What did we learn last week?
1,The basic features of scientific
English
2,Formation of Scientific Terms in
English
3,The reading and translation of
scientific English literatures
(2) 对句子的理解,A,抓住主语、谓语
B.弄清句型结构句子可分为简单句、并列句及复合句简单句的翻译不存在什么问题。并列句由两个或两个以上不相从属的简单句组成，翻译一般也不存在什么大问题
The nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region
spanning the first internal transcribed spacer
(ITS-1),the 5.8S gene and the second internal
transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified,and
representative amplicons were sequenced,
但由一个主句和一个甚至几个从句组成的 复合句 则因为层次较多、结构复杂而理解比较困难。在这种情况下，要先找到主句并弄清主句中的主、谓语以及说明和修饰主、谓语的那些成份，然后在从句中找出引导词
A previous study (Palm et al,1998) has indicated
that most parasite species of the Antarctic fish,
Notothenia coriiceps,appear to be broadly
distributed within Antarctic waters,which would
correspond to a low host specificity in higher
latitudes,
C,确定动词语态科技英语多用动词的 被动语态 而少用主动语态，还应特别注意动词分词、动名词及不定式的语态形式。我们常用动词的 现在分词 来表示经常的、主动的动作，而且表明动作正在进行。相反，我们用动词的 过去分词 来表示动作常是被动的，而且动作已经完成。
The circulating blood
The infected blood
D,注意句子结构的倒装在特定的情况下，原著者有意将主、谓语倒装，动词、宾语倒装或系动词、表语倒装，以达到特殊的表达效果
There is no problem for you to
secure a scholarship,
Present at that international
conference are famous scientists
from all over the world.
一些最基本的翻译技巧
1,用活词典：
Even when we reduce the salt to fine
powder,it still tastes salt,
Unfortunately,the results of the
present study failed to support our
hypothesis that…..,
Reduce=捣成
Failed=未能一些最基本的翻译技巧
2,颠倒顺序：
原作者为了达到某种特殊的效果而将句子成份的正常顺序颠倒，而我们在翻译时往往又需按汉语的表达习惯将颠倒了的句子成份的顺序还原
Their opinions,we believe,to be fair and true,
Under no circumstances will we be
the first to use nuclear weapons,
一些最基本的翻译技巧
3,拆句翻译,
为了准确、流畅地表达原意，在翻译时为避免译文别扭、生硬，有时需要将句子拆开来译。
A nearby object falling into a black hole
is never heard of again,如何译？
若将作定语的名词短语 object falling into a
black hole译为汉语的主谓结构，译文就十分完美。即：附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，便会销声匿迹。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
4,增、减文字,
即在译文中增加必要的字、词以满足汉语表达的需要。
Single-strand conformation polymorphism is a
cheap,simple,fast and reliable method for the
detection of mutations in genes,
加词一单链构象多态性 分析是一种 价钱 便宜、
操作 简便,出结果 快而且 稳定 可靠的方法，
可用于检测基因突变。
即在译文中省去不必要的字、
词以满足汉语表达的需要
Micro-organisms are so small that they
cannot be seen at all with the naked eyes,
一译文,微生物小得用肉眼根本看不见。
减词这里在翻译时不仅将复合句译成简单句，而且不必要的词语，如
they没有被译出。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
5,改换表达方式,
英语和汉语的表达方式不完全相同，翻译时必须根据汉语的表达习惯决定是否需要改换表达方式一例如，英语中所谓的双重否定等于肯定的结构在汉译时可译为肯定
It was not until 1998 that the
phenomenon of RNAi was discovered.
