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Ta |a ? ?′:1 X 1 cx q R ì ? ? ?cx  NN ?/té ] 9é ¥?s1 JiaGang Page 10 ? sD ? é _?/ ?   | ? ? l Ha¥ R ì   $ X L i¨?? ?|¥á ? ?s ?Q¨ ? ? ? sò| ?/t? 9 ? ?Q ?/t9×]" ?9×¥?s q?? s q'1 R ì ? ¥cx q 4.3x? q x? qV U R ì ? ?V?? F*aa 0 ?¥ ? ?x? qD R ì¥ < a?μ1 V¨íQE?? |??cx q H¥ ? t¨ 1sE |"=z ?z 500 X ?asYb ?x? N¥íQ = ??Q? 7í 10sò Ta |" ?¨?? ?ì? ?  ? 1sò? | ?/t¥× b9 ?x? qb x? q %=  A/500*100 Aía ?/t¥×  X ? z" ?¥??′ 'μ?? ?" ? ?@ X H 9 V¨ X" ??íQ?ísò' V ???] R ì ? °? ??¥ ? djvl mm) R ì°? 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 ? dj 2.0 2.8 2.8 3.35 4.0 4.0 5.6 6.7  ??t?aé ? h? q¥8??? -??a ?E (GB/T 17811-1999) Determination of digestibility in animal protein feeds—Pepsin method 1. S? a¨??t??aé ? ? a¨?±t??aé ?  ? ?  2. ZEe ? ?V?¥ k"¨? £¥??a ? ·A??a???1?ó/h? 16l HV rs ?? ·??? !′a ?2 ????¥Y?ac b ] H ?? b a???? ?3 k"¥Y?ac  3. k4 0.2%¥??a ? ·A ?a í£?; ???ZE  Be ? ?¨μt?cμ(-a3-a4-a((??Do¥W ??? ?[ ¥ Z T¤í£? u¥ l; ?YV??ssa êKl=eEa | y *ü??C}?D9 D¥ m y ?té; ?D???sc W¥L?dL ? ?V7 LC¨téí£?; ?????sc ¥ y ?9 ?b  JiaGang Page 11 ? sD ? é _?/ ?  M} ?S3PSSJTp V4 M/*3? s/ ? " -óD ? #¥/*3 s? ^M/*3sb ?ìM3*3? s ^Dü?¥; ?? sM? 'té è ??aé ¥c Dí£? u =??]¥oé? l??L?1"  ?D ?1 z ( /*3 "'  '  ?&  '  ?&  ll ' P ?& P  '  ll' P íB" ? 9 ^?0?oé?¥ lè ?  &  ll& P ?0?oé?¥ l < ( /*3 í£? u; ?s¥ ??D?sc b YVB ?X? ?D?sc ¥í£? u; ?n? V¤0?oé?¥í B" ? ¨??$ ??¥ ? ?????" ????D?s¥c b Diffuse reflectance for a ground solid showing: (a) reflection from the cell cover; (b) specular reflection from the sample; (c) absorption and diffuse reflection from the sample; (d) total absorption by the sample.  =aí£?; ?sV? 1.?S#?? S" ?êa×?" ?Fa?S" ?ê4¥ZEaè??DE???sc a |; ? ? a?SZ?y ? ??íBa??síBEa êKl=eE?a?S Z? ??_a??a L=??b 2. ?S ?¥?1a÷?  1aí£?; ?N¥?? ?? 9  r; ??í£?; ?N 9  ;E?£?; ?N 9  ° ú=MDí£?; ?N  ?Conclusions 9 While there is still the need for research on NIRS and the limits to its use, it is a useful technique. 9 At present, NIRS works best on dried materials and requires constant checking to maintain the accuracy of calibration equations. JiaGang Page 12 ? sD ? é _?