CHAPTER 12 SOIL TILLAGE AND
MANAGEMENT
Section1 Concept of soil tillage and basic manipulation
一,Concept of soil tillage
Tillage- The mechanical
manipulation of the soil
profile for any purpose.
Soil tillage - oldest procedure
of agriculture to manipulate
the soil to improve crop
production.
Farmers of West Africa
preparing their land for
planting.
Tillage - Modern
Tillage uses more
energy than any
other cropping
procedure.
Tillage requires time,
since lifting the soil
and moving it can
not be done rapidly.
Tillage – Objectives:
(1) Preparation of seedbed
(2) Control of weeds
(3) Fluff soil - reduce bulk density of root zone
(4) Soil and Water conservation
二,Basic manipulation of tillage
1,Plowing
2,Preparation of soil
3,Intertillage
4,Other tillage manipulation
Section 2 Mechanics natures of soil
一,Soil coherence
The natures of soil coherence:
Van der Waals force,hydrogen
bond,coulombian force,and
water membrane surface tension.
Affect the factors of soil
coherence,
1,Soil specific surface and its
affect the factors
2,Soil moisture content
表 12－ 1 各种土壤的粘结力及对铁片的粘着力 (Schubler)
土 壤干土的相对粘结力
(以灰色纯粘土作为 100)
湿土对铁片的粘着力
(磅 /英尺 2)
1.硅质纯砂土
2.腐殖质
3.菜园土
4.砂粘土
5.壤粘土
6.灰色纯粘土
0.0
8.7
7.6
57.3
68.8
100.0
3.8
8.8
6.4
7.9
10.6
17.2
二,Soil adhesivity
三,Soil plastic
Plastic –A soil capable of being molded or
deformed continuously and permanently,by
relatively moderate pressure,into various shapes.
The liquid limit is the gravimetric moisture content at
which the soil changes from being plastic and starts to
behave as a viscous liquid.
The plastic limit is the gravimetric moisture content at
which a soil changes from being ‘friable’ into being
‘plastic’.
The plasticity index is defined as the difference between
the liquid and plastic limits.
Atterberg limits- The collective designation of five so-
called limits of consistency of fine-grained soils,
suggested by Albert Atterbrg,1911-912,but with
current usage usually retaining only the liquid limit,
the plastic limit,and the plasticity number (or index).
Table 12－ 2 Plasticity index of various texture
soils（ moisture content ％）
The plastic
limit
The liquid
limit
The
plasticity
index
Clay
Clay loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Sand
23～ 30
16～ 22
10～ 15
<10
0
41～ 50
28～ 40
17～ 27
<16
0
18～ 20
12～ 17
7～ 12
<7
0
Table 12－ 3 The plastic limit of clay minerals
by Ca or Na saturated (moisture content %)
Ca saturated Na saturated
The plastic
limit
The
liquid
limit
The
plastic
limit
The
liquid
limit
Montmorillonites
Kaolinite
63
36
177
73
97
26
700
52
四,Soil swell-shrink
soils with more than 30%
clay have a high Swell
Shrink > clay more S.S,
Potential (if clay is 2:1)
to avoid this problem soil
must be compacted and
water must be kept out.
Without the above -
Swell/shrink will crack
foundations and
pavements or move
telephone poles.
The function of various cations to soil swell-shrink:
Na+,K+ > Ca2+,Mg2+ > H+
五,Soil tillage resistance
（一） Soil resistance
to compression and
to penetration
（二） Soil draft
resisting force
Section 3 Soil tilth and tillage management
Tilth is the term for the physical condition of a tilled soil.
