2010-9-5 1
WEEE & RoHS Seminar
WEEE & RoHS 讲座
Jun 1st,2005
2005年 6月 1日
2010-9-5 2
WEEE and RoHS
Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
废弃电子电气设备
The restriction of the use of
certain hazardous
substances in electrical and
electronic equipment
限制有害物质在电子电气设
备中的使用
A short introduction into the European environmental policy
under special consideration of electrical and electronic
equipment
简单介绍欧洲环境方针,特别针对电子电气设备
2010-9-5 3
Overview (内容梗概 )
? Short introduction into the environmental policy of the EU
简单介绍欧盟的环境方针
? Introduction into the WEEE Directive
废弃电子电气设备指令( WEEE)的介绍
? Objective and Scope(目标和范围 )
? Categories of EEE (电子电气设备的种类 )
? Important definitions (重要的定义 )
? Recycling,Recovery,Treatment of EEE
(电子电气设备的再循环,回收和处理 )
? Information for users and treatment facilities
(用户须知以及处理设备信息)
2010-9-5 4
Overview (内容梗概 )
? Introduction into the RoHS Directive
限制有害物质在电子电气设备中使用
的指令的介绍
? Objective and Scope
目标和范围
? Categories of EEE affected by this Directive
受该指令影响的电子电气设备种类
? Requirements of this Directive
该指令的要求
? Services of TüV PRODUC SERVICE
TüV 产品服务有限公司的服务
2010-9-5 5
Purpose of this presentation (本研讨会的目的)
? To provide an overview of the content of the mentioned
European Directives
概括以上提及欧洲指令的内容
? To show the changes occurring in the industry
说明工业中出现的变化
? To highlight the legislative impact
强调立法的效应
? To sensitize the manufacturer of EEE regarding an ecological
product design
提醒电子电气设备的生产厂家从生态学的角度重视产品的设计
2010-9-5 6
Introduction (导言)
Directive 2002/96/EC of January 27,2003:
2002/96/EC 指令( 2003年 1月 27日),
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
废 弃 电 子 电气设备
Directive 2002/95/EC of January 27,2003:
2002/95/EC 指令 ( 2003年 1月 27日 ):
Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances
in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS)
限制有害物 质 在 电 子 电气设备 中的 使用
Both published in the OJ L 37 of 13,February 2003
2003 年 2月 13日在 官方定期刊物 L37上出版公布
2010-9-5 7
Environmental Policy of the EU I (欧盟环境方针 I)
? Objectives of the Community?s environment policy are in
particular:
欧盟环境方针的主要目标是
? to preserve 维护
? to protect 保护
? to improve 改善
? the quality of the environment as well as
环境的质量以及
? to protect human health 保障人类健康
? and utilize natural resources prudently and rationally
谨慎合理地使用自然资源
2010-9-5 8
Environmental Policy of the EU II (欧盟环境方针 II)
? This policy is based on 本方针基于
? the precautionary principle and on 预防性原则
? the principles that preventive action should be taken,
以及应该采取预防措施的原则
? that environmental damage as a priority should be
rectified at source and资源方面的环境破坏应优先补救
? that the polluter should pay以及制造污染者应赔偿
2010-9-5 9
WEEE Directive (废弃电子电气设备指令)
Part 1 第一部分
Directive 2002/96/EC of January 27,2003,
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE)
2002/96/EC 指令 (2003年 1月 27日 )
废弃电子电气设备
2010-9-5 10
1,Ozonosphere inanition 臭氧层空洞
2,Acid rain 酸雨
3,Desertification 土地沙漠化
4,Water source crisis 水资源危机
5,Tsunami 海啸
6,Sand dust devil 沙尘暴
7,Biology species aberrance 生物物种变异
8,……
Global Environment Pollution
全球环境污染问题
2010-9-5 11
? Greenhouse effect brought by petroleum and
coal will make climate abnormal,like Ulniro
phenomena,Thereout,20 billion dollars
economic loss have been paid within last ten
years.
? 人类发现大量使用石油和煤炭, 排放温室气体,
会引起全球气候异常,, 厄尔尼诺现象, 肆虐
横行, 仅 10年间由此造成的直接经济损失已达
2 0 0 亿美元, 令人闻风丧胆 。
Case 1 案列 1:
2010-9-5 12
? So far,around 60% ozonosphere has been
destroyed in 20th century,caused by overuse
of Freon at around 1 million ton with emission
of 20 million tons,therefore,a large
ozonosphere inanition sized as a whole
Europe come into being over the South pole.
? 目前全世界氟利昂年使用量超过 100万吨, 迄
今为止排放了 2000万吨氟利昂, 使大气臭氧层
在 20世纪已被破坏了 60%, 以致南极上空出现
了 一 个 有 欧 洲 那 么 大 的 臭 氧 空 洞 。
Case 2 案列 2:
2010-9-5 13
? It is said lead caused perdition of ancient Rome,
with wide use of lead on drinking,cooking,
eating,filling wine and making-up.
? 古罗马帝国的灭亡,人们研究发现可能是因为广
泛应用铅制品饮水、煮饭、饮汤、葡萄酒盛放以
及化妆品导致普遍的铅中毒后果。
Case 3 案列 3:
2010-9-5 14
? The famous hydrargyrism is Minamata disease
in Japan in 1950,which poisoned 20 thousand
people and made 1 thousand people die.
? 最出名的汞中毒事件是 1950年发生在日本海边村
庄的 Minamata疾病(俗称:水俣病),造成 2万
日本人中毒,其中 1000人死亡
Case 4 案列 4:
2010-9-5 15
Today?s environment (现今环境状况)
WEEE is growing very fast
废弃电子电气设备 的增长速度很快
? From 2005 on,German private households will return 1.1 Mil tons
of electronic and electrical waste per year,App,800,000 tons are
large household appliances (Freezers,Fridges,Washing machines,
Electric heating appliances,etc.).
2005年起, 德 国 私人 家庭 每年 将产生 110万 吨 废弃电子电气设备。其
中大约八十万吨是大家电。(冷冻机,电冰箱,洗衣机,电热器等)
? Within the ―old‖ 15 EU countries,app,6.5 to 7.5 Mil tons per year
在“老”的 15个欧 盟 国 家, 大 约 每年 650万至 750万 吨
? Estimated rise,up to 15 Mil tons / year预计增长, 1500万 吨 /每年
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Treatment of EEE
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UK
We i g h t I n
M s T o n n e s
O t he r
T he rm a l T re a t m e nt
Re c y c l e d
L a ndf i l l e d
Landfill v Recycled v Incinerated
Source,Implementation of Waste Legislation within the European Union [Report COM (1999) 752 Final],prepared by the European Commission and issued 10th
January 2000.
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电气和电子设备 (EEE)的处理
垃圾掩埋法 v 循环再用 v 烧弃
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
奥地利 比利时
丹麦 芬兰 法国 德国 希腊
爱尔兰 意大利 卢森堡
荷兰
葡萄牙 西班牙
瑞典 英国
重量单位:
公吨/ 成员国
其他
热处理
循环再用
垃圾掩埋法
数据来源, 欧盟废物条例的执行 [报告 COM (1999) 752 Final],欧洲委员会制作并于 2000年 1月 10日公布。
2010-9-5 18
EU MS WEEE Transposition Timing
NL
October
2003
End of
2003
I
E
B
January
2004
DK
S D
F GB
Early
2004
August
2004
Summer
2004
Official Implementation
Deadline
13,August 2004
2010-9-5 19
欧盟成员国 废弃电子电气设备指令的执行日期欧盟成员国 废弃电子电气设备指令的执行日期
2003年
10月
2003年
年底
意大利
西班牙
比利时
2004年
1月
丹麦
瑞士 德国
法国 英国
2004年
年初
2004年
8月
2004年
夏季
正式执行
最终限期
2004年 8月 13日
荷兰
2010-9-5 20
WEEE Implementation ( 废 弃 电 子 电气设备 指令 的执行)
Official implementation deadline
13,August 2004
正式执行最终限期 2004年 8月 13日
Implementation of free take-back
13,August 2005
免费回收的执行 2005年 8月 13日
Average collection target of
4 kg/year/inhabitant
31,December 2006
平均的回收目标为
4公斤 /每年 /每个居民
2006年 12月 31日
Commission sets new
collection/recycling/recovery targets
31,December 2008
委员会制定新的
回收 /再循环 /再生的目标
2008年 12月 31日
2010-9-5 21
Recovery Targets 回收目标
Category
产品类别
Recovery
回收率
Recycling/Reuse
再循环 /再利用率
1 Large household appliances大型家用器具 80% 75%
2 Small household appliances小型家用器具 70% 50%
3 IT & telecommunication equipment信息技术和通讯设备 75% 65%
4 Consumer equipment用户设备 75% 65%
5 Lighting equipment照明设备 70% 50%
6 Electrical & electronic tools电子和电气工具 70% 50%
7 Toys,leisure and sports equipment玩具,休闲和运动设备 75% 50%
8 Medical devices医疗设备 decided 在 2008年 in 12/200812月决定
9 Monitoring & control instruments监测和控制设备 70% 50%
10 Automatic dispensers自动售货机 80% 75%
2010-9-5 22
Important Definitions I 重要定义 I
Electrical and electronic equipment
电子电气设备
? Electrical and electronic equipment‘ or ?EEE‘ means
equipment which is dependent on electric currents or
electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and
equipment for the generation,transfer and measurement of
such currents and fields and designed for use with a voltage
rating not exceeding 1 000 Volt for alternating current and 1
500 Volt for direct current.
"电子电气设备 "或者 "EEE"指的是属于附件 IA所列类别下的、设计
使用电压为交流电不超过 1000V和直流电不超过 1500V的、正常
工作需要依赖电流或者电磁场的设备和实现这些电流与磁场的产
生、传递和测量的设备。
2010-9-5 23
Important Definitions II-a 重要定义 II-a
Producer 生产者
1,manufactures and sells electrical and electronic equipment
under his own brand,
用自己品牌 生产并销售 电子电气设备
2010-9-5 24
Important Definitions II-b 重要定义 II-b
2,resells under his own brand equipment produced by other
suppliers,a reseller not being regarded as the ?producer‘ if
the brand of the producer appears on the equipment,as
provided for in point (1),or
用自己品牌再销售 由其它供应商生产的设备,上述( 1)副点
规定的生产者的品牌如果出现在再销售的设备上,那么再销售
商不能被视为生产者。
2010-9-5 25
Important Definitions II-c重要定义 II-c
3,imports or exports electrical and electronic equipment on a
professional basis into a Member State.
