中国科技大学：无机化学（四）：fulu

Across 1. A metal used in batteries but not pencils. 2. This element is found in the most odorous compounds. 3. Its aqueous 2+ ion has a characteristic blue color. 4. Bananas are rich in its cation. 5. The noble gas with the second-lowest density. 6. Its hydride is the most common basic gas. 7. This metal forms a yellow oxyanion in basic solution. 8. A gaseous nonmetal, X, that forms a tetraoxide, XO4. 9. A transition metal, M, that forms a tetraoxide, MO4. 10. In a flame, its compounds produce a red-violet color. 11. Its diatomic molecule has the highest bond energy of any halogen. 12. Named after Professor "e = mc2.'' 13. A semimetal that forms a common solid dioxide. 14. The metal used in the preparation of Grignard reagents. 15. This element, X, forms such species as XF7 and X3(. 16. The element first identified from the Sun's spectrum. 17. The 3 + ion of this rare earth element has the same electron con figuration as xenon. 18. Other than xenon, it is the only non-radioactive noble gas which is known to form chemical compounds. 19. Napoleon may have been poisoned by this element. 20. This metal forms a colorless +1 aqueous ion that gives a white precipitate with aqueous chloride ion. 21. Its oxide is a good diamond substitute. 22. This transition metal forms compounds that have anti-cancer activity. 23. The alkali metal that resembles the alkaline earth metals in its chemistry. 24. Its sulfate is used for stomach X-rays. 25. One of the allotropes of this nonmetal conducts heat five times better than copper. 26. The densest gaseous element. 27. This transition metal forms a very hard carbide. 28. Its common 4+ ion has the electron configuration [Rn]5f4. 29. The "weak" metal of Group 15. 30. Among the alkali metals, this clement has the most soluble fluoride and the least soluble iodide. 31. The sulfide of this transition metal is an excellent lubricant. 32. Emperor Napoleon III used tableware of this metal for special state occasions. Down 1. This member of Group i3 melts at only 30℃. 2. This nonmetal forms ionic, metallic, and covalent compounds. 3. The 2 + ion of this rare earth metal has a half-filled set of f orbitals. 4. The "Tyrannosaurus rex" of the elements. 5. Its compounds were once used to produce glow-in-the-dark watches. 6. This rare earth element was very difficult to separate from its neighbor, praseodymium. 7. Named after the "father" of the periodic table. 8. The bottom member of Group 2, alphabetically. 9. An organometallic compound of this main group metal is used in the preservation of books. 10. The only metal to commonly form a diatomic cation in solution. 11. This metal forms a magnetic oxide of formula M3O4. 12. This gaseous element was once known as "dephlogisticated air." 13. One allotrope is stored under water. 14. Its hexaaqua ion in the +2 oxidation state is pink. 15. This actinoid is usually sold as a compound known as "yellow cake." 16. Xerography would be impossible without this element. 17. Its common oxyanion has a characteristic purple color. 18. The densest non-radioactive metal of Group 9. 19. The highest atomic number element for which stable isotopes are known. 20. The only liquid nonmetal at SATP. 21. Its carbonate is one of the common minerals on the surface of the Earth. 22. The least electronegative of the halogens. 23. A "borderline" metal that has a high transparency to X-rays. 24. A purification process for this metal uses a tetracarbonyl compound. 25. The atmospheric gas with the third highest concentration. 26. Its simplest hydride is a dimer while its common fluoride is electron deficient. 7. This metal suffers from a plague at low temperatures. 28. A compound of this metal, auranofin, is used in the treatment of arthritis. 29. The sulfide of this metal has an intense yellow color, hence its use as a pigment. 30. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy.