直到 1998年,RNA干涉这一现象才被发现。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
6,对译文的润饰,
这是翻译工作的最后一步。润饰文字主要看译者的汉语言文字功底如何，但也有技巧。总的要求是译文在忠于原文的基础上，必须完全符合汉语表达的语法要求，力求完整、准确，简练、通畅，
切忌生硬、呆板，洋腔洋调。 一关于长句的翻译专业性强的科技英语文献经常使用 长句 。
句子一长，成份就显得复杂。不仅理解困难，而且即使理解了，要用汉语来简练、
准确地表达也不是易事。长句难译，就变成 难句 。对长句的翻译，首先是要理解全句，明确句子结构，尤其是主、谓语，然后拆句翻译，必要时再合句表达。 一
The objective of the present study was to
examine sequence variation in the first
(ITS-1) and second (ITS-2) internal
transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal
DNA (rDNA) within and among five
members of the Pseudoterranova decipiens
(s.l.) complex from different seal or sea
lion hosts and geographical origins
using a mutation scanning approach,一可译为,目前这一研究旨在阐明拟地新线虫复合种 5个成员内及成员间在核糖体 DNA第一、第二
(ITS-1及 ITS-2)内转录间隔区 (ITS)
的序列变异。这 5个成员来自不同地域、不同品种的海豹及海狮。
一
A recent study of P,decipiens (s.l.) samples from
Atlantic Canada,by restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA
followed by Southern blotting using a
"heterologous" cloned rDNA repeat unit as a
probe,revealed the presence of P,decipiens (s.s.)
and P,bulbosa in Canadian Atlantic marine
fishes and seals,which was in agreement with
results of a previous multilocus enzyme
electrophoretic study (Paggi et al,1991) which
reported the existence of P,decipiens (s.s.) and P,
bulbosa in Atlantic Canada,
一这个句子比上一句子长而且复杂，是由一个主句及二个从句组成的复合句。翻译时必须分成几句来译。
一译文,最近的一项研究对来自大西洋加拿大水域的拟地新线虫基因组 DNA进行了限制性长度片段多态性分析，然后用一克隆的“异源”核糖体 DNA重复单位作为探针进行了 Southern印迹分析。结果在加拿大的大西洋鱼类及海豹中发现了 P,decipiens (s.s.)及 P,bulbosa。这一研究结果与 Paggi等 (1991)用多基因座酶电泳的研究结果一致，那项研究在大西洋加拿大水域 首次报告 P,decipiens (s.s.)及 P,bulbosa的存在。
Lesson Four Muscle
Chapter Two
Basic Veterinary Sciences
A unique characteristic of muscle cells
is the presence of a substructure of
myofilaments (肌丝 ) that provides
them with the ability to contract.
肌细胞的一个独特的特征是具有能使它们具有收缩能力的肌丝亚结构。
Although the arrangement of the
myofilaments in cells of smooth
muscle differs from that of cells of
skeletal and cardiac muscle,the
contraction process is the same,
虽然平滑肌细胞的肌丝排列不同于骨骼肌和心肌，但是它们的收缩过程都是一样的。
This process occurs when the filaments
(肌丝 ) slide past one another resulting
in a shortening of the cell,
当一个肌丝滑过另一个肌丝导致肌细胞缩短时，这个过程就发生了。
Smooth muscle is involuntary,Its cells
are long and tapered,and have an
elongated nucleus located about
midway between the ends of each cell,
Smooth muscle consists of groups of
these cells bound together by
connective tissue fibers,
Students often encounter difficulty
in distinguishing smooth muscle
from the surrounding connective
tissue,
It is helpful to know that smooth muscle
presents an overall dull,pink appearance
in hematoxylin and eosin preparations,
while fibers of the connective tissue are
considerably more retractile and appear
bright pink and shiny by comparison.
“It is helpful to know that…” 是科技英语中常用的一个句型，用来表示“知道 (认识 )…… 是有帮助的 (有用的、有益的 )。 It
是形式主语，不定式短语,to know
that…” 才是真正的主语。
Smooth muscle is found in a
variety of places,for example,
throughout the digestive tract,in
blood vessels,in the urinary
bladder,in the capsules of some
organs,and in bronchi.
平滑肌分布于全身各处。例如：
在整个消化道、血管、膀胱、一些器官囊以及支气管。
Skeletal muscle is striated and
voluntary,Cells are multinucleated
and may be 3 or 4 cm long,Cross-
striations result from the precise
registration (定位 ) of the A,I,H,and
M bands of the sarcomeres (肌节 ) of
the myofibrils (肌原纤维 ),
Nuclei are located peripherally,
immediately below the sarcolemma (肌纤维膜 ),Individual cells are grouped
into fascicles (肌束 ),Each fascicle,in
turn,is surrounded by a perimysium of
loose connective tissue,
核位于肌原纤维外周、直接在肌纤维膜之下。单个细胞聚合成为肌束。
每个肌束依次被疏松结缔组织的一层肌束膜包裹。
Each cell within a fascicle is closely
invested by delicate reticular fibers,
the endomysium (肌内膜 ),Groups of
fascicles are bound together by a
sheath of dense connective tissue,the
epimysium (肌外膜 ).
