Chapter 1,Chemistry is a Science of Change
A water molecule is consisted of
one oxygen (氧 ) atom and
two hydrogen (氢 ) atoms.
A cup of water contains about
1024 water molecules,
Chemistry is the study of how atoms (原子 ) combine
to form materials,(化学是研究原子组合成材料
的科学 )
How many different types of atom,114 so far.
They are listed (according to their structure and
properties) in the periodic table (元素周期表 ).
Period Grou
p
Alka
li M
eta
l
No
ble
G
as
Ha
log
en
Alka
li E
arth
M
eta
l
2.4
Some atoms link together to form molecules (分子 )
and molecules are organized to form materials.
So Chemistry can also be defined as the study of
matter and the transformations it can go,（ 化学
是研究物质和物质转变的科学 ）
Now millions of molecules have been found or
synthesized (合成 ),and they form the complexity
of the earth and the life.
The materials can be alloys,fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals,polymers,computer chips,DNA,
and more.
1.1 Chemistry is a central science
useful to our lives
Most of the material items in any modern house are
shaped by some human-devised chemical process,
Chemistry and Materials Science
B-2战略轰炸机
每架造价高达 22亿美元的 B-2战略轰炸机，是世上迄
今最昂贵的飞机。机身采用翼身融合、无尾翼的飞
翼构形，机翼前缘交接于机头处，机翼后缘呈锯齿
形。机身机翼大量采用石墨 -碳纤维复合材料、蜂窝
状结构，表面有吸波涂层，发电机的喷口置于机翼
上方。这种独特的外形设计和材料，能有效地躲避
雷达的探测，达到良好的隐形效果,
Chemistry,A Science for the 21st Century
? Materials and Technology
? Polymers,ceramics,liquid crystals
? Room-temperature superconductors?
? Molecular computing?
? Food and Agriculture
? Genetically modified crops
?,Natural” pesticides
? Specialized fertilizers
1.1
Chemistry and Biological Science
DNA Double Helix
N
O
OH
H
3
C
H N
N
N
NN
H
H
H
胸 腺 嘧 啶 （ T ） 腺 嘌 呤 （ A ）
N
N
O
NH
N
N
NO
H
H
H
H
H
H
胞 嘧 啶 （ C ） 鸟 嘌 呤 （ G ）
Chemistry and Environmental
Science
1995年诺贝尔化学奖授予三位大气环境化
学家 [墨西哥 ] Molina,[美 ] Rowland,[荷
兰 ] Crutzen。他们首先提出了平流层臭氧
破坏的化学机制，包括 Nox理论
（ Crutzen）和 CFCs (Rowland和 Molina)
理论。这些理论对南极“臭氧洞”的发
现，并导致, 蒙特利尔议定书, 的签定，
为保护全球环境作出了重大贡献。
Chemistry and IC Industry
? 超大规模集成电路是信息科学领域的核
心技术，但其制造工艺的 60%以上是化
学的应用：
如 4Mb的动态随机存取和存储器芯片制造
工艺，有 164个工艺步骤，其中有 118个
依据化学，包括化学合成、化学加工、
化学处理等。
Manipulating atoms and molecules
to create materials to suit our needs.
(More types and larger quantity)
Green chemical processes to reduce
waste product and to protect the
environment
Key issues in chemistry:
A knowledge of chemistry gives us a handle
on many of the questions and issues we face
as a society.
Is genetically modified food safe?
Should fluoride be added to local water
supply?
Why is it important to recycle?
What should be our primary energy resources
in the future?
1.2 Science is a way to understanding
the universe
(self-studying)
1.3 Physical quantity
unit (单位, 量纲 ),what was measured.
Two major unit systems,United States
Customary System ( USCS,British System
of Units)
Systeme International (SI,metric system)
1.7
1.4 Physical Terms and Definations
Mass (质量 ) is the quantitative measure of how much matter a
material object contains.
Weight (重量 ) is the gravitational forced exerted on an object by the
nearest body.
Volume (体积 ) is the amount of space a material object occupies.
Energy (能量 ) is the capacity to do work.
Potential energy (势能 ) is the stored energy.
Kinetic energy (动能 ) is the energy of motion.
Temperature (温度 ) is a measure of how hot an object is,or is a
measure of the average amount of energy is a substance.
Heat (热量 ) is the energy that flows from a higher-temperature
object to a lower-temperature object.
Density (密度 ) is the ratio of mass to volume.
Chapter 2 Elements of Chemistry
Element (元素 ),any material consisting of one
kind of atom.