As thermodynamic data are experimental, their values differ from one source to another. A consistent set of values have been used here, summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994. Compound  (H ~ S ~ (G  Name Formula (kJ·mol(1) (J·mol(l·K(1) (kJ·mol(1)  Aluminum Al(s) 0 +28 0   Al(g) +330 +165 +290   Al3+(aq) (538 (325 (492  aluminate ion Al(OH)4( (aq) (1502 +103 (1305  bromide AlBr3(s) (511 +180 (489  carbide Al4C3(s) (209 +89 (196  chloride AlCl3(s) (704 +111 (629  chloride hexahydrate AlCI3·6H20(s) (2692 +318 (2261  fluoride AlF3(s) (1510 +66 (1431  iodide AlI3(s) (314 +159 (301  nitride AlN(s) (318 +20 (287  oxide Al2O3(s) (1676 +51 (1582  phosphate AlPO4(s) (1734 +91 (1618  sulfate Al2(SO4)3(s) (3441 +239 (3100  Ammonium NH4+(aq) (133 +111 (79  bromide NH4Br(s) (271 +113 (175  chloride NH4CI(s) (314 +95 (203  fluoride NH4F(s) (464 +72 (349  iodide NH4I(s) (201 +117 (113  nitrate NH4NO3(s) (366 +151 (184  sulfate (NH4)2SO4(s) (1181 +220 (902  vanadate NH4VO3(s) (1053 +141 (888  Antimony Sb(s) 0 +46 0   Sb(g) +262 +180 +222  pentachloride SbCl5(l) (440 +301 (350  pentaoxide Sb2O5(s) (972 +125 (829  tribromide SbBr3(s) (259 +207 (239  trichloride SbCl3(s) (382 +184 (324  trihydride SbH3(g) +145 +233 +148  triodide SbI3(s) (100 +215 (99  trioxide Sb2O3(s) (720 +110 (634  trisulfide Sb2S3(s) (175 +182 (174  Arsenic As(s) (grey) 0 +35 0   As(g) +302 +174 +261  pentafluoride AsF5(g) (1237 +317 (1170  pentaoxide As2O5(s) (925 +105 (782  tribromide AsBr3(s) (130 +364 (159  trichloride AsC13(l) (305 +216 (259  trifluoride AsF3(l) (786 +289 (771  trihydride (arsine) AsH3(g) +66 +223 +69  triiodide AsI3(s) (58 +213 (59  trioxide As2O3(s) (57 +107 (576  trisulfide As2S3(s) (169 +164 (169  Barium Ba(s) 0 +63 0   Ba(g) +180 +170 +146   Ba2+(aq) (538 +10 (561  bromide BaBr2(s) (757 +146 (737  carbonate BaCO3(s) (216 +112 (1138  chloride BaCl2(s) (859 +124 (810  chloride dihydrate BaCl2·2H2O(s) (1460 +203 (1296  fluoride BaF2(s) (1207 +96 (1157  hydroxide Ba(OH)2(s) (945 +101 (856  hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2·8H2O(s) (3342 +427 (2793  iodide BaI2(s) (605 +165 (601  nitrate Ba(NO3)2(s) (992 +214 (797  nitride Ba3N2(s) (363 +152 (292  oxide BaO(s) (554 +70 (525  peroxide BaO2(s) (634    sulfate BaSO4(s) (1473 +132 (1362  sulfide BaS(s) (460 +78 (456  Beryllium Be(s) 0 +9 0   Be(g) +324 +136 +287   Be2+(aq) (383 (130 (380  bromide BeBr2(s) (356 +100 (337  chloride BeCl2 (s) (490 +83 (445  fluoride BeF2(s) (1027 +53 (979  hydroxide Be(OH)2(s) (903 +52 (815  iodide BeI2(s) (189 +120 (187  oxide BeO(s) (609 +14 (580  Bismuth Bi(s) 0 +57 0  chloride BiCl3(s) (379 +177 (315  oxide Bi2O3(s) (574 +151 (494  oxide chloride BiOCl(s) (367 +120 (322  sulfide Bi2S3(s) (143 +200 (141  Boron B(s) 0 0 6   B(g) +565 +153 +521  boric acid H3BO3(s) (1095 +90 (970  carbide B4C(s) (71 +27 (71  decaborane(14) B10H14(g) +32 +353 +216  diborane B2H6(g) +36 +232 +87  nitride BN(s) (254 +15 (228  pentaborane(9) B5H9(l) +43 +184 +172  tribromide BBr3(1) (240 +230 (238  trichloride BCl3(g) (404 +290 (389  trifluoride BF3(g) (1136 +254 (1119  trioxide (di-) B2O3(s) (1273 +54 (1194  trisulfide (di-) B2S3(s) (252 +92 (48  Bromine Br2(l) 0 +152 0   Br2(g) +31 +245 +3   Br(g) +112 +175 +82   Br((aq) (121 +83 (104  bromate ion BrO3( (aq) (67 +162 +19  hypobromite ion BrO((aq) (94 +42 (3  monochloride BrCl(g) +15 +240 (1  monofluoride BrF(g) (94 +229 (109  pentafluoride BrF5 (g) (429 +320 (351  trifluoride BrF3(g) (256 +293 (229  Cadmium Cd(s) 0 +52 0   Cd(g) +112 +168 +77   Cd2+(aq) (76 (73 (78  bromide CdBr2(s) (316 +137 (296  carbonate CdCO3(s) (751 +92 (669  chloride CdCl2 (s) (391 +115 (344  fluoride CdF2 (s) (700 +77 (648  hydroxide Cd(OH)2(s) (561 +96 (474  iodide CdI2(s) (203 +161 (201  nitrate Cd(NO3)2(s) (456    oxide CdO(s) (258 +55 (228  sulfate CdSO4(s) (933 +123 (823  sulfide CdS(s) (162 +65 (156  Calcium Ca(s) 0 +42 0   Ca(g) +178 +155 +144   Ca2+(aq) (543 (56 (553  bromide CaBr2(s) (683 +130 (664  carbide CaC2(s) (60 +70 (65  carbonate CaCO3(s) (calcite) (1207 +93 (1129  chloride CaCl2(s) (796 +105 (748  fluoride CaF2(s) (1220 +69 (1167  hydride CaH2(s) (186 +42 (147  hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) (986 +83 (898  iodide CaI2(s) (533 +142 (529  nitrate Ca(NO3)2(s) (938 +193 (743  oxide CaO(s) (635 +38 (603  phosphate Ca3(PO4)2(s) (4121 +236 (3885  silicate CaSiO3(s) (1567 +82 (1499  sulfate CaSO4(s) (1434 +107 (1332  sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4·1/2H2O(s) (1577 +131 (1437  sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O(s) (2023 +194 (1797  sulfide CaS(s) (482 +56 (477  Carbon C(s) (graphite) 0 +6 0   C(s) (diamond) +2 +2 +3   C(g) +717 +158 +671  carbonate ion CO32((aq) (675 (50 (528  chloride (-yl) (phosgene) COCl2(g) (219 +284 (205  cyanide ion CN((aq) +151 +94 +172  dioxide CO2(g) (394 +214 (394  dioxide