专业从事向成员国 进口或出口 电子电气设备
2010-9-5 26
Important Definitions III 重要定义 III
Distributor销售商
? Distributor means any person who provides electrical or
electronic equipment on a commercial basis to the party who
is going to use it.
"销售商 "是指在商业的基础上将电子电气设备提供给使用方的
任何人
2010-9-5 27
Important Definitions III 重要定义 III
Reuse 再利用
? Reuse means any operation by which WEEE or components
thereof are used for the same purpose for which they were
conceived,including the continued use of the equipment or
components thereof which are returned to collection points,
distributors,recyclers or manufacturers.
―再利用 ‖指将废弃电子电气设备或者其组件用于该设备设计的同
一用途的任何行为,包括被返还到收集点、销售商、再循环商或
制造商的设备或其组件的连续使用。
2010-9-5 28
Important Definitions IV 重要定义 IV
Recycling再循环
? Recycling means the reprocessing in a production process of
the waste materials for the original purpose or for other
purposes
再循环指的是废物材料为其原有目的或其它目的在生产过程中
的再加工,
2010-9-5 29
Important Definitions IV 重要定义 IV
? but,excluding energy recovery which means the use of
combustible waste as a means of generating energy through
direct incineration with or without other waste but with
recovery of the heat
? 但是不包括将可燃性废物作为产生能量的方式通过直接与或不
与其它废物一起焚烧仅回收热能的能源回收。
2010-9-5 30
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
Recovery 回收
? Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy
主要利用燃料或其他方式产生能量
? Solvent reclamation/regeneration
溶解性回收 /再生
? Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not
used as solvents (including composting and other biological
transformation processes)
不能用作溶剂有机物的循环利用 /回收(包括堆肥或其他生物转
换的方式)
2010-9-5 31
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
? Recycling/reclamation of metals and metal compounds
金属或金属化合物的循环利用 /回收
? Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materials
其他无机物的循环利用 /回收
2010-9-5 32
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
? Regeneration of acids or bases
酸或碱的再生
? Recovery of components used for pollution abatement
用来消除污染的组分的回收
? Recovery of components from catalysts
催化剂组分的回收
? Oil re-refining or other reuses of oil
油的精炼或其他重新使用方式
? Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological
improvement
对土地的整治从而有利于农业或生态的改善
? In the sense of Directive 75/442/EEC Annex IIB
参见于 75/422/EEC指令附录 IIB
2010-9-5 33
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
Disposal 废物处置
? Deposit into or onto land (e.g,landfill,etc.)
堆积在土地里面或上面 (垃圾掩埋法等 )
? Land treatment (e.g,biodegradation of liquid or sludgy
discards in soils,etc.)
土地整治 (例如对液体或土壤中淤泥废物进行生物降解等)
2010-9-5 34
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
? Deep injection (e.g,injection of pumpable discards into wells,
salt domes or naturally occurring repositories,etc.)
深度注射 (如把可用泵抽吸的废物注射到井,盐窖或天然贮藏
室等 )
? Surface impoundment (e.g,placement of liquid or sludgy
discards into pits,ponds or lagoons,etc.)
地面储存 (如把液体或土壤中淤泥废物放进深坑,池塘或泻湖
等 )
? Specially engineered landfill (e.g,placement into lined
discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one
another and the environment,etc.)
专门工程化的垃圾掩埋 (如放置于离散排列分布有封盖并与环
境和相互之间隔离的单位中等 )
2010-9-5 35
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
? Release into a water body except seas/oceans
放入水中,海 /海洋除外
? Release into seas/oceans including sea-bed insertion
放入海 /海洋中,包括埋入海底
? Incineration on land or at sea
在陆地上或海上焚化
? Permanent storage (e.g,emplacement of containers in a
mine,etc.)
永久的保存(如把容器放入矿井里等)
? In the sense of Directive 75/442/EEC Annex IIA
参见于 75/442/EEC指令附录 IIA
2010-9-5 36
Important Definitions VII 重要定义 VII
Treatment 处理
? Treatment means any activity after the WEEE has been
handed over to a facility for depollution,disassembly,
shredding,recovery or preparation for disposal and any other
operation carried out for the recovery and/or the disposal of
the WEEE.
? "处理 "指的是报废电子电气设备为防止污染、分解、切碎、回
收或处置准备而被运送到一设施后的任何行为,和其它任何为
回收和 /或处置报废电子电气设备而实施的操作。
2010-9-5 37
EAR = National Register 国家登记中心
National
Register
国家登记
中心
determines,monitors,enforces
决定,监控,执行
Municipal exchange-
facility
地方的交流站
collects,provides ?baskets“
收集,提供,”篮子,
Notifies 通报
Producer
生产者
Recycler
回收者
Allocates
分派
contracts recycler 和回收者签订合同
Pays,provides proof 支付,提供检验证明
reuses,recycles disposes
再使用,再循环,废物处置
Assigns 指派
picks
up
挑选
2010-9-5 38
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? Based on governmental authorization and according to the
German Act on ?Electrical and Electronic Equipment―
(ElektroG) the sole ?National Register― (=EAR) has to ensure
the objective that all producers / importers have to fulfill their
legal obligations
基于政府的授权和德国电子电气产品法 (ElektroG),作为唯一
的授权机构,国家登记中心必须保证 所有 的生产者 /进口商履行
他们的法律义务。
2010-9-5 39
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? The ?National Register― will determine the individual
obligation of every single producer / importer.
国家登记中心将会 确定 每个生产者 /进口商特有的义务。
? It will also observe the fulfillment of these obligations and
enforce them if necessary
? 该中心也将观察这些义务的履行情况以及在有需要的情况下会
强制执行。
2010-9-5 40
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? Based on the German ?Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Ordinance― (ElektroV) the ?National Register― is responsible
for development of the rules and regulations needed
根据德国”电子电气产品条例 ‖ ( ElektroV),国家登记中心负
责相关的准则和法规的完善。
? www.ear-project.de
2010-9-5 41
Basic Principles and Functions of EAR 国家登记中心的基本准则和功能
Eu
ro
pe
an
W
EE
E Di
re
ct
ive
El
ek
tro
G
?
Ac
t o
n
EE
E“
Ru
les
se
tti
ng
Registration
注册
Quantity Check (in-/output)
数量核对(进 /出)
Coordination of Collection
协调收集
Logistics
细节部署
Sorting
分类
Recycling
再循环
Verification,Monitoring of Participation
对参与的确认,监控
Legal basis
法律基础
Common control functions
共同的控制功能
Competition竞争
电
子
电
气
产
品
法
欧
洲W
EE
E
指
令
规
则
的
制
定
2010-9-5 42
Registration 登记
? Producer reports (if so,for each brand) for each product category
(if so,for each type of equipment)
生产者 (如果这样的话, 为每个商标 )为每个产品目录 (如果这样的话,为每个型号的产
品 )申报。
? Amounts [?tons― or ?per item―]数量 [?吨,或者 ?每件,]
- of products placed on the market (?input)
投放到市场的产品 (?进,)
- of products taken back (?output―) {relevant to annual proof}
-被收回的产品 (?出,) {相应于每年检证明 }
? Provides a Guarantee
提供一份 保证书
? Provides proof of appropriate and proper disposal of WEEE (i,e,
contract with recycler)
? 提供有关的正确的处置 WEEE的证明(如与回收者签订的合同等)
2010-9-5 43
Measurement example 1 (惩处案例一 )
? Sample 1,1.3million units game systems and 800,000
accessories valued at $162 million seized by Dutch customs
officials because the cables used in the system contained too
much cadmium,The ban effectively blocked the sale…
案例一、曾有价 值 1.62亿 美金的 计 130万台游 戏 机及其 80万 个
配件被荷 兰 海 关查获 其 连 接 电线镉 含量 严 重超 标,被要求返回
禁止入 关 。
2010-9-5 44
Measurement example 2 (惩处案例二 )
? Sample 2,Around 105 Japanese companies were accused
by United Station and charged around $3 million because the
cables used contained too much lead,
案例二、日本 105家公司曾在美 国 被控,并 以 300万美金作和解
处 理,因其 产 品 电线 中 铅 含量 严 重超 标 。
2010-9-5 45
Measurement example (惩处案例)
? European Commission perform the market survey regularly
and notify the weekly overview report on products complaint,
The normal measurement will be withdrawal from the
distribution ordered.