一个肌束里的每个肌细胞都被细软的网状纤维即肌内膜紧紧地包裹。
肌束群被致密结缔组织鞘即肌外膜包裹在一起。
Collagenous fibers (胶原纤维 ) of tendons
(肌腱 )insert into invaginations (凹入处 )
at the ends of the muscle cell,anchoring
the tendon to an external lamina,which is
adherent to the sarcolemma (肌纤维膜 )
which引导非限制性定语从句，进一步解释 an external lamina。
肌腱的胶原纤维插入肌细胞末端的凹入处，
将肌腱固定在紧贴肌纤维膜的外部薄层上。
Cardiac muscle is striated and
involuntary,It forms the
myocardium (心肌层 ) of the heart
and occurs in the walls of the
major vessels carrying blood to
and from the heart,including the
aorta,pulmonary artery,
pulmonary vein and vena cava (腔静脉 ),
A single,centrally located
nucleus occurs in most cells,
Occasionally,however,a cell
with two nuclei may be seen,
The cell's cross-striations result
from the precise registration of
sarcomeric bands (肌节带 ) as in
skeletal muscle,
Unlike cells of skeletal or smooth
muscle,cells of cardiac muscle branch
and anastomose with one another,
Special cell-surface modifications
called intercalated discs join cells of
cardiac muscle together end to end
但不同于骨骼肌或平滑肌的是，心肌细胞形成分叉并相互吻合。称为闰盘的细胞表面特殊变体使心肌细胞首尾连接在一起。
Some cells of cardiac muscle are
modified and function as a
conducting system that helps to
coordinate the heart beat,These
modified cells are the functional
elements of the sinoatrial node
(窦房结 ),atrioventricular node (房室结 ),and the Purkinje fibers,
Lesson Seven Metabolism
New Words and Phrases
metabolism n,新陈代谢
endocrine n,内分泌
integration,n,综合，一体化
messenger n,信使
to be brought about by 由 ……,造成（引起）
anabolism n,合成代谢
oxidize vt,氧化
carbohydrate n,碳水化合物
oxidation n,氧化
catabolism n,分解代谢
phosphate n,磷酸盐
Sentence Analysis and Translation
The endocrine system,like the nervous
system,adjusts and correlates the
activities of the various body systems,
making them appropriate to the
changing demands of the external and
internal environment,
like the nervous system是插入语（介词短语）。 making them…….,是一个现在分词短语，作状语。
和神经系统相似，内分泌系统可以调节和协调体内各系统的活动，使各个系统能适应不断变化的内外环境的需要。
Endocrine integration is brought about by
hormones,chemical messengers produced
by ductless glands that are transported in
the circulation to target cells,where they
regulate the metabolic processes,
Chemical messengers produced by…
是非限制性同位语复合结构，其中包含了由 that 引出的限制性定语从句和由 where引出的非限制性定语从句。
内分泌（系统）的整合作用是由激素来行使的。激素是无管腺分泌的一种化学信使，它经
（血液）循环达到靶细胞，调节代谢过程。
The term metabolism,meaning
literally 'change',is used to
refer to all the chemical and
energy transformations that
occur in the body,
代谢这一术语的字面意思是“变化”，它是指发生于体内所有的化学及能量转化。
The animal organism oxidizes
carbohydrates,proteins,and
fats,producing principally CO2,
H2O and the energy necessary
for life processes.
CO2,H2O and energy are also
produced when food is burned
outside the body,
However,in the body,oxidation is not
an one-step,semi-explosive reaction
but a complex,slow,stepwise process
called catabolism,which liberates
energy in small,usable amounts.
但是在体内，氧化 (作用 )不是一个一步完成、半爆发性的反应，而是一个复杂的、缓慢的、逐步的叫做代谢的过程。
这一过程释放少而可用量的能量。
Energy can be stored in the
body in the form of special
energy-rich phosphate
compounds and in the form of
proteins,fats,and complex
carbohydrates synthesized from
simpler molecules.
Formation of these substances by
processes that take up rather than
liberate energy is called anabolism,
What to do with untaught
text and additional
reading material?
Thank you,boys
and girls!
Questions please!
