Computation Visualization Programming MAT-File Format Version 5 MATLAB ? The Language of Technical Computing How to Contact The MathWorks: www.mathworks.com Web comp.soft-sys.matlab Newsgroup support@mathworks.com Technical support suggest@mathworks.com Product enhancement suggestions bugs@mathworks.com Bug reports doc@mathworks.com Documentation error reports service@mathworks.com Order status, license renewals, passcodes info@mathworks.com Sales, pricing, and general information 508-647-7000 Phone 508-647-7001 Fax The MathWorks, Inc. Mail 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 For contact information about worldwide offices, see the MathWorks Web site. MAT-File Format ? COPYRIGHT 1984 - 1999 by The MathWorks, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. 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Printing History: June 1999 Online only New for MATLAB 5.3 MAT-File Format Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 MAT-File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Version 5 MAT-File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MAT-File Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Data Element Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats . . . .10 Numeric Array and Character Array Data Element Formats . .11 Sparse Array Data Element Format . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Cell Array Data Element Format . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Structure MAT-File Data Element Format . . . . . . . . .25 MATLAB Object MAT-File Data Element Format . . . . . .29 Version 4 MAT-File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 MAT-File Format 2 Introduction This document describes the internal format of MATLAB ? Version 5 and Version 4 MAT-files. A MAT-file stores data in binary (not human-readable) form. In MATLAB, you create MAT-files by using the save command, which writes the arrays currently in memory to a file as a continuous byte stream. By convention, this file has the filename extension .mat; thus the name MAT-file. The load command reads the arrays from a MAT-file into the MATLAB workspace. Most MATLAB users do not need to know the internal format of a MAT-file. Even users who must read and write MAT-files from C and Fortran programs do not need to know the MAT-file format if they use the MATLAB Application Program Interface (API). This API shields users from dependence on the details of the MAT-file format. However, if you need to read or write MAT-files on a system for which the MATLAB API library is not supported, you must write your own read and write routines. The MATLAB API is only available for platforms on which MATLAB is supported. This document provides the details about the MAT-file format you will need to read and write MAT-files on these systems. Note Whenever possible, The MathWorks strongly advises you to use the MAT-file API routines to read and write MAT-files. Any code you write that depends on the MAT-file format will very likely need to be rewritten when the format changes in future releases. MAT-File Formats This document describes both the MATLAB Version 5 and Version 4 MAT-file formats. The MATLAB Version 5 MAT-file format supports all the MATLAB V5 array types, including multidimensional numeric arrays, character arrays, sparse arrays, cell arrays, structures, and objects. “Version 5 MAT-File Format” on page -3 describes this format. The MATLAB Version 4 MAT-file format is a simpler format but it only supports two-dimensional matrices and character strings. “Version 4 MAT-File Format” on page -32 describes this format. Version 5 MAT-File Format Version 5 MAT-File Format In MATLAB Version 5, a MAT-file is made up of a 128-byte header followed by one or more data elements. Each data element is composed of an 8-byte tag followed by the data in the element. The tag specifies the number of bytes in the data element and how these bytes should be interpreted; that is, should the bytes be read as 16-bit values, 32-bit values, floating point values or some other data type. By using tags, the Version 5 MAT-file format provides quick access to individual data elements within a MAT-file. You can move through a MAT-file by finding a tag and then skipping ahead the specified number of bytes until the next tag. “MATLAB Version 5 MAT-File Format” on page -4 graphically illustrates this MAT-file format. The sections that follow provide more details about these MAT-file elements. 3 MAT-File Format 4 Figure 1: MATLAB Version 5 MAT-File Format Bytes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MA T - F i le He ade r (1 28 by tes) Descriptive text (124 bytes) Endian IndicatorVersion Data Type Number of Bytes Data (variable size) or subelements Data Type Number of Bytes D a t a E l em ent D a t a E l em ent Repeat Tagged Data Elements Until End-of-File Data Type Number of Bytes D a t a E l em ent Data (variable size) or subelements Data (variable size) or subelements Version 5 MAT-File Format MAT-File Header Format MATLAB Version 5 MAT-files begin with a 128-byte header made up of a 124 byte text field and two, 16-bit flag fields. Header Text Field The first 124 bytes of the header can contain text data in human-readable form. This text typically provides information that describes how the MAT-file was created. For example, MAT-files created by MATLAB include the following information in