Space Systems Cost Modeling Prof. David W. Miller Col. John Keesee Mr. Cyrus Jilla Why Cost Estimation? ? Critically important part of system design – Too high – lose the contract award – Too low – over-run cost plus contracts, company loss on fixed price contracts ? Trends – Design to cost – Cost as an independent variable Work Breakdown Structure ? Multi-level table used to organize, normalize and track costs and schedule – Ensures accounting of all aspects of costs – Each element has a start time, completion time, and all components of direct costs (labor, material, etc) ? Example shows top three levels for spacecraft systems – From MIL HDBK 881 – http://www.acq.osd.mil/pm/newpolicy/wbs/mil_hdbk_881/mil_hdbk_881.htm FLEX 1.0 MANAGEMENT 1.1 Project Planning & Schedule 1.1.1 Organization and Meetings 1.1.2 Schedule Maintenance 1.1.3 Implem & Work-around Plans 1.2 Financial 1.2.1 Budget Update & Forecast 1.2.2 Subcontract Monitoring 1.3 Task Manage & Tracking 1.3.1 Monitoring & Tracking 1.3.2 WBS Maintenance 1.4 Interface 1.4.1 Program Monitor 1.4.2 JSC RMS Program 1.4.3 Tech. Tracking Committee 1.4.4 Reporting 1.5 Co-I & Subcontractor Mgmt 1.5.1 Planning & Schedule 1.5.2 Technical & Task Tracking 1.6 Quality 1.6.1 Quality Program Plan 1.6.2 Nonconformance Tracking 2.0 SYSTEM ENGINEERING 2.1 Requirements 2.1.1 Expt Req Document 2.1.2 Subsystem Req. Documents 2.2 Design & Evaluation 2.2.1 3-D 1-g & 0-g Modeling 2.2.2 Feedforward Control Design 2.2.3 Feedback Control Design 2.2.4 Human-in-the-Loop Simulation 2.2.5 Performance Evaluation 2.3 Configuration Control 2.3.1 Design Documents 2.3.2 Processing &Tracking 2.3.3 Equipment List Maintenance 2.3.4 Test Matrix 2.4 Program Reviews 2.4.1 Conceptual Design Review 2.4.2 Requirements Review 2.4.3 Non-Advocate Review 2.4.4 Preliminary Design Review 2.4.5 Critical Design Review 2.4.6 Flight Readiness Review 2.4.7 Post Mission Expt Review 3.0 HARDWARE DESIGN & FAB 3.1 Arm Fabrication 3.1.1 Prototype (1) 3.1.2 Ground Test Facilities (2) 3.1.3 Flight Arms (2) 3.1.4 Motors 3.1.5 Payloads 3.3 Human Interface 3.3.1 Joystick 3.3.2 Grid W/S/W 3.3.3 Task Targets 3.3.4 Video Interface 3.2 Support Elec & Software 3.2.1 Experiment Support Module 3.2.2 Crew Interface 3.2.3 Ground Support Equipment 3.2.4 Software 3.2.5 Up/downlink Refurbishment 4.0 INTEGRATION & TEST 4.1 Engineering Model Integ 4.1.1 Robotic Arm Subsystem Tests 4.1.2 ESM Configuration 4.1.3 System Functional Testing 4.1.4 Prelim Environmental Test 4.2 Flight Model Integration 4.2.1 Integ Planning & Doc 4.2.2 Test Planning & Doc 4.2.3 Arm Subsystem Accept. Tests 4.2.4 System Integration 4.2.5 Functional Testing/Charact 4.2.6 System Accept/Cert Testing 4.3 Carrier Integration 4.3.1 Form 1628 Submittal 4.3.2 Integ Reviews (CIR, FOR,.) 4.3.3 Safety Reviews (0, I, II, III) 4.3.4 Payload Integ Plan (PIP) 4.3.5 Interface Control Doc (ICD) 4.3.6 PIP Annexes 4.3.7 Verification Activities 4.3.8 Crew Training 4.3.9 JSC Interface/Project Monit 4.3.10 Material Lists 4.3.11 Packing & Stowage Plans 4.3.12 FM Delivery & Recovery 5.0 OPERATIONS 5.1 On-Orbit 5.1.1 Diagnostics & error identi 5.1.2 Human-in-the-Loop 5.1.3 Protocol format 5.2 Ground 5.2.1 KSC 5.2.2 JSC 5.2.3 On-orbit Predictions Document 5.3 Post-Mission Activities 5.3.1 Flight Data Analysis 5.3.2 Reporting and dissemination Software Cost Estimation ? Flight software RDT&E costs $435 / SLOC ? Ground software RDT&E $220/ SLOC Language Factor Ada 1.00 UNIX-C 1.67 PASCAL 1.25 FORTRAN 0.91 SMAD Table 20-10 Technology Readiness Levels Technology Readiness Level Definition Risk Std Dev (%) 1 Basic principles observed High >25 2 Conceptual design formulated High >25 3 Conceptual