Chapter 6 Soil and Health
一,Hygiene significances and
characteristics of soil
（一） Hygiene significances of soil
?the essence of life
?Relationship between soil characteristics and
human life
?Impact of soil quality on humans survival and
health
Chemistry
Zoology
Micro-
biology
Agronomy Engin Arch-aeology
Forestry
Geography
Geology
PhysicsClimat-ology
Relation of Soil Science to Other Sciences
Relation of Soil Science to Other Sciences
What is Soil?
It is not Dirt
What is Soil? — continued
…unconsolidated surficial material
Short-sighted Engineer,1985
The unconsolidated mineral or organic
material on the immediate surface of the
earth that serves as a natural medium for
the growth of land plants,
Sense the Soil – feel,smell,see,hear…
— No one's definition is necessarily right or wrong.
Agronomist
Forester
Horticulturalist
Engineer
Environmentalist
What is Soil?
— continued
What is Soil? — continued
Soil is a natural body consisting of horizontal
layers of mineral and organic constituents of
variable thicknesses which differ from the
original material in their morphological,
physical,chemical,and mineralogical
properties,At least some of these properties
are due to soil-forming processes.
What Does soil do?
Healthy soil gives us clean air and
water,bountiful crops and forests,
productive rangeland,diverse wildlife,
and beautiful landscapes,
Soil components
The Soil Ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic.
Solid phase,minerals and weathered rock; fragments,
organic matter; microorganism
Liquid phase,water (rain,snow)
Gas phase,gases CO2 (higher),O2(lower)
Soil components
Figure 1 Most soils contain four basic components,mineral particles,water,air,and
organic matter,Organic matter can be further sub-divided into humus,roots,and living
organisms,The values given above are for an average soil,
Soil Forming Factors
Soils is vary from place to place because the
intensity of the factors is different at different
locations,
?Parent Material
?Climate
?Vegetation
?Topography
?Time
Essential Nutrients
Carbon Nitrogen Iron
Hydrogen Phosphorous Manganese
Oxygen Potassium Boron
Calcium Zinc
Magnesium Chloride
Sulfur Cobalt
Molybdenum
Nickel
Air/Water Soil Solids Micronutrients
Macronutrients
Functions of Soil
?Medium for Plant growth
?Essential Elements
C,H,O - supplied mostly from air and water;
N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,Mn,B,Zn,Cu,Cl,Co,Mo,Ni
- supplied by the soil
?Recycler of raw materials
?Habitat for soil organisms
?Engineering medium
(二） Soil properties
– physical characteristics
1,Soil particle → Soil texture
?Sand soil (0.05-1mm,>50%)
— fast water transmission,low water retention
?Clay soil (<0.01mm,>30%)
— slow water transmission,high water retention,
? Silt soil (0.01-0.05mm,>40%)
2,Soil water /moisture
? water flow potential (pore spaces) — porosity and permeability
? water content of soils
? Soil capillarity
(二） Soil properties
– physical characteristics — continued
3,Soil air /aeration
it is variable due to the gases produced and
consumed by plant roots and microbes
? relative humidity ~100%
? higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations
than found in the atmosphere
Soil properties
– physical characteristics — continued
It provide information about,
(1) water flow potential,
(2) water holding capacity,
(3) fertility potential,
(4) suitability for many urban uses like
bearing capacity
Soil properties
– chemical characteristics
Soil chemistry is the interaction of various
chemical constituents that takes place
among soil particles and in the soil
solution and the water retained by soil.
Soil properties
– chemical characteristics (continued )
Differences in microelement distribution
— background level of soil
? Soil adsorption humus
? Soil pH and acidity
? Ion adsorption and exchange O,Al,Si
? Soil colloids
? Change characteristics Net negative charge,binds cations
…
Soil properties
– biological characteristics (continued )
?Algae
?Bacteria
?Fungi
…
二,Fate of pollutants in soil
(一） Soil pollution
1,Denification
2,Resources of soil pollution
3,Type of soil pollution
Fate of pollutants in soil — continued
(二） Soil self-purification and transfer
and transform of pollutants in soil
1,self-purification
2,transfer of the pollutants
3,transform of the pollutants
e.g,degradation (chemical,photochemical and biological
processes
三 Soil pollution and humans health
(一） heavy metal pollution
（二） pesticide pollution
（三） biological pollution
Diagram illustrating the process of biomagnification of a
chloronated hydrocarbon in an ecosystem.
