Chapter 7
Integration of Information
The Strategic
Management of
Information
Technology
Transaction Processing
System
Input Output Process
Information
Communication
Steps Toward Integration
? Windowing Operating System
– OS/2 Presentation Manager
– Windows
– X-Windows (Sun)
? Transaction Processing Systems
– Payroll Services
– Sales Order Processing Systems
– Process Control Systems
– Corporate Accounting Systems
Steps Toward Integration
? Multi-Tasking
– Allow Users to run different programs at
the same time
– Windows
– OS/2 (Presentation Manager)
– XWindows
? Networks
– Enable Dynamic Integration from Several
Sources
Integration
? Vertical
– Different Levels of Production
– ex,Oil Company
? Horizontal
– Retail Stores
– ex:Wal-Mart
Object-Orientation
? Different than Transmitting Raw Bits of Data
– Hardware Connections
– Access Controls
– Simple Data Formats
? Software Agents
– object-oriented programs written to perform
specific tasks in response to user requests
– agents know how to exchange object attributes
– agents have the ability to activate object functions
in other agents
? Multimedia
– Integration of Text,Video,Sound,Pictures,
Animation
Integration/Links
? Static
– Hard-Coded
– Import
? Dynamic
– Linked
– Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)
– Hot-Linked
– Object-Linking and Embedding (OLE)
? Original Software Package Automatically
started when chosen
Systems Project Proposals
? Feasibility Factors
– Technical
– Economic
– Legal
– Operational
– Schedule
? Strategic Factors
– Productivity
– Differentiation
– Management
Systems Plan
? Business Plan
– Document Company’s Goals and
Objectives
– Align Systems Project with Company’s
Business Plan
? Enterprise-Wide Model
– Entity Relationship Diagram showing
relationship between organization’s entities
and their relationship to supporting
strategies of Business Plan
– View of Future Organization of Enterprise
under a Business Plan
Two Levels of Planning
? Systems Planning
– Gives Managers,Users,and Information
Systems Personnel Projects
– Establishes what should be done
– Sets a budget for the total cost of these
projects
? Systems Project Planning
– Setting a plan for the development of each
specific systems project
Systems Professional Skills
? Systems Planning
– Form project team after proposed systems project is
cleared for development
? Systems Analysis
– Business Systems Analysts knowledgeable in business
? General Systems Design
– Business Systems Analysts
? Systems Evaluation and Selection
– Business Systems Analysts
? Detailed Systems Design
– Wide Range of Systems and Technical Designers
? Systems Implementation
– Systems analysts,programmers,and special
technicians
Effective Leadership Style
? Autocratic Style
– Crisis-Style Management
– Used to Correct Major Problem,such as Schedule
Slippage
? Democratic Style
– Team-oriented Leadership
– Gives each team member the freedom to achieve
goals which he/she helped set
? Laissez-Faire Style
– Highly-motivated,Highly-Skilled Team Members
– People who work best alone
Project Management Skills
? Planning
– States what should be done
– Estimates how long it will take
– Estimates what it will cost
? Leading
– Adapts to dynamics of enterprise and deals with setbacks
– Guides and induces people to perform at maximum
abilities
? Controlling
– Monitors Progress Reports and Documented Deliverables
– Compares Plans with Actuals
? Organizing
– Staffs a Systems Project Team
– Brings together users,managers,and team members
Project Management
? Gantt Chart
? Pert Chart
Gantt Chart
? Compares Planned Performance
against actual performance to
determine whether the project is ahead
of,behind,or on schedule
? Schedule a complete systems project
by phases
PERT Chart
? Program,Evaluation and Renew Technique
? Estimate,Schedule,and Control a network of
interdependent tasks
? Shown by arrows,nodes,or circles
? Determine minimum time needed to complete a
project,phase,or task
? Critical Path
– Minimum time needed to complete a project
or phase
– Total of the most time-consuming chain of
events
PERT Chart
? Four Steps
– Identify Tasks
– Determine Proper Sequence of Tasks
– Estimate the Time Required to Perform
each Task
– Prepare Time-Scaled Chart of Tasks
and Events to Determine the Critical
Path
CASE
? Computer-Aided Systems and
Software Engineering
? Increase Productivity of Systems
Professionals
? Improve the Quality of Systems
Produced
? Improve Software Maintenance
Issue
CASE
? Includes,
– workstations
– central repository
– numerous modeling tools
– project management
– Systems Development Life Cycle
Support
– Prototyping Applications
– Software Design Features
Central Repository
? Models Derived from Modeling Tools
? Project Management Elements
? Documented Deliverables
? Screen Prototypes and Report Designs
? Software Code from Automatic Code
Generator
? Module and Object Libraries of
Reusable Code
? Reverse Engineering,Reengineering,
and Restructuring Features
Software Maintenance
? Reverse Engineering
– Extract original design from spaghetti-like,
undocumented code to make maintenance change
request
– Abstract meaningful design specifications that can be
used by maintenance programmers to perform
maintenance tasks
? Reengineering
– Examination and changing of a system to reconstitute it
in form and functionality
– Reimplementation
? Restructuring
– Restructures code into standard control constructs
? sequence,selection,repetition
Work Group Technologies
? Suite of Products
? GroupWare
Suite of Products
Examples
? Microsoft Corporation
– Word
– Excel
– PowerPoint
? Lotus Development Corporation
– AmiPro
– Lotus 1-2-3
– Freelance
? Novell/Borland
– WordPerfect
– Borland
– dBaseIV
Suite of Products
Advantages
? Integrated Document
? Economies of Scale
? Consolidated Training
? Shared Files Across Group
Suite of Products
Disadvantages
? Choice Based upon Group Rather than
Advantages of Individual Product
?,Locked In” to Product Company
? Difficulty in Matching Client
Requirements
Today’s Organization
? Enterprise-Wide Development
? Object-Oriented Definition
? Implementation of Suite Approach