CO2(aq) (413 +119 (386  disulfide CS2(l) +90 +151 +65  ethane C2H6(g) (85 +230 (33  hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3((aq) (690 +98 (587  methane CH4(g) (75 +186 (51  monoxide CO(g) (111 +198 (137  tetrabromide CBr4(s) +19 +213 +48  tetrachloride CCl4(l) (135 +216 (65  tetrafluoride CF4(g) (933 +262 (888  thiocyanate ion NCS((aq) +76 +144 +93  Cesium Cs(s) 0 +85 0   Cs(g) +76 +176 +49   Cs+(aq) (258 +132 (291  bromide CsBr(s) (406 +113 (391  carbonate Cs2CO3(s) (1140 +204 (1054  chloride CsCl(s) (443 +101 (415  fluoride CsF(s) (554 +93 (526  iodide CsI(s) (347 +123 (341  nitrate CsNO3(s) (506 +155 (407  sulfate Cs2SO4(s) (1443 +212 (1324  Chlorine Cl2(g) 0 +223 0   C12(aq) (23 +121 +7   Cl(g) +121 +165 +105   Cl((aq) (167 +57 (131  chlorate ion ClO3((aq) (104 +162 (8  dioxide ClO2(g) +102 +257 +120  hypochlorite ion ClO((aq) (107 +42 (37  monofluoride CIF(g) (54 +218 (56  oxide (di-) C12O(g) +80 +266 +98  perchlorate ion ClO4((aq) (128 +184 (8  trifluoride ClF3(g) (163 +282 (123  Chromium Cr(s) 0 +24 0   Cr(g) +397 +175 +352   Cr2+(aq) (139  (165   Cr3+(aq) (256  (205  (II) chloride CrC12(s) (395 +115 (356  (III) chloride CrCl3(s) (556 +123 (486  chromate ion CrO4((aq) (881 +50 (728  dichromate ion Cr2O72((aq) (1490 +262 (1301  (III) oxide Cr2O3(s) (1140 +81 (1058  (VI) oxide CrO3(s) (580 +72 (513  (III) sulfate Cr2(SO4)3(s) (2911 +259 (2578  Cobalt Co(s) 0 +30 0   Co(g) +425 +180 +380   Co2+(aq) (58 (113 (54   Co3+(aq) +92 (305 +134  (II) carbonate CoCO3(s) (713 +89 (637  (II) chloride CoCl2(s) (313 +109 (270  (II) chloride      hexahydrate COC12·6H2O(s) (2115 +343 (1725  (II) hydroxide Co(OH)2(s) (pink) (540 +79 (454  (II) oxide CoO(s) (238 +53 (214  (II) sulfate CoSO4(s) (888 +118 (782  (II) sulfate heptahydrate CoSO4·7H2O(s) (2980 +406 (2474  Copper Cu (s) 0 +33 0   Cu(g) +337 +166 +298   Cu+(aq) +72 +41 +50   Cu2+(aq) +65 (98 +65  (I) chloride CuCl(s) (137 +86 (120  (II) chloride CuCl2(s) (220 +108 (176  (II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2·2H2O(s) (821 +167 (656  (II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2(s) (450 +108 (373  (I) oxide Cu2O(s) (169 +93 (146  (II) oxide CuO(s) (157 +43 (130  (II) sulfate CuSO4(s) (771 +109 (662  (II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4·5H2O(s) (2280 +300 (1880  (I) sulfide Cu2S(s) (80 +121 (86  (II) sulfide CuS(s) (53 +67 (54  Fluorine F2(g) 0 +203 0   F(g) +79 +159 +62   F((aq) (335 (14 (281  Gallium Ga(s) 0 +41 0   Ga(g) +277 +169 +239   Ga3+(aq) (212 (331 (159  bromide GaBr3(s) (387 +180 (360  chloride GaCl3(s) (525 +142 (455  fluoride GaF3(s) (1163 +84 (1085  iodide GaI3(s) (239 +204 (236  oxide Ga2O3(s) (1089 +85 (998  Germanium Ge(s) 0 +31 0   Ge(g) +372 +168 +331  dioxide GeO(s) (262 +50 (237  tetrachloride GeCl4(g) (496 +348 (457  tetraoxide GeO2(s) (580 +40 (521  Hydrogen H2(g) 0 +131 0   H(g) +218 +115 +203   H+(aq) 0 0 0  bromide HBr(g) (36 +199 (53  chloride HCl(g) (92 +187 (95  fluoride HF(g) (273 +174 (275  hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) (122 +82 (104  hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) (167 +56 (131  hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) (333 (14 (279  hydroiodic acid HI(aq) (55 +111 (52  iodide HI(g) +26 +207 +2  oxide (water) H2O(1) (286 +70 (237   H2O(g) (242 +189 (229  hydroxide ion OH((aq) (230 (11 (157  peroxide H2O2(l) (188 +110 (120  selenide H2Se(g) +30 +219 +16  sulfide H2S (g) (21 +206 (34  telluride H2Te(g) +100 +229 +85  Indium In(s) 0 +58 0   In(g) +243 +174 +209   In3+(aq) (105 (151 (98  (I) chloride InCl(s) (186 +95 (164  (III) chloride InC13(s) (537 +141 (462  oxide In2O3(s) (926 +104 (831  Iodine I2(s) 0 +116 0   I2(g) +62 +261 +19   I(g) +107 +181 +70   I((aq) (55 +106 (52  iodate ion IO3((aq) (221 +118 (128  heptafluoride IF7(g) (944 +346 (818  monochloride ICl(g) +18 +248 (5  triodide ion I3((aq) (51 +239 (51  Iron Fe(s) 0 +27 0   Fe(g) +416 +180 +371   Fe2+(aq) (89 (138 (79   Fe3+(aq) (49 (316 (5  (II) carbonate FeCO3(s) (741 +93 (667  (II) chloride FeCl2(s) (342 +118 (302  (III) chloride FeCl3(s) (399 +142 (334  (II) disulfide FeS2(s) (pyrite) (178 +53 (167  (II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2(s) (569 +88 (487  (III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3(s) (823 +107 (697  (II) oxide FeO(s) (272 +61 (251  (II)(III) oxide Fe3O4(s) (1118 +146 (1015  (III) oxide Fe2O3(s) (824 +87 (742  (II) sulfate FeSO4(s) (928 +108 (821  (II) sulfate heptahydrate FeSO4·7H2O (s) (3015 +409 (2510  (III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3(s) (2582 +308 (2262  (II) sulfide FeS(s) (100 +60 (100  Lead Pb(s)  +65 0   Pb(g) +196     Pb2+(aq) +1 +18 (24  (II) carbonate PbCO3(s) (699 +131 (626  (II) chloride PbCl2(s) (359 +136 (314  (IV) chloride PbC14(g) (552 +382 (492  (II) oxide PbO(s) (217 +69 (188  (IV) oxide PbO2(s) (277 +69 +217  (II) sulfate PbSO4(s) (920 +149 (813  (II) sulfide PbS(s) (100 +91 (99  Lithium Li(s) 0 +29 0   Li(g) +159 +139 +127   Li+(aq) (278 +12 (293  bromide LiBr(s) (351 +74 (342  carbonate Li2CO3(s) (1216 +90 (1132  chloride LiCl(s) (409 +59 (384  fluoride LiF(s) (616 +36 (588  hydride LiH(s) (91 +20 (68  hydroxide LiOH(s) (479 +43 (439  iodide LiI(s) (270 +87 (270  nitrate LiNO3(s) (483 +90 (381  nitride Li3N(s) (164 +63 (128  oxide Li2O(s) (598 +38 (561  sulfate Li2SO4(s) (1436 +115 (1322  sulfide Li2S(s) (441 +61 (433  tetrahydridoaluminate LiAlH4(s) (116 +79 (45  Magnesium Mg(s) 0 +33 0   Mg(g) +147 +149 +112   Mg2+(aq) (467 (137 (455  bromide MgBr2(s) (524 +117 (504  carbonate MgCO3(s) (1096 +66 (1012  chloridc MgCl2(s) (641 +90 (592  chloride hexahydrate MgC12·6H2O(s) (2499 +366 (2115  fluoride MgF2(s) (1124 +57 (1071  hydride MgH2(s) (75 +31 (36  hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) (925 +63 (834  iodidc MgI2(s) (364 +130 (358  nitrate Mg(NO3)2(s) (791 +164 (589  nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (s) (2613 +452 (2080  nitride Mg3N2(s) (461 +88 (401  oxide MgO(s) (602 +27 (569  sulfate MgSO4(s) (1285 +92 (1171  sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4·7H2O(s) (3389 +372 (2872  sulfide MgS(s) (346 +50 (342  Manganese Mn(s) 0 +32 0   Mn(g) +281 +174 +238   Mn2+(aq) (221 (74 (228  (II) carbonate MnCO3(s) (894 +86 (817  (II) chloride MnC12(s) (481 +118 (441  (II) fluoride MnF2(s) (803 +92 (761  (III) fluoride MnF3(s) (1004 +105 (935  (II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2(s) (695 +99 (615  (II) oxide MnO(s) (385 +60 (363  (III) oxide Mn2O3(s) (959 +110 (881  (IV) oxide MnO2(s) (520 +53 (465  permanganate ion MnO4((aq) (541 +191 (447  (II) sulfate MnSO4(s) (1065 +112 (957  (II) sulfide MnS(s) (214 +78 (218  Mercury Hg(l) 0 +76 0   Hg(g) +61 +175 +32   Hg22+(aq) +167 +66 +154   Hg2+(aq) +170 (36 +165  (I) chloride Hg2Cl2(s) (265 +192 (211  (II) chloride HgCl2(s) (224 +146 (179  (II) oxide HgO(s) (91 +70 (59  (I) sulfate Hg2SO4(s) (743 +201 (626  (II) sulfate HgSO4(s) (708 +140 (595  Nickel Ni(s) 0 +30 0   Ni(g) +430 +182 +385   Ni2+(aq) (54 (129 (46  (II) bromide NiBr2(s) (212 +136 (198  (II) carbonate NiCO3(s) (681 +118 (613  (II) chloride NiCl2(s) (305 +98 (259  (II) chloride hexahydrate NiCl2·6H2O(s) (2103 +344 (1714  (II) fluoride NiF2(s) (651 +74 (604  (II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2(s) (530 +88 (447  (II) iodide NiI2(s) (78 +154 (81  (II) oxide NiO(s) (240 +38 (212  (II) sulfate NiSO4(s) (873 +92 (760  (II) sulfate heptahydrate NiSO4·7H2O(s) (2976 +379 (2462  (II) sulfide NiS(s) (82 +53 (80  tetracarbonyl (0) Ni(CO)4(l) (633 +313 (588  Nitrogen N2(g) 0 +192 0   N(g) +473 +153 +456  ammonia NH3(g) (46 +193 (16  azide ion N3((aq) +275 +108 +348  dinitrogen oxide N2O(g) +82 +220 +104  dinitrogen pentaoxide N2O5(g) +11 +356 +115  dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4(g) +9 +304 +98  dinitrogen trioxide N2O3(g) +84 +312 +139  hydrazine N2H4(l) +51 +121 +149  hydrogen azide HN3(l) +264 +141 +327  hydrogen nitrate HNO3(l) (174 +156 (81  nitrate ion NO3((aq) (207 +147 (111  nitrite ion NO2((aq) (105 +123 (32  nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) +33 +240 +51  nitrogen monoxide NO(g) +90 +211 +87  Oxygen O2(g) 0 +205 0   O3(g) +143 +239 +163   O(g) +249 +161 +232   O((g) +102 +158 +92  difluoridc OF2(g) +25 +247 +42  Phosphorus P4(s) (white) 0 +41 0   P(s) (red) (18 +23 (12   P4(g) +59 +280 +24   P(g) +317 +163 +278  hydrogen phosphate H3PO4(s) (1279 +110 (1119  pentachloridc PCl5(g) (375 +365 (305  pentafluoride PF5(g) (1594 +301 (1521  phosphatc ion PO43((aq) (1277 (220 (1019  phosphoryl chloride POCl3(l) (597 +222 (521  tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10(s) (2984 +229 (2700  trichloride PCl3(l) (320 +217 (272  trifluoride PF3(g) (919 +273 (898  trihydride (phosphine) PH3(g) +5 +210 +13  Potassium K(s) 