Compound (化合物 ),A molecule consisting of
atoms from different elements,
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)
Ammonia (NH3)
1.4
2.1 Matter has physical and
chemical properties
Physical properties (物理性质 ),properties
that describe the look or feel of a substance,
such as color,hardness (硬度 ),density,
texture (质地 ),and phase (相态 ),When the
conditions change,the physical properties
of a substance may change,but that not
mean a new substance has been created,
This kind of property change is called
physical change,
Chemical properties (化学性质 ),those that characterize the
ability of a substance to react with other substances or to
transform from one substance to another,Any change in a
substance that involves a rearrangement of the way atoms are
bonded is called a chemical change,In the language of
chemistry,this kind of change is called chemical reaction
(化学反应 ),During the chemical reaction,substances are
transformed to other new substances,Chemical reaction is
the central point and the most important issue in chemistry,
hydrogen burns in
air to form water
How to determine whether a change is
physical or chemical
The physical change is usually the result of
the change in condition and no new
substances are formed,So restoring the
original conditions restores the original
physical properties.
2.2 Atoms are the fundamental
components of elements
The great variety of substances results not from
a great variety of atoms but from the many
ways a few kinds of atoms can be combined.
To date,we know of about 115 different kinds
of atoms,Of these,about 90 can be found in
nature,and the remainder can be created in
lab,So we also know about 115 elements,
These elements can be listed in an organizing
scheme called the periodic table,
Each element is designated by its atomic
symbol,which comes from the letters of the
element’s name.
Carbon,C,chlorine,Cl.
Some are from their latin name,Gold,Au
(aurum),Lead,Pb (plumbum)
2.3 Elements can combine to form compounds
Sodium atoms and chlorine atoms bond to form
sodium chloride.
Na + Cl → NaCl (chemical formula,化学式 )
Ammonia,NH3
How to name compounds,according to the elements they
contain
A system for naming compounds (systematic name) was
developed by International Union for Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC),系统命名法
Guideline 1,The name of the element farther to the left in
the periodic table is followed by the name of the
element farther to the right,with the suffix –ide added
to the name of the latter.
Li2O,Lithium oxide
CaF2,Calcium fluoride
Guideline 2,When teo or more non-metal
compounds have different numbers of the same
elements,prefixs are added to remove the
ambiguity,Mono (one),di (two),tri (three) and
tetra (four),and,mono”,sometimes,is omitted
from the beginning of the first word of the name.
CO,carbon monoxide
CO2,carbon dioxide
Guideline 3,Common names （ 俗名 ） are still
being used for convenience.
Water,methane,ammonia,
2.4 Most materials are mixture
A mixture (混合物 ) is a combination of two or more
substances in which each substance retains its
properties.
Most materials we encounter are mixture:
Physical separation of mixtures
Mixtures can be separated since they have
different physical properties.
Phase difference,solid and liquid (filtration,过
滤 ),for making coffee and for purification of
water.
distillation
Different boiling and
melting points,
making salt from
seawater,obtain
oxygen from air,
(distillation,蒸馏 )
2.5 Chemists classify matter as pure
or impure
If a material is pure,it consists of only a single
element or a single compound,It is extremely
difficulty to obtain a pure material.
Water,water from river,tap water,bottled water,
water used in IC industry
Chemicals,chemically pure,analytically pure,
pure enough for IC industry
1.4
2.6 Elements are organized in the
periodic table by their properties
The discovery of periodic table has a long history.
A period (周期 ) is a horizontal row,a group (族 ) a vertical column,(7 periods and
18 groups)
Period,from left to right,conductivity decreases,(metal to nonmetal) the size of the
atom decreases,This kind of repeating trend is called periodicity (周期性 ).
Group,similar property.
Group 1,Alkali metals (碱金属 ) (from Arabic word for ashes)
Group 2,Alkaline-earth metals (碱土金属 ) (named,earth” by alchemists because of
their,fire-resistance”)
Groups 3-12,transition metals (过渡金属 )
Group 16,Chalcogens (硫族 ) (“ore-forming” in Greek)
Group 17,Halogens (卤素 ) (“salt-forming” in Greek)
Group 18,Noble gases (惰性气体 )
Notes,In some of textbooks,the groups are divided into 8 main groups and 10 minor
groups.
Period Grou
p
Alka
li M
eta
l
No
ble
G
as
Ha
log
en
Alka
li E
arth
M
eta
l
2.4
In the sixth and seventh periods,there are two subsets of elements named
inner transition metal,Elements with numbers 58-71 are named
lanthanides (镧系 ),These elements have very useful application in
microelectronic industry,Those with numbers 90-103 are called actinides
( 锕系 ),They are usually used in nuclear power industry and the
purification is very difficulty.
