Anatomy of Permanent
Anterior Teeth
Zhao Qing
Permanent Teeth
? Incisors
? Canines
? Premolars
? Molars
? Incisors
Common Characteristics,
1,crown,4 axial surfaces,
1 incisal ridge
labiolingual,
proximal,triangle
2,root,single,
straight
quadrangle
1.maxillary central incisors (1 1 )
- the largest incisors
- the nearest to the upper midline
?Incisors
（ 1） crown of maxillary central incisors
唇面
1） labial
a,quadrangle
b,straight incisal edge
prominent cervival border
邻面
crown of maxillary central incisors
labial
c.incisal angle,
d.developmental groove,
-obvious in the incisal third
e.the height of contour,
cervical third,cervical ridge
f.form:resemble to the facial
shape
mesial –right angle
distal-round
邻面
2） lingual
a.the reverse of the
labial aspect,smaller
b.lingual fossa
c.marginal ridge
d.cingulum
e.incissal ridge
crown of maxillary central incisors
crown of maxillary central incisors
3） proximal
a.triangle;
cervical line,
-V-shaped
-more curved on the
mesial surface than the
distal one
3） proximal
b.mesial aspect,larger and flat,
distal aspect,smaller and projecting
contact area,incisal third
c.incisal ridge,
labial to the long axis
4） incisal ridge,
labial:flat incisal edge
lingual:prominent incisal
ridge
crown of maxillary central incisors
incisal ridge,labial to the long axis
（ 2） root of maxillary central incisors
1） single,strong and
straight,
crown-to-root ratio is
1,1.1-1.2
2） The cervical cross
section is round triangle,
3） root apex is straight
or curved distally,
2,maxillary lateral incisors 2 2
compared to the maxillary central
incisors,-resemble in form but smaller;
-appear narrow and long,
-more prominent labial aspect and
deeper lingual fossa,
-more blunt distal incisal angle,
?Incisors
（ 1） crown of maxillary lateral incisors
1） labial
-narrow and prominent
-rounded incisal
angles
-rounded incisal
ridge mesial incisal
angle,acute
distal,blunt
incisal edge,
inclined distally
2） lingual
-narrow and deep
lingual fossa
-obvious marginal
ridge
-deep developmental
groove within the fossa joins the
cingulum
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
3） proximal
-prominent labial edge
-contact area:more
gingival than central
incisors
-incisal ridge:labial
to long axis
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
4） incisal ridge
- greater degree of inclining
distolingually
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
（ 2） root of maxillary lateral incisors
1） single,thin,long
Crown-to-root ratio
1,1.4
2） The cervical cross
section is almost egg-
shaped,
To distinguish the maxillary central and lateral incisors
maxillary mandibular
crown,1.wide,obvious grooves 1.narrow,smooth,less obvious
2.lingual fossa;obvious 2.not obvious
marginal ridge:obvious
3.incisal ridge,3,incisal ridge,
labial to long axis pass through long axis
root,strong,straight narrow,flat
cross section:rounded longitudinal depression
functional
aspect,incisal ridge incisal edge
lingual aspect labial aspect
To distinguish the maxillary and mandibular incisors
上下颌切牙的区分
1.牙冠宽窄，发育沟明显否
2.舌窝及边缘嵴明显否
3.切嵴的位置
4.牙根粗细，横切面
3,mandibular central incisor 1 1
characteristics,
1） smallest among all the teeth
2） -incisal edge perpendicular to long axis
-almost symmetric mesial and distal edge
,incisal angle,proximal aspect,
3） root,single,narrow and round;
long depression on the distal root surface,
?Incisors
mandibular central incisors
切缘与牙体长轴垂直
近远中缘
近远中切角
近远中邻面
单根，扁圆形
4,mandibular lateral incisor 2 2
Characteristics,
1） wider crown than mandibular central
incisors
2） -slightly incined distally incisal edge
-more rounded appearance mesially and
distally (edge and angle)
-contact area
?Incisors
下颌侧切牙
切缘略向远中倾斜
近远中缘突、直
近远中切角圆钝
近远中接触区远、近
To distinguish the mandibular central and lateral incisors
1,How to distinguish the maxillary and mandibular incisors
2,How to distinguish the maxillary central and lateral
incisors?
3,How to distinguish the mandibular central and lateral
incisors?