their headers: ? MATLAB version ? Platform on which the file was created ? Date and time the file was created You can view the text in a MAT-file header using the cat command on UNIX systems, or the type command on a PC. The output displays the text in this part of the header. (The display of the header is followed by unreadable characters representing the binary data in the file.) cat my_matfile.mat MATLAB 5.0 MAT-file, Platform: SOL2, Created on: Thu Nov 13 10:10:27 1997 Programming Note When creating a MAT-file, you must write data in the first four bytes of this header. MATLAB uses these bytes to determine if a MAT-file uses a Version 5 format or a Version 4 format. If any of these bytes contain a zero, MATLAB will incorrectly assume the file is a Version 4 MAT-file. 5 MAT-File Format 6 Header Flag Fields The last four bytes in the header are divided into two, 16-bit flag fields (int16). Programming Note Programs that create MAT-files always write data in their native machine format. Programs that read MAT-files are responsible for byte-swapping. Data Element Format Each data element begins with an 8-byte tag followed immediately by the data in the element. Figure 2 shows this format. (MATLAB also supports a compressed data element format. See page -9 for more information.) Figure 2: MAT-File Data Element Format Field Value Version Identifies the version of the MATLAB software used to create the MAT-file format. When creating a MAT-file, set this field to 0x0100. Endian Indicator Contains the two characters, M and I, written to the MAT-file in this order, as a 16-bit value. If, when read from the MAT-file as a 16-bit value, the characters appear in reversed order (IM rather than MI), it indicates that the program reading the MAT-file must perform byte-swapping to interpret the data in the MAT-file correctly. Data Type Number of Bytes Variable size Bytes 1 2 7 86543 Tag Data Version 5 MAT-File Format Tag The 8-byte data element tag is composed of two, 32-bit fields: ? Data Type ? Number of Bytes Data Type. The Data Type field specifies how the data in the element should be interpreted, that is, its size and format. The MAT-file format supports many data types including signed and unsigned, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit data types and a special data type that represents MATLAB arrays. Table 1 lists all these data types with the values used to specify them. The table also includes symbols that are used to represent these data types in the examples in this document. Table 1: MAT-File Data Types MAT-File Data Type Value Symbol 8 bit, signed 1 miINT8 8 bit, unsigned 2 miUINT8 16-bit, signed 3 miINT16 16-bit, unsigned 4 miUINT16 32-bit, signed 5 miINT32 32-bit, unsigned 6 miUINT32 IEEE 754 single format 7 miSINGLE Reserved 8 -- IEEE 754 double format 9 miDOUBLE Reserved 10 -- Reserved 11 -- 64-bit, signed 12 miINT64 7 MAT-File Format 8 Number of Bytes. The Number of Bytes field is a 32-bit value that specifies the number of bytes of data in the element. This value does not include the eight bytes of the data element’s tag. Data The data immediately follows the tag. The data must be aligned on 64-bit boundaries. When writing a MAT-file, if the amount of data in a data element falls short of a 64-bit boundary, you must add bytes of padding to make sure the tag of the next data element falls on a 64-bit boundary. Likewise, when reading data from a MAT-file, be sure to account for these padding bytes. Programming Note For data elements representing MATLAB arrays, (type miMATRIX), the value of the Number of Bytes field includes padding bytes in the total. For all other MAT-file data types, the value of the Number of Bytes field does not include padding bytes. Example Data Element For example, Figure 3 illustrates a data element representing an array of six 32-bit, unsigned integers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. In the figure, the Data Type field contains the value from Table 1 that specifies unsigned, 32-bit integers (miUINT32). The Number of Bytes field in the data element tag contains the number of data values multiplied by the number of bytes used to represent 64-bit, unsigned 13 miUINT64 MATLAB array 14 miMATRIX (For more information about this data type, see “Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats” on page -10.) Table 1: MAT-File Data Types MAT-File Data Type Value Symbol Version 5 MAT-File Format each value. Note that this value does not include the eight bytes in the data element tag. Figure 3: Example MAT-File Data Element Compressed Data Element Format If the data element contains between one and four bytes of data, MATLAB saves storage space by storing the data in a compressed data element format. In this format, the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields are stored as 16-bit values, freeing four bytes in the tag in which to store the data. Figure 4 illustrates this format. Figure 4: Compressed Data Element Format Programming Note When reading a MAT-file, you can tell if you are processing a compressed data element by comparing the value of the first two bytes of the tag with the value zero (0). If these two bytes are not zero, the tag uses the compressed format. When writing a MAT-file, use of the compressed data element format is optional. miUINT32 24 Bytes 1 2 7 86543 Tag Data Data Type Number of Bytes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Data