0 +65 0   K(g) +89 +160 +61   K+(aq) (252 +101 (284  bromide KBr(s) (394 +96 (381  carbonate K2CO3 (s) (1151 +156 (1064  chlorate KClO3(s) (398 +143 (296  chloride KCl(s) (437 +83 (409  chromate K2CrO4(s) (1404 +200 (1296  cyanide KCN(s) (113 +128 (102  dichromate K2Cr2O7(s) (2062 +291 (1882  dioxide(2-) (peroxide) K2O2(s) (494 +102 (425  dioxide(1-) (superoxide) KO2(s) (285 +117 (239  fluoride KF(s) (567 +67 (538  hydride KH(s) (58 +50 (53  hydrogen carbonate KHCO3(s) (963 +116 (864  hydrogen sulfate KHSO4(s) (1161 +138 (1031  hydroxide KOH(s) (425 +79 (379  iodide KI(s) (328 +106 (325  nitrate KNO3(s) (495 +133 (395  nitrite KNO2(s) (370 +152 (307  oxide K2O(s) (363 +94 (322  perchlorate KC1O4(s) (433 +151 (303  permanganate MnO4(s) (837 +172 (738  peroxodisulfate K2S2O8(s) (1916 +279 (1697  pyrosulfate K2S2O7(s) (1987 +225 (1792  sulfate K2SO4(s) (1438 +176 (1321  sulfide K2S(s) (376 +115 (363  tetrafluoroborate KBF4(s) (1882 +152 (1786  Rubidium Rb(s) 0 +77 0   Rb(g) +81 +170 +53   Rb+(aq) (251 +122 (284  bromide RbBr(s) (395 +110 (382  carbonate Rb2CO3(s) (1179 +186 (1096  chloride RbCl(s) (435 +96 (408  fluoride RbF(s) (558 +75 (521  iodide RbI(s) (334 +118 (329  nitrate RbNO3(s) (495 +147 (396  sulfate Rb2SO4(5) (1436 +197 (1317  Selenium Se(s) (grey) 0 +42 0   Se(g) +227 +177 +187  hexafluoride SeF6(g) (1117 +314 (1017  selenate ion SeO42((aq) (599 +54 (441  tetrachloride SeCl4(s) (183 +195 (95  Silicon Si(s) 0 +9 0   Si(g) +450 +168 +406  carbide SiC(s) (65 +17 (63  dioxide (quartz) SiO2(s) (911 +41 (856  tetrachloride SiCl4 (l) (687 +240 (620  tetrafluoride SiF4(g) (1615 +283 (1573  tetrahydride (silane) SiH4(g) +34 +205 +57  Silver Ag(s) 0 +43 0   Ag(g) +285 +173 +246   Ag+(aq) +106 +73 +77  bromide AgBr(s) (100 +107 (97  carbonate Ag2CO3(s) (506 +167 (437  chloride AgCl(s) (127 +96 (110  chromate Ag2CrO4(s) (732 +218 (642  cyanide AgCN(s) +146 +107 +157  fluoride AgF(s) (205 +84 (187  iodide AgI(s) (62 +115 (66  nitrate AgNO3(s) (124 +141 (33  oxide Ag2O(s) (31 +121 (11  sulfate Ag2SO4(s) (716 +200 (618  sulfide Ag2S(s) (33 +144 (41  Sodium Na(s) 0 +51 0   Na(g) +107 +154 +77   Na+(aq) (240 +58 (262  azide NaN3(s) +22 +97 +94  bromide NaBr(s) (361 +87 (349  carbonate Na2CO3(s) (1131 +135 (1044  carbonate monohydrate Na2CO3·H2O(s) (1431 +168 (1285  carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3·10H2O(s) (4081 +563 (3428  chlorate NaClO3(s) (366 +123 (262  chloride NaCl(s) (411 +72 (384  cyanide NaCN(s) (87 +116 (76  dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4(s) (1537 +127 (1386  dioxide(2- ) (peroxide) Na2O2(s) (511 +95 (448  fluoride NaF(s) (574 +51 (544  hydride NaH(s) (56 +40 (33  hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3(s) (951 +102 (851  hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4(s) (1748 +150 (1608  hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4(s) (1126 +113 (993  hydroxide NaOH(s) (425 +64 (379  iodide NaI(s) (288 +99 (286  nitrate NaNO3(s) (468 +117 (367  nitrite NaNO2(s) (359 +104 (285  oxide Na2O(s) (414 +75 (375  perchlorate NaClO4(s) (383 +142 (255  phosphate Na3PO4(s) (1917 +174 (1789  silicate Na2SiO3(s) (1555 +114 (1463  sulfate Na2SO4(s) (1387 +150 (1270  sulfide Na2S(s) (365 +84 (350  sulfite Na2SO3(s) (1101 +146 (1012  tetrahydroborate NaBH4(s) (189 +101 (124  thiosulthte Na2S2O3(s) (1123 +155 (1028  thiosulfate pentahydrate Na2S2O3·5H2O(s) (2608 +372 (2230  Strontium Sr(s) 0 +52 0   Sr(g) +164 +165 +131   Sr2+(aq) (546 (33 (559  carbonate SrCO3(s) (1220 +97 (1140  chloride SrCl2(s) (829 +115 (781  oxide SrO(s) (592 +54 (562  sulfate SrSO4(s) (1453 +117 (1341  Sulfur S8(s) (rhombic) 0 +32 0   S8(s) (monoclinic) +0.3 +33 +0.1   S8(l) +102 +431 +50   S(g) +227 +168 +236  dichloride SCl2(l) (50 +184 (28  dichloride (disulfur) S2C12(l) (58 +224 (39  dioxide SO2(g) (297 +248 (300  hexafluoride SF6(g) (1209 +292 (1105  hydrogen sulfate H2SO4(l) (814 +157 (690  hydrogen sulfide ion HS((aq) (16 +67 +12  peroxodisulfate ion S2O82((aq) (1345 +244 (1115  sulfate ion SO42((aq) (909 +19 (744  sulfide ion S2((aq) +33 (15 +86  sulfite ion SO32((aq) (635 (29 (487  thiosulfate ion S2O32((aq) (652 +67 (522  trioxide SO3(g) (396 +257 (371  Thallium Tl(s) 0 +64 0   Tl(g) +182 +181 +147   Tl+(aq) +5 +125 (32   Tl3+(aq) +197 (192 +215  (I) chloride TICl(s) (204 +111 (185  (III) chloride T1Cl3(s) (315 +152 (242  Tin Sn(s) (white) 0 +51 0   