4,How to distinguish the maxillary and mandibular lateral
incisors？
Review Questions,
上颌侧切牙及下颌侧切牙
1.牙冠宽窄，发育沟明显否
2.舌窝及边缘嵴明显否
3.切嵴的位置
4.牙根粗细，横切面
1.tooth extraction,maxillary,mandibular
2.caries,lingual fossa or groove,proximal
aspect
3.trauma,facial appearance
4.supernumerary tooth between the upper
incisors
6.varied or missing lateral incisor
Application Anatomics of Incisors,
Common Characteristics,
1,crown,4 axial surfaces,1 cusp
1） labiolingual; pentagon
lingual,5 ridges,1 convexity
2 fossae
cusp,curved mesially,4 ridges、
4 inclined surfaces
? canine
2） proximal,triangle,thick
2,root,strong,long,single
labiolingual,pentagon
cervical ridge ---cingulum
mesial edge ---mesial marginal ridge
Distal edge ---distal marginal ridge
mesial inclined edge --- mesial cusp
ridge
distal inclined edge --- distal cusp
ridge
?canine
Cusp,4 ridges,4 inclined surfaces
Crown of Canine
4 ridges ----
mesial cusp ridge
distal cusp ridge
labial axial ridge
lingual axial ridge
4 inclined surfaces -----
mesiolabial mesiolingual
distolabial distolingual
Crown of Canine
Proximal,triangle,thick
1,maxillary canine 3 3
-the longest teeth
-the longest root
-the largest cusp
? canine
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） labial
a.rounded pentagon,apex of root
curved mesially
angle between inclined edges is 900
b.mesial edge:straight,long;
distal edge:prominent,short。
mesial inclined edge,short
distal inclined edge,long
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） labial
c.incisal angle,the distal one
is prominent
d.labial axial ridge and
developmental grooves,obvious
e.height of contour,
at the junction of the middle and
cervical thirds,on the labial axial
ridge
2） lingual:5 ridges,1 elevation,2 fossae
-cingulum
-mesial,distal marginal ridge
mesial cusp ridge/incisal
ridge
distal cusp ridge/incisal
ridge
lingual axial ridge
-mesial and distal fossae
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
3） proximal
a.triangle,thick
b.the mesial contact
area,at the junction of
the middle and incisal
thirds
the distal contact
area,the middle third
c.cusp:labial to long axis
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
4） cusp,4 ridges,4 incilined surfaces
Mesial cusp ridge-
mesial incisal ridge
Distal cusp ridge-
distal incisal ridge
Labial axial ridge
Lingual axial ridge
mesiolabial, mesiolingual,
distolabial, distolingual
inclined surfaces
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） single,strong,very long
crown-root ratio= 1,2
2） cervical cross section,
rounded triangle
labiolingual width>
mesiodistal width
3） apex curved distally
（ 2） root of maxillary canines
2,mandibular canine 3 3
Compared with maxillary canines,the
mandibular canines are narrower and
thiner,
? canine
1） labial
a.cusp,blunt,curved mesially
angle between inclined edges is more
than 900
b.mesial edge:straight and long
(mesial edge of crown and root almost
in a line)
distal edge,short and prominent
c.labial axial ridge and grooves,
less obvious
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
2） lingual,
smoother
5 ridges
1 elevation
2 fossae
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
上颌尖牙
3） proximal,
a.labiolingual width,
smaller
labial edge of crown
and root is in an arc
cervical ridge:less
obvious
b.cusp:lingual to long
axis
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
single
narrow and rounded
longest mandibular
root
deep longitudinal
groove
cusp tip:curved
distally
（ 2） root of mandibular canines
1,facial esthetics:located at the corner
of the mouth
2,Caries,rarely
3,extraction and root,rotation force
4,restoration and root:exist long,base
tooth
Application Anatomics of Canines,
上颌尖牙及下颌尖牙的区别
1.轮廓：圆五边形，长
2.牙尖：偏近中,900，唇侧
3.嵴、突、窝：明显
4.牙根：粗，颈部横切圆三角形
5.下颌近中冠根相连呈直线
唇侧冠根相连呈弧线
? How to distinguish the maxillary and
mandibular canines?