Type D A T A Bytes 1 2786543 Number of Bytes 9 MAT-File Format 10 Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats The MAT-file data type miMATRIX (14) is used to represent all types of MATLAB arrays, including: ? Numeric arrays ? Character arrays ? Sparse arrays ? Cell arrays ? Structures ? Objects The miMATRIX data type is a compound data type. MAT-file data elements of this type are composed of multiple subelements. The subelements can be of any other MAT-file data type, including other miMATRIX data types. Figure 5 shows a miMATRIX data element composed of three subelements. Note how each subelement is a data element with its own tag. The value of the Number of Bytes field (96 in the figure) in the data element tag includes all the subelements. Figure 5: MATLAB Array Data Element with Subelements Bytes 1 2 7 86543 miMATRIX Data Data Data El ement Sub- Subelement 96 Tag Tag Sub- Ele ment Tag Data Tag Element 96 byt es Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Each miMATRIX data element representing the different types of MATLAB arrays each has a specific set of subelements. Some of these subelements are common to all MATLAB arrays. Others subelements are unique to a particular type of array. The following sections detail the subelements for each MATLAB array type. Numeric Array and Character Array Data Element Formats A MAT-file data element representing a MATLAB numeric array or character array is composed of four subelements and one optional subelement. Table 2 lists the subelements in the order in which they appear in the data element. The table also includes the values of the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields you would use in the tag of each subelement. For an example, see “Examples of Numeric Array Data Elements” on page -15. Array Flags Subelement This subelement identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element and provides other information about the array. The Array Flags subelement is common to all array types. Table 2: Numeric and Character Array Subelements with Tag Data Subelement Data Type Number of Bytes Array Flags miUINT32 2*size-of-Data-Type (8 bytes) Dimensions Array miINT32 number-of-dimensions*size-of-Data-Type (To learn how to determine the number of dimensions, see “Dimensions Array Subelement” on page -13.) Array Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Real part (pr) Any of the numeric data types. number-of-values*size-of-Data-Type Imaginary part (pi) (Optional) Any of the numeric data types. number-of-values*size-of-Data-Type 11 MAT-File Format 12 Figure 6 illustrates the format of the Array Flags subelement. (For sparse matrices, bytes 5 through 8 are used to store the maximum number of nonzero elements in the matrix. See “Sparse Array Data Element Format” on page -18 for more information.) Figure 6: Array Flags Format Flags. This field contains three, single-bit flags that indicate whether the numeric data is complex, global, or logical. If the complex bit is set, the data element includes an imaginary part (pi). If the global bit is set, MATLAB loads the data element as a global variable in the base workspace. If the logical bit is set, it indicates the array is used for logical indexing. Class. This field contains a value that identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element. Table 3 lists the MATLAB array types with the values you use to specify them. The table also includes symbols that are used to represent the MATLAB array type in the examples in this document. Note The value of the Class field identifies the MATLAB data type. The value of the Data Type field in the data element tag identifies the data type used to store the data in the MAT-file. The MAT-file data types are listed in Table 1. The value of the Class and the Data Type fields do not need to be the same; for more information, see “Data Compression” on page -15. Undefined Bytes 1 2 7 865 43 U n d e f i n e dClassFlags Undefined Complex Global Logical Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats For numeric arrays, Class can contain any of the numeric array types: mxDOUBLE_CLASS, mxSINGLE_CLASS, mxINT8_CLASS, mxUINT8_CLASS, mxINT16_CLASS, mxUINT16_CLASS, mxINT32_CLASS, or mxUINT32_CLASS. For character arrays, Class contains mxCHAR_CLASS. Dimensions Array Subelement This subelement specifies the size of each dimension of an n-dimensional array in an n-sized array of 32-bit values (miINT32). All numeric arrays have at least two dimensions. The Dimensions Array subelement is common to all MATLAB array types. Table 3: MATLAB Array Types (Classes) MATLAB Array Type (Class) Value Symbol Cell array 1 mxCELL_CLASS Structure 2 mxSTRUCT_CLASS Object 3 mxOBJECT_CLASS Character array 4 mxCHAR_CLASS Sparse array 5 mxSPARSE_CLASS Double precision array 6 mxDOUBLE_CLASS Single precision array 7 mxSINGLE_CLASS 8-bit, signed integer 8 mxINT8_CLASS 8-bit, unsigned integer 9 mxUINT8_CLASS 16-bit, signed integer 10 mxINT16_CLASS 16-bit, unsigned integer 11 mxUINT16_CLASS 32-bit, signed integer 12 mxINT32_CLASS 32-bit unsigned, integer 13 mxUINT32_CLASS 13 MAT-File Format 14 For example, if a data element represents a 2-by-3-by-2 MATLAB array, the Dimensions Array subelement would contain three values: 2, 3, and 2. Programming Note To calculate the number of dimensions in an array, divide the value stored in the