant is water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorku¨lH11080i? }
waterdemineralizing [CHEM ENG] The removal { vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080p?l}
waterscrubber [CHEMENG] Adeviceorsystemof minerals (for example,compounds of Ca,Mg,
and Na) from water by chemical,ion-exchange,in which gases are contacted with water (either
byspray orbubbling through)to washout tracesor distillation procedures,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rdeˉvertstrokesuperiorminH11080
r?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉzH11080i? } of water-soluble components of the gas stream.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorskr?bH11080?r}water-flow pyrheliometer [ENG] An absolute
pyrheliometer,inwhichtheradiation-sensingel- waterseal [ENG] A seal formed bywater to pre-
vent the passage of gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorseˉl}ement is a blackened,water calorimeter; it con-
sists of a cylinder,blackened on the interior,and water-sealed holder [ENG] A low-pressure gas
holder which consists of cylindrical sections orsurrounded by a special chamber through which
water flows at a constant rate; the temperatures lifts telescoping into a pit or tank filled with
water; the inside section is closed in on top.of the incoming and outgoing water,which are
monitored continuously by thermometers,are { vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r |seˉld vertstrokesuperiorhoˉlH11080d?r}
waterspout [ENG] A pipe or orifice throughused to compute the intensity of the radiation.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r |floˉ |pirvertstrokeinferiorheˉH11080leˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r } which water is discharged or by which it is con-
veyed,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorspau˙t}water gage [ENG] A gage glass with attached
fittings which indicates water level in a vessel,water-supply engineering [CIV ENG] A branch
of civil engineering concerned with the develop-{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
water-gasreaction [CHEMENG] Amethodused ment of sources of supply,transmission,distri-
bution,and treatment of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rs?vertstrokeinferiorpl?ˉto prepare carbon monoxide by passing steam
over hot coke or coal at 600–1000H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?vertstrokesuperiornirH11080i? }
waterswivel [DESENG] Adeviceconnectingthe|gas reˉvertstrokeinferiorakH11080sh?n}
water heater [MECH ENG] A tank for heating water hose to the drill-rod string and designed
to permit the drill string to be rotated in theand storinghot water fordomestic use,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080
r vertstrokeinferiorheˉdH11080?r } borehole while water is pumped into it to create
611
watertable
thecirculationneededtocoolthebitandremove insertion loss to waves of other frequencies.
the cuttings produced,Also known as goose- { vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorfilH11080t?r}
neck; swivel neck,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorswivH11080?l} wave gage [ENG] A device for measuring the
watertable [BUILD] A ledge or slight projection height and period of waves,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
ofthemasonryorwoodconstructionontheexte- wave gait [MECH ENG] A mode of motion of
rior of a foundation wall,or just above it,to a mobile robot with several legs in which its
protect the foundation by directing rainwater components have a wavy motion,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorgaˉt}
away from the wall,Also known as canting waveguide junction See junction,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa
ˉvvertstrokeinferiorg?ˉd
strip,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortaˉH11080b?l}
|jkH11080sh?n}
watertower [CIV ENG] A tower or standpipe for
waveguide synthesis [ENG ACOUS] A method
storingwaterinareaswhereordinarywaterpres-
of synthesizing the sounds of a string or wind
sureisinadequatefordistributiontoconsumers.
instrument that simulates traveling waves on a
{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
stringorinside aboreorhorn usingdigitaldelay
watertreatment [CIV ENG] Purification of water
lines,{ vertstrokeinferiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiorg?ˉd vertstrokesuperiorsinH11080th?H11080s?s}
to make it suitable for drinking or for any other
wavemeter [ENG] A device for measuring the
use,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiortreˉtH11080m?nt }
geometrical spacing between successive sur-
water-tube boiler [MECH ENG] A steam boiler
facesofequalphaseinanelectromagneticwave.
in which water circulates within tubes and heat
{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉvvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
is applied from outside the tubes to generate
wave microphone [ENG ACOUS] Any micro-
steam,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r |tu¨b vertstrokeinferiorbo˙iH11080l?r}
phone whose directivity depends upon some
water tunnel [CIV ENG] A tunnel to transport
type of wave interference,such as a line micro-
water in a water-supply system,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r
phone or a reflector microphone,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080
vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
kr?vertstrokeinferiorfoˉn}
waterwall [MECH ENG] The side of a boiler fur-
wavemotor [MECH ENG] A motor that depends
nace consisting of water-carrying tubes which
on the lifting power of sea waves to develop its
absorb radiant heat and thereby prevent exces-
usable energy,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiormoˉdH11080?r}
sively high furnace temperatures,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080
wavenoise [ELECTR] Noise in the electric cur-
rvertstrokeinferiorwo˙l}
rent of a detector that results from fluctuations
waterway [CIV ENG] A channel for the escape
in the intensity ofelectromagnetic radiation fall-
or passage of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
ing on the detector,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorno˙iz }
waterwell [CIVENG] Awellsunktoextractwater
wavepolarizationSee polarization,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorpoˉH11080l?H11080
from a zone of saturation,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorwel }
r?vertstrokeinferiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
waterwheel [MECH ENG] A vertical wheel on a
wave shaper [ENG] Of explosives,an insert or
horizontal shaft that is made to revolve by the
core of inert material or of explosives having
action or weight of water on or in containers
different detonation rates,usedfor changing the
attached to the rim,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
shape of the detonation wave,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorshaˉpH11080?r}
waterworks [CIVENG] Thewholesystemofsup-
wave-shaping circuit [ELECTR] An electronic
plyandtreatmentutilizedinacquisitionanddis-
circuit used to create or modify a specified time-
tribution of water to consumers,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙dH11080?r
varyingelectricalquantity,usuallyvoltageorcur-
vertstrokeinferiorw?rks }
rent,using combinations of electronic devices,
Watsonfactor See characterization factor,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tH11080
such as vacuum tubes or transistors,and circuit
s?n vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
elements,including resistors,capacitors,and
watt-hour [ELEC] A unit of energy used in elec-
inductors,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv |shaˉpH11080i?vertstrokeinferiors?rH11080k?t}
trical measurements,equal to the energy con-
wave soldering See flow soldering,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiorsa¨dH11080
verted or consumed at a rate of 1 watt during a
H11080ri? }
periodof1hour,orto3600joules,Abbreviated
wave tail [ELECTR] Part of a signal-wave enve-
Wh,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨t |au˙r}
lope (in time or distance) between the steady-
watt-hour meter [ENG] A meter that measures
statevalue(orcrest)andtheendoftheenvelope.
and registers the integral,with respect to time,
{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiortaˉl}
of the active power of the circuit in which it is
wave trap [CIV ENG] A device used to reduce
connected; the unit of measurement is usually
the size of waves from sea or swell entering a
the kilowatt-hour,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨t |au˙r vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r}
harbor before they penetrate as far as the quay-
wattmeter [ENG] An instrument that measures
age;usuallyintheformofdivergingbreakwaters,
electric power in watts ordinarily,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨tvertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080
or small projecting breakwaters situated close
r}
within the entrance,[ELECTR] A resonant cir-Watt’s law [THERMO] A law which states that
cuit connected to the antenna system of a re-the sum of the latent heat of steam at any tem-
ceiver to suppress signals at a particular fre-perature of generation and the heat required to
quency,such as that of a powerful local stationraise water from 0H11034C to that temperature is con-
that is interfering with reception of other sta-stant; it has been shown to be substantially in
tions,Also known as trap,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉv vertstrokeinferiortrap }error,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨ts vertstrokeinferiorlo˙ }
wax fractionation [CHEM ENG] A continuouswave filter [ELEC] A transducer for separating
solvent-recovery/crystallization petroleum-refin-waves on the basis of their frequency; it intro-
ery process for the production of waxes with lowduces relatively small insertion loss to waves in
oneormorefrequencybandsandrelativelylarge oil content from wax concentrates; for example,
612
weight
MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) deoiling,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaks liquid on the tray under consideration,Symbol-
ized N
We3
.{vertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080b?r |n?mH11080b?r vertstrokesuperiorthreˉ }vertstrokeinferiorfrakH11080sh?vertstrokesuperiornaˉH11080sh?n}
wax manufacturing [CHEM ENG] A petroleum web plate [ENG] A steel plate that forms the
web of a beam,girder,or truss,{ vertstrokesuperiorweb vertstrokeinferiorplaˉt}refinery process similar to wax fractionation for
themanufacture ofoil-free waxesby chillingand wedge [DES ENG] A piece of resistant material
whose two major surfaces make an acute angle.crystallization from a solvent,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaks vertstrokeinferiormanH11080
vertstrokesuperiorfakH11080ch?H11080ri? } [ENG] In ultrasonic testing,a device which di-
rects waves of ultrasonic energy into the testwaxmaster See wax original,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaks vertstrokesuperiormasH11080t?r}
waxoriginal [ENGACOUS] Anoriginalrecording piece at an angle,{ wej }
wedgebit [DESENG] Atapered-nosenoncoringmade on a wax surface and used to make a mas-
ter,Also known as wax master,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaks?vertstrokesuperiorrijH11080 bit,used to ream outthe borehole alongside the
steel deflecting wedge in hole-deflection opera-?nH11080?l}
waypoint See via point,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉ vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int } tions,Also known as bull-nose bit; wedge
reaming bit; wedging bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorwej vertstrokeinferiorbit }ways [CIV ENG] 1,The tracks and sliding tim-
bersusedinlaunchingavessel,2.Thebuilding wedge bonding [ENG] A type of thermocom-
pression bonding in which a wedge-shaped toolslip or space upon which the sliding timbers or
ways,supporting a vessel to be launched,travel,is used to press a small section of the lead wire
onto the bonding pad of an integrated circuit.[MECHENG] Bearingsurfacesusedtoguideand
support moving parts of machine tools; may be { vertstrokesuperiorwej vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
wedge core lifter [MECH ENG] A core-grippingflat,V-shaped,or dovetailed,{ waˉz}
wear [ENG] Deterioration of a surface due to device consisting of a series of three or more
serrated-face,tapered wedges contained in slot-material removal caused by relative motion be-
tween it and another part,{ wer } ted and tapered recesses cut into the inner sur-
faceofaliftercaseorsleeve;thecaseisthreadedwearingcourse [CIV ENG] The top layer of sur-
facing on a road,{ vertstrokesuperiorwerH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorko˙rs } to the inner tube of a core barrel,and as the
core enters the inner tube,it lifts the wedges upweatherbar See water bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
weatheredjointSee weather-struck joint,{ |wethH11080 along the case taper; when the barrel is raised,
the wedges are pulled tight,gripping the core.?rd |jo˙int }
weather observation radar See weather radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorwej |ko˙r vertstrokeinferiorlifH11080t?r}
wedge photometer [ENG] A photometer in{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiora¨bH11080z?rvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r}
weatherometer [ENG] A device used to subject which the luminous flux density of light from
two sources is made equal by pushing into thearticles and finishes to accelerated weathering
conditions;forexample,arichultravioletsource,beam from the brighter source a wedge of ab-
sorbing material; the wedge has a scale indicat-water spray,or salt water,{ vertstrokeinferiorwethH11080?vertstrokesuperiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
weatherproof [ENG] Able to withstand expo- ing how much it reduces the flux density,so that
the luminous intensities of the sources may besure to weather without damage,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r
vertstrokeinferiorpru¨f } compared,{ vertstrokesuperiorwej f?vertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
wedge reaming bit See wedge bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorwej vertstrokesuperiorreˉmH11080weatherradar [ENG] Generally,anyradarwhich
is suitable or can be used for the detection of i?vertstrokeinferiorbit }
wedging [ENG] 1,A method used in quarryingprecipitationorclouds,Also knownasweather
observation radar,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorraˉvertstrokeinferiorda¨r } toobtainlarge,regularblocksofbuildingstones;
a row of holes is drilled,either by hand or byweatherresistance [ENG] Theabilityofamate-
rial,paint,film,or the like to withstand the ef- pneumatic drills,close to each other so that a
longitudinalcreviceisformedintowhichagentlyfectsofwind,rain,orsunandtoretainitsappear-
ance and integrity,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?rrivertstrokeinferiorzisH11080t?ns } sloping steel wedge is driven,and the block of
stone can be detached without shattering.weatherstrip [BUILD] A piece of material,such
as wood or rubber,applied to the joints of a 2,The act of changing the course of a borehole
by using a deflecting wedge,3,The lodging ofwindowordoortostopdrafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?rvertstrokeinferiorstrip }
weather-struck joint [CIV ENG] A horizontal two or more wedge-shaped pieces of core inside
a core barrel,and therefore blocking it,4,Thejoint in a course of masonry in which the mortar
at the upper edge has been pressed in,forming material,moss,or wood usedto renderthe shaft
lining tight,{ vertstrokesuperiorwejH11080i? }a convex surface that sheds water,Also known
as weathered joint,{ vertstrokesuperiorwethH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorstr?k vertstrokeinferiorjo˙int } wedgingbit See wedge bit,{ vertstrokesuperiorwejH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbit }
weep hole [CIV ENG] A hole in a wood sill,re-web [CIV ENG] The vertical strip connecting the
upper and lower flanges of a rail or girder,taining wall,or other structure to allow accumu-
lated water to escape,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉp vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}[MECH ENG] For twist drills and reamers,the
central portion of the tool body that joins the weighing rain gage [ENG] A type of recording
rain gage,consisting of a receiver in the shapeloads,{ web }
webangleSee chisel-edge angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorweb vertstrokeinferiora?H11080g?l } ofafunnelwhichemptiesintoabucketmounted
upon a weighing mechanism; the weight of theWebernumber3 [CHEM ENG] A dimensionless
number used in interfacial area determination catch is recorded,on a clock-driven chart,as
inches of precipitation; used at climatologicalin distillation equipment,equal to the surface
tension dividedby the productof theliquid den- stations,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorraˉngaˉj}
weight [MECH] 1,The gravitational force withsity,the acceleration of gravity,and the depth of
613
weightbarometer
which the earth attracts a body,2,By exten- wellhead [CIV ENG] The top of a well,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel
vertstrokeinferiorhed }sion,the gravitational force with which a star,
well logging [ENG] The technique of analyzingplanet,or satellite attracts a nearby body.
