Chapter 8
microbial ecology and
ecological engineering
Microbial ecology is a science
designed to study the interaction
between and the
environment which is consisted of
two parts—— biosurrounding and
non-bio surrounding,
microbes
Microflora or normal flora（微生物区系或正常菌群）
Ecosystem is a system formed by
the living creatures in a certain
sphere and their closely related non-
biological surroundings,In the
system,the material and the energy
is constantly circulated between the
creatures and between the creatures
and the environment,thus form a
self-sustainable,relatively stable
and independent integrated system,
10 levels in the biological research
Biosphere（生物圈）
Ecosystem（生态系统）
Community（群落）
Population（种群）
Individual
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
molecule
Research range of
ecology
biosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
atmosphere
Aquatic ecosystem
Producer—— cyanobacteria and algae
Consumer—— human and animals
Decomposer—— bacteria and plankton
（浮游生物）
Microbial microenvironment （微生物的微环境） is the environment where the
microbes living.There are numberless
microbial microenvironment on the earth，
and every microenvironment itself is
heterologous due to the rapid physical and
chemical changes resulted from the
different time and spaces.
Environmental gradients(环境梯度 )
As far as food is concerned,a practical
example is when a dilute syrup is
added to the surface of a cup of dense
syrup,facultative osmo philic microbes
(兼性嗜渗微生物 )will select the upper
layer of dilute syrup to live in and the
obligate osmophiles would choose the
bottom layer to live in.
Limits of tolerance (耐受限度 )
The range of a certain ecological
factor from the maximun to the
minimum that the microbe can
withstand
for example,the pH limited for the
mould is 1.5~10.
Food as a special microbial
ecosystem
Heterologous
Surface environment,biofilm and
nata (纳塔 )
Nutritional provision
Biomass and growth rate
Population relationships community
succession
Population relationships of
microbes
Predation(捕食 )
Parasitism(寄生 )
Competition(竞争 )
Smensalism(偏害或拮抗 )
Synergism(共生 )
Mutualism (互生 )
Commensalisms(
偏利 )
Neutralism(中性 )
Extreme microorganism in food
Halophiles
Thermophiles and
hyperthermophiles
Psychrophiles
Radiodurans
Acidophiles
Basophiles
Barophiles
psychrophiles
Ecological engineering
Definition
features
Application in alcohol beverage
brewing
Innovation of liquor brewing
technique using microbial
ecological principles
Ecological engineering is a
productive processing system
using the ecological principles in
which living organisms is the basic
composition and artificial assisted
energy and substances are also
involved in.
definition
就是应用生态学原理,在有人工辅助能量和物质的参与下,以生物为其基本组分的生产工艺系统。
1.Multiple utilizing levels of substances
物质量的多层次利用
2.Transformation and regeneration of substances
物质转化与再生
3.Pollution free processing technics
无污染工艺
4.Fully metabolism course of multiple functional
systems
多功能系统的完全代谢过程
features
Application in alcohol beverage
brewing在酿酒业中的应用
Different technics confer distinct
flavors and styles of liquors,that
is,different microbial ecological
environment is formed in different
Technics,thus unique microbial
groups are created and developed.