A water molecule is consisted of
one oxygen (氧 ) atom and
two hydrogen (氢 ) atoms.
A cup of water contains about
1024 water molecules,
Chemistry is the study of how atoms (原子 ) combine
to form materials,(化学是研究原子组合成材料
的科学 )
How many different types of atom,114 so far.
They are listed (according to their structure and
properties) in the periodic table (元素周期表 ).
Period Grou
p
Alka
li M
eta
l
No
ble
G
as
Ha
log
en
Alka
li E
arth
M
eta
l
2.4
Some atoms link together to form molecules (分子 )
and molecules are organized to form materials.
So Chemistry can also be defined as the study of
matter and the transformations it can go,（ 化学
是研究物质和物质转变的科学 ）
Now millions of molecules have been found or
synthesized (合成 ),and they form the complexity
of the earth and the life.
The materials can be alloys,fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals,polymers,computer chips,DNA,
and more.
1.1 Chemistry is a central science
useful to our lives
Most of the material items in any modern house are
shaped by some human-devised chemical process,
Chemistry and Materials Science
B-2战略轰炸机
每架造价高达 22亿美元的 B-2战略轰炸机，是世上迄
今最昂贵的飞机。机身采用翼身融合、无尾翼的飞
翼构形，机翼前缘交接于机头处，机翼后缘呈锯齿
形。机身机翼大量采用石墨 -碳纤维复合材料、蜂窝
状结构，表面有吸波涂层，发电机的喷口置于机翼
上方。这种独特的外形设计和材料，能有效地躲避
雷达的探测，达到良好的隐形效果,
Chemistry,A Science for the 21st Century
? Materials and Technology
? Polymers,ceramics,liquid crystals
? Room-temperature superconductors?
? Molecular computing?
? Food and Agriculture
? Genetically modified crops
?,Natural” pesticides
? Specialized fertilizers
1.1
Chemistry and Biological Science
DNA Double Helix
N
O
OH
H
3
C
H N
N
N
NN
H
H
H
胸 腺 嘧 啶 （ T ） 腺 嘌 呤 （ A ）
N
N
O
NH
N
N
NO
H
H
H
H
H
H
胞 嘧 啶 （ C ） 鸟 嘌 呤 （ G ）
Chemistry and Environmental
Science
1995年诺贝尔化学奖授予三位大气环境化
学家 [墨西哥 ] Molina,[美 ] Rowland,[荷
兰 ] Crutzen。他们首先提出了平流层臭氧
破坏的化学机制，包括 Nox理论
（ Crutzen）和 CFCs (Rowland和 Molina)
理论。这些理论对南极“臭氧洞”的发
现，并导致, 蒙特利尔议定书, 的签定，
为保护全球环境作出了重大贡献。
Chemistry and IC Industry
? 超大规模集成电路是信息科学领域的核
心技术，但其制造工艺的 60%以上是化
学的应用：
如 4Mb的动态随机存取和存储器芯片制造
工艺，有 164个工艺步骤，其中有 118个
依据化学，包括化学合成、化学加工、
化学处理等。
Manipulating atoms and molecules
to create materials to suit our needs.
(More types and larger quantity)
Green chemical processes to reduce
waste product and to protect the
environment
Key issues in chemistry:
A knowledge of chemistry gives us a handle
on many of the questions and issues we face
as a society.
Is genetically modified food safe?
Should fluoride be added to local water
supply?
Why is it important to recycle?
What should be our primary energy resources
in the future?
1.2 Science is a way to understanding
the universe
(self-studying)
1.3 Physical quantity
unit (单位, 量纲 ),what was measured.
Two major unit systems,United States
Customary System ( USCS,British System
of Units)
Systeme International (SI,metric system)
1.7
1.4 Physical Terms and Definations
Mass (质量 ) is the quantitative measure of how much matter a
material object contains.
Weight (重量 ) is the gravitational forced exerted on an object by the
nearest body.
Volume (体积 ) is the amount of space a material object occupies.
Energy (能量 ) is the capacity to do work.
Potential energy (势能 ) is the stored energy.
Kinetic energy (动能 ) is the energy of motion.
Temperature (温度 ) is a measure of how hot an object is,or is a
measure of the average amount of energy is a substance.
Heat (热量 ) is the energy that flows from a higher-temperature
object to a lower-temperature object.
Density (密度 ) is the ratio of mass to volume.
Chapter 2 Elements of Chemistry
Element (元素 ),any material consisting of one
kind of atom.