/ ? 9 Many questions still remain to be answered. 9 there will be a steady increase in the demand for instrumental methods of analysis, such as NIRS. ?a ? ¥?t k ??E  Bì¥ ?! L ?? ? ?!N′ 1a k "¥ 2a L is ??D?t k ??¥ uY 3a k L @Z?¥?? ? kì¥ê4 ó?a M -a8× ? ?!5 ? ? I3·S ? ? ) ?D2Ts  = ? ? Vh?? ???/ ? ? k ê¨8×MíB?1 1.8à[ ¥r B1 k ??t?¨ l " T¥?? m ? ? ?!5 ? ? ké? ?BQ?? ?=Q?? ? $? ? ???? ? =÷?? ? ?? ¥???? ? ? #} U ??t¥s ? ? 9 ?Dd9s  Ea ? ¥íB??s  B?B ? ? ?c ¥íB??s v  SD L$ y ?¥íB T? ? e X?¥Fsc Y VM?¥íB T?? ? ?  ?Fs¥c  ? ^B? SDae??1? ?¥ ?? ? M1Fsc ¥ZEb ¨ ? e Y?ac íB?? ? e ? ?c  ?  ?′¥íB??s ¨ ? e Y?ac íB?? ? e ? ?c  ? íBZ? y=a+bx, Z ^" ??? ??sc  Y ^" ??Y?a?sc   B ^?  C ^íB" ?S ^M1" ? ¨ ? e Y?ac íB?? ? e ? ?c    'JDLMFSFUBM   / 3$ 5FOUISFWJTFEFEJUJPO ?  ?t é   Y?a    íB " ? ?? ? ?? ? ê? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? JiaGang Page 13 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ? x   B          C         S      ?&   B         C         S      ?. f   B         C         S      30 f   B         C         S      ? ü   B         C         S       =ì ? ¥ ?′?? 1 ì ? 9 ? GE¥9 (& $? X ?$1 ?&&?$)0?? (& $? $ X< ?&& ?$1  ?"TI >? 3  /3$   h? ? %&¥9 %& ?(&  ?"TI  ?/%'  3   %&  ?%&  ?&&  ?$1 3   %&  ?%&  ?/%' 3   3 }? ? ME¥9 .& #'4  ,+ $ X%.?$1 X ?&& ?4U X ?4V X ? 03 X ?"%' X  ,JSDIHFTTOFSFUBM   #'41± 3t??té CBDUFSJBMGFJNFOUBUJPOTVCTUBODF  ? Z ?  ?′¥íB?? ? ü.&O" ?$1?&&?/'&? l ?.&O" ?$1?&&?/'&? ? ü?ax $1#.&O" ?$1?&&?/'&? ? ü?ax $1#.&O" ?$1?&&?/'&? ?f.&O" ?$'?&&? èx.&O" ?%.?"4)?&&? ú?.f.&O" ?$1?&&?/'&? JiaGang Page 14 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ?. è.&O" ?%.?&&?$'? ? 3 è.&O" ?%.?&&?$'?  EBa L ? ¥) ?? Lá¥T 1. LZED L ? ¥ ??¥1" 2. L ? ¥) ?ZE? SDs k2T 3. Lá¥ì T 4. L2T¥ SDVr ? c ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ? Method for sampling of feed  ? " Z E GB/T 14699.1—93  ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨?x ? R ì ¥?a? ? ? a ¨ ??  # μ+ y1 p¥ ? _ ZE¥? "ZEb 2 ?¨S GB 5491  Ja2 _ !"as"Eb ?? e S" ?  ü (" ? 4   |"àa |" !? 5 ?"1? 6 ?"ZE  ? á ??"ZE  ? ?"ZE  ?"ZE ? ?  g?"ZE  7 " ?