design tested analytically or experimentally Moderate 20-25 4 Critical function/characteristic demonstrated Moderate 15-20 5 Component or breadboard tested in relevant environment Moderate 10-15 6 Prototype/engineering model tested in relevant environment Low <10 7 Engineering model tested in space Low <10 8 Full operational capability Low <10 Higher Level Cost Factors ? Wraps model non-physical factors – Program support, system engineering, management costs, product assurance, integration and test ? Overhead is incurred in support of an activity but is not solely identifiable to that activity – Administration, real estate taxes, facility maintenance ? Level I taxes are allocated to headquarters – Defense Contract Administration Services (DCAS) – Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) – Independent Research and Development (IR&D) Higher Level Cost Factors (continued) ? Program Support – Costs activities, systems and hardware development outside the prime contract ? Analyses ? Govt test facilities, equipment and personnel ? Program office support contractors for technical oversight ? Advanced development studies ?Fee Management Reserves ? Account for cost and schedule uncertainty – Regression analysis – Complexity factor uncertainty – Cost driver input uncertainty – Time and material cost – Vendor ROMs ? Should be held at Management level ? Should not be used to accommodate scope changes Development Status Reserve Percent Off the shelf; hardware exists; no 10% mods required Modifications required to existing 15% hardware New hardware but design passed 20% CDR; vendor quotes New hardware but design passed 25% PDR New design but within state of the 35% art; Cost est from CERs; vendor ROMs New design; remote analogs, outside SOTA 50% Production Costs ? Non-recurring costs include design, drafting, engineering unit integration, assembly and test, GSE, and design verification ? Recurring includes flight hardware manufacture, IA&T ? Theoretical First Unit is the basis for calculating costs for the production run ? Protoflight unit is the qualification test unit that is refurbished for flight ? Prototype units don’t fly Annual Funding Profiles ? Total RDT&E costs must be spread across the development years – Typically loaded toward the earlier years ? NASA uses a Beta curve but other models exist – http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/bu2/beta.html ? Similar models are used for production runs Inflation ? CERs are based on constant year dollars and must be inflated to determine the total value and year-by-year requirement ? Inflation factors for each type of money (RDT&E, Production, Operation) are published by OSD and NASA annually ? Government figures included in ACEIT cost estimation software Cost Analysis Requirements Document ? Usually required for formal cost reviews – Explains the rationale used to derive cost estimates ? Documentation makes it easier to update the estimate through the duration of the program life ? Usually contains – Project description –WBS – Ground rules and assumptions – Schedule – Cost summaries for each WBS element – Cost phasing summaries CARD Subsystem Summaries ? Overall technical description (function, components, quantities, heritage, TRL, risk) ? Schematic, picture or diagram ? CER graphs or single point analog ? Basis of estimate if not parametric (e.g., grassroots, vendor ROM ? Key assumptions ?POC Costing References ? Space Mission Analysis and Design, Wertz and Larson ? Reducing Space Mission Cost, Wertz and Larson ? International Reference Guide to Space Launch Systems, Isakowitz, AIAA ? Jane’s Space Directory ? Cost Models – Aerospace