欧 盟委 员会 定期 对 市 场进 行抽 查并 每周 发 布不合格 产 品 调研报
告,一般 这类产 品 会 被全部撤离相 应 分 销 市 场 。
www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health_consumer/dyna/repex
2010-9-5 46
User information (Article 10) I 用户须知 (条款 10) I
? Users of EEE in private households have to be supplied with
the mecessary information about:
? 成员国将确保为在私人家庭使用的电子电气设备使用者提供以
下必要信息
? the requirement not to dispose WEEE as unsorted municipal
waste but,to collect such waste separately
不将废弃电子电气设备作为未分类市政废物处置和分类收集这
些废弃电子电气设备的要求
2010-9-5 47
User information II – Marking 用户须知 II – 标记
? Each electrical and electronical appliance which is put on the
market after the a,m,date has to be marked visibly,legibly
and indelibly with the following symbol
在上述日期之后投放市场的每个
电子电气设备上必须清楚易见并且
不易损坏地标识以下符号。
Target date,13 August 2005
目标日期,2005年 8月 13日
2010-9-5 48
User information II – Marking 用户须知 II – 标记
? The symbol shall be
printed on the packaging,
on the instruction for use
and on the warranty of the
EEE only in exceptional
cases
在特殊情况下,可将符号印在包装盒,
使用说明书上和电子电气设备
的保修凭据上
Target date,13 August 2005
目标日期,2005年 8月 13日
2010-9-5 49
User information III 用户须知 III
? Also a mark clearly identifying the producer shall be put on
the appliance
生产者的标识也须清晰地印在产品上面。
? The necessary information may be provided partly or in whole
by the producers and/or the distributors in the instructions
生产者和 /或者销售商要在说明书上全部或部分提供必须的信息。
? For the marking of EEE a European standard EN
50419:2005 is in the publication(CENELEC BTTF 116-3)
? 关于电子电气设备符号的欧洲标准 EN 50419:2005已经确定。
( CENELEC BTTF 116-3)
2010-9-5 50
Annex II – Selective treatment (short overview) I 附件 II-选择性处理(简单概括) I
? Selective treatment for materials and components of waste
electrical and electronic equipment in accordance with Article
6(1) of the Directive
废弃电子电气设备的原料和零部件的选择性处理需符合指令的
条款 6( 1)
? As a minimum the following substances,preparations and
components have to be removed from any separately
collected WEEE:
至少下列物质、配制件和组件必须从任何分类收集的废弃电子
电气设备中除去
2010-9-5 51
Annex II – Selective treatment II 附件 II-选择性处理 II
? Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors
含有多氯化联 (二 )苯( PCB)的电容器
? mercury containing components,such as switches or
backlighting lamps
含有水银的组件,如开关或者逆光灯管
? Batteries
电池
? printed circuit boards of mobile phones generally,and of
other devices if the surface of the printed circuit board is >10
cm2
移动电话的印刷电路板,和如果被印刷线路板表面积大于 10平方
厘米的其他装置的印刷线路板
? toner cartridges,liquid and pasty,as well as colour toner
调色剂筒、液体、糊浆以及彩色调色剂筒
2010-9-5 52
Annex II – Selective treatment III附件 II-选择性处理 III
? plastic containing brominated flame retardants
含溴化火阻剂的塑料
? asbestos waste and components which contain asbestos
石棉废弃物和含石棉的组件
? cathode ray tubes
阴极放射管
? chlorofluorocarbons (CFC),hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
or hydrofluorocarbons (HFC),hydrocarbons (HC)
含氯氟烃( CFC)、氢氯氟烃( HCFC)、或氢氟烃( HFC)、
碳氢化合物( HC)
2010-9-5 53
Annex II – Selective treatment III附件 II-选择性处理 III
? gas discharge lamps
气体放电管
? liquid crystal displays (together with their casing where
appropriate) of a surface > 100 cm2 and all those back-lighted
with gas discharge lamps
表面积大于 100平方厘米的液晶显示屏(带有适当的包装)和所
有的带有气体放电管逆光的显示屏,
2010-9-5 54
Annex II – Selective treatment IV附件 II-选择性处理 IV
? external electric cables
外部电缆
? components containing refractory ceramic fibres
含有难熔陶瓷纤维的组件
? components containing radioactive substances
含放射性物质的组件
? electrolyte capacitors containing substances of concern
(height > 25 mm,diameter > 25 mm or proportionately similar
volume)
含相关物质的电解电容器(高度 >25毫米,直径 >25 毫米或者按
比例类似的容积)
2010-9-5 55
Consequences of the WEEE Directive WEEE指令的影响
? Design,develop and produce your product in a way which
makes it easy to dismantle
你的产品在设计,开发和生产时应该考虑它的易拆性
? Use a recyclable design in accordance with a recognized
guideline ( e,g,VDI standard)
采用符合公认导则(如 VDI标准)的可再循环的设计
? Use recyclable components and sub-assemblies
使用可再循环的零部件和组件
? Use eco-friendly production technologies
采用不妨害生态环境的生产技术
2010-9-5 56
RoHS Directive RoHS指令 (Part 2 第二部分)
Directive 2002/95/EC of January 27,2003
2002/95/EC指令 2003年 1月 27日
The restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment
限制有害物质在电子电气设备中使用的指令
2010-9-5 57
RoHS – Introduction RoHS指令 -导言
? The RoHS Directive is an supporting Directive to the
WEEE Directive
RoHS指令是 WEEE指令的支持
? The Directive also supports the environmental policy of
the European Commission
该指令也支持欧盟的环境方针
? Published in the OJ L 37 of February 13,2003
2003年 2月 13日在官方的定期刊物 L 37上公布
? The Directive is valid since the mentioned date
从公布那天开始生效
2010-9-5 58
Objective (Article 1) 目标(条款 1)
? The purpose of the Directive is the approximation of the
different laws of the MS on the restriction of the use of
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
该指令的目的是使各成员国关于在电子电气设备中限制使用有
害物质的法律趋于一致。
? and to secure the protection of human health and the
environmentally sound recovery and disposal of waste
electrical and electric equipment
并且确保对人类健康的保护和对废弃电子电气设备合乎环境要
求的回收和处理。
2010-9-5 59
Scope (Article 2) I 范围(条款 2) I
? The Directive is applies to the following categories of EEE
falling under the scope of the Directive 2002/96/EC
该指令适用于 2002/96/EC指令范畴内的电子电气设备
? The RoHS – Directive does not apply to spare parts for the
repair,or the reuse,of electrical and electronical equipment
put on the market before 1 July 2006
RoHS指令 不 适用于 2006年 7月 1日之前 投入市场的电子电气设
备的修理部件或再利用部件。
2010-9-5 60
Scope II 范围 II
1 Large household appliances
大型家用器具
2 Small household appliances
小型家用器具
3 IT & telecommunication equipment
信息技术和通讯设备
4 Consumer equipment
用户设备
5 Lighting equipment
照明设备
6 Electrical & electronic tools
电子和电气工具
7 Toys,leisure and sports equipment
玩具,休闲和运动设备
10 Automatic dispensers
自动售货机
Categories 8 (Medical devices) and 9 (Monitoring and control instruments) are
excluded so far
目前不包含第八类(医疗设备)和第九类(监测和控制设备)
Electric light bulbs,and luminaires in households
电灯泡,家用灯具
2010-9-5 61
Prevention (Article 4) 预防(条款 4)
? From that date value of EEE put on the market shall not
contain over:
从上述日期开始,投入市场的电子电气设备含有以下物质不得
超过:
? lead Pb 铅 <1000ppm
? mercury Hg 汞 <1000ppm
? cadmium Cd 镉 <100ppm
? hexavalent chromium Cr 6+ 六价铬 <1000ppm
? PBB & PBDE聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚 <1000ppm
Target date,1 July 2006
目标日期,2006年 7月 1日
2010-9-5 62
Annex – Exemptions I 附件 -例外 I
? Applications of lead,mercury,cadmium and hexavalent
chromium,which are exempted from the requirements
符合下列应用中的铅,汞,镉和六价铬可以继续使用
1,Mercury in compact fluorescent lamps not exceeding 5 mg
per lamp
小型荧光灯中汞的含量不准超过 5mg
2,Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes
not exceeding:
一般用途的直管荧光灯中汞的含量不得超过:
— halophosphate 盐磷酸盐 10 mg
— triphosphate with normal lifetime 一般时效的三磷酸盐 5 mg
— triphosphate with long lifetime 长效的三磷酸盐 8 mg
2010-9-5 63
Annex – Exemptions II附件 -例外 II
3,Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes
特殊用途的直管荧光灯中所使用的汞
4,Mercury in other lamps not specifically mentioned in the Annex
本附录中未特别提及的其他照明灯具中的所使用的汞
5,Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes,electronic components and
fluorescent tubes
在阴极放射管,电子零部件和荧光管玻璃中所使用的铅
6,Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0,35 %
lead by weight,aluminium containing up to 0,4 % lead by weight
and as a copper alloy containing up to 4 % lead by weight
钢中的合金元素的铅含量可高达 0.35%,铝含量可达 0.4%,铜合金
中的铅含量可高达 4%。
2010-9-5 64
Annex – Exemptions III附件 -例外 III
7,— Lead in high melting temperature type solders (i.e,tin-
lead solder alloys containing more than 85 % lead),
高温融化的焊料中的铅(即锡铅焊料合金中铅含量超过 85%)
— lead in solders for servers,storage and storage array
systems (exemption granted until 2010),
用于服务器,存储器或者存储系统的焊料中的铅(豁免准予
2010年)
— lead in solders for network infrastructure equipment for