它包括：
（ 1） 耕作时土壤对农具操作的机械阻力,即耕作的难易问题；
（ 2） 耕作后与植物生长有关的土壤物理性状,即耕作质量问题 。
对土壤耕性的要求有：
（ 1） 耕作阻力尽可能小,以便于作业和节约能源 。
（ 2） 耕作质量好,耕翻的土壤要松碎,便于根的穿扎和有利于保温,保墒,通气和养分转化 。
（ 3） 适耕期尽可能长 。
一,Relation between mechanics natures of soil and fitting
tillage stage
Soil fitting tillage stage 土壤宜耕期是指土壤含水量适宜进行耕作的时段范围，在宜耕期内，耕作消耗的能量最少，团粒化效果最好。
用时间来表示宜耕期是不准确的。
晴天时，适宜耕作的时间短，阴天时适宜耕作的时间长；
有风时，适宜耕作的时间短，无风时适宜耕作的时间长；
二,Soil compression problem
The relation between void ratio and pressure:
e=A logp-C
Where e is void ratio,A is compression index,p is pressure
force,C is a constant.
Affect the factors of soil compression,soil moisture
content,organic matter,types of exchangeable cations etc.
(二 ) Prevention of soil compression
(一 ) Soil compression process and affect the factors
三,Puddle in paddy soil and Prevention
湿耕湿耙会减少犁耕阻力，但也会破坏土壤的团聚化程度，严重时土壤转变为单粒状的均质土体，这种状态称为
Soil puddle。
干耕燥整是防止土壤粘闭的重要耕作方法，尤其对质地较粘重的土壤。水田土壤的干耕燥整，主要在冬季进行。
Table 12－ 5 干耕燥作对耕层构造的影响耕作处理 容 重 孔度 土块 (每平方米内的块数 )
（ g/cm3) (%) 直径 >8
厘米直径 <8厘米干 耕湿 耕
0.84
1.13
67.4
57.2
85.5
130.5
2506.5
1741.5
秧田先干耕燥整，再灌水耥田，可使土壤细而不烂，
上糊下松，保持较好的耕层构造，能促使秧苗健壮，防止烂秧。
四,Crop rotation and 培肥合理轮作可利用作物根系来改良耕层构造。不同作物的根系在土壤中所起的作用不同，有的作物根系庞大，能提供大量有机胶结物质，在生长过程中根系就能促进结构的形成,
Section 4 Several main tillage methods
一、传统耕作方法关于坷垃形成的原因问题二、深松耕作法
①创造适宜的土壤紧实度；
②提高土壤水的保蓄量；
③促进根系的发育；
三、免耕和少耕法
20世纪 60年代正式提出了免耕法。
根据 1983年统计，美国三种耕作法的面积，免耕法是
1300万英亩，少耕法是 11280万英亩，传统耕作法是
19610万英亩，免耕法中以玉米、大豆面积最大，分别为
506万英亩和 492万英亩，其余为高梁、棉花、蔬菜、小粒谷物和更新草地等。免耕法在美国西部占有很大比重。
免耕法主要由 三个环节 组成：
一是 残茬覆盖二是 联合免耕播种机三是应用 广谱的除草剂
NO - Till Planting
No till
This planting system
prepares a seedbed 2
inches wide or less,
leaving most of the
surface undisturbed
and still covered with
crop residues,
The result is a wetter,
colder environment that
protects the seed and
soil with its insulating
effect of the surface
residue.
Chisel Plowing
Chisel Plowing
This system does not turn the soil over,but rather
leaves it rough with clods of soil,with plenty of crop
residue remaining,
The soil density and amount of covering depends
on the depth,size,shape,spacing,of the chisel
blades,
The residue and rough,cloddy surface of the soil
reduces raindrops impact and reduces runoff
velocities,thus reducing erosion.
Disk Plowing
Similar to Chisel plowing,some
residues are turned under by the
disk lifting and inverting the soil.
四、深耕蓄肥改土耕作法大窝耕作法
33－ 50厘米的方坑，
深度也在 33－ 50厘米，
把表层土加混有机物料和其它土壤改良剂后集中回填到坑中，
每亩挖坑 600－ 1000个
“垄沟种植”
MANAGEMENT
Section1 Concept of soil tillage and basic manipulation
一,Concept of soil tillage
Tillage- The mechanical
manipulation of the soil
profile for any purpose.
