,包装技术基础,
Fundamentals of Packaging Technology
编著：陈满儒教授
Unit one
perspective on packaging
第一单元 透视包装
Lesson 1
A History of Packaging
第 1课 包装发展史
What is Packaging?
1,A definition of packaging
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport,distribution,storage,
retailing,and use of the goods
2,The many things a package might be asked to do
- Packaging is a complex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,
and controversial business function
- Fundamental function of packaging,
contain protects/preserves transports informs/sells,
What is Packaging?
-Packaging functions range from technical ones to
marketing oriented ones (Figure 1.1),
Technical Functions Marketing Functions
contain measure communicate promote
protect dispense display sell
preserve store inform motivate
Figure 1.1 Packaging encompasses functions ranging from the purely technical
to those that are marketing in nature
-Technical packaging professionals need science and
engineering skills,while marketing professionals need
artistic and motivational understanding,
What is Packaging?
3,How packaging changes to meet society’s needs
- Packaging is not a recent phenomenon,
- Packaging is an activity closely associated with the
evolution of society and,can be traced back to human
beginnings,
- The nature,degree,and amount of packaging at any
stage of a society’s growth reflect the needs,cultural
patterns,material availability and technology of that
society,
- A study of packaging’s changing roles and forms over
the centuries is a study of the growth of civilization,
- Social changes are inevitably reflected in the way we
package,deliver and consume goods,
What is Packaging?
Until the 1950s,motor oil was delivered in bulk to service
stations,which in turn measured it into 1-quart glass jars;
premeasured oil in metal cans;
- Now,milk delivery from glass bottles to a variety of
plain and aseptic paper cartons,plastic bottles and
flexible bags;
- Tomorrow,how oil or milk will be delivered?
- environmentally acceptable packaging (minimal waste)
- choices of petrochemicals,wood pulp,and metal
governed
- the way we buy and consume oil or milk
- milk delivered in refillable aluminum cans?
Primitive Packaging
1.The origins of packaging
- We don’t know what the first package was,but we can
certainly speculate,
- Primitive humans,nomadic hunter/gatherers,lived off
the land,Social groupings restricted to family units,
- They would have been subject to the geographical
migrations of animals and the seasonal availability of
plant food,
- Such an extreme nomadic existence does not
encourage property accumulation beyond what can be
carried on one’s back,
Primitive Packaging
- Primitive people needed containment and
carrying devices,and out of this need came the
first,package”,
- a wrap of leaves;
- an animal skin;
- the shell of a nut or gourd;
- a naturally hollow piece of wood;
- the fire-bearer and the,packaging” of fire,
Primitive Packaging
2.How packaging changed as social structures
changed
- 5000 B.C.,domesticated plants and animals,
- a reasonable food supply in a given vicinity;
- evolutionary stage,supported larger social groups,
gave birth to small tribal villages;
- storage and transport containers needed for milk,
honey,seed grains,nuts,and dried meat;
- villages with access to different resources traded with
their neighbors,requiring transport containers;
- About 250 B.C.,the Greek city-state period,law that
affected packaging enacted
Primitive Packaging
3,Early packaging materials
- fabricated sacks,baskets,and bags,made from
materials of plant or animal origin; wood boxes replaced
hollow logs; a clay bowl,the fire-dried clay pots ( the
pottery and ceramic trade),
4,The discovery of glass
- By 2500 B.C.,a hard inert substance in the fire’s
remains; glass beads and figures made in Mesopotamia
(today’s Iraq),
- About 1500 B.C.,the earliest hollow glass objects
appeared in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
Primitive Packaging
- Glass containers,the ancient packaging materials,core-
formed ancient Egyptian glass containers (Figure 1.2),
Figure 1.2 Forming a hollow glass vessel around a core
From Rome To The Renaissance
1,How packaging changed as social structures
changed
- Many societal changes leading to the corresponding
changes in packaging,mostly the quality and quantity
of existing packaging practices,
2,The invention of the glass blowpipe,wood barrels
- The Romans in about 50 B.C.,the glass blowpipe；
- The blowpipe’s invention brought glass out of noble
households and temples;
- The first wooden barrel appeared possibly in the Alpine
regions of Europe,one of the most common
packaging forms for many centuries,
From Rome To The Renaissance
3,The Dark Ages
- The Dark Ages,with the Roman Empire’s collapse in
about 450 A.D.,Europe reduced to minor city-states
many established arts and crafts forgotten or stagnant,
the 600 years following the fall of Rome being so devoid
of significant change that historians refer to them as the
Dark Ages,
4.The discovery of paper
- In China,Ts’ai Lun is credited with making the first true
paper from the inner bark of mulberry trees,The name
“paper” given to the Chinese invention made of matted
plant fibers,
From Rome To The Renaissance
5,Ancient printing
- In 768,the oldest existing printed objects (Japanese
Buddhist charms); in 868,the oldest existing book (the
Diamond Sutra) printed,found in Turkistan,
6,The Renaissance
- In about 1100,the European awoken,neglected crafts
revitalized,the arts revived and trade increased,by the
1500s,the art of printing born,