switching,signalling,transmission as well as network
management for telecommunication,
用于交换,信号和传输以及电信网络管理的网络基础设施设备
中焊料中的铅
— lead in electronic ceramic parts (e.g,piezoelectronic
devices)
电子陶瓷部件中的铅(如高压电子装置)
2010-9-5 65
Annex – Exemptions IV附件 -例外 IV
8,Cadmium plating
镉电镀
9,Hexavalent chromium as an anti-corrosion of the carbon
steel cooling system in absorption refrigerators
在吸收式电冰箱中作为碳钢冷却系统中用作防腐的六价铬
10,Within the procedure referred to in Article 7(2),the
Commission shall evaluate the applications for:
根据第 7( 2)条款程序,委员会应该评估以下的使用
— Deca BDE,
台卡二苯醚
— mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes,
特殊用途的直管荧光灯中的汞
2010-9-5 66
Annex – Exemptions IV附件 -例外 IV
— lead in solders for servers,storage and storage array
systems,network infrastructure equipment for switching,
signalling,transmission as well as network management for
telecommunications (with a view to setting a specific time limit
for this exemption),and
以下用途中所使用的焊料中的铅:服务器、存储器、用于交换
和传输的网络基础设施、电信网络管理设备(旨在设定本指令
豁免部分的特定截止时间);
— light bulbs,
灯泡
as a matter of priority in order to establish as soon as
possible whether these items are to be amended accordingly
目前重点是尽快决定这些项是否进行相应的修改。
Sü DDEUTSCHLAND
Tü V INFORMATIK SERVICE GMBH
Chemical testing with regard
to the RoHS Directive
RoHS指令相关的化学测试
The health concerns on Heavy Metals
and Flame Retardants Materials
重金属和阻燃剂涉及的健康问题
2010-9-5 68
Materials (材料)
? Materials in accordance with the RoHS Directive are:
与 RoHS指令相关的材料
- Cadmium (镉) <100ppm (0.01%)
- Lead (铅) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- Mercury (汞) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- Chromium VI (六价铬) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- PBB&PBDE聚溴联苯聚溴二苯醚 <1000ppm (0.1%)
2010-9-5 69
重金属镉的应用领域
Application of Cd
?应用,
-- 塑料制品的色母
-- 塑料中的热稳定剂
-- 镉电镀
-- 油漆及釉类等表面涂层
-- 电池,蓄电池
-- 太阳能电池
-- 光敏器件
-- 电接触合金
-- 焊锡
?Application:
-- Pigment in Plastics
-- Heat stabilizer in Plastics
-- Electroplating
-- Paint and Coating
-- Battery,Storage Battery
-- Solar Battery
-- Photosensitive Device
-- Electric Contact Alloy
-- Solder
2010-9-5 70
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Cadmium (镉)
? Severely damages the lung and can cause death
对肺的严重损害,可以引致死亡
? Kidney disease 肾病
? Irritates the stomach leading to vomiting and diarrhea
刺激胃部导致呕吐和腹泻
? Lung damage and fragile bones (osteoporosis)
损害肺部和导致骨质疏松
2010-9-5 71
重金属铅的特性及应用
? 铅及其化合物
-- 如氧化铅 (又称黄丹、密陀僧)、四氧化三铅(又称红丹)、
二氧化铅、三氧化二铅、硫化铅、硫酸铅、铬酸铅(又称铬黄)、
硝酸铅、硅酸铅、醋酸铅、碱式碳酸铅、二盐基磷酸铅、三盐基硫
酸铅等。
? 应用
-- 电池、蓄电池、油漆、涂料、釉料、药物、塑料、炸药、色母、
染料、橡胶添加剂、润滑剂、焊锡,PCB板及元件、玻璃、陶瓷制
品、半导体、电镀液 PVC稳定剂、氧化剂等。
2010-9-5 72
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Lead (铅)
? affect almost every organ and system in the body
影响几乎所有身体器官和系统
? damages kidneys and the reproductive system
损害肾和生殖系统
? decreases reaction time,causes weakness in fingers,wrists
or ankles (joints in general) and possibly affects the memory
降低反应时间,造成手指,手腕或者踝(通常是关节)软弱,
还有可能影响记忆力
2010-9-5 73
Health Concerns (健康问题)
? causes anemia,a disorder of the blood
导致贫血,血液系统失调
? Dysfunction of the body starts at 7 μg /dl (Treshold value,70
μg / dl blood)
浓度达至 7 μg /dl 身体功能开始紊乱 (极限值,70 μg / dl血)
2010-9-5 74
重金属汞的特性及应用
? 汞及其化合物
-- 俗称水银,可以形成多种有机化合物,如甲基汞
? 应用
-- 汞在工业上的广泛使用范围:温度计、血压计、日光灯管、水银灯
等产品均使用汞的无机化合物;
-- 有机汞的化合物用来做杀菌剂农药,或用在油漆涂料中预防微生物
或细菌的生长;
-- 用于保护木头产品的防腐漆、纺织品及纱线、缄性电池、继电器、
开关、传动装置变速器、电极、色母、催化剂、防腐剂、杀菌剂等。
2010-9-5 75
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Mercury (汞)
? permanently damages the brain,kidneys and developing
fetus (永久性损害脑部,肾和胎儿)
? effects on brain functioning may result in irritability,tremors,
changes in vision or hearing and memory problems
(影响脑部功能,可能导致神经兴奋和心惊,视觉和听觉失调
和影响记忆力)
? incorporation of 150 mg – 300 mg causes death on adult
persons ( 150 mg – 300 mg 的汞含量能导致成年人的死亡)
2010-9-5 76
六价铬的特性及应用
? 铬及其化合物
-- 零价铬、三价铬及六价铬都是自然界中存在于环境中的状态。
-- Cr3+主要存在于土壤与沉积物中,Cr6+主要存在于水中,但容易被
Fe2+和有机物等还原。
-- 六价铬的危害远高于三价铬。
?应用
-- 塑料及表面涂层的色母,油墨,催化剂,电镀液,防锈液,皮革媒
染剂,陶瓷的表面涂层,电池等。
2010-9-5 77
?Chromium VI (六价铬 )
? inhalation of Cr(VI) causes an upper respiratory irritation and
atrophy,lower respiratory effects,and renal effects
吸入六价铬能导致上呼吸道不适和萎缩,下呼吸道和肾脏效应
? allergic reactions have been noted,severe redness and
swelling(引起过敏反应,严重红肿)
? stomach upsets and ulcers,convulsions,kidney and liver
damage,and even death (胃部不适,溃疡,抽搐,肾和肝的
损害,甚至死亡)
? WHO determined Cr(VI) is human carcinogen(世界卫生组织
确认六价铬是致癌物质)
Health Concerns (健康问题)
2010-9-5 78
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs can cause weight loss,skin disorders,nervous and
immune systems effects,and effects on the liver,kidneys,
and thyroid gland (聚溴联苯会导致体重减少,皮肤病症,神
经紧张以及各种免疫系统问题,还会影响肾,肝和甲状腺)
? PBBs possibly cause nausea,abdominal pain,loss of
appetite,joint pain,fatigue,and weakness (聚溴联苯会导致
恶心,腹痛,厌食,关节痛,疲劳和虚弱)
2010-9-5 79
Health Concerns (健康问题)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? There is no definite information on health effects of PBDEs in
people,(还没有明确的依据说明聚溴二苯醚会影响人体健康)
? Rats and mice that ate food with moderate amounts of PBDEs for a
few days had effects on the thyroid gland,Those that ate smaller
amounts for weeks or months had effects on the thyroid and the
liver,(吃了含有中量的聚溴二苯醚的老鼠几天之后会出现甲状腺问
题。那些吃了少量聚溴二苯醚的老鼠几个星期或几个月之后会有甲
状腺和肝脏问题。)
? Preliminary evidence suggests that PBDEs may cause
neurobehavioral alterations and affect the immune system in
animals (初步证据显示聚溴二苯醚可能会影响动物的神经行为和免
疫系统)
2010-9-5 80
Testing Method (测试方法)
?Cadmium (镉)
? In accordance with EN 1122,Plastics - Determination of
cadmium - Wet decomposition method (依照 EN 1122,塑
料 -镉的测定 -湿解法)
? by means of Acid Digestion (以酸性分解方式)
? Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
(ICP) or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
通过电感耦合等离子体谱和原子吸收光谱测定
2010-9-5 81
Testing Method (测试方法)
?Lead,Mercury,Chromium VI (铅,汞,六价铬 )
? No standard test method available yet
目前仍没有标准的测试方法
? Typically method involve acid digestion
典型的方法包括酸性分解
? Determination for Lead/Mercury by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectrometry (ICP) or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 针对
铅 /汞的测定,可以通过电感耦合等离子体谱和原子吸收光谱测定
? Determination for Chromium VI by UV – Visible Spectrometry
针对六价铬的测定,可以通过紫外线可见光光谱测定法
2010-9-5 82
Testing Methods (测试方法)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs and PBDEs are analyzed in environmental and
biological samples by methods quite similar to those used for
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)测定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚
的方法与测定多氯联苯的测定方法类似,即在类似的环境和生
物标本中分析得出
? Identification and quantitation of PBBs and PBDEs are
accomplished by gas chromatographic (GC) techniques,
electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) as an ionization
technique in combination with GC-MS (mass spectrometer)
analysis 通过气相色谱技术,电子俘获电离与气相色谱,质谱
结合技术可以鉴定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚及其数量
2010-9-5 83
Testing Methods (测试方法)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs and PBDEs are analyzed in environmental and
biological samples by methods quite similar to those used for
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)测定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚
的方法与测定多氯联苯的测定方法类似,即在类似的环境和生
物标本中分析得出
? Identification and quantitation of PBBs and PBDEs are
accomplished by gas chromatographic (GC) techniques,
electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) as an ionization
technique in combination with GC-MS (mass spectrometer)
analysis 通过气相色谱技术,电子俘获电离与气相色谱,质谱
结合技术可以鉴定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚及其数量
2010-9-5 84
Thank you!
谢谢!
