Unit 6
Nerds and Geeks
New Words
dedicate,give,devote (one's
time,energy,life,etc,to a
noble cause or purpose
If you dedicate yourself to
something you decide to give a lot
of time and effort to it because you
think it is important.
---She dedicated herself to the
anti-nuclear movement.
---Mother Teresa dedicated her
whole life to helping the poor.
---The new President said that
he would dedicate himself to
protecting the rights of the old,
the sick and the homeless.
pursuit,the act of looking for
or trying to find something
Pursuit is a formal word,Your
pursuit of something is your
attempts at achieving it,If you
do something in pursuit of a
particular result,you do it in
order to achieve that result.
the pursuit of happiness
---The company is ruthless in
its pursuit of profit.
---What is your favorite
pursuit in spare time?
prestigious,Something that is
prestigious is important,influential
and admired by people.
----Stanford University is one of the
most prestigious universities in the
U.S.
----Her first novel won a prestigious
literary prize.
pursue,make continual
efforts to gain something
If you pursue someone or
pursue an animal you run
after them in order to catch,
kill or defeat.
-----It was reported in the
morning news that the police
were pursuing an escaped
prisoner.
----The government is determined
to pursue terrorists until justice is
done.
If you pursue something
such as an activity,or plan,
you continue to do it or to
carry it out,used as a fairly
formal word,
pursue a plan
In the early 1980s many students
went abroad to pursue their
studies.
His wealth enabled him to pursue
his passionate interest in art.
If you pursue something such as
a particular aim or result,you
make efforts often over a long
period of time to achieve it.
---Economic worth must not be
pursued at the expense of
environmental pollution.
---He has pursued fame and fortune
all his life but has achieved neither.
----He wants to pursue his studies
abroad.
idle:waste time doing nothing /
not working; lazy
----Three old men were idling
away the summer afternoon
under the trees.
----They spent many idle hours
just sitting in the sun,
---He is an idle,useless person,
social:
the social problems of
industrialized societies
----There is repression and social
injustice everywhere.
---I had such a social life when I
was at college.
----Most British schools organize
social events for the students,
refusal:refusing
A refusal is an act of saying or
showing that you will not do
what someone has asked you to
do or order you to do.
---My search for a job involved
me in many applications and
many refusals.
---Our request for permission to
travel met with a flat refusal
from the authorities.
conform(to),follow generally
accepted rules,standards,etc.; comply
遵照 ;顺从
----Originality (独创性 ) had no place
in the school I went to,You were
required to conform.
----He conformed to his parents'
wishes and became a lawyer.
-------Most people willingly
conform to the customs of
society.
------Socrates,the Greek
philosopher,believed that one
should conform to the law no
matter how imperfect he or she
found it was.
Compare comply
When people or things conform (to
sth.) they behave in the way that
they are expected or in the way that
others behave; but when people or
things comply (with sth.) they do
what they are requested,required or
ordered,
If you wish to be a member,you
must conform to the rules of our
club.
Eventually even the United States
conformed.
He complies with the doctor's order
that he take a rest.
New vehicles must comply with
certain standards.
deprive:(of) take away from;
prevent from using or enjoying
If you deprive someone of
something that they want or
need,you take it away from
them,or you prevent them from
having it.
----He was deprived of
his sight by the accident.
-----They deprived the
criminal of his right.
-----The young man was deprived of
his doctoral degree after the exposure
of his many acts of dishonesty.
No one can function properly
if they are deprived of
adequate sleep.
I'm not trying to deprive you
of the necessities of life,I
explained.
adequate:enough for the purpose
We took adequate food
for the short holiday.
The reason I didn't do well in my
exams is that I just didn't have
adequate time to prepare.
Compare enough and sufficient
adequate means as much as needed
to meet special,sometimes
minimum requirement; while
enough,and its more formal
equivalent,sufficient,mean as
much as will fully satisfy a desire or
need.
----His meager (微薄的 ) wages are
adequate to support his family.
---To be healthy one must at least have
an adequate diet.
----Are there enough seats for all?
----I have enough (or sufficient) money
to pay the bill.
---He is not eating enough (or
sufficient) food.
acquire:gain by skill or ability,by
one's own efforts or behaviour
---She acquired an original
painting by Van Gogh (凡 ·高 ).
----He acquired a knowledge of the
language
rewarding:worth
doing or having; worthwhile
Something that is rewarding
gives you a lot of personal
satisfaction and pleasure.