Number of Bytes field in the Dimensions Array subelement tag by 4, the number of bytes in the data type (miINT32) used in the subelement. Array Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the array, as an array of signed, 8-bit values (miINT8). This subelement is common to all array types. Real Part (pr) Subelement This subelement contains the numeric data in the MATLAB array. If the array contains complex numbers (the complex bit in the Array Flags is set), this is the real part of the number. The data type of the values can be any of the numeric data types listed in Table 1, MAT-File Data Types, on page -7. Imaginary Part (pi) Subelement This subelement contains the imaginary part of the numeric data in the MATLAB array. This subelement is only present if one or more of the numeric values in the MATLAB array is a complex number (if the complex bit is set in Array Flags). The data type of the values can be any of the numeric data types listed in Table 1, MAT-File Data Types, on page -7. Programming Note When reading a MAT-file, check the value of the Data Type field in the tag of Real Part and Imaginary Part subelements to identify the data type used to store data. Also note that MATLAB reads and writes these values in column-major order. Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Data Compression MATLAB stores the numeric data in an array in double precision format. When MATLAB writes a numeric (or sparse) array to a MAT-file, it uses the smallest possible data type to store the data, both the real and imaginary parts. For example, if MATLAB determines that the data stored in double precision format can actually be stored in an 8-bit format, it will use an 8-bit data type to store it in a MAT-file. Note, however, that if any of the numeric values in the array requires a 64-bit representation, MATLAB stores all of the data in a 64-bit data type. See “Compressed Data Element” on page -17 for an example. When you create a MAT-file, compressing data is optional. Programming Note When MATLAB uses a smaller data type to store data in a MAT-file, the value of the Class field in the Array Flags subelement identifies the original MATLAB data type. Examples of Numeric Array Data Elements This section uses examples to illustrate both the compressed and uncompressed numeric array data element formats. Uncompressed Data Element. Figure 7 shows how this 2-by-2 numeric array, my_array, is represented in a MAT-file. my_array = [ 1.1+1.1i 2 ; 3 4 ] my_array = 1.1000 + 1.1000i 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 In the figure, note: ? The data element includes five subelements. Because one of the numeric values in the array is a complex number, the complex bit flag in the Array Flags subelement is set and the Imaginary Part (pi) subelement is included. 15 MAT-File Format 16 ? The value of the Number of Bytes field in the data element tag includes all the subelements, but not the eight bytes of the tag itself. Figure 7: Example Numeric Array MAT-File Data Element Bytes 1 2 7865 43 pr pi 128 8 mxDOUBLE 8 2 2 miINT8 8 m y _ array miDOUBLE 32 1.1000 3.0000 2.0000 4.0000 1.1000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 miDOUBLE 32 miINT32 miUINT32 miMATRIX Undefined U n d e f i n e d _CLASS Array Name Dimensions Array Array Flags 128 bytes Tag Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Compressed Data Element. Figure 8 shows how the three-dimensional numeric array in this example, arr, is represented in a MAT-file when compression is used to conserve storage space. A = [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ]; B = [ 7 8 9 ; 10 11 12]; arr = cat(3,A,B) arr(:,:,1) = 1 2 3 456 arr(:,:,2) = 789 10 11 12 In the figure, note: ? The Array Name subelement uses the compressed data element format. ? The numeric data in the array, stored in double precision format in MATLAB, is stored as 8-bit, unsigned values in the pr subelement. The Class field in the Array Flags subelement identifies the original MATLAB data type. Figure 8: Example Numeric Array MAT-file Data Element (Compressed) miMATRIX Bytes 1 2 7 86543 miUINT32 U n d e f i n e d miINT32 arr Padding 2 2 miUINT8 miINT83 1 4253 6710 8119 12 Padding 72 Array Array Dimensions 0Undefined mxDOUBLE _CLASS pr Array Flags Name 72 b ytes 12 Padding 3 12 8 Tag 17 MAT-File Format 18 Sparse Array Data Element Format A MAT-file data element representing a MATLAB sparse array is composed of six subelements and one optional subelement. Table 4 lists the subelements in the order in which they appear in the data element. The table lists the values of the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields of the tag for each subelement. Array Flags Subelement This subelement identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element and provides other information about the array. The Array Flags subelement is common to all array types. Table 4: Sparse Array Subelements with Tag Data Subelement Data Type Number of Bytes Array Flags miUINT32 2*size-of-Data-Type (8 bytes) Dimensions Array miINT32 number-of-dimensions*size-of-Data-Type where number-of-dimensions can be 0, 1 or 2. Array Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Row Index (ir) miINT32 nzmax*size-of-Data-Type (The nzmax value is stored in Array Flags.) Column Index (jc) miINT32 (N+1)*sizeof(int32) where N is the second element of the Dimensions array subelement. Real