Index adsorption recycle extraction, continuous, 196 concentration polarisation, 72 adsorption systems, expanded bed, 195 concentration polarisation, UF, 106, 146 adsorption, SCF, 40 critical T and P for supercritical fluids, 20 affinity chromatography, 202 crystallisation, 230 affinity separations, 189 crystallisation, fats, 209 air classification, 260 cut size, 264 air classification, applications, 268 air classification, process characterisation, 264 air classifiers, equipment, 262 dairy applications, UF, 121 air jet sieve, 260 decaffeination, tea and coffee, 49 animal products, UF, 127 decolorisation, IE, 163 aqueous two-phase extraction, 182 dehulling, 278 dehydration, 9, 12 demineralisation, IE, 16 1 backtlushing, 146 density, bulk, 252 bacterial removal, MF, 149 density, particle, 250 Beer, MF, 148 density, supercritical fluids, 20 bioreactors, membranes, 128 detergent fractionation, 230 biotechnology, recovery, UF, 133 diafiltration, 116 blinding, ion exchange, 159 diafiltration, applications, 1 19 blood, UF, 127 diafiltration, washing in, I18 bulk density, 252 diafiltration, washing out, 117 diffusion coefficients, 34, 39 capacity, ion exchange, 159 diffusion, supercritical fluid, 22 cell harvesting, MF, 150 dry fractionation, 21 1 centrifugation, 10 cereals processing wastes, RO, 91 cereals separations, AC, 268 chemical properties, SCF, 23 cholesterol lowering, SCF, 52 cider, MF, 148 clarification, MF, 148 cleaning, membranes, 84 cleaning, solids separations, 279 coffee, decaffeination, 49 coffee processing, RO, 91 colour sorting and grading, 281 columns, IE, 160 composition, food, 1 concentration factor, 69 eggs, RO, 92 eggs, UF, 128 electrically enhanced separations, 202 electrodialysis, 166 electrodialysis applications, 169 electrodialysis equipment, 167 electrophoresis, 202 electrostatic cleaning, 280 elution, ion exchange, 159 emulsion, liquid membranes, 193 energy utilisation, UF, 114 entrainers, 34 enzyme purification, IE, 165 enzyme purification, LLE, 182 288 Index enzyme recovery, MF, 15 1 ion exchange, fermentation broths, 165 equations of state, 3 1 ion exchange, materials, 155, 158 equilibrium, 6 ion exchange, proteins, 163 equipment, fat fractionation, 21 1 ion exchange, theory, 155 equipment, RO and UF, 75 equipment, SCF, 42 Jenike flow cell, 255 evaporation, 12 expanded bed adsorption, 195 extraction, biochemicals, 4 kinetics, innovative methods, 181 extraction, mechanisms, SCF, 37 lecithin purification, SCF, 52 fat crystallisation, 209 legumes, dehulling, 278 fat fractionation, 207 legumes, separations, AC, 270 fat fractionation, membrane filters, 221 Lipofrac fractionation process, 234 fermenters, membranes, 13 1 liquid-liquid extraction, 181 filtration, 10 liquid membrane separations, 191 filtration equipment, fats, 212 low-alcohol drinks, RO, 92 filtration performance, 216, 218 fish, UF, 128 flash cooling, 12 mass transfer, innovative methods, 181 flavour extraction, SCF, list of substances, 56 materials, chromatographic and adsorption, 201 flavour extraction, SCF, 54 medical applications, UF, 134 flavour extraction, spinning cone, 14 membrane bioreactors, 128 Florentine filter, 212 membrane characteristics, 70 flowability, powders, 254 membrane chromatography, 199 food cornposition, 1 membrane configuration, 76, 142 food composition, table, 2 membrane configuration, MF, 142 forces of adhesion, 252 membrane fermenters, 131 formed-in-place membranes, 92 membrane filters, fat fractionation, 221 fouling, ion exchange, 159 membrane terminology, 66 fouling, MF, 146 membranes, downstream processing, 133 fouling, UF, 11 1 membranes, inorganic, 142, 145 fractionation, SCF, 47 membranes, introduction, 65 fractionation, SCF, butterfat, 53 membranes, liquid, 191 fractionation, SCF, fish oils, 53 membranes, sharp, diffuse, 100 free diffusion model, 37 metal detection, 280 fruit juices, MF, 149 microfiltration, bacterial removal, 149 fugacity, 29 microfiltration, beer, cider, 148 microfiltration, equipment, 142 grade efficiency, AC, 266 microfiltration, fouling, 146 grading, colour, 282 microfiltration, fruit juices, 149 grading, solids, 281 microfiltration, introduction, 141 microfiltration, milk, 149 Hausner ratio, 253 microfiltration, performance, 146 hollow fibre, 