第 26 章
糖原的分解与合成
Degradation and
Synthesis of
Glycogen
一、糖原的分解代谢
1,Glycogen in cells is first converted to
Glc-6-P for oxidative degradation,
★ 糖原磷酸化酶作用于糖原的非还原性末端,
经磷酸解作用,产生 Glc-1-P 。
★ 糖原磷酸化酶的辅基磷酸吡哆醛直接作用
于 (a-1,4) 糖苷键。
★ 在距分支点四个糖单位处,糖原磷酸化酶
停止磷酸解作用。
★ 转移酶( A bifunctional debranching
enzyme ) (160 kD)转移一个分支点的三个
糖单位到另一个非还原末端,脱枝酶( a-
1,6- glucosidase )脱去分支点的葡萄糖。
★ Glc-1-P is then converted to Glc-6-P by the
catalysis of phosphoglucomutase,which
uses glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as both a
cofactor and an intermediate,An Ser residue
on the enzyme facilitates the
phosphorylation cycle,
★ Glc-6-P is further degraded via the
glycolysis pathway (or converted to glucose
in liver),
2,The glycogen phosphorylase isozymes in
muscle and liver are regulated and differently
◆ 肌糖原和肝糖原的生理功能不同:前者主要是
氧化供能( oxidative degradation to generate
ATP for muscle ),而肝糖原主要用于维持血
糖浓度 ( producing and exporting glucose
when in demand and importing and storing
when in excess),
◆ 肌糖原磷酸化酶和肝糖原磷酸化酶为同工酶,
二者的活性均受磷酸化( catalyzed by specific
phosphorylase b kinase )和脱磷酸
( catalyzed by specific phosphorylase a
phosphatase )共价可逆调控。
◆ The phosphorylase b kinases in muscle
and liver are controlled by two different
hormones,epinephrine (肾上腺素 ) and
glucagon(胰增血糖素 ) respectively,
? ◆ High level of AMP binds to and activates
the b form of the muscle isozyme,which is
blocked by a high level of ATP,
? ◆ High level of glucose binds to the a form
of the liver isozyme,exposing the
phosphorylated Ser residues to the action
of phosphorylase a phosphatase and
converting it to the less active b form
二、糖原的合成代谢
1,Glycogen is synthesized using
UDP-glucose,
◆ 6-磷酸葡萄糖 (from glucose
phosphorylation or gluconeogenesis)首先
转化为 1-磷酸葡萄糖 (catalyzed by
phosphoglucomutase),然后与 UTP反应形
成 UDP-glucose( UDPG), 催化该反应
的是尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶
(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase named
for the reverse reaction),
2,Glycogen is extended from the nonreducing end
using UDP-glucose
? ※ 在糖原合成酶催化下,UDPG中的葡萄糖分子
通过 a-1,4 糖苷键连接到糖原引物的非还原性末
端。
? ※ 分枝的形成由分枝酶催化[ glycosyl-(4?6)-
transferase ], a terminal fragment of 6-7
residues is transferred from a branch having at
least 11 residues to the C-6 hydroxyl group at a
more interior position of the same or another
glycogen chain,
? ※ 在没有糖原引物时,糖原的合成是从生
糖原蛋白质开始的。
The very first glucose residue,
transferred from UDP-glucose,is
covalently attached to Tyr194 of glycogenin
( 生糖原蛋白质),a 37 kDa protein that
also catalyzes the assembly of the first 8
glucose residues in a complex formed
between glycogenin and glycogen
synthase,
3,Glycogen synthase and glycogen
phosphorylase are reciprocally regulated in
vertebrates by hormones
? ★ 糖原磷酸化酶和糖原合成酶的活性均受磷酸化
和脱磷酸( Phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation )调控,但作用正好相反。
? ★ Hormones like epinephrine (acting on muscle
cells) or glucagon (acting on liver cells) will
activate protein kinase A,which will lead to
phosphorylation modification of both the
glycogen phosphorylase (thus activating it) and
the glycogen synthase (thus inactivating it),
Effects of
GSK3 on
glycogen
synthase
activity,
G l u cos e
G l u cos e- 6- p h os p h at e
F r u ct os e- 6- p h os p h at e
G l u cos e- 1- p h os p h at e
F r u ct os e- 1,6- b i p h os p h at e
Di h yd r ox yacet on e
p h os p h at e
G l yce r al d ehy d e-
3- p h os p h at e
P h os p h oen ol gl yce r at e
P yr u vat e
Ace t yl - CoA
G l u cos e- 6- p h os p h at e
6- p h os p h ogl u con at e
Ri b u l os e- 5- p h os p h at e
Ci t r at e
I s ocit r at e
a- k et ogl u t ar at e
s u cc i n yl - CoA
S u cc i n at e
F u m ar at e
M al at e
O x al oacet at e
G l yox yl at e
Ace t yl - CoA
G l ycogen
三、糖代谢调节
特点:最高效的计划经济!