WEEE & RoHS Seminar
WEEE & RoHS 讲座
Jun 1st,2005
2005年 6月 1日
2010-9-5 2
WEEE and RoHS
Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
废弃电子电气设备
The restriction of the use of
certain hazardous
substances in electrical and
electronic equipment
限制有害物质在电子电气设
备中的使用
A short introduction into the European environmental policy
under special consideration of electrical and electronic
equipment
简单介绍欧洲环境方针,特别针对电子电气设备
2010-9-5 3
Overview (内容梗概 )
? Short introduction into the environmental policy of the EU
简单介绍欧盟的环境方针
? Introduction into the WEEE Directive
废弃电子电气设备指令( WEEE)的介绍
? Objective and Scope(目标和范围 )
? Categories of EEE (电子电气设备的种类 )
? Important definitions (重要的定义 )
? Recycling,Recovery,Treatment of EEE
(电子电气设备的再循环,回收和处理 )
? Information for users and treatment facilities
(用户须知以及处理设备信息)
2010-9-5 4
Overview (内容梗概 )
? Introduction into the RoHS Directive
限制有害物质在电子电气设备中使用
的指令的介绍
? Objective and Scope
目标和范围
? Categories of EEE affected by this Directive
受该指令影响的电子电气设备种类
? Requirements of this Directive
该指令的要求
? Services of TüV PRODUC SERVICE
TüV 产品服务有限公司的服务
2010-9-5 5
Purpose of this presentation (本研讨会的目的)
? To provide an overview of the content of the mentioned
European Directives
概括以上提及欧洲指令的内容
? To show the changes occurring in the industry
说明工业中出现的变化
? To highlight the legislative impact
强调立法的效应
? To sensitize the manufacturer of EEE regarding an ecological
product design
提醒电子电气设备的生产厂家从生态学的角度重视产品的设计
2010-9-5 6
Introduction (导言)
Directive 2002/96/EC of January 27,2003:
2002/96/EC 指令( 2003年 1月 27日),
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
废 弃 电 子 电气设备
Directive 2002/95/EC of January 27,2003:
2002/95/EC 指令 ( 2003年 1月 27日 ):
Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances
in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS)
限制有害物 质 在 电 子 电气设备 中的 使用
Both published in the OJ L 37 of 13,February 2003
2003 年 2月 13日在 官方定期刊物 L37上出版公布
2010-9-5 7
Environmental Policy of the EU I (欧盟环境方针 I)
? Objectives of the Community?s environment policy are in
particular:
欧盟环境方针的主要目标是
? to preserve 维护
? to protect 保护
? to improve 改善
? the quality of the environment as well as
环境的质量以及
? to protect human health 保障人类健康
? and utilize natural resources prudently and rationally
谨慎合理地使用自然资源
2010-9-5 8
Environmental Policy of the EU II (欧盟环境方针 II)
? This policy is based on 本方针基于
? the precautionary principle and on 预防性原则
? the principles that preventive action should be taken,
以及应该采取预防措施的原则
? that environmental damage as a priority should be
rectified at source and资源方面的环境破坏应优先补救
? that the polluter should pay以及制造污染者应赔偿
2010-9-5 9
WEEE Directive (废弃电子电气设备指令)
Part 1 第一部分
Directive 2002/96/EC of January 27,2003,
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE)
2002/96/EC 指令 (2003年 1月 27日 )
废弃电子电气设备
2010-9-5 10
1,Ozonosphere inanition 臭氧层空洞
2,Acid rain 酸雨
3,Desertification 土地沙漠化
4,Water source crisis 水资源危机
5,Tsunami 海啸
6,Sand dust devil 沙尘暴
7,Biology species aberrance 生物物种变异
8,……
Global Environment Pollution
全球环境污染问题
2010-9-5 11
? Greenhouse effect brought by petroleum and
coal will make climate abnormal,like Ulniro
phenomena,Thereout,20 billion dollars
economic loss have been paid within last ten
years.
? 人类发现大量使用石油和煤炭, 排放温室气体,
会引起全球气候异常,, 厄尔尼诺现象, 肆虐
横行, 仅 10年间由此造成的直接经济损失已达
2 0 0 亿美元, 令人闻风丧胆 。
Case 1 案列 1:
2010-9-5 12
? So far,around 60% ozonosphere has been
destroyed in 20th century,caused by overuse
of Freon at around 1 million ton with emission
of 20 million tons,therefore,a large
ozonosphere inanition sized as a whole
Europe come into being over the South pole.
? 目前全世界氟利昂年使用量超过 100万吨, 迄
今为止排放了 2000万吨氟利昂, 使大气臭氧层
在 20世纪已被破坏了 60%, 以致南极上空出现
了 一 个 有 欧 洲 那 么 大 的 臭 氧 空 洞 。
Case 2 案列 2:
2010-9-5 13
? It is said lead caused perdition of ancient Rome,
with wide use of lead on drinking,cooking,
eating,filling wine and making-up.
? 古罗马帝国的灭亡,人们研究发现可能是因为广
泛应用铅制品饮水、煮饭、饮汤、葡萄酒盛放以
及化妆品导致普遍的铅中毒后果。
Case 3 案列 3:
2010-9-5 14
? The famous hydrargyrism is Minamata disease
in Japan in 1950,which poisoned 20 thousand
people and made 1 thousand people die.
? 最出名的汞中毒事件是 1950年发生在日本海边村
庄的 Minamata疾病(俗称:水俣病),造成 2万
日本人中毒,其中 1000人死亡
Case 4 案列 4:
2010-9-5 15
Today?s environment (现今环境状况)
WEEE is growing very fast
废弃电子电气设备 的增长速度很快
? From 2005 on,German private households will return 1.1 Mil tons
of electronic and electrical waste per year,App,800,000 tons are
large household appliances (Freezers,Fridges,Washing machines,
Electric heating appliances,etc.).
2005年起, 德 国 私人 家庭 每年 将产生 110万 吨 废弃电子电气设备。其
中大约八十万吨是大家电。(冷冻机,电冰箱,洗衣机,电热器等)
? Within the ―old‖ 15 EU countries,app,6.5 to 7.5 Mil tons per year
在“老”的 15个欧 盟 国 家, 大 约 每年 650万至 750万 吨
? Estimated rise,up to 15 Mil tons / year预计增长, 1500万 吨 /每年
2010-9-5 16
Treatment of EEE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
A
u
s tr
i a
B
e
l g
i u
m
D
e
n
m
a
r k
F
i n
l a
n
d
F
r a
n
c
e
G
e
r m
a
n
y
G
r e
e
c
e
I r
e
l a
n
d
I ta
l y
Lu
x
e
m
b
o
u
r g
H
o
l l
a
n
d
P
o
r tu
g
a
l
S
p
a
i n
S
w
e
d
e
n
UK
We i g h t I n
M s T o n n e s
O t he r
T he rm a l T re a t m e nt
Re c y c l e d
L a ndf i l l e d
Landfill v Recycled v Incinerated
Source,Implementation of Waste Legislation within the European Union [Report COM (1999) 752 Final],prepared by the European Commission and issued 10th
January 2000.
2010-9-5 17
电气和电子设备 (EEE)的处理
垃圾掩埋法 v 循环再用 v 烧弃
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
奥地利 比利时
丹麦 芬兰 法国 德国 希腊
爱尔兰 意大利 卢森堡
荷兰
葡萄牙 西班牙
瑞典 英国
重量单位:
公吨/ 成员国
其他
热处理
循环再用
垃圾掩埋法
数据来源, 欧盟废物条例的执行 [报告 COM (1999) 752 Final],欧洲委员会制作并于 2000年 1月 10日公布。
2010-9-5 18
EU MS WEEE Transposition Timing
NL
October
2003
End of
2003
I
E
B
January
2004
DK
S D
F GB
Early
2004
August
2004
Summer
2004
Official Implementation
Deadline
13,August 2004
2010-9-5 19
欧盟成员国 废弃电子电气设备指令的执行日期欧盟成员国 废弃电子电气设备指令的执行日期
2003年
10月
2003年
年底
意大利
西班牙
比利时
2004年
1月
丹麦
瑞士 德国
法国 英国
2004年
年初
2004年
8月
2004年
夏季
正式执行
最终限期
2004年 8月 13日
荷兰
2010-9-5 20
WEEE Implementation ( 废 弃 电 子 电气设备 指令 的执行)
Official implementation deadline
13,August 2004
正式执行最终限期 2004年 8月 13日
Implementation of free take-back
13,August 2005
免费回收的执行 2005年 8月 13日
Average collection target of
4 kg/year/inhabitant
31,December 2006
平均的回收目标为
4公斤 /每年 /每个居民
2006年 12月 31日
Commission sets new
collection/recycling/recovery targets
31,December 2008
委员会制定新的
回收 /再循环 /再生的目标
2008年 12月 31日
2010-9-5 21
Recovery Targets 回收目标
Category
产品类别
Recovery
回收率
Recycling/Reuse
再循环 /再利用率
1 Large household appliances大型家用器具 80% 75%
2 Small household appliances小型家用器具 70% 50%
3 IT & telecommunication equipment信息技术和通讯设备 75% 65%
4 Consumer equipment用户设备 75% 65%
5 Lighting equipment照明设备 70% 50%
6 Electrical & electronic tools电子和电气工具 70% 50%
7 Toys,leisure and sports equipment玩具,休闲和运动设备 75% 50%
8 Medical devices医疗设备 decided 在 2008年 in 12/200812月决定
9 Monitoring & control instruments监测和控制设备 70% 50%
10 Automatic dispensers自动售货机 80% 75%
2010-9-5 22
Important Definitions I 重要定义 I
Electrical and electronic equipment
电子电气设备
? Electrical and electronic equipment‘ or ?EEE‘ means
equipment which is dependent on electric currents or
electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and
equipment for the generation,transfer and measurement of
such currents and fields and designed for use with a voltage
rating not exceeding 1 000 Volt for alternating current and 1
500 Volt for direct current.
"电子电气设备 "或者 "EEE"指的是属于附件 IA所列类别下的、设计
使用电压为交流电不超过 1000V和直流电不超过 1500V的、正常
工作需要依赖电流或者电磁场的设备和实现这些电流与磁场的产
生、传递和测量的设备。
2010-9-5 23
Important Definitions II-a 重要定义 II-a
Producer 生产者
1,manufactures and sells electrical and electronic equipment
under his own brand,
用自己品牌 生产并销售 电子电气设备
2010-9-5 24
Important Definitions II-b 重要定义 II-b
2,resells under his own brand equipment produced by other
suppliers,a reseller not being regarded as the ?producer‘ if
the brand of the producer appears on the equipment,as
provided for in point (1),or
用自己品牌再销售 由其它供应商生产的设备,上述( 1)副点
规定的生产者的品牌如果出现在再销售的设备上,那么再销售
商不能被视为生产者。
2010-9-5 25
Important Definitions II-c重要定义 II-c
3,imports or exports electrical and electronic equipment on a
professional basis into a Member State.