Review Questions,
Reference Books,
? Brand and Isselhard (1998),Anatomy of
Orofacial Structures,
? Major M.Ash,Stanley J.Nelson,Dental
Anatomy,Physiology,and Occlusion,Eighth
Edition,
Anterior Teeth
Zhao Qing
Permanent Teeth
? Incisors
? Canines
? Premolars
? Molars
? Incisors
Common Characteristics,
1,crown,4 axial surfaces,
1 incisal ridge
labiolingual,
proximal,triangle
2,root,single,
straight
quadrangle
1.maxillary central incisors (1 1 )
- the largest incisors
- the nearest to the upper midline
?Incisors
（ 1） crown of maxillary central incisors
唇面
1） labial
a,quadrangle
b,straight incisal edge
prominent cervival border
邻面
crown of maxillary central incisors
labial
c.incisal angle,
d.developmental groove,
-obvious in the incisal third
e.the height of contour,
cervical third,cervical ridge
f.form:resemble to the facial
shape
mesial –right angle
distal-round
邻面
2） lingual
a.the reverse of the
labial aspect,smaller
b.lingual fossa
c.marginal ridge
d.cingulum
e.incissal ridge
crown of maxillary central incisors
crown of maxillary central incisors
3） proximal
a.triangle;
cervical line,
-V-shaped
-more curved on the
mesial surface than the
distal one
3） proximal
b.mesial aspect,larger and flat,
distal aspect,smaller and projecting
contact area,incisal third
c.incisal ridge,
labial to the long axis
4） incisal ridge,
labial:flat incisal edge
lingual:prominent incisal
ridge
crown of maxillary central incisors
incisal ridge,labial to the long axis
（ 2） root of maxillary central incisors
1） single,strong and
straight,
crown-to-root ratio is
1,1.1-1.2
2） The cervical cross
section is round triangle,
3） root apex is straight
or curved distally,
2,maxillary lateral incisors 2 2
compared to the maxillary central
incisors,-resemble in form but smaller;
-appear narrow and long,
-more prominent labial aspect and
deeper lingual fossa,
-more blunt distal incisal angle,
?Incisors
（ 1） crown of maxillary lateral incisors
1） labial
-narrow and prominent
-rounded incisal
angles
-rounded incisal
ridge mesial incisal
angle,acute
distal,blunt
incisal edge,
inclined distally
2） lingual
-narrow and deep
lingual fossa
-obvious marginal
ridge
-deep developmental
groove within the fossa joins the
cingulum
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
3） proximal
-prominent labial edge
-contact area:more
gingival than central
incisors
-incisal ridge:labial
to long axis
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
4） incisal ridge
- greater degree of inclining
distolingually
crown of maxillary lateral incisors
（ 2） root of maxillary lateral incisors
1） single,thin,long
Crown-to-root ratio
1,1.4
2） The cervical cross
section is almost egg-
shaped,
To distinguish the maxillary central and lateral incisors
maxillary mandibular
crown,1.wide,obvious grooves 1.narrow,smooth,less obvious
2.lingual fossa;obvious 2.not obvious
marginal ridge:obvious
3.incisal ridge,3,incisal ridge,
labial to long axis pass through long axis
root,strong,straight narrow,flat
cross section:rounded longitudinal depression
functional
aspect,incisal ridge incisal edge
lingual aspect labial aspect
To distinguish the maxillary and mandibular incisors
上下颌切牙的区分
1.牙冠宽窄，发育沟明显否
2.舌窝及边缘嵴明显否
3.切嵴的位置
4.牙根粗细，横切面
3,mandibular central incisor 1 1
characteristics,
1） smallest among all the teeth
2） -incisal edge perpendicular to long axis
-almost symmetric mesial and distal edge
,incisal angle,proximal aspect,
3） root,single,narrow and round;
long depression on the distal root surface,
?Incisors
mandibular central incisors
切缘与牙体长轴垂直
近远中缘
近远中切角
近远中邻面
单根，扁圆形
4,mandibular lateral incisor 2 2
Characteristics,
1） wider crown than mandibular central
incisors
2） -slightly incined distally incisal edge
-more rounded appearance mesially and
distally (edge and angle)
-contact area
?Incisors
下颌侧切牙
切缘略向远中倾斜
近远中缘突、直
近远中切角圆钝
近远中接触区远、近
To distinguish the mandibular central and lateral incisors
1,How to distinguish the maxillary and mandibular incisors
2,How to distinguish the maxillary central and lateral
incisors?
3,How to distinguish the mandibular central and lateral
incisors?
