Chapter 9 The World Wide Web
计算机专业英语 9-1
Computer English
Chapter 9 The World Wide Web
Chapter 9 The World Wide Web
计算机专业英语 9-2
理解万维网 (World Wide Web)的工作原理;
能够描述 Internet和万维网的特征及其服务;
了解学术论文写作的有关知识。
Requirements:
Chapter 9 The World Wide Web
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The invention of the Web brought an extraordinary
expansion of digital services to millions of amateur
computer users,including color text and pages,
formatted text,pictures,animations,video,and sound,In
short,the Web makes nearly all the rich elements of
human expression needed to establish a commercial
marketplace available to nontechnical computer users
worldwide.
万维网的发明带来了为数以百万计的业余计算机使用者提供的数字化服务的非常扩展,包括彩色文本和网页、格式化文本、
图片、动画、视频和声音。简而言之,万维网使建立商业化市场必需的人类表达方式的几乎所有丰富要素对非技术计算机使用者成为可能。
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计算机专业英语 9-4
New Words & Expressions
animation n,动画 browse v.n.浏览
Hypertext n,超文本 protocol n,草案,协议
extension n.扩展名 supplant vt.排挤掉,代替
browser n 浏览器 surf vi.作冲浪运动,vt.在,..冲浪
extension n.扩展名 supplant vt.排挤掉,代替
browser n 浏览器 surf vi.作冲浪运动,vt.在,..冲浪
Netscape 美国 Netscape公司,以开发 Internet浏览器闻名
Abbreviations
GML (Generalized Markup Language) 通用置标语言
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) 标准通用置标语言
XML (Extensible Markup Language) 可扩展链接标示语言
SSL (Security Socket Layer) 加密套接字协议层
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传输协议
PDA (personal digital assistant) 个人数字助理
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计算机专业英语 9-5
9.1 HYPERTEXT
Web pages can be accessed through the Internet because the
Web browser software operating your PC can request Web
pages stored on an Internet host server using the HTTP protocol,
Hypertext is a way of formatting pages with embedded links
that connect documents to one another,and that also link pages
to other objects such as sound,video,or animation files,When
you click on a graphic and a video clip plays,you have clicked
on a hyperlink,
因为操作个人计算机的网络浏览器软件能使用 HTTP协议对储存在因特网主机服务器上的一个网页发出请求,所以能通过因特网访问万维网网页。超文本是使用嵌入式链接形成格式化网页的一种方法,这些链接将文档彼此联结,而且将网页链接到其他对象如声音、视频或动画文件。当你点击一个图形和一个视频剪辑播放按钮的时候,你在点击一个超链接。
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HTTP is the first set of letters at the start of every Web address,
followed by the domain name,The domain name specifies the
organization’s server computer that is housing the document,
Most companies have a domain name that is the same as or
closely related to their official corporate name,The directory
path and document name are two more pieces of information
within the Web address that help the browser track down the
requested page,Together,the address is called a Uniform
Resource Locator,or URL,When typed into a browser,a URL
tells it exactly where to look for the information.
HTTP是每个网址的第一个字母组合,位于网址的起始位置,紧跟着它的是域名。域名指定组织的服务器计算机,而文件收藏于服务器计算机之上。
大多数公司有一个与其官方公司名字相同或接近的域名。目录路径和文件名在网址中是出现较多的两个信息,它帮助浏览器捕捉被请求的网页。同时,网址叫做统一资源定位符,或 URL。当把网址键入一个浏览器内时,
URL准确分辨到哪里找寻数据。
9.1 HYPERTEXT
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Although the most common Web page formatting
language is HTML,the concept behind document
formatting actually had its roots in the 1960s with the
development of Generalized Markup Language (GML).
虽然最常见的网页格式化语言是 HTML,实际上文档格式的概念早在 20世纪 60年代随着通用置标语言 (GML)的发展就形成了。
9.2 HYPERTEXT
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SGML,In 1986,the International Standards Organization
adopted a variation of GML called Standard Generalized
Markup Language,or SGML,The purpose of SGML was
to help very large organizations format and categorize
large collections of documents,The advantage of SGML
is that it can run independent of any software program
but,unfortunately,it is extremely complicated and
difficult to learn,Probably for this reason,it has not been
widely adopted.