Sn(s) (grey) (2 +44 +0.1   Sn(g) +301 +168 +266  (II) chloride SnCl2(s) (331 +132 (289  (IV) chloride SnCl4(l) (551 +259 (440  hydride SnH4(g) +163 +228 +188  (II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2(5) (561 +155 (492  (II) oxide SnO(s) (281 +57 (252  (W) oxide SnO2(s) (578 +49 (516  (II) sulfide SnS(s) (100 +77 (98  (IV) sulfide SnS2(s) (154 +87 (145  Titanium Ti(s) 0 +31 0   Ti(g) +473 +180 +428  (II) chloride TiC12(s) (514 +87 (464  (III) chloride TiCl3(s) (721 +140 (654  (IV) chloride TiCl4(l) (804 +252 (737  (W) oxide TiO2(s) (ruffle) (944 +51 (890  Vanadium V(s) 0 +29 0   V(g) +514 +182 +469  (II) chloride VCl2(s) (452 +97 (406  (III) chloride VCl3(s) (581 +131 (511  (IV) chloride VCl4(l) (569 +255 (504  (II) oxide VO(s) (432 +39 (404  (III) oxide V2O3(s) (1219 +98 (1139  (IV) oxide VO2(s) (713 +51 (659  (V) oxide V2O5(s) (1551 +131 (1420  Xenon Xe(g) 0 +170 0  difluoride XeF2(g) (130 +260 (96  tetrafluoride XeF4(g) (215 +316 (138  trioxide XeO3(g) +502 +287 +561  Zinc Zn(s) 0 +42 0   Zn(g) +130 +161 +94   Zn2+(aq) (153 (110 (147  carbonate ZnCO3(s) (813 +82 (732  chloride ZnCl2(s) (415 +111 (369  hydroxide Zn(OH)2(s) (642 +81 (554  nitride Zn3N2(s) (23 +140 +30  oxide ZnO(s) (350 +44 (320  sulfate ZnSO4(s) (983 +110 (872  sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO4·7H2O(s) (3078 +389 (2563  sulfide ZnS(s) (wurtzite) (193 +68 (191  sulfide ZnS(s) (sphalerite) (206 +58 (201   
All values are in volts at SATP and have been summarized from Inorganic Chemistry by D.F. Schriver, P. Atkins, and C.H. Langfbrd, 2nd ed., New York: Freeman, 1994. Hydrogen Acidic solution Basic solution H+
H2 H2O
H2 Group 1: The Alkali Metals Acidic solution Li+
Li Na+
Na K+
K Rb+
Rb Cs+
Cs Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Acidic solution Basic solution Be2+
Be Mg2+
Mg Mg(OH)2
Mg Ca2+
Ca Sr2+
Sr Ba2+
Ba Group13 Acidic solution Basic solution Al3+
Al Al(OH)4(
Al Tl3+
Tl+
Tl Group14 Acidic solution CO2
HCOOH
HCHO
CH3OH
CH4 CO
C Basic solution CO32(
HCO2(
HCHO
CH3OH
CH4 C Acidic solution Basic solution SiO2 (quartz)
Si SiO32(
Si SnO2 (white)
SnO (black)
Sn Sn(OH)62(
SnOOH(
Sn Sn4+
Sn2+ (-PbO2
Pb2+
Pb PbO2
PbO (red)
Pb PbSO4 Group 15 Acidic solution NO3(
N2O4
HNO2
NO
N2O
N2
NH3OH
N2H5+
NH4+ Basic solution NO3(
N2O4
NO2(
NO
N2O
N2
NH2OH
N2H4
NH3 Acidic solution H3PO4
H4P2O6
H3PO3
H3PO2
P
PH3 Basic solution PO43(
HPO32(
H2PO2-
P
PH3 Group 16 Acidic solution HO2 O2
H2O2
H2O HSO4(
S2O62(
H2SO3
S2O32(
S
H2S S2O82(
SO42( Basic solution O2( O2
HO2(
OH( SO42(
SO32(
S2O32(
S
HS( Acidic solution F2
HF HF2( ClO2 ClO4(
ClO3(
HClO2
HClO
Cl2
Cl( BrO4(
BrO3(
HBrO
Br2(l)
Br( Br2(aq) H5IO6
IO3(
IO(
I2
I( I3( Basic solution F2
F( ClO2 ClO4(
ClO3(
ClO2(
ClO(
Cl2
Cl( BrO4(
BrO3(
BrO(
Br2
Br( H3IO62(
IO3(
IO(
I2
I( Group 18: The Noble Gases Acidic solution H4XeO6(aq)
XeO3(aq)
Xe(g) Basic solution HXeO63(
HXeO4(
Xe(g) The Transition Metals Acidic solution Basic solution TiO2+
Ti3+
Ti2+
Ti TiO2
Ti2O3
TiO
Ti Acidic solution VO2+
VO2+
V3+
V2+
V Basic solution VO43(
HV2O5(
V2O3
VO
V Acidic solution Cr2O72(
Cr(V)
Cr(IV)
Cr3+
Cr2+
Cr Basic solution CrO42(
Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr Cr(OH)4( Acidic solution MnO4(
HMnO4(
(H3MnO4)
MnO2
Mn3+
Mn2+
Mn Basic solution MnO4(
MnO42(
MnO43(
MnO2
Mn2O3
Mn(OH)2
Mn Acidic solution Fe3+
Fe2+
Fe [Fe(CN)6]3(
[Fe(CN)6]4( Basic solution FeO42(
Fe2O3
Fe(OH)2
Fe Acidic solution CoO2
Co3+
Co2+
Co Neutral solution [Co(NH3)6]3+
[Co(NH3)6]2+ Basic solution CoO2
Co(OH)3
Co(OH)2
Co Acidic solution Basic solution NiO2
Ni2+
Ni NiO2
NiOOH
Ni(OH)2
Ni Acidic solution Basic solution Cu2+
Cu+
Cu Cu(OH)2
Cu2O
Cu [Cu(NH3)4]2+
[Cu(NH3)2]+
Cu Cu2+
[Cu(CN)2](
Cu Acidic solution Basic solution Ag2O3
AgO
Ag+
Ag Ag2O3
AgO
Ag2O
Ag [Ag(NH3)2]+
Ag [Ag(CN)2](
Ag Group 12 Acidic solution Zn2+
Zn Basic solution [Zn(OH)4]2(
Zn Zn(OH)2
Zn Acidic solution Hg2+
Hg22+
Hg Hg2Cl2 Basic solution HgO
Hg The Lanthanons and Actinons Acidic solution Ce4+
Ce3+
Ce Acidic solution UO22+
UO2+
U4+
U3+
U2+
U 