1,The basic features of scientific
English
2,Formation of Scientific Terms in
English
3,The reading and translation of
scientific English literatures
(2) 对句子的理解,A,抓住主语、谓语
B.弄清句型结构句子可分为简单句、并列句及复合句简单句的翻译不存在什么问题。并列句由两个或两个以上不相从属的简单句组成，翻译一般也不存在什么大问题
The nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region
spanning the first internal transcribed spacer
(ITS-1),the 5.8S gene and the second internal
transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified,and
representative amplicons were sequenced,
但由一个主句和一个甚至几个从句组成的 复合句 则因为层次较多、结构复杂而理解比较困难。在这种情况下，要先找到主句并弄清主句中的主、谓语以及说明和修饰主、谓语的那些成份，然后在从句中找出引导词
A previous study (Palm et al,1998) has indicated
that most parasite species of the Antarctic fish,
Notothenia coriiceps,appear to be broadly
distributed within Antarctic waters,which would
correspond to a low host specificity in higher
latitudes,
C,确定动词语态科技英语多用动词的 被动语态 而少用主动语态，还应特别注意动词分词、动名词及不定式的语态形式。我们常用动词的 现在分词 来表示经常的、主动的动作，而且表明动作正在进行。相反，我们用动词的 过去分词 来表示动作常是被动的，而且动作已经完成。
The circulating blood
The infected blood
D,注意句子结构的倒装在特定的情况下，原著者有意将主、谓语倒装，动词、宾语倒装或系动词、表语倒装，以达到特殊的表达效果
There is no problem for you to
secure a scholarship,
Present at that international
conference are famous scientists
from all over the world.
一些最基本的翻译技巧
1,用活词典：
Even when we reduce the salt to fine
powder,it still tastes salt,
Unfortunately,the results of the
present study failed to support our
hypothesis that…..,
Reduce=捣成
Failed=未能一些最基本的翻译技巧
2,颠倒顺序：
原作者为了达到某种特殊的效果而将句子成份的正常顺序颠倒，而我们在翻译时往往又需按汉语的表达习惯将颠倒了的句子成份的顺序还原
Their opinions,we believe,to be fair and true,
Under no circumstances will we be
the first to use nuclear weapons,
一些最基本的翻译技巧
3,拆句翻译,
为了准确、流畅地表达原意，在翻译时为避免译文别扭、生硬，有时需要将句子拆开来译。
A nearby object falling into a black hole
is never heard of again,如何译？
若将作定语的名词短语 object falling into a
black hole译为汉语的主谓结构，译文就十分完美。即：附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，便会销声匿迹。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
4,增、减文字,
即在译文中增加必要的字、词以满足汉语表达的需要。
Single-strand conformation polymorphism is a
cheap,simple,fast and reliable method for the
detection of mutations in genes,
加词一单链构象多态性 分析是一种 价钱 便宜、
操作 简便,出结果 快而且 稳定 可靠的方法，
可用于检测基因突变。
即在译文中省去不必要的字、
词以满足汉语表达的需要
Micro-organisms are so small that they
cannot be seen at all with the naked eyes,
一译文,微生物小得用肉眼根本看不见。
减词这里在翻译时不仅将复合句译成简单句，而且不必要的词语，如
they没有被译出。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
5,改换表达方式,
英语和汉语的表达方式不完全相同，翻译时必须根据汉语的表达习惯决定是否需要改换表达方式一例如，英语中所谓的双重否定等于肯定的结构在汉译时可译为肯定
It was not until 1998 that the
phenomenon of RNAi was discovered.