Corporation Small Satellite Cost Model (SSCM) – Air Force Unmanned Spacecraft Cost Model (USCM) – NASA Goddard Multivariable Instrument Cost Model (MICM) – NASA World Wide Web sites ? http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/bu2/guidelines.html ? http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/bu2/models.html Cost Estimating Methods 1) Detailed Bottom-Up Cost Estimating – Most accurate, most time consuming – Applied after an architecture has been selected and the design is mature 2) Analogous Estimating – Can be applied at any level of design – Inflexible for trade studies 3) Parametric Estimation – Cost Estimation Relationships (CERs) – Best for trade studies during the Conceptual Design Phase Reducing Space Mission Cost, Larson and Wertz Graduate Student Labor Rates ? Many program costs are dominated by the labor costs of the “standing army” times the duration of the program (e.g., operations) – Labor costs consist of salary times wraps (e.g., overhead and employee benefits) – Overhead includes real estate taxes, facility maintenance, aspects of administration, etc. – Employee benefits include retirement fund contributions, paid vacation, continuing education, sometimes health plans ? How much does a graduate student at MIT cost per year? – $1,475 (PhD) or $1,335 (SM) stipend per month before taxes – MIT overhead is 63.5% – Tuition is $1,887 per month – Only stipend is subject to overhead $/yr=[(1475*1.635)+1887]*12=$51,584 per year ? What about staff – Assume a salary of $50,000 per year before taxes – Cost to contract is salary times overhead times employee benefits – $/year = $50000*1.635*1.377 = $50000*2.25 = $112,570 ? Only labor is subject to employee benefits ? Travel, materials, labor, etc. are subject to overhead – Fabricated equipment and subcontracts beyond first $25k are exempt from overhead Lifecycle Cost ? Design and Construction – The spacecraft, Learning curve ? Launch – Getting the spacecraft from here to there ? Operations – Should not be underestimated ? Failure Compensation & Replacement – Failures are violations of requirements – Compensatory action or lost revenue incurs cost – Expected Value calculation ? Cost of failure at time t ? Pr(failure) at time t ? Modularity – Decreases design costs at the expense of Launch costs Launch Design/Construction Failure & Replacement Modularity (Payload & Bus) Net Present Value of Revenue Operations Compensation Autonomy Multifunctionality, – Multifunctionality does the opposite ? Autonomy ? Net Present Value – Trade between cost of inserting autonomy – A dollar in hand today is worth more than a during design vs. the actual savings in dollar in hand tomorrow operations costs – A dollar spent tomorrow costs less than a dollar spent today Spacecraft Size vs. Distribution Spacecraft Size Large Small Many Distribution Heritage Examples: . Cost Model USAF USCM (SMAD) Small Satellites Examples: Techsat 21 Cost Model Heritage Examples: GPS GOES Cost Model USAF USCM (SMAD) Small Satellites Examples: i Cost Model Iridium Globalstar ings Fe w GEO Comm Hubble Space Tel. OrbComm Aero. Corp. SSCM (RSMC) Milstar Discovery Missions Explorer Missions MightySat M ssions Aero. Corp. SSCM (RSMC) Learning Curv e Sav Change CERs Cost Estimating Relationships (CER’s) ? A parametric cost model is a series of mathematical relationships that relate spacecraft cost to physical, technical, and performance parameters. ? Cost Estimation Relationships (CERs) show how the cost properties of the system or subsystem vary with characteristic parameters. ? “Wraps” typically account for approximately 30% of the development cost for space systems. ? Requires