- Fundamental social structures not changed significantly,
- lived off the land
- typically as serfs
From Rome To The Renaissance
- ate what they raised,found or caught
- consumer needs,nonexistent
- manufacturing was strictly a custom business
- packages,personally crafted,valuable utensils,and
rarely disposable in the manner of a modern package
- since there being no retail trade,concepts of marketing,
advertising,price structures and distribution being
irrelevant
- population levels being not large enough to support
mass production
The Industrial Revolution
1.The I.R,definition
- The I.R,started in England in about 1700 and spread
rapidly through Europe and North America,
- The Industrial Revolution,the change that transforms a
people with peasant occupations and local markets into
an industrial society with world-wide connections,
- This new type of society makes great use of machinery
and manufactures goods on a large scale for general
consumption,
The Industrial Revolution
2.Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution
? Rural agricultural workers migrated into cities,where
employed in factories,
? Inexpensive mass-produced goods available to a large
segment of the population; the consumer society born,
? Factory workers needed commodities and food,
previously produced largely at home,
? Many new shops and stores opened to sell to the
newly evolving working class,
? By necessity,some industries located in
nonagricultural areas,requiring that all food be
transported into
? the growing urban settings,
The Industrial Revolution
3.The dramatic changes in how we lived
- The changes increased the demand for barrels,boxes,
kegs,baskets,and bags to transport the new
consumer commodities and to bring great quantities of
food into the cities,
- The fledgling packaging industry itself had to
mechanize,
- Necessary to devise ways of preserving food beyond its
natural biological life,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
1,How the Industrial Revolution affected packaging
The evolution of selling and informing as vital packaging
roles
- Bulk packaging was the rule,with the barrel being the
workhorse of the packaging industry,
- Flour,apples,biscuits,molasses,gunpowder,whiskey,
nails and whale oil transported in barrels,
- Packaging served primarily to contain and protect,
- Individual packaging being of little importance until the
Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of cities,
2.The first packaged retail products
- Medicines,cosmetics,teas,liquors and other expensive
products;,a paper of pins”,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
3.The origin of the term,brands” and how it was
transferred to unit packages,early brands,early
labeling
- The first brand names were inevitably those of the
maker,Yardley’s (1770),Schweppes(1792),Perrier
(1863),
Smith Brothers (1866) and Colgate (1873),
- The evolving printing and decorating arts applied to
“upscale” packages,many early decorations based on
works of art or national symbols or images,
- Early labels,pictures of pastoral life,barnyards,fruit,
the gold medals,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
4.Quaker Oats--a new idea in branding
- A packaging milestone in 1877,the Quaker
personage,the,persona”,a description of the
package or product as if it were a person,
- Between 1890 and about 1920,decoration
followed the art nouveau style,this being
followed by a period of art deco graphics and designs,
5,The new packaging material-plastics
- The first plastic(based on cellulose),made in 1856,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
6,Changes in the way we traveled and shopped,
changes in the retail store
- The small community general store was no longer
enough,
- National railroads made coast-to-coast transport a reality,
- The automobile freed consumers
- first five-and-ten store
- Refrigeration was becoming commonplace,
7,The package’s motivational and informational roles
? The package had to inform the purchaser,
? The package had to sell the product,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
1.Changes in demographics
- Demographics,the study of population structure and
trends,universally realized to be an important factor in
designing products and packages,
2.Fast food and other institutional markets
- Fast-food appeared and created a demand for
disposable single-service packaging,
- Two factors to influence packaging,public health care
and a rapidly growing trend toward eating out rather
than at home,
- The HRI (hospital,restaurant,and institutional) market,
- Petroleum-derived plastics added to the package
designer’s selection of packaging materials,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
3.The,baby boom” and packaging
- In the late 1960s,the coming-of-age baby boomers was
reflected in a major youth orientation in packaging and
products,
4.Legislated changes
- In the 1970s and early 1980s,many aspects in
packaging legislated,
- Child-resistance closures mandated for some products;
- Tamper-evident closures;
- Labeling laws required listing of ingredients;
- International agreements signed to phase out the use of CFCs;
- Standards for the acceptance of new packaging materials raised,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
5,The advent of microwave ovens,the
vanishing domestic housewife
- Devising products and packaging specifically for the
microwave,
- A new health awareness,changes in consuming habits
and nutritional labeling,
- Opportunities for entire new food lines,
-Yogurt became the,in” food,
