Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8 C H
A
P
T
E
R
Group Behavior and
Interpersonal Influence
?UNDERSTAND that the term group can be viewed from a
number of perspectives,
?IDENTIFY the elements in the process of group formation
and development,
?COMPARE formal and informal groups,
?DISCUSS the reasons why people form groups,
?DESCRIBE the stages of group formation,
?IDENTIFY several important characteristics of group
effectiveness,
?DISCUSS relevant criteria for group effectiveness,
?DESCRIBE the different types of teams and the factors
important to team success,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-3
Groups and Teams
Group
is two or more individuals interacting
with each other to accomplish a
common goal,
Team
is a mature groups with a degree of
member interdependence and
motivation to achieve a common goal,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-4
Common Characteristics
? Members who perform
specific
? Technical
? Leadership
? Problem-solving
? Emotional roles
Groups Teams
? Two or more who
interact
? A structure for work and
interaction
? Common goal or set of
goals
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-5
Types of Groups
Formal Groups
? Result from the demands and
processes of an organization
? Designated by the organization
as a means to an end
? Command group
? Comprises subordinates
reporting directly to a give
supervisor
? Task group
? Comprises employees who
work together to complete a
particular task or project
Informal Groups
? Result from natural groupings
of people in work environments
in response to social needs
? Are important for their own
sake
? Interest groups
? Comprises workers coming
together to achieve a mutual
objective
? Friendship groups
? Comprises workers who share
something in common
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-6
Need Satisfaction
? Social Needs
? Groups may facilitate the need
for personal interaction
? Security Needs
? Groups may create a,buffer”
between employees and the
organization
? Esteem Needs
? Groups may afford a higher-
status or level of prestige
beyond that which an
individual might attain
Why People Form Groups
Proximity
? Physical distance between
employees performing a job
Attraction
? Perceptual,attitudinal,
performance,or motivational
similarity
Group Goals
? Identifying with group objectives
Economic Benefits
? Gaining bargaining strength
through membership
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-7
? Uncertainty
about the
purpose,
structure and
leadership
Forming
Stages of Group Development
? Marked by
conflict
? Emotionally
intense stage
Storming
? Marked by
cooperation
and
collaboration
Norming
? Stage where
the group is
fully
functional
Performing
? Involves the
termination
of group
activities;
disbandment
Adjourning
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-8
Characteristics of Groups
Group Composition,The extent to which
group members are alike,
Heterogeneous Groups
?Groups who share few or no similar characteristics
?Related to the extent of diversity in an organization’s workforce
?Can also influence a number of other group characteristics
Homogeneous Groups
?Groups share a number of similar characteristics
?Demographics,personality,skills,abilities,or work experience
?Can influence a number of other group characteristics
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-9
Characteristics of Groups
Status Hierarchy,the extent to which group members
are assigned differing preferences or rank,
Assigned to particular positions based on
?Rank in organization
?Job seniority
?Other factors unrelated to hierarchy like
?Age
?Assignment
Deference paid to those highest in organization may have
unintended,possibly undesirable,consequences
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-10
Characteristics of Groups
Roles,A set of expectations for behavior,
Expected Roles
? Behavior expected of the occupant of a particular
position
Perceived Roles
? Behavior a person believes he or she should enact
Enacted Roles
? Behavior a person actually carries out
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-11
Characteristics of Groups
Norms,Standards shared by members of a
group,They emphasize certain characteristics
that are important to group members,
Characteristics,
? Formed only with respect to things important to
the group
? Related often to work group productivity
? Accepted in various degrees by group members
? Applied to every or only some group members
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-12
Characteristics of Groups
Situational
Factors Influences
Intergroup
Relationships Influences
Personal
Characteristics Influences
Norm Conformity
The extent to which
employees comply
with group norms,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-13
Characteristics of Groups
Leadership,The person generally
respected for embodying the group values,
aiding in goal accomplishment,and
enabling members to satisfy needs,
? Extremely crucial characteristic
? Exerts influence over the roles,norms,and
? Significant factor in formal and informal groups
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-14
Characteristics of Groups
Cohesiveness,A closeness or commonness of
attitude,behavior,and performance,
Sources of group cohesiveness include,
Compatible goals
Charismatic leadership
Group reputation and success
Smaller group size
Supportive of personal growth and development
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-15
Groupthink
Deterioration of mental efficiency,reality testing,and
moral judgment in the interest of group solidarity,
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS,
Illusion of invulnerability
Tendency to moralize
Feeling of unanimity
Pressure to conform
Opposing ideas dismissed
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-16
Group Effectiveness
Important Criteria
?Extent of a match between output
and standards of quality
?Extent that the group process
enhances group capability
?Extent that group experience
contributes to members’ growth and
well-being
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-17
Types of Teams
Problem-Solving
? Formed to deal with specific
or potential future problems
? Can be of short or long
duration
Cross-functional
? Consists of members from
different functional
departments
? Formed to address a specific
problem
Research and Development
? Used to develop new products
Virtual
? Consists of geographically
separated members working
assembled via
? E-mail
? Desktop and real time
conferencing
? Video conferencing
? Electronic bulletin boards
? Other technologies
Self-managed
? Small groups of empowered
individuals
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-18
Developing Effective Teams
Training
Communications Rewards
Empowerment
Group
Effectiveness