a historical database. ? Based on regression analysis & the correlation of data. ? Cost=a+bM c P d ? To be used as a comparison tool, not a budgeting tool. Reducing Space Mission Cost, Larson and Wertz RDT&E & Production CER’s for Large Satellites RDT&E Cost Parameter, X (unit) Applicable CER (FY92$k) Standard Component Range Error IR Payload Aperture dia. (m) 0.2-1.2 306892x 562.0 c = 46,061 Comm Antenna Wt. (kg) 1-87 1015x 59 .0 c = 1793 Comm Electronics Wt. (kg) 14-144 917x 7 .0 c = 6466 Spacecraft Bus Dry Wt. (kg) 26-897 xc 11016253 += 14,586 Structure/Thermal Wt (kg) 7-428 416 66.0 2640 xc += 4773 TT&C Wt (kg) 4-112 xc 1991955 += 3010 Att Deter Dry Wt. (kg) 6-97 3330x 46 .0 c = 5665 Att & Reac Ctrl Dry Wt. (kg) 25-170 xc 153935 += 1895 Power EPS Wt. x BOL Pwr (kg-W) 104-414,920 108 .0 97 .0 5303 xc += 5743 Prod. Cost Parameter, X (unit) Applicable CER (FY92$k) Standard Component Range Error IR Payload Aperture dis. (m) 0.2-1.2 758,122 x 562. 0 c = 18,425 Comm Antenna Wt. (kg) 1-87 230 59 .0 20 xc += 476 Comm Electronics Wt. (kg) 13-156 xc 179= 8235 Spacecraft Bus Dry Wt. (kg) 26-1237 185x 77 .0 c = 6655 Structure/Thermal Wt. (kg) 7-777 86x 65.0 c = 1247 TT&C Wt. (kg) 4-112 164 93.0 93 xc += 1565 Att Deter Dry Wt. (kg) 6-97 1244x 39 .0 c = 1912 Att & Reac Ctrl Dry Wt. (kg) 9-167 186 73.0 364 xc +? = 999 Power EPS Wt. x BOL Pwr (kg-W) 104-414,920 183x 29.0 2254 SSCM Version 7.4 CER’s for Small Satellites Independent Variable # Data CER for Total Bus Cost Applicable Standard Points (FY94$M) Range Error (FY94$M) Satellite volume (in3) 12 )ln(66.4 84.34 xc +?= 2,000-80,000 4.27 Satellite bus dry mass (kg) 20 0235.0 261.1 704.0 xc += 20-400 3.33 ACS dry mass (kg) 14 042.0 2 65.6 xc += 1-25 5.45 TT&C subsystem mass (kg) 13 29.0 35.1 55.2 xc += 3-30 4.50 Power system mass (kg) 14 53.1 58.3 x 702.0 c +?= 7-70 3.52 Thermal control mass (kg) 9 19.0 2 06.11 xc += 5-12 5.37 Structures mass (kg) 14 )ln( 07.0 47.1 xxc += 5-100 5.40 Number of thrusters 5 5.0 86.41 16.46 ? ?= xc 1-8 8.95 Pointing accuracy (deg) 16 5.0 98.12 67.1 ? += xc 0.25-12 7.37 Pointing knowledge (deg) 10 )ln( 681.6 94.12 xxc ?= 0.1-3 8.79 BOL power (W) 16 9.17 62.22 x 15.0 c +?= 20-480 6.13 Average power (W) 17 14.8 22.0 23.8 xc +?= 5-10 5.71 EOL power (W) 14 55.1 507.0 x 452.0 c += 5-440 6.20 Solar array area (m2) 13 0066.0 7.825 5.814 xc +?= 0.3-11 6.37 Battery capacity (A-hr) 12 91.1 45.1 x 754.0 c += 5-32 6.01 Data storage cap (MB) 14 85.154 0079.0 5.143 xc +?= 0.02-100 8.46 Downlink data rate (kbps) 18 23.0 86.21 0.26 ? ?= xc 1-1000 8.91 Reducing Space Mission Cost, Larson and Wertz SSCM Version 8.0 CER’s for Small Satellites Independent Variable(s) # Data CER for Total Bus Cost Applicable Range Std. Error Points (FY94$M) (%) r: EOL power (W) 17 356.0 47.6 1599.0 ? = src r: 5-500 29.55 s: Pointing accuracy (deg) s: 0.05-5 r: TT&C mass (kg) 18 702.0 0363.0 554.0 src = r: 3-50 35.68 s: Payload power (W) s: 10-120 r: Downlink data rate (kbps) 21 p src 0096.1 44.1 509.0 0107.0 = r: 1-2000 35.66 s: Average power (W) s: 5-410 p: Prop system dry mass (kg) p:-35 r: Spacecraft dry mass (kg) 26 289.0 661.0 5117.1 6416.0 src ?= r: 20-400 37.19 s: Pointing accuracy (deg) s: 0.05-5 r: Solar array area (m2) 20 s rc 989.1 291.4 255.0 = r: 0.3-11 38.53 s: ACS type (3-axis or other) s: 0=other, 1=3-axis r: Power subsys mass (kg) 25 602.0 r 839.0 c = r: 7-70 37.07 Reducing Space Mission Cost, Larson and Wertz Can estimate cost using individual CER’s or can create a weighted average where weights are inversely proportional to errors σ ∑ c i i 2 σ C = ∑ 1 i 2 Learning Curve ? CERs calculate the Theoretical First Unit Cost (TFU) ? The learning curve is a mathematical technique to account for productivity improvements as a larger number of units are produced. – Economies of scale Cost per Unit vs. N for S=90% – Set up time 1 0.9 – Human learning 0.8 ? Calculation: %)100ln(( / S) –1) B = 1 ? 