1,In a metabolically active cell in a
steady state,intermediates are formed
and consumed at equal rates,
2,Regulatory mechanisms maintain
nearly constant levels of key
metabolites such as ATP and NADH in
cells and glucose in the blood,
? Factors that determine the activity of an enzyme,
Blue arrows represent processes that determine the
number of enzyme molecules in the cell;
Red arrows show factors that determine the enzymatic
activity of an existing enzyme molecule,
代谢控制的核心--酶
(一)酶量的调节
? The number of enzyme molecules in the
cell is a function of the rates of
synthesis and degradation,
? Enzyme Synthesis,
Outside signals
Transcription factors
DNA RNA Enzymes
Enzyme Degradation
The rate of protein degradation also
differs from enzyme to enzyme and depends
on the conditions in the cell,
Protein half-lives vary from a few
minutes to many days,
Some proteins are tagged for
degradation in proteasomes by the covalent
attachment of ubiquitin
( 二 )酶活性调节
1,共价修饰调节
2,别构调节
3,酶在细胞中的区域化
4,调节蛋白的作用
Regulation of hexokinase IV (glucokinase)
by sequestration in the nucleus,
Regulation of pyruvate kinase
糖原磷酸化酶和糖原合成酶复合物及其调控
四,血糖及其调节
? 血糖水平, 3.89~6.11mmol/L(70~110mg%)
食物中的糖
消化
吸收
肝糖原 分解
其他物质 糖异生
CO2+H2O+能量 氧化 分解
肝糖原、肌糖原 合成
转变 脂肪、氨基酸
血糖的来源和去路
血糖
血糖水平的调节
? 血糖水平保持恒定是糖、脂肪、氨基酸
代谢协调的结果 ;也是肝、肌肉、脂肪
组织各器官组织代谢协调的结果 。
? 机体的各种代谢发及各器官之间的精确
协调主要依靠激素的调节。
? 胰岛素( insulin) 是体内唯一能降低血糖
的激素,也是唯一能同进促进糖原、脂
肪、蛋白质合成的激素。
胰岛素降血糖作用,
1、促进肌肉、脂肪组织等细胞膜葡萄糖载体将
葡萄糖转运入细胞。
2、通过增强 磷酸二酯酶 活性,降低 cAMP水平,
加速糖原合成、抑制糖原分解。
3、通过 激活丙酮酸脱氢酶磷酸酶 而使丙酮酸脱
氢酶激活,加速有氧氧化。
4、抑制肝内糖异生。抑制 PEP羧激酶的合成及促
进氨基酸进入肌肉组织并合成蛋白质,减少糖
异生的原料。
5、抑制激素敏感脂肪酶,减缓脂肪动员的速率。
胰高血糖素( glucagon) 是体内升高血
糖的激素,
1、经肝细胞膜受体激活依赖 cAMP的蛋白激酶,
抑制糖原合酶,激活磷酸化酶,使糖原分解,
血糖升高。
2、抑制 6-磷酸果糖激酶 -2,激活果糖双磷酸酶 -2,
从而减少 F-2,6-BP的合成,抑制糖酵解,促
进糖异生。
3、促进 PEP羧激酶的合成;加速肝摄取血中的氨
基酸,从而增强糖异生。
4、激活激素敏感脂肪酶,加速脂肪动员。
激素对血糖水平的调节
肝 脏 血 液 肌 肉 等 外 周 组 织
肝 糖 原 葡 萄 糖 血 糖 葡 萄 糖 肌 糖 原
乳 酸 乳 酸
氨 基 酸
氨 基 酸
蛋 白 质
A d G
( + )
I
( + ) ( - ) ( + ) A d
G C
I
I
( + ) ( + )
( + )
C
( + )
A d
I,胰岛素 G,胰高血糖素 Ad,肾上腺素 C,皮质醇
血糖水平异常
高血糖及糖尿症 ( hyperglycemia and glucosuria)
? 空腹血糖浓度高于 7.22~7.78mmol/L为高血糖。
? 当血糖浓度高于 8.89~10.00mmol/L,即超过了
肾小管的重吸收能力,则出现糖尿,这一血糖水
平称为肾糖阈。
? 持续高血糖和糖尿,特别是空腹血糖和糖耐量
曲线高于正常范围,为糖尿病( diabetes
mellitus)
