第 3章 统计概述
Summary of Statistics
本章概要
?Statistical Thinking and Management
?Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics
?Types of Data and their Sources
?Types of Sampling Methods
?Types of Survey Errors
Statistical Thinking and Management
统计思想与管理
Three Aspects of Quality Improvement
Management Philosophy
管理哲学
Behavioral Tools
行为工具
Statistical Methods
统计方法
Statistical Methods
?Descriptive Statistics
?Inferential Statistics
Collecting and describing data.
Making decisions based on sample data.
统计描述
统计推断
统计描述
收集资料、整理资料、描述资料
?Collect Data e.g,Survey
?Present Data e.g,Tables and Graphs
?Characterize Data e.g,Mean n
x i?
A Characteristic of a:
(1) Population is a Parameter
(2) Sample is a Statistic.
统计推断
参数估计、假设检验
?Estimation
?Hypothesis
Testing
Making decisions concerning a
population based on sample results.
Types of Data
分类资料、数字资料（离散、连续）
C a t e gor i c a l
Di s c r e t e Cont i nuous
N um e r i c a l
Da t a
Data Sources
（观测、调研、实验）（数据编辑、出版及电子介质）
Primary
Data Collection
Secondary
Data Compilation
Observation
Experimentation
Survey
Print or Electronic
Quota
Types of Sampling Methods
抽样方法类型
Samples
Non-Probability Samples
非概率抽样
Judgement Chunk
Probability Samples
概率抽样
Simple
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
概率抽样
Probability Samples
Simple
Random Systematic Stratified Cluster
Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities.
Simple Random Samples
简单随机抽样
?Every individual or item from the
target frame has an equal chance of
being selected.
?Selection may be with replacement or
without replacement.
? One may use table of random numbers
for obtaining samples.
Systematic Samples
系统抽样
? Decide on sample size,n
? Divide population of N individuals into groups of
k individuals,k = N/n
? Randomly select one individual from the 1st group.
? Select every k-th individual thereafter.
N = 64
n = 8
k = 8
First Group
Stratified Samples
分层抽样
? Population divided into 2 or more groups according
to some common characteristic.
? Simple random sample selected from each.
? The two or more samples are combined into one.
Cluster Samples
整群抽样
? Population divided into several clusters?
each representative of the population.
? Simple random sample selected from each.
? The samples are combined into one.
Population
divided into
4 clusters.
Types of Survey Errors
调研误差类型
?Coverage Error
?Non Response Error
?Sampling Error
?Measurement Error
Excluded from
selection.
Follow up on
non
responses.
Chance differences
from sample to
sample.
Bad Question!
本章小结
?Described the use of Statistical Thinking to improve
quality.
?Addressed the notion of Descriptive versus Inferential
Statistics.
?Defined and described different Types of Data and
Sources
?Listed Types of Sampling Methods.
?Described different Types of Survey Errors.
Summary of Statistics
本章概要
?Statistical Thinking and Management
?Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics
?Types of Data and their Sources
?Types of Sampling Methods
?Types of Survey Errors
Statistical Thinking and Management
统计思想与管理
Three Aspects of Quality Improvement
Management Philosophy
管理哲学
Behavioral Tools
行为工具
Statistical Methods
统计方法
Statistical Methods
?Descriptive Statistics
?Inferential Statistics
Collecting and describing data.
Making decisions based on sample data.
统计描述
统计推断
统计描述
收集资料、整理资料、描述资料
?Collect Data e.g,Survey
?Present Data e.g,Tables and Graphs
?Characterize Data e.g,Mean n
x i?
A Characteristic of a:
(1) Population is a Parameter
(2) Sample is a Statistic.
统计推断
参数估计、假设检验
?Estimation
?Hypothesis
Testing
Making decisions concerning a
population based on sample results.
Types of Data
分类资料、数字资料（离散、连续）
C a t e gor i c a l
Di s c r e t e Cont i nuous
N um e r i c a l
Da t a
Data Sources
（观测、调研、实验）（数据编辑、出版及电子介质）
Primary
Data Collection
Secondary
Data Compilation
Observation
Experimentation
Survey
Print or Electronic
Quota
Types of Sampling Methods
抽样方法类型
Samples
Non-Probability Samples
非概率抽样
Judgement Chunk
Probability Samples
概率抽样
Simple
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
概率抽样
Probability Samples
Simple
Random Systematic Stratified Cluster
Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities.
Simple Random Samples
简单随机抽样
?Every individual or item from the
target frame has an equal chance of
being selected.
?Selection may be with replacement or
without replacement.
? One may use table of random numbers
for obtaining samples.
Systematic Samples
系统抽样
? Decide on sample size,n
? Divide population of N individuals into groups of
k individuals,k = N/n
? Randomly select one individual from the 1st group.
? Select every k-th individual thereafter.
N = 64
n = 8
k = 8
First Group
Stratified Samples
分层抽样
? Population divided into 2 or more groups according
to some common characteristic.
? Simple random sample selected from each.
? The two or more samples are combined into one.
Cluster Samples
整群抽样
? Population divided into several clusters?
each representative of the population.
? Simple random sample selected from each.
? The samples are combined into one.
Population
divided into
4 clusters.
Types of Survey Errors
调研误差类型
?Coverage Error
?Non Response Error
?Sampling Error
?Measurement Error
Excluded from
selection.
Follow up on
non
responses.
Chance differences
from sample to
sample.
Bad Question!
本章小结
?Described the use of Statistical Thinking to improve
quality.
?Addressed the notion of Descriptive versus Inferential
Statistics.
?Defined and described different Types of Data and
Sources
?Listed Types of Sampling Methods.
?Described different Types of Survey Errors.