77 microfiltration applications, biotechnology, 150 hops, 54 microfiltration applications, food, 148 hydrofilter press, fat fractionation, 227 milk, demineralisation, 161 hydrophobicity, 183 milk, MF, 149 hygiene, membranes, 82 milk, UF, 121 milk, composition, 113 innovative methods, introduction, 179 milk processing, RO, 88 innovative processing, solid-based systems, 195 milk fat filtration, 217 inorganic membranes, 142 milk fat fractionation, 216 intracellular proteins, purification, 203 mixed bed systems, IE, 160 ion exchange applications, biotechnology, 165, 166 ion exchange, applications, food, 160 oil extraction, SCF, 50 ion exchange, capacity, 159 oils, quality, 210 ion exchange, equipment, 160 oilseed proteins, UF, 125 Index 289 osmotic pressure, 68 shrinking core model, 38 osmotic pressure values, 68 sieve sizes, 259 other applications, AC, 273 sieving, 258 size reduction, 256 particle density, 250 softening, ion exchange, 161 particle shape, 250 solid separations, summary, 244 particle size, 247 solids, dry separations, 258,260 particle size distribution, 247 solids, separations from, 7 partition coefficient, 184 solids, wet separations, 273 partitioning, factors affecting, 183 solids separations, 243 peeling, 279 solids separation, miscellaneous processes, 278 Peng Robinson equation, 31 solubilities, SCF, 24 perfluorocarbon affinity separation, 189 solvent fractionation, fats, 236 perfusion chromatography, 201 Sortex colour sorter, 282 permeate flux, UF, 106 sorting, colour, 281 permeate flux, factors affecting, 114 sorting, solids, 281 permeate rate, 7 1 soya concentrates and isolates, 274 physical properties, 5 soya processing, 274 physical properties, solids, 244 spinning cone column, 14 physicochemical basis for separations, 180 spiral wound module, 79 plate and frame modules, 79 stirred tanks, IE, 160 polymorphism, fats, 210 Stockdale filter, 220 porosity, 252 Stokes equation, 264 powders, bulk properties, 252 sugar juice demineralisation, 162 powders, methods of classification, 246 supercritical extraction, introduction, 17 powders, quality factors, 246 supercritical fluid state, phase diagram for COz, 19 protein fractionation, UF, 119 supercritical fluids, density, 20 protein purification, IE, 163 supercritical fluids, diffusion, 22 protein recovery, IE, 163 supercritical fluids, equipment, 42-47 protein recovery, wet separation, 274 supercritical fluids, theoretical models, 29 protein shifts, air classification, 267 supercritical fluids, viscosity, 21 purification applications, IE, 166 supercritical fluids, volatility, 23 supported liquid membrane, 192 raw materials, cleaning, 279 tea, decaffeination, 49 recombinant DNA techniques, 203 Redlich-Kwong equation, 3 1 transport phenomena, UF, 106 rejection, 69, 98 tubular modules, 76 rejection, average, 103 rejection, biochemicals, 99 ultrafiltration, animal products, 127 rejection data, practical data, 104 ultrafiltration, applications, 121 rejection, UF, milk components, 99 ultrafiltration, introduction, 97 retention, see rejection ultrafiltration, medical applications, 134 reverse-micelle extraction, 185 ultrafiltration, oilseed proteins, 125 reverse osmosis, fruit and vegetable juices, 90 ultrafiltration, permeate flux, 106 reverse osmosis, other applications, 91 ultrafiltration, vegetable proteins, 125 reverse osmosis, water treatment, 87 ultrafiltration fouling, 11 1 rotary drum filter, fat, 215 Vacuband batch filter, 214 van der Waals equation, 67 Vant’Hoff equation, 67 vegetable proteins, UF, 125 Virial equation, 67 viscosity, supercritical fluid, 21 water, in foods, 9 water, role in SCFextraction, 40 water, softening, 161 water treatment, 15 Qafety aspects, membranes, 82 Sauter mean particle diameter, 249 superficial fluids, applications, 48 supercritical fluids, chemical properties, 23 separation, from solids, 7 separation, powders and particulates, 256 separation, SCF, 42 separations, from gases, 13 separations, from liquids. 11 separations, liquid-solid, 10 290 Index water treatment, RO, 87 wet separation processes, 273 wheat protein, wet separations, 276 whey composition, 113 whey, demineralisation, 161 whey, ED, 171 whey, protein recovery IE, 164 whey, UF, 123 yield, air classification, 266, 272 yield, UF, 101