0.7 2 ln –2) L=N B 0.6 – 3) Production Cost = TFU x L 0.5 0.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 N where S= Learning Curve slope Cumulative Cost vs. N for S=90% N= Number of units produced 100 L= Learning Curve Factor 90 80 ? For the Aerospace Industry 70 60 N S <10 95% 50 40 30 10-50 90% 20 >50 85% 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 No Learning Curve S=90% N Adapted from SMAD, Larson & Wertz Cum ul at i v e C os t Co s t P e r Un i t Impact of Technological Risk on Cost State of Technology Development Team Familiarity (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Well within existing state-of-the-art; familiar technology 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Slightly advancing state-of-the-art; minor amounts of new technology 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Nominal aerospace project using some new technology 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 Significant amounts of new technology 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Major new technology; requires breakthroughs in state-of-the-art 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 (A) j j (B) i il i j il j i i (C) j (D) j (E) j (%) 1 >25% 2 >25% 3 4 5 6 7 8 Team is totally familiar with the pro ect and has completed several identical pro ects. Team’s technical expertise is superior. Team s very fam iar w th the type of pro ect and has completed sim ar pro ects. Team’s techn cal expert se is very good. Nominal team has related but not identical pro ect experience. Team’s technical expertise is average. Pro ect introduces many new aspects with which team is unfamiliar. Team’s technical expertise is below average. Team is totally unfamiliar with this type of pro ect. Team’s technical expertise is poor. Technology Readiness Level Definition of Space Readiness Status Added Cost Basic principle observed Conceptual design formulated Conceptual design tested 20-25% Critical function demonstrated 15-20% Breadboard model tested in environment 10-15% Engineering model tested in environment <10% Engineering model tested in space <10% Fully operational <5% What are the TRL’s for TPF Technology? Technology TRL What Will it Change When Will This Occur New TRL Formation Flying Deployable Structures Interferometry Optics Tethers Cryogenic Optics Deployable Primaries Autonomy White Light Nulling High Speed Controls Operations Costs ? What makes up operations costs? – Ground Station(s) – Personnel ? Ground Stations – Facilities (The Operations Control Center) – Equipment (Antenna, Computers, etc.) – Software (Usually the most difficult & most expensive) ? Personnel – Maintenance Costs – Contractor Labor (~$140K/Staff Year) – Government Labor (~$95K/Staff Year) ? Please see SMAD for Operations CERs ? Does anyone here have hands-on operations experience? Adapted from SMAD, Larson & Wertz The Time Value of Money Adapted from: ? Applied Systems Analysis - de Neufville ?Aerospace Product Design Course Notes - C. Boppe ? Plays a major role in the allocation of resources for expensive, long-term space projects. ? Why will an organization incur debt? The benefit of using the money now is greater than the interest paid. ? Why is a given amount of $ today worth more than the same amount of $ in the future? 