皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征 (川崎病 )
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node
Syndrome,MCLS
(Kawasaki Disease,KD)
儿科医院 邬惊雷
Dr.Kawasaki
概 貌 Outline
全身 血管炎 (中、小动脉 )为主要病理改变
Generalized systemic vasculitis
急性发热性出疹性疾病
An acute,febrile disease with rash
儿童后天获得性心脏病的主要病因之一
One of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in
children
可并发缺血性心脏病或猝死
May lead to ischemic heart disease or sudden
death
1967年日本学者首先报道
First described in Japan in 1967 by Dr.Kawasaki
Epidemiology
发病率 (Annual incidence):
日本 — 108-111.7/10万 (97- 98年 )
澳大利亚- 5.5/10万 (93-94年)
瑞典- 6.2/10万( 91-92年)
智利- 2.9/ 10万( 92-94年)
美国白种人- 9/10万
美国亚裔 32.5/10万
临床流行病学资料
中国
北京 - 18.2-27.8 /10万( 95-99年)
上海- 16.2-36.7/10万( 85-03年)
香港- 25.4/ 10万 (89-94年)
台湾- 24.8 / 10万 (86年)
亚裔人种发病率较高
年龄:
约 80%病例 < 5岁
About 80% cases are < 5 years old
性别:
男,女之比 1:1.5-1.7
Boys outnumber girls by 1:1.5-1.7
流行病学资料 (2)
发病有一定的家庭集聚现象
兄弟姐妹、双胎发病率相对较高
提示:有遗传倾向与致病或环境因素相互作用
Higher rates of KD in the siblings and twins suggest a
possible role for genetic predisposition that interacts
with exposure to the etiologic agent or agents in the
environments
流行病学资料 (3)
季节,冬春季发病居多
More common in winter and early spring months
流行趋势,呈一定的区域流行
Occurring in both endemic and community-wide
epidemic forms
冠状动脉瘤或扩张发生率, 15%-25%
Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia develop in
15%-25% of untreated cases
住院病死率, 约 0.17%
In-hospital mortality rate is about 0.17%
再发率, 1-3%
Recurrence rate is reported to be 1-3%
病 因
Etiology
病因仍不明确
The etiology of KD remains unknown
临床和流行病学资料提示感染是可能的病因
或触发因子
Clinical and epidemiological features suggest
infection is etiology or trigger
细菌毒素:超抗原学说
Bacterial toxin,There is a hypothesis that KD is
related with superantigen
可能与免疫异常有关
It is possible that KD results from an immunologic
response triggered by some microbial agents
病 理
Pathology
全身性血管炎
Generalised systemic vasculitis involving blood
vessels throughout body.
动脉瘤形成
Aneurysms occurring in arteries
病理(续)
动脉重塑 狭窄
Arteial remodeling Stenosis
MCLS全身小
动脉血管炎 肱 A、髂 A(2%)
肾 A (1%)
肾性
高血压
肠系膜 A
(< 1%)
肠梗阻 休克
破裂
脑血管
肺 A
肺 A高压
肺梗塞
视力障碍
脑 梗塞
川崎病心血管相关病变的病理分期 ( 1)
分期 病程 特征性病理变化 死因
Ⅰ 0 - 9 日
小血管炎,较大的冠状动脉急性心内
膜炎及周围血管炎,全心炎
心力衰竭及心律失常
Ⅱ 12 ~ 25 日
较大的冠状动脉炎,冠状动脉瘤及血
栓栓塞,冠状动脉内膜增生,全心炎
同 Ⅰ +心梗,冠状动
脉瘤破裂
川崎病心血管相关病变的病理分期( 2)
分期 病程 特征性病理变化 死因
Ⅲ 28 ~ 31 日
冠状动脉肉芽增生,血管内膜增厚,
小血管炎消失
心梗
Ⅳ 40 日~ 4 年
较大的冠状动脉疤痕形成狭窄,钙
化及血管再通,心内膜及心肌纤维

心梗
临床表现
Clinical Findings
发热持续 5天以上
Fever persisting at least 5 days+
双侧球结膜充血,无渗出物
Bilateral nonexudative conjunctivitis
周围肢体变化,
Changes in extremities:
初期:掌跖红斑、手足硬肿
Acute:Erythema of palms,soles;edema of hands,feet
恢复期:病程 2-3周指、趾膜状脱皮
Subacute,Periungual peeling of fingers,toes in weeks
2 and 3
常见红斑性、斑丘疹样
皮疹,躯干为主
The erythematous rash or
maculopapular eruption is
common,mainly with
involvement of the trunk
口唇及口腔改变,
Changes of the lips and oral cavity:
口唇干裂、剥脱、出血
Dryness,fissuring,peeling
and bleeding of the lips
草莓舌
,Strawberry
tongue”
颈部淋巴结肿大
Cervical lymphadenopathy
单侧性、非化脓性
直径 >1.5cm
Unilateral
Non-suppurative
Diameter>1.5cm
肛周及会阴部变化
其它表现 Other clinical findings
心血管系统:心肌炎、心包炎、心律失常、心衰
Cardiovascular system,myocarditis,pericarditis,arrythmia,
heart failure
消化系统:腹痛、腹泻、肝功能损害
Gastrointestinal tract,abdominal pain,diarrhea,hepatic dysfunction
泌尿生殖系统:尿道炎
Genitourinary system,urethritis
其它表现 (续)
Other clinical findings ( continued)
中枢神经系统:易激惹,无菌性脑膜炎