---It's been hard work but the climb
has been immensely rewarding.
---Reading can be very rewarding
for everyone.
----For him studying Spanish has
been a very rewarding experience.
professional:doing for money what
others do for enjoyment
----The doctor has been charged with
professional misconduct.
--You'd better get professional advice.
---Professional is often used to mean
having the qualities connected with
trained and skilled people,such as
effectiveness,skill,organization and
seriousness of manner.
---It would look more
professional if the letter was
typed rather than hand-written.
---She always looks very
professional in her smart suits.
academic,concerning teaching
or studying,esp,in a college or
university (高等 )教学的；学术的
an academic institution/the
academic year
academic standards
----The course is a combination of
academic and practical work.
-----John remarked that the whole
academic system was unfair,
afloat:1,out of difficulties or
debt (在经济上 )应付自如的
2,浮在水上的
When you stay afloat or if you
keep a business afloat,you have
just enough money to pay your
debts or to run your business.
--They have kept the firm afloat
during the recession.
---Please lend me some money
to keep me afloat.
---Many small businesses are
struggling to stay afloat.
When someone or something is afloat
in water,they remain partly above
the surface of the water and do not
sink.
----By kicking constantly he could
stay afloat without exhausting
himself.
----He mended the boat and it was
soon afloat again.
portion:(of) a part or share of
something larger
Compare part and share
A portion is a part that has a particular
quality or feature or one of the equal parts
into which something is divided or of which
it consists; part is a general term that means
one of the pieces that make up a whole; and
share refers to the amount of something
which one is entitled or assigned.
----They had to live on the edible (可食用的 ) portion of some wild plants.
---The cake was divided into eight
portions.
---The exam was divided into five
parts including that of listening
comprehension.
----The new bridge under construction
is part of the project of the outer ring
road (外环线 ).
---He is quite content with his share in
his father's wealth.
---It does help if the husband does his
share at home.
cultivate:improve or develop
by careful attention,training,or
study,If you cultivate a feeling,
an idea,or an attitude in yourself
or in someone else,you try hard
to develop it and make it
stronger,
Examples:
cultivate a love of art
One should cultivate a sense of
humor.
At this school we aim to cultivate
the minds of children we teach.
adapt:(to) change so as to be or
make suitable for new needs,
different conditions,etc,
If you adapt to a new situation
or adapt yourself to it,you
change in order to be able to
deal with it successfully,
especially by altering your ideas
or habits.
We had to adapt our plans to fit
Jack's timetable.
Although it was her first
experience abroad,she soon
adapted herself to the new life-
style.
The good thing about children is
that they adapt very easily,
Some freshmen from provinces
found it difficult to adapt to the
cold and damp winter in
Shanghai.
workforce:the people who work in
factories and industry generally,
considered as a body
Asia's workforce will expand by 60 per
cent.
We are not able to work a much larger
area with a smaller workforce.
They had since 1969 agreed to reduce
the workforce by 3500.
innovative,introducing or using
new ideas,techniques,etc,
-----Inventors are innovative
people.
----Innovative ideas are needed to
make the business a success.
----How innovative is British
industry?
extent:degree
The extent of something
is its length,area,or size.
\\the extent of the solar system
---Rosie's teacher was impressed
by the extent of her knowledge.
The extent of a situation or
difficulty is its size or scale.
,
You use expressions such as to
a large extent,to some extent,or
to a certain extent,to such an
extent,etc,in order to indicate
that statement is true to the
degree specified.
To a large extent people go on holiday
there to enjoy the good weather.
To some (or a certain) extent she was
responsible for the accident.
I think to a certain extent it's true.
The car was damaged to such an extent
that it could not be repaired
People are affected to different extents
by what they see on television.
insult:speak or act in a way that hurts
or is intended to hurt the feelings or
dignity of (sb.)
remark or action that insults
You don't have to apologize to me,You
didn't insult me
,He feels deeply insulted.
I would take it as an insult if you left,
The old boys yelled out insults.
New Phrases
bite off,cut off with the teeth
She finished sewing and bite off the
end of the thread.
Don't try to bite off too much at once,
(= Don't try to do something that is
too difficult for you.)
dedicate to,be devoted to
To dedicate to sth,means to
devote(esp,oneself) to a special
task or purpose
,She is completely dedicated to
her work.
