1 d? ?d9ZE ?? Tamhane? Dunlop ?÷?l¥? 14c ?§ ?? Elizabeth Newton ?S ? 8 ?yDy?T 2 d? ?ZE ? v?sd? ?ZE ^??7? ^ e S ? b ? ? I Holland? Wolfe÷ Nonparametric Statistical Methods E Newton 3 100 ? μ gamma (1,1)s? ?M  ¥°Zm ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb E Newton 4 100 ? ?M ¥?¥°Zm ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb E Newton 5 ? ??d? ?_ Mann Whitney ¥ U_ Wilcoxon? p ?_ z? t_ ?? ?¥ "' Wilcoxon { ?|?_ ?|_ z? t_ ?"' d? ?? ?_ ?? E Newton 6 Kendall ¥? M1 Spearman ?M 1 ?: ?M1? Friedman _RBDZμs  +? ? ¥¥ "' Kruskal- Wallace_ CRDZμs  +?? ?¥ "' d? ?¥? ?¥_ ?? E Newton 7 ?|_ ? ? 1 n?"'¥?′ (u)¥wb ?vs. ? 9 ? ?v? ¥? ?i Oü ?V U 1 ? ?l? ¥ ?′1 ? ?T ?v ?l H5 ' b ?  L !/  ? 1=[s?  n,1/2 ? v"' z_ E Newton 8 ??  ? ¥°Zm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 9 S-Plus ?¥?|_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 10 Wilcoxon {?|¥?_ ? ? 1 n¥?"'¥?′ (u)¥wb ? L !98¥s? ^?¥b ?vs. ? ? ? ¨? ? ?μs¥?¥? ? μμs¥?¥? ? Kv′ ? ?T ?v5 ' b ? bs?n [' ? v"'¥ z_ E Newton 11 S-Plus???  ? ¥ Wilcox_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 12 S-Plus???  ? ¥? ? t_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 13 ê?EV ? n ['¥? 575: E Newton 14 {μê?? ? =-1? 1? ? =1 ¥ 2?? ?à qs?f ? E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1 x; :US1? ? x,1,1 15 Wilcoxon ? p?¥_ ?  2?? ?¥ ?"' X? Y¥ê?s?¥ w è ? ?1 e??) ?¥98b ? L ! ?vs. ?  ?μ ¥4?′ p?b ? ·? Y?¥?¥? ·? X?¥ê |μ÷l¥"' ¥ *B? ? ?T W |′ü ' b E Newton 16 Mann-Whitney ¥ U_ ? ? Wilcoxon? p?¥_?Nb ? ü ?? ? ?? é?1?b ?  μ ??"¥1?b ?U" ¥ ?b ? lcbst  ?í1" H ? ?T U |′5 ' b E Newton 17 s e? sa¥è ? #p¥ H W¥Qm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??USsY1 cg, sg; :US1#p¥ HW 18 S-Plus ?¥ wilcox _ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 19 S-Plus?? ?¥ t_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 20 Kolmogorov-Smirnov_ Kolmogorov-Smirnov_ ^¨ ??ê? ê  ? I 1Z ?¥μs ( ?s?W¥ ??μ s ) P¨ ?ü ?s?f ? (¨f ? )b ?9μB?1_Bt4? ? ?B?+?¥ ( ?X ¥ )s?-W¥  ?¥?"'?'b _4?s?DLXs?-W¥Kvμ  ^B?"' ¥f ?  Vì P′ J Telford 21 100? ?? ? (2,1) ê ?? 100? ?  gamma(4 2) ê ?¥°Zm ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 22 Kolmogorov-Smirnov_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 23 Kruskal-Wallis_ ? +?? ?"'¥wb ? L ! ??"'¥s? V ???ê? ?]b ? b ? vs.  t b ? ü ?μ¥ ?4? ??b ? 9 ? ?F¥?¥?D ü (′b ? 9 ? KW_d9 " kw (n [' )b ? ? kw′?v Hü ' b ? v′¥ 1ír¥ kw¥ s?b E Newton 24  1??]¥?DZE¥_′  ? 582: E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 25 y í Ff ?s′m E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1y í F ; :US1 ???DZE¥_′ 26 _′¥? E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 27 S-Plus?¥ Kruskal-Wallis_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 28 _′¥ZμsV E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 29 Friedman_ ? +? ? ¥"'¥wb ?a ?) ? b?Fb ? vs.  t b ?  ??F =sYü4?′ ??b ? 9 ??¥?b ? 9 ? Friedman d9  fr  n ['b ? ? fr?v Hü ' b ? v¥ b′ fr ?