专业从事向成员国 进口或出口 电子电气设备
2010-9-5 26
Important Definitions III 重要定义 III
Distributor销售商
? Distributor means any person who provides electrical or
electronic equipment on a commercial basis to the party who
is going to use it.
"销售商 "是指在商业的基础上将电子电气设备提供给使用方的
任何人
2010-9-5 27
Important Definitions III 重要定义 III
Reuse 再利用
? Reuse means any operation by which WEEE or components
thereof are used for the same purpose for which they were
conceived,including the continued use of the equipment or
components thereof which are returned to collection points,
distributors,recyclers or manufacturers.
―再利用 ‖指将废弃电子电气设备或者其组件用于该设备设计的同
一用途的任何行为,包括被返还到收集点、销售商、再循环商或
制造商的设备或其组件的连续使用。
2010-9-5 28
Important Definitions IV 重要定义 IV
Recycling再循环
? Recycling means the reprocessing in a production process of
the waste materials for the original purpose or for other
purposes
再循环指的是废物材料为其原有目的或其它目的在生产过程中
的再加工,
2010-9-5 29
Important Definitions IV 重要定义 IV
? but,excluding energy recovery which means the use of
combustible waste as a means of generating energy through
direct incineration with or without other waste but with
recovery of the heat
? 但是不包括将可燃性废物作为产生能量的方式通过直接与或不
与其它废物一起焚烧仅回收热能的能源回收。
2010-9-5 30
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
Recovery 回收
? Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy
主要利用燃料或其他方式产生能量
? Solvent reclamation/regeneration
溶解性回收 /再生
? Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not
used as solvents (including composting and other biological
transformation processes)
不能用作溶剂有机物的循环利用 /回收(包括堆肥或其他生物转
换的方式)
2010-9-5 31
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
? Recycling/reclamation of metals and metal compounds
金属或金属化合物的循环利用 /回收
? Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materials
其他无机物的循环利用 /回收
2010-9-5 32
Important Definitions V 重要定义 V
? Regeneration of acids or bases
酸或碱的再生
? Recovery of components used for pollution abatement
用来消除污染的组分的回收
? Recovery of components from catalysts
催化剂组分的回收
? Oil re-refining or other reuses of oil
油的精炼或其他重新使用方式
? Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological
improvement
对土地的整治从而有利于农业或生态的改善
? In the sense of Directive 75/442/EEC Annex IIB
参见于 75/422/EEC指令附录 IIB
2010-9-5 33
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
Disposal 废物处置
? Deposit into or onto land (e.g,landfill,etc.)
堆积在土地里面或上面 (垃圾掩埋法等 )
? Land treatment (e.g,biodegradation of liquid or sludgy
discards in soils,etc.)
土地整治 (例如对液体或土壤中淤泥废物进行生物降解等)
2010-9-5 34
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
? Deep injection (e.g,injection of pumpable discards into wells,
salt domes or naturally occurring repositories,etc.)
深度注射 (如把可用泵抽吸的废物注射到井,盐窖或天然贮藏
室等 )
? Surface impoundment (e.g,placement of liquid or sludgy
discards into pits,ponds or lagoons,etc.)
地面储存 (如把液体或土壤中淤泥废物放进深坑,池塘或泻湖
等 )
? Specially engineered landfill (e.g,placement into lined
discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one
another and the environment,etc.)
专门工程化的垃圾掩埋 (如放置于离散排列分布有封盖并与环
境和相互之间隔离的单位中等 )
2010-9-5 35
Important Definitions VI 重要的定义 VI
? Release into a water body except seas/oceans
放入水中,海 /海洋除外
? Release into seas/oceans including sea-bed insertion
放入海 /海洋中,包括埋入海底
? Incineration on land or at sea
在陆地上或海上焚化
? Permanent storage (e.g,emplacement of containers in a
mine,etc.)
永久的保存(如把容器放入矿井里等)
? In the sense of Directive 75/442/EEC Annex IIA
参见于 75/442/EEC指令附录 IIA
2010-9-5 36
Important Definitions VII 重要定义 VII
Treatment 处理
? Treatment means any activity after the WEEE has been
handed over to a facility for depollution,disassembly,
shredding,recovery or preparation for disposal and any other
operation carried out for the recovery and/or the disposal of
the WEEE.
? "处理 "指的是报废电子电气设备为防止污染、分解、切碎、回
收或处置准备而被运送到一设施后的任何行为,和其它任何为
回收和 /或处置报废电子电气设备而实施的操作。
2010-9-5 37
EAR = National Register 国家登记中心
National
Register
国家登记
中心
determines,monitors,enforces
决定,监控,执行
Municipal exchange-
facility
地方的交流站
collects,provides ?baskets“
收集,提供,”篮子,
Notifies 通报
Producer
生产者
Recycler
回收者
Allocates
分派
contracts recycler 和回收者签订合同
Pays,provides proof 支付,提供检验证明
reuses,recycles disposes
再使用,再循环,废物处置
Assigns 指派
picks
up
挑选
2010-9-5 38
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? Based on governmental authorization and according to the
German Act on ?Electrical and Electronic Equipment―
(ElektroG) the sole ?National Register― (=EAR) has to ensure
the objective that all producers / importers have to fulfill their
legal obligations
基于政府的授权和德国电子电气产品法 (ElektroG),作为唯一
的授权机构,国家登记中心必须保证 所有 的生产者 /进口商履行
他们的法律义务。
2010-9-5 39
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? The ?National Register― will determine the individual
obligation of every single producer / importer.
国家登记中心将会 确定 每个生产者 /进口商特有的义务。
? It will also observe the fulfillment of these obligations and
enforce them if necessary
? 该中心也将观察这些义务的履行情况以及在有需要的情况下会
强制执行。
2010-9-5 40
National Register – Tasks 国家登记中心 -任务
? Based on the German ?Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Ordinance― (ElektroV) the ?National Register― is responsible
for development of the rules and regulations needed
根据德国”电子电气产品条例 ‖ ( ElektroV),国家登记中心负
责相关的准则和法规的完善。
? www.ear-project.de
2010-9-5 41
Basic Principles and Functions of EAR 国家登记中心的基本准则和功能
Eu
ro
pe
an
W
EE
E Di
re
ct
ive
El
ek
tro
G
?
Ac
t o
n
EE
E“
Ru
les
se
tti
ng
Registration
注册
Quantity Check (in-/output)
数量核对(进 /出)
Coordination of Collection
协调收集
Logistics
细节部署
Sorting
分类
Recycling
再循环
Verification,Monitoring of Participation
对参与的确认,监控
Legal basis
法律基础
Common control functions
共同的控制功能
Competition竞争
电
子
电
气
产
品
法
欧
洲W
EE
E
指
令
规
则
的
制
定
2010-9-5 42
Registration 登记
? Producer reports (if so,for each brand) for each product category
(if so,for each type of equipment)
生产者 (如果这样的话, 为每个商标 )为每个产品目录 (如果这样的话,为每个型号的产
品 )申报。
? Amounts [?tons― or ?per item―]数量 [?吨,或者 ?每件,]
- of products placed on the market (?input)
投放到市场的产品 (?进,)
- of products taken back (?output―) {relevant to annual proof}
-被收回的产品 (?出,) {相应于每年检证明 }
? Provides a Guarantee
提供一份 保证书
? Provides proof of appropriate and proper disposal of WEEE (i,e,
contract with recycler)
? 提供有关的正确的处置 WEEE的证明(如与回收者签订的合同等)
2010-9-5 43
Measurement example 1 (惩处案例一 )
? Sample 1,1.3million units game systems and 800,000
accessories valued at $162 million seized by Dutch customs
officials because the cables used in the system contained too
much cadmium,The ban effectively blocked the sale…
案例一、曾有价 值 1.62亿 美金的 计 130万台游 戏 机及其 80万 个
配件被荷 兰 海 关查获 其 连 接 电线镉 含量 严 重超 标,被要求返回
禁止入 关 。
2010-9-5 44
Measurement example 2 (惩处案例二 )
? Sample 2,Around 105 Japanese companies were accused
by United Station and charged around $3 million because the
cables used contained too much lead,
案例二、日本 105家公司曾在美 国 被控,并 以 300万美金作和解
处 理,因其 产 品 电线 中 铅 含量 严 重超 标 。
2010-9-5 45
Measurement example (惩处案例)
? European Commission perform the market survey regularly
and notify the weekly overview report on products complaint,
The normal measurement will be withdrawal from the
distribution ordered.