直到 1998年,RNA干涉这一现象才被发现。
一些最基本的翻译技巧
6,对译文的润饰,
这是翻译工作的最后一步。润饰文字主要看译者的汉语言文字功底如何，但也有技巧。总的要求是译文在忠于原文的基础上，必须完全符合汉语表达的语法要求，力求完整、准确，简练、通畅，
切忌生硬、呆板，洋腔洋调。 一关于长句的翻译专业性强的科技英语文献经常使用 长句 。
句子一长，成份就显得复杂。不仅理解困难，而且即使理解了，要用汉语来简练、
准确地表达也不是易事。长句难译，就变成 难句 。对长句的翻译，首先是要理解全句，明确句子结构，尤其是主、谓语，然后拆句翻译，必要时再合句表达。 一
The objective of the present study was to
examine sequence variation in the first
(ITS-1) and second (ITS-2) internal
transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal
DNA (rDNA) within and among five
members of the Pseudoterranova decipiens
(s.l.) complex from different seal or sea
lion hosts and geographical origins
using a mutation scanning approach,一可译为,目前这一研究旨在阐明拟地新线虫复合种 5个成员内及成员间在核糖体 DNA第一、第二
(ITS-1及 ITS-2)内转录间隔区 (ITS)
的序列变异。这 5个成员来自不同地域、不同品种的海豹及海狮。
一
A recent study of P,decipiens (s.l.) samples from
Atlantic Canada,by restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA
followed by Southern blotting using a
"heterologous" cloned rDNA repeat unit as a
probe,revealed the presence of P,decipiens (s.s.)
and P,bulbosa in Canadian Atlantic marine
fishes and seals,which was in agreement with
results of a previous multilocus enzyme
electrophoretic study (Paggi et al,1991) which
reported the existence of P,decipiens (s.s.) and P,
bulbosa in Atlantic Canada,
一这个句子比上一句子长而且复杂，是由一个主句及二个从句组成的复合句。翻译时必须分成几句来译。
一译文,最近的一项研究对来自大西洋加拿大水域的拟地新线虫基因组 DNA进行了限制性长度片段多态性分析，然后用一克隆的“异源”核糖体 DNA重复单位作为探针进行了 Southern印迹分析。结果在加拿大的大西洋鱼类及海豹中发现了 P,decipiens (s.s.)及 P,bulbosa。这一研究结果与 Paggi等 (1991)用多基因座酶电泳的研究结果一致，那项研究在大西洋加拿大水域 首次报告 P,decipiens (s.s.)及 P,bulbosa的存在。
Lesson Four Muscle
Chapter Two
Basic Veterinary Sciences
A unique characteristic of muscle cells
is the presence of a substructure of
myofilaments (肌丝 ) that provides
them with the ability to contract.
肌细胞的一个独特的特征是具有能使它们具有收缩能力的肌丝亚结构。
Although the arrangement of the
myofilaments in cells of smooth
muscle differs from that of cells of
skeletal and cardiac muscle,the
contraction process is the same,
虽然平滑肌细胞的肌丝排列不同于骨骼肌和心肌，但是它们的收缩过程都是一样的。
This process occurs when the filaments
(肌丝 ) slide past one another resulting
in a shortening of the cell,
当一个肌丝滑过另一个肌丝导致肌细胞缩短时，这个过程就发生了。
Smooth muscle is involuntary,Its cells
are long and tapered,and have an
elongated nucleus located about
midway between the ends of each cell,
Smooth muscle consists of groups of
these cells bound together by
connective tissue fibers,
Students often encounter difficulty
in distinguishing smooth muscle
from the surrounding connective
tissue,
It is helpful to know that smooth muscle
presents an overall dull,pink appearance
in hematoxylin and eosin preparations,
while fibers of the connective tissue are
considerably more retractile and appear
bright pink and shiny by comparison.
“It is helpful to know that…” 是科技英语中常用的一个句型，用来表示“知道 (认识 )…… 是有帮助的 (有用的、有益的 )。 It
是形式主语，不定式短语,to know
that…” 才是真正的主语。
Smooth muscle is found in a
variety of places,for example,
throughout the digestive tract,in
blood vessels,in the urinary
bladder,in the capsules of some
organs,and in bronchi.
平滑肌分布于全身各处。例如：
在整个消化道、血管、膀胱、一些器官囊以及支气管。
Skeletal muscle is striated and
voluntary,Cells are multinucleated
and may be 3 or 4 cm long,Cross-
striations result from the precise
registration (定位 ) of the A,I,H,and
M bands of the sarcomeres (肌节 ) of
the myofibrils (肌原纤维 ),
Nuclei are located peripherally,
immediately below the sarcolemma (肌纤维膜 ),Individual cells are grouped
into fascicles (肌束 ),Each fascicle,in
turn,is surrounded by a perimysium of
loose connective tissue,
核位于肌原纤维外周、直接在肌纤维膜之下。单个细胞聚合成为肌束。
每个肌束依次被疏松结缔组织的一层肌束膜包裹。
Each cell within a fascicle is closely
invested by delicate reticular fibers,
the endomysium (肌内膜 ),Groups of
fascicles are bound together by a
sheath of dense connective tissue,the
epimysium (肌外膜 ).