SGML(标准通用置标语言 )。在 1986年,国际标准组织正式通过了 GML的一种变体叫做标准通用置标语言,或 SGML。 SGML
的目标是帮助特大型组织对大量文档格式化并归类。 SGML的优点是它能独立于任何软件程序运行,但不幸的是,它极端复杂和难学。或许因为这个理由,它没有被广泛地采用。
9.2 HYPERTEXT
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HTML,HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a GML that
is relatively easy to use,HTML provides Web page
designers with a fixed set of markup,tags” that are used
to format a Web page,When these tags are inserted into
a Web page,they are read by the browser and interpreted
into a page display,You can see the source HTML code
for any Web page by simply clicking on the,Page
Source” command found in all browsers.
HTML(超文本链接标示语言 )。 HTML是相对容易使用的一种
GML。 HTML为网页设计者提供一组固定的标示“标签”用于格式化网页。当这些标签被插入一个网页之中时,他们被浏览器阅读并翻译为网页显示。你可以看见任何网页的 HTML源代码,只需点击一下所有浏览器中都能找到的 "网页源文件 "指令。
9.2 HYPERTEXT
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计算机专业英语 9-10
HTML functions to define the structure and style of a document,
including the headings,graphic positioning,tables,and text
formatting.5 Since its introduction,the two major browsers—
Netscape’s Navigator and Microsoft’s Internet Explorer— have
continuously added features to HTML to enable programmers
to further refine their page layouts,Unfortunately,many of the
enhancements only work in one company’s browser,and this
development threatens the attainment of a universal computing
platform.
HTML的功能是定义文件的结构和风格,包括标题、图形定位、表格和本文格式。从 HTML引入以来,两个主要的浏览器 ——Netscape(网景公司 )的
Navigator和 Microsoft(微软公司 )的 Internet Explorer——不断地把特征加入 HTML之中,使程序员能够进一步改进他们的页设计。不幸的是,许多功能的加强只有在一个公司的浏览器中起作用,而且这种发展威胁到通用计算机平台的实现。
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HTML Web pages can be created with any text editor,
such as Notepad or Wordpad,using Microsoft Word
(simply save the Word document as a Web page) or any
one of several Web page editors.
HTML网页可以使用微软的 Word或几种网页编辑器中任何一种通过本文编辑器生成,例如 Notepad(记事本 )或 Wordpad(写字本 ) (只需把 Word文件保存为一个网页 )。
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XML,Extensible Markup Language (XML) takes Web
document formatting a giant leap forward,XML is a new
markup language specification developed by the W3C
(the World Wide Web Consortium),XML is a markup
language like HTML,but it has very different purposes.
Whereas the purpose of HTML is to control the,look and
feel” and display of data on the Web page,XML is
designed to describe data and information.
XML(可扩展标示语言 )。 XML使网络文件格式化发生了一次巨大的飞跃。 XML是由万维网联合会开发的一种新型置标语言规范。 XML是像 HTML一样的一种置标语言,但是它又有非常不同的目的。 XML是用于描述数据和信息,而 HTML的目的是控制
"表现与感觉 " 并将数据在网页上显示。
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For instance,if you want to send a patient’s medical
record—including diagnosis,personal identity,medical
history information,and any doctor’s notes—from a
database in Boston to a hospital in New York over the
Web,it would be impossible using HTML,However,with
XML,these rich documents (database records) for
patients could be easily sent over the Web and displayed.
比如,如果你想要把一个病人的病历卡 ——包括诊断、个人身份、病史信息和任何医生笔记 ——通过网络从一个在波士顿的数据库发送到位于纽约的一所医院,使用 HTML是不可能的。
然而,使用 XML,这些有关病人的富文件 (数据库记录 )可以容易通过网络发送并显示。
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XML is,extensible,” which means the tags used to describe and
display data are defined by the user,whereas in HTML the tags are
limited and predefined,XML can also transform information into new
formats,such as by importing information from a database and
displaying it as a table,With XML,information can be analyzed and
displayed selectively,making it a more powerful alternative to HTML.
This means that business firms,or entire industries,can describe all
of their invoices,accounts payable,payroll records,and financial
information using a Web-compatible markup language,Once
described,these business documents can be stored on intranet Web
servers and shared throughout the corporation.
XML是 "可扩展的 ",意味着用于描述并显示数据的标签被使用者定义,而在 HTML中标签是有限制的,而且是预先定义的。 XML也能把信息转变成新的格式,例如从一个数据库输入信息并显示为一张表格。使用 XML,数据能被有选择性地分析且显示,
使它成为比 HTML更有力的可选方案。这意味着商业公司,或整个行业,全部能使用与网络兼容的置标语言通过发票、可支付帐户、薪资记录和财政信息来描述。一旦完成描述,这些商业文件可以被储存在内联网网络服务器上并在整个公司共享。
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XML is not yet a replacement for HTML,Currently,XML is
fully supported only by Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 5,
and is not supported by Netscape (although this may
change),Whether XML eventually supplants HTML as the
standard Web formatting specification depends a lot on
whether it is supported by future Web browsers.