Compound (化合物 ),A molecule consisting of
atoms from different elements,
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)
Ammonia (NH3)
1.4
2.1 Matter has physical and
chemical properties
Physical properties (物理性质 ),properties
that describe the look or feel of a substance,
such as color,hardness (硬度 ),density,
texture (质地 ),and phase (相态 ),When the
conditions change,the physical properties
of a substance may change,but that not
mean a new substance has been created,
This kind of property change is called
physical change,
Chemical properties (化学性质 ),those that characterize the
ability of a substance to react with other substances or to
transform from one substance to another,Any change in a
substance that involves a rearrangement of the way atoms are
bonded is called a chemical change,In the language of
chemistry,this kind of change is called chemical reaction
(化学反应 ),During the chemical reaction,substances are
transformed to other new substances,Chemical reaction is
the central point and the most important issue in chemistry,
hydrogen burns in
air to form water
How to determine whether a change is
physical or chemical
The physical change is usually the result of
the change in condition and no new
substances are formed,So restoring the
original conditions restores the original
physical properties.
2.2 Atoms are the fundamental
components of elements
The great variety of substances results not from
a great variety of atoms but from the many
ways a few kinds of atoms can be combined.
To date,we know of about 115 different kinds
of atoms,Of these,about 90 can be found in
nature,and the remainder can be created in
lab,So we also know about 115 elements,
These elements can be listed in an organizing
scheme called the periodic table,
Each element is designated by its atomic
symbol,which comes from the letters of the
element’s name.
Carbon,C,chlorine,Cl.
Some are from their latin name,Gold,Au
(aurum),Lead,Pb (plumbum)
2.3 Elements can combine to form compounds
Sodium atoms and chlorine atoms bond to form
sodium chloride.
Na + Cl → NaCl (chemical formula,化学式 )
Ammonia,NH3
How to name compounds,according to the elements they
contain
A system for naming compounds (systematic name) was
developed by International Union for Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC),系统命名法
Guideline 1,The name of the element farther to the left in
the periodic table is followed by the name of the
element farther to the right,with the suffix –ide added
to the name of the latter.
Li2O,Lithium oxide
CaF2,Calcium fluoride
Guideline 2,When teo or more non-metal
compounds have different numbers of the same
elements,prefixs are added to remove the
ambiguity,Mono (one),di (two),tri (three) and
tetra (four),and,mono”,sometimes,is omitted
from the beginning of the first word of the name.
CO,carbon monoxide
CO2,carbon dioxide
Guideline 3,Common names （ 俗名 ） are still
being used for convenience.
Water,methane,ammonia,
2.4 Most materials are mixture
A mixture (混合物 ) is a combination of two or more
substances in which each substance retains its
properties.
Most materials we encounter are mixture:
Physical separation of mixtures
Mixtures can be separated since they have
different physical properties.
Phase difference,solid and liquid (filtration,过
滤 ),for making coffee and for purification of
water.
distillation
Different boiling and
melting points,
making salt from
seawater,obtain
oxygen from air,
(distillation,蒸馏 )
2.5 Chemists classify matter as pure
or impure
If a material is pure,it consists of only a single
element or a single compound,It is extremely
difficulty to obtain a pure material.
Water,water from river,tap water,bottled water,
water used in IC industry
Chemicals,chemically pure,analytically pure,
pure enough for IC industry
1.4
2.6 Elements are organized in the
periodic table by their properties
The discovery of periodic table has a long history.
A period (周期 ) is a horizontal row,a group (族 ) a vertical column,(7 periods and
18 groups)
Period,from left to right,conductivity decreases,(metal to nonmetal) the size of the
atom decreases,This kind of repeating trend is called periodicity (周期性 ).
Group,similar property.
Group 1,Alkali metals (碱金属 ) (from Arabic word for ashes)
Group 2,Alkaline-earth metals (碱土金属 ) (named,earth” by alchemists because of
their,fire-resistance”)
Groups 3-12,transition metals (过渡金属 )
Group 16,Chalcogens (硫族 ) (“ore-forming” in Greek)
Group 17,Halogens (卤素 ) (“salt-forming” in Greek)
Group 18,Noble gases (惰性气体 )
Notes,In some of textbooks,the groups are divided into 8 main groups and 10 minor
groups.
Period Grou
p
Alka
li M
eta
l
No
ble
G
as
Ha
log
en
Alka
li E
arth
M
eta
l
2.4
In the sixth and seventh periods,there are two subsets of elements named
inner transition metal,Elements with numbers 58-71 are named
lanthanides (镧系 ),These elements have very useful application in
microelectronic industry,Those with numbers 90-103 are called actinides
( 锕系 ),They are usually used in nuclear power industry and the
purification is very difficulty.