一个肌束里的每个肌细胞都被细软的网状纤维即肌内膜紧紧地包裹。
肌束群被致密结缔组织鞘即肌外膜包裹在一起。
Collagenous fibers (胶原纤维 ) of tendons
(肌腱 )insert into invaginations (凹入处 )
at the ends of the muscle cell,anchoring
the tendon to an external lamina,which is
adherent to the sarcolemma (肌纤维膜 )
which引导非限制性定语从句，进一步解释 an external lamina。
肌腱的胶原纤维插入肌细胞末端的凹入处，
将肌腱固定在紧贴肌纤维膜的外部薄层上。
Cardiac muscle is striated and
involuntary,It forms the
myocardium (心肌层 ) of the heart
and occurs in the walls of the
major vessels carrying blood to
and from the heart,including the
aorta,pulmonary artery,
pulmonary vein and vena cava (腔静脉 ),
A single,centrally located
nucleus occurs in most cells,
Occasionally,however,a cell
with two nuclei may be seen,
The cell's cross-striations result
from the precise registration of
sarcomeric bands (肌节带 ) as in
skeletal muscle,
Unlike cells of skeletal or smooth
muscle,cells of cardiac muscle branch
and anastomose with one another,
Special cell-surface modifications
called intercalated discs join cells of
cardiac muscle together end to end
但不同于骨骼肌或平滑肌的是，心肌细胞形成分叉并相互吻合。称为闰盘的细胞表面特殊变体使心肌细胞首尾连接在一起。
Some cells of cardiac muscle are
modified and function as a
conducting system that helps to
coordinate the heart beat,These
modified cells are the functional
elements of the sinoatrial node
(窦房结 ),atrioventricular node (房室结 ),and the Purkinje fibers,
Lesson Seven Metabolism
New Words and Phrases
metabolism n,新陈代谢
endocrine n,内分泌
integration,n,综合，一体化
messenger n,信使
to be brought about by 由 ……,造成（引起）
anabolism n,合成代谢
oxidize vt,氧化
carbohydrate n,碳水化合物
oxidation n,氧化
catabolism n,分解代谢
phosphate n,磷酸盐
Sentence Analysis and Translation
The endocrine system,like the nervous
system,adjusts and correlates the
activities of the various body systems,
making them appropriate to the
changing demands of the external and
internal environment,
like the nervous system是插入语（介词短语）。 making them…….,是一个现在分词短语，作状语。
和神经系统相似，内分泌系统可以调节和协调体内各系统的活动，使各个系统能适应不断变化的内外环境的需要。
Endocrine integration is brought about by
hormones,chemical messengers produced
by ductless glands that are transported in
the circulation to target cells,where they
regulate the metabolic processes,
Chemical messengers produced by…
是非限制性同位语复合结构，其中包含了由 that 引出的限制性定语从句和由 where引出的非限制性定语从句。
内分泌（系统）的整合作用是由激素来行使的。激素是无管腺分泌的一种化学信使，它经
（血液）循环达到靶细胞，调节代谢过程。
The term metabolism,meaning
literally 'change',is used to
refer to all the chemical and
energy transformations that
occur in the body,
代谢这一术语的字面意思是“变化”，它是指发生于体内所有的化学及能量转化。
The animal organism oxidizes
carbohydrates,proteins,and
fats,producing principally CO2,
H2O and the energy necessary
for life processes.
CO2,H2O and energy are also
produced when food is burned
outside the body,
However,in the body,oxidation is not
an one-step,semi-explosive reaction
but a complex,slow,stepwise process
called catabolism,which liberates
energy in small,usable amounts.
但是在体内，氧化 (作用 )不是一个一步完成、半爆发性的反应，而是一个复杂的、缓慢的、逐步的叫做代谢的过程。
这一过程释放少而可用量的能量。
Energy can be stored in the
body in the form of special
energy-rich phosphate
compounds and in the form of
proteins,fats,and complex
carbohydrates synthesized from
simpler molecules.
Formation of these substances by
processes that take up rather than
liberate energy is called anabolism,
What to do with untaught
text and additional
reading material?
Thank you,boys
and girls!
Questions please!