Currently,XML and HTML work side by side on the same
Web pages,HTML is used to define how information
should be formatted,and XML is being used to describe
the data itself.
XML仍然不能替换 HTML。当前,只有微软的 Internet Explorer 5完全支持 XML,而
Netscape(网景公司 )不支持 (虽然这种现象可能改变 )。 XML能否最终替代 HTML作为标准的网络格式规范,在很大程度上仰赖于将来的网络浏览器是否支持它。目前,XML和 HTML在相同的网页上并肩工作。 HTML用来定义应该如何格式化信息,
而 XML用来描述数据它本身。
9.2 HYPERTEXT
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We have already described client/server computing and
the revolution in computing architecture brought about
by client/server computing,You already know that a
server is a computer attached to a network that stores
files,controls peripheral devices,interfaces with the
outside world—including the Internet—and does some
processing for other computers on the network.
我们已经描述了客户机 /服务器计算技术及其在计算机技术结构中引起的革命。你已经知道服务器是一台联接到网络的计算机,用于储存文件、控制外设、与外界 ——包括因特网接口,
且为网络上的其他计算机进行一些处理。
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But what is a Web server? Web server software refers to
the software that enables a computer to deliver Web
pages written in HTML to client machines on a network
that request this service by sending an HTTP request.
The two leading brands of Web server software are
Apache,which is free Web server shareware that
accounts for about 60% of the market,and Microsoft’s
NT Server software,which accounts for about 20% of the
market.
但什么是网络服务器?网络服务器软件是一种使计算机能够向网上客户机传递 HTML网页的软件,而客户机通过发出 HTTP
请求申请这种服务。网络服务器软件的两种主要品牌是
Apache和微软的 NT服务器软件,前者是一种免费的网络服务器共享软件,约占有 60%的市场;后者约占有 20%的市场。
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Aside from responding to requests for Web pages,all
Web servers provide some additional basic capabilities
such as the following,
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—This protocol allows
users to transfer files to and from the server,Some
sites limit file uploads to the Web server,while others
restrict downloads,depending on the user’s identity.
除了回应网页请求之外,所有的网络服务器还提供一些附加的基本能力,例如下列各项,
文件传输协议 (FTP)——这个协议允许使用者从服务器来回移动文件。根据使用者的身份不同,一些网站限制文件上传到网络服务器,而其他网站限制下载。
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Security services—These consist mainly of authentication
services that verify that the person trying to access the site is
authorized to do so,For Web sites that process payment
transactions,the Web server also supports Secure Sockets
Layer (SSL),the Internet protocol for transmitting and
receiving information securely over the Internet,When private
information such as names,phone numbers,addresses,and
credit card data need to be provided to a Web site,the Web
server uses SSL to ensure that the data passing back and
forth from the browser to the server is not compromised.
安全服务 ——主要由认证服务组成,确认人们试图对网站进行的访问是经过授权的。对于处理支付交易的网站,网络服务器也支持加密套接字协议层 (SSL)——用于在因特网上安全地传输与接收信息的因特网协议。当私人信息如姓名、电话号码、地址和信用卡数据等需要向一个网站提供时,
网络服务器使用 SSL确保从浏览器到服务器来回传递的数据不被损害。
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计算机专业英语 9-20
Search engine—Just as search engine sites enable
users to search the entire Web for particular documents,
search engine modules within the basic Web server
software package enable indexing of the site’s Web
pages and content,and permit easy keyword searching
of the site’s content,When conducting a search,a
search engine makes use of an index,which is a list of
all the documents on the server,The search term is
compared to the index to identify likely matches.
搜索引擎 ——正如搜索引擎网站使用户能够为特殊的文件搜寻整个万维网,基本网络服务器软件包中的搜寻引擎模块允许对网站的网页和内容进行索引,并允许网站内容的关键词搜索。
当进行搜寻时,搜索引擎使用索引,索引是服务器上所有文件的列表。将搜寻项与索引进行比较,确定可能的匹配
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Data capture — Web servers are also helpful at
monitoring site traffic,capturing information on who has
visited a site,how long the user stayed there,the date
and time of each visit,and which specific pages on the
server were accessed,This information is compiled and
saved in a log file,which can then be analyzed by a user
log file,By analyzing a log file,a site manager can find
out the total number of visitors,average length of each
visit,and the most popular destinations,or Web pages.