¥ ês JiaGang Page 15 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ?¨o 1sEpé? …… 8 " ?¥ D & ¨?D  T¨¥?   = é ¨ ?  ?F?  d ?? L S &#H F?c 9 ?": c " ? ?a ?ì?|a ?|a á1a ?"?êa ?" |a ?" ° ùa 3áìEa Y?1??b 10 " ?¥?¤  | 5aD y ???1??i]?a] ?a]é?b  ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ?  ? Y ? a ? ? Z E GB/T 6432-94 Method for the determination of crude protein in feedstuffs }9 GB/T 6432-86  'S?v *40u?t ?  —?c ¥???Y?ac 9 ?v   ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨? ¥? ? a i ê ? a?B ?    ?¨S (#?D k4ˉ?s¨S ·A¥?!   e ? b?4¥T¨/¨ ; ? ?êμt Pc?t?1 ; ?? F ? <aé? ? < P?d ¨ ± ? la ¨÷ ?ˉ? ??c  e[ 9 ?Y ?a¥c b   k4 ; ?a ?b?4  ; ?^a ; ?K ; ? ) a _? )a ± ?a ?· U4a ÷ ?S ·Aa?a ; ??a ± ? lA?   N  !! " ?x Tùnas" ?as? üaè Va ? Tˉ?5a : f  Ta : f ? < ?a??N? JiaGang Page 16 ? sD ? é _?/ ?  k"¥ê |??!   s?? ??E  k"hò ? | k" ~H c?  ~NHb ? : f  T? F ? H?· U4a NM ; ?a  ìj eèè V h?à ·A?i ü¥ ? s ???F £à   l H  ?¥? < è ? <E | k"hòAF ?? < £ —NMb|? < ?¥ ? `5¥  ? ? μ NM ± ? lA? ˉ· U4¥? T?_ : f  TF ? NM _? ) ·A F £? < °à @A881 NM P ? `5¥  ? 7A ? ??? < ~H  ! ? `5T?? <b ?± ? <E | k"hòA dà NMT1 k"s3A|?? < ?¥ ? `5¥  ? ? μ NM ± ? lA? ˉ· U4¥? T? ? ? 3 ¥ £?F ?J£· U4a ; ? ?ˉ  ?N ·A1í£ ?  ?M | k"s3A ~NMF ?? < ?¥Q? i ?z ? gj e ? F NM _? ) ·A l?4 j e ? P- @ ? Q? i|j e ? ?z ? g)F £ á ? < NJOa?/? T P ? `5¥  ? 7A ?? < NJOT?? <b ? <??¥_ ˉ? wiE  k"¥hò ?¥? < ˉ?   ba?? ? |? }9 k" ……  s2T¥V ? 9 ?n/ T $1    7  7   $   . 7  7  ? 7ˉ? k" HS÷ ? ·A¥8NM 7ˉ? ba HS÷ ? ·A¥8NM $÷ ?S  ·A¥ iNPM- N k"é  JiaGang Page 17 ? sD ? é _?/ ? 7 k"s 3A98NM 7   k"s 3A? <¨8NM  ? x X? ?¥ X ?   ?D ???aé¥ ü (" ?  ×ˉ? ?? k" | ? ü?"é???[ ? ? ü (′12T  ? $1c  [  H ?M êμ1  ? $1c  ~-W H ?M êμ1   ? $1c  [/ H ?M êμ1 b   ?? | ? ?SSES  ? Y?[??ZE (#5 .FUIPEGPSUIFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGDSVEFGBUJOGFFETUVGGT}9(#  ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨?ò??Ba?a ¥? ? ??    e ? ì f?[ 4 |N?¨ Y ?4 | k "?4 | t ¥×  " ?[?? μ μ ?a ?a? · ?? 3 ía= s í?#??2T1Y?[Y ?4 |tb   k4 Y ?   N  !! s? üa è £?? £?Qa ???Qa ì f?[4 |   Na? 2 a r? ?b   k"¥?!  s?? ??E P¨ ì f?[4 | ?? |4 T =μm F ? ì?à?× ?" ~H¨ r?zb ? ¥¥ ?Q?? b ?4 T Fí £Y ? ~NM r? V ??? ?DY ??  ~¥¥ £? F £ e?Y ?í @1 Ql Hí @ ~Q | k" í lY ?a |/4 T £? ? ???Y ?a ??Q]"??à?×a? b wiE P¨?[4 |N??b  JiaGang Page 18 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ??2T¥9 ? 9 ? T &&  N  N  N  ? N?? k"×  H  NX?×¥4 T× H  NX?×¥ 9μ?[¥4 T¥× Hb  ×ˉ? ?? k" | ? ü?"?? &&c  [   c  ?M êμ1   [/ H ?M êμ1 b   ?? | ?  ?SSES  ? Y8???ZE (#5 .FUIPEGPSEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGDSVEFGJCFSJOGFFFETUVGGT}9(#  ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨?ò??a ¥? ? a i ê ? #?B ? b   ?¨S (#5?D k4ˉ?s¨S ·A¥?!b   e ? ¨ i ?¥ ??a+?Hq/hò" ?¨Y?" ? V ·tüú? #  h" ?té¥  ?? 1Y8?b ?1c8? í  1?8? ía !é íb    k4 ; ?a _? )a ?! F ?aY?aY ?a????b   N  !! è Vaè £??Qaú? Vahò a r ?a f±?a?2 aY8? ??N?b   k"?! s??  ??E ?" 1~2g¨Y ???a b ?hò  Fm-¥ ; ? ·A NM?Bˉ??? NJO =F £àm-  ?±m NJOa r ??¨m? < £!à?? _??? F ?m-¥ _? )A NM ?±m NJO ?' ?μ F ?¥ f±? V r ¨ NM¥ ; ? ·A!′???±?? ¨m? < £!à?? ¨ NMY?!′ JiaGang Page 19 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ?b |±?b ??Q ? ¥?? I |a?2 ? ? ?à i??×  üú? V# a ? ?à i??×b wiE  ??2T¥9 ? 9 ? T $'  } .  .  .~  ? N ¥??a±?# k"??×H N ¥# a±?# k"??×H N k"  ???é H ×ˉ? $'c  [/ '′Mμ   $'c  [ M êμ1 b  ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ?  ? Y ? s ¥ ? ? Z E GB/T 6438-92 Method for the determination of crude ash in feedstuffs }9 GB 6838-86  ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨? ¥? ? a i ê ? a#ò??B ? b   ?¨S  ZEe ? k" ¥# a ?¤?? ¨é ?s qV Ub ???1c?ta ÷ ?? ?té9 ? ? ? ¥ é Far?#?Y?sb   N  !! s? üaú? Va±?a?2 ?b   k"¥?! ???? # L±?à?× ?" ? ú???b s2T¥9 ??V ? m 2 -m 0 9 ? T Y?s %= *100 JiaGang Page 20 ? sD ? é _?/ ? m 1 -m 0 ? m 0 ? × b±?é  m 1 ±?F k"¥é  m 2 ??a±?F?s¥é b 8  ? êμ Y?sc  5%[  H ?M êμ1 1% Y?sc  5%[/ H ?M êμ1 5%b   ?? | ? ?SSES  ? ?á¥? ?ZE(#5 .FUIPEGPSUIFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGDBMDJVNJOGFFETUVGGT}9(# ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨? ¥? ? a i ê ? ??B ?  ZEe ? | k"?¥μt ?êáM? ·? £¥ ?0¨¤ ??? ??¨ú ? ? KEW¤??ác b 3 k4 ÷ ?a ; ?a? £a¤ ?? £ ·Aaú ? ?KSAaJ£· U4?b 4 N  !! ú? Va±?a ?  Taˉ?5a?  r?aMA5a : f  T?b 5 k"?! 6 ???? 