and recordingthe character of aformation pene-{waˉt}
trated by a drill hole in petroleum explorationweight barometer [ENG] A mercury barometer
and exploitation work,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorla¨gH11080i? }which measures atmospheric pressure by
wellpoint [CIVENG] Acomponentofawellpointweighing the mercury in the column or the cis-
system consisting of a perforated pipe abouttern,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa
ˉtb?vertstrokeinferiorra¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
4 feet (1.2 meters) long and about 2 inches
weighting [ENG] The artificial adjustment of
(5centimeters)indiameter,equippedwithaball
measurements to account for factors that,in the
valve,a screen,and a jetting tip,{ vertstrokesuperiorwelvertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
normal use of the device,would otherwise be
wellpointsystem [CIV ENG] A method of keep-
different from conditions during the measure-
ing an excavated area dry by intercepting the
ments,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉdH11080i? }
flow of groundwater with pipe wells located
weighting network [ENG ACOUS] One of three
around the excavation area,{ vertstrokesuperiorwelvertstrokeinferiorpo˙int vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080
or more circuits in a sound-level meter designed
t?m}
to adjust its response; the A and B weighting
well-regulated system [CONT SYS] A system
networks provide responses approximating the
witha regulatorwhoseaction,together withthat
40- and 70-phon equal loudness contours,re-
of the environment,prevents any disturbance
spectively,and theCweighting networkprovides
frompermanentlydrivingthesystemfromastate
a flat response up to 8000 hertz,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉdH11080i?vertstrokeinferiornet
in which it is stable,that is,a state in which it
vertstrokeinferiorw?rk }
retains its structure and survives,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel |regH11080
weightlessness [MECH] A condition in which
y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?d vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
noacceleration,whetherofgravityorotherforce,
well shooting [ENG] The firing of a charge of
canbedetectedbyanobserverwithinthesystem
nitroglycerin,or other high explosive,in the bot-
in question,Also known as zero gravity.
tom of a well for the purpose of increasing the
{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉtH11080l?sH11080n?s}
flow of water,oil,or gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorshu¨dH11080i? }
weight-loadedregulator [ENG] A pressure-reg-
well-type manometer [ENG] A type of double-
ulator valve for pressurevessels or flow systems;
leg,glass-tube manometer; one leg has a rela-
the regulator is preloaded by counterbalancing
tively small diameter,and the second leg is a
weightstoopen(orclose)attheupper(orlower)
reservoir; the level of the liquid in the reservoir
limit of a preset pressure range,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt |loˉdH11080?d
does not change appreciably with change of
vertstrokesuperiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
pressure; a mercury barometer is a common ex-
weight thermometer [ENG] A glass vessel for
ample,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel |t?ˉpm?vertstrokesuperiorna¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
determining the thermal expansion coefficient
welt [BUILD] 1,In sheet-metal roofing,a seam
of a liquid by measuring the mass of liquid
consisting of two joined sheets of metal whose
neededtofillthevesselattwodifferenttempera-
edges have been folded over each other and
tures,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt vertstrokeinferiorth?rvertstrokeinferiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
fastened down flat,2.A strip of wood fastened
weir [CIV ENG] A dam in a waterway over which
over a flush seam or joint for added strength.
water flows,serving to regulate water level or
[ENG] A strip that has been fastened to the
measure flow,{ wer }
edges of plates that form a butt joint in a steam
weld gage [ENG] A device used to check the
boiler,{ welt }
shape and size of welds,{ vertstrokesuperiorweld vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
Wentworth quick-return motion See turning-block
weldingtip [ENG] Areplaceablenozzleforagas
linkage,{ vertstrokesuperiorwentvertstrokeinferiorw?rth vertstrokesuperiorkwik ri|t?rn vertstrokeinferiormoˉH11080sh?n}
torch used in welding,{ vertstrokesuperiorweldH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortip }
Weston standard cell [ELEC] A standard cell
weldingtorch [ENG] A gas-mixing and burning
used as a highly accurate voltage source for cali-
toolfor theweldingof metal,{ vertstrokesuperiorweldH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorto˙rch }
brating purposes; the positive electrode is mer-
weld-intervaltimer [ENG] A deviceusedtocon-
cury,the negative electrode is cadmium,and the
trol weld interval,{ vertstrokesuperiorweld |inH11080t?rH11080v?l vertstrokeinferiort?ˉmH11080?r}
electrolyte is a saturated cadmium sulfate solu-
weldline See flow line,{ vertstrokesuperiorweld vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
tion; the Weston standard cell has a voltage of
weldmark See flow line,{ vertstrokesuperiorweld vertstrokeinferiorma¨rk }
1.018636 volts at 20H11034C,{ vertstrokesuperiorwesH11080t?n vertstrokesuperiorstanH11080d?rd
weldment [ENG] An assembly or structure
vertstrokesuperiorsel }
whose component parts are joined by welding.
Westphal balance [ENG] A direct-reading in-
{ vertstrokesuperiorweldH11080m?nt }
strument for determining the densities of solids
well [BUILD] An open shaft in a building,ex-
and liquids; a plummet of known mass and vol-
tending vertically through floors to accommo- ume is immersed in the liquid whose density is
date stairs or an elevator,[ENG] A hole dug to be measured or,alternatively,a sample of
into the earth to reach a supply of water,oil,the solid whose density is to be measured is
brine,or gas,{ wel } immersed in a liquid of known density,and the
wellcore [ENG] A sample of rock penetrated in loss in weight is measured,using a balance with
a well or other borehole obtained by use of a movable weights,{ vertstrokesuperiorwestvertstrokeinferiorfo˙l vertstrokeinferiorbalH11080?ns }
hollow bit that cuts a circular channel around a wet and drybulb thermometer See psychrometer.
central column or core,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiorko˙r} { |wet?n |dr?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorb?lb th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
well drill [MECH ENG] A drill,usually a churn wet blasting [ENG] Shot firing in wet holes.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorblastH11080i? }drill,used to drill water wells,{ vertstrokesuperiorwel vertstrokeinferiordril }
614
wide-flangebeam
wet-bulb thermometer [ENG] A thermometer wettingagent [CHEMENG] A substancethat in-
creases the rate at which a liquid spreads acrosshaving the bulb covered with a cloth,usually
a surface when it is added to the liquid in smallmuslin or cambric,saturated with water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet
amounts,{ vertstrokesuperiorwedH11080i?vertstrokeinferioraˉH11080j?nt }|b?lb th?rvertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
wetwell [MECH ENG] A chamber which is usedwetcell [ELEC] A primary cell in which there is
for collecting liquid,and to which the suctiona substantial amount of free electrolyte in liquid
pipe of a pump is attached,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokeinferiorwel }form,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokeinferiorsel }
whaler See waler,{ vertstrokesuperiorwaˉlH11080?r}wetclassifier [ENG] A device for the separation
wharf [CIV ENG] A structure of open construc-
ofsolidparticlesinamixtureofsolidsandliquid
tion built parallel to the shoreline; used by ves-
into fractions,according to particle size or den-
sels to receive and discharge passengers and
sity by methods other than screening; operates
cargo,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rf }
by the difference in the settling rate between
Wheatstone bridge [ELEC] A four-arm bridge
coarse and fine or heavy and light particles in a
circuit,all arms of which are predominately re-
tank-confined liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorklasH11080?vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉH11080?r}
sistive; used to measure the electrical resistance
wetcollector See scrubber,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet k?vertstrokesuperiorlekH11080t?r}
of an unknown resistor by comparing it with a
wet cooling tower [MECH ENG] A structure in
known standard resistance,Also known as
which water is cooled by atomization into a
resistance bridge; Wheatstone network,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉt
stream of air; heat is lost through evaporation.
vertstrokeinferiorstoˉn vertstrokesuperiorbrij }
Alsoknownasevaporativecoolingtower,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet
wheel [DES ENG] A circular frame with a hub at
vertstrokesuperiorku¨lH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortau˙H11080?r}
thecenterforattachmenttoanaxle,aboutwhich
wet drill [MECH ENG] A percussive drill with a
it may revolve and bear a load,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉl}
water feed either through the machine or by
wheelbarrow [ENG] A small,hand-pushed ve-
means of a water swivel,to suppress the dust
hicle with a single wheel and axle between the
produced when drilling,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet |dril }
front ends of two shafts that support a boxlike
wetengine [MECH ENG] An engine with its oil,
body and serve as handles at the rear,Also
liquid coolant (if any),and trapped fuel inside.
known as barrow,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉlvertstrokeinferiorbarH11080oˉ }
{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorenH11080j?n}
wheel base [DES ENG] The distance in the di-
wetgrinding [MECH ENG] 1.The milling of ma-
rection of travel from front to rear wheels of a
terials in water or other liquid,2,The practice
vehicle,measured between centers of ground
of applying a coolant to the work and the wheel
contact under each wheel,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉl vertstrokeinferiorbaˉs}
to facilitate the grinding process,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet
wheel dresser [ENG] A tool for cleaning,re-
|gr?ˉndH11080i? }
sharpening,and restoring the mechanical accu-
wet hole [ENG] A borehole that traverses a
racy of the cutting faces of grinding wheels.
water-bearing formation from which the flow of
{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉl vertstrokeinferiordresH11080?r}
water is great enough to keep the hole almost
wheeled crane [MECH ENG] A self-propelled
full of water,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokeinferiorhoˉl}
crane that rides on a rubber-tired chassis with
wetmill [MECH ENG] 1,A grinder in which the
power for transportation provided by the same
solid material to be ground is mixed with liquid.
engine that is used for hoisting,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉld vertstrokesuperiorkraˉn}
2,A mill in which the grinding energy is devel-
wheel load capacity [CIV ENG] The capacity of
oped by a fast-flowing liquid stream; for exam-
airfieldrunways,taxiways,parkingareas,orroad-
ple,a jet pulverizer,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiormil }
ways to bear the pressures exerted by aircraft or
wetscrubber [ENG] A device designed to clean
vehicles in a gross weight static configuration.
a gas stream by bringing it into contact with a
{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉl vertstrokesuperiorloˉdk?vertstrokeinferiorpasH11080?dH11080eˉ }
liquid,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorskr?bH11080?r}
wheel sleeve [DES ENG] A flange used as an
wet sleeve [MECH ENG] A cylinder liner which
adapter on precision grinding machines where
is exposed to the coolant over 70% or more of
the hole in the wheel is larger than the machine
its surface,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorsleˉv}
arbor,{ vertstrokesuperiorweˉl vertstrokeinferiorsleˉv}
wet slip [CIV ENG] An opening between two
white coat [BUILD] The finishing coat in plas-
wharves or piers where dock trials are usually
tering,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorkoˉt}
conducted,and the final fitting out is done.