- The rapid change in the last decades of the 20th
century
Modern Packaging
Changing Needs and New Roles,
- All historical changes have had an impact on the way
products are bought,consumed and packaged;
- The packaging professionals must always turn their
attention to the needs,markets,and conditions of
tomorrow;
- Most of goods,not essential to survival,constitute,the
good life”;
- In the second half of the 20th century,the proliferation
of goods was so high that packaging was forced into
an entirely new role,providing the major purchase
motivation rather than presenting the goods itself,
- the only method of differentiating was the package itself;
Modern Packaging
1.The trend toward more intensive marketing
- marketers aimed at lifestyles,emotional values,
subliminal images,features,and advantages beyond
the basic product itself;
- the package has become the product,and occasionally
packaging has become entertainment,
2,Globalization
- Providing increased tonnages of high-quality food to
massive city complexes at affordable prices
challenges packagers;
- A new concern is the removal of the debris generated
by a consumer society and the impact that these
consumption rates have on the planet’s ecology;
Modern Packaging
Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society
1.Why packaging is important to our food supply
- Food is organic in nature (an animal or plant source);
- One characteristic of such organic matter is that it has a
limited natural biological life,
2.Freedom from geographical and seasonal food
production
- Most food is geographically and seasonally specific,
Modern Packaging
- In a world without packaging,we would need to live at
the point of harvest to enjoy these products,and our
enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural
biological life span of each,
- It is by proper storage,packaging and transport
techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and
Apples derived from them,throughout the year and
throughout the country,
- We are no longer restricted in our choice of where to
live,we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine
that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional
food-producing cycles,
Modern Packaging
3,Advantages of central processing and prepackaged
food
- Central processing allows value recovery from what
would normally be wasted,
- By-products of the processed-food industry form the
basis of other sub-industries
4.Packaging and mass manufacture of durable goods
- The economical manufacture of durable goods also
depends on sound packaging;
- A product’s cost is directly related to production volume;
- Distribution packaging is a key part of the system;
- Some industries could not exist without an international
market,irradiation equipment and the safe packaging,
Modern Packaging
World Packaging
- Humankind’s global progress is such that virtually every
stage in the development of society and packaging is
present somewhere in the world today,
1,Packaging in developed countries
- To agonize over choice of package type,hire expensive
marketing groups to develop images to entice the
targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics,
Modern Packaging
2,Packaging in less-developed countries
- At the extreme,consumers will bring their own
packages or will consume food on the spot,just
as they did 2,000 years ago;
- Packagers from the more-developed countries
sometimes have difficulty working with less-
developed nations;,
a,they fail to understand that their respective
packaging priorities are completely different,
b.developing nations trying to sell goods to North
American markets cannot understand their
preoccupation with package and graphics,
Modern Packaging
3,The United Nations and packaging,
- The less-developed countries do not have adequate
land to raise enough food,
- Food goes beyond its natural biological life,spoils,is
lost,is infested with insects or eaten by rodents,gets
wet in the rain,leaks away or goes uneaten for
numerous reasons,all of which sound packaging
principles can prevent,
- In a poor economy that can afford no waste,no
industries recover secondary value from food by-
products,
- Packaging is perceived to be a weapon against world
hunger,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
1,The sources of waste material
- A discussion of packaging today means eventually
turning to environmental issues,
- A perception,if only the packaging industry would stop
doing something or,conversely,start doing something,
all our landfill and pollution problems would go away,
- Ample evidence suggests that good packaging reduces
waste,
- The consumer sees packaging as that part of shopping
trip that gets thrown away,Hence,packaging is
garbage,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
2.The percentage of waste that is packaging
- The University of Tennessee provides the
following breakdown of total landfill waste
Residential waste,37.4%
Industrial waste,29.3%
Commercial waste,27.3%
Other sources,6.0%
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Material Packaging Nonpackaging
Paper 12.7% 19.6%
Wood 4.6% -----
Metal 2.0% 5.7%
Glass 5.7% 0.8%
Plastic 4.1% 5.5%
Other misc,0.1% 12.1%
Food waste ----- 8.1%
Yard waste ----- 19.0%
Totals 29.2% 70.8%
Table 1.1 Materials mix by weight in residential solid waste
3,The materials in the waste stream
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
4,Consumer perceptions of packaging
- North American consumers have a basic distrust of
manufacturers; to them,manufacture is a dirty business,
5.Jurisdictions