低血糖( hypoglycemia),空腹血糖浓度低于
3.33~3.89mmol/L,
期末考试复习题
? 1,说明动物, 植物, 细菌在合成不饱和脂肪酸方面的
差异 。
? 2,简述酶活性调控的几种机制 。
? 3,信号跨膜传导的方式有哪些?
? 4,简述蛋白质的一级结构与空间结构并说明其关系 。
? 5,糖在机体内的主要代谢途径有哪些?其生物学意义
是什么?
? 6,举例说明蛋白质三级结构决定于它的氨基酸序列。
? 7,分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋
白质的方法,你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的
性质选择使用。
? 8,质膜是细胞的第一屏障,请概述小分子通过质膜的
转运机制。
期末考试复习题
? 9,酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性,请描述并
图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
? 10.为什么说三羧酸循环是糖、脂和蛋白质三大物质代
谢的共通路?
? 11,举例说明蛋白质结构的可逆变化与该蛋白质功能
间的关系。
? 12,什么是酶活性中心?如何判明酶活性中心?
? 13,请根据功能对蛋白质分类,并举例说明,
? 14,下列试剂和酶常用于蛋白质化学的研究中,CNBr、
异硫氰酸苯酯、丹黄酰氯、脲,6mol/L HCl,β-巯基乙
醇、水合茚三酮、过甲酸、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶。
它们的用途是什么?
? 15,在体内 ATP有哪些生理作用?
? 16,何为能荷? 能荷与代谢调节有什么关系?
The
End!
Pyridoxal
phosphate
AMP
(allosteric
Activator)
Tetrameric
glycogen
phosphorylase
(the b form)
No ATP
Consumed!
No escape
PLP PLP acts as a general acid-base in the active
site of glycogen
phosphorylase
A bifunctional
debranching
enzyme aids the
phophorylase
in degrading glycogen,
The phosphglucomutase shifts the phosphoryl group
from position C-1 to position C-6 on the glucose unit,
Ser
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
The muscle glycogen
phosphorylase is
regulated by
allosteric effector
AMP in addition to
reversible
phosphorylation
The a form
The b form
AMP is a
positive
regulator
The a form of
glycogen phosphorylase
Ser14-P
PLP
Glucose AMP
The reversible
phosphorylations
of the glycogen
phosphorylase
isozymes in liver
and muscle
are regulated by
Different hormones
The liver glycogen
phosphorylase is
negatively
regulated by glucose
UDP-glucose is formed through a condensation
reaction between glucose-1-P and UTP in a
reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucose
pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen is extended from the
nonreducing end using UDP-glucose
A branching enzyme catalyzes the transferring
of a short stretch of Glc residues from one
nonreducing end to the interior of the glycogen
to make an a1?6 linkage (thus a branch),
Glycogenin initiates glycogen synthesis
and stays inside the glycogen particle
?
