Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organizational Behavior
Introduction,Individual Behavior,
Attitudes and Values
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Managers
? Individuals who achieve goals and results
with and through other people by making
decisions,allocating resources,and
directing activities.
? Functions
– Planning
– Organizing
– Leading
– Controlling
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organization and Behavior
? A consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people,that
functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of goals
? Behavior – manners,conduct
? Behaviorism – study of human actions by
analysis of stimulus and response
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Myths or Facts
? People are inherently lazy
? Deep down,people are all alike
? You can’t teach an old dog new tricks
? Happy workers are productive workers
? Men make better leaders than women
? It’s not what you say,it’s what you do
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
? Interpersonal – Figurehead,Leader,
Liaison
? Informational – Monitor,Disseminator,
Spokesperson
? Decisional – Entrepreneur,Disturbance
Handler,Resource Allocator,Negotiator
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Katz’s Management Skills
? Technical skills – apply specialized
knowledge or expertise
? Human skills – work with,understand,and
motivate other people or groups
? Conceptual skills – analyze and diagnose
complex situations
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organizational Behavior (OB)
? A field of study that investigates the impact
that individuals,groups,and structure
have on behavior within organizations,for
the purpose of applying such knowledge
toward improving an organization’s
effectiveness
? Built on many different disciplines
? But OB is very complex
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Core Topics
? Motivation
? Leader behavior and power
? Interpersonal communication
? Group structure and processes
? Learning
? Attitude development and perception
? Change processes
? Conflict
? Work design and stress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Challenges and Opportunity for
OB
? Responding to globalization
? Managing workforce diversity
? Improving quality and productivity
? Responding to the labor shortage
? Improving customer service
? Improving people skills
? Stimulating innovation and creativity
? Improving ethical behavior
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Competencies Needed
? Managing self competency
? Managing communication competency
? Managing diversity competency
? Managing ethics competency
? Managing across cultures competency
? Managing teams competency
? Managing change competency
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Measurements
? Productivity
? Customer Service
? Absenteeism
? Turnover
? Organizational citizenship
? Job satisfaction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Causes of Absenteeism
? Serious accidents and illnesses
? Poor working conditions and workload
? Lack of job satisfaction or boredom
? Inadequate and poor leadership
? Personal problems
? Poor physical condition
? Stress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Costs of Absenteeism
? Decrease in production and productivity
? Financial costs
– Overtime
– Paying employee
? Administration costs
– Hire or reassign another employee
– Maintain and control absenteeism
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Characteristics of People
? Biographical characteristics – age,gender,
marital status,and tenure
? Ability
? Values
? Attitudes
? Personality
? Emotions
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Ability
? An individual’s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job
– Intellectual – capacity to do mental activities
– Multiple intelligences – cognitive,social,
emotional and cultural
– Physical – capacity to do tasks demanding
stamina,dexterity,strength and other similar
characteristics
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Learning
? Any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of
experience
– Classical conditioning
– Operant conditioning
– Social-learning experience
– Shaping behavior
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Methods of Shaping Behavior
? Positive reinforcement
? Negative reinforcement
? Punishment
? Extinction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Research Findings
? Some type of reinforcement is necessary
to produce a change in behavior
? Some types of rewards are more effective
than others
? The timing of the reinforcement
determines the speed and permanence
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
OB Mod
? The application of reinforcement concepts
to individuals in the work setting.
? Applications
– Well pay versus sick pay
– Employee discipline
– Developing training programs
– Self-management
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Values and Value System
? Values are basic convictions that a
specific mode of conduct or end-state of
existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse
mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
? A value system is a hierarchy based on a
ranking of an individual’s values in terms
of intensity.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Examples of Terminal Values
? Comfortable life
? Exciting life
? Sense of accomplishment
? Equality
? Family security
? Freedom
? Happiness
? Self respect
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Examples of Instrumental Values
? Ambitious
? Broad-minded
? Capable
? Cheerful
? Courageous
? Honest
? Independent
? Responsible
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Hofstede’s Framework for
Assessing Culture
? Power distance
? Collectivism versus individualism
? Quality versus quantity of life
? Uncertainty avoidance
? Long-term versus short-term orientation
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
GLOBE Framework
? Assertiveness
? Future orientation
? Gender differentiation
? Uncertainty avoidance
? Power distance
? Individual/collectivism
? In-group collectivism
? Power orientation
? Humane orientation
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Attitudes
? Evaluative statements or judgments
concerning objects,people or events
– Cognitive component – the opinion or belief
segment
– Affective component – the emotional or
feeling segment
– Behavior component – an intention to behave
in a certain way
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Types of Attitudes
? Job satisfaction
? Job involvement
– the degree to which a person identifies with
his or her job,actively participates in it,and
considers his or her performance important to
self-worth.
? Organizational commitment
– the degree to which an employee identifies
with a particular organization and its goals,
and wishes to maintain membership.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Measuring the A-B Relationship
? Recent research indicates that the
attitudes (A) significantly predict behaviors
(B) when moderating variables are taken
into account
– Importance of the attitude
– Specificity of the attitude
– Accessibility of the attitude
– Social pressures on the individual
– Direct experience with the attitude
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Attitude Surveys
? Eliciting responses from employees
through questionnaires about how they
feel about their jobs,work groups,
supervisors,and the organization.
? Results can sometimes surprise
management.
? Employee decisions are based on
perceptions,not reality.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Employees Express Dissatisfaction
? Exit – leaving
? Voice – active and constructive attempts
to improve conditions
? Loyalty – passively waiting for conditions
to improve
? Neglect – allowing conditions to worsen
Organizational Behavior
Introduction,Individual Behavior,
Attitudes and Values
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Managers
? Individuals who achieve goals and results
with and through other people by making
decisions,allocating resources,and
directing activities.