- Most waste-management issues,local jurisdictions;
every state or province can pass its own packaging
regulations or mandates,
- In the Unites States,the states are mostly acting on
their own; CONEG and SSWMC are notable exceptions,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
6,Possible laws and mandates
· Recycling mandates/laws
·Material reduction mandates/laws
· Restrictions on selected materials/package types
·Material bans or restrictions (for example,heavy
metals or PVC)
· Bans on materials accepted as landfill (such as not
accepting as corrugated fiberboard)
· Green labeling requirements/prohibitions
· Purchasing preference mandates
·Tax incentives/penalties,
·Deposit laws/advance disposal fees
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
7,The four Rs hierarchy and what it means
- Reduce,use the minimum amount of material
consistent with fulfilling its basic function,
- Reuse,containers or packaging components should
be reused,
- Recycle,packaging should be collected and the
materials recycled for further use,
- Recover,to possibly recover other value from the
waste before consigning packaging to a landfill,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Table 1.2 Percent of municipal solid waste
incinerated in selected countries
Country Incinerated Waste
Switzerland 74%
Japan 66%
Sweden 50%
France 35%
United States 15%
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
8,Recycling realities
- The public myths,
1,Placing material in a blue box constitutes recycling,
Recycling does not occur until someone uses the
material collected,
a) PCR materials in immediate contact with food need to
be extensively investigated,
b) In the instance of pharmaceutical packaging,such use
is simply not allowed,
c) Another impediment is a guarantee of consistent and
reliable supply of the recovered material,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
2,Recycled material should be economical,In many
instances,recycled material is more costly,and its use
needs to be supported in some way,
a) The cost of landfilling MSW is still less than recycling
in most areas,
b) Revenues generated from the sale of recyclable
materials do not always recover collecting and
recycling costs,
c) The process of recycling cannot ignore market
economics,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
d) Environmentalists maintain that recycling is an issue
of the environment,not of economics,Money
expended to recycle a material represents an
investment in fuel,water and other resources,When
the resource investment to recover a material exceeds
the value of the material recovered,then the harm to
the environment is greater,not less,
e) The process of collecting and regenerating a
packaging material for further use is a complex one for
most materials,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
- significant investment in sophisticated equipment,
- While glass is apparently readily identifiable,individual
glass compositions as well as different colors make it
difficult to get uncontaminated feedstock,
- Paper fiber quality deteriorates with every recycling,
and so paper cannot be recycled indefinitely,
- Plastic materials pose a number of serious recycling
problems,The plastic industry developed a code for
identifying the six most commonly used packaging
plastics; it includes an,other” selection as a seventh
code (Figure 1.3),
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Figure 1.3 A code identifies the main packaging plastic
families,PETE is usually abbreviated PET and V is usually
abbreviated PVC,Less commonly used plastics and mixed-
plastics constructions are classified as,other”
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
3,One or another of the many materials used for
packaging is more environmentally friendly,There is
no magic material,Laminate constructions are,in fact,
environmentally friendly,
The Modern Packaging Industry
1.,Converters and users”—the broad industry
divisions,converter and user subdivisions
-,Converters”,to take various raw materials and convert
them into useful packaging materials or physical
packages (cans,bottles,wraps),To this point,
packaging becomes a materials application science,
The company forming the physical package will also
print or decorate the package,
- Package,users”,the firms that package products,are
also regarded as part of the packaging industry,
divided into a number of categories and each of these
can be further subdivided,
The Modern Packaging Industry
- The,supplier”,manufacturers of machines for the user
sector and the suppliers of ancillary services,such as
marketing,consumer testing and graphic design,are
also important sectors of the packaging industry,
2,Professional packaging associations
IoPP,Institute of Packaging Professionals
PAC,Packaging Association of Canada
PMMI,Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute
FPA,Flexible Packaging Association
WPO,World Packaging Organization
The Modern Packaging Industry
3,Other organizations having a major impact on
packaging activities
ISO,International Organization for Standards
ASTM,American Society for Testing and Materials
TAPPI,Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry
ISTA, International Safe Transit Association
The Modern Packaging Industry
Figure 1.4
The
packaging
industry can
be divided
into those
that use
packaging
for their
products
and those
that supply
to these
users
Fundamentals of Packaging Technology
编著：陈满儒教授
Unit one
perspective on packaging
第一单元 透视包装
Lesson 1
A History of Packaging
第 1课 包装发展史
What is Packaging?