1) Inflation 2) $ can be used to increase productivity now. ? Compound Interest Formula F= P(1+i) t where: F= future value of money P= present value of money i= interest rate t= investment/project lifetime ? Present Value Formula P= F(1+r) -N where: r= discount rate (~3% greater than the interest rate) Cash Flow Analysis Adapted from: ? Applied Systems Analysis - de Neufville ?Aerospace Product Design Course Notes - C. Boppe ? When doing a cash flow analysis for a large, long-term space project, it is important to compare all revenues and expenditures in constant dollars. ? Commercial Space Projects – When does it make sense to invest in a space project? ? When the expected return on investment in the project is greater than the return from investing the same amount of capital at the interest rate. ? Determined through a cash flow analysis. ? Present Value of Profit – PVP= Revenue(1+r) -t -Cost(1+i) t (1+r) -t ? Assumes “Cost” requires borrowing money at i to cover investments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -4.0E+09 -3.0E+09 -2.0E+09 -1.0E+09 0.0E+00 1.0E+09 2.0E+09 3.0E+09 4.0E+09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Yrly Net-Cash Cum-Cashflows Baseline NPV Costing References ? Space Mission Analysis and Design, Larson and Wertz, Ch. 20. ? Reducing Space Mission Cost, Wertz and Larson, Entire Book – see reference list in Ch. 8 ? International Reference Guide to Space Launch Systems, Isakowitz, AIAA ? Jane’s Space Directory ? Cost Models – Aerospace Corporation Small Satellite Cost Model (SSCM) – Air Force Unmanned Spacecraft Cost Model (USCM) – NASA Goddard Multivariable Instrument Cost Model (MICM) – NASA World Wide Web sites. Mars Rover Engineering Costs (JPL) ? Rover development costs without instruments and instrument structure (i.e., payload). M 0.19652 ρ ?1 0.014638 ρ $ = 222.3645M e ρ = V effective – M is the rover mass [kg] without payload ve is the stowed rover envelope –V effecti – $ is in FY02$M – Needing to retract the MER wheels for stowage drove up cost ? Effective volume is estimated from launch vehicle fairing 3 V effective = 0.038766 ( F ? 0.6 ) av –F av is available fairing diameter [m] – 3.749m for Delta IV-4240 ARGOS Cost Model Literature Search Kahan, Targrove, “Cost modeling of large spaceborne optical systems”, SPIE, Kona, 1998 Humphries, Reddish, Walshaw,”Cost scaling laws and their origin: design strategy for an optical array telescope”, IAU, 1984 Meinel, “Cost-scaling laws applicable to very large optical telescopes”, SPIE, 1979 2.58 Meinel’s law: S = 0.37? D [M$] (1980) Small Amateur Telescopes ? Priced various amateur telescopes –DHQ f/5 –DHQ f/4.5 x 10 4 Telescope Cost CER (Aperture): C=28917*D 2.76 3 –D Truss f/5 – Obsession f/4.5 2.5 – Celestron G-f/10 ? Fit power law 2 1.5 ? Exponent surprisingly similar to 1 Meinel’s Law 0.5 2.76 C = 28917D 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Telescope Diameter D [m] Telesco pe Purch a se Cost C [20 0 1 $ ] Professional Telescope OTA cost OTA Cost [2 001 $ ] 5 x 10 4 Classical Cassegrain Ritchey-Chretien CERs for 3.5 Ritchey-Chretien 2.80 3 C RC = 376000 ? D 2.5 Classical Cassegrain 2 2.75 C CC = 322840 ? D 1.5 1 Remarkable Result: 0.5 virtually identical 0 power law across 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Aperture Diameter D [m] completely different Company: Optical Guidance Systems product lines. (http:www.opticalguidancesystems.com) ACS Mass and Cost ? Reaction wheel mass scales w/ momentum capacity Kg = 2.49 Nms 0.41 0.41 ]]Ball, Honeywell, and Ithaco RWAs [Kg = 2.49 Nms 14 ? Reaction wheels dominate ACS mass ? ACS cost is function of mass 12 0.8 10 o $ ACS = cKg ACS ? Scale using ARGOS ACS mass and cost 8 ? Inertia depends on sub-aperture masses and geometry 6 ? Assumed 1.5 deg/sec slew rate 