6.1 k"¥s3 6.1.1 ?E 6.1.2 AE 6.2 k"¥?? M | k"A 10~20ml ? ?F? < £ 100mlJ£· U4 2 ˉˉF? £ ·Aà ·A?í ?F÷ ? P ·A M£ ?òm ¤ ¤ˉF¤ ?? 10ml ? ó ? ·A£ ?òmb?V@ P???? ¨ r?V r ¨? £ ·A!?? 6~8Qáí¤ ?? ?0 |??? r? ?e  F ; ? 10ml? < £ 50ml F £à 75~80¥ ¨ú ? ?K ·Aˉ? ·A? x£ ? O?sò?{ ?1??b ??2T¥9 ? 9 ? T  77  ?$? $B  ?  .7   ?7ú ? ?K ·A¥¨  NM  7? ba Hú ? ?K ·A¥¨  NM  7ˉ? HM | k"s3A¥8 NM  . k"é  H  JiaGang Page 21 ? sD ? é _?/ ?  D ú ? ?K S ·AM?¥[ XV U¥á¥é b ×ˉ? cá  [  H ?M êμ1   cá  1~5% H ?M êμ1   cá  [/ H ?M êμ1  ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ?  9  ¥ ? ? Z E ;E GB/T 6437-92 Method for the determination of phosphorus in feedstuffs }9GB 6437-86 ——Photometric method 1 ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨? ¥? ? a i ê ? a?? ? ?? B ? b??S? c  0~20ug/mlb 2 ?¨S 3 ZEe ? | k"¥μt ?ê P 3 ? ? ?? ·A?¨M? ?) ? 3?? ?¥ NH 4  3 PO 4 NH 4 VO 3 .16M O O 3 oé 420nm/é?1 ???b 4 k4 ÷ ?ab ?aú o ?aM? ??A ?4a SA?b 5 N  !! s;;9aú? VaL±?a ?  TaMA5a : f  T? 6 k"?! 7 ???? 7.1 k"¥s3 7.2 ??S wL 7.3 k"¥?? 8 ??2T9 ? 9 ? T P %=(X MV)?100 ? M k"é  g; X?S wL°¤¥ k"s3A c  ug; VM | k"s3A¥8 ,ml; ?¤2Tú ??l ?a êb JiaGang Page 22 ? sD ? é _?/ ? 9  ? êμ ? c l? 0.5% H ?M êμ1 10% ? c v??? 0.5% H ?M êμ1 3%b       ?? | ? ?SSES 6%$   ¥? ? x T ì??E (# Determination for formula feed particle size a¨?¨??¥SI? ??? ¥? ? ? ?¥x T ìb 1 N  1.1 SI? ? ? " " /?j  ê dHé NN 1.2 ( ? 1.3 ? ü ? 1 g  2 ???? ?" 100gb ?SI? ? 7?è? ?? ? 10min?×òa ? t 9 ? ? ?a  =i?s q %= =ix × / k"× *100   =Bêl ? ?i Y[ dB?|¥( ?1  ?C?üx T¥! ìD?0 H?F[?×i:     ?? | ?  ?SSES 6%$  ¥ ? ?   ? (   ? ? E GB 5918-86 Determination for mixing homogeneity of formula feed '??E ^YV ¥? ?  U6t BFsc μs¥?? ?Q?? ? ?ò Fss?¥ ( ? JiaGang Page 23 ? sD ? é _?/ ? 1 J,E 'E[J, ? íT1 U6t| D@F4B?F ??5?? ? ? ?a[1 ?E??" ??J,c T1Q? ? ? ( ¥G b 1.1 N D k4 72?s;;9a 150 "S^ ′? ?aJ,aí £Y? 1.2 U6t¥?!D@F J, aù a ??YV 150 "S^ ′? ? ?v ¥? ? ? ?  E£ s-B¥¨ F ?@F4¥y F ?J,b 1.3 " ?¥?"D?! 1.3.1 " ?" ¥? ? ? ?????? 1.3.2 ?B ? ? à  | 10?μ}V?¥e S" ?  ? [? Z¥ ü ( °? J 1R ?¨- - ù  |" 50g ?¨-a ùDá?  |" 100g 3éa gì  500g 1.3.3 |e S" ? ¨o 1sEp |"¤s" ? 1.4 ???? ? | 10gb 100ml¥ ? F ? 30mlY? ?? ? V ?j e 30min a¨ r?  ???? r? ? ? V r [Y?S ba? , ¨s;;9 [ 5mm 1 ? ? 590nm¥oé/?? rA¥; á (X I ) 9 ? X = X 1 +X 2 +X 3 + …… +X 10 /10 S =? 9  9  9  9  9  9  …… 9  9     $7  49   ?i Y[ "J,A?  # ? ? ?μ= s í5? ?¨J,E   ??E ¨1×1 [ ¥ 1 o?) ?" ? P????¥ ?téD ? ¥μF ss 7í l??¥ít??a?×[??tc ¥μsQ? ? ¥? (  b  N ? k4  ??sA P?aè £ea?Qa? üa 1 o?  " ?¥?"D?! ]   ???? ? | H ? NM ??sA P? F 1 o? NM? ( a á? NJO  ?W(?BQ b?? ? NM   á? NJOa| ?¥ a bA?í P??(?iá? NJO?? a b AF NM¥?7 1 o?(aá? NJO l"??  è £e????b ¥?Q? Ia?× p¤??t¥× ?s1 9 J  9 ?]  JiaGang Page 24 ? sD ? é _?/ ?  ?i Y[ "?T¥Bá? #??t¥?2 $Y??é?  ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ± í í?? ? ? ( ??ZE GB 10649-89 Determination for mixing homogeneity of mineral premix   a¨S?  a¨?cμM÷¥± í í? ? ( ¥?? e ? YV?? ? ?Mc ¥μs ?Q?òFss?¥ ( ?b YV÷ ???|" ?A?¥M?e1=NMDA ?4 #c+@Q? 3? í£ ?¥ ??t[1 ?E??M¥c b N  !! s? üa Vns;;9a aMA5a ?  T?b  k4 ÷ ?a #c+@ ·Aa÷ ??? ·AaY ?÷? ·A?b " ?¥?"D?! ???? ? | k" —HF NM i÷ ? a¨? < £ dà NM? ·Aó b a |  bA NM? NM ?  T? F ?÷ ??? NMNJOaFY ?? A NM F #c+@ NM¨? < £ dà NM b? NJO[? < £1?1 · A ONoé/??  ;b s2T¥9 ? X = X 1 +X 2 +X 3 + …… +X 10 /10 S =? 9  9  9  9  9  9  …… 9  9     $7  49   T? 9* ? k"¥ ;??′  ? ?ú^¥?? ?  V f|A ?4 #c+@¥¨ 4úà —NM JiaGang Page 25 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ?  μ r ? ? ? ? ? Z E GB/T 15398-94 Determination of available lysine in feedstuffs 'S?v ISO 5510-1984u ? μr ?? ???ZEv 1 ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨?cμ?t±t??aé¥ ¥?a?#?B ? b 2 ?¨S GB 6432 ? Y?a??ZE 3 ?? μr ?? ???¥??Hq/?¤¥9 ?? ??dμr ?? ?-μb 4 e ? ?aé?¥μr ?? ?¥2 —? VD 24——=b?&Q? ?3a 3? =b& ?? ?7  ?dμr?s5 3? ?? ?byN|?ü=b?&) ?¥ " ??ü=b?&) ?¥" ?sY £3¨ ?0?D ? ?E??ò1¥ ?? ?c ' V?μ′E¤" ??μr ?? ?¥c b 5 k4? ·A Y ?a ? _ )a 24——=b?&Y? ·Aa÷ ?a ^ ? ? )? Aa ?[ ·Aa ?? ?SA?b 6 N  !! s? üa2? aí @ £3 ?aá ? vhò Va £?Q?b 7 k"?! 8 s?? 8.1 SE 8.1.1 9 ?? ? 8.1.1.1 ? £3 8.1.1.2 ?? 8.1.2 dμr ?? ? 8.1.2.1 =b&?Q? 8.1.2.2 B? 8.1.2.3 ? £3 8.1.2.4 ?? 8.2 e?E { 9 s2T¥V ? JiaGang Page 26 ? sD ? é _?/ ? 9.1 9 ?? ? 9 ?? ? W 1  %= A?10 -6 ??%.  ? A ?x 6 A? ?? ?c  ng M 1 9 ?? ??? H" ?é  mg D d  ?b 9.2 dμr ?? ? dμr ?? ? W 2  %= A?10 -6 ??