Charge densities (C·mm(3) are calculated according to the formula ne (4/3)( r3 where the ionic radii r are the Shannon-Prewitt values in millimeters (Acta Cryst., 1976, A32, 751), e is the electron charge (1.60×10(19C), and n represents the ion charge. The radii used are the values for six-coordinate ions except where noted by (T) for four-coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS) designate the high spin and low spin radii for the transition metal ions. Cation Charge density Cation Charge density Cation Charge density  Ac3+ 57 At7+ 609 Bk3+ 86  Ag+ 15 Au+ 11 Br7+ 1796  Ag2+ 60 Au3+ 118 C4+ 6265 (T)  Ag3+ 163 B3+ 7334 (T) Ca2+ 52  A13+ 770 (T) B3+ 1663 Cd2+ 59  A13+ 364 Ba2+ 23 Ce3+ 75  Am3+ 82 Be2+ 1108(T) Ce4+ 148  As3+ 307 Bi3+ 72 Cf3+ 88  As5+ 884 Bi5+ 262 Cl7+ 3880  Cm3+ 84 K+ 11 Pu4+ 153  Co2+ 155 (LS) La3+ 72 Ra2+ 18  Co2+ 108 (HS) Li+ 98 (T) Rb+ 8  Co3+ 349 (LS) Li+ 52 Rc7+ 889  Co3+ 272 (H8) Lu3+ 115 Rh3+ 224  Co4+ 508 (HS) Mg2+ 120 Ru3+ 208  Cr2+ 116 (LS) Mn2+ 144 (LS) S4+ 1152  Cr2+ 92 (HS) Mn2+ 84 (HS) S6+ 2883  Cr3+ 261 Mn3+ 307 (LS) Sb3+ 157  Cr4+ 465 Mn3+ 232 (HS) Sb5+ 471  Cr5+ 764 Mn4+ 508 Sc3+ 163  Cr6+ 1175 Mn7+ 1238 Sc4+ 583  Cs+ 6 Mo3+ 200 Se6+ 1305  Cu+ 51 Mo6+ 589 Si4+ 970  Cu2+ 116 NH4+ 11 Sm3+ 86  Dy2+ 43 Na+ 24 Sn2+ 54  Dy3+ 99 Nb3+ 180 Sn4+ 267  Er3+ 105 Nb5+ 402 Sr2+ 33  Eu2+ 34 Nd3+ 82 Ta3+ 180  Eu3+ 88 Ni2+ 134 Ta5+ 402  F7+ 25 110 No2+ 40 Tb3+ 96  Fe2+ 181 (LS) Np5+ 271 Tc4+ 310  Fe2+ 98 (HS) Os4+ 335 Tc7+ 780  Fe3+ 349 (LS) Os6+ 698 Te4+ 112  Fe3+ 232 (HS) Os8+ 2053 Te6+ 668  Fe6+ 3864 P3+ 587 Th4+ 121  Fr+ 5 P5+ 1358 Ti2+ 76  Ga3+ 261 Pa5+ 245 Ti3+ 216  Gd3+ 91 Pb2+ 32 Ti4+ 362  Ge2+ 116 Pb4+ 196 Ti+ 9  Ge4+ 508 Pd2+ 76 T13+ 105  Hf4+ 409 Pd4+ 348 Tm2+ 48  Hg+ 16 Pm3+ 84 Tm3+ 108  Hg2+ 49 Po4+ 121 U4+ 140  Ho3+ 102 Po6+ 431 U6+ 348  I7+ 889 Pr3+ 79 V2+ 95  In3+ 138 Pr4+ 157 V3+ 241  Ir3+ 208 Pt2+ 92 V4+ 409  Ir5+ 534 Pt4+ 335 V5+ 607  W4+ 298 Y3+ 102 Zn2+ 112  W6+ 566 Yb3+ 111 Zr4+ 240  HS, high spin; LS, low spin; T, four-coordinate tetrahedral ions. Anion Charge density Anion Charge density Anion Charge density  As3- 12 I( 4 O22( 19  Br( 6 MnO4( 4 OH( 23  CN( 7 N3( 50 P3( 14  CO32( 17 N3( 6 S2( 16  Cl( 8 NO3( 9 SO42( 5  ClO4( 3 O2( 40 Se2( 12  F( 24 O2( 13 Te2( 9   
For homonuclear diatomic molecules, such as dihydrogen, precise measured values of bond energies are listed. For most of the heteronuclear bonds, only average values are given and these tend to differ among literature sources. All values here are in units of kJ·mol(1. Hydrogen H—H 432 H—S 363 H—B 389  H—F 565 H—C 411 H—Cl 428  H—N 386 H—Br 362 H—O 459  H—I 295      Group 13 B—C 372 B—F 613 B—O 536  B—Cl 456 B—I 377    Group 14 C—C 346 C—O 358 C=C 602  C=O 799 C
C 835 C
O 1072  C—N 305 C—F 485 C=N 615  C—Cl 327 C
N 887 C—Br 285  C—P 264 C—I 213 Si—Si 222  Si—Cl 381 Si—O 452 Si—Br 310  Si—F 565 Si—I 234    Group 15 Ｎ—N 247 N—O 201 N=N 418  N=O 607 N
N 942 N—F 278  N—Cl 192 P—F 490 P—Br 264  P—Cl 326 P—I 184    Group 16 O—O 207 S—F 327 O=O 494  S—Cl 271 O—F 190 S—S 266  O—Cl 218 O—Br 201 O—I 201  Group 17 F—F 155 F—I 278 F—Cl 249  F—Xe 130 F—Br 249 Cl—Cl 240  Cl—I 208 Cl—Br 216 Br—Br 190  Br—I 175 I—I 149    
These ionization energies are in units of MJ·mol(1 and they have been summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994. Only selected ionization energies for outer (valence) electrons arc listed. The 1st ionization energy represents the energy required for the process: M(g)
M+(g) + e( while that of the 2nd ionization process represents that for: M+(g)
M2+(g) + e( and successive ionization energies are defined similarly as one-electron processes. Ionization energy  Element 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th  Lithium 0.526      Beryllium 0.906 1.763     Sodium 0.502      Magnesium 0.744      Beryllium 0.906 1.763     Sodium 0.502      Magnesium 0.744 1.457     Aluminum 0.584 1.823 2.751    Potassium 0.425      Calcium 0.596 1.152     Scandium 0.637 1.241 2.395    Titanium 0.664 1.316 2.659 4.181   Vanadium 0.656 1.420 2.834 4.513 6.300  Chromium 0.659 1.598 2.993    Manganese 0.724 1.515 3.255    Iron 0.766 1.567 2.964    Cobalt 0.765 1.652 3.238    Nickel 0.743 1.759     Copper 0.752 1.964     Zinc 0.913 1.740     Lead 0.722 1.457     
These ionization energies are in units of kJ·mol(1 and they have been summarized from J.E. Huuhey ct al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., New York: HarperCollins, 1993. The 1st electron affinity represents the energy required for the process: X(g) + e(
X((g) while that of the 2nd electron affinity represents that for: X((g) + e(
X2((g) and that of the 3rd electron affinity represents that for: X2((g) + e(