1,A definition of packaging
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport,distribution,storage,
retailing,and use of the goods
2,The many things a package might be asked to do
- Packaging is a complex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,
and controversial business function
- Fundamental function of packaging,
contain protects/preserves transports informs/sells,
What is Packaging?
-Packaging functions range from technical ones to
marketing oriented ones (Figure 1.1),
Technical Functions Marketing Functions
contain measure communicate promote
protect dispense display sell
preserve store inform motivate
Figure 1.1 Packaging encompasses functions ranging from the purely technical
to those that are marketing in nature
-Technical packaging professionals need science and
engineering skills,while marketing professionals need
artistic and motivational understanding,
What is Packaging?
3,How packaging changes to meet society’s needs
- Packaging is not a recent phenomenon,
- Packaging is an activity closely associated with the
evolution of society and,can be traced back to human
beginnings,
- The nature,degree,and amount of packaging at any
stage of a society’s growth reflect the needs,cultural
patterns,material availability and technology of that
society,
- A study of packaging’s changing roles and forms over
the centuries is a study of the growth of civilization,
- Social changes are inevitably reflected in the way we
package,deliver and consume goods,
What is Packaging?
Until the 1950s,motor oil was delivered in bulk to service
stations,which in turn measured it into 1-quart glass jars;
premeasured oil in metal cans;
- Now,milk delivery from glass bottles to a variety of
plain and aseptic paper cartons,plastic bottles and
flexible bags;
- Tomorrow,how oil or milk will be delivered?
- environmentally acceptable packaging (minimal waste)
- choices of petrochemicals,wood pulp,and metal
governed
- the way we buy and consume oil or milk
- milk delivered in refillable aluminum cans?
Primitive Packaging
1.The origins of packaging
- We don’t know what the first package was,but we can
certainly speculate,
- Primitive humans,nomadic hunter/gatherers,lived off
the land,Social groupings restricted to family units,
- They would have been subject to the geographical
migrations of animals and the seasonal availability of
plant food,
- Such an extreme nomadic existence does not
encourage property accumulation beyond what can be
carried on one’s back,
Primitive Packaging
- Primitive people needed containment and
carrying devices,and out of this need came the
first,package”,
- a wrap of leaves;
- an animal skin;
- the shell of a nut or gourd;
- a naturally hollow piece of wood;
- the fire-bearer and the,packaging” of fire,
Primitive Packaging
2.How packaging changed as social structures
changed
- 5000 B.C.,domesticated plants and animals,
- a reasonable food supply in a given vicinity;
- evolutionary stage,supported larger social groups,
gave birth to small tribal villages;
- storage and transport containers needed for milk,
honey,seed grains,nuts,and dried meat;
- villages with access to different resources traded with
their neighbors,requiring transport containers;
- About 250 B.C.,the Greek city-state period,law that
affected packaging enacted
Primitive Packaging
3,Early packaging materials
- fabricated sacks,baskets,and bags,made from
materials of plant or animal origin; wood boxes replaced
hollow logs; a clay bowl,the fire-dried clay pots ( the
pottery and ceramic trade),
4,The discovery of glass
- By 2500 B.C.,a hard inert substance in the fire’s
remains; glass beads and figures made in Mesopotamia
(today’s Iraq),
- About 1500 B.C.,the earliest hollow glass objects
appeared in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
Primitive Packaging
- Glass containers,the ancient packaging materials,core-
formed ancient Egyptian glass containers (Figure 1.2),
Figure 1.2 Forming a hollow glass vessel around a core
From Rome To The Renaissance
1,How packaging changed as social structures
changed
- Many societal changes leading to the corresponding
changes in packaging,mostly the quality and quantity
of existing packaging practices,
2,The invention of the glass blowpipe,wood barrels
- The Romans in about 50 B.C.,the glass blowpipe；
- The blowpipe’s invention brought glass out of noble
households and temples;
- The first wooden barrel appeared possibly in the Alpine
regions of Europe,one of the most common
packaging forms for many centuries,
From Rome To The Renaissance
3,The Dark Ages
- The Dark Ages,with the Roman Empire’s collapse in
about 450 A.D.,Europe reduced to minor city-states
many established arts and crafts forgotten or stagnant,
the 600 years following the fall of Rome being so devoid
of significant change that historians refer to them as the
Dark Ages,
4.The discovery of paper
- In China,Ts’ai Lun is credited with making the first true
paper from the inner bark of mulberry trees,The name
“paper” given to the Chinese invention made of matted
plant fibers,
From Rome To The Renaissance
5,Ancient printing
- In 768,the oldest existing printed objects (Japanese
Buddhist charms); in 868,the oldest existing book (the
Diamond Sutra) printed,found in Turkistan,
6,The Renaissance
- In about 1100,the European awoken,neglected crafts
revitalized,the arts revived and trade increased,by the
1500s,the art of printing born,
- Fundamental social structures not changed significantly,