四,Environmental quality standard for soils
and control standards of solid wastes for soil
(一） working-out the hygiene standard of soil
? principle,
no harmful effects to humans
not decreasing the capability of soil self-purification
? study methods:
experimental studies stability; transfer; self-purification; toxicity;
investigations background level; health effects
(二） Environmental quality standard for soils
(GB15618-1995)
标准分级
?一级标准 为保护区域自然生态，维持自然背景的
土壤环境质量的限制值。
?二级标准 为保障农业生产，维护人体健康的土壤
限制值。
?三级标准 为保障农林业生产和植物正常生长的土
壤临界值。
（三） Control standards of solid wastes for soil
? 生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准
? 城镇垃圾农用控制标准
? 含多氯苯废物污染控制标准
? 进口废物环境保护控制标准
? 农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准
? 危险废物焚烧污染控制标准
? 危险废物填埋污染控制标准
? 危险废物贮存污染控制标准
? 一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准
? 生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准
http://www.zhb.gov.cn/eic/650208295713243136/index.shtml
五,Hygienic protection and supervision
and monitoring of soil
(一 ） Hygienic protection of soil definition
1,Treatment of dejecta
sanitary requires
methods
2,Treatment of garbage
? Resources,industrial wastes,domestic wastes;
? Classification,
hazardous waste greater potential environmental threat
nonhazardous waste (or municipal solid waste)
special or other waste certain industries and households
Resources and classification of solid wastes
?Treatment of solid wastes
principles harmless; reducing; reclamation
methods sanitary landfill;
incineration;
composting; thermophilic composing
mash gas fermentation
Treatment
is any process that changes the physical,chemical,or
biological character of a waste to make it less of an
environmental threat,Treatment can neutralize the
waste,recover energy or material resources from a
waste,render the waste less hazardous,or make the
waste safer to transport,store,or dispose of,
Treatment method of solid wastes
?物理法：破碎、分选、沉淀、过滤和离心；
?化学法：焚烧、熔烧、浸出；
?生物法：好氧分解、厌氧分解；
Storage
is the holding of waste for a temporary period
of time,At the end of the storage period,the
waste is treated,disposed of,or stored
elsewhere.
Disposal
is the placement of waste into or on the land,Disposal
facilities are usually designed to permanently contain
the waste and prevent the release of harmful
pollutants to the environment.
（二） Supervision and monitoring of soil
1,Preventive sanitary supervision
2,Regular sanitary supervision
3,Monitoring
Key points of this chapter
?Basic definitions POPs; 3Rs;…
? Pollution events of soil itai-itai disease; Love canal event
? The standards relative to soil
?Treatment and disposal of soil
一,Hygiene significances and
characteristics of soil
（一） Hygiene significances of soil
?the essence of life
?Relationship between soil characteristics and
human life
?Impact of soil quality on humans survival and
health
Chemistry
Zoology
Micro-
biology
Agronomy Engin Arch-aeology
Forestry
Geography
Geology
PhysicsClimat-ology
Relation of Soil Science to Other Sciences
Relation of Soil Science to Other Sciences
What is Soil?
It is not Dirt
What is Soil? — continued
…unconsolidated surficial material
Short-sighted Engineer,1985
The unconsolidated mineral or organic
material on the immediate surface of the
earth that serves as a natural medium for
the growth of land plants,
Sense the Soil – feel,smell,see,hear…
— No one's definition is necessarily right or wrong.
Agronomist
Forester
Horticulturalist
Engineer
Environmentalist
What is Soil?
— continued
What is Soil? — continued
Soil is a natural body consisting of horizontal
layers of mineral and organic constituents of
variable thicknesses which differ from the
original material in their morphological,
physical,chemical,and mineralogical
properties,At least some of these properties
are due to soil-forming processes.
What Does soil do?
Healthy soil gives us clean air and
water,bountiful crops and forests,
productive rangeland,diverse wildlife,
and beautiful landscapes,
Soil components
The Soil Ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic.