Central nervous system,extreme irritability,aseptic meningitis
肌肉骨骼系统:关节炎、关节痛
Musculoskeletal system,Arthritis,arthralgia
实验室检查 Laboratory findings
白细胞计数增高,粒细胞为主
Leukocytosis with neutrophilia
血沉增快
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
C反应蛋白增高
Elevated C- reactive protein (CRP)
血小板计数增高
Thrombocytosis
实验室检查 Laboratory findings
贫血,低白蛋白血症
Anemia,Hypoalbuminemia
血清转氨酶增高
Elevated serum transaminases
血清 IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE,循环免疫复合物增高
Elevated serum IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE and CIC
心电图 Electrocardiogram
窦性心动过速,S-T段抬高
Sinus tachycardia,elevated S-T segment
超声心动图 Echocardiogram
心包积液, 瓣膜反流
Pericardial effusion,valvular regurgitation
冠状动脉瘤(扩张)
Coronary aneurysm (ectasia)
冠状动脉造影 Coronary angiogram
A B C
临床诊断标准 Clinical criteria for diagnosis
A.不明原因发热 5天以上
Fever with unknown reasons persisting 5+ days
B,其它主要临床表现
Other principal clinical features
1.周围肢体变化,Changes in extremities:
a,掌跖红斑,手足硬肿
Erythema of palms,soles;edema of hands,feet
b,指、趾膜状脱皮
Periungual peeling of fingers,toes
临床诊断标准 Clinical criteria for diagnosis
2.多形性皮疹
Polymorphous exanthem
3.双眼球结膜充血(无渗出)
Bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection(without exudate)
4.口唇潮红、皲裂、草莓舌、口咽粘膜充血
Erythema,dryness,cracking(,bleeding) of the lips;
strawberry tongue; diffuse injection of oral and
pharyngeal mucosae
临床诊断标准 Clinical criteria for diagnosis
5.非化脓性颈部淋巴结肿大 (常为单侧)
Cervical lymphadenopathy without suppuration
诊断:
1,发热 +其它至少四项主要标准
Diagnosis bsaed on > 5 days fever and at least 4
principal criteria 或
2.发热 +四项以下主要标准+冠脉病变
> 5 days fever and < 4 principal criteria when coronary
artery abnormalities are detected
l鉴别诊断 Differential diagnosis
败血症 Septicemia
猩红热 Scarlet fever
全身型幼年类风湿关节炎
Syetemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
渗出性多形红斑
Exudative polymorphous erythema
治疗 Treatment
一,控制炎症 Anti-inflammation
1.阿司匹林 Aspirin
30-100mg/kg.d 每日 3-4次 ( qid)
具抗炎、抗血小板作用
With activities of anti-inflammation and anti-platelet
不能降低冠脉病变的发生
Not lowering the frequency of the development
coronary abnormalities
关于阿司匹林使用的疗程
Duration of Aspirin administration
满 14天,热退后 2-3天 减量至 3-5mg/kg.d
(High dose) redused to 3-5mg/kg.d after 14 days of illness
and the child has been afebrile for 48-72 hrs
a.无冠脉病变,维持 6-8周
maintained for 6-8 weeks if no coronary abnormalities
detacted
b.有冠脉病变,维持至恢复
Continued indefinitely till recover
注意
瑞氏(肝脑脂肪变性)综合征
Reye syndrome
消化道不良反应
2,丙种球蛋白静脉滴注 IVIG
2g/kg.d 一次静脉滴注 8-12小时
2g/kg.d in a single infusion for 8-12hrs
与阿司匹林合用
Together with aspirin
病程 10天内使用(若可能,7天内使用)
Started within first 10 days of illness,
(If possible,within 7 days of illness)
3.皮质激素 Steroids
一般不用于初治
Not used for the initial treatment of KD
对冠脉病变的疗效不确切
The effects on coronary artery abnormalities still uncertain
与静脉丙球和阿司匹林合用,或用于
Used to combind with IVIG and aspirin or
初治失败的病例
To the cases failed to respond to initial therapy
二,抗血小板、抗凝治疗
Anti-platelet and anticoagulant therapy
双嘧达莫 (潘生丁 ) Dipyridamole (Persantin)
华法林 Warfarin
低分子肝素 Low-molecular-weight heparin
三,对症治疗 Symptomatic treatment
并发冠状动脉瘤的危险因素
Risk factors for coronary aneurysms
男孩 Male sex
年龄 <6月或 >3岁 Age >6 months or >3 yrs
发热持续 2周以上 Fever more than 2 wks
血沉 > 100mm/h ESR>100mm/h
血红蛋白 <80g/L Hemoglobin<80g/L
白细胞 >16x109/L WBC>16x109/L
长期随访 Long-term follow-up
无冠脉病变者
出院 1,3,6,12月随访
有冠脉病变者
在上述基础上每 6-12个月随访,直至消失