- lived off the land
- typically as serfs
From Rome To The Renaissance
- ate what they raised,found or caught
- consumer needs,nonexistent
- manufacturing was strictly a custom business
- packages,personally crafted,valuable utensils,and
rarely disposable in the manner of a modern package
- since there being no retail trade,concepts of marketing,
advertising,price structures and distribution being
irrelevant
- population levels being not large enough to support
mass production
The Industrial Revolution
1.The I.R,definition
- The I.R,started in England in about 1700 and spread
rapidly through Europe and North America,
- The Industrial Revolution,the change that transforms a
people with peasant occupations and local markets into
an industrial society with world-wide connections,
- This new type of society makes great use of machinery
and manufactures goods on a large scale for general
consumption,
The Industrial Revolution
2.Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution
? Rural agricultural workers migrated into cities,where
employed in factories,
? Inexpensive mass-produced goods available to a large
segment of the population; the consumer society born,
? Factory workers needed commodities and food,
previously produced largely at home,
? Many new shops and stores opened to sell to the
newly evolving working class,
? By necessity,some industries located in
nonagricultural areas,requiring that all food be
transported into
? the growing urban settings,
The Industrial Revolution
3.The dramatic changes in how we lived
- The changes increased the demand for barrels,boxes,
kegs,baskets,and bags to transport the new
consumer commodities and to bring great quantities of
food into the cities,
- The fledgling packaging industry itself had to
mechanize,
- Necessary to devise ways of preserving food beyond its
natural biological life,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
1,How the Industrial Revolution affected packaging
The evolution of selling and informing as vital packaging
roles
- Bulk packaging was the rule,with the barrel being the
workhorse of the packaging industry,
- Flour,apples,biscuits,molasses,gunpowder,whiskey,
nails and whale oil transported in barrels,
- Packaging served primarily to contain and protect,
- Individual packaging being of little importance until the
Industrial Revolution spurred the growth of cities,
2.The first packaged retail products
- Medicines,cosmetics,teas,liquors and other expensive
products;,a paper of pins”,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
3.The origin of the term,brands” and how it was
transferred to unit packages,early brands,early
labeling
- The first brand names were inevitably those of the
maker,Yardley’s (1770),Schweppes(1792),Perrier
(1863),
Smith Brothers (1866) and Colgate (1873),
- The evolving printing and decorating arts applied to
“upscale” packages,many early decorations based on
works of art or national symbols or images,
- Early labels,pictures of pastoral life,barnyards,fruit,
the gold medals,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
4.Quaker Oats--a new idea in branding
- A packaging milestone in 1877,the Quaker
personage,the,persona”,a description of the
package or product as if it were a person,
- Between 1890 and about 1920,decoration
followed the art nouveau style,this being
followed by a period of art deco graphics and designs,
5,The new packaging material-plastics
- The first plastic(based on cellulose),made in 1856,
The Evolution of New Packaging Roles
6,Changes in the way we traveled and shopped,
changes in the retail store
- The small community general store was no longer
enough,
- National railroads made coast-to-coast transport a reality,
- The automobile freed consumers
- first five-and-ten store
- Refrigeration was becoming commonplace,
7,The package’s motivational and informational roles
? The package had to inform the purchaser,
? The package had to sell the product,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
1.Changes in demographics
- Demographics,the study of population structure and
trends,universally realized to be an important factor in
designing products and packages,
2.Fast food and other institutional markets
- Fast-food appeared and created a demand for
disposable single-service packaging,
- Two factors to influence packaging,public health care
and a rapidly growing trend toward eating out rather
than at home,
- The HRI (hospital,restaurant,and institutional) market,
- Petroleum-derived plastics added to the package
designer’s selection of packaging materials,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
3.The,baby boom” and packaging
- In the late 1960s,the coming-of-age baby boomers was
reflected in a major youth orientation in packaging and
products,
4.Legislated changes
- In the 1970s and early 1980s,many aspects in
packaging legislated,
- Child-resistance closures mandated for some products;
- Tamper-evident closures;
- Labeling laws required listing of ingredients;
- International agreements signed to phase out the use of CFCs;
- Standards for the acceptance of new packaging materials raised,
Packaging In The Late 20th Century
5,The advent of microwave ovens,the
vanishing domestic housewife
- Devising products and packaging specifically for the
microwave,
- A new health awareness,changes in consuming habits
and nutritional labeling,
- Opportunities for entire new food lines,
-Yogurt became the,in” food,
- The rapid change in the last decades of the 20th