%.  ? M 2 dμr ?? ??? H" ?é  mg 9.3 μr ?? ? μr ?? ? W= W 1 —W 2 10 ×ˉ? ]B k"  ü???′¥MMμ???V  ü (′¥ 10%b ?'E??2T êúb ? ? | ?  ? S S E S  ?  £ ·? o?t¥??ZE GB/T 6439 Method for the determination of water-soluble chloride in feedstuffs —92 1 ?5 = ?D a¨S? a¨?ò? ¥? ? a i ê ? ??B ? b _?S? oí íc 1 0~60mgb 2 ?¨S GB 1.4 S?yT?5 ?DsZESI??b GB 6682 L i¨ £?ì 3 ??ZEe ? ·Aó b ??Hq/F ?V b ? ·A P" ??¥ o?t?? o? ??" ???a¨ ; e ??íˉV ¥b ?? h{¥ ; e ??¥ 9 ? o?t¥c b 4 k4 b ?a ; ?Ma? £a ; ?M· U4a ; e ??a o? ,S?! ·A o? ,SyTAb ?S ·A?b 5 N  !! s? üa" ?x TaMA5aˉ?5a ?  Ta a r??b 6 " ?¥ê |??! 7 ???? 7.1 o?t¥4 | JiaGang Page 27 ? sD ? é _?/ ? ? |" ? a  F ? ; ?M ·A NM? £ ·A NM?ó ?sò b?NJO V r  ??  | rA NM? NM ?  T?F ib ? NMb ?S ·A NM ¨ ??? P?? `2? ? á? NJOV r ?? Tá???V@??   | rA NMF ; ?M· U4 NM¨ ; e ?? ·Aˉ?C?í£ ? O NJO?{ ?1??b 8 ??2T¥9 ? (V 1 -V 2 ?'? ?$?? Cl (%) = ? m? T? m " ?é  g V 1 b ? ·A8 ml V 2 ˉ?h{¥ ; e ?? ·A8 ml F b ?D ; e ?? ·A81 C b ?¥ : imol/l 0.0355D 1.00b ?S ·AM?¥[ XV U¥ oí í¥é b 9  ?μ  oc  [/ ? 'μ  oc  [  ?M êμ1 b      R ì ?  ?¨/ ?Hq (#5  S? 'S ??  ?a??a-ìa ? R ì ? Fyé ¥?1·Sb 'S a¨?Fyag r¥ ?a??a-ìa ? R ì ? b ?¨S / S  ?c ¥HóY V 'S ? ?¨7 ? 1'S ¥Hób' S ? H  ? U?' (1 μrb ?μ S? ?$ ?è P¨ 'S ¥ò Z?) P¨/  S K?? '¥ V ??b (#5 k ? ¨á ? ′I?Z d? (# ?  £ s¥??ZE (# ? y <Y¨ ?? (# ? S & (# ? ? 3S (#5 ? ?"ZE ? l 'S ?¨/ ?lb c x q  R ì ? ? ?cx  NN ?/té ] 9é ¥?s1b x ? q n (#b JiaGang Page 28 ? sD ? é _?/ ? / ? 1 p ? 2 ? R ì ?6 ( í? ?Mé#s?b  £ s ?M ?¥ ¥? ? S3?b F y ·S nV  V Fy· S  ? ? ?  °? ENN é J NN cx q x? q  ?  ?  ??  ?  -ì  ?  t  ?  E     ? ? ?cx q# x? q Yè ^ R ì ? ?a ? '? ?b R ì? D ì a?  - μ? ¥[ =b 1 ì =? ? o |"?? ?′b  ? 3S? (#? ? 3?b  kZE  k "#?!? (#53 ?b??i? P R ì ? T |"? LHb  £ s ?? ? (#3 ?b ° ? Dé?? y 3S 5b ? ? V" ? ? ?ê |  ì¨3S 5????°? |  ì??? ?éb 2 T9 ? sY9 ? R ì°?Dé¥ ü (′ ?¤2T?V UàBêl ?b c x q#x? q?? N  !! S ? B* (# ?  TS ?? ? ? q Q NJO ?? NN  x?N ?Q8 T  ? ü ?  Hb c x q????#9 ? |" ?  ¨ 1sE s1 z ?z? H N b?NN¥ ? ì = ? ?  ? ? NJO¨ my ? ?sò QaˉS ?DN| ?/t?  N b cx q? T  9 ? oNN?    T? o —cx q  N— ? /té H  N—" ?é Hb  ?μ  Q? ? 2T-μ ? v? 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