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Momentum Capacity [Nms] Mass [Kg] 70 Sub-System Cost Tables Sub-System Cost Tables Sub-System Cost Tables Labor Cost Table Sub-System Yearly Hours ARGOS Rate Spring Summer Fall Spring Total Total Recurring Passive Optics Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 200 200 200 200 800 $61,833 $15,458 Janaki Wickrema $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Erik Iglesias $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177 David Ngo $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177 Active Optics Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 150 160 150 150 610 $47,148 $11,594 Abran Alaniz $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177 Praxedis Flores III $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 ACS Carl Blaurock $70,000 0 0 78 78 156 $12,058 $6,029 Ayanna Samuels $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Susan Kim $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Paul Wooster $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Structures Marc dos Santos $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 David LoBosco $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 PAS Raymond Sedwick $70,000 104 96 104 104 408 $31,535 $8,038 Soon-Jo Chung $70,000 0 0 0 104 104 $8,038 $8,038 Carolina Tortora $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Christopher Rakowski $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177 Dustin Berkovitz $50,000 260 360 260 130 1010 $55,760 $7,177 SOC John Keesee $90,000 104 96 104 104 408 $40,545 $10,335 Eric Coulter $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Daniel Kwon/Lisa Girerd $50,000 260 0 260 130 650 $35,885 $7,177 Management Paul Bauer $70,000 104 96 104 104 408 $31,535 $8,038 David Miller $90,000 104 48 104 104 360 $35,775 $10,335 Raymond Sedwick $70,000 26 0 26 26 78 $6,029 $2,010 John Keesee $90,000 26 0 26 26 78 $7,751 $2,584 Total $919,903 $190,115 $50,000 $70,000 $90,000 EB/OHD Wrap 2.12 Student Staff Management Labor Cost Table Sub-System ARGOS Monolith Golay-3 mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring Passive Optics 1 $209,240 $36,990 0.3 $62,772 $11,096.88 1 $209,240 $36,990 Active Optics 1 $138,794 $25,948 0.3 $41,638 $7,784.38 1 $138,794 $25,948 ACS 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560.00 1 $119,714 $27,560 Structures 1 $71,771 $14,354 0.6 $43,063 $8,612.50 1 $71,771 $14,354 PAS 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,607.92 1 $186,980 $37,608 SOC 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689.17 1 $112,316 $24,689 Management 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,966.67 1 $81,090 $22,967 Total $919,903 $190,115 $647,572 $140,318 $919,903 $190,115 Sub-System Golay-6 Golay-9 Golay-12 mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring mult Total Recurring Passive Optics 1.5 $313,859 $55,484 2 $418,479 $73,979 2.5 $523,099 $92,474 Active Optics 2 $277,588 $51,896 3 $416,381 $77,844 4 $555,175 $103,792 ACS 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560 1 $119,714 $27,560 Structures 2 $143,542 $28,708 3 $215,313 $43,063 4 $287,083 $57,417 PAS 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,608 1 $186,980 $37,608 SOC 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689 1 $112,316 $24,689 Management 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,967 1 $81,090 $22,967 Total $1,235,088 $248,912 $1,550,272 $307,709 $1,865,456 $366,506 Golay System Costs ? Optimum Golay is D eff dependent ? Labor moves Golay benefits to larger D eff ? Golay’s sacrifice Encircled Energy EE=83.5% EE=26.4% EE=9.3% EE=3.6% EE=2.2%