欧 盟委 员会 定期 对 市 场进 行抽 查并 每周 发 布不合格 产 品 调研报
告,一般 这类产 品 会 被全部撤离相 应 分 销 市 场 。
www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health_consumer/dyna/repex
2010-9-5 46
User information (Article 10) I 用户须知 (条款 10) I
? Users of EEE in private households have to be supplied with
the mecessary information about:
? 成员国将确保为在私人家庭使用的电子电气设备使用者提供以
下必要信息
? the requirement not to dispose WEEE as unsorted municipal
waste but,to collect such waste separately
不将废弃电子电气设备作为未分类市政废物处置和分类收集这
些废弃电子电气设备的要求
2010-9-5 47
User information II – Marking 用户须知 II – 标记
? Each electrical and electronical appliance which is put on the
market after the a,m,date has to be marked visibly,legibly
and indelibly with the following symbol
在上述日期之后投放市场的每个
电子电气设备上必须清楚易见并且
不易损坏地标识以下符号。
Target date,13 August 2005
目标日期,2005年 8月 13日
2010-9-5 48
User information II – Marking 用户须知 II – 标记
? The symbol shall be
printed on the packaging,
on the instruction for use
and on the warranty of the
EEE only in exceptional
cases
在特殊情况下,可将符号印在包装盒,
使用说明书上和电子电气设备
的保修凭据上
Target date,13 August 2005
目标日期,2005年 8月 13日
2010-9-5 49
User information III 用户须知 III
? Also a mark clearly identifying the producer shall be put on
the appliance
生产者的标识也须清晰地印在产品上面。
? The necessary information may be provided partly or in whole
by the producers and/or the distributors in the instructions
生产者和 /或者销售商要在说明书上全部或部分提供必须的信息。
? For the marking of EEE a European standard EN
50419:2005 is in the publication(CENELEC BTTF 116-3)
? 关于电子电气设备符号的欧洲标准 EN 50419:2005已经确定。
( CENELEC BTTF 116-3)
2010-9-5 50
Annex II – Selective treatment (short overview) I 附件 II-选择性处理(简单概括) I
? Selective treatment for materials and components of waste
electrical and electronic equipment in accordance with Article
6(1) of the Directive
废弃电子电气设备的原料和零部件的选择性处理需符合指令的
条款 6( 1)
? As a minimum the following substances,preparations and
components have to be removed from any separately
collected WEEE:
至少下列物质、配制件和组件必须从任何分类收集的废弃电子
电气设备中除去
2010-9-5 51
Annex II – Selective treatment II 附件 II-选择性处理 II
? Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors
含有多氯化联 (二 )苯( PCB)的电容器
? mercury containing components,such as switches or
backlighting lamps
含有水银的组件,如开关或者逆光灯管
? Batteries
电池
? printed circuit boards of mobile phones generally,and of
other devices if the surface of the printed circuit board is >10
cm2
移动电话的印刷电路板,和如果被印刷线路板表面积大于 10平方
厘米的其他装置的印刷线路板
? toner cartridges,liquid and pasty,as well as colour toner
调色剂筒、液体、糊浆以及彩色调色剂筒
2010-9-5 52
Annex II – Selective treatment III附件 II-选择性处理 III
? plastic containing brominated flame retardants
含溴化火阻剂的塑料
? asbestos waste and components which contain asbestos
石棉废弃物和含石棉的组件
? cathode ray tubes
阴极放射管
? chlorofluorocarbons (CFC),hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
or hydrofluorocarbons (HFC),hydrocarbons (HC)
含氯氟烃( CFC)、氢氯氟烃( HCFC)、或氢氟烃( HFC)、
碳氢化合物( HC)
2010-9-5 53
Annex II – Selective treatment III附件 II-选择性处理 III
? gas discharge lamps
气体放电管
? liquid crystal displays (together with their casing where
appropriate) of a surface > 100 cm2 and all those back-lighted
with gas discharge lamps
表面积大于 100平方厘米的液晶显示屏(带有适当的包装)和所
有的带有气体放电管逆光的显示屏,
2010-9-5 54
Annex II – Selective treatment IV附件 II-选择性处理 IV
? external electric cables
外部电缆
? components containing refractory ceramic fibres
含有难熔陶瓷纤维的组件
? components containing radioactive substances
含放射性物质的组件
? electrolyte capacitors containing substances of concern
(height > 25 mm,diameter > 25 mm or proportionately similar
volume)
含相关物质的电解电容器(高度 >25毫米,直径 >25 毫米或者按
比例类似的容积)
2010-9-5 55
Consequences of the WEEE Directive WEEE指令的影响
? Design,develop and produce your product in a way which
makes it easy to dismantle
你的产品在设计,开发和生产时应该考虑它的易拆性
? Use a recyclable design in accordance with a recognized
guideline ( e,g,VDI standard)
采用符合公认导则(如 VDI标准)的可再循环的设计
? Use recyclable components and sub-assemblies
使用可再循环的零部件和组件
? Use eco-friendly production technologies
采用不妨害生态环境的生产技术
2010-9-5 56
RoHS Directive RoHS指令 (Part 2 第二部分)
Directive 2002/95/EC of January 27,2003
2002/95/EC指令 2003年 1月 27日
The restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment
限制有害物质在电子电气设备中使用的指令
2010-9-5 57
RoHS – Introduction RoHS指令 -导言
? The RoHS Directive is an supporting Directive to the
WEEE Directive
RoHS指令是 WEEE指令的支持
? The Directive also supports the environmental policy of
the European Commission
该指令也支持欧盟的环境方针
? Published in the OJ L 37 of February 13,2003
2003年 2月 13日在官方的定期刊物 L 37上公布
? The Directive is valid since the mentioned date
从公布那天开始生效
2010-9-5 58
Objective (Article 1) 目标(条款 1)
? The purpose of the Directive is the approximation of the
different laws of the MS on the restriction of the use of
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
该指令的目的是使各成员国关于在电子电气设备中限制使用有
害物质的法律趋于一致。
? and to secure the protection of human health and the
environmentally sound recovery and disposal of waste
electrical and electric equipment
并且确保对人类健康的保护和对废弃电子电气设备合乎环境要
求的回收和处理。
2010-9-5 59
Scope (Article 2) I 范围(条款 2) I
? The Directive is applies to the following categories of EEE
falling under the scope of the Directive 2002/96/EC
该指令适用于 2002/96/EC指令范畴内的电子电气设备
? The RoHS – Directive does not apply to spare parts for the
repair,or the reuse,of electrical and electronical equipment
put on the market before 1 July 2006
RoHS指令 不 适用于 2006年 7月 1日之前 投入市场的电子电气设
备的修理部件或再利用部件。
2010-9-5 60
Scope II 范围 II
1 Large household appliances
大型家用器具
2 Small household appliances
小型家用器具
3 IT & telecommunication equipment
信息技术和通讯设备
4 Consumer equipment
用户设备
5 Lighting equipment
照明设备
6 Electrical & electronic tools
电子和电气工具
7 Toys,leisure and sports equipment
玩具,休闲和运动设备
10 Automatic dispensers
自动售货机
Categories 8 (Medical devices) and 9 (Monitoring and control instruments) are
excluded so far
目前不包含第八类(医疗设备)和第九类(监测和控制设备)
Electric light bulbs,and luminaires in households
电灯泡,家用灯具
2010-9-5 61
Prevention (Article 4) 预防(条款 4)
? From that date value of EEE put on the market shall not
contain over:
从上述日期开始,投入市场的电子电气设备含有以下物质不得
超过:
? lead Pb 铅 <1000ppm
? mercury Hg 汞 <1000ppm
? cadmium Cd 镉 <100ppm
? hexavalent chromium Cr 6+ 六价铬 <1000ppm
? PBB & PBDE聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚 <1000ppm
Target date,1 July 2006
目标日期,2006年 7月 1日
2010-9-5 62
Annex – Exemptions I 附件 -例外 I
? Applications of lead,mercury,cadmium and hexavalent
chromium,which are exempted from the requirements
符合下列应用中的铅,汞,镉和六价铬可以继续使用
1,Mercury in compact fluorescent lamps not exceeding 5 mg
per lamp
小型荧光灯中汞的含量不准超过 5mg
2,Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes
not exceeding:
一般用途的直管荧光灯中汞的含量不得超过:
— halophosphate 盐磷酸盐 10 mg
— triphosphate with normal lifetime 一般时效的三磷酸盐 5 mg
— triphosphate with long lifetime 长效的三磷酸盐 8 mg
2010-9-5 63
Annex – Exemptions II附件 -例外 II
3,Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes
特殊用途的直管荧光灯中所使用的汞
4,Mercury in other lamps not specifically mentioned in the Annex
本附录中未特别提及的其他照明灯具中的所使用的汞
5,Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes,electronic components and
fluorescent tubes
在阴极放射管,电子零部件和荧光管玻璃中所使用的铅
6,Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0,35 %
lead by weight,aluminium containing up to 0,4 % lead by weight
and as a copper alloy containing up to 4 % lead by weight
钢中的合金元素的铅含量可高达 0.35%,铝含量可达 0.4%,铜合金
中的铅含量可高达 4%。
2010-9-5 64
Annex – Exemptions III附件 -例外 III
7,— Lead in high melting temperature type solders (i.e,tin-
lead solder alloys containing more than 85 % lead),
高温融化的焊料中的铅(即锡铅焊料合金中铅含量超过 85%)
— lead in solders for servers,storage and storage array
systems (exemption granted until 2010),
用于服务器,存储器或者存储系统的焊料中的铅(豁免准予
2010年)
— lead in solders for network infrastructure equipment for