century
Modern Packaging
Changing Needs and New Roles,
- All historical changes have had an impact on the way
products are bought,consumed and packaged;
- The packaging professionals must always turn their
attention to the needs,markets,and conditions of
tomorrow;
- Most of goods,not essential to survival,constitute,the
good life”;
- In the second half of the 20th century,the proliferation
of goods was so high that packaging was forced into
an entirely new role,providing the major purchase
motivation rather than presenting the goods itself,
- the only method of differentiating was the package itself;
Modern Packaging
1.The trend toward more intensive marketing
- marketers aimed at lifestyles,emotional values,
subliminal images,features,and advantages beyond
the basic product itself;
- the package has become the product,and occasionally
packaging has become entertainment,
2,Globalization
- Providing increased tonnages of high-quality food to
massive city complexes at affordable prices
challenges packagers;
- A new concern is the removal of the debris generated
by a consumer society and the impact that these
consumption rates have on the planet’s ecology;
Modern Packaging
Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society
1.Why packaging is important to our food supply
- Food is organic in nature (an animal or plant source);
- One characteristic of such organic matter is that it has a
limited natural biological life,
2.Freedom from geographical and seasonal food
production
- Most food is geographically and seasonally specific,
Modern Packaging
- In a world without packaging,we would need to live at
the point of harvest to enjoy these products,and our
enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural
biological life span of each,
- It is by proper storage,packaging and transport
techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and
Apples derived from them,throughout the year and
throughout the country,
- We are no longer restricted in our choice of where to
live,we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine
that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional
food-producing cycles,
Modern Packaging
3,Advantages of central processing and prepackaged
food
- Central processing allows value recovery from what
would normally be wasted,
- By-products of the processed-food industry form the
basis of other sub-industries
4.Packaging and mass manufacture of durable goods
- The economical manufacture of durable goods also
depends on sound packaging;
- A product’s cost is directly related to production volume;
- Distribution packaging is a key part of the system;
- Some industries could not exist without an international
market,irradiation equipment and the safe packaging,
Modern Packaging
World Packaging
- Humankind’s global progress is such that virtually every
stage in the development of society and packaging is
present somewhere in the world today,
1,Packaging in developed countries
- To agonize over choice of package type,hire expensive
marketing groups to develop images to entice the
targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics,
Modern Packaging
2,Packaging in less-developed countries
- At the extreme,consumers will bring their own
packages or will consume food on the spot,just
as they did 2,000 years ago;
- Packagers from the more-developed countries
sometimes have difficulty working with less-
developed nations;,
a,they fail to understand that their respective
packaging priorities are completely different,
b.developing nations trying to sell goods to North
American markets cannot understand their
preoccupation with package and graphics,
Modern Packaging
3,The United Nations and packaging,
- The less-developed countries do not have adequate
land to raise enough food,
- Food goes beyond its natural biological life,spoils,is
lost,is infested with insects or eaten by rodents,gets
wet in the rain,leaks away or goes uneaten for
numerous reasons,all of which sound packaging
principles can prevent,
- In a poor economy that can afford no waste,no
industries recover secondary value from food by-
products,
- Packaging is perceived to be a weapon against world
hunger,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
1,The sources of waste material
- A discussion of packaging today means eventually
turning to environmental issues,
- A perception,if only the packaging industry would stop
doing something or,conversely,start doing something,
all our landfill and pollution problems would go away,
- Ample evidence suggests that good packaging reduces
waste,
- The consumer sees packaging as that part of shopping
trip that gets thrown away,Hence,packaging is
garbage,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
2.The percentage of waste that is packaging
- The University of Tennessee provides the
following breakdown of total landfill waste
Residential waste,37.4%
Industrial waste,29.3%
Commercial waste,27.3%
Other sources,6.0%
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Material Packaging Nonpackaging
Paper 12.7% 19.6%
Wood 4.6% -----
Metal 2.0% 5.7%
Glass 5.7% 0.8%
Plastic 4.1% 5.5%
Other misc,0.1% 12.1%
Food waste ----- 8.1%
Yard waste ----- 19.0%
Totals 29.2% 70.8%
Table 1.1 Materials mix by weight in residential solid waste
3,The materials in the waste stream
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
4,Consumer perceptions of packaging
- North American consumers have a basic distrust of