数据捕获 ——网络服务器还有助于监测网站访问量,捕获有关谁访问某个网站、用户在那里停留多久、每次访问的日期和时间、和服务器上哪个特定网页被存取等信息。这个信息被汇编并保存在一个日志文件中,然后能通过用户日志文件进行分析。通过分析一个日志文件,网站管理员能找出访客总数、平均访问时间长度和最流行的目的地或网页。
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计算机专业英语 9-22
The term Web server is sometimes also used to refer to the
physical computer that runs Web server software,Leading
manufacturers of Web server computers are IBM,Compaq,
Dell,and Hewlett Packard,Although any personal computer
can run Web server software,it is best to use a computer that
has been optimized for this purpose,To be a Web server,a
computer must have the Web server software described above
installed and be connected to the Internet,Every Web server
machine has an IP address.
术语 网络服务器 有时也被用于指运行网络服务器软件的实际计算机。网络服务器计算机的领先制造商是 IBM(国际商用机器公司 ),Compaq(康柏 )、
Dell(戴尔 )和 Hewlett Packard(惠普 )。虽然任何个人计算机都能运行网络服务器软件,但是最好使用一部为这个目的最佳化的计算机。作为一个网络服务器,一部计算机必须安装上述网络服务器软件且联接到因特网。每部网络服务器计算机有一个 IP地址。
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Aside from the generic Web server software packages,there
are actually many types of specialized servers on the Web,
from database servers that access specific information with a
database,to ad servers that deliver targeted banner ads,to
mail servers that provide mail messages,and video servers
that provide video clips,At a small e-commerce site,all of
these software packages might be running on a single
machine,with a single processor,At a large corporate site,
there may be hundreds of discrete machines,many with
multiple processors,running specialized Web server
functions described above.
除了一般的网络服务器软件包之外,网络上其实还有许多类专用服务器,从访问数据库特定信息的数据库服务器,到递特定标题广告的广告服务器,到提供邮寄信息的邮件服务器,以及提供视频剪辑的视频服务器。在一个小型电子商务网站,所有的这些软件包可能在一部具有一个处理器的机器上运行。在一个大公司的网站,可能有数百台分布的机器,多数具有多个处理器,运行上述特定的网络服务器功能
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A Web client,on the other hand,is any computing device
attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP
requests and displaying HTML pages,The most common
client is a Windows PC or Macintosh,with various flavors of
UNIX machines a distant third.
另一方面,网络客户机是指任何一种联接到因特网、能够发出
HTTP请求并显示网页的计算装置。最常见的客户机是采用
Windows操作系统的个人计算机或麦金托什机,各种不同风格的 UNIX机远远排在第三。
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The primary purpose of Web browsers is to display Web
pages,but browsers also have added features,such as
e-mail and newsgroups (an online discussion group or
forum).
网络浏览器的主要目的是显示网页,但浏览器还有更多的功能,例如电子邮件和新闻讨论组 (在线讨论组或论坛 )。
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Currently 94% of Web users use either Internet Explorer or Netscape
Navigator,but recently some new browsers have been developed
that are beginning to attract attention,The browser Opera is
becoming very popular because of its speed—it is currently the
world’s fastest browser—and because it is much smaller than
existing browsers (it can almost fit on a single diskette),It can also
remember the last Web page you visited,so the next time you surf,
you can start where you left off,And like the big two,you can get it
for free; the catch is that you have to watch blinking ads in one
corner,or pay $40 for the ad-free version of Opera.
目前,94%的网络用户使用 Internet Explorer或 Netscape Navigator浏览器,但是最近已开发出的一些新浏览器开始吸引人们的注意力。 Oprea浏览器正在变得非常流行,因为它的速度 ——它是目前世界上最快的浏览器,
而且因为它比现有浏览器小得多 (它几乎可以装在一张软盘上 )。它也能记得你访问过的最后一个网页,因此下回漫游时,你能从你停止的地方开始。
而且像那两个大浏览器一样,你能免费得到它;其陷阱是你不得不看一个角落中可恶的广告,否则要支付 40美元购买无广告版。
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The browser NeoPlanet is also gaining new fans,primarily
because of the 500+ skins,or design schemes,that come
with it,Using skins,you can design the browser to look and
sound just the way you’d like it to,rather than being limited to
the standard look provided by Navigator and Internet Explorer.