Whitworth screw thread [DES ENG] A British
{ vertstrokesuperiorwet vertstrokesuperiorslip }
screw thread standardized to form and dimen-
wetted-wallcolumn [CHEM ENG] A vertical col-
sion,{ vertstrokesuperiorwitvertstrokeinferiorw?rth vertstrokesuperiorskru¨ vertstrokeinferiorthred }
umn that operates with the inner walls wetted
whr See watt-hour.
bytheliquidbeingprocessed;usedintheoretical
wicket dam [CIV ENG] A movable dam con-
studies of mass transfer rates and in analytical sistingofanumberofrectangularpanelsofwood
distillations; an example is a spinning-band col- or iron hinged to a sill and propped vertically;
umn,{ vertstrokesuperiorwedH11080?d |wo˙l vertstrokesuperiorka¨lH11080?m} the prop is hinged and can be tripped to drop
wet-test meter [ENG] A device to measure gas the wickets flat on the sill,{ vertstrokesuperiorwikH11080?t vertstrokeinferiordam }
flow by counting the revolutions of a shaft upon wicking [ENG] The flow of solder under the in-
which water-sealed,gas-carrying cups of fixed sulation of covered wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorwikH11080i? }
capacity are mounted,{ vertstrokesuperiorwet |test vertstrokeinferiormeˉdH11080?r} wideband [ELECTR] Property of a tuner,ampli-
wetting [ELECTR] The coating of a contact sur- fier,or other device that can pass a broad range
face with an adherent film of mercury,{ vertstrokesuperiorwedH11080 of frequencies,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉd |band }
wide-flangebeamSeeHbeam,{ |w?ˉd |flanj vertstrokesuperiorbeˉm}i? }
615
Wieseformula
Wieseformula [ENG] An empirical relationship than the other; often used in spiral staircases.
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉnH11080d?r}for motor fuel antiknock values above 100 in
wind guard [CIV ENG] A building componentrelation to performance numbers; basis for the
that protects the building or some part of itAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialsscale,
against the wind,for example,a chimney cap.in which octane numbers above 100 are related
{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiorga¨rd }to increments of tetraethyllead added to isooc-
winding [ELEC] 1,One or more turns of wiretane,{ vertstrokesuperiorveˉH11080z?vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rH11080my?H11080l? }
formingacontinuouscoilforatransformer,relay,Wildfence [ENG] Awoodenenclosureabout16
rotating machine,or other electric device,2,A
feet (4.8 meters) square and 8 feet (2.4 meters)
conductive path,usually of wire,that is induc-
high with a precipitation gage in its center; the
tively coupled to a magnetic storage core or cell.
function of the fence is to minimize eddies
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉndH11080i? }
around the gage,and thus ensure a catch which
windingengine See hoist,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉndH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
will be representative of the actual rainfall or
windmill [MECH ENG] Any of various mecha-
snowfall,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉld vertstrokeinferiorfens }
nisms,such as a mill,pump,or electric genera-
Willans line [MECH ENG] The line (nearly
tor,operated by the force of wind against vanes
straight)onagraphshowingsteamconsumption
or sails radiating about a horizontal shaft.
(poundsper hour)versus poweroutput (kilowatt
{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiormil }
or horsepower) for a steam engine or turbine;
windmill anemometer [ENG] A rotation ane-
frequentlyextendedtoshowtotalfuelconsumed
mometerin whichtheaxisof rotationishorizon-
(poundsperhour)forgasturbines,internalcom-
tal;theinstrumenthaseitherflatvanes(asinthe
bustion engines,and complete power plants.
airmeter)orhelicoidalvanes(asinthepropeller
{ vertstrokesuperiorwilH11080?nz vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
anemometer); the relation between wind speed
winch [MECH ENG] A machine having a drum
andangularrotationisalmostlinear,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiormil
on which to coil a rope,cable,or chain for haul-
vertstrokeinferioranH11080?vertstrokesuperiorma¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
ing,pulling,or hoisting,{ winch }
windmilling [MECH ENG] The rotation of a pro-
winch operator See hoistman,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinch vertstrokeinferiora¨pH11080
peller from the force of the air when the engine
vertstrokeinferiorraˉdH11080?r}
is not operating,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiormilH11080i? }
windage [MECH] 1.The deflection ofa bullet or
window [BUILD] An opening in the wall of a
other projectile due to wind,2,The correction
building or the body of a vehicle to admit light
made for such deflection,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080dij }
and usually to permit vision through a transpar-
windageloss [ENG] In a ventilating or air-con-
ent or translucent material,usually glass.
ditioning system,the decrease in the water con-
[ELECTR] A material having minimum absorp-
tent of the circulating air due to the loss of en-
tion and minimum reflection of radiant energy,
traineddropletsofwater;expressedasapercent-
sealed intothe vacuum envelope ofa microwave
age of the rate of circulation,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080dij vertstrokeinferiorlo˙s}
or other electron tube to permit passage of the
wind box [ENG] A plenum chamber that sup-
desired radiation through the envelope to the
plies air for combustion to a stoker,gas burner,
output device,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinH11080doˉ }
or oil burner,{ vertstrokesuperiorwind vertstrokeinferiorba¨ks }
windowbar [BUILD] 1.Abarforsecuringacase-
windbreak [ENG] Any device designed to ob-
ment window or window shutters,2.A bar that
struct wind flow and intended for protection
prevents ingress or egress through a window.
against any ill effects of wind,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiorbraˉk}
3,See sash bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiordoˉ vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
wind cone [ENG] A tapered fabric sleeve,
wind power [MECH ENG] The extraction of ki-
shaped like a truncated cone and pivoted at its
netic energy from the wind and conversion of it
larger end on a standard,for the purpose of
intoausefultypeofenergy:thermal,mechanical,
indicating wind direction; since the air enters
or electrical,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorpau˙H11080?r}
the fixed end,the small end of the cone points
wind pressure [MECH] The total force exerted
away from the wind,Also known as wind
upon astructure bywind,Also knownas veloc-
sleeve; wind sock,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorkoˉn}
ity pressure,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
wind correction [ENG] Any adjustment which
windshield [ENG] A transparent glass screen
must be made to allow for the effect of wind;
that protects the passengers and compartment
especially,the adjustments to correct for the ef-
of a vehicle from wind and rain,{ vertstrokesuperiorwinvertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
fect on a projectile in flight,on sound received
windshield See rain-gage shield,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorsheˉld }
bysoundranginginstruments,andonanaircraft
windsleeve See wind cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorsleˉv}
flown by dead reckoning navigation,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin
windsock See wind cone,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorsa¨k}
k?vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080sh?n} windtee [ENG] A weather vane shaped like the
wind deflection [MECH] Deflection caused by letter T orlike an airplane,situatedon an airport
theinfluenceofwindonthecourseofaprojectile or landing field to indicate the wind direction.
in flight,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin divertstrokeinferiorflekH11080sh?n} Also known as landing tee,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorteˉ }
wind-directionindicator [ENG] Adevicetoindi- windtunnel [ENG] Aductinwhichtheeffectsof
cate the direction from which the wind blows; airflow past objects can be determined,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin
an example is a weather vane,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin d?|rekH11080 vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l}
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r} wind-tunnel instrumentation [ENG] Measuring
winder [BUILD] A step,generally wedge- devices used in wind-tunnel tests; in addition
to conventional laboratory instruments for fluidshaped,with a tread that is wider at one end
616
wiretrain
flow,thermometry,and mechanical measure- essentiallyofabuoyedwire towedatthedesired
depth by two launches,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokesuperiordrag }ments,there are sensing devices capable of pre-
cision measurement in the small-scale environ- wire-fabric reinforcing [CIV ENG] Reinforcing
concrete or mortar with a welded wire fabric.ment of the test setup,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiort?nH11080?l vertstrokeinferiorinH11080str?H11080
m?nvertstrokesuperiortaˉH11080sh?n} {vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr |fabH11080rik vertstrokeinferiorreˉH11080?nvertstrokesuperiorfo˙rsH11080i? }
wireflamespraygun [ENG] A device which uti-windup [MECH ENG] The twisting of a shaft un-
deratorsionalload,usuallyresultinginvibration lizes the heat from a gas flame and material in
the form of wire or rod to perform a flame-spray-and other undesirable effects as the shaft re-
laxes,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉnvertstrokeinferiord?p } ing operation,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr |flaˉm vertstrokesuperiorspraˉ vertstrokeinferiorg?n}
wirefusingcurrent [ELEC] The electric currentwind vane [ENG] An instrument used to indi-
cate wind direction,consisting basically of an which will cause a wire to melt,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr |fyu¨zH11080i?
vertstrokeinferiork?H11080r?nt }asymmetrically shaped object mounted at its
center of gravity about a vertical axis; the end wire gage [DES ENG] 1,A gage for measuring
the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal.which offersthe greaterresistance tothe motion
ofairmovestothedownwindposition;thedirec- 2.A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated
by numbers,to which the diameter of wire ortion ofthe windis determinedby reference toan
attached oriented compass rose,{ vertstrokesuperiorwin vertstrokeinferiorvaˉn } thethicknessofsheetmetalisusuallymade,and
which is used in describing the size or thickness.wingdam See groin,{ vertstrokesuperiorwi?vertstrokeinferiordam }
wingless abutment [CIV ENG] A straight-sided { vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
wire lath [ENG] A netting formed of weldedbridge abutment designed to resist pressure in
back and provide a bridge seat,{ vertstrokesuperiorwi?H11080l?s wire,usually with a paper backing,and used as
a base for plaster,{ |w?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorlath }?vertstrokesuperiorb?tH11080m?nt }
wingnut [DES ENG] An internally threaded fas- wireline [DES ENG] 1,Any cable or rope made
of steel wires twisted together to form thetener with wings to permit it to be tightened or
loosened by finger pressure only,Also known strands,2,A steel wire rope 5/16 inch (7.94
millimeters) or less in diameter,[ELECTR]as butterfly nut,{ vertstrokesuperiorwi?vertstrokeinferiorn?t}
wing screw [DES ENG] A screw with a wing- One or more current-conducting wires or cables,
used for communication,control,or telemetry.shaped head that can be turned manually.