X3( (g) Electron Affinity  Element 1st 2nd 3rd  Nitrogen (7 +673 +1070  Oxygen (141 +744   Fluorine (328    Phosphorus (72 +468 +886  Sulfur (200 +456   Chlorine (349    Hydrogen (79    Bromine (331    Iodine (301    
Element Z Configuration Element Z Configuration  H 1 1s1 Ce 58 [Xe]6s24f15d1*  He 2 1s2 Pr 59 [Xe]6s24f3     Nd 60 [Xe]6s24f4  Li 3 [He]2s1 Pm 61 [Xe]6s24f5  Be 4 [He]2s2 Sm 62 [Xe]6s24f6  B 5 [He]2s22p1 Eu 63 [Xe]6s24f7  C 6 [He]2s22p2 Gd 64 [Xe]6s24f75d1*  N 7 [He]2s22p3 Tb 65 [Xe]6s24f9  O 8 [He]2s22p4 Dy 66 [Xe]6s24f10  F 9 [He]2s22p5 Ho 67 [Xe]6s24f11  Ne 10 [He]2s22p6 Er 68 [Xe]6s24f12     Tm 69 [Xe]6s24f13  Na 11 [Ne]3s1 Yb 70 [Xe]6s24f14  Mg 12 [Ne]3s2 Lu 71 [Xe]6s24f145d1  Al 13 [Ne]3s23p1 Hf 72 [Xe]6s24f145d2  Si 14 [Ne]3s23p2 Ta 73 [Xe]6s24f145d3  P 15 [Ne]3s23p3 W 74 [Xe]6s24f145d4  S 16 [Ne]3s23p4 Re 75 [Xe]6s24f145d5  Cl 17 [Ne]3s23p5 Os 76 [Xe]6s24f145d6  Ar 18 [Ne]3s23p6 Ir 77 [Xe]6s24f145d7     Pt 78 [Xe]6s14f145d9*  K 19 [Ar]4s1 Au 79 [Xe]6s14f145d10*  Ca 20 [Ar]4s2 Hg 80 [Xe]6s24f145d10  Sc 21 [Ar]4s23d1 Tl 81 [Xe]6s14f145d106p1  Ti 22 [Ar]4s23d2 Pb 82 [Xe]6s14f145d106p2  V 23 [Ar]4s23d3 Bi 83 [Xe]6s14f145d106p3  Cr 24 [Ar]4s13d5* Po 84 [Xe]6s14f145d106p4  Mn 25 [Ar]4s23d5 At 85 [Xe]6s14f145d106p5  Fe 26 [Ar]4s23d6 Rn 86 [Xe]6s14f145d106p6  Co 27 [Ar]4s23d7     Ni 28 [Ar]4s23d8 Fr 87 [Rn]7sl  Cu 29 [Ar]4s13d10* Ra 88 [Rn]7s2  Zn 30 [Ar]4s23d10 Ac 89 [Rn]7s2 6d1*  Ga 31 [Ar]4s23d104p1 Th 90 [Rn]7s2 6d2*  Ge 32 [Ar]4s23d104p2 Pa 91 [Rn]7s25f26d1*  As 33 [Ar]4s23d104p3 U 92 [Rn]7s25f36d1*  Se 34 [Ar]4s23d104p4 Np 93 [Rn]7s25f46d1*  Br 35 [Ar]4s23d104p5 Pu 94 [Rn]7s25f6  Kr 36 [Ar]4s23d104p6 Am 95 [Rn]7s25f7     Cm 96 [Rn]7s25f76d1*  Rb 37 [Kr]5s1 Bk 97 [Rn]7s25f9  Sr 38 [Kr]5s2 Cf 98 [Rn]7s25f96d1*     Es 99 [Rn]7s25f11  Y 39 [Kr]5s24d1 Fm 100 [Rn]7s25f12  Zr 40 [Kr]5s24d2 Md 101 [Rn]7s25f13  Nb 41 [Kr]5s14d4* No 102 [Rn]7s25f14  Mo 42 [Kr]5s14d5* Lr 103 [Rn]7s25f146d1  Tc 43 [Kr]5s24d5  or [Rn]7s25f147p1  Ru 44 [Kr]5s14d7* Rf 104 [Rn]7s25f146d2  Rh 45 [Kr]5s14d8* Db 105 [Rn]7s25f146d3  Pd 46 [Kr]4d10* Sg 106 [Rn]7s25f146d4  Ag 47 [Kr]5s14d10* Bh 107 [Rn]7s25f146d5  Cd 48 [Kr]5s24d10 Hs 108 [Rn]7s25f146d6  In 49 [Kr]5s24d105p1 Mt 109 [Rn]7s25f146d7  Sn 50 [Kr]5s24d105p2 Unn 110 [Rn]7s15f146d9*  Sb 51 [Kr]5s24d105p3 Uuu 111 [Rn]7s15f146d10  Te 52 [Kr]5s24d105p4 Uub 112 [Rn]7s25f146d10  I 53 [Kr]5s24d105p5 Cs 55 [Xe]6s1  Xe 54 [Kr]5s24d105p6 Ba 56 [Xe]6s2     La 57 [Xe]6s25d1*   *Elements with configurations that do not follow the simple order of orbital filling. Note: Actinide configurations are from J. J. Katz, G, T. Seaborg, and L. R. Morss, The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, New York and London, 1986. Configurations for elements 100 to 112 are predicted, not experimental. 
These lattice energies are in units of kJ·mo1-1 and they have been calculated from Born-Haber cycles. The values are summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3rd ed., New York: Wiley, 1994. Ion Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Oxide Sulfide  Lithium 1047 862 818 759 2806 2471  Sodium 928 788 751 700 2488 2199  Potassium 826 718 689 645 2245 1986  Rubidium 793 693 666 627 2170 1936  Cesium 756 668 645 608 ( 1899  Magnesium 2961 2523 2434 2318 3800 3323  Calcium 2634 2255 2170 2065 3419 3043  Strontium 2496 2153 2070 1955 3222 2879  Barium 2357 2053 1980 1869 3034 2716   
These hydration enthalpies arc in units of kJ·mol(1 and the values were obtained from J.G. Stark and H.G. Wallace, Chemistry Data Book, London: John Murray, 1990. Element (hH (kJ·mol(1)  Lithium (519  Sodium (406  Potassium (322  Rubidium (301  Cesium (276  Magnesium (1920  Calcium (1650  Strontium (1480  Barium (1360  Aluminum (4690  Silver (464  Fluorine (506  Chlorine (364  Bromine (335  Iodine (293   
These values of ionic radii are the Shannon-Prewitt values in pm (Acta Cryst., 1976, A32, 751) for six-coordinate ions except where noted by (T) for four-coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS) designate the high-spin and low-spin radii for the transition metal ions. The values for polyatomic ions arc adapted from Jenkins and Thakur (J. Chem. Educ., 1979, 56, 576). Ion Ionic radii  Li+ (T) 73  Na+ 116  K+ 152  Rb+ 166  Cs+ 181  Mg2+ 86  Ca2+ 114  Sr2+ 132  Ba2+ 149  A13+ 68  Fe2+ 92  Fe3+ (HS) 78  Fe3+ (LS) 69  Co2+ (HS) 88  Co3+ (LS) 68  Ni2+ 83  Cu+ 91  Cu2+ 87  Zn2+ 88  F((T) 117  Cl( 167  Br( 182  I( 206  NH4+ 151  CO32( 164  NO3( 165  OH( 119  SO42( 244  O2( 126  S2( 170