part (pr) Any numeric data type number-of-nonzero-values*size-of-Data-Type Imaginary part (pi) (Optional) Any numeric data type number-of-nonzero-values*size-of-Data-Type Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Figure 9 shows the Array Flags format. For sparse arrays, this value also contains the maximum number of non-zero elements in the array (nzmax). Figure 9: Array Flags Format for Sparse Arrays Flag. For more information, see “Flags” on page -12. Class. This field contains a value that identifies the MATLAB data type represented by the data element. For sparse arrays, Class contains the value 5 (mxSPARSE_CLASS). See “Class” on page -12 for more information. Dimensions Array Subelement This subelement specifies the size of each dimension of the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Dimensions Array Subelement” on page -13. Note that MATLAB only supports two-dimensional sparse arrays. Array Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Array Name Subelement” on page -14. Row Index for Non-zero Values (ir) Subelement This subelement specifies the row indices of the non-zero elements in the real part (pr) of the matrix data and the imaginary part (pi) of the matrix data, if present. This subelement is a series of 32-bit (miINT32) values. Column Index for Non-Zero Values (jc) Subelement This subelement contains column index information as a series of 32-bit (miINT32) values. For more information about what this subelement contains, see the MATLAB Application Program Interface Guide. Reserved Bytes 1 2 7 86543 nzmaxClassFlags Maximum number of non-zero array elements. 19 MAT-File Format 20 Real Part (pr) Subelement This subelement contains the numeric data in the MATLAB array. If the array contains complex numbers (the complex bit in the Array Flags is set), this is the real part of the number. Because MATLAB uses data compression to save storage space, the data type of the values can be any of the numeric data types listed in Table 1, MAT-File Data Types, on page -7. For more information, see “Data Compression” on page -15. Imaginary Part (pi) Subelement This subelement contains the imaginary data in the array, if one or more of the numeric values in the MATLAB array is a complex number (if the complex bit is set in Array Flags). Because MATLAB uses data compression to save storage space, the data type of the values can be any of the numeric data types listed in Table 1, MAT-File Data Types, on page -7. For more information, see “Data Compression” on page -15. Programming Note You must check the value of the Data Type field in the tag of Real Part and Imaginary Part subelements to identify the type of the data. Also note that MATLAB reads and writes these values in column-major order. Example Sparse Array Figure 10 illustrates the MAT-file data element format of this 3-by-3 sparse matrix: a = [ 1 2 3 ]; S = sparse(a,a,a+.5) S = (1,1) 1.5000 (2,2) 2.5000 (3,3) 3.5000 Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats In the figure, note: ? The data element contains six subelements. ? The value of the Number of Bytes field in the data element tag includes all the subelements, but not the eight bytes of the tag itself. ? Bytes 5 through 8 of the Array Flags subelement contain the maximum number of non-zero elements (nzmax) in the sparse array. ? The Array Name subelement uses the compressed data element format. Figure 10: Example Sparse Array MAT-file Data Element Bytes 1 2 7 86543 miMATRIX 120 miUINT32 8 miINT32 3 1 miINT32 0 2 miINT32 0 2 mxSPARSE _CLASS 0 3 (nzmax) 8 3 PaddingmiINT8 12 1 Padding 16 1 3 miDOUBLE 24 pr Dimensions 1.5000 2.5000 3.5000 S 120 bytes jc ir Array Name Array Array Flags Tag Undefined 21 MAT-File Format 22 Cell Array Data Element Format A MAT-file data element representing a MATLAB cell array is composed of four subelements. Table 5 lists the subelements in the order in which they appear in the data element. The table lists the values of the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields of the tag for each subelement. Array Flags Subelement This subelement identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element and provides other information about the array. Figure 11 shows the Array Flags format. The Array Flags subelement is common to all array types. Figure 11: Array Flags Format Flags. See “Flags” on page -12 for more information. Class. This field contains a value that identifies the MATLAB data type represented by the data element. For cell arrays, Class contains the value 1 (mxCELL_CLASS). For more information, see “Class” on page -12. Dimensions Array Subelement This subelement specifies the size of each dimension of the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Dimensions Array Subelement” on page -13. Table 5: Cell Array Subelements with Tag Data Subelement Data Type Number of Bytes Array Flags miUINT32 2*size-of-Data-Type (8 bytes) Dimensions Array miINT32 number-of-dimensions*size-of-Data-Type Array Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Cells Each cell is written in place as an miMATRIX element. Undefined Bytes 1 2 7 86543 U n d e f i n e dClassFlags Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Array Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Array Name Subelement” on page -14. Cells Subelement This subelement contains the value stored in a cell. These values are MATLAB