{ vertstrokesuperiorwi?vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }{vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉn}
wire nail [DES ENG] A nail made of wire andwinterization [ENG] The preparation of equip-
ment for operation in conditions of winter having a circular cross section,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiornaˉl}
wire recorder [ENG ACOUS] A magnetic re-weather; this applies to preparation not only for
cold temperatures,but also for snow,ice,and corder that utilizes a round stainless steel wire
about 0.004 inch (0.01 centimeter) in diameterstrong winds,{ vertstrokeinferiorwinH11080t?H11080r?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
wire [ELEC] A single bare or insulated metallic instead of magnetic tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrrivertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080?r}
wire recording [ENG ACOUS] Magnetic re-conductor having solid,stranded,or tinsel con-
struction,designed to carrycurrent in an electric cording by use of a magnetized wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrri
vertstrokeinferiorko˙rdH11080i? }circuit,Also known as electric wire,{ w?ˉr}
wire bonding [ELEC] Lead-covered tie used to wire rope [ENG] A rope formed of twisted
strands of wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorroˉp}connect two cable sheaths until a splice is per-
manently closed and covered,[ELECTR] 1,A wire saw [MECH ENG] A machine employing
one- orthree-strand wire cable,up to16,000 feetmethod of connectingintegrated-circuit chips to
their substrate,using ultrasonic energy to weld (4900 meters) long,running over a pulley as a
belt; used in quarries to cut rock by abrasion.very fine wires mechanically from metallized ter-
minal pads along the periphery of the chip to { vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorso˙ }
wirescratcher See wire comb,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorskrachH11080?r}corresponding bonding pads on the substrate.
2.The attachment of very fine aluminum or gold wiresonde [ENG] An atmospheric sounding in-
strumentwhichissupportedbyacaptiveballoonwire(bythermalcompressionorultrasonicweld-
ing) from metallized terminal pads along the and used to obtain temperature and humidity
data from the ground level to a height of a fewperiphery of an integrated circuit chip to corres-
ponding bonding pads on the surface of the kilometers; height is determined by means of a
sensitive altimeter,or from the amount of cablepackage leads,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorba¨ndH11080i? }
wirecloth [DES ENG] Screen composed of wire released and the angle which the cable makes
with the ground,and the information is teleme-crimped or woven into a pattern of squares or
rectangles,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorklo˙th } tered to the ground through a wire cable.
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorsa¨nd }wirecomb [ENG] A tool for roughening a base
coat of plaster in order to improve bonding of wire stripper [ENG] A hand-operated tool or
special machine designed to cut and remove thethe next coat,Also known as wire scratcher.
{ |w?ˉr |koˉm } insulationforapredetermineddistancefromthe
end of an insulated wire,without damaging thewire drag [ENG] An apparatus for surveying
rocky underwater areas where normal sounding solid or stranded wire inside,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiorstripH11080?r}
wire tack [DES ENG] A tack made from wiremethods are insufficient to ensure the discovery
of all existing submerged obstructions,small stock,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiortak }
wire train [ENG] An assembly that normallyshoals,or rocks above a given depth or for de-
termining the least depth of an area; it consists consists of an extruder,a crosshead and die,a
617
wireway
means of cooling,and feed and take-up spools banded with wire,metal collars,and inserted
for the wire; used to coat wire with resin,joints,used largely for municipal water supply,
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokeinferiortraˉn} outfall sewers,and mining irrigation,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙d
wireway [ENG] A trough which is lined with vertstrokeinferiorstaˉv vertstrokeinferiorp?ˉp}
sheet metal and has hinged covers,designed to woofer [ENG ACOUS] A large loudspeaker de-
house electrical conductors or cables.
signed to reproduce low audio frequencies at
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrvertstrokeinferiorwaˉ }
relativelyhighpowerlevels;usuallyusedincom-
wireweightgage [ENG] A river gage in which a
bination with a crossover network and a high-
weight suspended on a wire is lowered to the
frequency loudspeaker called a tweeter.
water surface from a bridge or other overhead
{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙fH11080?r}
structure to measure the distance from a point
word concatenation system [ENG ACOUS] The
of known elevation on the bridge to the water
simplest form of voice response system,which
surface; the distance is usually measured by
retrieves previously spoken versions of words or
counting the number of revolutions of a drum
phrases and carefully forms them into a se-
required to lower the weight,and a counter is
quencewithoutpauses,toapproximatenormally
provided which reads the water stage directly.
spoken word sequences,{ vertstrokesuperiorwo˙rd k?nvertstrokeinferiorkatH11080?nvertstrokesuperioraˉH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉr vertstrokesuperiorwaˉt vertstrokeinferiorgaˉj}
sh?n vertstrokeinferiorsisH11080t?m}
wiring [ELEC] Theinstallationandutilizationof
work [ELEC] See load,[IND ENG] The physi-
a system of wire for conduction of electricity.
calormentaleffortexpendedintheperformance
Also known as electric wiring,[ENG] A form-
of a task,[MECH] The transference of energy
ing process in which the edge of a sheet-metal
that occurs when a force is applied to a body
part is rolled over a wire to produce a tubular
that is moving in such a way that the force has
rim containing the wire,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrH11080i? }
a component in the direction of the body’s
wiring diagram See circuit diagram,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiord?ˉH11080
motion; it is equal to the line integral of the
vertstrokeinferiorgram }
force over the path taken by the body,{ w?rk }
wiring harness [ELEC] An array of insulated
workbreakdownstructure [IND ENG] A hierar-
conductorsboundtogetherbylacingcord,metal
chy designed to organize,define,and display all
bands,or other binding,in an arrangement suit-
the work that must be performed in order to
able for use only in specific equipment for which
accomplish the objectives of a project,{ |w?rk
the harness was designed; it may include termi-
|braˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n vertstrokeinferiorstr?kH11080ch?r}
nations,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉrH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorha¨rH11080n?s}
workcycle [IND ENG] A sequence of tasks,op-
Wobbe index [THERMO] A measure of the
erations,and processes,or a pattern of manual
amount of heat released by a gas burner with a
motions,elements,and activities that is re-
constantorifice,equaltothegrosscalorificvalue
peated for each unit of work,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiors?ˉH11080k?l}
of the gas in British thermal units per cubic foot
workdesign See job design,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk divertstrokeinferiorz?ˉn}
at standard temperature and pressure divided
worked penetration [ENG] Penetration of a
by the square root of the specific gravity of the
sample of lubricating grease immediately after
gas,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨H11080b?vertstrokeinferiorinvertstrokeinferiordeks }
it has been brought to a specified temperature
wobblefriction [ENG] Aforcethatoccursinpre-
and subjected to strokes in a standard grease
stressed concrete when the prestressing tendon
worker,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkt vertstrokeinferiorpenH11080?vertstrokesuperiortraˉH11080sh?n}
deviates from its specified profile,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨bH11080?l
workelement [INDENG] Inplanningamanufac-
vertstrokeinferiorfrikH11080sh?n}
turing process,a single task that cannot be sub-
wobble wheel roller [MECH ENG] A roller with
divided,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorelH11080?H11080m?nt }
freely suspended pneumatic tires used in soil
workfunctionSeefreeenergy,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
stabilization,{ vertstrokesuperiorwa¨bH11080?l |weˉl vertstrokeinferiorroˉH11080l?r}
workhead See headstock,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkvertstrokeinferiorhed }
Wollaston wire [ENG] An extremely fine plati-
workingarea [IND ENG] A portion of the work-
numwire,producedbyenclosingaplatinumwire
placeinwhichaworkermovesaboutwhilefulfill-
in a silver sheath,drawing them together,and
ing work tasks,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorerH11080eˉH11080? }
using acid to dissolve away the silver; used in
working envelope [MECH ENG] The surface
electroscopes,microfuses,and hot-wire instru-
bounding the maximum extent and reach of a
ments,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙lH11080?H11080st?n vertstrokeinferiorw?ˉr}
robot’s wrist,excluding the tool tip,Also
wood-carving tools [DES ENG] The tools nor-
known as working profile,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorenH11080
mally used in wood carving; they consist of ad-
v?vertstrokeinferiorloˉp}
zes,chisels,gouges,files,and rasps,all of which
workinglife See work life,{ vertstrokeinferiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
vary in size and shape,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙d |ka¨rvH11080i?vertstrokeinferiortu¨lz }
working load [ENG] The maximum load that
Woodruff key [DES ENG] A self-aligning ma-
any structural member is designed to support.
chine key made by a side-milling cutter in the
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorloˉd}
form of a segment of a disk,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙H11080dr?f vertstrokeinferiorkeˉ }
working pressure [ENG] The allowable op-
wood screw [DES ENG] A threaded fastener
erating pressure in a pressurized vessel or con-withapointedshank,aslottedorrecessedhead,
duit,usually calculated by ASME (Americanand a sharp tapered thread of relatively coarse
Society of Mechanical Engineers) or API (Ameri-pitch for use only in wood,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙d vertstrokeinferiorskru¨ }
can Petroleum Institute) codes,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?woodstavepipe [DES ENG] Apipe made of nar-
row strips of wood placed side by side and vertstrokeinferiorpreshH11080?r}
618
wrench
working profile See working envelope,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i? work stress [IND ENG] Any external force that
acts on the body of a worker during the perfor-vertstrokesuperiorproˉvertstrokeinferiorf?ˉl}
mance of a task,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorstres }workingQ See loaded Q,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorkyu¨ }
work task [IND ENG] A specified amount ofworking space-volume [MECH ENG] The vol-
work,set of responsibilities,or occupation as-
ume enclosed by a robot’s working envelope.
signed to an individual or to a group,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?vertstrokesuperiorspaˉs vertstrokesuperiorva¨lH11080y?m}
vertstrokeinferiortask }
working voltage See voltage rating,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkH11080i?
worktolerance [IND ENG] A time period during
vertstrokeinferiorvoˉlH11080tij }
which a worker can effectively perform a task
work-kineticenergytheorem [MECH] Thetheo-
without a rest period while maintaining accept-
rem that the change in the kinetic energy of a
able levels of physiological and emotional well-
particle during a displacement is equal to the
being,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorta¨lH11080?H11080r?ns }
work done by the resultant force on the particle
workunit [IND ENG] An amount of work or the
during this displacement,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk kivertstrokesuperiornedH11080ik |enH11080
result of an amount of work that is treated as
rH11080jeˉ vertstrokeinferiorthirH11080?m}
an integer (a single piece of information) when
worklife [CHEMENG] Theperiodoftimearesin
work is being characterized quantitatively.