The Green Party is dedicated to
protecting the environment,
least of all:particularly
You can use least of all after a
negative statement to emphasize
that there is one person or thing
that is certainly not involved in
what you are talking about.
We are not psychologists or doctors,
least of all social workers.
No one believed her,least of all the
police.
Nobody seemed amused,least of all
Jenny.
To ease the tension,I told a joke,
but nobody seemed amused,least of
all my father.
be held as,be shown or offered as
Dr,Berthune (白求恩 ) has been held up
as an example of internationalism in
China.
In USA,Michael Jordan is held up by
many African Americans as their role
model.
The old man always holds up his
youngest daughter as a model of hard
work.
lie with:应由,.,(承担责任 ); (作出决定等 )得靠,..
If responsibility,blame,a decision,
a choice,etc.,lies with someone,
they have the responsibility,or
they must make the decision.
The decision whether to
proceed lies with the Minister.
It lies with you to accept or
reject the proposal.
Responsibility for the disaster
must ultimately(最终 ) lie with
the government.
Many people believe that the
poor performance of the football
team lay with the coach rather
than with the players.
Language Points
(1) the intellectually curious
andacademically serious --
those students who have
genuine curiosity for
academic knowledge and
who regard study as a serious
business
2) Enough is enough.
-- So many acts of anti-intellectualism
have been going on in schools and
universities that they should be
stopped.
If you say "Enough is enough" to
someone,you mean that you want them
to stop what they are doing,for
example to stop criticizing you,The
expression means that what one has
said,done,etc,is quite or more than
sufficient,so that nothing more needs
to be said,It is usually said as
indication or warning that what is going
on must be stopped.
(3) There are very few countries in
the world where anti-
intellectualism runs as high in
popular culture as it does in the
U.S,-- Almost no country in the
world is like the U.S where anti-
intellectualism becomes so strong
in popular culture.
run -- (used as a link verb followed
by an adjective) develop or pass
into a certain (usu,undesirable)
condition; become
In spring the brooks would run high
with meltwater.
Since their mother passed away,the
children have been running wild.
Differences between the two sides run
deep.
(4) Do we really expect to stay
afloat largely by importing our
scientists and intellectuals from
abroad,.,-- Do we really expect
that our country will survive in
the world by introducing
scientists and intellectuals from
abroad,..
(5) Our fault lies not so much with
our economy or with our politics as
within ourselves,our values and
our image of a good life,-- Our
problem is due to ourselves,to our
social values and our image of a
good life,rather than to such
outside forces as our economy or
our politics,
6) pursuing knowledge to the full
extent of one's abilities -- making
the most of one's abilities to
acquire knowledge
7) Not until the words "nerd" and
"geek" become terms of praise rather
than insults do we stand a chance,--
We will not achieve anything until
we all consider "nerd" and "geek"
words of praise instead of words of
insult,that is,until anti-
intellectualism is completely done
away with,
Grammar Focus
① Not until used at the beginning of a
sentence with predicate partly
inverted
When Not until is put at the beginning
of a sentence,the predicate in the
main clause shall be partly inverted,
This pattern differs from the normal
not,.,until pattern in that it implies
more emphasis on the subordinate
time clause.
Not until eleven did I get up last
Sunday.
Not until everyone else had left
did he manage to finish his
assignment,
Not until she received an award
from her hospital did he realize
how emotionally attached she
was to her profession.
Compare not,.,until
Once he starts a job he won't
stop until it's finished.
He didn't have a girlfriend
until he was thirty.
② the be + infinitive construction
The be + infinitive construction can be used to:
a) Convey orders or instruction
No one is to leave this building without the
permission of the police,(= no one may leave)
He is to stay here till we return,(= he must
stay)
This pattern is a rather impersonal way of
giving instructions and is chiefly used with the
third person.
Compare the following sentences:
Compare the following sentences:
Stay here,Tom,(an order)
You are to stay here,Tom,(the wishes of
another person)
b) Convey a plan or to indicate
arrangements which have been planned
for the future Examples:
She is to get married next month.
The Prime Minister is to make a
statement tomorrow.
③ Stop to do sth,and stop doing
sth,
Verb stop can be followed by either
an infinitive or an -ing,with
difference in meaning,The
infinitive refers to things that
happen after the stopping,while the
-ing form refers to things that
happen earlier before the stopping.
John stopped smoking,(He gave up
smoking.)
John stopped to smoke,(He stopped
what he was doing in order to
smoke.)