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8 C H
A
P
T
E
R
Group Behavior and
Interpersonal Influence
?UNDERSTAND that the term group can be viewed from a
number of perspectives,
?IDENTIFY the elements in the process of group formation
and development,
?COMPARE formal and informal groups,
?DISCUSS the reasons why people form groups,
?DESCRIBE the stages of group formation,
?IDENTIFY several important characteristics of group
effectiveness,
?DISCUSS relevant criteria for group effectiveness,
?DESCRIBE the different types of teams and the factors
important to team success,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-3
Groups and Teams
Group
is two or more individuals interacting
with each other to accomplish a
common goal,
Team
is a mature groups with a degree of
member interdependence and
motivation to achieve a common goal,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-4
Common Characteristics
? Members who perform
specific
? Technical
? Leadership
? Problem-solving
? Emotional roles
Groups Teams
? Two or more who
interact
? A structure for work and
interaction
? Common goal or set of
goals
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-5
Types of Groups
Formal Groups
? Result from the demands and
processes of an organization
? Designated by the organization
as a means to an end
? Command group
? Comprises subordinates
reporting directly to a give
supervisor
? Task group
? Comprises employees who
work together to complete a
particular task or project
Informal Groups
? Result from natural groupings
of people in work environments
in response to social needs
? Are important for their own
sake
? Interest groups
? Comprises workers coming
together to achieve a mutual
objective
? Friendship groups
? Comprises workers who share
something in common
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-6
Need Satisfaction
? Social Needs
? Groups may facilitate the need
for personal interaction
? Security Needs
? Groups may create a,buffer”
between employees and the
organization
? Esteem Needs
? Groups may afford a higher-
status or level of prestige
beyond that which an
individual might attain
Why People Form Groups
Proximity
? Physical distance between
employees performing a job
Attraction
? Perceptual,attitudinal,
performance,or motivational
similarity
Group Goals
? Identifying with group objectives
Economic Benefits
? Gaining bargaining strength
through membership
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-7
? Uncertainty
about the
purpose,
structure and
leadership
Forming
Stages of Group Development
? Marked by
conflict
? Emotionally
intense stage
Storming
? Marked by
cooperation
and
collaboration
Norming
? Stage where
the group is
fully
functional
Performing
? Involves the
termination
of group
activities;
disbandment
Adjourning
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-8
Characteristics of Groups
Group Composition,The extent to which
group members are alike,
Heterogeneous Groups
?Groups who share few or no similar characteristics
?Related to the extent of diversity in an organization’s workforce
?Can also influence a number of other group characteristics
Homogeneous Groups
?Groups share a number of similar characteristics
?Demographics,personality,skills,abilities,or work experience
?Can influence a number of other group characteristics
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-9
Characteristics of Groups
Status Hierarchy,the extent to which group members
are assigned differing preferences or rank,
Assigned to particular positions based on
?Rank in organization
?Job seniority
?Other factors unrelated to hierarchy like
?Age
?Assignment
Deference paid to those highest in organization may have
unintended,possibly undesirable,consequences
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-10
Characteristics of Groups
Roles,A set of expectations for behavior,
Expected Roles
? Behavior expected of the occupant of a particular
position
Perceived Roles
? Behavior a person believes he or she should enact
Enacted Roles
? Behavior a person actually carries out
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-11
Characteristics of Groups
Norms,Standards shared by members of a
group,They emphasize certain characteristics
that are important to group members,
Characteristics,
? Formed only with respect to things important to
the group
? Related often to work group productivity
? Accepted in various degrees by group members
? Applied to every or only some group members
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-12
Characteristics of Groups
Situational
Factors Influences
Intergroup
Relationships Influences
Personal
Characteristics Influences
Norm Conformity
The extent to which
employees comply
with group norms,
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-13
Characteristics of Groups
Leadership,The person generally
respected for embodying the group values,
aiding in goal accomplishment,and
enabling members to satisfy needs,
? Extremely crucial characteristic
? Exerts influence over the roles,norms,and
? Significant factor in formal and informal groups
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-14
Characteristics of Groups
Cohesiveness,A closeness or commonness of
attitude,behavior,and performance,
Sources of group cohesiveness include,
Compatible goals
Charismatic leadership
Group reputation and success
Smaller group size
Supportive of personal growth and development
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-15
Groupthink
Deterioration of mental efficiency,reality testing,and
moral judgment in the interest of group solidarity,
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS,
Illusion of invulnerability
Tendency to moralize
Feeling of unanimity
Pressure to conform
Opposing ideas dismissed
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-16
Group Effectiveness
Important Criteria
?Extent of a match between output
and standards of quality
?Extent that the group process
enhances group capability
?Extent that group experience
contributes to members’ growth and
well-being
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-17
Types of Teams
Problem-Solving
? Formed to deal with specific
or potential future problems
? Can be of short or long
duration
Cross-functional
? Consists of members from
different functional
departments
? Formed to address a specific
problem
Research and Development
? Used to develop new products
Virtual
? Consists of geographically
separated members working
assembled via
? Desktop and real time
conferencing
? Video conferencing
? Electronic bulletin boards
? Other technologies
Self-managed
? Small groups of empowered
individuals
Copyright ? 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,All rights reserved,McGraw-Hill/Irwin
8-18
Developing Effective Teams
Training
Communications Rewards
Empowerment
Group
Effectiveness