oranadhesivewillremainusableafteritismixed
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferioryu¨H11080n?t}
with a catalyst and other ingredients,Also
worldcoordinates [CONTSYS] Aroboticcoordi-
known as pot life; working life,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorl?ˉf}
nate system that is fixed with respect to the
work measurement [IND ENG] 1,Determina-
Earth,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rld koˉvertstrokesuperioro˙rdH11080?nH11080?ts }
tion ofthe difficultyof a giventask byusing both
world modeling [CONT SYS] Robot program-
physiologic and biomechanical parameters to
ming that allows the system to perform complex
evaluate compatibility of available motions with
tasks,based on stored data,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rld vertstrokesuperiorma¨dH11080?lH11080
motions required to perform the task,2,See
i? }
ergonometrics,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiormezhH11080?rH11080m?nt }
worm [DES ENG] A shank having at least one
workofadhesionSeeadhesional work,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk?v complete tooth (thread) around the pitch sur-
advertstrokesuperiorheˉH11080zh?n} face; the driver of a worm gear,{ w?rm }
work package [IND ENG] The amount of work worm conveyor See screw conveyor,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rm
requiredtocompleteagiven jobthatfallswithin k?nvertstrokesuperiorvaˉH11080?r}
theresponsibilityofasingleunitoftheorganiza- wormgear [DES ENG] A gear with teeth cut on
anangletobedrivenbyaworm;usedtoconnecttion handling the project,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorpakH11080ij }
nonparallel,nonintersecting shafts,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rmworkphysiology [INDENG] An aspect of indus-
vertstrokeinferiorgir }trial engineering that takes into account meta-
worm wheel [DES ENG] A gear wheel withbolic cost,measurement and prevention of work
curved teeth that meshes with a worm.strain,andotherergonomicfactorsinthedesign
{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rm vertstrokeinferiorweˉl}
of tasks and workplaces,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorfizH11080eˉvertstrokeinferiora¨lH11080?H11080jeˉ }
wow [ENG ACOUS] A low-frequency flutter;
workpiece [IND ENG] An object that is being
when caused by an off-center hole in a disk re-
manufactured,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkvertstrokeinferiorpeˉs}
cord,occurs once per revolution of the turnta-
workpieceprogram [CONTSYS] Aprogram that
ble,{ wau˙ }
directs the machining of a component under nu-
wrap-around grasp [IND ENG] A basic grasp
merical or computer control,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkvertstrokeinferiorpeˉs vertstrokeinferiorproˉ
whereby an object is held against the palm by
vertstrokeinferiorgram }
the fingers wrapped around it,with the thumb
worksampling [INDENG] Atechniquetomeas-
opposing the index finger,{ vertstrokesuperiorrapH11080?vertstrokeinferiorrau˙nd
ure work activity as related to delays consisting
vertstrokeinferiorgrasp }
of intermittent observations of actual work and
wrap forming See stretch forming,{ vertstrokesuperiorrap vertstrokeinferiorfo˙rmH11080
delays,Also known as activity sampling; fre-
i? }
quency study; ratio delay study,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorsamH11080
wrapper sheet [MECH ENG] 1,The outer plate
pli? }
enclosing the firebox in a fire-tube boiler.
workstandardization [IND ENG] The establish-
2.The thinner sheet of a boiler drum having two
ment of uniformity of working conditions,tools,
sheets,{ vertstrokesuperiorrapH11080?r vertstrokeinferiorsheˉt}
equipment,technicalprocedures,administrative
wreckingball See skull cracker,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorbo˙l}
procedures,workplacearrangements,motionse-
wreckingbar See ripping bar,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorba¨r}
quences,materials,quality requirements,and
wrecking strip [CIV ENG] A small section that
similar factors which affect the performance of
is fitted into a form for poured concrete and is
work,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk vertstrokeinferiorstanH11080d?rH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}
easily removed before the main panels to facili-
workstation [IND ENG] A workplace that is in-
tate disassembly of the main components of the
cluded in a production system or on a piece of
form,{ vertstrokesuperiorrekH11080i?vertstrokeinferiorstrip }
equipment at which an individual worker may
wrench [ENG] A manual or power tool with
spend only a portion of a working shift,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rk
adapted or adjustable jaws or sockets either at
vertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n}
theendorbetweentheendsofaleverforholding
work station independence [CONT SYS] Prop- orturningabolt,pipe,orotherobject,[MECH]
erty of a numerical control or robot program The combination of a couple and a force which
whichdoesnotdependonthenatureofthework is parallel to the torque exerted by the couple.
{ rench }station,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rkvertstrokeinferiorstaˉH11080sh?n vertstrokeinferiorinH11080d?vertstrokesuperiorpenH11080d?ns }
619
wrench-headbolt
wrench-head bolt [DES ENG] A bolt with a plates are replaced by charged knife-edges.
2,An electrometer in which two conducting fi-square or hexagonal head designed to be
bersareplacedsidebyside,andtheirseparationgripped between the jaws of a wrench,{ vertstrokesuperiorrench
upon charging is measured,{ |wu˙lf ivertstrokeinferiorlekvertstrokesuperiortra¨mH11080
|hed vertstrokeinferiorboˉlt }
dH11080?r}
wringingfit [DES ENG] A fit of zero-to-negative
Wulffprocess [CHEM ENG] A chemical process
allowance,{ vertstrokesuperiorri?H11080i?vertstrokesuperiorfit }
to make acetylene and ethylene by cracking a
wrist [MECHENG] Asetofrotaryjointstowhich
hydrocarbon gas (for example,butane) with
the end effector of a robot is attached,Also
high-temperature steam in a regenerative fur-
known as wrist socket,{ rist }
nace,{ vertstrokesuperiorwu˙lf vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
wristpin See piston pin,{ vertstrokesuperiorris vertstrokeinferiorpin }
Wurster process See air-suspension encapsula-
write head [ELECTR] Device that stores digital
tion,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?rH11080st?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
informationascodedelectrical pulsesonamag-
wye [ELEC] Polyphase circuit whose phase dif-
netic drum,disk,or tape,{ vertstrokesuperiorr?ˉt vertstrokeinferiorhed }
ferences are 120H11034 and which when drawn resem-
W-truss [CIV ENG] A truss having upper and
bles the letter Y,[ENG] A pipe branching off
lower chords joined by web members that form
a straight main run at an angle of 45H11034,Also
a shape resembling the letter W,{ vertstrokesuperiord?bH11080?lvertstrokeinferioryu¨
known as Y; yoke,{ w?ˉ }
vertstrokeinferiortr?s}
wyebranch See Y branch,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorbranch }
Wulf electrometer [ENG] 1,A variant of the wyefitting See Y fitting,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorf?ˉdH11080i? }
wyelevel See Y level,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}string electrometer in which charged metal
620
X
x-radiationforchemicalanalysisandformagnifi-X engine [MECH ENG] An in-line engine with
cation of 100–1000 diameters; it is based onthecylinderbankssoarrangedaroundthecrank-
contact or projection microradiography,reflec-shaft that they resemble the letter X when the
tion x-raymicroscopy,or x-rayimage spectrogra-engine is viewed from the end,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorenH11080j?n}
phy,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorm?ˉH11080kr?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
Xframe [DES ENG] An automotive frame which
x-ray monochromator [ENG] An instrument in
either has side rails bent in at the center of the
which x-rays are diffracted from a crystal to pro-
vehicle,making the overall form that of an X,or
duce a beam having a narrow range of wave-
has an X-shaped member which joins the side
lengths,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ |ma¨nH11080?|kroˉvertstrokeinferiormaˉdH11080?r}
rails with diagonals for added strength and
x-raytelescope [ENG] An instrument designed
resistance to torsional stresses,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorfraˉm}
todetectx-raysemanatingfromasourceoutside
x-raydiffractometer [ENG] An instrument used
the earth’s atmosphere and to resolve the x-rays
in x-ray analysis to measure the intensities of
into an image; they are carried to high altitudes
the diffracted beams at different angles,{ vertstrokesuperioreks
by balloons,rockets,or space vehicles; although
vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokeinferiordivertstrokeinferiorfrakvertstrokesuperiorta¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
several types of x-ray detector,involving gas
x-ray goniometer [ENG] A scale designed to
counters,scintillationcounters,andcollimators,
measure the angle between the incident and re-
have been used,only one,making use of the
fracted beams in x-ray diffraction analysis.
phenomenonoftotalexternalreflectionofx-rays
{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokeinferiorgoˉH11080neˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
from a surface at grazing incidence,is strictly an
x-raymachine [ENG] Thex-raytube,powersup-
x-ray telescope,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiortelH11080?vertstrokeinferiorskoˉp}
ply,and associated equipment required for pro-
x-ray thickness gage [ENG] A thickness gage
ducing x-ray photographs,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ m?vertstrokeinferiorsheˉn}
used for measuring and indicating the thickness
x-ray microscope [ENG] 1,A device in which
of moving cold-rolled sheetsteel during the roll-
an ultra-fine-focus x-ray tube or electron gun
ing process without making contact with the
produces an electron beam focused to an ex-
sheet; an x-ray beam directed through the sheet
tremely small image on a transmission-type
is absorbed in proportion to the thickness of the
x-ray target that serves as a vacuum seal; the
materialand itsatomicnumber,{ vertstrokesuperioreks vertstrokeinferiorraˉ vertstrokesuperiorthikH11080
magnification is by projection; specimens being n?s vertstrokeinferiorga
ˉj}
examined can thus be in air,as also can the XY recorder [ENG] A recorder that traces on a
photographicfilmthatrecordsthemagnifiedim- chart the relation of two variables,neither of
which is time,{ |eks|w?ˉ rivertstrokesuperiorko˙rdH11080?r}age,2.Anyofseveral instrumentswhichutilize
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
This page intentionally left blank.
Y
subdivided to form two openings,usually at ayard [CIV ENG] A facility for building and re-
45H11034 angle to the run of the pipe,Also knownpairingships,[MECH] Aunitoflengthincom-
as wye fitting,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorfidH11080i? }mon use in the United States and United King-
yield [ENG] Product of a reaction or process as
dom,equal to 0.9144 meter,or 3 feet,Abbrevi-
in chemical reactions or food processing.
ated yd,{ ya¨rd }
[MECH] Thatstressinamaterialatwhichplastic
yardage [MECH] Anamountexpressedinyards.
deformation occurs,{ yeˉld }
{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨rdH11080ij }
yieldfactor [IND ENG] The ratio of the amount
yardcrane See crane truck,{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨rd vertstrokeinferiorkraˉn}
of material that results from an industrial proc-
yard drain [CIV ENG] A drain for clearing an
ess to the amount of material that went into it.
open area of surface water,{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨rd vertstrokeinferiordraˉn}
{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorfakH11080t?r}
yard lumber [BUILD] A category of lumber up
yield point [MECH] The lowest stress at which
to 5 inches (12.5 centimeters) thick,{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨rd
strain increases without increase in stress.
vertstrokeinferiorl?mH11080b?r}
{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorpo˙int }
yardmaintenance [ENG] A category of mainte-
yieldrate [IND ENG] The amount of satisfactory
nance that includes the complete rebuilding of
materialavailableafterthecompletionofagiven
parts,subassemblies,or components,{ vertstrokesuperiorya¨rd
manufacturing process expressed as a percent-
vertstrokeinferiormaintH11080?nH11080?ns }
age of the total amount produced,{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorraˉt}
yaw [MECH] 1,The rotational or oscillatory
yieldstrength [MECH] Thestressatwhichama-
movement of a ship,aircraft,rocket,or the like
terial exhibits a specified deviation from propor-
about a vertical axis,Also known as yawing.