Glycogen synthase
and phosphorylase
are reciprocally
regulated by
hormones via
phosphorylation-
dephosphorylation
糖原的分解与合成
Degradation and
Synthesis of
Glycogen
一、糖原的分解代谢
1,Glycogen in cells is first converted to
Glc-6-P for oxidative degradation,
★ 糖原磷酸化酶作用于糖原的非还原性末端,
经磷酸解作用,产生 Glc-1-P 。
★ 糖原磷酸化酶的辅基磷酸吡哆醛直接作用
于 (a-1,4) 糖苷键。
★ 在距分支点四个糖单位处,糖原磷酸化酶
停止磷酸解作用。
★ 转移酶( A bifunctional debranching
enzyme ) (160 kD)转移一个分支点的三个
糖单位到另一个非还原末端,脱枝酶( a-
1,6- glucosidase )脱去分支点的葡萄糖。
★ Glc-1-P is then converted to Glc-6-P by the
catalysis of phosphoglucomutase,which
uses glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as both a
cofactor and an intermediate,An Ser residue
on the enzyme facilitates the
phosphorylation cycle,
★ Glc-6-P is further degraded via the
glycolysis pathway (or converted to glucose
in liver),
2,The glycogen phosphorylase isozymes in
muscle and liver are regulated and differently
◆ 肌糖原和肝糖原的生理功能不同:前者主要是
氧化供能( oxidative degradation to generate
ATP for muscle ),而肝糖原主要用于维持血
糖浓度 ( producing and exporting glucose
when in demand and importing and storing
when in excess),
◆ 肌糖原磷酸化酶和肝糖原磷酸化酶为同工酶,
二者的活性均受磷酸化( catalyzed by specific
phosphorylase b kinase )和脱磷酸
( catalyzed by specific phosphorylase a
phosphatase )共价可逆调控。
◆ The phosphorylase b kinases in muscle
and liver are controlled by two different
hormones,epinephrine (肾上腺素 ) and
glucagon(胰增血糖素 ) respectively,
? ◆ High level of AMP binds to and activates
the b form of the muscle isozyme,which is
blocked by a high level of ATP,
? ◆ High level of glucose binds to the a form
of the liver isozyme,exposing the
phosphorylated Ser residues to the action
of phosphorylase a phosphatase and
converting it to the less active b form
二、糖原的合成代谢
1,Glycogen is synthesized using
UDP-glucose,
◆ 6-磷酸葡萄糖 (from glucose
phosphorylation or gluconeogenesis)首先
转化为 1-磷酸葡萄糖 (catalyzed by
phosphoglucomutase),然后与 UTP反应形
成 UDP-glucose( UDPG), 催化该反应
的是尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶
(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase named
for the reverse reaction),
2,Glycogen is extended from the nonreducing end
using UDP-glucose
? ※ 在糖原合成酶催化下,UDPG中的葡萄糖分子
通过 a-1,4 糖苷键连接到糖原引物的非还原性末
端。
? ※ 分枝的形成由分枝酶催化[ glycosyl-(4?6)-
transferase ], a terminal fragment of 6-7
residues is transferred from a branch having at
least 11 residues to the C-6 hydroxyl group at a
more interior position of the same or another
glycogen chain,
? ※ 在没有糖原引物时,糖原的合成是从生
糖原蛋白质开始的。
The very first glucose residue,
transferred from UDP-glucose,is
covalently attached to Tyr194 of glycogenin
( 生糖原蛋白质),a 37 kDa protein that
also catalyzes the assembly of the first 8
glucose residues in a complex formed
between glycogenin and glycogen
synthase,
3,Glycogen synthase and glycogen
phosphorylase are reciprocally regulated in
vertebrates by hormones
? ★ 糖原磷酸化酶和糖原合成酶的活性均受磷酸化
和脱磷酸( Phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation )调控,但作用正好相反。
? ★ Hormones like epinephrine (acting on muscle
cells) or glucagon (acting on liver cells) will
activate protein kinase A,which will lead to
phosphorylation modification of both the
glycogen phosphorylase (thus activating it) and
the glycogen synthase (thus inactivating it),
Effects of
GSK3 on
glycogen
synthase
activity,
G l u cos e
G l u cos e- 6- p h os p h at e
F r u ct os e- 6- p h os p h at e
G l u cos e- 1- p h os p h at e
F r u ct os e- 1,6- b i p h os p h at e
Di h yd r ox yacet on e
p h os p h at e
G l yce r al d ehy d e-
3- p h os p h at e
P h os p h oen ol gl yce r at e
P yr u vat e
Ace t yl - CoA
G l u cos e- 6- p h os p h at e
6- p h os p h ogl u con at e
Ri b u l os e- 5- p h os p h at e
Ci t r at e
I s ocit r at e
a- k et ogl u t ar at e
s u cc i n yl - CoA
S u cc i n at e
F u m ar at e
M al at e
O x al oacet at e
G l yox yl at e
Ace t yl - CoA
G l ycogen
三、糖代谢调节
特点:最高效的计划经济!