Different flavor and styles of liquor
Aromatic style 浓香型
complex aromatic style 酱香型 (复合香味 )
Faint scent style 清香型
Rice flavor style 米香型
Innovation of liquor brewing technique
using microbial ecological principles
Anaerobic functional bacteria in old cellar(老窖 )
1,己酸菌甲烷菌
Microbial ecological methods
微生物生态学方法
1.Enrichment culture technique and isolation or
purification
2.Methods for identification and quantifying
2.1 staining and using fluorescence
labeled antibodies
2.2 nucleic acid probe
2.3 ribosome RNA probe in the study of
microbial colonies
Microbial colony
DNA
extraction
PCR for 16S
rRNA gene
Cloning of
ribosome DNA
Sequence and eatablish the
phylogenetic tree
RNA extraction Colony total
RNA
RT-PCR for 16s
rRNA
microbial ecology and
ecological engineering
Microbial ecology is a science
designed to study the interaction
between and the
environment which is consisted of
two parts—— biosurrounding and
non-bio surrounding,
microbes
Microflora or normal flora（微生物区系或正常菌群）
Ecosystem is a system formed by
the living creatures in a certain
sphere and their closely related non-
biological surroundings,In the
system,the material and the energy
is constantly circulated between the
creatures and between the creatures
and the environment,thus form a
self-sustainable,relatively stable
and independent integrated system,
10 levels in the biological research
Biosphere（生物圈）
Ecosystem（生态系统）
Community（群落）
Population（种群）
Individual
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
molecule
Research range of
ecology
biosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
atmosphere
Aquatic ecosystem
Producer—— cyanobacteria and algae
Consumer—— human and animals
Decomposer—— bacteria and plankton
（浮游生物）
Microbial microenvironment （微生物的微环境） is the environment where the
microbes living.There are numberless
microbial microenvironment on the earth，
and every microenvironment itself is
heterologous due to the rapid physical and
chemical changes resulted from the
different time and spaces.
Environmental gradients(环境梯度 )
As far as food is concerned,a practical
example is when a dilute syrup is
added to the surface of a cup of dense
syrup,facultative osmo philic microbes
(兼性嗜渗微生物 )will select the upper
layer of dilute syrup to live in and the
obligate osmophiles would choose the
bottom layer to live in.
Limits of tolerance (耐受限度 )
The range of a certain ecological
factor from the maximun to the
minimum that the microbe can
withstand
for example,the pH limited for the
mould is 1.5~10.
Food as a special microbial
ecosystem
Heterologous
Surface environment,biofilm and
nata (纳塔 )
Nutritional provision
Biomass and growth rate
Population relationships community
succession
Population relationships of
microbes
Predation(捕食 )
Parasitism(寄生 )
Competition(竞争 )
Smensalism(偏害或拮抗 )
Synergism(共生 )
Mutualism (互生 )
Commensalisms(
偏利 )
Neutralism(中性 )
Extreme microorganism in food
Halophiles
Thermophiles and
hyperthermophiles
Psychrophiles
Radiodurans
Acidophiles
Basophiles
Barophiles
psychrophiles
Ecological engineering
Definition
features
Application in alcohol beverage
brewing
Innovation of liquor brewing
technique using microbial
ecological principles
Ecological engineering is a
productive processing system
using the ecological principles in
which living organisms is the basic
composition and artificial assisted
energy and substances are also
involved in.
definition
就是应用生态学原理,在有人工辅助能量和物质的参与下,以生物为其基本组分的生产工艺系统。
1.Multiple utilizing levels of substances
物质量的多层次利用
2.Transformation and regeneration of substances
物质转化与再生
3.Pollution free processing technics
无污染工艺
4.Fully metabolism course of multiple functional
systems
多功能系统的完全代谢过程
features
Application in alcohol beverage
brewing在酿酒业中的应用
Different technics confer distinct
flavors and styles of liquors,that
is,different microbial ecological
environment is formed in different
Technics,thus unique microbial
groups are created and developed.
Different flavor and styles of liquor
Aromatic style 浓香型
complex aromatic style 酱香型 (复合香味 )
Faint scent style 清香型
Rice flavor style 米香型
Innovation of liquor brewing technique
using microbial ecological principles
Anaerobic functional bacteria in old cellar(老窖 )
1,己酸菌甲烷菌
Microbial ecological methods
微生物生态学方法
1.Enrichment culture technique and isolation or
purification
2.Methods for identification and quantifying
2.1 staining and using fluorescence
labeled antibodies
2.2 nucleic acid probe
2.3 ribosome RNA probe in the study of
microbial colonies
Microbial colony
DNA
extraction
PCR for 16S
rRNA gene
Cloning of
ribosome DNA
Sequence and eatablish the
phylogenetic tree
RNA extraction Colony total
RNA
RT-PCR for 16s
rRNA