tionality of stress and strain,{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorstre?kth }
2,The amount of this movement,that is,the
yieldstress [MECH] The lowest stress at which
angle of yaw,3,To rotate or oscillate about a
extensionofthetensiletestpieceincreaseswith-
vertical axis,{ yo˙ }
out increase in load,{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiorstres }
yawacceleration [MECH] The angular accelera-
yield temperature [ENG] The temperature at
tion of an aircraft or missile about its normal or
which a fusible plug device melts and is dis-
Z axis,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙ akvertstrokeinferiorselH11080?vertstrokesuperiorraˉH11080sh?n}
lodged by its holder and thus relieves pressure
yawaxis [MECH] A vertical axis through an air-
in a pressure vessel; it is caused by the melting
craft,rocket,or similar body,about which the
of the fusible material,whichis then forced from
body yaws; it may be a body,wind,or stability
its holder,{ vertstrokesuperioryeˉld vertstrokeinferiortemH11080pr?H11080ch?r}
axis,Also known as yawing axis,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙ vertstrokeinferiorakH11080
yigdevice [ELECTR] Afilter,oscillator,paramet-
s?s}
ricamplifier,orotherdevicethatusesanyttrium-
yawing See yaw,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙H11080i? }
iron-garnet crystal in combination with a vari-
yawingaxis See yaw axis,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙H11080i?vertstrokeinferiorakH11080s?s}
able magnetic field to achieve wide-band tuning
yaw simulator [CONT SYS] A test instrument
inmicrowavecircuits.Derivedfromyttrium-iron-
used to derive and thereby permit study of prob-
garnet device,{ vertstrokesuperioryig divertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}
able aerodynamic behavior in controlled flight
Y level [ENG] A surveyor’s level with Y-shaped
under specific initial conditions; certain compo-
rests to support the telescope,Also known as
nents of the missile guidance system,such as
wye level,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ vertstrokeinferiorleˉvH11080?l}
the receiver or servo loop,are connected into
yoke [DES ENG] A clamp or similar device to
thesimulatorcircuitry;also,certainaerodynamic
embrace and hold two other parts,[ELECTR]
parametersofthespecificmissilemustbeknown
See deflection yoke,[ENG] 1,A bar of wood
and set into the simulator; applicable to the yaw
used to join the necks of draft animals for work-
plane,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙ vertstrokeinferiorsimH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
ingtogether,2,Seewye,[MECHENG] Aslot-
Ybranch [ENG] A Y-shaped branch in a piping ted crosshead used instead of a connecting rod
system,Also known as wye branch,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ in some steam engines,{ yoˉk}
vertstrokeinferiorbranch } York-Scheibel column See Scheibel extractor.
yd See yard,{ vertstrokesuperioryo˙rk vertstrokesuperiorsh?ˉH11080b?l vertstrokeinferiorka¨lH11080?m}
Young-Helmholtz laws [MECH] Two laws de-Y fitting [CIV ENG] A pipe fitting with one end
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
Young’smodulus
scribing the motion of bowed strings; the first sulting strain parallel to the tension,Also
known as modulus of elasticity { vertstrokesuperioryz vertstrokeinferiorma¨jH11080states that no overtone with a node at the point
of excitation can be present; the second states?H11080l?s}
yparameter [ELECTR] One of a set of four tran-that when the string is bowed at a distance of
1/n times the string’s length from one of the sistor equivalent-circuit parameters,used espe-
cially with field-effect transistors,that conve-ends,where n is an integer,the string moves
back and forth with two constant velocities,one nientlyspecifyperformanceforsmallvoltageand
current in an equivalent circuit; the equivalentof which has the same direction as that of the
bow and is equal to it,while the other has the circuit is a current source with shunt impedance
at both input and output,{ vertstrokesuperiorw?ˉ p?vertstrokeinferiorramH11080?dH11080?r}opposite direction and is n H11002 1 times as large.
{ |y vertstrokesuperiorhelmvertstrokeinferiorhoˉlts vertstrokeinferiorlo˙z} yttrium-iron-garnetdeviceSeeyig device,{ |iH11080treˉH11080
m |?ˉH11080?rn |ga¨rH11080n?tdivertstrokeinferiorv?ˉs}Young’smodulus [MECH] The ratio of a simple
tension stress applied to a material to the re-
624
Z
same temperature,{ |zirvertstrokeinferioroˉth vertstrokeinferiorlo˙?v vertstrokeinferiorth?rH11080moˉH11080zee [CIV ENG] A metal member whose cross
section has a modified Z shape; the internal d?ˉvertstrokesuperiornamH11080iks }
angles are slightly less than 90H11034.{zeˉ } Zieglerprocess [CHEM ENG] A process for the
Zener breakdown [ELECTR] Nondestructive low-pressure linear polymerization of ethylene
breakdown in a semiconductor,occurring when and stereospecific polymerization of propylene;
the electric field across the barrier region be- the product is a high-density polymer or elasto-
comes high enough to produce a form of field mer,{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉH11080gl?r vertstrokeinferiorpra¨H11080s?s}
emission that suddenly increases the number of zigzagrule [ENG] Afoldingrulerhavingpivoted
carriers in this region,Also known as Zener sections that lock when the ruler is opened.
effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉH11080n?r vertstrokesuperiorbraˉkvertstrokeinferiordau˙n} { vertstrokesuperiorzigvertstrokeinferiorzag vertstrokeinferiorru¨l}
Zener diode [ELECTR] A semiconductor break-
zipper [ENG] A generic name for slide fasteners
down diode,usually constructed of silicon,in
in which two sets of interlocking teeth of the
whichreverse-voltagebreakdownisbasedonthe
same design provide sturdy and continuous clo-
Zener effect,{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉH11080n?r vertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉd}
sure for adjacent pieces of textile,leather,and
Zener diode voltage regulator See diode voltage
other materials,{ vertstrokesuperiorzipH11080?r}
regulator,{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉH11080n?rvertstrokesuperiord?ˉvertstrokeinferioroˉdvertstrokesuperiorvoˉlH11080tijvertstrokeinferiorregH11080y?vertstrokeinferiorlaˉdH11080?r}
zipper conveyor [MECH ENG] A type of con-
Zenereffect See Zener breakdown.
veyorbeltwithzipperliketeeththatmeshtoform
zero adjuster [ENG] A device for adjusting the
a closed tube; used to handle fragile materials.
pointer position of an instrument or meter to
{ vertstrokesuperiorzipH11080?rk?nvertstrokeinferiorvaˉH11080?r}
read zero when the measured quantity is zero.
zirconiumoxide-basedoxygentransducer [ENG]
{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ?vertstrokeinferiorj?sH11080t?r}
A device in which the concentration of oxygen
zero bevel gear [DES ENG] A special form of
in a mixture of gases is determined from the
bevelgearhavingcurvedteethwithazero-degree
diffusionvoltageacrossaheated,suitablydoped
spiral angle,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ |bevH11080?l vertstrokesuperiorgir }
zirconium oxide material placed between this
zerobias [ELECTR] The condition in which the
mixture and a reference gas,{ z?r|koˉnH11080eˉH11080?m
control grid and cathode of an electron tube
|a¨kvertstrokeinferiors?ˉd vertstrokeinferiorbaˉst |a¨ksH11080?H11080j?n tranzvertstrokesuperiordu¨sH11080?r}
are at the same direct-current voltage,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ
zone [MECH ENG] 1,In a heating or air-condi-
vertstrokesuperiorb?ˉH11080?s}
tioning system,one or more spaces whose tem-
zero defects [IND ENG] A program for improv-
perature is regulated by a single control,2,A
ing product quality to the point of perfection,
subdivisionofasprinkler,water-supply,orstand-
so there will be no failures due to defects in
pipe system,{ zoˉn}
construction,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiordeˉvertstrokeinferiorfeks }
zonecontrol [ENG] The zoning of a process or
zero gravity See weightlessness,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ vertstrokesuperiorgravH11080
building,and the independent heating or tem-
dH11080eˉ }
perature controls for each zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorzoˉnk?n
zero level [ENG ACOUS] Reference level used
vertstrokeinferiortroˉl}
for comparing sound or signal intensities; in
zone heat [CIV ENG] A central heating system
audio-frequency work,a power of 0.006 watt is
arranged to allow different temperatures to be
generallyusedaszerolevel;insound,thethresh-
maintained at the same time in two or more
old of hearing is generally assumed as the zero
areas of a building,{ vertstrokesuperiorzoˉn vertstrokeinferiorheˉt}
level,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ vertstrokeinferiorlevH11080?l}
zone melting crystallization [CHEM ENG] Azeromethod See null method,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080o
ˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
method for purification of crystalline solids; thezero-order hold [CONT SYS] A device which
sample,packed in a narrow column,is heatedconverts a sampled output into an output which
so that a molten zone passes down through theis held constant between samples at the last
sample,carrying impurities with it,{ vertstrokesuperiorzoˉn |melH11080sampled value,{ vertstrokesuperiorzirH11080oˉ |o˙rdH11080?r vertstrokesuperiorhoˉld }
ti?vertstrokeinferiorkristH11080?lH11080?vertstrokesuperiorzaˉH11080sh?n}zerothlawofthermodynamics [THERMO] Alaw
zone-position indicator [ENG] Auxiliary radarthat if two systems are separately found to be
set for indicating the general position of an ob-in thermal equilibrium with a third system,the
ject to another radar set with a narrower field.first twosystems arein thermalequilibrium with
each other,that is,all three systems are at the { vertstrokesuperiorzoˉnp?|zishH11080?n vertstrokesuperiorinH11080d?vertstrokeinferiorkaˉdH11080?r}
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
zoning
zoning [CIV ENG] Designation and reservation z-transfer function See pulsed transfer function.
under a master plan of land use for light and
{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉ vertstrokesuperiortranzH11080f?r vertstrokeinferiorfkH11080sh?n}
heavy industry,dwellings,offices,and other
Z variometer See vertical intensity variometer.
buildings; use is enforced by restrictions on
types of buildings in each zone,{ vertstrokesuperiorzoˉnH11080i? }
{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉ vertstrokeinferiorverH11080eˉvertstrokesuperiora¨mH11080?dH11080?r}
zoom [ENG] To enlarge or reduce the size of an
Zyglomethod [ENG] Aprocedureforvisualizing
image in an optical system or electronic dis-
incipient cracks caused by fatigue failure,in
play,{ zu¨m}
Zparameter [ELECTR] One of a set of four tran- whichthepartisimmersedinaspecialactivated
sistor equivalent-circuit parameters; they are
penetrating oil and viewed under black light.
the inverse of the Y parameters,{ vertstrokesuperiorzeˉ p?vertstrokeinferiorramH11080
{ vertstrokesuperiorz?ˉH11080gloˉ vertstrokeinferiormethH11080?d}
dH11080?r}
626
Appendix
Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,Click Here for Terms of Use.
This page intentionally left blank.
Appendix
Equivalents
of
commonly
used
units
for
the
U
.S.
Customary
System
and
the
metric
system
1
inch
H11005
2.5
centimeters
(25
millimeters)
1
centimeter
H11005
0.4
inch
1
inch
H11005
0.083
foot
1
foot
H11005
0.3
meter
(30
centimeters)
1
meter
H11005
3.3
feet
1
foot
H11005
0.33
yard
(12
inches)
1
yard
H11005
0.9
meter
1
meter
H11005
1.1
yards
1
yard
H11005
3
feet
(36
inches)
1
mile
H11005
1.6
kilometers
1
kilometer
H11005
0.62
mile
1
mile
H11005
5280
feet
(1760
yards)
1
acre
H11005
0.4
hectare
1
hectare
H11005
2.47
acres
1
acre
H11005
4047
square
meters
1
square
meter
H11005
0.00025
acre
1
gallon
H11005
3.8
liters
1
liter
H11005
1.06
quarts
H11005
0.26
gallon
1
quart
H11005
0.25
gallon
(32
ounces;
2
pints)
1
fluid
ounce
H11005
29.6
milliliters
1
milliliter
H11005
0.034
fluid
ounce
1
pint
H11005
0.125
gallon
(16
ounces)
32
fluid
ounces
H11005
946.4
milliliters
1
gallon
H11005
4
quarts
(8
pints)
1
quart
H11005
0.95
liter
1
gram
H11005
0.035
ounce
1
ounce
H11005
0.0625
pound
1
ounce
H11005
28.35
grams
1
kilogram
H11005
2.2
pounds
1
pound
H11005
16
ounces
1
pound
H11005
0.45
kilogram
1
kilogram
H11005
1.1
H11003
10
H11002
3
ton
1
ton
H11005
2000
pounds
1
ton
H11005
907.18
kilograms
H11034
F
H11005
(1.8
H11003H11034
C)
H11001
32
H11034
C
H11005
(
H11034
F
H11002
32)
H11004
1.8
629
Appendix
Conversion
factors
for
the
U
.S.