Soil tillage - oldest procedure
of agriculture to manipulate
the soil to improve crop
production.
Farmers of West Africa
preparing their land for
planting.
Tillage - Modern
Tillage uses more
energy than any
other cropping
procedure.
Tillage requires time,
since lifting the soil
and moving it can
not be done rapidly.
Tillage – Objectives:
(1) Preparation of seedbed
(2) Control of weeds
(3) Fluff soil - reduce bulk density of root zone
(4) Soil and Water conservation
二,Basic manipulation of tillage
1,Plowing
2,Preparation of soil
3,Intertillage
4,Other tillage manipulation
Section 2 Mechanics natures of soil
一,Soil coherence
The natures of soil coherence:
Van der Waals force,hydrogen
bond,coulombian force,and
water membrane surface tension.
Affect the factors of soil
coherence,
1,Soil specific surface and its
affect the factors
2,Soil moisture content
表 12－ 1 各种土壤的粘结力及对铁片的粘着力 (Schubler)
土 壤干土的相对粘结力
(以灰色纯粘土作为 100)
湿土对铁片的粘着力
(磅 /英尺 2)
1.硅质纯砂土
2.腐殖质
3.菜园土
4.砂粘土
5.壤粘土
6.灰色纯粘土
0.0
8.7
7.6
57.3
68.8
100.0
3.8
8.8
6.4
7.9
10.6
17.2
二,Soil adhesivity
三,Soil plastic
Plastic –A soil capable of being molded or
deformed continuously and permanently,by
relatively moderate pressure,into various shapes.
The liquid limit is the gravimetric moisture content at
which the soil changes from being plastic and starts to
behave as a viscous liquid.
The plastic limit is the gravimetric moisture content at
which a soil changes from being ‘friable’ into being
‘plastic’.
The plasticity index is defined as the difference between
the liquid and plastic limits.
Atterberg limits- The collective designation of five so-
called limits of consistency of fine-grained soils,
suggested by Albert Atterbrg,1911-912,but with
current usage usually retaining only the liquid limit,
the plastic limit,and the plasticity number (or index).
Table 12－ 2 Plasticity index of various texture
soils（ moisture content ％）
The plastic
limit
The liquid
limit
The
plasticity
index
Clay
Clay loam
Loam
Sandy loam
Sand
23～ 30
16～ 22
10～ 15
<10
0
41～ 50
28～ 40
17～ 27
<16
0
18～ 20
12～ 17
7～ 12
<7
0
Table 12－ 3 The plastic limit of clay minerals
by Ca or Na saturated (moisture content %)
Ca saturated Na saturated
The plastic
limit
The
liquid
limit
The
plastic
limit
The
liquid
limit
Montmorillonites
Kaolinite
63
36
177
73
97
26
700
52
四,Soil swell-shrink
soils with more than 30%
clay have a high Swell
Shrink > clay more S.S,
Potential (if clay is 2:1)
to avoid this problem soil
must be compacted and
water must be kept out.
Without the above -
Swell/shrink will crack
foundations and
pavements or move
telephone poles.
The function of various cations to soil swell-shrink:
Na+,K+ > Ca2+,Mg2+ > H+
五,Soil tillage resistance
（一） Soil resistance
to compression and
to penetration
（二） Soil draft
resisting force
Section 3 Soil tilth and tillage management
Tilth is the term for the physical condition of a tilled soil.