arrays, represented using the miMATRIX format specific to the array type: numeric array, sparse array, structure, object or other cell array. See the appropriate section in this document for details about the MAT-file representation of a each of these array types. Cells are written in column-major order. Example Cell Array Figure 12 illustrates the MAT-file data element format of this cell array: A = [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ] A = 1 2 3 4 5 6 B = [ 7 8 9 ; 10 11 12 ] B = 7 8 9 10 11 12 C = { A, B } C = [2x3 double] [2x3 double] In the figure, note: ? The data element contains five subelements, the three common subelements; Array Flags, Dimensions and Array Name; and two cell subelements. ? The value of the Number of Bytes field in the data element tag includes all the subelements, but not the eight bytes of the tag itself. ? Each cell subelement is an miMATRIX type. In the example, each cell contains a numeric array. For more information about the format of these elements, 23 MAT-File Format 24 see “Numeric Array and Character Array Data Element Formats” on page -11. Figure 12: Example Cell Array Data Element Bytes 1 2 7 8 6543 Array Dimensions Array Name Numeric array Array Flags 7 10 8119 12 Padding miUINT8 6 miINT32 B 8 Padding 2 3 miINT81 0Undefined mxDOUBLE _CLASS U n d e f i n e d miMATRIX miUINT32 8 56 1 4 253 6 Padding miUINT8 6 miINT32 A 8 Padding 2 3 miINT81 0Undefined mxDOUBLE _CLASS U n d e f i n e d miMATRIX miUINT32 8 56 miMATRIX miUINT32 8 miINT32 C 8 12 miINT81 168 0 Undefined mxCELL _CLASS Padding U n d e f i n e d 168 bytes Tag Numeric array Cells Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats Structure MAT-File Data Element Format A MAT-file data element representing a MATLAB structure is composed of six subelements. Table 6 lists the subelements in the order in which they appear in the data element. The table lists the values of the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields of the tag for each subelement. Array Flags Subelement This subelement identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element and provides other information about the array. Figure 13 shows the Array Flags format. The Array Flags subelement is common to all array types. Figure 13: Array Flags Format Flags. See “Flags” on page -12 for more information. Class. This field contains a value that identifies the MATLAB data type represented by the data element. For structures, Class contains the value 2 (mxSTRUCT_CLASS). For more information, see “Class” on page -12. Table 6: Structure Subelements with Tag Data Subelements Data Type Number of Bytes Array Flags miUINT32 2*size-of-Data-Type (8 bytes) Dimensions Array miINT32 number-of-dimensions*size-of-Data-Type Array Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Field Name Length miINT32 size-of-Data-Type (4 bytes) Field Names miINT8 number-of-fields*Field-Name-Length Fields Each field is written in place as an array. Fields are written in column order. Undefined Bytes 1 2 7 865 43 U n d e f i n e dClassFlags 25 MAT-File Format 26 Dimensions Array Subelement This subelements Specifies the size of each dimension of the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Dimensions Array Subelement” on page -13. Array Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the structure. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Array Name Subelement” on page -14. Field Name Length Subelement This subelement specifies the maximum length of a Field Name. MATLAB sets this limit to 32 (31 characters and a NULL terminator). In a MAT-file created by MATLAB, this subelement always uses the compressed data element format. Field Names Subelement This subelement specifies the name of each field in the structure as a series of 8-bit (miINT8) character arrays. The value of the Field Name Length subelement determines the length of each field name array (32 bytes). Field names must be NULL-terminated. Fields Subelement This subelement contains the value stored in a field. These values are MATLAB arrays, represented using the miMATRIX format specific to the array type: numeric array, sparse array, cell, object or other structure. See the appropriate section of this document for details about the MAT-file format of each of these array type. MATLAB reads and writes these fields in column-major order. Example Figure 14 illustrates the MAT-file data element format for this MATLAB structure: X.w = [1]; X.y = [2]; X.z = [3]; X X = Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats w: 1 y: 2 z: 3 In the figure, note: ? The data element contains eight subelements: the three common subelements (Array Flags, Dimensions and Array Name) and five structure-specific subelements (Field Name Length, Field Names, and three Field subelements). ? The value of the Number of Bytes field in the data element tag includes all the subelements, but not the eight bytes of the tag itself. ? The Field Names subelement allocates 32 bytes of storage for each field name. A NULL terminator indicates the end of each field name. ? Each Field subelement is an miMATRIX data type. In the example, each field contains a numeric array. For more information about the format of these elements, see “Numeric Array and Character Array Data Element Formats” on page -11. ? Each of the numeric arrays contain zero-length Array Name subelements. The Field Names subelement contains the names of the numeric arrays. 