However,NeoPlanet requires Internet Explorer’s technology
in order to operate,so you must also have IE installed on
your computer.
浏览器 NeoPlanet也正在获得新的爱好者,主要因为它带有 500
多套界面或设计方案。使用不同界面,你能根据你喜欢看或听的方式设计浏览器,而不是被限于 Netscape Navigator和
Internet Explorer浏览器提供的标准外观。然而,NeoPlanet
需要 Internet Explorer的技术来运行,因此你也必须在计算机上安装 IE。
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学术论文的英文写作简介一、科技论文的结构
Title(标题 )
Abstract(摘要 )
Keywords(关键词 )
Table of contents(目录 )
Nomenclature(术语表 )
Introduction(引言 )
Method(方法 )
Results(结果 )
Discussion(讨论 )
Conclusion(结论 )
Acknowledgement(致谢 )
Notes(注释 )
References(参考文献 )
Appendix(附录 )
正文一篇完整规范的学术论文结构如右所示:
其中,
Title,
Abstract,
Introduction,
Method,
Result,Discussion,
Conclusion和
Reference
八项内容是必不可少的,其他内容则根据具体需要而定
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二、正文学术论文的 正文一般包括 Method,Result,Discussion三个部分 。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。 Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性,反映一个研究课题的价值,同时提出以后的研究方向。
为了帮助说明论据、事实,正文中经常使用各种图表。最常用的是附图( Figure)和表( Table),此外还有图解或简图
( Diagram)、曲线图或流程图( Graph)、视图( View)、
剖面图( Profile)、图案( Pattern)等。在文中提到时,通常的表达法为:
如图 4 所示 As (is) shown in Fig.4,
如表 1 所示 As (is) shown in Tab.1,
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三、结论在正文最后应有结论( Conclusions)或建议 (Suggestions)。
(1) 关于结论可用如下表达方式:
① The following conclusions can be drawn from …( 由 …… 可得出如下结论 )
② It can be concluded that …( 可以得出结论 ……)
③ We may conclude that… 或 We come to the conclusion that…( 我们得出如下结论 ……)
④ It is generally accepted (believed,held,acknowledged) that…( 一般认为 …)( 用于表示肯定的结论 )
⑤ We think (consider,believe,feel) that…( 我们认为 …)( 用于表示留有商量余地的结论 )
(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。
① It is advantageous to (do)
② It should be realized (emphasized,stressed,noted,pointed out )
that …
③ It is suggested (proposed,recommended,desirable) that …
④ It would be better (helpful,advisable) that…
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四、结尾部分
1、致谢为了对曾给予支持与帮助或关心的人表示感谢,在论文之后,
作者通常对有关人员致以简短的谢词,可用如下方式:
I am thankful to sb,for sth
I am grateful to sb,for sth
I am deeply indebted to sb,for sth
I would like to thank sb,for sth.
Thanks are due to sb,for sth
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to
sb,for sth,
The author wishes to acknowledge sb.
The author wishes to express his gratitude for sth.
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四、结尾部分
2、注释注释有两种方式,一种为 脚注,即将注释放在出现的当页底部;
另一种是将全文 注释集中在结尾部分 。两种注释位置不同,方法一样。注释内容包括,
(1) 引文出处。注释方式参见“参考文献”。
(2) 对引文的说明,如作者的见解、解释。
(3) 文中所提到的人的身份,依次为职称或职务、单位。如,
Professor,Dean of Dept…,University (教授,…… 大学 …… 系主任)
Chairman,… Company,USA (美国 …… 公司董事长)
(4) 本论文是否曾发表过。
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四、结尾部分
3、参考文献在论文的最后应将写论文所参考过的主要论著列出,目的是表示对别人成果的尊重或表示本论文的科学根据,同时也便于读者查阅。参考文献的列法如下:
如果是书籍,应依次写出作者、书名、出版社名称、出版年代、页数。如,
Dailey,C.L,and Wood,F.C.,Computation curves for compressible
Fluid Problems,John Wiley & Sons,Inc,New York,1949,pp.37-39
如果是论文,应依次写出作者、论文题目、杂志名称、卷次、期次、页数。
如,
Marrish Joseph G.,Turbulence Modeling for Computational
Aerodynamics,AIAA J.Vol-21,No.7,1983,PP.941-955
如果是会议的会刊或论文集,则应指出会议举行的时间、地点。如,
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Fracture Dec.4-
10,1984,New Delhi,India
如果作者不止一人,可列出第一作者,其后加上 et al。如,Wagner,R.S,
et al,….
学术论文的英文写作简介