Solid phase,minerals and weathered rock; fragments,
organic matter; microorganism
Liquid phase,water (rain,snow)
Gas phase,gases CO2 (higher),O2(lower)
Soil components
Figure 1 Most soils contain four basic components,mineral particles,water,air,and
organic matter,Organic matter can be further sub-divided into humus,roots,and living
organisms,The values given above are for an average soil,
Soil Forming Factors
Soils is vary from place to place because the
intensity of the factors is different at different
locations,
?Parent Material
?Climate
?Vegetation
?Topography
?Time
Essential Nutrients
Carbon Nitrogen Iron
Hydrogen Phosphorous Manganese
Oxygen Potassium Boron
Calcium Zinc
Magnesium Chloride
Sulfur Cobalt
Molybdenum
Nickel
Air/Water Soil Solids Micronutrients
Macronutrients
Functions of Soil
?Medium for Plant growth
?Essential Elements
C,H,O - supplied mostly from air and water;
N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,Mn,B,Zn,Cu,Cl,Co,Mo,Ni
- supplied by the soil
?Recycler of raw materials
?Habitat for soil organisms
?Engineering medium
(二） Soil properties
– physical characteristics
1,Soil particle → Soil texture
?Sand soil (0.05-1mm,>50%)
— fast water transmission,low water retention
?Clay soil (<0.01mm,>30%)
— slow water transmission,high water retention,
? Silt soil (0.01-0.05mm,>40%)
2,Soil water /moisture
? water flow potential (pore spaces) — porosity and permeability
? water content of soils
? Soil capillarity
(二） Soil properties
– physical characteristics — continued
3,Soil air /aeration
it is variable due to the gases produced and
consumed by plant roots and microbes
? relative humidity ~100%
? higher CO2 and lower O2 concentrations
than found in the atmosphere
Soil properties
– physical characteristics — continued
It provide information about,
(1) water flow potential,
(2) water holding capacity,
(3) fertility potential,
(4) suitability for many urban uses like
bearing capacity
Soil properties
– chemical characteristics
Soil chemistry is the interaction of various
chemical constituents that takes place
among soil particles and in the soil
solution and the water retained by soil.
Soil properties
– chemical characteristics (continued )
Differences in microelement distribution
— background level of soil
? Soil adsorption humus
? Soil pH and acidity
? Ion adsorption and exchange O,Al,Si
? Soil colloids
? Change characteristics Net negative charge,binds cations
…
Soil properties
– biological characteristics (continued )
?Algae
?Bacteria
?Fungi
…
二,Fate of pollutants in soil
(一） Soil pollution
1,Denification
2,Resources of soil pollution
3,Type of soil pollution
Fate of pollutants in soil — continued
(二） Soil self-purification and transfer
and transform of pollutants in soil
1,self-purification
2,transfer of the pollutants
3,transform of the pollutants
e.g,degradation (chemical,photochemical and biological
processes
三 Soil pollution and humans health
(一） heavy metal pollution
（二） pesticide pollution
（三） biological pollution
Diagram illustrating the process of biomagnification of a
chloronated hydrocarbon in an ecosystem.
四,Environmental quality standard for soils
and control standards of solid wastes for soil
(一） working-out the hygiene standard of soil
? principle,
no harmful effects to humans
not decreasing the capability of soil self-purification
? study methods:
experimental studies stability; transfer; self-purification; toxicity;
investigations background level; health effects
(二） Environmental quality standard for soils
(GB15618-1995)
标准分级
?一级标准 为保护区域自然生态，维持自然背景的
土壤环境质量的限制值。
?二级标准 为保障农业生产，维护人体健康的土壤
限制值。
?三级标准 为保障农林业生产和植物正常生长的土
壤临界值。
（三） Control standards of solid wastes for soil
? 生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准
? 城镇垃圾农用控制标准
? 含多氯苯废物污染控制标准
? 进口废物环境保护控制标准
? 农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准
? 危险废物焚烧污染控制标准
? 危险废物填埋污染控制标准
? 危险废物贮存污染控制标准
? 一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准
? 生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准
http://www.zhb.gov.cn/eic/650208295713243136/index.shtml
五,Hygienic protection and supervision
and monitoring of soil
(一 ） Hygienic protection of soil definition
1,Treatment of dejecta
sanitary requires
methods
2,Treatment of garbage
? Resources,industrial wastes,domestic wastes;
? Classification,
hazardous waste greater potential environmental threat
nonhazardous waste (or municipal solid waste)
special or other waste certain industries and households
Resources and classification of solid wastes
?Treatment of solid wastes
principles harmless; reducing; reclamation
methods sanitary landfill;
incineration;
composting; thermophilic composing
mash gas fermentation
Treatment
is any process that changes the physical,chemical,or
biological character of a waste to make it less of an
environmental threat,Treatment can neutralize the
waste,recover energy or material resources from a
waste,render the waste less hazardous,or make the
waste safer to transport,store,or dispose of,
Treatment method of solid wastes
?物理法：破碎、分选、沉淀、过滤和离心；
?化学法：焚烧、熔烧、浸出；
?生物法：好氧分解、厌氧分解；
Storage
is the holding of waste for a temporary period
of time,At the end of the storage period,the
waste is treated,disposed of,or stored
elsewhere.
Disposal
is the placement of waste into or on the land,Disposal
facilities are usually designed to permanently contain
the waste and prevent the release of harmful
pollutants to the environment.
（二） Supervision and monitoring of soil
1,Preventive sanitary supervision
2,Regular sanitary supervision
3,Monitoring
Key points of this chapter
?Basic definitions POPs; 3Rs;…
? Pollution events of soil itai-itai disease; Love canal event
? The standards relative to soil
?Treatment and disposal of soil