27 MAT-File Format 28 Figure 14: Example Structure MAT-File Data Element Bytes 1 2 7 8 6543 z 0 y 0 w 0 miINT8 96 miINT32 324 XmiINT8 Padding 1 2 1 miINT32 8 0Undefined mxSTRUCT _CLASS U n d e f i n e d miUINT32 8 miMATRIX 320 Numeric Array miMATRIX miUINT32 miINT32 0Undefined _CLASS mxDOUBLE U n d e f i n e d 8 48 8 1 1 11 Padding miINT8 0 Fields miUINT8 miMATRIX miUINT32 miINT32 0Undefined _CLASS mxDOUBLE U n d e f i n e d 8 48 8 1 1 21 Padding miINT8 0 miUINT8 miMATRIX miUINT32 miINT32 0Undefined _CLASS mxDOUBLE U n d e f i n e d 8 48 8 11 31 miINT8 0 miUINT8 P A D D I N G Field Name Length Array Flags Dimensions Array Array Name Field Names 320 bytes Padding Numer ic Array Numeric Array Tag Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats MATLAB Object MAT-File Data Element Format A MAT-file data element representing a MATLAB object is composed of seven subelements. Table 7 lists the subelements in the order in which they appear in the data element. An object data element has the same subelements as a structure with the addition of the Class Name subelement.The table lists the values of the Data Type and Number of Bytes fields of the tag for each subelement. Array Flags Subelement This subelement identifies the MATLAB array type (class) represented by the data element and provides other information about the array. Figure 15 shows the Array Flags format. The Array Flags subelement is common to all array types. Figure 15: Array Flags Format Flags. See “Flags” on page -12 for more information. Table 7: MATLAB Object Subelements with Tag Data Subelement Data Type Number of Bytes Array Flags miUINT32 2*size-of-Data-Type (8 bytes) Dimensions Array miINT32 number-of-dimensions*size-of-Data-Type Array Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Class Name miINT8 number-of-characters*size-of-Data-Type Field Name Length miINT32 size-of-Data-Type (4 bytes) Field Names miINT8 number-of-fields*Field-Name-Length Fields Each field is written in place as an array. Reserved Bytes 1 2 7 86543 R e s e r v e dClassFlags 29 MAT-File Format 30 Class. This field contains a value that identifies the MATLAB data type represented by the data element. For objects, the Class byte has the value 3 (mxOBJECT_CLASS). For more information, see “Class” on page -12. Dimensions Array Subelement This subelement specifies the size of each dimension of the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Dimensions Array Subelement” on page -13. Array Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the array. This subelement is common to all array types. For more information, see “Array Name Subelement” on page -14. Class Name Subelement This subelement specifies the name assigned to the object class. This subelement is an array of 8-bit characters (miINT8). Field Name Length Subelement This subelement specifies the maximum length of a Field Name. See “Field Name Length Subelement” on page -26 for more information. Field Names Subelement This subelement specifies the name of each field in the structure. See “Field Names Subelement” on page -26 for more information. Fields Subelement This subelement contains the value stored in a field. See “Fields Subelement” on page -26 for more information. Example Figure 16 illustrates how the MATLAB object in this example is represented in a MAT-file. X = inline(‘t^2’); The figure only shows the first four subelements of the object. For an example that shows the remaining subelements, see “Example” on page -26. Version 5 MATLAB Array Data Element Formats In the figure, note: ? The Array Flag Class byte is set to mxOBJECT_CLASS. ? The data element includes the Class Name subelement. Figure 16: Example Object MAT-file Data Element miMATRIX Bytes 1 2 7 86543 miUINT32 8 miINT32 X 8 11 miINT81 656 Array Dimensions Array 0 Undefined mxOBJECT _CLASS Padding ln Class i U n d e f i n e d The remaining elements are the same as for a structure. miINT8 6 i n e Name Name Array Flags Padding 31 MAT-File Format 32 Version 4 MAT-File Format Note This section is taken from the MATLAB V4.2 External Interface Guide, which is no longer available in printed form. This section presents the internal structure of Level 1.0 MAT-files. This information is provided to enable users to read and write MAT-files on machines for which the MAT-file access routine library is not available. It is not needed when using the MAT-file subroutine library to read and write MAT-files, and we strongly advise that you do use the External Interface Library if it is available for all of the machines that you are working with. A MAT-file may contain one or more matrices. The matrices are written sequentially on disk, with the bytes forming a continuous stream. Each matrix starts with a fixed-length 20-byte header that contains information describing certain attributes of the Matrix. The 20-byte header consists of five long (4-byte) integers: Table 8: MATLAB Version 4 MAT-File Matrix Header Format Field Description type The type flag contains an integer whose decimal digits encode storage information. If the integer is represented as MOPT where M is the thousands digit, O is the hundreds digit, P is the tens digit, and T is the ones digit, then: M indicates the numeric format of binary numbers on the machine that wrote the file. Use this table to determine the number to use for your machine: 0 IEEE