1,In a metabolically active cell in a
steady state,intermediates are formed
and consumed at equal rates,
2,Regulatory mechanisms maintain
nearly constant levels of key
metabolites such as ATP and NADH in
cells and glucose in the blood,
? Factors that determine the activity of an enzyme,
Blue arrows represent processes that determine the
number of enzyme molecules in the cell;
Red arrows show factors that determine the enzymatic
activity of an existing enzyme molecule,
代谢控制的核心--酶
(一)酶量的调节
? The number of enzyme molecules in the
cell is a function of the rates of
synthesis and degradation,
? Enzyme Synthesis,
Outside signals
Transcription factors
DNA RNA Enzymes
Enzyme Degradation
The rate of protein degradation also
differs from enzyme to enzyme and depends
on the conditions in the cell,
Protein half-lives vary from a few
minutes to many days,
Some proteins are tagged for
degradation in proteasomes by the covalent
attachment of ubiquitin
( 二 )酶活性调节
1,共价修饰调节
2,别构调节
3,酶在细胞中的区域化
4,调节蛋白的作用
Regulation of hexokinase IV (glucokinase)
by sequestration in the nucleus,
Regulation of pyruvate kinase
糖原磷酸化酶和糖原合成酶复合物及其调控
四,血糖及其调节
? 血糖水平, 3.89~6.11mmol/L(70~110mg%)
食物中的糖
消化
吸收
肝糖原 分解
其他物质 糖异生
CO2+H2O+能量 氧化 分解
肝糖原、肌糖原 合成
转变 脂肪、氨基酸
血糖的来源和去路
血糖
血糖水平的调节
? 血糖水平保持恒定是糖、脂肪、氨基酸
代谢协调的结果 ;也是肝、肌肉、脂肪
组织各器官组织代谢协调的结果 。
? 机体的各种代谢发及各器官之间的精确
协调主要依靠激素的调节。
? 胰岛素( insulin) 是体内唯一能降低血糖
的激素,也是唯一能同进促进糖原、脂
肪、蛋白质合成的激素。
胰岛素降血糖作用,
1、促进肌肉、脂肪组织等细胞膜葡萄糖载体将
葡萄糖转运入细胞。
2、通过增强 磷酸二酯酶 活性,降低 cAMP水平,
加速糖原合成、抑制糖原分解。
3、通过 激活丙酮酸脱氢酶磷酸酶 而使丙酮酸脱
氢酶激活,加速有氧氧化。
4、抑制肝内糖异生。抑制 PEP羧激酶的合成及促
进氨基酸进入肌肉组织并合成蛋白质,减少糖
异生的原料。
5、抑制激素敏感脂肪酶,减缓脂肪动员的速率。
胰高血糖素( glucagon) 是体内升高血
糖的激素,
1、经肝细胞膜受体激活依赖 cAMP的蛋白激酶,
抑制糖原合酶,激活磷酸化酶,使糖原分解,
血糖升高。
2、抑制 6-磷酸果糖激酶 -2,激活果糖双磷酸酶 -2,
从而减少 F-2,6-BP的合成,抑制糖酵解,促
进糖异生。
3、促进 PEP羧激酶的合成;加速肝摄取血中的氨
基酸,从而增强糖异生。
4、激活激素敏感脂肪酶,加速脂肪动员。
激素对血糖水平的调节
肝 脏 血 液 肌 肉 等 外 周 组 织
肝 糖 原 葡 萄 糖 血 糖 葡 萄 糖 肌 糖 原
乳 酸 乳 酸
氨 基 酸
氨 基 酸
蛋 白 质
A d G
( + )
I
( + ) ( - ) ( + ) A d
G C
I
I
( + ) ( + )
( + )
C
( + )
A d
I,胰岛素 G,胰高血糖素 Ad,肾上腺素 C,皮质醇
血糖水平异常
高血糖及糖尿症 ( hyperglycemia and glucosuria)
? 空腹血糖浓度高于 7.22~7.78mmol/L为高血糖。
? 当血糖浓度高于 8.89~10.00mmol/L,即超过了
肾小管的重吸收能力,则出现糖尿,这一血糖水
平称为肾糖阈。
? 持续高血糖和糖尿,特别是空腹血糖和糖耐量
曲线高于正常范围,为糖尿病( diabetes
mellitus)
低血糖( hypoglycemia),空腹血糖浓度低于
3.33~3.89mmol/L,
期末考试复习题
