The operational amplifier (hereafter OP-AMP) is
developed in the 1940s primarily for use in analog
computers,made cheaply and readily available in the
late 1960s through integrated-circuit technology.
§ 3-1 The OP-AMP
The
actual construction of a modern OP-AMP is indeed
very complex,involving many transistors,diodes,
resistors and capacitors,
v o l t a ge si n pu tPN ?????,
b a tt e r ie sBB ????,
v ol t ag eou t pu t ???2?
r e s i s t o ri n p u tR i ???
r e s i s t o ro u t p u tR o ???
gai nA ??
s o u r c ec o n t r o l l e da??
)( NPC A ??? ??
P?
iR
oR
)( NPC A ??? ??
(a simple model of the op-amp)
?
?
?
?
2?
N?
(Some of the connected terminals to
the op-amp)
?B
?B
N?
P?
?
?
2?
A?
?
?
?
?

:
V
VIf NP
10000 0
1
2 ?
??
?
??
In the ideal model,
.0,,????? oi RRA
)( NPA ?? ?
??A
?i
?i
?
?
2?P?
N?
?
?
(a simple model of the op-amp)
??
?i
?i
?
N?
P?
?
?
2?
?
?
?
(some of the connected
terminals to the op-amp)
?
N?
P?
?
?
2?
A?
?
?
?
The B+ and B- are usually suppressed in the symbol.
P?
iR
oR
)(A NP ?? ?
?
?
?
?
2?
N?