Important Concepts (2)
1,Langue & Parole
2,Competence & Performance
3,Synchronic vs,diachronic
4,Etic vs,Emic
I Langue (语言） vs,Parole
（言语） by Saussure
? a) Langue — Langue refers to
the language system shared by
all the members of a speech
community.
? b) Parole — Parole refers to
the actual use of language by
people in speech or writing.
Competence (语言能力） vs,
Performance （语言应用） by
Chomsky
a) Competence —
Competence is the ideal
language user’s knowledge
of the rules of his language.
b) Performance —
Performance is the actual
realization of this knowledge
in linguistic communication.
Emic (位学的） vs,Etic (非
位的） by Pike
a) Emic — An emic set of speech acts and
events must be one that is validated as
meaningful via final resource to the
native members of a speech community
rather than via appeal to the
investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.
b) Etic — Being etic means making far too
many,as well as behaviorally
inconsequential,differentiations.
Similarities & Differences of
three pairs
? Langue,a grammatical system
that has a potential existence in
the brain
? Competence,an ideal user’s
knowledge of the language.
? Emic,a system of abstract
contrastive units,esp,
phonemes
Similarities & Differences of
three pairs
? Parole,the concrete utterance
of a speaker
? Performance,the language
actually used by people in
speaking or writing
? Etic,analysis of the physical
patterns of speech without
reference to their function within
the language
Similarities & Differences of
three pairs
? Langue,a storehouse filled by
the members of a given
community through their active
use of speaking.
? Competence,the knowledge of
an ideal speaker-listener,in a
completely homogeneous
speech community,