Nerds and Geeks
New Words
dedicate,give,devote (one's
time,energy,life,etc,to a
noble cause or purpose
If you dedicate yourself to
something you decide to give a lot
of time and effort to it because you
think it is important.
---She dedicated herself to the
anti-nuclear movement.
---Mother Teresa dedicated her
whole life to helping the poor.
---The new President said that
he would dedicate himself to
protecting the rights of the old,
the sick and the homeless.
pursuit,the act of looking for
or trying to find something
Pursuit is a formal word,Your
pursuit of something is your
attempts at achieving it,If you
do something in pursuit of a
particular result,you do it in
order to achieve that result.
the pursuit of happiness
---The company is ruthless in
its pursuit of profit.
---What is your favorite
pursuit in spare time?
prestigious,Something that is
prestigious is important,influential
and admired by people.
----Stanford University is one of the
most prestigious universities in the
U.S.
----Her first novel won a prestigious
literary prize.
pursue,make continual
efforts to gain something
If you pursue someone or
pursue an animal you run
after them in order to catch,
kill or defeat.
-----It was reported in the
morning news that the police
were pursuing an escaped
prisoner.
----The government is determined
to pursue terrorists until justice is
done.
If you pursue something
such as an activity,or plan,
you continue to do it or to
carry it out,used as a fairly
formal word,
pursue a plan
In the early 1980s many students
went abroad to pursue their
studies.
His wealth enabled him to pursue
his passionate interest in art.
If you pursue something such as
a particular aim or result,you
make efforts often over a long
period of time to achieve it.
---Economic worth must not be
pursued at the expense of
environmental pollution.
---He has pursued fame and fortune
all his life but has achieved neither.
----He wants to pursue his studies
abroad.
idle:waste time doing nothing /
not working; lazy
----Three old men were idling
away the summer afternoon
under the trees.
----They spent many idle hours
just sitting in the sun,
---He is an idle,useless person,
social:
the social problems of
industrialized societies
----There is repression and social
injustice everywhere.
---I had such a social life when I
was at college.
----Most British schools organize
social events for the students,
refusal:refusing
A refusal is an act of saying or
showing that you will not do
what someone has asked you to
do or order you to do.
---My search for a job involved
me in many applications and
many refusals.
---Our request for permission to
travel met with a flat refusal
from the authorities.
conform(to),follow generally
accepted rules,standards,etc.; comply
遵照 ;顺从
----Originality (独创性 ) had no place
in the school I went to,You were
required to conform.
----He conformed to his parents'
wishes and became a lawyer.
-------Most people willingly
conform to the customs of
society.
------Socrates,the Greek
philosopher,believed that one
should conform to the law no
matter how imperfect he or she
found it was.
Compare comply
When people or things conform (to
sth.) they behave in the way that
they are expected or in the way that
others behave; but when people or
things comply (with sth.) they do
what they are requested,required or
ordered,
If you wish to be a member,you
must conform to the rules of our
club.
Eventually even the United States
conformed.
He complies with the doctor's order
that he take a rest.
New vehicles must comply with
certain standards.
deprive:(of) take away from;
prevent from using or enjoying
If you deprive someone of
something that they want or
need,you take it away from
them,or you prevent them from
having it.
----He was deprived of
his sight by the accident.
-----They deprived the
criminal of his right.
-----The young man was deprived of
his doctoral degree after the exposure
of his many acts of dishonesty.
No one can function properly
if they are deprived of
adequate sleep.
I'm not trying to deprive you
of the necessities of life,I
explained.
adequate:enough for the purpose
We took adequate food
for the short holiday.
The reason I didn't do well in my
exams is that I just didn't have
adequate time to prepare.
Compare enough and sufficient
adequate means as much as needed
to meet special,sometimes
minimum requirement; while
enough,and its more formal
equivalent,sufficient,mean as
much as will fully satisfy a desire or
need.
----His meager (微薄的 ) wages are
adequate to support his family.
---To be healthy one must at least have
an adequate diet.
----Are there enough seats for all?
----I have enough (or sufficient) money
to pay the bill.
---He is not eating enough (or
sufficient) food.
acquire:gain by skill or ability,by
one's own efforts or behaviour
---She acquired an original
painting by Van Gogh (凡 ·高 ).
----He acquired a knowledge of the
language
rewarding:worth
doing or having; worthwhile
Something that is rewarding
gives you a lot of personal
satisfaction and pleasure.