它包括：
（ 1） 耕作时土壤对农具操作的机械阻力,即耕作的难易问题；
（ 2） 耕作后与植物生长有关的土壤物理性状,即耕作质量问题 。
对土壤耕性的要求有：
（ 1） 耕作阻力尽可能小,以便于作业和节约能源 。
（ 2） 耕作质量好,耕翻的土壤要松碎,便于根的穿扎和有利于保温,保墒,通气和养分转化 。
（ 3） 适耕期尽可能长 。
一,Relation between mechanics natures of soil and fitting
tillage stage
Soil fitting tillage stage 土壤宜耕期是指土壤含水量适宜进行耕作的时段范围，在宜耕期内，耕作消耗的能量最少，团粒化效果最好。
用时间来表示宜耕期是不准确的。
晴天时，适宜耕作的时间短，阴天时适宜耕作的时间长；
有风时，适宜耕作的时间短，无风时适宜耕作的时间长；
二,Soil compression problem
The relation between void ratio and pressure:
e=A logp-C
Where e is void ratio,A is compression index,p is pressure
force,C is a constant.
Affect the factors of soil compression,soil moisture
content,organic matter,types of exchangeable cations etc.
(二 ) Prevention of soil compression
(一 ) Soil compression process and affect the factors
三,Puddle in paddy soil and Prevention
湿耕湿耙会减少犁耕阻力，但也会破坏土壤的团聚化程度，严重时土壤转变为单粒状的均质土体，这种状态称为
Soil puddle。
干耕燥整是防止土壤粘闭的重要耕作方法，尤其对质地较粘重的土壤。水田土壤的干耕燥整，主要在冬季进行。
Table 12－ 5 干耕燥作对耕层构造的影响耕作处理 容 重 孔度 土块 (每平方米内的块数 )
（ g/cm3) (%) 直径 >8
厘米直径 <8厘米干 耕湿 耕
0.84
1.13
67.4
57.2
85.5
130.5
2506.5
1741.5
秧田先干耕燥整，再灌水耥田，可使土壤细而不烂，
上糊下松，保持较好的耕层构造，能促使秧苗健壮，防止烂秧。
四,Crop rotation and 培肥合理轮作可利用作物根系来改良耕层构造。不同作物的根系在土壤中所起的作用不同，有的作物根系庞大，能提供大量有机胶结物质，在生长过程中根系就能促进结构的形成,
Section 4 Several main tillage methods
一、传统耕作方法关于坷垃形成的原因问题二、深松耕作法
①创造适宜的土壤紧实度；
②提高土壤水的保蓄量；
③促进根系的发育；
三、免耕和少耕法
20世纪 60年代正式提出了免耕法。
根据 1983年统计，美国三种耕作法的面积，免耕法是
1300万英亩，少耕法是 11280万英亩，传统耕作法是
19610万英亩，免耕法中以玉米、大豆面积最大，分别为
506万英亩和 492万英亩，其余为高梁、棉花、蔬菜、小粒谷物和更新草地等。免耕法在美国西部占有很大比重。
免耕法主要由 三个环节 组成：
一是 残茬覆盖二是 联合免耕播种机三是应用 广谱的除草剂
NO - Till Planting
No till
This planting system
prepares a seedbed 2
inches wide or less,
leaving most of the
surface undisturbed
and still covered with
crop residues,
The result is a wetter,
colder environment that
protects the seed and
soil with its insulating
effect of the surface
residue.
Chisel Plowing
Chisel Plowing
This system does not turn the soil over,but rather
leaves it rough with clods of soil,with plenty of crop
residue remaining,
The soil density and amount of covering depends
on the depth,size,shape,spacing,of the chisel
blades,
The residue and rough,cloddy surface of the soil
reduces raindrops impact and reduces runoff
velocities,thus reducing erosion.
Disk Plowing
Similar to Chisel plowing,some
residues are turned under by the
disk lifting and inverting the soil.
四、深耕蓄肥改土耕作法大窝耕作法
33－ 50厘米的方坑，
深度也在 33－ 50厘米，
把表层土加混有机物料和其它土壤改良剂后集中回填到坑中，
每亩挖坑 600－ 1000个
“垄沟种植”
