Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Organizational Behavior
Motivational Concepts and
Applications
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivation
? The processes that account for an
individual’s intensity (how hard),direction,
and persistence (how long) of effort toward
attaining a goal
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
? As each need is substantially satisfied,the
next need becomes dominant
– Physiological
– Safety
– Social
– Esteem
– Self-actualization
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
? Theory X – employees dislike,are lazy,
dislike responsibility,and must be coerced
to perform
? Theory Y – employees like work,are
creative,seek responsibility,and can
exercise self-direction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
? Intrinsic factors are related to job
satisfaction,while extrinsic factors are
associated with dissatisfaction
? When hygiene factors (company policy,
supervision,salary) are adequate,people
will not be dissatisfied
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
? Core needs are existence,relatedness and
growth
– Existence – provision of basic material requirements
– Relatedness – desire for relationships
– Growth – desire for personal development
? More than one need can be operative at the
same time
? If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled,the
desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
? Need for achievement – desire to excel
? Need for power – desire to make others
behave
? Need for affiliation – desire for close
interpersonal relationships
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
? The theory that specific and difficult goals,
with feedback,lead to higher performance
? Self-efficacy – the individual’s belief that
he or she is capable of performing a task
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic
Motivation
? Employees are intrinsically motivated
when rewards an employee gets from
work result from
– Choice
– Competence
– Meaningfulness
– Progress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Equity Theory
? Individuals compare their job inputs and
outcomes with those of others and then
respond to eliminate any inequalities
– Change inputs (slack off)
– Change outcomes (increase output)
– Distort/change perceptions
– Leave the field (quit)
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Expectancy Theory
? The strength of a tendency to act in a
certain way depends on the strength of an
expectation that the act will be followed by
a given outcome and on the attractiveness
of that outcome to the individual
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Employee Involvement
? A participative process that uses the entire
capacity of employees and is designed to
encourage increased commitment to the
organization’s success
– Participative management
– Quality circles
– Representative participation
– Works councils
– Board representation
– ESOPs
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivating Professionals
? Provide challenging projects
? Allow autonomy
? Reward with educational opportunities
? Reward with recognition
? Show interest in what they are doing
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivating Workers Doing
Repetitive Work
? Recruit and select employees that fit the
job
? Create a pleasant work environment
? Make jobs more appealing
? Mechanize the worst jobs
? Provide opportunities for training
Organizational Behavior
Motivational Concepts and
Applications
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivation
? The processes that account for an
individual’s intensity (how hard),direction,
and persistence (how long) of effort toward
attaining a goal
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
? As each need is substantially satisfied,the
next need becomes dominant
– Physiological
– Safety
– Social
– Esteem
– Self-actualization
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
? Theory X – employees dislike,are lazy,
dislike responsibility,and must be coerced
to perform
? Theory Y – employees like work,are
creative,seek responsibility,and can
exercise self-direction
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
? Intrinsic factors are related to job
satisfaction,while extrinsic factors are
associated with dissatisfaction
? When hygiene factors (company policy,
supervision,salary) are adequate,people
will not be dissatisfied
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
? Core needs are existence,relatedness and
growth
– Existence – provision of basic material requirements
– Relatedness – desire for relationships
– Growth – desire for personal development
? More than one need can be operative at the
same time
? If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled,the
desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
? Need for achievement – desire to excel
? Need for power – desire to make others
behave
? Need for affiliation – desire for close
interpersonal relationships
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
? The theory that specific and difficult goals,
with feedback,lead to higher performance
? Self-efficacy – the individual’s belief that
he or she is capable of performing a task
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic
Motivation
? Employees are intrinsically motivated
when rewards an employee gets from
work result from
– Choice
– Competence
– Meaningfulness
– Progress
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Equity Theory
? Individuals compare their job inputs and
outcomes with those of others and then
respond to eliminate any inequalities
– Change inputs (slack off)
– Change outcomes (increase output)
– Distort/change perceptions
– Leave the field (quit)
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Expectancy Theory
? The strength of a tendency to act in a
certain way depends on the strength of an
expectation that the act will be followed by
a given outcome and on the attractiveness
of that outcome to the individual
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Employee Involvement
? A participative process that uses the entire
capacity of employees and is designed to
encourage increased commitment to the
organization’s success
– Participative management
– Quality circles
– Representative participation
– Works councils
– Board representation
– ESOPs
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivating Professionals
? Provide challenging projects
? Allow autonomy
? Reward with educational opportunities
? Reward with recognition
? Show interest in what they are doing
Dr,Jerry L,Huxell
Motivating Workers Doing
Repetitive Work
? Recruit and select employees that fit the
job
? Create a pleasant work environment
? Make jobs more appealing
? Mechanize the worst jobs
? Provide opportunities for training