---It's been hard work but the climb
has been immensely rewarding.
---Reading can be very rewarding
for everyone.
----For him studying Spanish has
been a very rewarding experience.
professional:doing for money what
others do for enjoyment
----The doctor has been charged with
professional misconduct.
--You'd better get professional advice.
---Professional is often used to mean
having the qualities connected with
trained and skilled people,such as
effectiveness,skill,organization and
seriousness of manner.
---It would look more
professional if the letter was
typed rather than hand-written.
---She always looks very
professional in her smart suits.
academic,concerning teaching
or studying,esp,in a college or
university (高等 )教学的；学术的
an academic institution/the
academic year
academic standards
----The course is a combination of
academic and practical work.
-----John remarked that the whole
academic system was unfair,
afloat:1,out of difficulties or
debt (在经济上 )应付自如的
2,浮在水上的
When you stay afloat or if you
keep a business afloat,you have
just enough money to pay your
debts or to run your business.
--They have kept the firm afloat
during the recession.
---Please lend me some money
to keep me afloat.
---Many small businesses are
struggling to stay afloat.
When someone or something is afloat
in water,they remain partly above
the surface of the water and do not
sink.
----By kicking constantly he could
stay afloat without exhausting
himself.
----He mended the boat and it was
soon afloat again.
portion:(of) a part or share of
something larger
Compare part and share
A portion is a part that has a particular
quality or feature or one of the equal parts
into which something is divided or of which
it consists; part is a general term that means
one of the pieces that make up a whole; and
share refers to the amount of something
which one is entitled or assigned.
----They had to live on the edible (可食用的 ) portion of some wild plants.
---The cake was divided into eight
portions.
---The exam was divided into five
parts including that of listening
comprehension.
----The new bridge under construction
is part of the project of the outer ring
road (外环线 ).
---He is quite content with his share in
his father's wealth.
---It does help if the husband does his
share at home.
cultivate:improve or develop
by careful attention,training,or
study,If you cultivate a feeling,
an idea,or an attitude in yourself
or in someone else,you try hard
to develop it and make it
stronger,
Examples:
cultivate a love of art
One should cultivate a sense of
humor.
At this school we aim to cultivate
the minds of children we teach.
adapt:(to) change so as to be or
make suitable for new needs,
different conditions,etc,
If you adapt to a new situation
or adapt yourself to it,you
change in order to be able to
deal with it successfully,
especially by altering your ideas
or habits.
We had to adapt our plans to fit
Jack's timetable.
Although it was her first
experience abroad,she soon
adapted herself to the new life-
style.
The good thing about children is
that they adapt very easily,
Some freshmen from provinces
found it difficult to adapt to the
cold and damp winter in
Shanghai.
workforce:the people who work in
factories and industry generally,
considered as a body
Asia's workforce will expand by 60 per
cent.
We are not able to work a much larger
area with a smaller workforce.
They had since 1969 agreed to reduce
the workforce by 3500.
innovative,introducing or using
new ideas,techniques,etc,
-----Inventors are innovative
people.
----Innovative ideas are needed to
make the business a success.
----How innovative is British
industry?
extent:degree
The extent of something
is its length,area,or size.
\\the extent of the solar system
---Rosie's teacher was impressed
by the extent of her knowledge.
The extent of a situation or
difficulty is its size or scale.
,
You use expressions such as to
a large extent,to some extent,or
to a certain extent,to such an
extent,etc,in order to indicate
that statement is true to the
degree specified.
To a large extent people go on holiday
there to enjoy the good weather.
To some (or a certain) extent she was
responsible for the accident.
I think to a certain extent it's true.
The car was damaged to such an extent
that it could not be repaired
People are affected to different extents
by what they see on television.
insult:speak or act in a way that hurts
or is intended to hurt the feelings or
dignity of (sb.)
remark or action that insults
You don't have to apologize to me,You
didn't insult me
,He feels deeply insulted.
I would take it as an insult if you left,
The old boys yelled out insults.
New Phrases
bite off,cut off with the teeth
She finished sewing and bite off the
end of the thread.
Don't try to bite off too much at once,
(= Don't try to do something that is
too difficult for you.)
dedicate to,be devoted to
To dedicate to sth,means to
devote(esp,oneself) to a special
task or purpose
,She is completely dedicated to
her work.