? 1,说明动物, 植物, 细菌在合成不饱和脂肪酸方面的
差异 。
? 2,简述酶活性调控的几种机制 。
? 3,信号跨膜传导的方式有哪些?
? 4,简述蛋白质的一级结构与空间结构并说明其关系 。
? 5,糖在机体内的主要代谢途径有哪些?其生物学意义
是什么?
? 6,举例说明蛋白质三级结构决定于它的氨基酸序列。
? 7,分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋
白质的方法,你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的
性质选择使用。
? 8,质膜是细胞的第一屏障,请概述小分子通过质膜的
转运机制。
期末考试复习题
? 9,酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性,请描述并
图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
? 10.为什么说三羧酸循环是糖、脂和蛋白质三大物质代
谢的共通路?
? 11,举例说明蛋白质结构的可逆变化与该蛋白质功能
间的关系。
? 12,什么是酶活性中心?如何判明酶活性中心?
? 13,请根据功能对蛋白质分类,并举例说明,
? 14,下列试剂和酶常用于蛋白质化学的研究中,CNBr、
异硫氰酸苯酯、丹黄酰氯、脲,6mol/L HCl,β-巯基乙
醇、水合茚三酮、过甲酸、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶。
它们的用途是什么?
? 15,在体内 ATP有哪些生理作用?
? 16,何为能荷? 能荷与代谢调节有什么关系?
The
End!
Pyridoxal
phosphate
AMP
(allosteric
Activator)
Tetrameric
glycogen
phosphorylase
(the b form)
No ATP
Consumed!
No escape
PLP PLP acts as a general acid-base in the active
site of glycogen
phosphorylase
A bifunctional
debranching
enzyme aids the
phophorylase
in degrading glycogen,
The phosphglucomutase shifts the phosphoryl group
from position C-1 to position C-6 on the glucose unit,
Ser
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
The muscle glycogen
phosphorylase is
regulated by
allosteric effector
AMP in addition to
reversible
phosphorylation
The a form
The b form
AMP is a
positive
regulator
The a form of
glycogen phosphorylase
Ser14-P
PLP
Glucose AMP
The reversible
phosphorylations
of the glycogen
phosphorylase
isozymes in liver
and muscle
are regulated by
Different hormones
The liver glycogen
phosphorylase is
negatively
regulated by glucose
UDP-glucose is formed through a condensation
reaction between glucose-1-P and UTP in a
reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucose
pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen is extended from the
nonreducing end using UDP-glucose
A branching enzyme catalyzes the transferring
of a short stretch of Glc residues from one
nonreducing end to the interior of the glycogen
to make an a1?6 linkage (thus a branch),
Glycogenin initiates glycogen synthesis
and stays inside the glycogen particle
?
Glycogen synthase
and phosphorylase
are reciprocally
regulated by
hormones via
phosphorylation-
dephosphorylation