@ s?b E Newton 30 F (? ) =¥? E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 31 S-Plus?¥ Friedman_ E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 32 sF_′ ? ¥ZμsV ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb E Newton 33 M1?ZE ? Pearson M1? L?1 ób ? Spearman M1?¥M1b ? Kendall’s Tau?M???M?¥ ¥  ?b E Newton 34 Kendall’s Tau ? L ! n?=í4?′ ^B?V=í98? |¥ ?" 'b ? ^? ?¥ ? ? YVùsM?¥??M?¥ ? ?  M1?b ? 98M1" ? E Newton 35 Kendall’s Tau E Newton 36 Kendall’s Tau L è ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 37 ?US x=1:10 :US y=exp(x) E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 38 Pearson M1 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 39 Spearman M1 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 40 Kendall M1 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 41 L èìa ?  LOD/ ,°¥ ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 42 ×"ZE ? ? ?¥ZE?L !¥98s?¥ w ? ×"ZE àμ1?98s?f ? ? T¥L ! ? ?D_ 2"'ù5 ? |? ?Q ÷"B?4?′ ? 1 ??¨9D×" E Newton 43 ?D_ ? "S9 ü (μs 2"'ù5 ? ? ^VF1? F2ê |¥? ?¥"' ? }V ?μ x? y¥S| !? ^? V ?¥ ? ê4V n1? n1+n24?? ¥ SRSi OS|1 x, ?¥S|1 y. ? 9 ?V ?? !???Ds?¥_d9 ¥′   è ? a ü (μs ?  μ (n1+n2)?ê4 (n1) V ?Ms¥ !? ( L è 14.7,è ?  ? óq n1=8,n2=10, !?¥ ?′ " 43,758) E Newton 44 |? ? "S9s??d9 ¥S μ è ??′ ü (′ ? YV ?Q ÷"B?4?′Ve S "'? | n?vl1 n-1¥"'b ? V ??"'?9 ? ü (′ (?′ ) ?JSE ü (′ ^ú ?¥??A1 ?′?zb E Newton 45 1 ?? ? "S9s?Sd9  ¥?? uW ( è ? (′?′M 1? ) ? Ve S"'?¨?D |vl1 n ¥ B"' ? V ??"'?9 ?_d9  E Newton 46 S-Plus? ? V¥ ? óq 1888 M ? V¥ 3a ? E Newton ?? { ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 47 1 ?? ???aZμ¥?? uW E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 48 V 1000?1 ??"'¤?¥Z μ9¥°Zm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1′ ; :US1 á 49 Zμ9¥ QQm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥?¨ Sb m??US1S? ??¥sê ? ; :US1×ˉsê ? 50 B? ? 15?Dn¥"'YV GPA¥ EDy ?D I k¥s ?m E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1 gpa; :US1EDy ?D I k 51  LSAT? GPA-WM1?¥1 ? ? ???? uW E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 52 V 1000?1 ??"'¤?¥M 1?9¥°Zm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1′ ; :US1 á 53 M1?9¥ QQm E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1S? ??¥sê ? ; :US1×ˉsê ? 54 S-Plus?¥ Stack-loss ? óq ? Stack-loss ? E Newton ?? { ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 55 S-Plus?¥ stack loss ? óq E Newton ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 56  stack lossíB¥l2 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 57 stack loss¥1 ?? {l2 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 58 stack loss¥1 ?? {l2 E Newton ??} ? ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb 59 íB" ?¥°Zm ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1′ ; :US1 á 60 íB" ?¥ QQm ??mV ^ P¨ S-PLUS R èqá 3 ?¥ S-PLUS R ^ Insightful 3¥B??¨ Sb m??US1S? ??¥sê ? ; :US1×ˉsê ?