4,How to distinguish the maxillary and mandibular lateral
incisors？
Review Questions,
上颌侧切牙及下颌侧切牙
1.牙冠宽窄，发育沟明显否
2.舌窝及边缘嵴明显否
3.切嵴的位置
4.牙根粗细，横切面
1.tooth extraction,maxillary,mandibular
2.caries,lingual fossa or groove,proximal
aspect
3.trauma,facial appearance
4.supernumerary tooth between the upper
incisors
6.varied or missing lateral incisor
Application Anatomics of Incisors,
Common Characteristics,
1,crown,4 axial surfaces,1 cusp
1） labiolingual; pentagon
lingual,5 ridges,1 convexity
2 fossae
cusp,curved mesially,4 ridges、
4 inclined surfaces
? canine
2） proximal,triangle,thick
2,root,strong,long,single
labiolingual,pentagon
cervical ridge ---cingulum
mesial edge ---mesial marginal ridge
Distal edge ---distal marginal ridge
mesial inclined edge --- mesial cusp
ridge
distal inclined edge --- distal cusp
ridge
?canine
Cusp,4 ridges,4 inclined surfaces
Crown of Canine
4 ridges ----
mesial cusp ridge
distal cusp ridge
labial axial ridge
lingual axial ridge
4 inclined surfaces -----
mesiolabial mesiolingual
distolabial distolingual
Crown of Canine
Proximal,triangle,thick
1,maxillary canine 3 3
-the longest teeth
-the longest root
-the largest cusp
? canine
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） labial
a.rounded pentagon,apex of root
curved mesially
angle between inclined edges is 900
b.mesial edge:straight,long;
distal edge:prominent,short。
mesial inclined edge,short
distal inclined edge,long
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） labial
c.incisal angle,the distal one
is prominent
d.labial axial ridge and
developmental grooves,obvious
e.height of contour,
at the junction of the middle and
cervical thirds,on the labial axial
ridge
2） lingual:5 ridges,1 elevation,2 fossae
-cingulum
-mesial,distal marginal ridge
mesial cusp ridge/incisal
ridge
distal cusp ridge/incisal
ridge
lingual axial ridge
-mesial and distal fossae
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
3） proximal
a.triangle,thick
b.the mesial contact
area,at the junction of
the middle and incisal
thirds
the distal contact
area,the middle third
c.cusp:labial to long axis
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
4） cusp,4 ridges,4 incilined surfaces
Mesial cusp ridge-
mesial incisal ridge
Distal cusp ridge-
distal incisal ridge
Labial axial ridge
Lingual axial ridge
mesiolabial, mesiolingual,
distolabial, distolingual
inclined surfaces
（ 1） crown of maxillary canines
1） single,strong,very long
crown-root ratio= 1,2
2） cervical cross section,
rounded triangle
labiolingual width>
mesiodistal width
3） apex curved distally
（ 2） root of maxillary canines
2,mandibular canine 3 3
Compared with maxillary canines,the
mandibular canines are narrower and
thiner,
? canine
1） labial
a.cusp,blunt,curved mesially
angle between inclined edges is more
than 900
b.mesial edge:straight and long
(mesial edge of crown and root almost
in a line)
distal edge,short and prominent
c.labial axial ridge and grooves,
less obvious
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
2） lingual,
smoother
5 ridges
1 elevation
2 fossae
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
上颌尖牙
3） proximal,
a.labiolingual width,
smaller
labial edge of crown
and root is in an arc
cervical ridge:less
obvious
b.cusp:lingual to long
axis
（ 1） crown of mandibular canines
single
narrow and rounded
longest mandibular
root
deep longitudinal
groove
cusp tip:curved
distally
（ 2） root of mandibular canines
1,facial esthetics:located at the corner
of the mouth
2,Caries,rarely
3,extraction and root,rotation force
4,restoration and root:exist long,base
tooth
Application Anatomics of Canines,
上颌尖牙及下颌尖牙的区别
1.轮廓：圆五边形，长
2.牙尖：偏近中,900，唇侧
3.嵴、突、窝：明显
4.牙根：粗，颈部横切圆三角形
5.下颌近中冠根相连呈直线
唇侧冠根相连呈弧线
? How to distinguish the maxillary and
mandibular canines?
Review Questions,
Reference Books,
? Brand and Isselhard (1998),Anatomy of
Orofacial Structures,
? Major M.Ash,Stanley J.Nelson,Dental
Anatomy,Physiology,and Occlusion,Eighth
Edition,