switching,signalling,transmission as well as network
management for telecommunication,
用于交换,信号和传输以及电信网络管理的网络基础设施设备
中焊料中的铅
— lead in electronic ceramic parts (e.g,piezoelectronic
devices)
电子陶瓷部件中的铅(如高压电子装置)
2010-9-5 65
Annex – Exemptions IV附件 -例外 IV
8,Cadmium plating
镉电镀
9,Hexavalent chromium as an anti-corrosion of the carbon
steel cooling system in absorption refrigerators
在吸收式电冰箱中作为碳钢冷却系统中用作防腐的六价铬
10,Within the procedure referred to in Article 7(2),the
Commission shall evaluate the applications for:
根据第 7( 2)条款程序,委员会应该评估以下的使用
— Deca BDE,
台卡二苯醚
— mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes,
特殊用途的直管荧光灯中的汞
2010-9-5 66
Annex – Exemptions IV附件 -例外 IV
— lead in solders for servers,storage and storage array
systems,network infrastructure equipment for switching,
signalling,transmission as well as network management for
telecommunications (with a view to setting a specific time limit
for this exemption),and
以下用途中所使用的焊料中的铅:服务器、存储器、用于交换
和传输的网络基础设施、电信网络管理设备(旨在设定本指令
豁免部分的特定截止时间);
— light bulbs,
灯泡
as a matter of priority in order to establish as soon as
possible whether these items are to be amended accordingly
目前重点是尽快决定这些项是否进行相应的修改。
Sü DDEUTSCHLAND
Tü V INFORMATIK SERVICE GMBH
Chemical testing with regard
to the RoHS Directive
RoHS指令相关的化学测试
The health concerns on Heavy Metals
and Flame Retardants Materials
重金属和阻燃剂涉及的健康问题
2010-9-5 68
Materials (材料)
? Materials in accordance with the RoHS Directive are:
与 RoHS指令相关的材料
- Cadmium (镉) <100ppm (0.01%)
- Lead (铅) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- Mercury (汞) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- Chromium VI (六价铬) <1000ppm (0.1%)
- PBB&PBDE聚溴联苯聚溴二苯醚 <1000ppm (0.1%)
2010-9-5 69
重金属镉的应用领域
Application of Cd
?应用,
-- 塑料制品的色母
-- 塑料中的热稳定剂
-- 镉电镀
-- 油漆及釉类等表面涂层
-- 电池,蓄电池
-- 太阳能电池
-- 光敏器件
-- 电接触合金
-- 焊锡
?Application:
-- Pigment in Plastics
-- Heat stabilizer in Plastics
-- Electroplating
-- Paint and Coating
-- Battery,Storage Battery
-- Solar Battery
-- Photosensitive Device
-- Electric Contact Alloy
-- Solder
2010-9-5 70
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Cadmium (镉)
? Severely damages the lung and can cause death
对肺的严重损害,可以引致死亡
? Kidney disease 肾病
? Irritates the stomach leading to vomiting and diarrhea
刺激胃部导致呕吐和腹泻
? Lung damage and fragile bones (osteoporosis)
损害肺部和导致骨质疏松
2010-9-5 71
重金属铅的特性及应用
? 铅及其化合物
-- 如氧化铅 (又称黄丹、密陀僧)、四氧化三铅(又称红丹)、
二氧化铅、三氧化二铅、硫化铅、硫酸铅、铬酸铅(又称铬黄)、
硝酸铅、硅酸铅、醋酸铅、碱式碳酸铅、二盐基磷酸铅、三盐基硫
酸铅等。
? 应用
-- 电池、蓄电池、油漆、涂料、釉料、药物、塑料、炸药、色母、
染料、橡胶添加剂、润滑剂、焊锡,PCB板及元件、玻璃、陶瓷制
品、半导体、电镀液 PVC稳定剂、氧化剂等。
2010-9-5 72
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Lead (铅)
? affect almost every organ and system in the body
影响几乎所有身体器官和系统
? damages kidneys and the reproductive system
损害肾和生殖系统
? decreases reaction time,causes weakness in fingers,wrists
or ankles (joints in general) and possibly affects the memory
降低反应时间,造成手指,手腕或者踝(通常是关节)软弱,
还有可能影响记忆力
2010-9-5 73
Health Concerns (健康问题)
? causes anemia,a disorder of the blood
导致贫血,血液系统失调
? Dysfunction of the body starts at 7 μg /dl (Treshold value,70
μg / dl blood)
浓度达至 7 μg /dl 身体功能开始紊乱 (极限值,70 μg / dl血)
2010-9-5 74
重金属汞的特性及应用
? 汞及其化合物
-- 俗称水银,可以形成多种有机化合物,如甲基汞
? 应用
-- 汞在工业上的广泛使用范围:温度计、血压计、日光灯管、水银灯
等产品均使用汞的无机化合物;
-- 有机汞的化合物用来做杀菌剂农药,或用在油漆涂料中预防微生物
或细菌的生长;
-- 用于保护木头产品的防腐漆、纺织品及纱线、缄性电池、继电器、
开关、传动装置变速器、电极、色母、催化剂、防腐剂、杀菌剂等。
2010-9-5 75
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Mercury (汞)
? permanently damages the brain,kidneys and developing
fetus (永久性损害脑部,肾和胎儿)
? effects on brain functioning may result in irritability,tremors,
changes in vision or hearing and memory problems
(影响脑部功能,可能导致神经兴奋和心惊,视觉和听觉失调
和影响记忆力)
? incorporation of 150 mg – 300 mg causes death on adult
persons ( 150 mg – 300 mg 的汞含量能导致成年人的死亡)
2010-9-5 76
六价铬的特性及应用
? 铬及其化合物
-- 零价铬、三价铬及六价铬都是自然界中存在于环境中的状态。
-- Cr3+主要存在于土壤与沉积物中,Cr6+主要存在于水中,但容易被
Fe2+和有机物等还原。
-- 六价铬的危害远高于三价铬。
?应用
-- 塑料及表面涂层的色母,油墨,催化剂,电镀液,防锈液,皮革媒
染剂,陶瓷的表面涂层,电池等。
2010-9-5 77
?Chromium VI (六价铬 )
? inhalation of Cr(VI) causes an upper respiratory irritation and
atrophy,lower respiratory effects,and renal effects
吸入六价铬能导致上呼吸道不适和萎缩,下呼吸道和肾脏效应
? allergic reactions have been noted,severe redness and
swelling(引起过敏反应,严重红肿)
? stomach upsets and ulcers,convulsions,kidney and liver
damage,and even death (胃部不适,溃疡,抽搐,肾和肝的
损害,甚至死亡)
? WHO determined Cr(VI) is human carcinogen(世界卫生组织
确认六价铬是致癌物质)
Health Concerns (健康问题)
2010-9-5 78
Health Concerns (健康问题)
?Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs can cause weight loss,skin disorders,nervous and
immune systems effects,and effects on the liver,kidneys,
and thyroid gland (聚溴联苯会导致体重减少,皮肤病症,神
经紧张以及各种免疫系统问题,还会影响肾,肝和甲状腺)
? PBBs possibly cause nausea,abdominal pain,loss of
appetite,joint pain,fatigue,and weakness (聚溴联苯会导致
恶心,腹痛,厌食,关节痛,疲劳和虚弱)
2010-9-5 79
Health Concerns (健康问题)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? There is no definite information on health effects of PBDEs in
people,(还没有明确的依据说明聚溴二苯醚会影响人体健康)
? Rats and mice that ate food with moderate amounts of PBDEs for a
few days had effects on the thyroid gland,Those that ate smaller
amounts for weeks or months had effects on the thyroid and the
liver,(吃了含有中量的聚溴二苯醚的老鼠几天之后会出现甲状腺问
题。那些吃了少量聚溴二苯醚的老鼠几个星期或几个月之后会有甲
状腺和肝脏问题。)
? Preliminary evidence suggests that PBDEs may cause
neurobehavioral alterations and affect the immune system in
animals (初步证据显示聚溴二苯醚可能会影响动物的神经行为和免
疫系统)
2010-9-5 80
Testing Method (测试方法)
?Cadmium (镉)
? In accordance with EN 1122,Plastics - Determination of
cadmium - Wet decomposition method (依照 EN 1122,塑
料 -镉的测定 -湿解法)
? by means of Acid Digestion (以酸性分解方式)
? Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
(ICP) or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
通过电感耦合等离子体谱和原子吸收光谱测定
2010-9-5 81
Testing Method (测试方法)
?Lead,Mercury,Chromium VI (铅,汞,六价铬 )
? No standard test method available yet
目前仍没有标准的测试方法
? Typically method involve acid digestion
典型的方法包括酸性分解
? Determination for Lead/Mercury by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectrometry (ICP) or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 针对
铅 /汞的测定,可以通过电感耦合等离子体谱和原子吸收光谱测定
? Determination for Chromium VI by UV – Visible Spectrometry
针对六价铬的测定,可以通过紫外线可见光光谱测定法
2010-9-5 82
Testing Methods (测试方法)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs and PBDEs are analyzed in environmental and
biological samples by methods quite similar to those used for
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)测定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚
的方法与测定多氯联苯的测定方法类似,即在类似的环境和生
物标本中分析得出
? Identification and quantitation of PBBs and PBDEs are
accomplished by gas chromatographic (GC) techniques,
electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) as an ionization
technique in combination with GC-MS (mass spectrometer)
analysis 通过气相色谱技术,电子俘获电离与气相色谱,质谱
结合技术可以鉴定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚及其数量
2010-9-5 83
Testing Methods (测试方法)
? Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)聚溴二苯醚
? Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)聚溴联苯
? PBBs and PBDEs are analyzed in environmental and
biological samples by methods quite similar to those used for
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)测定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚
的方法与测定多氯联苯的测定方法类似,即在类似的环境和生
物标本中分析得出
? Identification and quantitation of PBBs and PBDEs are
accomplished by gas chromatographic (GC) techniques,
electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) as an ionization
technique in combination with GC-MS (mass spectrometer)
analysis 通过气相色谱技术,电子俘获电离与气相色谱,质谱
结合技术可以鉴定聚溴联苯和聚溴二苯醚及其数量
2010-9-5 84
Thank you!
谢谢!