Little Endian (PC, 386, 486, DEC Risc) 1 IEEE Big Endian (Macintosh, SPARC, Apollo,SGI, HP 9000/300, other Motorola) 2 VAX D-float 3 VAX G-float 4Cray Version 4 MAT-File Format O is always 0 (zero) and is reserved for future use. P indicates which format the data is stored in according to the following table: 0 double-precision (64-bit) floating point numbers 1 single-precision (32-bit) floating point numbers 2 32-bit signed integers 3 16-bit signed integers 4 16-bit unsigned integers 5 8-bit unsigned integers The precision used by the save command depends on the size and type of each matrix. Matrices with any noninteger entries and matrices with 10,000 or fewer elements are saved in floating point formats requiring 8 bytes per real element. Matrices with all integer entries and more than 10,000 elements are saved in the following formats, requiring fewer bytes per element. Element range Bytes per element [0:255] 1 [0:65535] 2 [-32767:32767] 2 [-2^31+1:2^31-1] 4 other 8 T indicates the matrix type according to the following table: 0 Numeric (Full) matrix 1 Text matrix 2Sprse mtr Note that the elements of a text matrix are stored as floating point numbers between 0 and 255 representing ASCII-encoded characters. Table 8: MATLAB Version 4 MAT-File Matrix Header Format 33 MAT-File Format 34 Immediately following the fixed length header is the data whose length is dependent on the variables in the fixed length header: This structure is repeated for each matrix stored in the file. The following C language code demonstrates how to write a single matrix to disk in Level 1.0 MAT-file format. #include <stdio.h> main() { typedef struct { long type; long mrows; mrows The row dimension contains an integer with the number of rows in the matrix. ncols The column dimension contains an integer with the number of columns in the matrix. imagf The imaginary flag is an integer whose value is either 0 or 1. If 1, then the matrix has an imaginary part. If 0, there is only real data. namlen The name length contains an integer with 1 plus the length of the matrix name. Table 8: MATLAB Version 4 MAT-File Matrix Header Format Table 9: MATLAB Version 4 MAT-File Matrix Data Format Field Description name The matrix name consists of namlen ASCII bytes, the last one of which must be a null character (’\0’). real Real part of the matrix consists of mrows ? ncols numbers in the format specified by the P element of the type flag. The data is stored column-wise such that the second column follows the first column, etc. imag Imaginary part of the matrix, if any. If the imaginary flag imagf is nonzero, the imaginary part of a matrix is placed here. It is stored in the same manner as the real data. long ncols; Version 4 MAT-File Format long imagf; long namelen; } Fmatrix; char *pname; double *pr; double *pi; Fmatrix x; int mn; FILE *fp; double real_data = 1.0; double imag_data = 2.0; fp=fopen("mymatfile.mat","wb"); if(fp==NULL) printf("File could not be opened.\n"); else { pname = "x"; x.type = 1000; x.mrows = 1; x.ncols = 1; x.imagf = 1; x.namelen = 2; pr = &real_data; pi = &imag_data; fwrite(&x,sizeof(Fmatrix),1,fp); fwrite(pname, sizeof(char), x.namelen,fp); mn = x.mrows *x.ncols; fwrite(pr,sizeof(double),mn,fp); 35 if(x.imagf) MAT-File Format 36 fwrite(pi,sizeof(double),mn,fp); } fclose(fp); } Again, we strongly advise against using this approach, and recommend that you instead use the MAT-file access routines provided in the External Interface Library. You will need to write your own C code as shown above only if you do not have the MAT-file access routines for the particular platform on which you need to read and write MAT-files. Index format 5 37 A array flags subelement 11 in sparse arrays 18 array name subelement 14 B byte swapping 6 C cell arrays example 23 MAT-file format 22 character arrays MAT-file format 11 classes MATLAB arrays 13 complex numbers in MAT-files 12 compression data element format 9 example in data element 17 in data element 15 D data elements alignment 8 cell arrays 22 character array format 11 compressed format 9 defined 3 format 6 MATLAB arrays 10 numeric array format 11 objects 29 padding bytes 8 sparse array format 18 structures 25 subelements 10 data types changed by compression 15 MAT-file vs. MATLAB 12 used in MAT-files 7 dimensions determining number of 14 dimensions array subelement 13 E Endian indicator 6 F field name length in structure data elements 26 field names in structure data elements 26 flags format 12 G global variables in MAT-files 12 H header defined 3 flag fields 6 Index 38 text field 5 I IEEE 754 double format 7 imaginary data in data element 14 L logical arrays in MAT-files 12 M MAT-files (V4) distinguishing from V5 format 5 format 32 MAT-files (V5) data types 7 distinguishing from V4 format 5 header format 5 header text field 5 numeric array data elements 11 overall format 3 version field 6 MATLAB array types 12, 13 data element formats 10 miMATRIX format 10 N Number of Bytes field tag 8 numeric array compressed example 17 example 15 numeric arrays MAT-file format 11 O objects MAT-file format 29 P padding bytes data elements 8 including in Number of Bytes total 8 pi 14 pr 14 R real data in data element 14 S sparse arrays example 20 in MAT-file 18 structures example 26 MAT-file format 25 subelements defined 10 T tags defined 3 format 7 number of bytes field 8 Index V version field MAT-file V5 format 6 39