? Functions
– Planning
– Organizing
– Leading
– Controlling
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organization and Behavior
? A consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people,that
functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of goals
? Behavior – manners,conduct
? Behaviorism – study of human actions by
analysis of stimulus and response
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Myths or Facts
? People are inherently lazy
? Deep down,people are all alike
? You can’t teach an old dog new tricks
? Happy workers are productive workers
? Men make better leaders than women
? It’s not what you say,it’s what you do
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
? Interpersonal – Figurehead,Leader,
Liaison
? Informational – Monitor,Disseminator,
Spokesperson
? Decisional – Entrepreneur,Disturbance
Handler,Resource Allocator,Negotiator
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Katz’s Management Skills
? Technical skills – apply specialized
knowledge or expertise
? Human skills – work with,understand,and
motivate other people or groups
? Conceptual skills – analyze and diagnose
complex situations
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organizational Behavior (OB)
? A field of study that investigates the impact
that individuals,groups,and structure
have on behavior within organizations,for
the purpose of applying such knowledge
toward improving an organization’s
effectiveness
? Built on many different disciplines
? But OB is very complex
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Core Topics
? Motivation
? Leader behavior and power
? Interpersonal communication
? Group structure and processes
? Learning
? Attitude development and perception
? Change processes
? Conflict
? Work design and stress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Challenges and Opportunity for
OB
? Responding to globalization
? Managing workforce diversity
? Improving quality and productivity
? Responding to the labor shortage
? Improving customer service
? Improving people skills
? Stimulating innovation and creativity
? Improving ethical behavior
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Competencies Needed
? Managing self competency
? Managing communication competency
? Managing diversity competency
? Managing ethics competency
? Managing across cultures competency
? Managing teams competency
? Managing change competency
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Measurements
? Productivity
? Customer Service
? Absenteeism
? Turnover
? Organizational citizenship
? Job satisfaction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Causes of Absenteeism
? Serious accidents and illnesses
? Poor working conditions and workload
? Lack of job satisfaction or boredom
? Inadequate and poor leadership
? Personal problems
? Poor physical condition
? Stress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Costs of Absenteeism
? Decrease in production and productivity
? Financial costs
– Overtime
– Paying employee
? Administration costs
– Hire or reassign another employee
– Maintain and control absenteeism
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Characteristics of People
? Biographical characteristics – age,gender,
marital status,and tenure
? Ability
? Values
? Attitudes
? Personality
? Emotions
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Ability
? An individual’s capacity to perform the
various tasks in a job
– Intellectual – capacity to do mental activities
– Multiple intelligences – cognitive,social,
emotional and cultural
– Physical – capacity to do tasks demanding
stamina,dexterity,strength and other similar
characteristics
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Learning
? Any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of
experience
– Classical conditioning
– Operant conditioning
– Social-learning experience
– Shaping behavior
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Methods of Shaping Behavior
? Positive reinforcement
? Negative reinforcement
? Punishment
? Extinction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Research Findings
? Some type of reinforcement is necessary
to produce a change in behavior
? Some types of rewards are more effective
than others
? The timing of the reinforcement
determines the speed and permanence
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
OB Mod
? The application of reinforcement concepts
to individuals in the work setting.
? Applications
– Well pay versus sick pay
– Employee discipline
– Developing training programs
– Self-management
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Values and Value System
? Values are basic convictions that a
specific mode of conduct or end-state of
existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse
mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
? A value system is a hierarchy based on a
ranking of an individual’s values in terms
of intensity.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Examples of Terminal Values
? Comfortable life
? Exciting life
? Sense of accomplishment
? Equality
? Family security
? Freedom
? Happiness
? Self respect
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Examples of Instrumental Values
? Ambitious
? Broad-minded
? Capable
? Cheerful
? Courageous
? Honest
? Independent
? Responsible
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Hofstede’s Framework for
Assessing Culture
? Power distance
? Collectivism versus individualism
? Quality versus quantity of life
? Uncertainty avoidance
? Long-term versus short-term orientation
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
GLOBE Framework
? Assertiveness
? Future orientation
? Gender differentiation
? Uncertainty avoidance
? Power distance
? Individual/collectivism
? In-group collectivism
? Power orientation
? Humane orientation
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Attitudes
? Evaluative statements or judgments
concerning objects,people or events
– Cognitive component – the opinion or belief
segment
– Affective component – the emotional or
feeling segment
– Behavior component – an intention to behave
in a certain way
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Types of Attitudes
? Job satisfaction
? Job involvement
– the degree to which a person identifies with
his or her job,actively participates in it,and
considers his or her performance important to
self-worth.
? Organizational commitment
– the degree to which an employee identifies
with a particular organization and its goals,
and wishes to maintain membership.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Measuring the A-B Relationship
? Recent research indicates that the
attitudes (A) significantly predict behaviors
(B) when moderating variables are taken
into account
– Importance of the attitude
– Specificity of the attitude
– Accessibility of the attitude
– Social pressures on the individual
– Direct experience with the attitude
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Attitude Surveys
? Eliciting responses from employees
through questionnaires about how they
feel about their jobs,work groups,
supervisors,and the organization.
? Results can sometimes surprise
management.
? Employee decisions are based on
perceptions,not reality.
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Employees Express Dissatisfaction
? Exit – leaving
? Voice – active and constructive attempts
to improve conditions
? Loyalty – passively waiting for conditions
to improve
? Neglect – allowing conditions to worsen