The Green Party is dedicated to
protecting the environment,
least of all:particularly
You can use least of all after a
negative statement to emphasize
that there is one person or thing
that is certainly not involved in
what you are talking about.
We are not psychologists or doctors,
least of all social workers.
No one believed her,least of all the
police.
Nobody seemed amused,least of all
Jenny.
To ease the tension,I told a joke,
but nobody seemed amused,least of
all my father.
be held as,be shown or offered as
Dr,Berthune (白求恩 ) has been held up
as an example of internationalism in
China.
In USA,Michael Jordan is held up by
many African Americans as their role
model.
The old man always holds up his
youngest daughter as a model of hard
work.
lie with:应由,.,(承担责任 ); (作出决定等 )得靠,..
If responsibility,blame,a decision,
a choice,etc.,lies with someone,
they have the responsibility,or
they must make the decision.
The decision whether to
proceed lies with the Minister.
It lies with you to accept or
reject the proposal.
Responsibility for the disaster
must ultimately(最终 ) lie with
the government.
Many people believe that the
poor performance of the football
team lay with the coach rather
than with the players.
Language Points
(1) the intellectually curious
andacademically serious --
those students who have
genuine curiosity for
academic knowledge and
who regard study as a serious
business
2) Enough is enough.
-- So many acts of anti-intellectualism
have been going on in schools and
universities that they should be
stopped.
If you say "Enough is enough" to
someone,you mean that you want them
to stop what they are doing,for
example to stop criticizing you,The
expression means that what one has
said,done,etc,is quite or more than
sufficient,so that nothing more needs
to be said,It is usually said as
indication or warning that what is going
on must be stopped.
(3) There are very few countries in
the world where anti-
intellectualism runs as high in
popular culture as it does in the
U.S,-- Almost no country in the
world is like the U.S where anti-
intellectualism becomes so strong
in popular culture.
run -- (used as a link verb followed
by an adjective) develop or pass
into a certain (usu,undesirable)
condition; become
In spring the brooks would run high
with meltwater.
Since their mother passed away,the
children have been running wild.
Differences between the two sides run
deep.
(4) Do we really expect to stay
afloat largely by importing our
scientists and intellectuals from
abroad,.,-- Do we really expect
that our country will survive in
the world by introducing
scientists and intellectuals from
abroad,..
(5) Our fault lies not so much with
our economy or with our politics as
within ourselves,our values and
our image of a good life,-- Our
problem is due to ourselves,to our
social values and our image of a
good life,rather than to such
outside forces as our economy or
our politics,
6) pursuing knowledge to the full
extent of one's abilities -- making
the most of one's abilities to
acquire knowledge
7) Not until the words "nerd" and
"geek" become terms of praise rather
than insults do we stand a chance,--
We will not achieve anything until
we all consider "nerd" and "geek"
words of praise instead of words of
insult,that is,until anti-
intellectualism is completely done
away with,
Grammar Focus
① Not until used at the beginning of a
sentence with predicate partly
inverted
When Not until is put at the beginning
of a sentence,the predicate in the
main clause shall be partly inverted,
This pattern differs from the normal
not,.,until pattern in that it implies
more emphasis on the subordinate
time clause.
Not until eleven did I get up last
Sunday.
Not until everyone else had left
did he manage to finish his
assignment,
Not until she received an award
from her hospital did he realize
how emotionally attached she
was to her profession.
Compare not,.,until
Once he starts a job he won't
stop until it's finished.
He didn't have a girlfriend
until he was thirty.
② the be + infinitive construction
The be + infinitive construction can be used to:
a) Convey orders or instruction
No one is to leave this building without the
permission of the police,(= no one may leave)
He is to stay here till we return,(= he must
stay)
This pattern is a rather impersonal way of
giving instructions and is chiefly used with the
third person.
Compare the following sentences:
Compare the following sentences:
Stay here,Tom,(an order)
You are to stay here,Tom,(the wishes of
another person)
b) Convey a plan or to indicate
arrangements which have been planned
for the future Examples:
She is to get married next month.
The Prime Minister is to make a
statement tomorrow.
③ Stop to do sth,and stop doing
sth,
Verb stop can be followed by either
an infinitive or an -ing,with
difference in meaning,The
infinitive refers to things that
happen after the stopping,while the
-ing form refers to things that
happen earlier before the stopping.
John stopped smoking,(He gave up
smoking.)
John stopped to smoke,(He stopped
what he was doing in order to
smoke.)