manufacturers; to them,manufacture is a dirty business,
5.Jurisdictions
- Most waste-management issues,local jurisdictions;
every state or province can pass its own packaging
regulations or mandates,
- In the Unites States,the states are mostly acting on
their own; CONEG and SSWMC are notable exceptions,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
6,Possible laws and mandates
· Recycling mandates/laws
·Material reduction mandates/laws
· Restrictions on selected materials/package types
·Material bans or restrictions (for example,heavy
metals or PVC)
· Bans on materials accepted as landfill (such as not
accepting as corrugated fiberboard)
· Green labeling requirements/prohibitions
· Purchasing preference mandates
·Tax incentives/penalties,
·Deposit laws/advance disposal fees
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
7,The four Rs hierarchy and what it means
- Reduce,use the minimum amount of material
consistent with fulfilling its basic function,
- Reuse,containers or packaging components should
be reused,
- Recycle,packaging should be collected and the
materials recycled for further use,
- Recover,to possibly recover other value from the
waste before consigning packaging to a landfill,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Table 1.2 Percent of municipal solid waste
incinerated in selected countries
Country Incinerated Waste
Switzerland 74%
Japan 66%
Sweden 50%
France 35%
United States 15%
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
8,Recycling realities
- The public myths,
1,Placing material in a blue box constitutes recycling,
Recycling does not occur until someone uses the
material collected,
a) PCR materials in immediate contact with food need to
be extensively investigated,
b) In the instance of pharmaceutical packaging,such use
is simply not allowed,
c) Another impediment is a guarantee of consistent and
reliable supply of the recovered material,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
2,Recycled material should be economical,In many
instances,recycled material is more costly,and its use
needs to be supported in some way,
a) The cost of landfilling MSW is still less than recycling
in most areas,
b) Revenues generated from the sale of recyclable
materials do not always recover collecting and
recycling costs,
c) The process of recycling cannot ignore market
economics,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
d) Environmentalists maintain that recycling is an issue
of the environment,not of economics,Money
expended to recycle a material represents an
investment in fuel,water and other resources,When
the resource investment to recover a material exceeds
the value of the material recovered,then the harm to
the environment is greater,not less,
e) The process of collecting and regenerating a
packaging material for further use is a complex one for
most materials,
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
- significant investment in sophisticated equipment,
- While glass is apparently readily identifiable,individual
glass compositions as well as different colors make it
difficult to get uncontaminated feedstock,
- Paper fiber quality deteriorates with every recycling,
and so paper cannot be recycled indefinitely,
- Plastic materials pose a number of serious recycling
problems,The plastic industry developed a code for
identifying the six most commonly used packaging
plastics; it includes an,other” selection as a seventh
code (Figure 1.3),
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
Figure 1.3 A code identifies the main packaging plastic
families,PETE is usually abbreviated PET and V is usually
abbreviated PVC,Less commonly used plastics and mixed-
plastics constructions are classified as,other”
Waste Management and
Environmental Issues
3,One or another of the many materials used for
packaging is more environmentally friendly,There is
no magic material,Laminate constructions are,in fact,
environmentally friendly,
The Modern Packaging Industry
1.,Converters and users”—the broad industry
divisions,converter and user subdivisions
-,Converters”,to take various raw materials and convert
them into useful packaging materials or physical
packages (cans,bottles,wraps),To this point,
packaging becomes a materials application science,
The company forming the physical package will also
print or decorate the package,
- Package,users”,the firms that package products,are
also regarded as part of the packaging industry,
divided into a number of categories and each of these
can be further subdivided,
The Modern Packaging Industry
- The,supplier”,manufacturers of machines for the user
sector and the suppliers of ancillary services,such as
marketing,consumer testing and graphic design,are
also important sectors of the packaging industry,
2,Professional packaging associations
IoPP,Institute of Packaging Professionals
PAC,Packaging Association of Canada
PMMI,Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute
FPA,Flexible Packaging Association
WPO,World Packaging Organization
The Modern Packaging Industry
3,Other organizations having a major impact on
packaging activities
ISO,International Organization for Standards
ASTM,American Society for Testing and Materials
TAPPI,Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry
ISTA, International Safe Transit Association
The Modern Packaging Industry
Figure 1.4
The
packaging
industry can
be divided
into those
that use
packaging
for their
products
and those
that supply
to these
users