Customary
System,
metric
system,
and
International
System
A.
Units
of
length
Units
cm
m
in.
ft
yd
mi
1c
m
H11005
1
0.01
0.3937008
0.03280840
0.01093613
6.213712
H11003
10
H11002
6
1m
H11005
100.
1
39.37008
3.280840
1.093613
6.213712
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
in.
H11005
2.54
0.0254
1
0.08333333...
0.02777777...
1.578283
H11003
10
H11002
5
1f
t
H11005
30.48
0.3048
12.
1
0.3333333...
1.893939...
H11003
10
H11002
4
1y
d
H11005
91.44
0.9144
36.
3.
1
5.681818...
H11003
10
H11002
4
1m
i
H11005
1.609344
H11003
10
5
1.609344
H11003
10
3
6.336
H11003
10
4
5280.
1760.
1
B.
Units
of
area
Units
cm
2
m
2
in.
2
ft
2
yd
2
mi
2
1c
m
2
H11005
11
0
H11002
4
0.1550003
1.076391
H11003
10
H11002
3
1.195990
H11003
10
H11002
4
3.861022
H11003
10
H11002
11
1m
2
H11005
10
4
1
1550.003
10.76391
1.195990
3.861022
H11003
10
H11002
7
1
in.
2
H11005
6.4516
6.4516
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
6.944444...
H11003
10
H11002
3
7.716049
H11003
10
H11002
4
2.490977
H11003
10
H11002
10
1f
t
2
H11005
929.0304
0.09290304
144.
1
0.1111111...
3.587007
H11003
10
H11002
8
1y
d
2
H11005
8361.273
0.8361273
1296.
9.
1
3.228306
H11003
10
H11002
7
1m
i
2
H11005
2.589988
H11003
10
10
2.589988
H11003
10
6
4.014490
H11003
10
9
2.78784
H11003
10
7
3.0976
H11003
10
6
1
630
Appendix
C.
Units
of
volume
Units
m
3
cm
3
liter
in.
3
ft
3
qt
gal
1m
3
H11005
11
0
6
10
3
6.102374
H11003
10
4
35.31467
H11003
10
H11002
3
1.056688
264.1721
1c
m
3
H11005
10
H11002
6
11
0
H11002
3
0.06102374
3.531467
H11003
10
H11002
5
1.056688
H11003
10
H11002
3
2.641721
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
liter
H11005
10
H11002
3
1000.
1
61.02374
0.03531467
1.056688
0.2641721
1
in.
3
H11005
1.638706
H11003
10
H11002
5
16.38706
0.01638706
1
5.787037
H11003
10
H11002
4
0.01731602
4.329004
H11003
10
H11002
3
1f
t
3
H11005
2.831685
H11003
10
H11002
2
28316.85
28.31685
1728.
1
2.992208
7.480520
1q
t
H11005
9.463529
H11003
10
H11002
4
946.3529
0.9463529
57.75
0.03342014
1
0.25
1
gal
(U.S.)
H11005
3.785412
H11003
10
H11002
3
3785.412
3.785412
231.
0.1336806
4.
1
D
.
Units
of
mass
Units
g
kg
oz
lb
metric
ton
ton
1g
H11005
11
0
H11002
3
0.03527396
2.204623
H11003
10
H11002
3
10
H11002
6
1.102311
H11003
10
H11002
6
1k
g
H11005
1000.
1
35.27396
2.204623
10
H11002
3
1.102311
H11003
10
H11002
3
1
oz
(avdp)
H11005
28.34952
0.02834952
1
0.0625
2.834952
H11003
10
H11002
5
3.125
H11003
10
H11002
5
1
lb
(avdp)
H11005
453.5924
0.4535924
16.
1
4.535924
H11003
10
H11002
4
5.
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
metric
ton
H11005
10
8
1000.
35273.96
2204.623
1
1.102311
1
ton
H11005
907184.7
907.1847
32000.
2000.
0.9071847
1
631
Appendix
Conversion
factors
for
the
U
.S.
Customary
System,
metric
system,
and
International
System
(
cont.
)
E
.
Units
of
density
Units
g
H11080
cm
H11002
3
g
H11080
L
H11002
1
,k
g
H11080
m
H11002
3
oz
H11080
in.
H11002
3
lb
H11080
in.
H11002
3
lb
H11080
ft
H11002
3
lb
H11080
gal
H11002
1
1g
H11080
cm
H11002
3
H11005
1
1000.
0.5780365
0.03612728
62.42795
8.345403
1g
H11080
L
H11002
1
,k
g
H11080
m
H11002
3
H11005
10
H11002
3
1
5.780365
H11003
10
H11002
4
3.612728
H11003
10
H11002
5
0.06242795
8.345403
H11003
10
H11002
3
1o
z
H11080
in.
H11002
3
H11005
1.729994
1729.994
1
0.0625
108.
14.4375
1l
b
H11080
in.
H11002
3
H11005
27.67991
27679.91
16.
1
1728.
231.
1l
b
H11080
ft
H11002
3
H11005
0.01601847
16.01847
9.259259
H11003
10
H11002
3
5.787037
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
0.1336806
1l
b
H11080
gal
H11002
1
H11005
0.1198264
119.8264
4.749536
H11003
10
H11002
3
4.329004
H11003
10
H11002
3
7.480519
1
F
.
Units
of
pressure
Units
Pa,
N
H11080
m
H11002
2
dyn
H11080
cm
H11002
2
bar
atm
kgf
H11080
cm
H11002
2
mmHg
(torr)
in.
Hg
lbf
H11080
in.
H11002
2
1P
a
,1N
H11080
m
H11002
2
H11005
11
0
1
0
H11002
5
9.869233
H11003
10
H11002
6
1.019716
H11003
10
H11002
5
7.500617
H11003
10
H11002
3
2.952999
H11003
10
H11002
4
1.450377
H11003
10
H11002
4
1
dyn
H11080
cm
H11002
2
H11005
0.1
1
10
H11002
6
9.869233
H11003
10
H11002
7
1.019716
H11003
10
H11002
6
7.500617
H11003
10
H11002
4
2.952999
H11003
10
H11002
5
1.450377
H11003
10
H11002
5
1
bar
H11005
10
5
10
6
1
0.9869233
1.019716
750.0617
29.52999
14.50377
1
atm
H11005
101325
1013250
1.01325
1
1.033227
760.
29.92126
14.69595
1
kgf
H11080
cm
H11002
2
H11005
98066.5
980665
0.980665
0.9678411
1
735.5592
28.95903
14.22334
1
mmHg
(torr)
H11005
133.3224
1333.224
1.333224
H11003
10
3
1.315789
H11003
10
H11002
3
1.359510
H11003
10
H11002
3
1
0.03937008
0.01933678
1
in.
Hg
H11005
3386.388
33863.88
0.03386388
0.03342105
0.03453155
25.4
1
0.4911541
1
lbf
H11080
in.
H11002
2
H11005
6894.757
68947.57
0.06894757
0.06804596
0.07030696
51.71493
2.036021
1
632
Appendix
G.
Units
of
energy
g
mass
Units
(energy
equiv)
J
eV
cal
cal
IT
Btu
IT
kWh
hp-h
ft-lbf
ft
3
H11080
lbf
H11080
in.
H11002
2
liter
-atm
1gm
a
s
s
H11005
1
8.987552
5.609589
2.148076
2.146640
8.518555
2.496542
3.347918
6.628878
4.603388
8.870024
(energy
equiv)
H11003
10
13
H11003
10
32
H11003
10
3
H11003
10
13
H11003
10
10
H11003
10
7
H11003
10
7
H11003
10
13
H11003
10
11
H11003
10
11
1J
H11005
1.112650
1
6.241510
0.2390057
0.2388459
9.478172
2.777777...
3.725062
0.7375622
5.121960
9.869233
H11003
10
H11002
14
H11003
10
18
H11003
10
H11002
4
H11003
10
H11002
7
H11003
10
H11002
3
H11003
10
H11002
3
1e
V
H11005
1.782662
1.602176
1
3.829293
3.826733
1.518570
4.450490
5.968206
1.181705
8.206283
1.581225
H11003
10
H11002
33
H11003
10
H11002
19
H11003
10
H11002
20
H11003
10
H11002
20
H11003
10
H11002
22
H11003
10
H11002
26
H11003
10
H11002
26
H11003
10
H11002
19
H11003
10
H11002
22
H11003
10
H11002
21
1
cal
H11005
4.655328
4.184
2.611448
1
0.9993312
3.965667
1.1622222...
1.558562
3.085960
2.143028
0.04129287
H11003
10
H11002
14
H11003
10
19
H11003
10
H11002
3
H11003
10
H11002
6
H11003
10
H11002
6
H11003
10
H11002
2
1
cal
IT
H11005
4.658443
4.1868
2.613195
1.000669
1
3.968321
1.163
1.559609
3.088025
2.144462
0.04132050
H11003
10
H11002
14
H11003
10
19
H11003
10
H11002
3
H11003
10
H11002
6
H11003
10
H11002
6
H11003
10
H11002
2
1
Btu
IT
H11005
1.173908
1055.056
6.585141
252.1644
251.9958
1
2.930711
3.930148
778.1693
5.403953
10.41259
H11003
10
H11002
11
H11003
10
21
H11003
10
H11002
4
H11003
10
H11002
4
1k
W
h
H11005
4.005540
3600000.
2.246944
860420.7
859845.2
3412.142
1
1.341022
2655224.
18349.06
35529.24
H11003
10
H11002
8
H11003
10
25
1
hp-h
H11005
2.986931
2384519.
1.675545
641615.6
641186.5
2544.33
0.7456998
1
1980000.
13750.
26494.15
H11003
10
H11002
8
H11003
10
25
1
ft-lbf
H11005
1.508551
1.355818
8.462351
0.3240483
0.3238315
1.285067
3.766161
5.050505...
1
6.944444...
0.01338088
H11003
10
H11002
14
H11003
10
18
H11003
10
H11002
3
H11003
10
H11002
7
H11003
10
H11002
7
H11003
10
H11002
3
1f
t
3
lbf
H11080H11005
2.172313
195.2378
1.218579
46.66295.
46.63174
0.1850497
5.423272
7.272727...
144.
1
1.926847
in.
H11002
2
H11003
10
H11002
12
H11003
10
21
H11003
10
H11002
5
H11003
10
H11002
5
1
liter
-atm
H11005
1.127393
101.325
6.324210
24.21726
24.20106
0.09603757
2.814583
3.774419
74.73349
0.5189825
1
H11003
10
H11002
12
H11003
10
20
H11003
10
H11002
5
H11003
10
H11002
5
633
Appendix
Specialconstants
H9266 H11005 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 2643,,,
e H11005 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 0287,,,H11005 lim
n→H11009
H20898
1 H11001
1
n
H20899
n
H11005 natural base of logarithms
H209062 H11005 1.41421 35623 73095 0488,,,
H209063 H11005 1.73205 08075 68877 2935,,,
H209065 H11005 2.23606 79774 99789 6964,,,
H20906
3
2 H11005 1.25992 1050,,,
H20906
3
3 H11005 1.44224 9570,,,
H20906
5
2 H11005 1.14869 8355,,,
H20906
5
3 H11005 1.24573 0940,,,
e
H9266
H11005 23.14069 26327 79269 006,,,
H9266
e
H11005 22.45915 77183 61045 47342 715,,,
e
e
H11005 15.15426 22414 79264 190,,,
log
10
2 H11005 0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37389,,,
log
10
3 H11005 0.47712 12547 19662 43729 50279,,,
log
10
e H11005 0.43429 44819 03251 82765,,,
log
10
H9266 H11005 0.49714 98726 94133 85435 12683,,,
log
e
10 H11005 ln 10 H11005 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 7991,,,
log
e
2 H11005 ln 2 H11005 0.69314 71805 59945 30941 7232,,,
log
e
3 H11005 ln 3 H11005 1.09861 22886 68109 69139 5245,,,
H9253 H11005 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 6512,,,H11005 Euler’s constant
H11005 lim
n→H11009
H20898
1 H11001
1
2
H11001
1
3
H11001 H11080H11080H11080 H11001
1
n
H11002 ln n
H20899
e
H9253
H11005 1.78107 24179 90197 9852,,,
H20906e H11005 1.64872 12707 00128 1468,,,
H20906H9266 H11005 H9003(
1
–
2
) H11005 1.77245 38509 05516 02729 8167,,,
where H9003 is the gamma function
H9003(
1
–
3
) H11005 2.67893 85347 07748,,,
H9003(
1
–
4
) H11005 3.62560 99082 21908,,,
1 radian H11005 180H11034/H9266 H11005 57.29577 95130 8232,,,H11034
1H11034H11005H9266/180 radians H11005 0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92,,,radians
SOURCE,Murray R,Spiegel and John Liu,Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables,2d ed.,Schaum’s Outline
Series,McGraw-Hill,1999.
634
Appendix
Electricalandmagneticunits
Quantity Unit and symbol Derivation
S1 base units
Mass kilogram,kg
Time second,s
Length meter,m
Electric current ampere,A
Thermodynamic kelvin,K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela,cd
Amount of substance mole,mol
Derived units
Potential difference,emf vol,V W H11080 A
H110021
H11005 m
2
H11080 kg H11080 s
H110023
H11080 A
H110021
Resistance ohm,H9024 V H11080 A
H110021
H11005 m
2
H11080 kg H11080 s
H110023
H11080 A
H110022
Electric charge coulomb,C s H11080 A
Capacitance farad,F C H11080 V
H110021
H11005 m
H110022
H11080 kg
H110021
H11080 s
4
H11080 A
2
Conductance siemens,S A H11080 V
H110021
H11005 m
H110022
H11080 kg
H110021
H11080 s
3
H11080 A
2
Magnetic flux weber,Wb V H11080 s H11005 m
2
H11080 kg H11080 s
H110022
H11080 A
H110021
Inductance henry,H Wb H11080 A
H110021
H11005 m
2
H11080 kg H11080 s
H110022
H11080 A
H110022
Magnetic flux density tesla,T Wb H11080 m
H110022
H11005 kg H11080 s
H110022
H11080 A
H110021
Magnetic field strength ampere per meter m
H110021
H11080 A
Current density ampere per square meter m
H110022
H11080 A
Electric field strength volt per meter V H11080 m
H110021
H11005 m H11080 kg H11080 s
H110023
H11080 A
H110021
Permittivity farad per meter F H11080 m
H110021
H11005 m
H110023
H11080 kg
H110021
H11080 s
4
H11080 A
2
Permeability henry per meter H H11080 m
H110021
H11005 m H11080 kg H11080 s
H110022
H11080 A
H110022
Dimensionalformulasofcommonquantities
Dimensional
Quantity Definition formula
Mass Fundamental M
Length Fundamental L
Time Fundamental T
Velocity Distance/time LT
H110021
Acceleration Velocity/time LT
H110022
Force Mass H11003 acceleration MLT
H110022
Momentum Mass H11003 velocity MLT
H110021
Energy Force H11003 distance ML
2
T
H110022
Angle Arc/radius 1
Angular velocity Angle/time T
H110021
Angular acceleration Angular velocity/time T
H110022
Torque Force H11003 lever arm ML
2
T
H110022
Angular momentum Momentum H11003 lever arm ML
2
T
H110021
Moment of inertia Mass H11003 radius squared ML
2
Area Length squared L
2
Volume Length cubed L
3
Density Mass/volume ML
H110023
Pressure Force/area ML
H110021
T
H110022
Action Energy H11003 time ML
2
T
H110021
Viscosity Force per unit area per ML
H110021
T
H110021
unit velocity gradient
635
Appendix
Internalenergyandgeneralizedwork
Type of energy Intensive factor Extensive factor Element of work
Mechanical
Expansion Pressure (P) Volume (V) H11002PdV
Stretching Surface tension (H9253) Area (A) H9253dA
Extension Tensile stretch (F) Length (l) Fdl
Thermal Temperature (T) Entropy (S) TdS
Chemical Chemical potential (gm) Moles (n) H9262dn
Electrical Electric potential (E) Charge (Q) EdQ
Gravitational Gravitational field strength (mg) Height (h) mgdh
Polarization
Electrostatic Electric field strength (E) Total electric polar- EdP
ization (P)
Magnetic Magnetic field strength (H) Total magetic polar- HdM
ization (M)
636
Appendix
General
rules
of
integration*
H20910
ad
x
H11005
ax
H20910
tan
ud
u
H11005
ln
sec
u
H11005H11002
ln
cos
u
H20910
cot
ud
u
H11005
ln
sin
u
H20910
af
(
x
)
dx
H11005
a
H20910
f
(
x
)
dx
H20910
sec
ud
u
H11005
ln
(sec
u
H11001
tan
u
)
H11005
ln
tan
H20898
u 2
H11001
H9266 4
H20899
H20910
(
u
H11006
v
H11006
w
H11006
H11080H11080H11080
)
dx
H11005
H20910
ud
x
H11006
H20910
vd
x
H11006
H20910
wd
x
H11006
H11080H11080H11080
H20910
csc
ud
u
H11005
ln
(csc
u
H11002
cot
u
)
H11005
ln
tan
u 2
H20910
ud
v
H11005
uv
H11002
H20910
vd
u
[integration
by
parts]
H20910
sec
2
ud
u
H11005
tan
u
H20910
f
(
ax
)
dx
H11005
1 a
H20910
f
(
u
)
du
H20910
csc
2
ud
u
H11005H11002
cot
u
H20910
tan
2
ud
u
H11005
tan
u
H11002
u
H20910
cot
2
ud
u
H11005H11002
cot
u
H11002
u
H20910
F
{
f
(
x
)}
dx
H11005
H20910
F
(
u
)
dx du
du
H11005
H20910
F
(
u
)
f
H11032
(
x
)
du
where
u
H11005
f
(
x
)
H20910
sin
2
ud
u
H11005
u 2
H11002
sin
2
u
4
H11005
1 2
(
u
H11002
sin
u
cos
u
)
H20910
u
n
du
H11005
u
n
H11001
1
n
H11001
1
,
n
HS11005H11002
1
[for
n
H11005H11002
1]
H20910
cos
2
ud
u
H11005
u 2
H11001
sin
2
u
4
H11005
1 2
(
u
H11001
sin
u
cos
u
)
H20910
du
u
H11005
ln
u
if
u
H11022
0o
rl
n
(
H11002
u
)i
f
u
H11021
0
H20910
sec
u
tan
ud
u
H11005
sec
u
H11005
ln
L50522
u
L50522
H20910
csc
u
cot
ud
u
H11005H11002
csc
u
H20910
e
u
du
H11005
e
u
H20910
sinh
ud
u
H11005
cosh
u
H20910
a
u
du
H11005
H20910
e
u
ln
a
du
H11005
e
u
ln
a
ln
a
H11005
a
u
ln
a
,
a
H11022
0,
a
HS11005
1
H20910
cosh
ud
u
H11005
sinh
u
H20910
sin
ud
u
H11005H11002
cos
u
H20910
tanh
ud
u
H11005
ln
cosh
u
H20910
coth
ud
u
H11005
ln
sinh
u
H20910
cos
ud
u
H11005
sin
u
637
Appendix
General
rules
of
integration*
(cont.)
H20910
sech
ud
u
H11005
sin
H11002
1
(tanh
u
)o
r2
t
a
n
H11002
1
e
u
H20910
du
u
2
H11002
a
2
H11005
1
2
a
ln
H20898
u
H11002
a
u
H11001
a
H20899
H11005H11002
1 a
coth
H11002
1
u a
u
2
H11022
a
2
H20910
csch
ud
u
H11005
ln
tanh
u 2
or
H11002
coth
H11002
1
e
u
H20910
du
a
2
H11002
u
2
H11005
1
2
a
ln
H20898
a
H11001
u
a
H11002
u
H20899
H11005
1 a
tanh
H11002
1
u a
u
2
H11021
a
2
H20910
sech
2
ud
u
H11005
tanh
u
H20910
du
H20906
a
2
H11002
u
2
H11005
sin
H11002
1
u a
H20910
csch
2
ud
u
H11005H11002
coth
u
H20910
du
H20906
u
2
H11001
a
2
H11005
ln(
u
H11001
H20906
u
2
H11001
a
2
)
or
sinh
H11002
1
u a
H20910
tanh
2
ud
u
H11005
u
H11002
tanh
u
H20910
du
H20906
u
2
H11002
a
2
H11005
ln(
u
H11001
H20906
u
2
H11002
a
2
)
H20910
coth
2
ud
u
H11005
u
H11002
coth
u
H20910
du
u
H20906
u
2
H11002
a
2
H11005
1 a
sec
H11002
1
H20895
u a
H20895
H20910
sinh
2
ud
u
H11005
sinh
2
u
4
H11002
u 2
H11005
1 2
(sinh
u
cosh
u
H11002
u
)
H20910
du
u
H20906
u
2
H11001
a
2
H11005H11002
1 a
ln
H20898
a
H11001
H20906
u
2
H11001
a
2
u
H20899
H20910
cosh
2
ud
u
H11005
sinh
2
u
4
H11001
u 2
H11005
1 2
(sinh
u
cosh
u
H11001
u
)
H20910
du
u
H20906
a
2
H11002
u
2
H11005H11002
1 a
ln
H20898
a
H11001
H20906
a
2
H11002
u
2
u
H20899
H20910
sech
u
tanh
ud
u
H11005H11002
sech
u
H20910
f
(
n
)
gd
x
H11005
f
(
n
H11002
1)
g
H11002
f
(
n
H11002
2)
g
H11032
H11001
f
(
n
H11002
3)
g
H11033
H11002
H11080H11080H11080
(
H11002
1)
n
H20910
fg
(
n
)
dx
H20910
csch
u
coth
ud
u
H11005H11002
csch
u
This
is
called
generalized
integration
by
parts.
H20910
du
u
2
H11001
a
2
H11005
1 a
tan
H11002
1
u a
*Here,
u
,
v
,
w
are
functions
of
x;
a
,
b
,
p
,
q
,
n
any
constants,
restricted
if
indicated;
e
H11005
2.71828
.
.
.
is
the
natural
base
of
logarithms;
ln
u
denotes
the
natural
logarithm
of
u
where
it
is
assumed
that
u
H11022
0
[in
general,
to
extend
formulas
to
cases
where
u
H11021
0
as
well,
replace
ln
u
by
ln
L50522
u
L50522
];
all
angles
are
in
radians;
all
constants
of
integration
are
omitted
but
implied.
SOURCE
:
Murray
R.
Spiegel
and
John
Liu,
Mathematical
Handbook
of
Formulas
and
T
ables,
2d
ed.,
Schaum’
s
Outline
Series,
McGraw-Hill,
1999.
638
Appendix
Schematicelectronicsymblols*
*From S,Gibilisco,The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics,8th ed.,McGraw-Hill,2001.
639
Appendix
640
Appendix
641
Appendix
642
Appendix
643